The Effect of Plantar Massage and Textured Insoles on Balance in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this study is to determine and compare the effects of using textured insoles and plantar massage on balance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis will be divided into two groups. In the first group the patients will be given plantar massage; in the second group, both plantar massage will be applied and the patients will use textured insoles in their indoor and outdoor activities. Plantar massage will be applied by the physiotherapist 3 days a week for 6 weeks; textured insoles will also be used for 6 weeks. All patients will be asked to complete the questionnaires, which assessed foot functionality, physical activity levels and quality of life. After each patients completed the questionnaire, the physiotherapist will perform plantar sensory and balance assessment. All assessments will be made before, after and 8 weeks after treatment.

Detailed Description
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In the solution of balance problems in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), successful results can be obtained with the correct sensory inputs from the sole of the foot. Even after 5 minutes of application with plantar massage, which is one of these methods, it has been observed that there is an improvement in balance reactions. Textured insoles are also one of the methods used to improve balance with the right sensory input. Both methods increase cutaneous receptor activity and ankle proprioception by providing increased afferent information; As a result of these effects, postural sway decreases, balance can be achieved on a narrower support surface, and postural control increases. Although the positive effects of plantar massage and textured insoles on balance are known, there are no studies in which these methods are used in RA patients. In our study, we aimed to determine and compare the effects of plantar massage, which provides short-term afferent input, and the use of textured insoles, which provide long-term afferent input, on balance in RA patients. For these purposes, plantar massage will be applied to one group, and plantar massage will be applied to the other group and textured insoles will be used. In this way, the effects on the balance will be observed and compared.

Official Title
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The Effect of Plantar Massage and Textured Insoles on Balance in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Conditions
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Rheumatoid Arthritis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: plantar massage
* Other: textured insoles


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18-65 years old Being diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis diagnostic criteria Exclusion Criteria: Having an orthopedic or neurological disease that may cause balance and sensory impairment Using drugs that may cause balance and sensory disorders Having undergone lower extremity surgery Having a neurological problem that may cause hearing or vision impairment Having a communication problem Having a history of major psychiatric illness

