3D Telemedicine During COVID-19: Non-clinical Validation

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Telemedicine will be used as standard practice during the Covid Pandemic, in order to reduce clinician exposure to patients and potential high viral load, and reduce patient footfall in a hospital caring for Covid patients. The 3D telemedicine uses multiple cameras in the clinic room which can reconstruct an image in 3 dimensions. This may give more information about a patient's condition, particularly in more visual specialties such as Plastic Surgery. The systems have hospital approval to be used for telemedicine, all equipment is CE marked. There are no data regarding the use of 3D telemedicine, but similar studies have been performed in many fields including orthopaedic surgery using 2D telemedicine (Buvik 2016). This study aims to provide non-clinical validations of the 3D telemedicine for usability, presence, satisfaction and reliability, using healthy volunteers only.

Detailed Description
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Study Methods The study will involve non-clinical validation with no patients and no interventions. The study will investigate usability, presence, satisfaction and reliability data for 3D telemedicine, and provide subjective feedback in the form of a semi-structured interview. Participants Healthy volunteers from the staff at Canniesburn Regional Plastic Surgery and Burns Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary and West Glasgow ACH, Greater Glasgow and Clyde. Inclusions and exclusion Healthy staff/students. Recruitment from all contacted, eligible participants will be recorded. Exclusion criteria include visual problems not correctable with glasses/dyslexia. Consent Participants will be consented in writing for inclusion in the study. The consent will specify that data may be recorded for research and further analysis by the research team, and be available for technical purposes by the research team's industrial partner Sample Size 30-40 participants for Presence and Usability Questionnaires. Participants will examine other participants (where one acts as a doctor and one acts as a patient) to provide indicators of usability, presence and task load index. All participants will assess other participants using the screening tasks below (estimated 10 mins maximum): Screening Tasks: asking patient to follow instructions Upper Limb: Functional screening upper limb - hands above head, brush teeth, hands behind back, pro-supination, wrist, prehension grips (power, span, pinch, key, tripod) Lower limb: Functional assessment of lower limb - walk, straight leg raise, take shoes off and examine sole of feet Head: examine worm's eye view of nose, side of nose and top of scalp. Performing a task Perform a form of physiotherapy or equivalent task (chosen at random) such as describing to patient the use of an anterolateral thigh flap for tumour reconstruction. Outcomes assessed: validated questionnaires, time taken to complete screening tasks, NASA task load index Randomisation Participants will be randomized to see patients in 3D or 2D first. This will be by blocked randomisation using a list and sealed envelopes. Outcome Measures Multiple measures of usability and presence will be used. This will be to form baseline data on the 3D telemedicine system (e.g. System usability score >68 is good), but also to determine the sensitivity of the various instruments to record overall satisfaction with the systems. This will help to determine the most appropriate instruments for the clinical validation. Mental Effort Rating Scale - single instrument Likert scale (Paas 1996) University of North Northway - 5 item - telemedicine questionnaire (Buvik 2016) System Usability Scale - 10 item scale - industry standard for usability of technology (Brooke 1986) Presence Questionnaire - 29 item scale - assessment of presence in the system/virtual environment (PQ, Witmer 2005). Telehealth Usability Questionnaire - 21 item scale - assessment of telemedicine NASA TLX - task load index - 5 item modified scale - an indication of the ease of performing a task and frustration levels. Overall Telemedicine Satisfaction - VAS Semi Structured exit interview - will discuss with participant their views on the telemedicine system and how we can improve. Statistics and Analysis The values obtained for the different rating scales will be summarised, in order to provide a basis for future sample size calculations. With a sample size of 40, the confidence interval around an estimated standard deviation s would be 0.819 s to 1.284 s. With a sample size of 50 it would be 0.835 s to 1.246 (Sim 2012). The relation between the various rating scales and overall telemedicine satisfaction will be assessed using linear mixed effects regression analysis predicting overall telemedicine satisfaction from the rating scale and type of telemedicine, including a random effect for participant. The research team will examine whether higher presence scores (on Presence Questionnaire) translate to less frustration (on NASA TLX), and whether this results in less error/time taken to complete tasks. This will be done using linear mixed effects regression analyses.

Official Title
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3D Telemedicine During COVID-19: Non-clinical Validation

Conditions
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Telemedicine, Surgery, Plastic

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: 3D Telemedicine
* Other: 2D Telemedicine


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy volunteers from staff at NHS GGC. Exclusion Criteria: visual problems not correctable with glasses dyslexia.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 16 Years
Maximum Age: 75 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomised to 2D then 3D, or 3D then 3D telemedicine consultations
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: 2D telemedicine<br>2D telemedicine first, followed by crossover to 3D telemedicine with no washout period | Other: 2D Telemedicine<br>* A consultation performed with 2D (standard) telemedicine<br>|
| Experimental: 3D Telemedicine<br>3D telemedicine first, followed by crossover to 2D telemedicine with no washout period | Other: 3D Telemedicine<br>* A consultation performed with a 3D form of telemedicine<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Presence Questionnaire | Version 3 of PQ, 29 item rating scale of presence. Witmer 2005 | Single time point at day 1 (Clinician assesses telemedicine system once after seeing patient) ] | 
| University Hospital of North Northway Questionnaire | 5 item questionnaire on telemedicine quality. UNN Buvik 2016. | Single time point at day 1 (Clinician assesses telemedicine system once after seeing patient) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Telehealth Usability Questionnaire | 21 item scale - assessment of telemedicine (TUQ, Parmanto 2016) | Single time point at day 1 (Clinician assesses telemedicine system once after seeing patient) ] | 
| System Usability Scale | 10 item industry standard technology scale | Single time point at day 1 (Clinician assesses telemedicine system once after seeing patient) ] | 
| Mental Effort Rating Scale | Single instrument Likert scale (Paas 1996) | Single time point at day 1 (Clinician assesses telemedicine system once after seeing patient) ] | 
| NASA TLX | Measure of task load index - 5 item modified scale - an indication of the ease of performing a task and frustration levels. | Single time point at day 1 (Clinician assesses telemedicine system once after seeing patient) ] | 
| Range of Motion measurements for elbow joint | Range of Motion measurements for elbow joint measured with face-to-face goniometer or on computer (telemedicine) | Single time point at day 1 (Clinician assesses telemedicine system once after seeing patient) ] | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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3-D