Cell-free Stem Cell-derived Extract Formulation for Knee Osteoarthritis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of intraarticular injection of Cell-free Stem Cell-derived Extract Formulation for treatment of knee osteoarthritis symptoms.

Detailed Description
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Osteoarthritis and other orthopaedic acute and degenerative conditions affect millions of people each year, resulting in significant pain and disability. Conservative modalities are limited, as they may not reverse the underlying pathology and may only provide minimal relief. To address the limitations of traditional conservative modalities, there has been substantial interest in biologics for musculoskeletal regenerative medicine applications. The efficacy of these biologics is attributed to the presence of stem cells, growth factors (GFs), cytokines (CKs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes. However, first generation biologics, specifically whole stem cell products, are not without their own inherent limitations, including establishing a reliable source with a stable phenotype, genetic instability and chromosomal aberrations, intravenous administration related toxicities caused by the physical trapping of the cells in the lung microvasculature, rejection by the host, formation of ectopic tissue, and tumorigenicity. When considering how to harness the value of current biologics into a next generation product that can address existing limitations, it is important to consider current foundational knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of stem cell products. Recent literature regarding the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) postulates that the mechanism of action is not due to their ability to grow and differentiate. Rather, it is secondary to their secretion of bioactive molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, and exosomes. GFs, secreted from stem cells, induce signal transduction pathways that initiate cell migration, proliferation, growth, and differentiation. CKs, similarly, can regulate inflammation, immune response, cellular differentiation, and tissue remodeling. Exosomes also are secreted by mesenchymal stem cells and act as a paracrine mediator to target cells, providing a regenerative microenvironment for damaged tissues. As existing literature establishes that these aforementioned components of stem cells lead to regenerative responses, we have accordingly sought to establish if a sub-cellular approach to biologics can provide similar benefits while avoiding the risk profile, including immunogenicity, infection, and the potential for tumorgenicity, associated with whole stem cell products. In support of this hypothesis, recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs-derived exosomes can act as a cell-free therapeutic alternative to whole cell therapy with great regenerative potential. In addition, to the benefits by means of risk elimination, there may be further therapeutic benefits of a cellular derived therapeutic approach. For example, exosomes due to their smaller size, have the potential to migrate to target organs efficiently after, without getting trapped in the lung microvasculature. Additionally, a higher concentration of active ingredients can be administered directly to the patient, which may induce a larger healing response than is possible with whole stem cell therapies. To meet these goals of improving the risk profile and therapeutic benefit of regenerative medicine, we have formulated a novel cell-free stem cell-derived extract, CCM, from human progenitor endothelial stem cells (hPESCs). Our preliminary results demonstrated presence of several GFs, anti-inflammatory CKs and EVs including exosomes in this formulation. Functionally, this formulation also significantly enhanced cell proliferation and induced stem cell migration. The goal of this proposed study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intraarticular injection of this cell-free stem cell-derived extract formulation for treatment of knee osteoarthritis symptoms. We hypothesize that intraarticular administration of this cell-free stem cell-derived extract formulation is safe. We also hypothesize that patients receiving intraarticular injection of this formulation will show an improvement in their overall satisfaction, Numeric Pain rating Scale (NPRS), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS Jr.) over a period of 2-years compared to the baseline visit. Our null hypothesis is that there is no difference between baseline and follow-up visits for any outcome measures.

Official Title
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A Non-randomized, Open-label, Multi-center, Prospective Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Intraarticular Injection of Cell-free Stem Cell-derived Extract Formulation in Patients Suffering From Knee Osteoarthritis

Conditions
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Osteoarthritis, Knee

