Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate for HIV Prevention in Men

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to determine whether daily use of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) can prevent HIV infection in men who also receive HIV counseling, condoms, and treatment for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Detailed Description
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The Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS estimates that 14,000 persons are newly infected with HIV every day worldwide; one half of these infections occur in people between the ages of 15 and 24. New infections occur despite widespread awareness of the modes of HIV transmission and the protection afforded by condom use. Effective interventions for HIV prevention are urgently needed. This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men (MSM) who are at high risk for HIV infection despite using condoms, receiving HIV counseling, and receiving treatment for STIs, particularly hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A daily combination dose of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) has been selected for evaluation because it has a well-established safety record in previous studies and was demonstrated to be effective for HIV prevention in primate models. These medications have long half-lives that allow daily dosing and do not have known interactions with hormonal contraception, methadone, or tuberculosis therapies. Once on the study drug, participants will be followed for a variable length of time, starting within 4 weeks of their screening visit and lasting up to 144 weeks. All participants will be followed for at least 8 weeks after stopping study drug. Participants who are reactive to a Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test will be followed for hepatic flares for 16 additional weeks for a total of 24 weeks after stopping study drug. If enrolled in the optional substudy of bone mineral density, fat distribution, and fasting lipids, the participant will be asked to return for one additional visit 24 weeks after stopping study drug. Participants who HIV seroconvert during their participation will also be followed until the end of the study. All study visits will be at 4 week intervals. At study entry, high risk, HIV uninfected MSM will be randomly assigned to receive either daily FTC/TDF or placebo, in addition to standard HIV counseling, condoms, and sexually transmitted infection (STI) management. The study will closely monitor biological and behavioral safety, including careful analysis of drug resistance, kidney and liver function, and risk behavior. At the screening visit, participants will undergo HIV antibody and HBV testing, a medical history, a medical exam, blood and urine collection, risk behavior assessment, and STI testing. At study entry, participants will be given study medication; tested for HCV; and offered the HBV vaccine, if applicable. At all study visits, there will be HIV antibody testing, pill counts, adherence checks, study medication distribution, HIV counseling, and condom distribution. A medical history and blood will be taken on selected visits, along with STI testing and treatment if needed. Testing and treatment of STIs will be provided at no cost to the participant. All study participants will be encouraged to join a substudy that will assess interactions between HBV infection, bone mineral density and fat distribution, and immune function. If enrolled in the substudy, the participant will be asked to return for one additional visit 24 weeks after stopping the study medication. All participants in the substudy will undergo dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, and HIV infected participants will undergo additional blood collection. Sites will have the option of participating in the following four substudies: The Hair Substudy: Participants who are receiving FTC/TDF will be eligible to enroll. At each 12-week follow-up study visit, hair samples will be collected and questionnaires will be completed. The Urine Substudy: For all participants who elect to enroll in this substudy, additional testing will occur on blood and urine samples collected at each 24-week follow-up visit. An additional urine collection will occur 8 weeks after participants stop receiving FTC/TDF. The Semen Substudy: Participants who seroconvert during the study may elect to participate in this substudy. One semen sample will be collected at participants' next study visit when plasma viral load testing is performed. The Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Substudy: Participants in this substudy will undergo rectal and oropharyngeal swab procedures and urine collection at the 24-week study visit. After the randomized phase ends, if the daily oral FTC/TDF arm is shown to be beneficial and safe, participants will be given the option of participating in an open label extension phase. During this extension phase, study participants will receive daily oral open-label FTC/TDF, in addition to standard counseling, condoms, and STI management.

Official Title
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Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men

Conditions
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HIV Infections

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: daily TDF/FTC
* Drug: Placebo


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male sex (at birth) HIV uninfected Age having reached the local age of consent High risk for HIV infection including any of the following: 1) No condom use during anal intercourse with a male HIV-positive partner or a male partner of unknown HIV status during the last 6 months; (2) anal intercourse with more than 3 male sex partners during the last 6 months; (3) exchange of money, gifts, shelter, or drugs for anal sex with a male partner during the last 6 months; (4) sex with a male partner and STI diagnosis during the last 6 months or at screening, or (5) sexual partner of an HIV-infected man with whom condoms are not consistently used in the last 6 months. Able to provide a street address of residence for themselves and one personal contact who would know their whereabouts during the study period Healthy enough to work, as indicated by score of 80 or greater on the Karnofsky scale Certain laboratory values A urine dipstick with a negative or trace result for both glucose and protein within 28 days of enrollment. Ability to understand and local language for which an informed consent form has been approved by a local IRB and registered with the study sponsor. Inclusion Criteria for Open-Label Extension: Participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, PrEP trail Has been unblinded Has provided informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Previously diagnosed active and serious infections, including tuberculosis infection, osteomyelitis, or infections requiring parenteral antibiotic therapy Active clinically significant medical problems including heart disease (e.g., symptoms of ischemia, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia), lung disease (steroid-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), diabetes requiring hypoglycemic medication, or previously diagnosed cancer expected to require further treatment Acute HBV infection at the screening visit or presence of treatment indications for hepatitis B based on local practice standards; or clinical signs of hepatic cirrhosis History of pathological bone fractures not related to trauma Receiving ongoing therapy with certain HIV/AIDS-related medications or other medications as determined by the investigator Definitely or possibly received an anti-HIV vaccine while participating in a blinded clinical trial Current alcohol or drug use that, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the study Current participation in a clinical trial or cohort study other than sub-studies of this protocol Any condition at enrollment that, in the opinion of the investigator, would make participation in the study unsafe or would interfere with the study Sites may utilize additional criteria that restrict enrollment to a subset of people who meet the protocol-defined enrollment criteria. Exclusion Criteria for Open-Label Extension: - Site leadership believes participant will have difficulty completing requirements

