Oral Findings in Pediatric Patients With Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of the study was to evaluate if there were differences in oral findings between patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma and a control group of health people.

Detailed Description
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The aim of the study was to evaluate if there were differences in oral findings between patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma and a control group of health people. At the oral evaluation, the following indexes were calculated: PSR, Periodontal Screening and Recording; PI, Plaque Control Record and DMFT, Decayed Missing Filled Teeth Index. Absence or presence of mouth breathing was also recorded. Linear regressions were calculated to compare the oral findings with gravity of allergic rhinitis, to asthma compensation and to asthma treatment.

Official Title
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Oral Findings in Pediatric Patients With Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma: a Cohort Study

Conditions
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Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma in Children, Dental Caries, Periodontal Diseases

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: Oral examination


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: age 5-14 years old presence of allergic rhinitis diagnosed according to ASIA guidelines and/or presence of asthma diagnosed according to GINA guidelines Exclusion Criteria: refuse to participate to the study presence of systemic diseases that could alter oral conditions (Sjögren syndrome, celiac disease, calcium disorders).

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 5 Years
Maximum Age: 14 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Case Group<br>Patients from this group were diagnosed from allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. | Diagnostic Test: Oral examination<br>* Patients underwent oral examination with the recording of DMFT, PSR, PI and presence/absence of mouth breathing.<br>|
| Control Group<br>Healthy children. | Diagnostic Test: Oral examination<br>* Patients underwent oral examination with the recording of DMFT, PSR, PI and presence/absence of mouth breathing.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| PSR - Periodontal Screening and Recording (Landry and Jean, 2002) | Scoring criteria: 0: Absence of clinical signs 1: Bleeding on probing 2: Supra and/or subgingival calculus and/or defective margins 3: Periodontal pocket 4 mm to 5.5 nm deep (coloured band on probe partially visible) 4: Periodontal pocket 6 mm deep (colored band no longer visible) *: Periodontal abnormalities present X: Sextant absent or fewer than 2 teeth | Baseline | 
| PCR - Plaque Control Record (O' Leary et al., 1972) | % assessment of the amount of plaque on dental surfaces; it is detected on 4 surfaces: distal, mesial, vestibular, lingual / palatal. The number of sites with plaque is divided by the total number of sites available in the mouth and multiplied by 100. Results indicate the index as a percentage. | Baseline | 
| DMFT - Decayed Missing Filled Teeth Index (WHO, 2013) | Sum of the decayed, missing, filled teeth. | Baseline | 
| Mouth breathing | Assessment of the presence/absence of mouth breathing. | Baseline |