Obesity as a Risk Factor for Musculoskeletal Diseases in the U.S. Air Force: Associations and Implications for Force Readiness

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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To study the first hypothesis, a retrospective cohort analysis of Air Force members from January 2005 to December 2010 will be performed to evaluate the association of obesity as an independent predictor variable with musculoskeletal disease as the dependent variable.

Detailed Description
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To study the first hypothesis, a retrospective cohort analysis of Air Force members from January 2005 to December 2010 will be performed to evaluate the association of obesity as an independent predictor variable with musculoskeletal disease as the dependent variable. A second analysis will be performed on the same cohort using musculoskeletal disease as an independent predictor variable, as well as evaluating a potential interaction between obesity and musculoskeletal disease, to determine the association of these variables with the dependent variable of service member readiness for duty. The independent variables for the analyses include: Age Sex BMI Fitness data (PIMR: PFT scores, weight, height, BMI, abdominal circumference) Profile data (PIMR: Number of profiles, number of profiles due to musculoskeletal diagnoses, total days on duty limitation, total days on mobility limitation) Total number of deployments served All new musculoskeletal diagnoses (see attached abbreviated ICD-9 list) Incidence of member separation from AF Incidence of disability retirement X-rays Surgeries (orthopaedic, general) Referrals to the Orthopaedic Department Referrals to the Pain Clinic New diagnosis of diabetes mellitus Death All data will be gathered by SG6H, Healthcare Informatics Division, and de-identified. Then the de-identified data will be coded and sent to the Principal Investigator for analysis. All informational data sets will be totally de-identified prior to releasing to the Principle Investigator to be analyzed by a statistician.

Conditions
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Obesity

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Exclusion: Active Duty Air Force members with the following conditions will be excluded from the study: Documented preexisting musculoskeletal injury/disease before onset of obesity Hypothyroidism/Hyperthyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Osteopenia/Osteoporosis Nicotine dependence Alcohol dependence Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) Cancer requiring chemotherapy or radiation therapy Status-post gastrectomy Status-post bilateral oophorectomy Crohn's Disease Ulcerative Colitis Celiac Disease Cushing's Disease Prior to or during the study period, more than 6 months of taking proton pump inhibitors, medroxyprogesterone acetate, bisphosphonates, methotrexate, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or inhaled/intranasal corticosteroids Prior to or during the study period, more than 1 month of taking fluoroquinolones, oral or intramuscular corticosteroids, oral or intramuscular testosterone, or leuprolide

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| DoD Beneficiaries<br>Exclusion: Active Duty Air Force members with the following conditions will be excluded from the study: Documented preexisting musculoskeletal injury/disease before onset of obesity Hypothyroidism/Hyperthyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Osteopenia/Osteoporosis Nicotine dependence Alcohol dependence Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) Cancer requiring chemotherapy or radiation therapy Status-post gastrectomy Status-post bilateral oophorectomy Crohn's Disease Ulcerative Colitis Celiac Disease Cushing's Disease Prior to or during the study period, more than 6 months of taking proton pump inhibitors, medroxyprogesterone acetate, bisphosphonates, methotrexate, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or inhaled/intranasal corticosteroids Prior to or during the study period, more than 1 month of taking fluoroquinolones, oral or intramuscular corticosteroids, oral or intramuscular testosterone, or leuprolide | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Obesity vs musculoskeletal disease risk |  | within 7 years |