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: TDF/FTC<br>Drug. Daily oral tablet of co-formulated 200 mg emtricitabine and 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF/FTC). | Drug: daily TDF/FTC<br>* daily oral medication<br>* Other names: truvada;|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo<br>Drug. Daily oral placebo | Drug: Placebo<br>* daily oral medication<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| HIV Seroconversion | Confirmed HIV infection | Monthly follow-up through a median of 1.2 years | 
| Grade 1 or Higher Creatinine Toxicity | Creatinine which reach grade 1 (mild, 1.1 to 1.3 local upper limit of normal) or higher by the US Division of AIDS grading table (version 1) or a 50% increase in creatinine from the baseline value. The DAIDS table can be found at https://rsc.tech-res.com/docs/default-source/safety/table_for_grading_severity_of_adult_pediatric_adverse_events.pdf | Duration of follow-up, median 1.2 years | 
| Grade 3 or Higher Phosphorous Toxicity | Grade 3 or higher phosphorous toxicity (hypophosphatemia) by the Division of AIDS Grading Table (severe, level at or below 1.9 mg/dL) | The entire follow-up period, median 1.2 years | 
| Grade 2, 3, or 4 Laboratory Adverse Events | Number of participants with at least one Grade 2, 3, or 4 laboratory adverse events (moderate, severe of life threatening based one the US Division of AIDS Grading of adverse events, version 1.0). The table can be found at https://rsc.tech-res.com/docs/default-source/safety/table_for_grading_severity_of_adult_pediatric_adverse_events.pdf | Entire follow-up, median 1.2 years | 
| Grade 2, 3, or 4 Clinical Adverse Events | Number of participants with at least 1 Grade 2, 3, or 4 clinical adverse events (moderate, severe of life threatening based one the US Division of AIDS Grading of adverse events, version 1.0). The table can be found at https://rsc.tech-res.com/docs/default-source/safety/table_for_grading_severity_of_adult_pediatric_adverse_events.pdf | Entire follow-up, median 1.2 years | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hepatitis Flares Among Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infected Persons During and After Chemoprophylaxis | A hepatic flare is defined as an increase in alanine transaminase or aspartate transaminase to >5 fold upper limit of normal at any visit, or an increase to >2.5 fold upper limit of normal for 3 months, within 24 weeks of permanently stopping study drug. More details in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4752387/ | Quarterly lab tests through a median follow-up of 1.2 years | 
| Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density | % Change from baseline in bone mineral density (100 * [(value at 24 weeks- value at baseline)/ (value at baseline)]) in in hip and L1-L4 spine by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry | baseline and week 24. | 
| Percentage Change in Body Fat | Percentage Change (100 * [(value at 24 weeks- value at baseline)/ (value at baseline)]) in Body Fat from Baseline by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry | Baseline and Week 24 | 
| Percentage Change in Fasting Triglycerides | Percentage Change (Percentage Change (100 * [(value at 24 weeks- value at baseline)/ (value at baseline)]) in Triglycerides from Baseline from a fasting sample. | Baseline and Week 24 | 
| Percent Change in Total Cholesterol | Percent change (100 * [(value at 24 weeks- value at baseline)/ (value at baseline)]) in fasting total cholesterol from baseline | Baseline and Week 24 | 
| Viral Load Among HIV Infected Participants | HIV-RNA in log10 units among HIV infected participants at the time closest to HIV detection | At the time closest to HIV detection | 
| Among HIV Infected Participants Drug Resistance | Genotypic resistance by clinical assays among the seroconverters from baseline to the end of the study treatment period | at the time of HIV acquisition | 
| CD4 Count Among HIV Infected Participants | CD4 cell count for HIV infected participants during the trial | at the time infection was detected | 
| Proportion of Missed Doses by Pill Count | Estimated proportion of missed doses by pill count (assuming pills taken in unreturned bottles) | At 24 weeks | 
| Percentage of Missed Doses by Estimate During CASI Interview | Percentage of missed doses by estimate during computer assisted structured interview | Week 24 | 
| Number of Condomless Sexual Partners With HIV Positive or Unknown Status | Participants self-report of the number of sexual partners with HIV positive or unknown status in the previous 12 weeks with whom they had condomless anal sex | At 24 weeks | 
| Total Number of Sexual Partners | Self-reported total number of sexual partners in the previous 12 weeks. | 24 weeks | 
| Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse in the Previous 12 Weeks With Any Partners Regardless of Status. | Self-reported condomless receptive anal intercourse in the previous 12 weeks with any partners regardless of status. | At 24 weeks | 
| Incidence of Confirmed Syphilis During Follow-Up | Number of participants who have at least 1 confirmed syphilis infection during the study | All Follow-Up median of 1.2 years of follow-up | 
| Incidence of HSV-2 During the Follow-up Period | Incidence of HSV-2 during the follow-up period among those HIV-2 negative at baseline | Total study follow-up, a median of 1.2 years | 
| Diagnosis of Gonorrhea During the Follow-up Period | Diagnosis of gonorrhea during the follow-up period by PCR | All of follow-up period, median of 1.2 years | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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HIV, Chemoprophylaxis, Hepatitis, Viral human hepatitis, HIV Seronegativity