Dynamics of Muscle Mitochondria in Type 2 Diabetes Exercise

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Insulin promotes the clearance of sugars from the blood into skeletal muscle and fat cells for use as energy; it also promotes storage of excess nutrients as fat. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the cells of the body become resistant to the effects of insulin, and this causes high blood sugar and contributes to a build-up of fat in muscle, pancreas, liver, and the heart. Understanding how insulin resistance occurs will pave the way for new therapies aimed at preventing and treating type 2 diabetes. Mitochondria are cellular structures that are responsible for turning nutrients from food, into the energy that our cells run on. As a result, mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can move within a cell to the areas where they are needed, and can fuse together to form large, string-like, tubular networks or divide into small spherical structures. The name of this process is mitochondrial dynamics and the process keeps the cells healthy. However, when more food is consumed compared to the amount of energy burned, mitochondria may become overloaded and dysfunctional resulting in a leak of partially metabolized nutrients that can interfere with the ability of insulin to communicate within the cell. This may be a way for the cells to prevent further uptake of nutrients until the current supply has been exhausted. However, long term overload of the mitochondria may cause blood sugar levels to rise and lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. This study will provide information about the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Detailed Description
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The traditional view of mitochondria as isolated, spherical, energy producing organelles is undergoing a revolutionary transformation. Emerging data show that mitochondria form a dynamic networked reticulum that is regulated by cycles of fission and fusion. The discovery of a number of proteins that regulate these activities has led to important advances in understanding human disease. Data show that activation of dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1), a protein that controls mitochondrial fission, is reduced following exercise in prediabetes, and the decrease is linked to increased insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation. The proposed research will test the hypothesis that mitochondrial dynamics is a key mechanism of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. The experimental approach harnesses innovative molecular and cellular tools, interfaced with physiologically significant human studies to obtain meaningful data on insulin resistance, and has the potential to generate insights that will lead to new diabetes therapies for future generations.

Official Title
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Dynamics of Muscle Mitochondria in Type 2 Diabetes

Conditions
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Insulin Resistance, Diabetes

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: exercise


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Type 2 Diabetes Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 50 kg/m2 HbA1C < 10% Sedentary Exclusion Criteria: Evidence of type 1 diabetes or requiring insulin therapy BMI >50 kg/m2 Smoking Active pregnancy

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: exercise<br>12 week exercise program, 5 days/week, 60 min/day | Behavioral: exercise<br> <br> |
| No Intervention: standard of care<br>12 week standard of care recommendations | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Effects of exercise on mitochondrial dynamics | Dynamics will be assessed from quantitative measures of dynamin-related protein-1. | 5 years | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Effects of exercise on mitochondrial function | Function will be assessed from oxygen consumption. | 5 years | 
| Insulin sensitivity | Insulin sensitivity will be assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. | 5 years | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Mitochondrial Dynamics, Insulin Resistance, Exercise and Diabetes