Satiety, Meal Frequency and Nutritional Aspects

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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In this study, the investigators are interested in assessing the effects of the isocaloric increase of eating frequency on appetite and metabolism. How the consumption of an isocaloric breakfast in four intakes vs. one can modify satiety and appetite control in lean and obese subjects through : the physiological consequences : difference in postprandial kinetics of glucose, non esterified fatty acid, triglyceride, the secretion of satiety gut hormone (insulin, ghrelin, leptin and cholescystokinine (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), nutrients oxidative fate and plasmatic oxidative stress (Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathion, lipid hydroperoxides) eating behavior during an ad libitum buffet test meal

Official Title
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Behavioural and Metabolic Consequences of Increasing Eating Frequency

Conditions
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Volunteers

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Increasing eating frequency


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: No smokers BMI 20 to 35 kg/m2 Moderate physical activity Safety during medical consultation Feeding behavioural phenotype (Dutch Eating Questionnaire, Three Eating Factor Questionnaire) Exclusion Criteria: Medical history which may affect glucose metabolism (diabetes, renal or hepatic failure, thyroid dysfunction, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly…) Medical history which affect nutrient absorption (gastro-intestinal and pancreatic disease, gastrectomy, colectomy…) Drug use in the last two months that could affect glucose metabolism (steroids, topical gastric preparation, anorectic drugs…) Eating disorders Claustrophobic subjects

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Other: non-obese volunteers<br>Volunteers with a BMI (Body Mass Index) between 20 and 25 kg/m2. | Other: Increasing eating frequency<br>* The subjects receive the same breakfast with two sequences : breakfast in one intake at 8:00 breakfast in four isocaloric intakes (8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00) The sequence made twice : one for metabolic study and one for the study of eating behavior The lunch during metabolic study is a standard meal The lunch during behavioural study is an ad libitum buffet test meal. The administration order is determined by randomized allocation. The wash-out period is one to three weeks. There are not diet or exercise interventions.<br>|
| Other: Obese volunteers<br>Volunteers with a BMI (Body Mass Index) between 30 and 35 kg/m2. | Other: Increasing eating frequency<br>* The subjects receive the same breakfast with two sequences : breakfast in one intake at 8:00 breakfast in four isocaloric intakes (8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00) The sequence made twice : one for metabolic study and one for the study of eating behavior The lunch during metabolic study is a standard meal The lunch during behavioural study is an ad libitum buffet test meal. The administration order is determined by randomized allocation. The wash-out period is one to three weeks. There are not diet or exercise interventions.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ghrelin plasmatic concentration |  | 240 minutes after breakfast beginning (just before the lunch) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Satiety through food intakes (quantitative) at the ad libitum buffet test meal |  | Since the beginning of the buffet test meal (240 minutes after breakfast beginning) to the end of the meal (at the latest 270 minutes after breakfast beginning). | 
| Satiety through visual analogue scale |  | 240 minutes after breakfast beginning (just before the lunch) | 
| Plasma metabolite concentrations (glycaemia, non esterified fatty acid, |  | kinetics during 430 minutes | 
| Endocrine concentrations (insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY, leptin, C-peptide) |  | kinetics during 430 minutes | 
| Plasma markers of oxidative stress (MDA, gluthation, lipid hydroxide) |  | kinetics during 430 minutes | 
| Lipid oxidation |  | kinetics during 430 minutes | 
| Eating behaviour at the buffet test meal by video recording (food choice, nutritional composition of the meal , kinetics of nutrient intake, meal structure, lunch duration) |  | during the buffet test meal (max : 30 minutes) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Nutrition, Eating frequency, Food intake, Eating behavior, Satiety, Ghrelin