Effects of Water-Based Exercise in Women With Metabolic Syndrome

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The objective of the present study was to compare the neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training, strength training and combined training in the aquatic environment in women with MS. For this purpose, 51 postmenopausal, sedentary and MS women were randomly divided into three intervention groups: hydro-aerobic (HA, n = 18, 63.77 ± 5.03 years), hydro-power (HF, n = 16, 61.01 ± 4.93 years) and hydro-combined (HC; n = 17; 60.52 ± 6.91). A subsample participated in eight weeks without physical exercise to characterize a control period. The three intervention groups performed two weekly sessions of 60 minutes for 12 weeks. Before and after the training period, blood tests, muscle strength tests, cardiorespiratory evaluation, functional tests and a questionnaire were performed. For statistical analysis, the Generalized Estimates Equations (GEE) model was used, using the group and the time as factors. The Bonferroni post hoc was used to locate the differences and the significance index adopted was α = 0.05.

Detailed Description
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Water-based exercise as a mode of aquatic exercise has been highlighted in the scientific literature. Research on different models of training, aerobic, muscle strength and combined (aerobic and muscle strength), have already demonstrated their beneficial effects on different physical abilities. Recent studies indicate benefits of water-based exercise for the population with metabolic diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemias and obesity. However, for subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) there are few studies that investigated which training model in the aquatic environment could generate physical and metabolic improvements. This study is characterized as a randomized clinical trial, which treated three intervention groups with physical exercise programs. A subsample participated in a period of eight weeks without physical exercise to characterize a control period. The subjects in this subsample were later randomized into the intervention groups.

Official Title
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Effects of Water-Based Aerobic Training, Resistance Training and Concurrent Training in Women With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Conditions
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Metabolic Syndrome

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Exercise


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Postmenopausal; Sedentary; Presented at least three positive components within the five possible to characterize the metabolic syndrome. Exclusion Criteria: Smokers.
Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: hydro-aerobic<br>Water aerobics exercise | Other: Exercise<br>* The subjects performed training in aquatic environment<br>|
| Experimental: hydro-power<br>Resistance water exercise | Other: Exercise<br>* The subjects performed training in aquatic environment<br>|
| Experimental: hydro-combined<br>Water aerobics and resistance water exercise | Other: Exercise<br>* The subjects performed training in aquatic environment<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Systolic and diastolic blood pressure | mmHg | 12 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Strength tests: Maximum dynamic muscle strength | One repetition test: how many kilograms the subject is able to withstand on a repetition of elbow flexion and knee extension exercise | 12 weeks | 
| EMG test | Maximum isometric amplitude of the electromyographic signal of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles | 12 weeks | 
| Time Up and go test | How long (in seconds) the subject needs to lift from a chair, walk 2.44 meters, and sit in a chair again | 12 weeks | 
| Sit and Stand test | How often in 30 seconds the subject is able to get up and sit on a chair. | 12 weeks | 
| Triglyceride levels | blood test: mg/dl | 12 weeks | 
| HDL cholesterol levels | blood test: mg/dl | 12 weeks | 
| Fasting blood glucose levels | blood test: mg/dl | 12 weeks | 
| Waist circumference | centimeters | 12 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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water-base exercise