Changes of Muramyl Dipeptide in Intestinal and Extra-intestinal Diseases

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2) signaling is critical for human health.To figure out the clinical relevance of NOD2 ligands, the investigators plan to evaluate the change of NOD2 ligands in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), CRC, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2 ).

Detailed Description
-----------------
Previous studies have shown that NOD2 gene mutants were associated with the Crohn's disease (CD), colorectal cancer (CRC) and many other diseases, suggesting the critical role of NOD2 signaling in human physiology and pathogenethesis. However, whether decreased NOD2 ligands also contributed to these diseases is unknown. In this study, the investigators plan to evaluate the change of NOD2 ligands in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), CRC, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2 ). For each of the patient, a sex- and age- matched control were chosen. Both the targeted metabolomics (LC-MS-MS methods) and NOD2-transfected cells co-expressing NF-κB luciferase reporters were used to test NOD2 ligands in the fecal and plasma samples.

Official Title
-----------------
A Bacterial Bi-functional Peptidoglycan Hydrolase Sheds NOD2 Ligands to Regulate Gut Homeostasis

Conditions
-----------------
Colorectal Cancer, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, Type2 Diabetes Mellitus

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Observational studies, no intervention


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Males or females at least 18-70 years old. Patient able to give informed consent. Patient with biopsy-proven CRC Patient with biopsy-proven Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis(UC), in the active phase. patients with clinical diagnosed DM2 patients with ACVD:coronary angiography more than 50% stenosis in single or multiple vessels. The age- and sex- matched health controls for each patient. Exclusion Criteria: 1.Use antibiotics or probiotics within the last 2 weeks.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Crohn's disease<br>The fecal and plasma were collected | Other: Observational studies, no intervention<br>* Observational studies, no intervention<br>|
| Ulcerative colitis<br>The fecal and plasma were collected | Other: Observational studies, no intervention<br>* Observational studies, no intervention<br>|
| Diabetes mellitus, type 2<br>The fecal and plasma were collected | Other: Observational studies, no intervention<br>* Observational studies, no intervention<br>|
| Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease<br>The fecal and plasma were collected | Other: Observational studies, no intervention<br>* Observational studies, no intervention<br>|
| Colorectal cancer<br>The fecal and plasma were collected | Other: Observational studies, no intervention<br>* Observational studies, no intervention<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| NOD2 ligands in fecal and plasma | detected using targeted metabolomics (LC-MS-MS methods) and NOD2-transfected cells co-expressing NF-κB luciferase reporters | baseline | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
NOD2 ligands