Perioperative Music Listening on Anxiety, Pain, Analgesia Use and Patient Satisfaction

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The use of music to relieve pain has been studied in many forms of medicines and has been proven to reduce anxiety, pain and analgesic use in the perioperative setting. However, music listening as an inexpensive and duplicable method has not been investigated and implemented in the local context. The investigators hereby propose a prospective study to recruit patients undergoing surgery to evaluate the effectiveness of music in pain relief and post-operative recovery; as well as the implementation and operational readiness of music listening.

Detailed Description
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Some tissue injury is often unavoidable during surgery, which leads to unavoidable pain and anxiety during the perioperative and post-operative period. Acute post-operative pain and anxiety have been managed via pharmacological interventions. However, non-pharmacological interventions have also been shown to be safe and cost-effective, improve the overall patient experience, and improve outcomes across a variety of surgical settings. Music has been shown to decrease perioperative pain and modulate the inflammatory response. Additionally, anxiety scores and pain scores have shown statistically significant reductions in the perioperative period, when music therapy was available. Currently only few studies investigate its effects during perioperative period especially in local setting. Thus, the investigators will investigate the feasibility and practicability of deploying music listening in KKH pain management and further determine the nature of the music (duration, genre) by fitting the local context in order to improve the patient outcome in perioperative settings. Phase 1: A total of 300 patients will be offered to select from pre-determined lists of music of different genres or patient choice, before and after surgery. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score, pain scores, analgesia usage, patient satisfaction, and quality of life measurement will be collected. Analysis of the type of music, duration of music listening, and the genre chosen will be analysed. Phase 2: A hundred and ten women undergoing Caesarean delivery at KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) in 1:1 allocation ratio of experimental (music listening) and control (no music listening) groups. Pain and psychological assessments and demographic data collection will be conducted before surgery, and those allocated to experimental group will be asked to use music listening before, during and after surgery.

Official Title
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The Use of Perioperative Music Listening on Anxiety, Pain, Analgesia Use and Patient Satisfaction in Patients Undergoing Surgery

Conditions
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Music, Pain, Anxiety, Patient Satisfaction, Analgesia

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Music listening


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy participants who are American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1 and 2 (with well-controlled medical problems); Undergo day surgery, same-day-admission gynecologic surgery or cesarean section; No hearing impairment. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with significant respiratory disease and obstructive sleep apnea; Patients who are unable to read and understand the hospital anxiety questionnaire.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 21 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Interventional Model Description: The randomized controlled phase will recruit 110 parturients.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Music listening<br>Phase 1: Before and after surgery, 300 patients will be offered an ipod with earphone, in which the ipod is equipped with saved playlist of different music genres to select from pre-determined lists of music of different genres or patient choice. Patient will choose the desired playlist and listen to the music for about 30 minutes. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score, pain scores, analgesia usage, patient satisfaction, and quality of life measurement will be collected. Analysis of the type of music, duration of music listening, and the genre chosen will be analysed. Phase 2: One hundred and ten women undergoing Caesarean delivery assigned to experimental (music listening) group will listen to the music before, during and after surgery. Pain and psychological assessments and demographic data collection will be conducted before and after surgery. | Procedure: Music listening<br>* Patient is given an ipod with earphone and with saved playlist of different music genres. Music listening session will be given for 30 minutes before, during and after surgery. Questionnaires will be asked to fill in. All the earphones will be disinfected following the hospital's infection control guideline.<br>|
| No Intervention: No Music Listening<br>Phase 2: Patients assigned to this group (n=55) will only have pain, psychological assessments and demographic data collection conducted before and after surgery. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in Pain score | Difference of Pain score before and after surgery. Pain scores (Numeric Rating Scale 0-10) will be asked, with zero being no pain, and 10 being the worst pain possible. | Baseline and 1 day | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in Analgesia usage | Analgesia usage (name and dosage of pain medication) used before and after surgery | Baseline and 1 day | 
| Change in Patient's satisfaction with the use of music listening (only music listening group) | Patient's satisfaction on music listening before and after surgery. Patient will be asked on their satisfaction level based on ordinal scale (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor). | Baseline and 1 day | 
| Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score (Phase 1 only) | HADS Anxiety and Depression score before and after surgery. HADS is commonly used by doctors to determine the levels of anxiety and depression that a patient is experiencing. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. The HADS uses a scale and therefore the data returned from the HADS is ordinal. For each subscore (anxiety/depression), 0-7 = Normal; 8-10 = Borderline abnormal (borderline case); and 11-21 = Abnormal (case). | Baseline and 1 day | 
| Change in EQ-5D-3L score | EQ-5D-3L score before and after surgery. EQ-5D-3L is a standardized instrument for measuring generic health status. It is made up for two components; health state description and evaluation. The health status is measured in terms of five dimensions (5D); mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression; each dimension ranging from 1-3. From these five dimensions, EQ-5D index is calculated, having a value between 0-1. The evaluation part involves an analogue scale, asking to mark health status on the day of the interview on a 20 cm vertical scale with end points of 0 and 100. Zero corresponds to  the worst health you can imagine, and hundred corresponds to the best health you can imagine. | Baseline and 1 day | 
| Change in Visual analog scale - anxiety (VAS-A) score | VAS-A score before and after surgery. A visual analogue scale depicting anxiety (VAS-A) comprises a 10 cm line will be administered, on which the participant marks her current degree of anxiety with the left end of the line being labelled no anxiety and the right end being labelled maximum anxiety. | Baseline and 1 day |