Intervention / Treatment
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* Biological: Cell-free Stem Cell-derived Extract Formulation (CCM)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Be 18 years of age or older at the time of enrollment Have a body mass index (BMI) of ≤ 35Kg/m2 Be willing and capable of giving written informed consent to participate in this clinical study based on voluntary agreement after thorough explanation of the subject's participation has been provided Be willing and capable of subjective evaluation, reading and understanding written questionnaires, and reading, understanding and signing the written informed consent Has been diagnosed with Mild to Moderate knee osteoarthritis (OA) in one knee only, with a Grade 2 or 3 on the Kellgren Lawrence (KL) grading scale Has an average knee pain intensity ≥ 6 of the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS); Scale 0 to 10 Be willing to not take any knee symptom modifying drugs from baseline through the End of Study Be willing and able to comply with study-related requirements, procedures, and visits If female, sexually active, and of childbearing age, subject must be willing to use a reliable form of birth control throughout the duration of the study. If Male, sexually active with partners of childbearing age, must be willing to use contraceptive measures Exclusion Criteria: Has taken any pain medications, including NSAIDs, within 15 days prior to the study injection date Current use of anticoagulants or history of regular use of anticoagulants History of addiction to dependency producing medications or history of a substance abuse (including alcohol and illicit drugs) Has mechanical knee symptoms consistent with extensive intraarticular pathology not amenable to injection therapy alone, including clinical or imaging evidence indicative of ACL, MCL, LCL, or meniscal pathology Has undergone intraarticular injection of any drug including but not limited to corticosteroids or viscosupplementation in the index knee in the last 3 months History of any type of surgery on the index knee History of traumatic injury to the index knee within the last 3 months Has planned elective knee surgery during the course of the study History of organ or hematologic transplantation History of rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune disorders History of immunosuppressive medication/treatment or cancer diagnosis within the last 5 years Current knee infection or history of using antibiotics for knee infection within the last 3 months Has participated in another clinical study or received treatment with any investigational product within 30 days of enrollment Is pregnant as determined by urine testing unless female subject is surgically sterile or post-menopausal Currently breastfeeding or desires to be pregnant during the course of the study Has contraindications to X-ray or MRI imaging Has a diagnosis of progressive neurological disease Has a diagnosis of an active psychological or psychiatric disorder Has pain in other area(s) and/or medical condition(s) that could interfere with accurate pain reporting, study procedures, and/or confound evaluation of the study Has unresolved major issues of secondary gain (e.g., social, financial, or legal (e.g., worker's compensation claim)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Cell-free Stem cell-derived Extract Formulation (CCM)<br>Intraarticular administration of CCM | Biological: Cell-free Stem Cell-derived Extract Formulation (CCM)<br>* Intraarticular injection<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Comprehensive Metabolic Profile | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Comprehensive metabolic profile | 1 week | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Comprehensive Metabolic Profile | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Comprehensive metabolic profile | 6 weeks | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Comprehensive Metabolic Profile | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Comprehensive metabolic profile | 3 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Comprehensive Metabolic Profile | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Comprehensive metabolic profile | 6 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Comprehensive Metabolic Profile | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Comprehensive metabolic profile | 12 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Creatinine levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Creatinine levels | 1 Week | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Creatinine levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Creatinine levels | 6 Weeks | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Creatinine levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Creatinine levels | 3 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Creatinine levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Creatinine levels | 6 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Creatinine levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Creatinine levels | 12 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Liver Function Test | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Liver Function Test | 1 Week | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Liver Function Test | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Liver Function Test | 6 Weeks | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Liver Function Test | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Liver Function Test | 3 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Liver Function Test | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Liver Function Test | 6 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Liver Function Test | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Liver Function Test | 12 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Complete Blood Count | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Complete Blood Count | 1 Week | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Complete Blood Count | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Complete Blood Count | 6 Weeks | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Complete Blood Count | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Complete Blood Count | 3 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Complete Blood Count | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Complete Blood Count | 6 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Complete Blood Count | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Complete Blood Count | 12 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by C-reactive protein | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by C-reactive protein | 1 Week | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by C-reactive protein | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by C-reactive protein | 6 Weeks | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by C-reactive protein | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by C-reactive protein | 3 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by C-reactive protein | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by C-reactive protein | 6 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by C-reactive protein | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by C-reactive protein | 12 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 1 Week | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 6 Weeks | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 3 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 6 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 12 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | 1 Week | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | 6 Weeks | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | 3 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | 6 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by T, B and NK Cell Lymphocyte subsets | 12 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | 1 Week | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | 6 Weeks | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | 3 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | 6 Months | 
| Treatment-emergent adverse effects as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | To determine safety i.e. adverse events associated with intraarticular administration of CCM as assessed by Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels | 12 Months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to immediately after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 24 hours after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 48 hours after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 1 week after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 weeks after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 3 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 12 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 18 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Numeric Pain Rating Scale | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). A decrease in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 24 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. (KOOS Jr.). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 1 week after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. (KOOS Jr.). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 weeks after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. (KOOS Jr.). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 3 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. (KOOS Jr.). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. (KOOS Jr.). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 12 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. (KOOS Jr.). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 18 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Jr. (KOOS Jr.). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 24 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 1 week after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 weeks after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 3 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 12 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 18 months after injection | 
| Change in patient reported outcome measures, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. | To determine change in patient reported outcome measure, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) score. An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 24 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale | To determine patient satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale. An increase in score indicates improvement. | 1 Week after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale | To determine patient satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale. An increase in score indicates improvement. | 6 Weeks after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale | To determine patient satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale. An increase in score indicates improvement. | 3 Months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale | To determine patient satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale. An increase in score indicates improvement. | 6 Months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale | To determine patient satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale. An increase in score indicates improvement. | 12 Months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale | To determine patient satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale. An increase in score indicates improvement. | 18 Months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale | To determine patient satisfaction via 5-point Likert Scale. An increase in score indicates improvement. | 24 Months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) | To determine patient satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 1 week after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) | To determine patient satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 weeks after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) | To determine patient satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 3 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) | To determine patient satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) | To determine patient satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 12 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) | To determine patient satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 18 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) | To determine patient satisfaction via Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 24 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36) | To determine patient satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 3 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36) | To determine patient satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 6 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36) | To determine patient satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 12 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36) | To determine patient satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 18 months after injection | 
| Patient Satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36) | To determine patient satisfaction via 36-item short form survey (SF36). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 24 months after injection | 
| Cartilage Formation | To assess cartilage formation via MOCART (Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 12 months after injection | 
| Cartilage Formation | To assess cartilage formation via MOCART (Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue). An increase in score indicates improvement. | Change from baseline to 24 months after injection |