Mushroom Ingestion Study

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The investigators propose to determine the effect of consuming 0, 1 or 2 servings of white button (Agaricus bisporus; most popular, lower ergothioneine) or yellow oyster (Pleurotus citrinopileatus; higher ergothioneine) mushrooms on postprandial changes in plasma levels and urinary excretions of mushroom-specific compounds.

Detailed Description
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The investigators hypothesize that consuming different mushroom varieties will elicit distinct postprandial nutrimetabolomic profiles in the plasma and urine and that the amount of metabolites present will increase with the servings of mushrooms. Measuring ergothioneine in the plasma will provide a quantitative outcome to document the postprandial responses to consuming the test meals. The nutrimetabolomic related outcomes are exploratory and have not been documented in human research.

Official Title
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Mushroom Ingestion Study

Conditions
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Diet, Healthy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Yellow Oyster -- 84 g
* Other: Yellow Oyster -- 168 g
* Other: White button -- 84 g
* Other: White button -- 168 g
* Other: Control


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male or female; age 30-69 y; BMI: 25.0-34.9 kg/m2; Not severely or extremely depressed (Beck's Depression Inventory score ≤30) Total cholesterol <240 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <160 mg/dL, triglycerides <400 mg/dL, fasting glucose <110 mg/dL; Systolic/diastolic blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg; Body weight stable for 3 months prior (± 3 kg); Stable physical activity regimen 3 months prior; Medication use stable for 6 months prior; Non-smoking; Non-diabetic; Not acutely ill; Females not pregnant or lactating; Participants must be willing and able to consume the prescribed diets and travel to testing facilities. Exclusion Criteria: BMI <25 or >35; Severely depressed (Beck's Depression Inventory score >30); Total cholesterol >240 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >160 mg/dL, triglycerides >400 mg/dL, fasting glucose >110 mg/dL; Body weight changes in previous 3 months (±3 kg); Changes in physical activity regimen in the previous 3 months; Medication changes in the previous 6 months; Smoking; Diabetic; Acute illness; Pregnant or lactating; Allergic to mushrooms

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Years
Maximum Age: 69 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: For this randomized crossover study, subjects will consume 5 test meals varying in mushroom content, each separated by a minimum of 10 days (Figure 1). For 3 days prior to each testing day participants will be provided with and instructed to exclusively consume a low-antioxidant run-in diet (low fruit, vegetable, and spice diet) to minimize background concentrations of potential test food-derived compounds of interest. On test days, participants will consume a standardized mixed-macronutrient meal (500 kcal, 75g CHO, 15g Protein, 15g Fat) containing 1) no mushrooms (control), 2) 84 g of raw white button mushrooms served cooked; 3) 168 g of raw white button mushrooms served cooked; 4) 84 g of raw yellow oyster mushrooms served cooked; or 5) 168 g of raw yellow oyster mushrooms served cooked. Between each run-in diet/testing period, participants will consume their usual, unrestricted self-selected diets for a minimum of 7 days.
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Control -- no mushrooms<br>Subjects will be randomized to consume a test day salad with 0 g, 84 g (yellow oyster or white button) or 168 g (yellow or white button) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to serving. | Other: Control<br>* Participants will consume the standardized test day salad only<br>|
| Experimental: Yellow Oyster -- 84 g<br>Subjects will be randomized to consume a test day salad with 0 g, 84 g (yellow oyster or white button) or 168 g (yellow or white button) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to serving. | Other: Yellow Oyster -- 84 g<br>* Participants will consume the standardized test day salad plus 84 g (raw weight) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to being served<br>|
| Experimental: Yellow Oyster -- 168 g<br>Subjects will be randomized to consume a test day salad with 0 g, 84 g (yellow oyster or white button) or 168 g (yellow or white button) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to serving. | Other: Yellow Oyster -- 168 g<br>* Participants will consume the standardized test day salad plus 168 g (raw weight) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to being served<br>|
| Experimental: White button -- 84 g<br>Subjects will be randomized to consume a test day salad with 0 g, 84 g (yellow oyster or white button) or 168 g (yellow or white button) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to serving. | Other: White button -- 84 g<br>* Participants will consume the standardized test day salad plus 84 g (raw weight) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to being served<br>|
| Experimental: White button 168 g<br>Subjects will be randomized to consume a test day salad with 0 g, 84 g (yellow oyster or white button) or 168 g (yellow or white button) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to serving. | Other: White button -- 168 g<br>* Participants will consume the standardized test day salad plus 168 g (raw weight) mushrooms. Mushrooms will be cooked prior to being served<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in plasma glucose | Plasma will be assessed for glucose values prior to salad consumption and in response to the test day meal | 5 hours | 
| Change in plasma insulin | Plasma will be assessed for insulin values prior to salad consumption and in response to the test day meal | 5 hours | 
| Plasma metabolomics | Plasma will be assessed for metabolomics (i.e. ergothioneine) via reverse phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry | 5 hours | 
| Plasma ergothioneine | Plasma will be assessed for ergothioneine concentration, a compound unique to mushrooms | 5 hours | 
| Plasma triglycerides | Plasma will be assessed for triglyceride values at the time of salad consumption and at each hour for 5 hours after salad consumption | 5 hours | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Mediterranean, Mushrooms, Metabolomics