Motor Skill Proficiency After Equine-assisted Activities and Brain-building Tasks

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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There is no current research to support the efficacy of a combination of equine-assisted activities (EAA) and brain building activities to influence motor skill competencies in youth with neurodevelopmental disorders (ND). The primary objective of this study was to quantify changes in motor skill proficiency before and after 8 weeks of EAA and brain-building activities in youth with ND. A secondary objective was to quantify changes in motor skill proficiency before and after 1 year of EAA and brain-building activities in youth with ND.

Detailed Description
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Twenty-five youth completed the same 32-week protocol that was separated into 4, 8-week blocks, in the following order: a) control, b) EAA-only, c) washout, and d) GaitWay block (EAA and brain building activities). Before and after each block, motor skills were assessed using the Short Form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Version 2 (BOT-2). Seven youth continued with the GaitWay intervention for one additional year, and the BOT-2 Short Form was also administered following this intervention. A repeated-measures analysis-of-variance was performed to compare BOT-2 subtest and overall scores between interventions. A significance of .05 was used. Manual dexterity was higher at Post-Washout versus Pre-Control (p = .018) and Post-Control (p = .024), and at Post-GaitWay versus Pre-Control (p = .037). Upper-limb coordination was higher Post-GaitWay versus Post-Control (p = .050). When compared to Pre-Control, strength was higher at Post-EAA (p = .028) and at Post-GaitWay (p = .015). Overall scores were higher at Post-GaitWay when compared to Pre-Control (p = .003) and Post-Control (p = .009). Among the seven participants who participated in the 1-year follow-up GaitWay motor skills were maintained for one year following the Post-GaitWay testing session. A combination of EAA and brain building activities may be an effective therapeutic modality to improve and maintain motor skill proficiency in youth with ND.

Official Title
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Changes in Motor Skill Proficiency After Equine-Assisted Activities and Brain-Building Tasks in Youth With Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Conditions
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Motor Delay, Motor Skills Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyper Activity, Intellectual Disability, Sensory Disorders

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Equine-assisted activities
* Behavioral: GaitWay program


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: age 5 to 18 years diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder (as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)) had the ability to follow verbal directions, Clearance to participate from a medical professional Exclusion Criteria: a perfect score on the motor proficiency test at the first testing session presence of seizures within the past 6 months controlled by medication a known allergy to horses any surgical procedures performed within the 6 months regular horseback riding experience of any kind during the past year

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 5 Years
Maximum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: Control<br>Control period; no equine-assisted activities or brain-building activities occurred | |
| Active Comparator: Equine-assisted activities period<br>Period in which only equine-assisted activities were performed | Behavioral: Equine-assisted activities<br>* Participants performed riding-related activities on and off of a horse once per week for 8 weeks<br>* Other names: EAA;|
| No Intervention: Washout<br>Washout period; no equine-assisted activities or brain-building activities occurred | |
| Experimental: GaitWay period<br>Period in which both equine-assisted activities and brain-building activities were performed | Behavioral: GaitWay program<br>* Participants performed riding-related activities on and off of a horse, along with brain-building activities including balance tasks, swinging, spinning, music therapy, and sensory tasks, all once per week for 8 weeks<br>* Other names: GW;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fine motor precision | Subtest #1 on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Tasks include drawing through lines, folding paper. Each task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-7 (with 7 representing the best outcome). | 0-5 minutes | 
| Fine motor integration | Subtest #2 on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Task includes copying a star and a square. The task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-5 (with 5 representing the best outcome). | 0-5 minutes | 
| Manual dexterity | Subtest #3 on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Task includes transferring pennies. The task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-9 (with 9 representing the best outcome). | 15 seconds | 
| Bilateral coordination | Subtest #4 on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Tasks include jumping in place with arms and legs on same side of the body synchronized, and tapping feet and fingers simultaneously, with hands and feet on the same side of the body synchronized. The jumping task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-3 (with 3 representing the best outcome). The tapping task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-4 (with 4 representing the best outcome). | 0-5 minutes | 
| Balance | Subtest #5 on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Tasks include walking forward on a line, standing on one leg on a balance beam with eyes open. Each task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-4 (with 4 representing the best outcome). | 1 minute | 
| Running speed and agility | Subtest #6 on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Task includes one-legged stationary hop. The task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-10 (with 10 representing the best outcome). | 15 seconds | 
| Upper-limb coordination | Subtest #7 on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Tasks include dropping and catching a ball with both hands, dribbling a ball with alternating hands. The dropping and catching task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-5 (with 5 representing the best outcome). The dribbling task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-7 (with 7 representing the best outcome). | 0-5 minutes | 
| Strength | Subtest #8 on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Tasks include knee push-ups and sit-ups. Each task within this subtest is scored on a scale from 0-10 (with 10 representing the best outcome). | 1 minute | 
| Overall Motor Skill Scores | Sum of all scores from the 8 subtests of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Version 2) Short Form. Total scores can range from 0-88 (with 88 representing the best outcome) | 2 minutes | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caregiver reports | Anecdotal reports from caregivers regarding progress of the participant | 5 minutes |