In Vivo Comparison in Human Carotid Atherosclerosis: Plaque Neovascularization

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Atherosclerosis may initiate early in life and takes years to progress. This contrasts to the abrupt coronary or cerebrovascular events occurring following the transition from a stable to an unstable atherosclerotic plaque. The causes of this discontinuity of the disease are complex and probably multiple. There is increasing evidence that, besides inflammation, neovascularisation of atherosclerotic plaques and intra-plaque hemorrhages play an important role in plaque instability ending-up frequently in acute thrombotic occlusion or distal embolisation of athero-thrombotic material associated with heart attack or stroke. Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound, is a bed-side non-invasive technique, which allows to enhance microvascular structures and to visualize the adventitia and intraplaque vascularization. Dynamic contrast-enhanced plaque MRI (DCE-MRI) which has also been evaluated for in vivo detection and quantification of plaque neovascularity. Together with the presence of a large lipid-rich core, thin fibrous cap, positive remodeling and active inflammatory infiltrate, plaque neovascularisation is considered a valid marker of high-risk (or vulnerable) plaque as demonstrated in histopathological studies using microvessel density. Aim of the study is to assess and validate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), a bed-side technique, in detecting plaque neovascularisation and compare it with the quantitative assessment by DCE-MRI in carotis atherosclerosis. A group of 30 patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis (> 50% stenosis on Doppler ultrasound) will undergo Carotid Duplex ultrasounds and CEUS. High-resolution plaque MRI and DCE-MRI will be performed in the same patients and will be analyzed by two separate operators blinded to the results of the CEUS in order to detect the efficacy of CEUS when compared with in vivo DCE-MRI, as the standard of reference.

Official Title
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Plaque Neovascularization Assessment by Contrast Ultrasounds and Plaque Magnetic Resonance: in Vivo Comparison in Human Carotid Atherosclerosis

Conditions
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Carotid Artery Disease, Plaque Neovascularization

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Contrast enhanced ultrasound of the carotid plaque
* Other: Dynamic contrast-enhanced carotid plaque MRI


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Asymptomatic 50-70% carotid artery stenosis on Doppler ultrasound Asymptomatic >70% carotid artery stenosis on Doppler ultrasound (no surgical indication) Signed informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Non atherosclerotic occlusive disease Prior carotid endarterectomy on the site of the index carotid artery Contraindications for MRI and CE MRI (history of hypersensitivity to gadolinium salt, pacemaker or vascular clip implantation, implantation of any metallic device, severe claustrophobic reactions) Contraindications to CEUS (hypersensitivity to Sonovue compounds, acute coronary syndromes, acute heart failure, heart failure in NYHA class III or IV, severe arrhythmias, known right-to-left cardiac shunt, severe pulmonary hypertension, uncontrolled arterial hypertension, acute distress respiratory syndrome) Short-term life-threatening pathology (life expectancy < 6 months) Physically unable to participate in the study Compliance not guaranteed Pregnancy

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 90 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Other: Imaging of carotid plaque<br>Patient undergo contrast enhanced ultrasound of the carotid plaque and dynamic contrast-enhanced carotid plaque MRI | Other: Contrast enhanced ultrasound of the carotid plaque<br>* visual grading of neovessel<br>Other: Dynamic contrast-enhanced carotid plaque MRI<br>* quantitative analysis of gadolinium enchantment in a region of interest<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Plaque neovascularization grading and quantification (assessment by DCE-MRI) | Contrast enhanced ultrasound plaque neovascularization grading , correlated to plaque neovascularization quantitative assessment by DCE-MRI. | Baseline |