Foetal Exposure and Epidemiological Transition: Role of Anaemia in Early Life for Non-communicable Diseases Later

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Study Hypotheses: Anaemia, which is frequent before conception as well as during early pregnancy, affects metabolism and foetal growth trajectories, influencing the risk of NCDs in the offspring. Anaemia from conception till end of 2nd trimester is most detrimental for foetal and newborns' health, compared to 3rd trimester anaemia. Anaemia from conception till end of 2nd trimester affects foetal and newborns health through poor placental development reflected in increased villous branching and changed umbilical and uterine blood flow. Anaemia in early pregnancy disrupts the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)/placental growth factor (PlGF) balance and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis resulting in poor placental development, and poor health of newborns. This may be reflected in specific methylation patterns. Anaemia's impact on the risk for NCDs in the offspring may be mediated via epigenetic mechanisms, including changes in DNA methylation patterns.

Detailed Description
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Specific objectives are: Characterize the health of women aged 18-40 years before conception and during pregnancy, focusing on prevalence of anaemia, infections, nutritional status, and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Describe how 1st and 2nd trimester anaemia compared to 3rd trimester anaemia alters foetal growth and newborns' body composition. Evaluate how 1st and 2nd trimester anaemia compared to 3rd trimester anaemia affects villous branching in the placenta, as well as uterine and umbilical artery blood flow. Characterize how 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester anaemia differentially changes the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)/placental growth factor (PlGF) balance and the insulin-like growth factor axis. Determine which markers for foetal programming such as methylation of regulatory genes related to metabolism and haematopoiesis may be discovered early after exposure to anaemia in1st and 2nd trimester compared to 3rd trimester anaemia. Outcome parameter for the pre-pregnancy study (i.): 1) Prevalence and severity of anaemia among non-pregnant Tanzanian women at fertile age and their nutritional status. 2) Incidence of conception among such women. Outcome parameter for the pregnancy study (ii.): 1) Foetal growth rate in 2nd and 3rd trimester in offspring of anaemic mothers vs Foetal growth rate in non-anaemic mothers' offspring, 2) Comparison of anaemic mothers' vs non-anaemic mothers' newborn's body composition, placental villous branching, umbilical and uterine blood flow, VEGF-A/PlGF levels, and insulin-like growth factor axis. For all analyses main exposure variable will be anaemia (Hb<5mmol/L) in 1st, 2nd and/or3rd trimester of pregnancy. Confounding exposure variables will be chronic health conditions (e.g. HIV), all temporary conditions mentioned above (e.g. malaria) as well as socioeconomic status and paternal characteristics. Regression modelling using both multiple linear and logistic regressions as well as modelling for repeated measures will be used for statistical analyses. For genetic and epigenetic changes, findings in the subgroup of 180 other/newborns, remaining significant after correction for multiple comparisons, will be validated in the remaining cohort. This will enable us within one study to replicate initial findings in one representative and distinct subgroup in another larger comparable study group from an overall homogenous study. Indeed, findings surviving both corrections for multiple testing in the initial hypothesis generating array approaches, as well as being replicated in the remaining study group with single target validation techniques, are highly likely to be biological important. Possible findings from the candidate gene approach will be corrected for multiple testing and the significant results will be compared with previous findings of the same genes from studies in muscle and adipose tissue conducted by Diabetes and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital.

Official Title
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Foetal Exposure and Epidemiological Transition: the Role of Anaemia in Early Life for Non-communicable Diseases in Later Life

Conditions
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Anemia and Pregnancy, Metabolism and Foetal Growth, Epigenetics

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: wishing to get pregnant negative pregnancy test not using family planning Exclusion Criteria: not wishing to get pregnant being pregnant using family planning

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Health of women before conception<br>Tanzanian women aged 18-40 years focusing on prevalence of anaemia, infections, nutritional status, and NCDs. | |
| 480 women during pregnancy<br>Describe how 1st and 2nd trimester anaemia compared to 3rd trimester anaemia alters foetal growth and newborns' body composition. Evaluate anaemia's effect on villous branching in placenta, and uterine and umbilical artery blood flow. Evaluate effect on vascular endothelial growth factor A/placental growth factor balance and insulin-like growth factor axis. Determine which markers for foetal programming such as methylation of regulatory genes related to metabolism and haematopoiesis may be discovered early after exposure to anaemia. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Outcome parameter for the pre-pregnancy study (i.): | Prevalence and severity of anaemia among non-pregnant Tanzanian women at fertile age and their nutritional status. | 12 months from start | 
| Outcome parameter for the pregnancy study (ii.): | Anemia's effect on foetal growth rate in 2nd and 3rd trimester measured as a) discrepancy in estimated and predicted gestational age (GA) between inclusion and antenatal visit at GA 20 weeks & 30, b) change in z-score for foetal weight/body weight and c) gain in g/week26 at GA of 26, 32 and 37 and delivery. Newborn's body composition, placental villous branching, umbilical and uterine blood flow, VEGF-A/PlGF levels, and GFaxis. For all analyses main exposure variable are anaemia in 1st, 2nd and/or3rd trimester of pregnancy. Confounding exposure variables are chronic health conditions, temporary conditions mentioned above (e.g. malaria) and socioeconomic status and paternal characteristics. Regression modelling using multiple linear and logistic regressions and modelling for repeated measures are used for statistical analyses. Genetic and epigenetic significant changes in subgroup of 180 mother/newborns, after correction for multiple comparisons, will be validated in remaining cohort. | 31 months | 
| Incidence of conception among non-pregnant Tanzanian women. | Number of women screened, with and without anaemia, respectively, who actually become pregnant within the observation period | 12 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Anaemia, Pregnancy, Foetal programming, Epigenetics, Non-communicable diseases, Tanzania