Public Health Consequences of Covid-19

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Aim of this observational study is to improve our understanding of the impact of Covid-19 on health. By an online questionnaire at least 60.000 people are invited by email to participate. Invited are those people who tested for Covid-19 at the Public Health Service South Limburg since June 2020. Participants are followed over time (open cohort), to study impact on health, that is physical health, mental health, and social health (longcovid and other conseauences). Also, the socioeconomic impact is studied, as on work and education. And the consequences for health-care consumption; it also includes aspects as coping, stigma and lifestyle. All focused to understand the impact of Covid-19, in relation to health, and to gain information for promoting positive health and improving prevention and care.

Detailed Description
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Design: Prospective observational cohort study Mode of study: Online questionnaires Timing: Baseline starting nov. 2021; with regular follow-up measurements Measures: A great range of health-associated factors, all self-reported including a range of physical, mental and social health aspects. A range of structural and functional social netwok aspects Various measures on Covid-19 testing and vaccination Various measures on lifestyle behavior. And other measures that are interlinked with health-factors (such as coping, stress, and sociostructural factors) Analyses: Quantitative data are collected prospectively, and assessed using the appropriate data-analyses methods. Thee include for example epidemiological statistical methods, and social network methodology.

Official Title
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Long-term Public Health Consequences of Covid-19-- Physical, Mental and Social Health

Conditions
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COVID-19

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: there is no intervention; the study is observational


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18 years of age or older Having recieved an online invitation to participate by an email with the study information and questionnaire link, which is send based on the email that was provided to the Public Health service upon testing for Covid-19 at the public health service south Limburg Exclusion Criteria: none

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Covid-19 positive<br>Adults who tested Covid-19 positive | Other: there is no intervention; the study is observational<br>* there is no intervention; the study is observational<br>|
| Covid-19 negative<br>Adults who tested Covid-19 negative | Other: there is no intervention; the study is observational<br>* there is no intervention; the study is observational<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Longcovid | The symptoms that are defined by the WHO-definition of longcovid plus exploratory (data-driven--can include symptoms not in the current WHO-definition) | Change from the baseline questionaire up to 4 years thereafter, assessed at regular intervals (3,6,12 monthly) (note that at baseline, also historical information is collected from the participants) | 
| Mental health | Negative health-outcomes related to mental health such as depression (assessed by PRQ9 scale) | Change from the baseline questionaire up to 4 years thereafter, assessed at regular intervals (3,6,12 monthly) (note that at baseline, also historical information is collected from the participants) | 
| Social health | Negative health outcomes related to social health, such as loneliness (assessed by de Jong-Gierveld scale) | Change from the baseline questionaire up to 4 years thereafter, assessed at regular intervals (3,6,12 monthly) (note that at baseline, also historical information is collected from the participants) | 
| Physical health | Negative health-outcomes related to physical health such as chronic non communicable disease (assessed upon self-report on a checklist of conditions present) | Change from the baseline questionaire up to 4 years thereafter, assessed at regular intervals (3,6,12 monthly) (note that at baseline, also historical information is collected from the participants) | 
| Positive health and resilience | Experienced general health (5-point scale ECHI) | Change from the baseline questionaire up to 4 years thereafter, assessed at regular intervals (3,6,12 monthly) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Productivity | Socioeconomic impact on work and education (various scales) | Change from the baseline questionaire up to 4 years thereafter, assessed at regular intervals (3,6,12 monthly) | 
| Adversity | Stigma and coping strategies related to Covid-19 adverse consequences | change from the baseline questionaire up to 4 years thereafter, assessed at regular intervals (3,6,12 monthly) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Fatigue, Covid-19, Longcovid, Mental health, Loneliness, Depression, Social health, Care consumption, Public Health