24-hour Movement Behaviors Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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A healthy lifestyle has proved beneficial health effects in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Important lifestyle behaviors, i.e. sleep, sedentary time (SB), and physical activity (PA) subdivided into light physical activity (LPA) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), have shown an impact on T2DM disease-specific characteristics (e.g. glycemic control). However, these behaviors have often been investigated separately. Therefore, a recent shift in research emphasizes the importance of considering these behaviors as part of a 24-hour day. Since T2DM patients can benefit from an optimal 24-hour composition as part of a healthy lifestyle, it may be interesting to investigate the 24-hour movement composition among these T2DM patients over time. Moreover, exploring associations with different personal determinants, environmental determinants, and cardiometabolic markers will provide meaningful insights in developing recommendations and creating an intervention.

Detailed Description
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The present study aims (1) to conduct a longitudinal observational study over two years to explore 24-hour movement behavior composition patterns among T2DM patients in comparison with a healthy control group and (2) to examine associations between these movement behaviors and personal and environmental determinants, and cardiometabolic markers. This study's primary endpoint is to develop insights into the 24-hour movement composition combined with T2DM patients' characteristics, determinants, and health profile to set the groundwork with the aim to develop, implement and evaluate an intervention in a future randomized controlled trial

Official Title
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24-hour Movement Behaviors Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Conditions
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: No intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion criteria T2DM patients Adults aged >18 years old Diagnosed with T2DM by a physician or an HbA1C above 6.5% Exclusion criteria T2DM patients Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) Diagnosed with pregnancy diabetes Diagnosed with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) Physical disabilities that obstruct the normal PA pattern (e.g. amputations, paralysis) Cognitive disabilities that obstruct daily functioning (e.g. dementia, psychological disorders) Other conditions affecting the normal PA pattern (e.g. heart failure NYHA class 3 and 4, chronic respiratory diseases (COPD stage 4), end stage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, end stage renal failure, cancer, hospitalized) Pregnancy or pregnancy <1 year ago Participating in a physical activity intervention Inclusion criteria control participants - Adults aged > 18 years old Exclusion criteria control participants Diagnosed with T2DM Diagnosed with T1DM Diagnosed with pregnancy diabetes Diagnosed with LADA Physical disabilities that obstruct the normal PA pattern (e.g. amputations, paralysis) Cognitive disabilities that obstruct daily functioning (e.g. dementia, psychological disorders) Other conditions affecting the normal PA pattern (e.g. heart failure NYHA class 3 and 4, chronic respiratory diseases (COPD stage 4), end stage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, end stage renal failure, cancer, hospitalized) Pregnancy or pregnancy <1 year ago Participating in a physical activity intervention

