The Influence of Satiation Measures on the Portion Size Effect

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the satiation measures that influence human eating behavior in regard to intake of large portion sizes at a meal. The investigators hypothesize that satiation measures will influence the magnitude of the portion size effect at a meal. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the portion size effect. The portion size effect will be measured by serving a test meal once a week for four weeks in which the portion size of the entree will be varied.

Official Title
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Lunch Feeding Study for Men and Women

Conditions
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Feeding Behavior

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: 100% portion size
* Other: 125% portion size
* Other: 150% portion size
* Other: 175% portion size


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Be willing and able to travel to Penn State University Park campus weekly for meals Be a man or woman 18 - 70 years old Regularly eat 3 meals/day Be willing to avoid alcohol the day before and during test days Have a body mass index between 18.0 and 35.0 kg/m*m Be willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions Be willing to participate in all study procedures Exclusion Criteria: Must not be a smoker Must not be an athlete in training Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening Have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months Dislike or be unable to eat the test foods (because of allergies, intolerance, or dietary restrictions) Must not be currently dieting to gain or lose weight Have a health condition that affects appetite Have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year Must not be a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: 100% Portion Size<br>Test meal with portion size 100% of baseline | Other: 100% portion size<br>* Entree portion size 100% of baseline<br>|
| Experimental: 125% Portion Size<br>Test meal with portion size 125% of baseline | Other: 125% portion size<br>* Entree portion size 125% of baseline<br>|
| Experimental: 150% Portion Size<br>Test meal with portion size 150% of baseline | Other: 150% portion size<br>* Entree portion size 150% of baseline<br>|
| Experimental: 175% Portion Size<br>Test meal with portion size 175% of baseline | Other: 175% portion size<br>* Entree portion size 175% of baseline<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in energy intake | Calculated energy intake (kcal) based on weight and energy density of food consumed | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in intake by weight | Weights (grams) of all foods consumed | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in bite count | The number of bites of the entree during the meal | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in meal duration | Duration of the meal in seconds | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in mean bite rate | Assessed from meal duration (seconds) and number of bites taken | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in mean bite size | Assessed from entree intake (grams) and number of bites | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in mean eating rate | Assessed from entree intake (grams) and meal duration | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in distribution of estimated bite size | Assessed as small or large bites from video observation | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in sip count | The number of sips of the water during the meal | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of the pleasantness of the taste of the entree sample | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of the pleasantness of the taste of food samples | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of prospective consumption of the entree sample | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to vary large amount (100 mm) in answer to the question 'How much of the pasta do you want to eat right now?'. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of prospective consumption of food samples | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to vary large amount (100 mm) how much of the [this food] do you want to eat right now?. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of hunger | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm) | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of thirst | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm) | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in ratings of prospective consumption | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm) in answer to the question 'How much food could you eat right now?'. | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in ratings of nausea | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm) | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of fullness | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm) | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 |