The Combined Effect of Dairy and Exercise on Bone and Inflammation

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study analyzes whether dairy supplementation positively impacts loading exercise-induced bone cell activity and inflammation in healthy young females.

Detailed Description
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Introduction: Two million individuals at a cost of around 2.3 billion dollars a year in Canada suffer from osteoporosis. Research that emphasizes the treatment of this disease is important, but so is research that focuses on prevention; reducing bone loss and/or increasing bone mass when young. In addition, inflammation is an issue as it strongly relates to chronic disease. Countermeasures to improve bone health and inflammation, such as nutrition and exercise, should be explored and implemented. The proposed research combines both nutrition and exercise along with the assessment of bone turnover markers and inflammation in healthy young females, and aims to determine whether dairy versus a carbohydrate-based beverage positively impacts acute bone turnover and the inflammatory response following a bout of resistance and plyometric exercise. Design: Randomized controlled crossover trial. Participants: 13 healthy university aged females. Methods: Participants were asked to complete 2 different acute exercise and nutritional supplement trials. Each trial will be assigned in random order. The two trials were: 1) exercise+carbohydrate (CHO), and 2) exercise+milk (Milk). The whole study, per participant, took a maximum of 8-12 weeks to complete as each supplement trial was separated by  4 weeks. Each treatment is outlined below. ******DUE TO COVID-19, we removed the treatment trial which involved milk+creatine supplementation. Despite randomization, and before the trial was closed, only 11 participants completed this trial******** Anticipated Results: The investigators anticipate that dairy and exercise will have a greater positive impact on acute bone cell activity and inflammation in healthy young females compared to exercise and CHO.

Official Title
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Does Milk Augment the Acute Effect of Exercise on Bone Turnover and Inflammation

Conditions
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Healthy, Females, Bone, Inflammation

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Resistance and Plyometric Exercise
* Dietary Supplement: Carbohydrate (Maltodextrin powder mixed with water)
* Dietary Supplement: Skim Milk


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Female between the ages of 18 and 30 years Normal BMI (18.5-24.9) kg/m2 Low to moderately physically active (0-2 times/week) No allergy to dairy protein or lactose intolerance On no medication related to a chronic condition On birth control (or not but with regular mensural cycle)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomized acute Crossover Trial
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Exercise and Carbohydrate (CHO)<br>Participants had a fasted, baseline blood sample (10ml) taken upon arrival to the lab. They then completed a supervised resistance and plyometric exercise bout. Immediately following exercise, 50g of carbohydrate (maltodextrin) + water was consumed. Two more blood samples followed the exercise bout at 5 minutes post (10ml) and 1 hour post (10ml). An additional 50g of carbohydrate was consumed with water 1 hour post exercise. Two more fasting blood samples (10ml) were taken 24 and 48 hours later. | Behavioral: Resistance and Plyometric Exercise<br>* A single resistance and plyometric exercise bout per trial.<br>Dietary Supplement: Carbohydrate (Maltodextrin powder mixed with water)<br>* 50 grams immediately after exercise bout. 50 grams 1 hour after exercise bout.<br>* Other names: CHO;|
| Experimental: Exercise and Milk (Milk)<br>Participants had a fasted, baseline blood sample (10ml) taken upon arrival to the lab. They then completed a supervised resistance and plyometric exercise bout. Immediately following exercise,  500 ml of skim milk was consumed. Two more blood samples followed the exercise bout at 5 minutes post (10ml) and 1 hour post (10ml). An additional 500 ml of skim milk was consumed 1 hour post exercise. Two more fasting blood samples (10ml) were taken 24 and 48 hours later. | Behavioral: Resistance and Plyometric Exercise<br>* A single resistance and plyometric exercise bout per trial.<br>Dietary Supplement: Skim Milk<br>* 500 ml immediately after exercise bout. 500 ml 1 hour after exercise bout.<br>* Other names: Milk;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (OPG, RANKL, OC) measured in serum/plasma. | Baseline | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (SOST) measured in serum/plasma. | Baseline | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (CTX) measured in serum/plasma. | Baseline | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (OPG, RANKL, OC) measured in serum/plasma. | 5 minutes post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (SOST) measured in serum/plasma. | 5 minutes post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (CTX) measured in serum/plasma. | 5 minutes post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (OPG, RANKL, OC) measured in serum/plasma. | 1 hour post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (SOST) measured in serum/plasma. | 1 hour post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (CTX) measured in serum/plasma. | 1 hour post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (OPG, RANKL, OC) measured in serum/plasma. | 24 hours post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (SOST) measured in serum/plasma. | 24 hours post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (CTX) measured in serum/plasma. | 24 hours post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (OPG, RANKL, OC) measured in serum/plasma. | 48 hours post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (SOST) measured in serum/plasma. | 48 hours post exercise | 
| Acute Bone Cell Activity | Bone markers (CTX) measured in serum/plasma. | 48 hours post exercise | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Bone Health, Females, Dairy, Exercise, Inflammation