The Effect of Smoking on Dimensional Changes of Free Gingival Graft Around Dental Implants

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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There are studies investigating the dimensional changes following free gingival graft (FGG) around teeth with inadequate attached gingiva, however no study investigating the effect of smoking on dimensional changes following FGG around dental implants exists. In the present study, we hypothesized that smoking might increase the dimensional change of FGG around dental implants and affect the healing of donor site.

Official Title
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The Effect of Smoking on Dimensional Changes of Free Gingival Graft Around Dental Implants

Conditions
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Smoking, Free Gingival Graft, Dental Implant

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Free gingival graft


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Implants with inadequate attached gingiva on the buccal site, which placed in posterior region at least 1 year ago, and loaded with a fixed prosthetic restoration at least 6 months ago. Exclusion Criteria: Implants with peri-implantitis, patients who had previously the soft or hard tissue graft surgery at the site in question, patients who had previously operated from the donor site, patients with systemic disease that may interfere with periodontal surgery, patients taking any medication that can prolong bleeding, patients with immune system disease, infectious diseases such as hepatitis or HIV, individuals under the age of 18, and women with pregnant or breastfeeding.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: smoker<br>Those consuming at least 10 cigarette a day for ten years were included in smoker group. | Procedure: Free gingival graft<br>* Following recipient site preparation, free gingival graft obtained from palatal mucosa was applied to buccal sites of dental implants having inadequate keratinized attached mucosa.<br>|
| Active Comparator: non-smoker<br>Patients who never smoke were included in non-smoker group. Patients who quit smoking were not included in this group. | Procedure: Free gingival graft<br>* Following recipient site preparation, free gingival graft obtained from palatal mucosa was applied to buccal sites of dental implants having inadequate keratinized attached mucosa.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| dimensional change of free gingival graft | the changes in vertical dimension of free gingival graft was measured by functional and visual methods intra-orally by individual stents, and horizontal dimension of free gingival graft was measured on digital photographs using specific software. | 0,1, 3, 6 months | 
| change in total free gingival graft area | total free gingival graft area was calculated on digital photographs using specific software. | 0, 7th day, 1,3, 6 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Depth of vestibule sulcus |  | 0, 7th day, 1,3, 6 months | 
| tissue thickness of recipient and donor sites |  | 0, 7th day, 1,3, 6 months | 
| VAS |  | 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. days |