Increasing Healthcare Engagement Via Routine Vaccination Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Vaccine-preventable diseases such as hepatitis A and meningitis, as well as cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) disproportionately impact young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM). Traditional techniques of vaccination promotion have been unable to address the racial disparities in vaccination rates. One promising method for influencing behavior change within YBMSM networks is diffusion of information through Popular Opinion Leaders (POLs). The POL model engages persons who are leaders within their own networks/communities to promote behavior change. The objective of this project is to develop and pilot test a POL intervention to increase routine HAV, HPV and meningococcal conjugate vaccination among YBMSM, ages 18-26. research (PAR) framework to facilitate community support and ensure intervention strategies are salient. PAR includes community members as equal collaborators in the research process. Outcomes from these aims are expected to have an impact on health outcomes by identifying effective strategies for increasing vaccination and routine healthcare engagement among YBMSM.

Detailed Description
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For young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM), being at the intersection of racial and sexual minority status negatively impacts their access to healthcare and health seeking behavior, both of which fuel health disparities-particularly in infectious diseases. Prominent illustrations of these health disparities can be seen in reduced healthcare engagement and receipt of recommended vaccinations. Vaccine-preventable diseases such as hepatitis A and meningitis, as well as cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) disproportionately impact MSM. As such, MSM are considered to be at high risk and are recommended to receive routine vaccination for hepatitis A (HAV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and meningitis. However, very little is known about how to promote uptake of routine vaccination among YBMSM. Traditional techniques of vaccination promotion (e.g., leveraging healthcare providers, school entry requirements) have been unable to address the racial disparities in vaccination rates. One promising method for influencing behavior change within YBMSM networks is diffusion of information through Popular Opinion Leaders (POLs). Trusted POLs may be successful in mitigating barriers in which traditional approaches have failed. The POL model engages persons who are leaders within their own networks/communities to promote behavior change. In response to PA-18-162 (Health Promotion among Racial and Ethnic Minority Males), the objective of this project is to develop and pilot test a POL intervention to increase routine HAV, HPV and meningococcal conjugate vaccination among YBMSM, ages 18-26. The long-term goal of our research is to reduce health disparities by identifying effective strategies to engage YBMSM in preventive healthcare. YBMSM will be included in all phases of research via a participatory action research (PAR) framework to facilitate community support and ensure intervention strategies are salient. PAR includes community members as equal collaborators in the research process. Outcomes from these aims are expected to have an impact on health outcomes by identifying effective strategies for increasing vaccination and routine healthcare engagement among YBMSM.

Official Title
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Increasing Healthcare Engagement Via Routine Vaccination Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men

Conditions
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Meningitis, HPV - Anogenital Human Papilloma Virus Infection, Hepatitis A

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: POL arm
* Behavioral: Comparison arm


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18 years or older report a social or sexual connection to at least 15 YBMSM be willing to diffuse information through their networks score at least 25 on the opinion leadership scale live in the Chicago area be available for the POL training Exclusion criteria: Younger than age 18 Less than 15 YBMSM in network Score lower than 25 on leadership scale Live outside the Chicago area Not available for the POL training

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 26 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Interventional Model Description: We will employ an experimental design with pre/posttest measures to determine changes in vaccination awareness, intention and status, as well as engagement in health care. A total of 20 POLs will be identified and randomized to either the intervention or comparison arm. Regardless of assignment, POLs will be asked to diffuse information to at least 5 YBMSM network recruits; either the intervention (comprised of vaccination messaging developed in partnership with YBMSM) or comparison group health messaging. The comparison group content will be developed by the investigative team and consist of general, non-tailored health-related messaging (e.g., no vaccination messaging, will not address stigma or medical mistrust). Outcome analysis will compare the 50 intervention recruits to the 50 SOC recruits at 3 months post intervention.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Intervention: POL arm<br>POL intervention. Enrolled POLs will be randomized at their intake visit; those randomized to the intervention arm will attend the popular opinion leader training (developed in Aim 1) and will be asked to diffuse the intervention messages to their network recruits. | Behavioral: POL arm<br>* A popular opinion leader intervention designed to increase routine vaccination among young black men who have sex with men.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Comparison group<br>POLs who are randomized to the comparison arm will receive an abbreviated version of the POL training that includes general health messaging, but does not incorporate medical mistrust, stigma or specific vaccination messaging. | Behavioral: Comparison arm<br>* A popular opinion leader intervention designed to increase routine vaccination among young black men who have sex with men.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in vaccine awareness | Participant reports increased awareness of preventative vaccines | baseline, 3 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in vaccine status abstracted from medical record | HPV, meningococcal conjugate and HAV vaccination status of participant | baseline, 3 months | 
| Change in healthcare engagement | Number of doctor visits; access to primary care | baseline, 3 months |