Reducing Concurrent Opioid-Benzodiazepine Prescriptions

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The purpose of this effort is to use informative e-mails to improve the process of prescribing of opioids and benzodiazepines within the National Capital Region/Military Health System (NCR/MHS), with the aim of decreasing concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine prescribing.

Detailed Description
-----------------
The purpose of this effort is to use low-cost informative e-mails to improve the process of prescribing of opioids and benzodiazepines within the National Capital Region/Military Health System (NCR/MHS), with the aim of decreasing concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine prescribing. Both the VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain (2017) and the CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain (2016) strongly recommend against the concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines. Taken together, these drugs could cause respiratory depression, enhanced sedation, and death. The intervention population will be prescribers and primary care managers associated with patients who have recently received concurrent prescriptions of opioids and benzodiazepines. Using a randomized approach, we will allocate the NCR/MHS providers associated with patients with concurrent prescriptions for opioids and benzodiazepines to one of two conditions: E-mail alert - A messaging approach, in which we will send encrypted emails to the patient's opioid and benzodiazepine prescriber(s) and primary care manager that identify the concurrent prescriptions and detail the patient's prescription history, inform them of the VA/DoD guideline and risk to patient, and provide action steps and relevant resources. When multiple providers are involved, the email message will also encourage coordination across providers and provide relevant contact information As-Usual - An as-usual approach, in which providers are not sent messages. These providers can access patient information through the MHS Opioid Registry as before.

Official Title
-----------------
Reducing Concurrent Opioid-Benzodiazepine Prescriptions Through Provider Intervention

Conditions
-----------------
Adverse Drug Effect of Opioids, Adverse Drug Effect of Benzodiazepines

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Behavioral: E-mail Alert


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Patient had an overlapping opioid-benzodiazepine prescription At least one of the patient's providers (opioid prescribers, benzodiazepine prescribers, and/or PCM) is in the NCR Exclusion Criteria: Patient has a cancer diagnosis Patient is receiving palliative care Patient is under 18 Patient was previously allocated to a study condition

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: E-Mail Alert<br>Send email to the patient's opioid prescriber(s), benzodiazepine prescriber(s), and/or primary care manager. | Behavioral: E-mail Alert<br>* Encrypted email to the following providers: the patient's opioid prescriber(s), benzodiazepine prescriber(s), and/or primary care manager. If there is more than one provider, they are copied together on the same message. The email identifies the concurrent prescriptions, details the patient's prescription history, includes relevant VA/DoD guidelines, states the risk of concurrent prescribing to patient, and provides action steps and relevant resources. When multiple providers are involved, the message encourages the providers to coordinate with each other and provides provider contact information to facilitate this communication.<br>|
| No Intervention: As-Usual<br>As-usual (no email) approach. | |

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Overlapping Days | Overlapping days of opioids and benzodiazepines, determined using the dates of service and days supply of the prescription drug fills | 90 days | 
| Opioid Days | Days of opioids received | 90 days | 
| Benzodiazepine Days | Days of benzodiazepines received | 90 days | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Care coordination, Opioid, Benzodiazepine, Behavioral science, Behavioral economics, Nudge, Fragmentation of care, Concurrent prescribing