Smoking Cessation Among People Attending A&E

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of using a brief, self-determination intervention on smoking cessation (immediate or progressive) for people attending AEDs.

Detailed Description
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Cigarette smoking, which causes serious damage to health resulting in many chronic problems including cancer, heart disease, stroke and lung disease, is the single most important, preventable cause of death and diseases. It is therefore crucial that healthcare professionals should promote smoking cessation and help patients quit. The Hong Kong government and community have put enormous efforts on raising tobacco tax, smoke-free legislation, law enforcement, health promotion campaigns and smoking cessation services. The prevalence of daily cigarette smokers has been decreasing from 23.3% in 1982 to 10.7 % in 2012, which is one of the lowest around the world. Nevertheless, about half of the smokers remain reluctant to even try giving up smoking. Medical attention at Accident and Emergency Departments (AEDs) of smokers who are in physical discomfort can be developed as an excellent teachable model as it provides an invaluable opportunity to initiate smoking cessation. Smokers consulting doctors as an emergency are more liable to change their habits to improve their health. According to the Hospital Authority, about 2 million people attend AEDs in Hong Kong each year, of whom 68% are triaged as semi-urgent (level 4) and non-urgent (level 5). The average waiting time for a medical consultation varies among AEDs, but is generally longer than 30 min for triage level 4 and 1-2 h for level 5 - presenting healthcare professionals with a golden opportunity to advise smokers to quit and on the available smoking cessation programmes while they are waiting. However, most of the cessation programmes, including stage-matched interventions, generally take several to more than 30 minutes to implement and hence are not practicable or feasible in busy clinical settings. Indeed, the most common reason cited by healthcare professionals for being unable to help patients to quit smoking is the lack of time, because they are very busy and cannot spare even a few extra minutes to do so. Other barriers include a lack of training and experience, a lack of confidence in the effectiveness of the interventions, and the absence of incentives and deficiencies in support or requirements by hospital management that these programmes should be implemented. Moreover, our previous smoking cessation projects in outpatient clinics have revealed that many patients are too impatient to undergo a long intervention and some are reluctant to participate for fear that they might miss or experience delays in their medical consultation or other medical procedures. To address such problems, further studies are warranted to develop brief and effective interventions with simple, direct, strong, evidence-based warnings for patients who smoke. Smoking is addictive and quitting is very difficult, with a high rate of relapse, particularly among those with high nicotine dependency. Our previous smoking cessation projects in outpatient clinics and the community have revealed that many smokers who are reluctant to quit are interested in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Therefore, another potential option would be to help smokers to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked gradually, with the ultimate goal of complete cessation. Several randomised controlled trials in the West have supported that smoking reduction interventions can help smokers first reduce and eventually quit smoking. What investigators have achieved to date: Investigators conducted a 'proof-of-principle' pilot randomised controlled trial on a very brief (<30 s) smoking cessation intervention with a 'one in two smokers will be killed by smoking' warning in medical outpatient clinics in Guangzhou. The results showed that more of the smokers who received this brief advice quit or reduced their smoking than did not. This pilot study suggested that even a very brief intervention on smoking cessation is better than no advice in the 'real world' practice for outpatient clinics. Moreover, the study demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of the implementation of a very brief smoking cessation programme by healthcare professionals in busy clinical settings. In addition, the findings support the need for large randomised controlled trials of brief or minimal interventions with the 'one in two' warning. In light of the above purpose, investigators designed a study with an experimental intervention for smoking cessation and a placebo comparator to act as control. Smokers randomly assigned to the intervention group were given a very brief (<30 s) smoking cessation intervention during telephone follow-ups with a 'one in two smokers will be killed by smoking' warning, and a self-help quitting leaflet published by the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health plus a series of brief interventions using the AWARD model. Whereas smokers randomly assigned to the placebo control group were given a 'placebo' intervention with a 'placebo booster' during telephone follow-ups (that had the same duration as the intervention), except that the content was about increasing physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake.

Official Title
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Effectiveness of a Brief, Self-determination Intervention for Smoking Cessation (Immediate or Progressive) Among People Attending Emergency Departments: a Randomised Controlled Trial

Conditions
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Smoking

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: self-determination smoking cessation
* Other: placebo comparator


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: aged 18 years or above triaged as semi-urgent (level 4) or non-urgent (level 5) current smokers, either occasional or daily express a willingness to quit smoking Exclusion Criteria: poor cognitive state or mental illness participation in other smoking cessation programmes or services

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: self-determination smoking cessation<br>Subjects in the intervention group will be allowed to select their own schedules of quitting after discussing their situation with the counsellor (quit immediately (QI), or quit progressively (QP) with the ultimate goal of completing cessation over an acceptable period). Subjects in the intervention group will receive a self-help quitting leaflet published by the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health plus a series of brief interventions using the AWARD model. | Behavioral: self-determination smoking cessation<br>* a self-help quitting leaflet plus a series of brief interventions using the AWARD model<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: health life<br>Subjects in the placebo control group will receive a smoking cessation leaflet published by the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health (COSH), as will the intervention group. Moreover, subjects in the placebo control group will undergo a similar schedule of telephone follow-up as those in the intervention group. They will receive a 'placebo' intervention with a 'placebo booster' of the same duration on increasing physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. | Other: placebo comparator<br>* suggest a healthy life style as a placebo comparator<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| smoking quit rate change from baseline at 6-month follow-up between intervention and control group | The primary outcome is biochemically validated abstinence at 6 months. | 6-month follow-up | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| smoking quit rate change from baseline at 6-month and 12-month follow-up between intervention and control group | self-reported 7-day point prevalence (pp) quit rate at 6 months and 12 months between the intervention and control group | 6-month and 12-month follow-up | 
| smoking quit rate change from baseline at 12-month follow-up between intervention and control group | biochemically validated abstinence at 12 months. | 12-month follow-up | 
| smoking reduction rate change from baseline at 6-month and 12-month follow-up between intervention and control group | self-reported reduction of ≥ 50% in cigarette consumption at 6 and 12 months between the intervention and control group | 6-month and 12-month follow-up | 
| self-efficacy against tobacco change from baseline at 6-month and 12-month follow-up between intervention and control group | self-efficacy against tobacco at 6 and 12 months follow-up between intervention and control group | 6-month and 12-month follow-up | 
| quality of life change from baseline at 6-month and 12-month follow-up between intervention and control group | quality of life at 6 and 12 months follow-up between intervention and control group | 6-month and 12-month follow-up | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Smoking cessation