Oral Findings In A Group of Egyptian Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most common childhood neuro-developmental disorder that is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms last till adulthood in 65% of cases. ADHD has been reported to have a worldwide prevalence of 5.3% and it is more common in boys than in girls (Ghanizadeh 2008; Serra-Negra et al. 2012 and Shooshtari et al. 2013) The symptoms of ADHD are generally treated through behavioral therapy, with or without pharmacological intervention. Medications prescribed are commonly divided into stimulant or non-stimulant drugs. The stimulant medications (such as methylphenidate and amphetamines) have been implicated in adverse oral effects, such as xerostomia and gingival enlargement. The current evidence is controversial regarding the severity and prevalence of dental caries, dental trauma, periodontal diseases, oral habits and tooth wear among patients with ADHD (Chau et al. 2017). In the Arab world, few studies have been published on ADHD. Accordingly, in the Arab society and Egypt there are limited data regarding the oral findings of children with ADHD. Owing to the sparsity of these data, this study will be conducted to evaluate different oral characteristics of Egyptian children with ADHD.

Detailed Description
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Due to lack of published studies about the oral findings of Egyptian Children with ADHD, this study will be conducted to cover this point.

Official Title
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Oral Findings In A Group of Egyptian Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study

Conditions
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Oral Manifestations

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: clinical examination


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: - Egyptian children 3-6 years old diagnosed with ADHD. Patients taking medications for the treatment of ADHD or not. Both male and female patients will be included. Control Group: A matched group of healthy children aged 3-6 years old. Exclusion Criteria: - Non-Egyptian children. Patients having systemic disorders, such as cerebral palsy or Down's syndrome. Patients complaining from any systemic disease

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 3 Years
Maximum Age: 6 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| ADHD group<br>clinical examination | Other: clinical examination<br>* clinical examination for all the oral findings<br>|
| normal group<br>clinical examination | Other: clinical examination<br>* clinical examination for all the oral findings<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| oral habits | clinical examination yes/no | 6 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| DMFT caries index | DMFT D=dacayed M=missed due to caries F=filled T=tooth score 0-20 for primary teeth0 is the best / 20 is the worst | 6 months | 
| dental trauma | clinical examination yes/no | 6 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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oral findings, oral characteristics, oral health, caries, oral habits, dental trauma, ADHD, children