The Phonophoresis of Lidocaine Gel and Its Effect on Sensory Blockage

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The optimisation of drug absorption through skin is of great value in modern therapy.Phonophoresis is the use of therapeutic ultrasound to increase percutaneous drug absorption. However,few studies have compared pulsed and continuous modes of therapeutic ultrasound.This study compared these two modes by investigating the effect of lidocaine phonophoresis on sensory blockade. Ninety-three healthy volunteers, assigned at random to one of three ultrasound groups:pulsed(ultrasound+lidocaine),continuous(ultrasound+lidocaine)and control(sham ultrasound+lidocaine). Lidocaine was administered transdermally using a transducer.Two point discrimination, touch and maximum pain thresholds were assessed before and after the intervention in each group. Pulsed ultrasound with topical lidocaine gel induced greater anaesthetic effect compared with continuous ultrasound with topical lidocaine gel and lidocaine application alone. The mechanical properties of pulsed ultrasound appear to be responsible for greater drug penetration.

Detailed Description
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Lidocaine is a common local anaesthetic drug that is used topically to relieve pain,itching and burning, and also for minor surgery.However,its application via this conductive method,has been confined to surface anaesthesia because it seems that it is not possible to have a deep transmission with local drug massage, without injection or systematic administration.On the other hand,the injection of lidocaine can lead to tissue injury and pain,and its use is not advised in children. Phonophoresis is one of the common procedures for reducing these problems. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to compare the two modes of therapeutic ultrasound by assessing the effect of lidocaine gel phonophoresis on percutaneous absorption and sensory blockade.

Official Title
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Effect of Lidocaine Phonophoresis on Sensory Blockade: Pulsed or Continuous Mode of Therapeutic Ultrasound?

Conditions
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Pain, Impairment, Light Touch Sensation

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: pulsed ultrasound device with lidocaine
* Other: off device
* Device: continuous ultrasound device with lidocaine


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Men and women aged 18 to 25 years Exclusion Criteria: individuals who had a disease that could affect the experiment, such as systemic disease,impairment of the sensory system(e.g.neuropathy,diabetes),cardiovascular disorders(e.g. increased blood pressure),pain due to an injury to the upper extremity,tumours,malignant and precancerous tissue,acute infection and broken skin in the area; and individuals taking medication to relieve disease symptoms were excluded

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 28 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: pulsed<br> | Device: pulsed ultrasound device with lidocaine<br>* Lidocaine (approximately 2 cc) was administered transdermally using a transducer (pulsed ultrasound)<br>* Other names: ultrasound(Enraf,Sonopuls 434,Netherlands);|
| Sham Comparator: control<br> | Other: off device<br>* off device with Lidocaine (approximately 2 cc) was administered transdermally<br>* Other names: ultrasound(Enraf,Sonopuls 434,Netherlands);|
| Active Comparator: continuous<br> | Device: continuous ultrasound device with lidocaine<br>* Lidocaine (approximately 2 cc) was administered transdermally using a transducer (continuous ultrasound )<br>* Other names: ultrasound (Enraf,Sonopuls 434,Netherlands);|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Two-point discrimination,touch and maximum pain thresholds |  | imediately after finishing the application of ultrasound (5 minutes after intervention) |