Mid-term Effect of a Novel Sit-to-stand Workplace (ACTIVE OFFICE) on Cognitive and Physiological Parameters

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Prolonged sitting is a risk factor for cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases, diabetes, several types of cancer and all-cause mortality. In combination with static and awkward postures, the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases can increase further. Although the implementation of sit-to-stand or active workstations can help to reduce sitting time, improve physical activity at work and promote health benefits, it might also lead to changes in cognitive functions such as productivity The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mid-term effect of a novel two desk sit-to-stand workplace on sitting time as well as physiological and cognitive parameters for healthy people of working age in comparison to their traditional workplace.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Measurements were made both in the field and in a laboratory. Field measurements were made and processed continuously over the 23-week intervention period. Laboratory measurements were made on two different days, one day prior to intervention, and one day following intervention (due to cross-over design, each subject underwent 4 total days of laboratory measurements). Field measurements were collected automatically at the participants' workstation in their working office. Laboratory tests were conducted in a controlled, simulated work-space located at the University of Applied Sciences Campus Linz. All laboratory measurements were made in a controlled laboratory at the campus site Linz of the University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria. Temperature, air flow, humidity, lighting conditions (artificial light only) and noise level were controlled and set to be consistent with the subjects' typical working environment. During the laboratory measurements, subjects either stood or sat upright in an ergonomic office chair, according to the study protocol. Subjects were encouraged to work as fast and as accurately as they could. To ensure identical testing conditions between subjects and to not unduly influence physiological parameters such as salivary cortisol level or heart rate variability, subjects were required to minimize excessive movement (e.g. standing up during the sitting periods). In the first (initial) phase, participants were familiarized with the study protocol. Sitting time and weekly physical activity were determined via the IPAQ-questionnaire. Examples of each cognitive test implemented in the cognitive phase were executed according to their guidelines. A 30 minute break in a sitting posture was used to ascertain baseline heart-rate and cortisol level. Baseline heart-rate was calculated after a 20 minute rest for a 5 minute interval and saliva samples were collected at the end (30min) of the break. In the second (cognitive) phase subjects participated in a test battery containing five blocks. Each block consisted of a working speed test (text editing task), an attentional test (d2R-test of attention) and a reaction time test (Stroop-test). These tests lasted for 30 minutes to fulfill recommendations regarding postural changes. To simulate common working conditions (computer based and non-computer based tasks), digital (text editing task, Stroop-test) as well as pen & paper (d2R-test) versions of the implemented tests were used. All blocks were executed in alternating postures (sit - stand - sit - stand - sit) and at the end of each block - after a 5 minute break - salivary samples were collected. The order of posture was not changed within groups or time. In the third (final) phase participants were asked to estimate their workload by means of the NASA-TLX questionnaire followed by a 30 minute resting phase in a sitting posture. During both 30 min resting phases (initial & final) participants watched documentaries and were encouraged not to talk. Salivary samples were collected after each break during the study protocol and on the following morning, 20 minutes after waking up, to ascertain cortisol awakening response (CAR). Salivary samples were centrifuged and stored at -80 °C for subsequent testing using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Heart-rate and trunk movements were measured from the start of the study protocol until the CAR measurement.

Official Title
-----------------
Mid-term Effect of a Novel Sit-to-stand Workplace (ACTIVE OFFICE) on Cognitive and Physiological Parameters

Conditions
-----------------
Sedentary Lifestyle, Worksite

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Workplace consisting of two height-adjustable desks


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Healthy Caucasian (no acute or chronic diseases) Normal weight or slightly overweight (BMI: 18.5 - 27.5 kg/m²) Regularly working in sedentary office environments Regular computer users Fluent German speakers Consented to participate Exclusion Criteria: Heavily overweight & Obesity (BMI > 27.5 kg/m²) Short office stay duration (< 8 h / day or < 20 h / week) Experience in sit-to-stand workstations Acute or chronic diseases Inability to stand Visual impairments that had not been corrected Color blindness People planning to change their physical activity level Regular smokers (> 1 cigarette /day) Not consented to participate

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Novel workplace - first half<br>Intervention: A novel two-desk sit-to-stand workstation for 23 weeks; provided within the first half of the study. Traditional workstation within the second half of the study. | Other: Workplace consisting of two height-adjustable desks<br>* Desk arrangements: self-determined by the participants Desk equipment: depending on pre-intervention condition - 1 or 2 screens per desk Build-up: one day prior to the intervention period at the location of the workplace Adjustment: together with the study leader<br>|
| Experimental: Novel workplace - second half<br>Intervention: A novel two-desk sit-to-stand workstation for 23 weeks; provided within the second half of the study. Traditional workstation within the frist half of the study. | Other: Workplace consisting of two height-adjustable desks<br>* Desk arrangements: self-determined by the participants Desk equipment: depending on pre-intervention condition - 1 or 2 screens per desk Build-up: one day prior to the intervention period at the location of the workplace Adjustment: together with the study leader<br>|
| No Intervention: Control group<br>Control group subjects did not encounter any changes in their regular office environments. Traditional workstation for both halves of the study. | |

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Daily sitting time | Changes in sitting time after 23 weeks in the experimental group compared with its own control period and the control group. Measuring methods: International Physical Activity Questionaire (IPAQ); self developed tracking software at the participants' workplace | baseline and 23 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cognitive performance (composite outcome) | Changes in cognitive performance after 23 weeks in the experimental group compared with its own control period and the control group. Measuring methods: Digital color-word-conflict stroop test, d2R-test of attention, text editing task, NASA-TLX | baseline and 23 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
postural changes, Height adjustable desk, Prolonged sitting, Cognitive performance