EUS Guided Cyanoacrylate Injection vs Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation for Prevention of Rebleeding in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Esophageal Variceal Bleeding

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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SP by EUS-CYA improves clinical outcomes (eg, EV rebleeding) in patients with HCC and prior EV bleeding when compared with SP by EGD-VBL

Detailed Description
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Variceal bleeding is a life-threatening complication in patients with portal hypertension and cirrhosis. Rebleeding is common in patients who survive the acute variceal bleeding episode without secondary prophylaxis (SP). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) are associated with recurrent variceal bleeding and worse clinical outcomes. Rebleeding rates of esophageal varices (EV) and gastric varices (GV) remain substantial in HCC patients despite conventional endoscopic treatments. Lack of SP was associated with a higher rate of rebleeding and mortality in a multicenter study of HCC patients with prior EV bleeding. SP of variceal rebleeding in suitable HCC patients has been suggested in the latest practice guideline of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, but the optimal endoscopic approach for SP in HCC patients has not been well defined. Whether conventional strategies such as variceal band ligation (VBL) or cyanoacrylate (CYA) injection for EV can achieve durable variceal control in HCC patients remains unclear since HCC patients were often excluded from clinical trials. This remains a pertinent issue as recent advances in the treatment of advanced HCC with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immunotherapy means that some patients may achieve reasonable survival and benefit from further variceal management. Recently, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided variceal interventions by CYA, coiling, or a combination of both have gained clinical attention due to its high clinical success. When compared with conventional endoscopic variceal treatments, EUS guided variceal interventions allow real-time confirmation of intra-variceal delivery of therapy and flow obliteration after treatment. A recent study from our group reported that SP by EUS-CYA reduced rebleeding rate and improved variceal bleeding-free survival in patients with inoperable HCC and variceal bleeding when compared with no SP. However, there has been no dedicated study comparing the clinical outcomes of SP by EUS guided CYA (EUS-CYA) or conventional VBL by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in patients with HCC and EV bleeding. Therefore, we propose this retrospective study to compare the clinical outcomes after EUS-CYA or EGD-VBL for SP of EV rebleeding in this often difficult-to-treat patient group with HCC.

Official Title
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EUS Guided Cyanoacrylate Injection vs Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation for Prevention of Rebleeding in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Esophageal Variceal Bleeding: a Retrospective Comparative Study

Conditions
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EUS Guided Cyanoacrylate Injection, Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation, Hepatocelular Carcinoma, Esophageal Variceal Bleeding

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Consecutive HCC patients with history of EV bleeding who underwent EUS guided cyanoacrylate injection or variceal band ligation by EGD for secondary prophylaxis to prevent EV rebleeding Age > 18 years Exclusion Criteria: HCC patients with non-variceal upper GI bleeding HCC patients with history of EV bleeding who did not undergo further endoscopy for secondary prophylaxis for EV rebleeding

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| EUS guided cyanoacrylate injection<br>EUS guided cyanoacrylate injection to prevent EV rebleeding. | |
| variceal band ligation<br>variceal band ligation to prevent EV rebleeding. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Death adjusted cumulative incidence of rebleeding at 30-day | Death adjusted cumulative incidence of rebleeding at 30-day | 30 days | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Death adjusted cumulative incidence of rebleeding at 90-day | Death adjusted cumulative incidence of rebleeding at 90-day | 90 days | 
| Bleeding-free survival at 3 months and 6 months | Bleeding-free survival at 3 months and 6 months | 6 months | 
| Adverse events related to EUS-CYA or EGD-VBL for secondary prophylaxis | Adverse events related to EUS-CYA or EGD-VBL for secondary prophylaxis | during EUS procedure | 
| Mortality rate at 6 months | Mortality rate at 6 months | 6 months |