Postoperative Pain After Using Er,Cr,YSGG Lazer Irradiation During Root Canal Treatment

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) during chemo-mechanic preparation for effective root canal disinfection is a standard protocol in root canal treatment. NaOCl is an alkali irrigant with pH 11.0 -12.0. Nearby its high antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxic features make it questionable when it comes contact with periradicular tissues. Several irrigation materials were investigated less cytotoxic, more or equal antimicrobial to avoid such adverse effects. Calcium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, chitosan and antibiotics are some of the chemicals tested. Laser is not a chemical but its action may show antibacterial effect. Studies showed that Er,Cr:YSGG laser is strongly antibacterial against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. This antibacterial effect were frequently obtained with laser activated irrigation (LAI) or photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether disinfection procedure with laser provides more or less benefit in terms of postoperative pain when compared with the conventional NaOCl irrigation method.

Detailed Description
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Both for maxillary and mandibular teeth, infiltration anesthesia were achieved by local anesthetic with 2 ml articaine hydrochloride with 1:200000 epinephrine (Maxicaine, VEM İlaç, Ist, Turkey). Endodontic access preparations were performed using diamond round burs. After the canals became visible, patency was checked with a K hand file (VDW, Munich, Germany), and a rubber dam was placed for isolation. The working length (WL) was determined with an electronic apex locator (Raypex 6, VDW) and accepted when three green bars were reached. A crown-down preparation technique was performed using Reciproc nickel-titanium instruments (VDW, Munich, Germany) R#50 according to the manufacturers' instruction until the WL. During the instrumentation procedures, the root canals were irrigated with 6 ml of 2,5% NaOCl between each file. In laser group, each root canal was dried with paper points and then Er,Cr:YSGG (Biolase™, Waterlase™, San Clemente, CA, USA) was used for intracanal disinfection with the following parameters: panel output power of 0,75 W, pulse frequency of 20 Hz, and 1% water pressure to 10% air pressure ratio laser with RFT3 tips (415 µm diameter radial firing tip RFT3 Endolase, Biolase Technology, Inc; calibration factor of 0.85). The fiber was placed at 1mm short of the WL. Irradiation was delivered along the entire length of the root canal with helicoradial movements, 1mm per seconds in speed. This procedure was repeated three times and kept for 20 seconds between each irradiation. In control group, each canal were irrigated with 6 ml of 2,5% NaOCl. For the final irrigation, 5 ml of sterile saline were used. During irrigation, needle was inserted 1 mm short of the WL. At the end of disinfection procedures, each root canal was dried with paper points and the largest gutta-percha cone that reached the WL without any resistance was used as the master cone. Measurements from the electronic apex locator were confirmed radiographically. In cases of discrepancies between the radiographic and electronic measurements, the latter was selected. All root canals were filled with gutta-percha and root canal sealer (Adseal Meta Biomed Co, Korea) using the lateral condensation technique. The teeth were coronally sealed with composite resin (Premise, Kerr, Salerno, Italy). After the completion of the root fillings, postoperative instructions were given to all patients and prescribed 200 mg ibuprofen only one tablet if it is needed within the 0- to 6-hour time interval after the treatment and then one for every 8 hours in the event of pain.

Official Title
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Postoperative Pain After Using Er,Cr: YSGG Laser Irradiation Versus NaOCl Irrigation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Conditions
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Postoperative Pain

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: Er,Cr:YSGG Laser
* Other: Sodium hypochlorite


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 1)Single-rooted, maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines or premolars that were asymptomatic (no preoperative pain, swelling or acute endodontic or periodontal abscess). 2)Nonvital pulps and did not respond to cold testing. 3)People had no systemic diseases or allergies to local anesthetic agents . 4)People had not received any endodontic treatment previously. 5)People had no radiographic evidence of periapical bone loss. Exclusion Criteria: Pregnant and breastfeeding women Patients taking analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or antibiotic medications during seven days prior to beginning of treatment.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Er,Cr:YSGG Laser<br>In laser group, each root canal was dried with paper points and then Er,Cr:YSGG (Biolase™, Waterlase™, San Clemente, CA, USA) was used for intracanal disinfection with the following parameters: panel output power of 0,75 W, pulse frequency of 20 Hz, and 1% water pressure to 10% air pressure ratio laser with RFT3 tips (415 µm diameter radial firing tip RFT3 Endolase, Biolase Technology, Inc; calibration factor of 0.85). The fiber was placed at 1mm short of the WL. Irradiation was delivered along the entire length of the root canal with helicoradial movements, 1mm per seconds in speed. This procedure was repeated three times and kept for 20 seconds between each irradiation. | Device: Er,Cr:YSGG Laser<br>* Er,Cr:YSGG Laser is used for disinfection of the root canals.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Sodium hypochlorite<br>In control group, each canal were irrigated with 6 ml of 2,5% NaOCl. For the final irrigation, 5 ml of sterile saline were used. During irrigation, needle was inserted 1 mm short of the WL. | Other: Sodium hypochlorite<br>* Sodium hypochlorite is used for disinfection of the root canals<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Evaluation of Postoperative pain | Postoperative pain evaluation with verbal analog scale after root canal treatment. Patients signed as 0: no pain; 1: mild pain, analgesic not required; 2: moderate pain, analgesic required; 3: severe pain, analgesic has no effect in relieving the pain. The data were collected and statistically analysed using by the numerical data. In this study, 0 and 1 scores are considered as better outcome. Patients who signed these scores didn't need to use analgesics. The worst outcome is considered as the patients signed 3. Each scale range for each time interval evaluated as count of patient and presented as percentage. Scale ranges are not summed. | 0-24 hours after root canal treatment | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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root canal treatment, intracanal irrigation, Laser