Pharmacokinetics of Isavuconazole in Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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20 patients admitted to the ICU department and receiving isavuconazole as part of standard care for the treatment of fungal infections will be included in the study. Between day 3 and 7, 8 samples will be collected at t = 0 (pre-dose), and t = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours after end of infusion to obtain a PK curve. An optional, additional sample can be collected after discontinuation of isavuconazole therapy if possible. Total and free isavuconazole concentrations will be determined. A pharmacokinetic model will be fitted to the data from all individuals simultaneously. Data will be analysed using non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM).

Detailed Description
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Fungal infections are a serious threat to immunocompromised patients and represent a major burden in the critical care setting. The azole antifungal drugs are the most important drugs for managing infections caused by Aspergillus moulds and the prevention of invasive fungal infections in general. Azoles are currently used as first line prophylaxis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis and their use has substantially improved the survival of the overall population. Recently, there has been increased awareness for invasive aspergillosis cases in critically ill patients, including patients with severe influenza (influenza associated pulmonary aspergillosis, IAPA), and recently COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). These patients require azole-based therapy, for which voriconazole and isavuconazole are recommended first choice drugs. Isavuconazole is a relatively novel azole drug with promising efficacy, a broad antifungal spectrum, favourable side effect profile and limited drug-drug interactions compared to other azole agents. Isavuconazole is registered for the primary treatment of adults with invasive aspergillosis, and patients with mucormycosis where amphotericin B is not suitable. Efficacy and safety information in the isavuconazole label is mostly derived from clinical studies in healthy volunteers. However, the pharmacokinetics in some specific patient populations may differ greatly from those in the healthy population. Changes in pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in ICU patients are to be expected due to a wide variety of factors, e.g. changes in protein binding and changes in fluid distribution. Therefore, it is likely that the present standard dosing regimens of isavuconazole lead to suboptimal outcomes for ICU patients, similar to observations made for fluconazole and echinocandins. Optimizing dosing regimens in ICU patients for existing antifungal agents such as isavuconazole is important to improve clinical outcome rates. To date, limited information on the pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in critically ill patients is available and optimal dosing regimens remain uncertain. With this study we aim to describe isavuconazole pharmacokinetics in ICU admitted patients. 20 patients admitted to the ICU department and receiving isavuconazole as part of standard care for the treatment of fungal infections will be included in the study. Between day 3 and 7, 8 samples will be collected at t = 0 (pre-dose), and t = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours after end of infusion to obtain a PK curve. An optional, additional sample can be collected after discontinuation of isavuconazole therapy if possible. Total and free isavuconazole concentrations will be determined. A pharmacokinetic model will be fitted to the data from all individuals simultaneously. Data will be analysed using non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM). NONMEM is a one-stage analysis that simultaneously estimates mean parameters, fixed effect parameters, interindividual variability, and residual random effects. Since allowance can be made for individual differences, this method can be used with both intensive sampling and sparse data (and in the occasion of missing values: an unbalanced number of data points per patients). Primary objective: • To determine the pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole given as treatment of invasive fungal infections in ICU patients as part of standard care. Secondary objectives: To investigate the protein binding of isavuconazole in ICU patients and the variability in protein binding between patients in the ICU population. To explore if unbound isavuconazole concentrations can be predicted from total isavuconazole concentrations. To assess pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment in the ICU patient population.

Official Title
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Pharmacokinetics of Isavuconazole (Cresemba®) Given as Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Conditions
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Invasive Fungal Infections, Pharmacokinetics, Intensive Care Unit

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patient is admitted to an ICU Is treated with isavuconazole intravenously (iv) Subject is at least 18 years on the day of the first dosing Is managed with a central venous catheter or arterial line Exclusion Criteria: Patient has previously participated in this study

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Patients<br>Patients admitted to the intensive care unit, treated with isavuconazole intravenously for treatment of invasive fungal infections | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Isavuconazole clearance in ICU patients. | Isavuconazole clearance in ICU patients in liters/hour. Full pharmacokinetic curves will be taken and an optional sample during the elimination phase of isavuconazole. | Day 3-7 after start of treatment and optional: 96-300 hours after discontinuation of treatment | 
| Isavuconazole volume of distribution in ICU patients | Isavuconazole volume of distribution in ICU patients in liters. Full pharmacokinetic curves will be taken and an optional sample during the elimination phase of isavuconazole. | Day 3-7 after start of treatment and optional: 96-300 hours after discontinuation of treatment | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Isavuconazole proteinbinding in ICU patients. | Isavuconazole proteinbinding in ICU patients described by unbound isavuconazole fraction (fu). | Day 3-7 after start of treatment and optional: 96-300 hours after discontinuation of treatment | 
| Predictability of unbound isavuconazole concentrations | To compare the predicted and observed unbound isavuconazole concentrations in ICU patients: percentage of deviation from predicted. | Day 3-7 after start of treatment and optional: 96-300 hours after discontinuation of treatment | 
| Target attainment of isavuconazole in ICU patients | Percentage of patients reaching the predetermined adequate PK/PD target (isavuconazole trough concentration in mg/l) | At steady state (day 3-7 after start of treatment) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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isavuconazole, population pharmacokinetics, protein binding