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Control group<br>plantar massage | Other: plantar massage<br>* The patients will be given a classical massage, known as Swedish massage, consisting of euflorage and petrissage. While the patient is lying in the supine position, a classical massage will be applied to the plantar face, dorsum and toes of both feet, which will take approximately 20 minutes in total. It will last for 6 weeks, 3 days a week.<br>|
| Experimental: Intervention group<br>plantar massage and textured insoles | Other: plantar massage<br>* The patients will be given a classical massage, known as Swedish massage, consisting of euflorage and petrissage. While the patient is lying in the supine position, a classical massage will be applied to the plantar face, dorsum and toes of both feet, which will take approximately 20 minutes in total. It will last for 6 weeks, 3 days a week.<br>Other: textured insoles<br>* Textured insoles will be prepared in accordance with the principles stated by Waddington et al. in 2003. In the studies of Waddington et al., ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) textured insoles with 4 hemispherical protrusions per cm² were used. The height of each hemispherical protrusion from the EVA floor is 2 mm; The height of the insoles from the ground is 3 mm. The textured insoles will be prepared by an orthotic prosthesis center by cutting the EVA layer with the above-mentioned features in accordance with the patient's shoe/home shoe insoles and placing them on the shoe/home shoe insoles. Insoles will be provided free of charge to patients. Patients will be asked to wear their shoes/house shoes with insoles while performing activities inside and outside the home for 6 weeks.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Foot Function Index | The feet are flexible structures of bones, joints, muscles, and soft tissues that let us stand upright and perform activities like walking, running, and jumping. Foot functions will be evaluated with the Foot Function Index. | Before treatment.The activity limitation subscale includes 5 items and evaluates activity limitations due to foot problems. Each item is scored between 0 and 10. A high score indicates a high degree of disability. | 
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form | Physical activity refers to all movement including during leisure time, for transport to get to and from places, or as part of a person's work. The physical activity levels of the patients will be evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form. | Before treatment. After scoring, physical activity levels are classified as physically inactive (inactive), low physical activity level (minimally active), and adequate physical activity level (very active). | 
| Health Assessment Questionnaire | Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an individual's or a group's perceived physical and mental health over time. health-related quality of life will be assessed by Health Assessment Questionnaire. | Before treatment. The health assessment questionnaire consists of 20 questions, each question is scored between 0-3. A high score indicates poor functional status. | 
| Plantar sensory assessment | Light touch-pressure and functional sense assessment. plantar sense will be performed by a physiotherapist with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test and two-point discriminator. | Before treatment. The score of the thinnest monofilament felt will be recorded. | 
| Balance | A state of equilibrium or parity characterized by cancellation of all forces by equal opposing forces. Balance assessment will be done by the physiotherapist with the Biodex Balance System. | Before treatment. With the tests, the ability of the patients to maintain the center of balance, to move the center of gravity between the support surfaces of the body and to control it will be evaluated. | 
| Foot Function Index | The feet are flexible structures of bones, joints, muscles, and soft tissues that let us stand upright and perform activities like walking, running, and jumping. Foot functions will be evaluated with the Foot Function Index. | After 6 weeks. The activity limitation subscale includes 5 items and evaluates activity limitations due to foot problems. Each item is scored between 0 and 10. A high score indicates a high degree of disability. | 
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form | Physical activity refers to all movement including during leisure time, for transport to get to and from places, or as part of a person's work. The physical activity levels of the patients will be evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form. | After 6 weeks. After scoring, physical activity levels are classified as physically inactive (inactive), low physical activity level (minimally active), and adequate physical activity level (very active). | 
| Health Assessment Questionnaire | Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an individual's or a group's perceived physical and mental health over time. health-related quality of life will be assessed by Health Assessment Questionnaire. | After 6 weeks. The health assessment questionnaire consists of 20 questions, each question is scored between 0-3. A high score indicates poor functional status. | 
| Plantar sensory assessment | Light touch-pressure and functional sense assessment. plantar sense will be performed by a physiotherapist with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test and two-point discriminator. | After 6 weeks. The score of the thinnest monofilament felt will be recorded. | 
| Balance | A state of equilibrium or parity characterized by cancellation of all forces by equal opposing forces. balance assessment will be done by the physiotherapist with the Biodex Balance System. | After 6 weeks. With the tests, the ability of the patients to maintain the center of balance, to move the center of gravity between the support surfaces of the body and to control it will be evaluated. | 
| Foot Function Index | The feet are flexible structures of bones, joints, muscles, and soft tissues that let us stand upright and perform activities like walking, running, and jumping. Foot functions will be evaluated with the Foot Function Index. | After 14 weeks. The activity limitation subscale includes 5 items and evaluates activity limitations due to foot problems. Each item is scored between 0 and 10. A high score indicates a high degree of disability. | 
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form | Physical activity refers to all movement including during leisure time, for transport to get to and from places, or as part of a person's work. The physical activity levels of the patients will be evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form. | After 14 weeks. After scoring, physical activity levels are classified as physically inactive (inactive), low physical activity level (minimally active), and adequate physical activity level (very active). | 
| Health Assessment Questionnaire | Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an individual's or a group's perceived physical and mental health over time. health-related quality of life will be assessed by Health Assessment Questionnaire. | After 14 weeks. The health assessment questionnaire consists of 20 questions, each question is scored between 0-3. A high score indicates poor functional status. | 
| Plantar sensory assessment | Light touch-pressure and functional sense assessment. plantar sense will be performed by a physiotherapist with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test and two-point discriminator. | After 14 weeks.The score of the thinnest monofilament felt will be recorded. | 
| Balance | A state of equilibrium or parity characterized by cancellation of all forces by equal opposing forces. balance assessment will be done by the physiotherapist with the Biodex Balance System. | After 14 weeks. With the tests, the ability of the patients to maintain the center of balance, to move the center of gravity between the support surfaces of the body and to control it will be evaluated. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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plantar massage, textured insoles, balance, rheumatoid arthritis