Reducing Stasis Outcomes for Depression in Group Behavioural Activation Therapy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders and it is estimated up to 50% of patients do not respond to evidenced-based psychotherapy treatment, recording a 'stasis' outcome. However, there is limited research understanding this population, meaning a considerable number of people continue to suffer. The purpose of this study is to 1) identify depression stasis prevalence and predictors in an existing evidenced-based group treatment for depression, 2) run a clinical trial to test whether an embedded intervention based on theoretical and clinical practice evidence can help reduce patient depression stasis and drop-out rates and 3) understand what aspect of therapy produces change (or prevents change in stasis). The study will be based on behavioural activation (BA) therapy delivered in an eight-session group format in an Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service in the United Kingdom. BA is one of the most effective psychotherapies available for depression and focuses on helping patients to increase their engagement with valued activities to help break out of the cycle of depression. Firstly, an archived anonymised dataset of routine depression measures from patients who have previously received the existing group BA treatment will be analysed. Secondly, the group BA treatment delivered to patients in 2017 will be enhanced with two treatment augmentations. One augmentation will target stasis outcomes through the addition of specific 'if-then' planning (known as implementation intentions) when setting between-session homework and the other augmentation will target patient drop-out by informing patients about group BA effectiveness and therapy-dose evidence. The stasis outcomes and drop-out rates from the enhanced treatment in the trial will be compared with the archived outcomes to see if the intervention has had an effect and the role of engaging in valued living as a mechanism of change for depression symptoms will be examined. It is hypothesised that a) 50% of patients who have received the existing BA group treatment for depression will have a stasis outcome, b) there will be a significant reduction in depression stasis outcomes and drop-out rate following the enhanced BA group treatment delivered in the trial and c) engagement in valued living will have a mediating effect on outcome for responding patients following the enhanced BA group treatment but the effect will not be present for patients with a stasis outcome.

Detailed Description
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A one-armed quasi-experimental trial will be used to test the effect of two embedded behavioural activation group (BAG) treatment augmentations on treatment outcomes and to identify a potential outcome mediator for patients with a stasis outcome. A non-randomised design enables data to be collected which reflects routine clinical practice and address stasis outcomes as they occur in real-world services. A matched pairs design will be implemented in the analysis to allow comparison of the enhanced BAG data with historical control data from archived outcomes of the existing treatment (i.e. the baseline data). Patients who access the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service in Sheffield, United Kingdom with a primary presenting problem of depression and are referred to BAG will be approached to take part in the study. Patients will be asked to provide informed consent to agree for their weekly routine outcome scores from enhanced BAG to be used in the study. Enhanced BAG Augmentations The existing BAG treatment will be enhanced with embedded treatment augmentations. The augmentations will consist of two strands; 1) implementation intentions to directly target reducing stasis and 2) psychoeducation to target reducing drop-out. Implementation Intentions: The first augmentation will be a top-down theoretically informed 'implementation intentions' enhancement to target reducing the stasis outcome rate. Implementation intentions are specific plans about how, when and where goals will be acted upon, formed using an if-then format in order to effectively implement actions. Patients will be taught to use if-then planning (implementation intentions) to help them complete the between-session which is crucial to producing change in BA. Dose-Response Psychoeducation: The second augmentation will be a dose-response psychoeducation enhancement aimed at reducing the dropout rate. Patients will be given information based on practice-based evidence about the effectiveness of BAG and dose-response information (minimum number of sessions required to experience change). Treatment Integrity Treatment adherence to the protocol will be assessed using a BAG adherence checklist created for this trial. Adherence will be checked and compared using self-report and an expert rater; i) after each session the BAG facilitators will complete the session integrity measure to check self-report adherence and ii) the BAG facilitator lead will observe and rate one session from each course of BAG to provide an expert adherence check. Data Collection Data collection for the study will run for a year from January 2017 until December 2017 incorporating six BAG treatment groups. Data Analysis The data will be analysed using the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. The final available measure will be used as the post score or if there is only one score available, it will be assumed there was no change. Patients who do not score above the clinical cut-off for depression (score of ≥10 on Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]) prior to commencing BAG will not be included in the analysis to avoid a floor effect when calculating stasis outcomes.

Official Title
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Effect of Treatment Augmentations Embedded in Behavioural Activation Group Therapy on Reducing Drop-out and Stasis Rates in Depression

Conditions
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Depression

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Behavioural Activation Group (BAG) Psychotherapy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients who access the Sheffield Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service (United Kingdom) with depression as the primary presenting problem Patients with co-morbid anxiety symptoms can be included as long as depression is the primary diagnosis Are referred to and choose the Behavioural Activation Group (BAG) treatment option Able to attend the BAG intervention Aged 18 or over Exclusion Criteria: Primary diagnosis that is not depression Patients who do not choose BAG as a treatment option Aged under 18

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Enhanced Behavioural Activation Groups<br>Behavioural activation group (BAG) psychotherapy delivered with two embedded treatment augmentations; Implementation intentions Dose-response psychoeducation | Behavioral: Behavioural Activation Group (BAG) Psychotherapy<br>* Behavioural activation (BA) is a psychotherapy intervention based on behaviour theory and operant conditioning. It teaches patients to reduce avoidant depressive behaviours and in turn increase the positive reinforcement they receive from their environment for non-depressive behaviours through the use of activity scheduling and pleasant events. For the trial, BA will be delivered in a group format (BAG) and facilitated by two therapists. BAG treatment will consist of eight weekly sessions, lasting two hours and will follow a manualised treatment protocol. Each session will be based on a different topic relevant to the principles of BA and patients will be given between session work to complete to encourage increased participation in rewarding personally meaningful activities.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores | Validated 9-item self-report measure of depressive symptoms | Week 1 (pre-treatment), at every weekly treatment session attended (for 8 weeks) and at week 8 (end of treatment) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Patient attendance at treatment sessions | Number of therapy sessions patients attend in a course of treatment | Weeks 1-8 (every weekly treatment session - maximum of 8) | 
| Change in Valued Living Questionnaire (VLQ) score | Validated self-report measure of engagement in valued living | Week 1 (pre-treatment), week 4 (at the 4th treatment session) and at week 8 (end of treatment) | 
| Change in Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) score | Validated 7-item self-report measure of anxiety symptoms | Week 1 (pre-treatment), at every weekly treatment session attended (for 8 weeks) and at week 8 (end of treatment) | 
| Change in Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) score | Validated self-report measure of functional impairment as a result of mental health problems | Week 1 (pre-treatment), at every weekly treatment session attended (for 8 weeks) and at week 8 (end of treatment) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Behavioural activation, Psychotherapy, group, Depression, Depressive disorder