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 100 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| type 2 diabetes mellitus group<br>124 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus will be included | Other: No intervention<br>* This project contains a longitudinal observational study design. The investigator will collect data out of a group with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and out of group with control adults on three time points (baseline, follow-up after one year, and follow-up after two years). Therefore, the investigator will only collect observational data and the participants will not be exposed to a certain intervention.<br>|
| control group<br>124 control adults will be included | Other: No intervention<br>* This project contains a longitudinal observational study design. The investigator will collect data out of a group with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and out of group with control adults on three time points (baseline, follow-up after one year, and follow-up after two years). Therefore, the investigator will only collect observational data and the participants will not be exposed to a certain intervention.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in 24-hour movement composition from baseline over one year and two-year follow-up | During their visit to Ghent University hospital, participants will receive a wGT3X-BT ActiGraph accelerometer that will objectively measure their 24-hour movement behaviors (PA, SB, and sleep). The participants will wear the accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Additionally, this accelerometer data will be supplemented with a diary to validate sleep time and (non)wear time. Furthermore, the individuals will subjectively report on their PA, SB, and sleep (duration and quality) through an online questionnaire based on international standardized PA (IPAQ), SB (SIT-Q-7d), and sleep questionnaires (Munich Chronotype questionnaire, Pittsburg sleep quality index, and Sleep Hygiene Index) (IPAQ, Sit-7Q, Munich Chronotype questionnaire, and Pittsburg sleep quality index, Sleep Hygiene Index). By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | Baseline | 
| Change in 24-hour movement composition from baseline over one year and two-year follow-up | During their visit to Ghent University hospital, participants will receive a wGT3X-BT ActiGraph accelerometer that will objectively measure their 24-hour movement behaviors (PA, SB, and sleep). The participants will wear the accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Additionally, this accelerometer data will be supplemented with a diary to validate sleep time and (non)wear time. Furthermore, the individuals will subjectively report on their PA, SB, and sleep (duration and quality) through an online questionnaire based on international standardized PA (IPAQ), SB (SIT-Q-7d), and sleep questionnaires (Munich Chronotype questionnaire, Pittsburg sleep quality index, and Sleep Hygiene Index) (IPAQ, Sit-7Q, Munich Chronotype questionnaire, and Pittsburg sleep quality index, Sleep Hygiene Index). By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same primary outcome will be collected after one year | 
| Change in 24-hour movement composition from baseline over one year and two-year follow-up | During their visit to Ghent University hospital, participants will receive a wGT3X-BT ActiGraph accelerometer that will objectively measure their 24-hour movement behaviors (PA, SB, and sleep). The participants will wear the accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Additionally, this accelerometer data will be supplemented with a diary to validate sleep time and (non)wear time. Furthermore, the individuals will subjectively report on their PA, SB, and sleep (duration and quality) through an online questionnaire based on international standardized PA (IPAQ), SB (SIT-Q-7d), and sleep questionnaires (Munich Chronotype questionnaire, Pittsburg sleep quality index, and Sleep Hygiene Index) (IPAQ, Sit-7Q, Munich Chronotype questionnaire, and Pittsburg sleep quality index, Sleep Hygiene Index). By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same primary outcome will be collected after two years | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in HbA1c from baseline to two-year follow-up | HbA1C will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | baseline | 
| Change in HbA1c from baseline to two-year follow-up | HbA1C will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL) from baseline to two-year follow-up | Cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL) will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | baseline | 
| Change in cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL) from baseline to two-year follow-up | Cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL) will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in triglycerides from baseline to two-year follow-up | Triglycerides will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | Baseline | 
| Change in triglycerides from baseline to two-year follow-up | Triglycerides will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in insulin from baseline to two-year follow-up | Insulin will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | Baseline | 
| Change in insulin from baseline to two-year follow-up | Insulin will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in glucose from baseline to two-year follow-up | Glucose will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | Baseline | 
| Change in glucose from baseline to two-year follow-up | Glucose will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. This will be collected by an analysis of a fasting blood sample. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) from baseline to two-year follow-up | The HOMA Is a method to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function. HOMA-IR and HOMA-B will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. The HOMA-IR and HOMA-B will be calculated based on the collected insulin and glucose level by the HOMA2 calculator. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | Baseline | 
| Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) from baseline to two-year follow-up | The HOMA Is a method to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function. HOMA-IR and HOMA-B will only be collected within the type 2 diabetes group. The HOMA-IR and HOMA-B will be calculated based on the collected insulin and glucose level by the HOMA2 calculator. By collecting the same variable on two timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | BMI will be calculated by measuring weight (in kilograms) (Seca 861) and height (in meters) (Seca 213). The weight and height will be used in this formula: BMI (kg/m²)= (weight in kg)/(height in m)². By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | baseline | 
| Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | BMI will be calculated by measuring weight (in kilograms) (Seca 861) and height (in meters) (Seca 213). The weight and height will be used in this formula: BMI (kg/m²)= (weight in kg)/(height in m)². By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after one year | 
| Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | BMI will be calculated by measuring weight (in kilograms) (Seca 861) and height (in meters) (Seca 213). The weight and height will be used in this formula: BMI (kg/m²)= (weight in kg)/(height in m)². By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in waist circumference from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | The waist circumference and hip circumference will be measured with a measuring tape (Seca 201). Both measurements will be used to calculate the waist-to-hip ratio, i.e. WHR= (waist circumference in cm)/ (hip circumference in cm). By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | Baseline | 
| Change in waist circumference from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | The waist circumference and hip circumference will be measured with a measuring tape (Seca 201). Both measurements will be used to calculate the waist-to-hip ratio, i.e. WHR= (waist circumference in cm)/ (hip circumference in cm). By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after one year | 
| Change in waist circumference from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | The waist circumference and hip circumference will be measured with a measuring tape (Seca 201). Both measurements will be used to calculate the waist-to-hip ratio, i.e. WHR= (waist circumference in cm)/ (hip circumference in cm). By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | Diastolic and systolic (mm Hg) blood pressure will be measured twice (interval of one minute) with an automatic OMRON M6 Comfort device after 10 minutes of rest. By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | baseline | 
| Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | Diastolic and systolic (mm Hg) blood pressure will be measured twice (interval of one minute) with an automatic OMRON M6 Comfort device after 10 minutes of rest. By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after one year | 
| Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | Diastolic and systolic (mm Hg) blood pressure will be measured twice (interval of one minute) with an automatic OMRON M6 Comfort device after 10 minutes of rest. By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 
| Change in Advanced Glycation Endproducts from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | AGE's are interesting to explore as predictors in developing several comorbidities (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, microvascular complications). Predictors will be measured with an AGE-reader, which is a quick and non-invasive device. By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | baseline | 
| Change in Advanced Glycation Endproducts from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | AGE's are interesting to explore as predictors in developing several comorbidities (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, microvascular complications). Predictors will be measured with an AGE-reader, which is a quick and non-invasive device. By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after one year | 
| Change in Advanced Glycation Endproducts from baseline to one and two-year follow-up | AGE's are interesting to explore as predictors in developing several comorbidities (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, microvascular complications). Predictors will be measured with an AGE-reader, which is a quick and non-invasive device. By collecting the same variable on three timepoints, it is possible to determine if this outcome will change or remain stable over time. | The same secondary outcome will be collected after two years | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep