Influence of Bottle-Type of Infant Feeding Behavior

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The objective this research is to conduct a within-subject, experimental study that will describe mothers' feeding practices during typical bottle-feeding conditions and will examine whether removal of visual cues related to the amount of milk/formula in the bottle will alter these feeding practices. The investigators hypothesize that mothers will show higher levels of infant-directed feeding practices and lower levels of mother-directed feeding practices when using opaque, weighted bottles compared to when using standard, clear bottles. The investigators also hypothesize that infants will consume less breast milk or formula when fed from opaque, weighted bottles compared to when fed from standard, clear bottles.

Conditions
-----------------
Bottle Feeding

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Behavioral: Opaque, weighted bottle
* Behavioral: Clear, conventional bottle


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Mothers must be 18 years or older Infants must be between 0-6 months of age Infants must be prior to the introduction of solid foods Exclusion Criteria: Preterm birth Medical conditions that interfere with feeding

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Maximum Age: 6 Months

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Interventional Model Description: This is a within-subject study; mothers are observed during both feeding conditions.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Conventional vs. Opaque, Weighted Bottle<br>This is a within-subject experiment; mothers will be asked to feed their infants from a clear, conventional bottle during one visit and an opaque, weighted bottle during the other visit. Order of conditions will be counterbalanced. | Behavioral: Opaque, weighted bottle<br>* This is the experimental condition; mothers will be asked to feed their infants from an opaque, weighted bottle.<br>Behavioral: Clear, conventional bottle<br>* This is the control condition; mothers will be asked to feed their infants from a clear, conventional bottle.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Infant intake | Infant intake within a feeding (mL) assessed by weighing the bottle before and after a feeding. | 3-hour period | 
| Maternal responsiveness | Maternal responsiveness to infant cues during a feeding assessed by Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale. | 3-hour period | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Maternal acceptance/perception of intervention | Maternal perception/acceptance of the bottles during a feeding assessed through a mixed methods interview. | 3-hour period |