TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION VERSUS DISTRACTIVE TECHNIQUES ON ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA PUNCTURE PAIN IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Statement of the problem: This study will be conducted to answer the following question: Is there a difference in the efficacy of TENS and distractive techniques when combined with cryotherapy in managing pain due to arteriovenous fistula puncture and improving quality of life in hemodialysis patients ? Null Hypotheses: TENS has no statistically significant effect on pain management and quality of life in hemodialysis patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula puncture. Distractive techniques have no statistically significant effect on pain management and quality of life in hemodialysis patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula puncture. There is no statistically significant difference between TENS and distractive techniques in managing pain and improving quality of life in hemodialysis patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula puncture.

Detailed Description
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Subjects' Selection: The patients will be randomly assigned to 3 groups; Group (1) will receive (TENS , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program). Group (2) will receive (distractive techniques , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program). Group (3) will receive (cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program). Patients will be assessed for quality of life before and after treatment and will receive 3 sessions per week consisted of TENS, distractive techniques , Cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program during AVF Puncture during dialysis for 4 weeks. 1-Inclusion criteria: Patient age will range from 20 - 60 years who have chronic renal failure from males and females. At least one year passed from the installation of AVF and hemodialysis. Patients are undergoing hemodialysis three sessions per week and each session lasting for 4 hours. Having no traces of skin abnormalities or analgesia in vessels access point. 2-Exclusion Criteria: The following were considered exclusion criteria: Unwillingness to continue with the study. Unsuccessful AVF cannulation at the first try. Patients having radiation injuries, peripheral vascular diseases, Raynauld's disease, connective tissue disorders, diabetic neuropathy, unconsciousness or disorientation. Presence of infection and obstruction of fistula based on the nurse's inspection. The presence of auditory and visual disturbances. history of verbal disturbances; no addiction or drug dependence to pain medications; no history of mental health diseases; being conscious, having not taken painkillers, narcotics or sedatives at least six hours before hemodialysis. Having traces of severe pain in other parts. Having pacemakers. The patients will be randomly assigned to 3 groups; Group(1) will receive TENS , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program, Group(2) will receive distractive techniques , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program and Group(3) will receive cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program. All groups will be assessed for quality of life using Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form Scale (KDQOL-SF) before and after treatment.

Official Title
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TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION VERSUS DISTRACTIVE TECHNIQUES ON ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA PUNCTURE PAIN IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Conditions
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TENS, Distractive Techniques, Arteriovenous Fistula, Puncture Pain, Hemodialysis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: TENS, Distractive techniques, cryotherapy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 1-Inclusion criteria: Patient age will range from 20 - 60 years who have chronic renal failure from males and females. At least one year passed from the installation of AVF and hemodialysis. Patients are undergoing hemodialysis three sessions per week and each session lasting for 4 hours. Having no traces of skin abnormalities or analgesia in vessels access point. Exclusion Criteria: 2-Exclusion Criteria: The following were considered exclusion criteria: Unwillingness to continue with the study. Unsuccessful AVF cannulation at the first try. Patients having radiation injuries, peripheral vascular diseases, Raynauld's disease, connective tissue disorders, diabetic neuropathy, unconsciousness or disorientation. Presence of infection and obstruction of fistula based on the nurse's inspection. The presence of auditory and visual disturbances. history of verbal disturbances; no addiction or drug dependence to pain medications; no history of mental health diseases; being conscious, having not taken painkillers, narcotics or sedatives at least six hours before hemodialysis. Having traces of severe pain in other parts. Having pacemakers

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: • Group (1) will receive (TENS , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program).<br> | Other: TENS, Distractive techniques, cryotherapy<br>* Group (1): Will receive (TENS , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy ) Massage with ice was done by the researcher over the AVF puncture site . After that, the TENS electrodes will be applied by the researcher 6 centimeters apart closely up and down the skin area for insertion of the needle. Group (2): Will receive (Distraction techniques ,cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy ) Initially five minutes before starting hemodialysis, Distraction techniques will be applied. Natural and eye-catching images were broadcasted through a video display device on a laptop monitor in a manner that was easy for the older patient to watch while they were lying on the bed. Massage with ice was done by the researcher over the AVF puncture site Group (3): Will receive (cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy )<br>|
| Experimental: •Group (2) receive (distractive techniques , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy)<br> | Other: TENS, Distractive techniques, cryotherapy<br>* Group (1): Will receive (TENS , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy ) Massage with ice was done by the researcher over the AVF puncture site . After that, the TENS electrodes will be applied by the researcher 6 centimeters apart closely up and down the skin area for insertion of the needle. Group (2): Will receive (Distraction techniques ,cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy ) Initially five minutes before starting hemodialysis, Distraction techniques will be applied. Natural and eye-catching images were broadcasted through a video display device on a laptop monitor in a manner that was easy for the older patient to watch while they were lying on the bed. Massage with ice was done by the researcher over the AVF puncture site Group (3): Will receive (cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy )<br>|
| Experimental: • Group (3) will receive (cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy program).<br> | Other: TENS, Distractive techniques, cryotherapy<br>* Group (1): Will receive (TENS , cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy ) Massage with ice was done by the researcher over the AVF puncture site . After that, the TENS electrodes will be applied by the researcher 6 centimeters apart closely up and down the skin area for insertion of the needle. Group (2): Will receive (Distraction techniques ,cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy ) Initially five minutes before starting hemodialysis, Distraction techniques will be applied. Natural and eye-catching images were broadcasted through a video display device on a laptop monitor in a manner that was easy for the older patient to watch while they were lying on the bed. Massage with ice was done by the researcher over the AVF puncture site Group (3): Will receive (cryotherapy and conventional physical therapy )<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The KDQOL-36, Numerical Rating Scale for pain measurement | Numerical Rating Scale of Pain Severity is numbered between 0 and 10 indicating positive and negative pain statements, respectively. Accordingly, the rating of this scale was 0 (lack of pain), 1-3 (low pain), 4-6 (moderate pain), 7-9 (severe pain), and 10 (very severe pain). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this tool was reported as 0.95 and its reliability score using the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.92 (Mirtajadini et al., 2016). The KDQOL-36: It is a 36-item health-related quality of life instrument adapted from the original 134-item KDQOL, an instrument principally developed to measure quality of life of dialysis patients [25]. | one hour for each participant |