Taurine Supplementation and Training Effects on Energy Metabolism, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obese Women

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Taurine supplementation researches have increased due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, and its ability to modulate lipid metabolism by stimulating the expression of proteins that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and increases respiratory function (PGC-1α and PPAR) and irisin release when associated to exercise. Since obesity can induce metabolic disorders including abnormal production of adipokines and activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways also mitochondrial metabolism dysfunction in the adipose tissue, the use of taurine would be a new strategy for obesity prevention and treatment. Moreover, the association of taurine and exercise could improve exercise effects, promote higher energy expenditure and increase mitochondrial respiration, consequently resulting in weight loss. Therefore, the present investigation aims to evaluate the effects of the association of taurine supplementation and a combined exercise training protocol (aerobic and strength) on resting energy expenditure, weight, body composition, blood markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, telomeres length, and mitochondrial function and the expression of genes that regulates energy metabolism and lipid oxidation in the white adipose tissue in obese women.

Detailed Description
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A double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted with 24 obese women (32.9±6.3 years). Capsules of taurine (3 grams) (GTau) or placebo (GP) were daily supplemented 2 hours before training. The training program was composed of aerobic and strength exercises during one hour, 3 times a week, for an 8-week period (intensity of 80% heart rate). The taurine supplemented group received only taurine capsules (3g/day) during 8 weeks. Measurement of weight, hip and waist circumference, and body composition (by Deuterium oxide) were performed before and after the intervention. Resting energy expenditure and nutrients oxidation were assessed by calorimetry. In order to check the effects of the intervention, abdominal tissue biopsy will be performed for white adipose tissue analysis, evaluation of mitochondrial function and quantification of the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and lipid oxidation and taurine pathway; blood collection will be done for quantification of taurine levels, inflammatory (IL-10, IL-15, IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, and CRP), adipokines (adiponectin, adipsin, resistin, fetuin and leptin) and oxidative stress (GPx, SOD and MDA) markers. Also, evaluation of telomere length was performed. Body composition was evaluated by deuterium oxide method, weight, waist and hip circumference were accessed. All the measurements were performed before and after the intervention period.

Official Title
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Taurine Supplementation and Physical Training Effects on Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism, and Blood Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obese Women

Conditions
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Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Taurine
* Dietary Supplement: Placebo
* Other: Exercise training


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Body Mass Index of 30 to 40 kg / m² Sedentary No associated co morbidity Exclusion Criteria: Women who have a medical impediment to the practice of physical exercise Women that have undergone bariatric surgery Menopause, cancer or any metabolic disease Smokers Alcoholics Insulin-dependent diabetes

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Double-blind placebo controlled study
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Taurine supplementation<br>Taurine supplementation composed of capsules of taurine powder. Dosage: 3 grams/day Frequency: 1 time/day Duration: 8 weeks | Dietary Supplement: Taurine<br>* Taurine supplementation in capsules of 1 gram of taurine powder, total dosage: 3 grams/day<br>|
| Active Comparator: Taurine supplementation associated to exercise training<br>Taurine supplementation composed of capsules of taurine powder. Dosage: 3 grams/day Frequency: 1 time/day Duration: 8 weeks Exercise training Exercise Protocol: a combination of strength and aerobic exercises Duration: 2 weeks of adaptation and 8 weeks of physical training. Frequency: 3 times/week Duration: 55 minutes/session Intensity: 75 to 90% of maximum heart rate | Dietary Supplement: Taurine<br>* Taurine supplementation in capsules of 1 gram of taurine powder, total dosage: 3 grams/day<br>Other: Exercise training<br>* 4 weeks of combined exercise training (alternating strength and aerobic exercise), with a frequency of 3 times/week with 55 min/day.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo supplementation associated to exercise training<br>Placebo supplementation composed of capsules of starch powder. Dosage: 3 grams/day Frequency: 1 time/day Duration: 8 weeks Exercise training Exercise Protocol: a combination of strength and aerobic exercises Duration: 2 weeks of adaptation and 8 weeks of physical training. Frequency: 3 times/week Duration: 55 minutes/session Intensity: 75 to 90% of maximum heart rate | Dietary Supplement: Placebo<br>* Placebo supplementation in capsules of 1 gram of starch powder, total dosage: 3 grams/day<br>Other: Exercise training<br>* 4 weeks of combined exercise training (alternating strength and aerobic exercise), with a frequency of 3 times/week with 55 min/day.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change from baseline in white adipose tissue mitochondrial respiration at 8 weeks | A subcutaneous adipose tissue sample collected for analysis of mitochondrial respiration (mitochondrial uncoupled state, phosphorylation state and electron transport system maximal capacity) were calculated at 8 weeks in comparison to the baseline. | eight weeks | 
| Change from baseline in indirect calorimetry at 8 weeks | Change of energy expenditure and lipids oxidation were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline. | eight weeks | 
| Changes from baseline in interleukines levels at 8 weeks | Change of inflammatory markers such as interleukines 6, 10 and 15 were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline. | eight weeks | 
| Changes from baseline in cytokine levels at 8 weeks | Change of inflammatory markers such as adiponectin, resistin and adipsin were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline. | eight weeks | 
| Changes from baseline in glutathione peroxidase levels at 8 weeks | Change of oxidative stress markers such as glutathione peroxidase were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline. | eight weeks | 
| Changes from baseline in superoxide dismutase levels at 8 weeks | Change of oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline. | eight weeks | 
| Changes from baseline in macronutrient intake at 8 weeks | Change of macronutrient intake were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline. | eight weeks | 
| Changes from baseline in total calorie intake at 8 weeks | Change of total calorie intake were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline. | eight weeks | 
| Changes from baseline in body composition at 8 weeks | Change of body composition through deuterium oxide method were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline. | eight weeks |