Impact of Long Term of Benzodiazepine Use on Psychiatric Manifestation

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Benzodiazepines are usually a secondary drug of abuse-used mainly to augment the high received from another drug or to offset the adverse effects of other drugs. Few cases of addiction arise from legitimate use of benzodiazepines. Pharmacologic dependence, a predictable and natural adaptation of a body system long accustomed to the presence of a drug, may occur in patients taking therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines. However, this dependence, which generally manifests itself in withdrawal symptoms upon the abrupt discontinuation of the medication, may be controlled and ended through dose tapering, medication switching, and/or medication augmentation. Due to the chronic nature of anxiety, long-term low-dose benzodiazepine treatment may be necessary for some patients; this continuation of treatment should not be considered abuse or addiction. previous study reported that The results of the study are important in that they corroborate the mounting evidence that a range of neuropsychological functions are impaired as a result of long-term benzodiazepine use, and that these are likely to persist even following withdrawal. The findings highlight the residual neurocognitive compromise associated with long-term benzodiazepine therapy as well as the important clinical implications of these results.

Official Title
-----------------
Impact of Long Term of Benzodiazepine Use on Psychiatric Manifestation in Neuropsychiatric Disease

Conditions
-----------------
Psychiatric Disorder, Benzodiazepine-Related Disorders

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Behavioral: Detailed interview with personal demographic data
* Behavioral: Intelligence assessment using the Arabic version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
* Behavioral: The Arabic version of the Structured Interview for the Five-Factor Personality Model (SIFFM)
* Behavioral: the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
* Behavioral: The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
* Behavioral: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: age from 18 years to 50 years No history of neurological or medical illness Exclusion Criteria: intelligence score more than 80

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 50 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Intervention/Treatment |
| --- |
|Behavioral: Detailed interview with personal demographic data|, such as age, sex, education, history of occupation, past medical history, family history, medical, neurological, and psychiatric disorders.|
|Behavioral: Intelligence assessment using the Arabic version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)|the test consists of six verbal subtests and five performance subtests. It used in measure Intelligence|
|Behavioral: The Arabic version of the Structured Interview for the Five-Factor Personality Model (SIFFM)|it depend on a model of general language personality descriptors that based on theory suggests five broad dimensions to describe human personality|
|Behavioral: the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale|it used for evaluation depression severity. It is 17 items and each item's score (0-4). with a total score range of 0-54|
|Behavioral: The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale|it used for evaluation the severity of anxiety. The scale consists of 14 items and each item is scored on a scale from 0 to 4 , with a total score range of 0-56|
|Behavioral: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)|It used to evaluate range of symptoms of psychopathology and personality traits that are maladaptive. It has 10 clinical scales subscales included the following: 1, hypochondriasis (Hs); 2, depression (D); 3, hysteria (Hy); 4, psychopathic deviation (Pd); 5, masculinity-femininity (Mf); 6, paranoia (Pa); 7, psychophrenia (Pt); 8, schizophrenia (Sc); 9, hypomania (Ma); 10, social introversion (Ma); (Si). More than 65 responses were considered symptomatic|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| measure the prevalence of DSM 5 psychiatric disorders associated with long term of benzodiazepine use |  | through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| measure of risk factor of DSM 5 psychiatric disorders associated with long term of benzodiazepine use |  | through study completion, an average of 1 year | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
psychiatric, benzodiazepine