Comparative Effectiveness of Family DSMES and Standard DSMES Among Diverse Populations

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The investigators will conduct a fully-powered, comparative effectiveness randomized controlled trial that includes up to 600 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 600 of their family members. Patients with T2D will be randomly assigned to either the Family-DSMES arm or the Standard-DSMES arm, with 300 patients in each arm. In the Family-DSMES arm, one of each patient's family members will take part in the educational sessions (family members defined below). Baseline and follow-up data (immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention) will be collected from patients and family members in both study arms. In the Standard-DSMES arm, data will be collected from family members, but they will not participate in educational sessions. In both arms, the investigators will obtain a medical records release to abstract outcomes at 18 months post-intervention.

Official Title
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Comparative Effectiveness of Family DSMES and Standard DSMES Among Diverse Populations

Conditions
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Family Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support
* Behavioral: Standard Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: adults ≥18 years of age have T2D (HbA1c ≥ 7.0) speak English a family member willing to take part in the study Exclusion Criteria: have received formal DSME in the past three years have a condition that makes it unlikely for them to be able to follow the protocol

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Family-DSME<br>Approach Family motivational interviewing techniques Family goal setting Understanding supportive and nonsupportive family behaviors Family behavioral changes Mode of Delivery Group sessions delivered by a certified diabetes educator (CDE) to patients and their family members Dosage 10 hours delivered in one-hour sessions over 10 weeks Participants 300 patients with T2D and 300 family members (family members will take part in educational sessions and data collection) | Behavioral: Family Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support<br>* Family Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support demonstrates the effectiveness of family-centered models of DSME that explicitly address diabetes self-management within a family context by educating both patients and family members and focusing on family motivational interviewing, family goal setting, understanding supportive and nonsupportive behaviors, and family behavioral changes.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Standard-DSME<br>Approach Individual motivational interviewing techniques Individual goal setting Individual behavioral changes Mode of Delivery Group sessions delivered by a CDE to patients Dosage 10 hours delivered in one-hour sessions over 10 weeks Participants 300 patients with T2D (family members will take part in data collection but not educational sessions) | Behavioral: Standard Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support<br>* Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support demonstrates the effectiveness of individual model DSMES that explicitly address diabetes self-management within an individual context by educating individual patients on individual motivational interviewing, individual goal setting, and individual behavioral changes.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in mean HbA1c (NGSP%) from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | A Siemens analyzer will be utilized to calculate HbA1c (%) for each participant at every time point (except for 18 months post-intervention, which will be collected through medical record abstractions). Changes in the primary outcome measure will be assessed from baseline to each follow-up time point. The primary analytic approach will use general linear models, including mixed effects linear regression models for continuous repeated measures, to model the mean outcome difference and covariance structures between the treatment arms. Analyses will be adjusted for baseline differences in demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical variables, all within repeated mixed linear regression models. Clustering effects within the intervention delivery groups (i.e., within the DSMES classes) will be accounted for in the model as a random effect. We will adjust for potential clinic variations as a dummy coded variable in our model. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in mean BMI from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | BMI will be collected by measuring participant height (without shoes) using a stadiometer, and measuring participant weight (without shoes) using a calibrated digital scale. Weight and height will be used to compute a continuous measure of BMI. BMI at 18 months post-intervention will be abstracted from participant medical records. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | 
| Change in mean waist circumference from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention medical record abstraction | Waist circumference will be collected by measuring participant's waist using a flexible tape measure. Waist circumference at 18 months post-intervention will be abstracted from participant medical records.The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | 
| Change in mean blood pressure (systolic & diastolic, mmHg) from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | Blood pressure will be measured with a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope or digital blood pressure device with the participant seated and arm elevated. Blood pressure at 18 months post-intervention will be abstracted from participant medical records.The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | 
| Change in mean total cholesterol (mg/dL) from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | Through finger prick blood collection, point of care tests will be used used to test lipids using a commercial lipid panel kit and Cholestech LDX analyzer. Total cholesterol at 18 months post-intervention will be abstracted from participant medical records. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention medical records abstraction | 
| Change in mean high-density lipoproteins (HDL) from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | Through finger prick blood collection, point of care tests will be used used to test HDL using a commercial lipid panel kit and Cholestech LDX analyzer. HDL at 18 months post-intervention will be abstracted from participant medical records. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | 
| Change in mean low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | Through finger prick blood collection, point of care tests will be used used to test HDL using a commercial lipid panel kit and Cholestech LDX analyzer. LDL Blood pressure at 18 months post-intervention will be abstracted from participant medical records. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | 
| Change in mean triglycerides from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | Through finger prick blood collection, point of care tests will be used used to test triglycerides using a commercial lipid panel kit and Cholestech LDX analyzer. Triglycerides at 18 months post-intervention will be abstracted from participant medical records. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | 
| Change in mean blood glucose from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | Through finger prick blood collection, point of care tests will be used used to test random blood glucose (not fasting). Blood glucose at 18 months post-intervention will be abstracted from participant medical records. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, 12 months post-intervention, and 18 months post-intervention | 
| Change in diabetes self-management behaviors from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) will be used to measure engagement in self-management activities. The SDSCA consists of 12 items to assess the self-reported frequency of performing diabetes self-care tasks, including testing blood sugar, following healthful eating plans, and exercising regularly. The SDSCA will be administered to participants at baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | 
| Change in diabetes self-efficacy from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | The Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) will be used to measure patient's confidence in managing their diabetes. The DMSES consists of 20 items to assess self-reported confidence in managing aspects of their diabetes. The DMSES will be administered to participants at baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | 
| Change in medication adherence from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | The Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale for Diabetes Medicines (ARMS-D) will be used to measure patient's adherence to their medications (if prescribed). The ARMS-D consists of 11 items to assess self-reported adherence to diabetes medications. The ARMS-D will be administered to participants at baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | 
| Change in diabetes-related distress from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID)-5 will be used to measure diabetes distress. The PAID-5 consists of 5 items to assess self-reported diabetes-related emotional distress, including feeling scared or depressed. The PAID-5 will be administered to participants at baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | 
| Change in diabetes-related quality of life from baseline to immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention | The DAWN2 Impact of Diabetes Profile (DIDP) will be used to measure the perceived impact of diabetes on patients' quality of life. The DIDP consists of 6 items to assess self-reported impacts on quality of life, including physical health, financial situation, and relationships with others. The DIDP will be administered to participants at baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention. The analytic approach for secondary outcomes will be similar to those used for the primary outcome. | Baseline, immediate post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention |