Hot and Cold Applications on PVC Insertion

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Background: This study was conducted to examine the effect of local hot and cold applications on pain, anxiety level, length of application, and vein evaluation prior to inserting PVC. Methods: This randomised controlled trial was conducted with patients who were hospitalised in the cardiology department of a university hospital. PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a hot or cold application to the catheter insertion site for one minute.

Detailed Description
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Background: This study was conducted to examine the effect of local hot and cold applications on pain, anxiety level, length of application, and vein evaluation prior to inserting PVC. Methods: This randomised controlled trial was conducted with patients who were hospitalised in the cardiology department of a university hospital. The sample was comprised of 90 individuals, including 30 in the cold application group, 30 in the hot application group, and 30 in the control group receiving treatment in the Cardiology Clinic between November and December 2018.

Official Title
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The Effectiveness of Local Hot and Cold Applications on Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: A Randomised Control Trial

Conditions
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Peripheral Venous Catheterization

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Hot application
* Other: Cold application


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: being able to speak and understand Turkish, being over 18 years of age, having unimpaired sense of time or place orientation, having no psychiatric disorders, having no visual or hearing problem, having indication of IV catheter application, having no administration of analgesic or anaesthetic agents prior to IV catheter insertion, having catheter inserted in one attempt, having no allergy to hot and cold applications, being voluntary to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: infection previous history of surgery, scarring in the catheter insertion site, psoriasis in the catheter insertion site, active dermatitis in the catheter insertion site, peripheral nerve disease, diabetes, peripheral neuropathy in the catheter insertion site

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Hot Application<br>Before PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a hot application to the catheter insertion site (inner surface of the forearm) using a hot pack for one minute. Then, the researcher made the second vein assessment and inserted a 20-G peripheral catheter into the inner surface of the forearm. | Other: Hot application<br>* Before PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a hot application to the catheter insertion site (inner surface of the forearm) using a hot pack for one minute.<br>|
| Experimental: Cold Application<br>Before PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a cold application to the catheter insertion site (inner surface of the forearm) using a cold pack for one minute. Then, the researcher made the second vein assessment and inserted a 20-G peripheral catheter into the inner surface of the forearm. | Other: Cold application<br>* Before PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a cold application to the catheter insertion site (inner surface of the forearm) using a cold pack for one minute.<br>|
| No Intervention: Standard Practice<br>The standard practice of the clinic was made. Accordingly, the researcher performed the vein assessment after the participants filled out the questionnaire, and then inserted the 20-G catheter into the inner surface of their forearm without any application. Afterwards, she assessed the pain and anxiety levels of the patients twice before and after the catheter insertion procedure. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Numeric Rating Scale for pain and anxiety | The number 0 on the scale means that they do not feel any pain / anxiety and the number 10 refers to the worst pain and the highest level of anxiety. | Before catheter insertion | 
| Vein Assessment Scale | There are 5 assessment steps: (1) veins are neither visible nor palpable, (2) veins are visible but not palpable, (3) veins are barely visible and palpable, (4) veins are visible and palpable, and (5) veins are clearly visible and easily palpable | Before hot/cold application | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Numeric Rating Scale for pain and anxiety | The number 0 on the scale means that they do not feel any pain / anxiety and the number 10 refers to the worst pain and the highest level of anxiety. | During catheter insertion | 
| Vein Assessment Scale | There are 5 assessment steps: (1) veins are neither visible nor palpable, (2) veins are visible but not palpable, (3) veins are barely visible and palpable, (4) veins are visible and palpable, and (5) veins are clearly visible and easily palpable | Immediately before insertion of the catheter | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Peripheral venous catheter, hot application, cold application, pain, anxiety