Pain and Comfort During Endotracheal Suction in Premature Neonates

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Most of the preterm babies in neonatal units are followed up with invasive mechanical ventilation support. For this reason, endotracheal suction is needed repeatedly in preterm babies in order to open the airway obstruction caused by secretions and to maintain the airway patency. Endotracheal aspiration, which is one of the invasive procedures in which pain is felt most in newborns, is performed by nurses. Endotracheal suction, which causes pain and discomfort in intensive care units, negatively affects the comfort of patients. Studies emphasize that comfort is an indicator of pain and stress, and the comfort scale is also used in pain and distress assessments. Effective pain management and the development of pain-related care standards to reduce pain in preterm newborn infants improve clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes. For this reason, it is necessary to reduce the pain that has an effect on the development of preterm babies. In pediatric nursing, studies on non-pharmacological methods have increased in recent years in order to increase the comfort of infants and reduce pain and stress, especially during painful and stressful procedures in infants followed in neonatal intensive care units. When the literature is examined, there are few studies measuring the effectiveness of non-pharmacological methods used in reducing pain due to endotracheal suction. There are differences in the effectiveness of the methods applied in the existing studies. Therefore, more observation, research and scientific studies by neonatal nurses are needed to reduce the pain associated with endotracheal suction in preterm newborns. In this study, swaddling and oropharyngeal colostrum, which are two non-pharmacological methods, will be applied during endotracheal suction to preterm newborns receiving invasive mechanical ventilation support. This experimental study was planned to determine the effect of these two non-pharmacological methods on procedural pain and comfort and to contribute to evidence-based nursing practices.

Detailed Description
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The study was conducted experimentally in randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of two non-pharmacological methods, swaddling and oropharyngeal colostrum on procedural pain and comfort during endotracheal suction (ES) in premature neonates. The population of the study was intubated premature neonates hospitalized in NICU in two foundation university hospitals between July 2019 and October 2020. The study sample consisted of 48 babies who met the sample selection criteria. Descriptive Characteristics Form, Premature Infant Intervention Follow-up Form, Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) and Newborn Comfort Behavior Scale (COMFORTneo) were used in data collection. Two minutes before the ES procedure, babies were swaddled or 0.4 ml of oropharyngeal colostrum was given, depending on the group in which they were involved. Physiological parameters (heart rate, respiration, saturation) of the babies were recorded before, during and after the procedure, and PIPP-R and COMFORTneo scores were given by two observers by video recording.

Official Title
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The Effect of Swaddling and Oropharyngeal Colostrum During Endotracheal Suctioning on Procedural Pain and Comfort in Premature Neonates.

Conditions
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Premature

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Swaddling
* Other: Oropharyngeal colostrum


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: The gestational age of the baby is 26-36 weeks according to the mother's last menstrual period Baby's postnatal 0-5. be between days Receiving invasive mechanical ventilation support No analgesic, opioid and sedative pain relievers were administered in the 4 hours before the procedure. It has been 2 hours since the last painful attempt. Parental consent of the premature baby. Applying endotracheal suction at most 2 times since birth Exclusion Criteria: Presence of congenital anomaly Having a history of convulsions Any extremity fracture/dislocation that will prevent wrapping Having a pneumothorax tube

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 1 Day
Maximum Age: 5 Days

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: The control group<br>• In addition to incubator cover and nesting, no other non-pharmacological intervention was applied to the control group. | |
| Experimental: The swaddling group<br>•Babies in this group were wrapped with a white cheesecloth 2 minutes before ES in addition to incubator cover and nesting. | Other: Swaddling<br>* Babies in this group were wrapped with a white cheesecloth 2 minutes before ES in addition to incubator cover and nesting. Common procedure steps: Legal representatives of the infants will sign an informed consent form. İncubator cover and nesting Endotracheal suction(ES) was performed in the supine position. ES was done at the time of care the baby needed. No painful procedure was applied until 2 hours before ES and 15 minutes after ES. Aspiration was performed sterile at 80 mmHg pressure. A second nurse assisted in the suction process and the procedure took no more than 15 seconds. The amount of oxygen taken by the baby was increased by 10% 30 seconds before the suction procedure and returned to its original value 60 seconds after the procedure. Beginning 3 minutes before the ES procedure, during the procedure and until 15 minutes after the procedure, the infants' behaviors and bedside monitor indicators were video recorded.<br>|
| Experimental: The oropharyngeal colostrum group<br>• In addition to incubator cover and nesting, babies in this group were given 0.4 ml of colostrum with an insulin injector on the inside of the cheeks and on the tongue. | Other: Oropharyngeal colostrum<br>* Common procedure steps In addition to incubator cover and nesting, babies in this group were given 0.4 ml of colostrum with an insulin injector on the inside of the cheeks and on the tongue.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in Heart Rate | Heart rate will be monitored | Baby's heart rate will monitored during 20 minutes since it will start the camera record. (Heart rates will be evaluated at baseline, 2 minutes, during endotracheal suction(ES), immediately after ES, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes later.) | 
| Change in Oxygen Saturation | Oxygen saturation will be monitored | Baby's oxygen saturation will monitored during 20 minutes since it will start the camera record. (Oxygen Saturation will be evaluated at baseline, 2 minutes, during endotracheal suction(ES), immediately after ES, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes later.) | 
| Change in pain score | Pain score will be evaluated with Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R). | Baby's pain score will be evaluated during 20 minutes since it will start the camera record. (Pain score will be evaluated at baseline, 2 minutes, during endotracheal suction(ES), immediately after ES, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes later.) | 
| Change in comfort score | Comfort score will be evaluated with Newborn Comfort Behavior Scale (COMFORTneo) | Baby's comfort score will be evaluated during 20 minutes since it will start the camera record. (Comfort score will be evaluated at baseline, 2 minutes, during endotracheal suction(ES), immediately after ES, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes later.) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in Respiratory Rate | Respiratory Rate will be monitored | Baby's respiratory rate will be monitored during 20 minutes since it will start the camera record. (Respiratory Rate will be evaluated at baseline, 2 minutes, during endotracheal suction(ES), immediately after ES; 5, 10 and 15 minutes later.) | 
| Change in Body temperature | Body temperature will be measurement | Baby's body temperature will be measurement during 20 minutes since it will start the camera record. (Body temperature will be measurement at baseline, 2 minutes, during endotracheal suction(ES), immediately after ES; 5, 10 and 15 minutes later.) | 
| Change in blood pressure | Blood pressure will be monitored | Baby's blood pressure will be monitored during 20 minutes since it will start the camera record. (Blood pressure will be monitored at baseline, 2 minutes, during endotracheal suction(ES), immediately after ES, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes later.) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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endotracheal suction, pain, comfort, swaddling, colostrum