Comparing a Virtual vs. Face to Face Weight Management Program Using Phentermine for Patients With Overweight or Obesity

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study will study the effects associated with the prescription of phentermine in a virtual setting, comparing with prescription of phentermine via a standard face-to-face visit for patients with obesity or overweight.

Detailed Description
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Obesity is a major healthcare problem in the United States affecting over one-third of the population, often increasing the risk of other comorbidities like hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (1) and is also associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. Modest weight loss of 5% has been associated with improvement in obesity as well as obesity related comorbidities and quality of life. (2) The cornerstone for treatment of obesity is behavioral modification and lifestyle changes including dietary modification and physical activity. (3) Adaptive physiologic responses due to increased appetite makes it difficult to achieve weight loss with lifestyle intervention alone. Anti-obesity medications (AOM) are often required as adjuvant therapy for weight loss induction and maintenance, and have the potential to augment further weight loss. (4) Obesity is a chronic disease that often requires chronic treatment and the use of FDA-approved medications to reduce the appetite set-point in the hypothalamus. Currently, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications include: phentermine, phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia), bupropion-naltrexone (Contrave), orlistat (Xenical, Alli) and liraglutide (Saxenda). AOMs remain underutilized and just a minority of patients receive prescription treatment due to cost of therapy, lack of insurance coverage, old requirements of frequent face-to-face visits, lack of physician training, among others. Phentermine is the most affordable and the most commonly prescribed pharmacotherapy for weight loss; however, FDA approval is only for the short-term use (90 days), and in the State of Ohio, face-to-face visits every 30 days were required until recently during the course of treatment. (5) A recent study found that in real-world practice AOMs are associated with clinically meaningful additional weight loss and phentermine therapy was associated with the most weight loss (3.7% weight loss in 12 weeks and an average of 7-12% when enhanced to our current weight management program. (6). Another study has demonstrated that phentermine is one of the most cost-effective pharmacologic weight-loss strategies. (7) A barrier to successful weight loss is patient attrition, as often more than half of patients do not complete lifestyle-based weight loss intervention. (8) Scalable methods for the delivery of obesity treatment that encourages patient participation are needed. A potential way to improve patient participation and weight loss outcomes is through the use of virtual medical visits, remote monitoring, and e-Health. Telemedicine is a growing segment of medical field with the potential to improve access to care removing geographic barriers, extending care to home with the introduction with new technology capabilities that patients are already using on their personal lives. These new modalities have the potential to decrease costs, provide scalable and more accessibility and provide the same quality of care. Several studies have shown the utility of e-Health in the management of chronic conditions, concluding the behavioral changes can be achieved using technological innovation. (9, 10) More recently, the emergency COVID-19 pandemic presented an unprecedented challenge to the current healthcare system, and all institutions are rapidly changing their health care delivery model and quickly adopting telemedicine and remote monitoring and very soon this type of care may become standard. Frequent visits have been shown to be effective facilitating changes in lifestyle, while also addressing psychological aspects. During the last few months, the Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute (EMI) at Cleveland Clinic has switched obesity care to essentially 90% virtual visits. In addition, the federal government and the State of Ohio recently relaxed standards for prescribing controlled substances so providers are now able to prescribe phentermine (and other anti-obesity medications) via telemedicine. If the study is able to demonstrate that a meaningful and safe weight loss can also be achieved via virtual care, this could support making current relaxed recommendations of the State of Ohio permanent, which would represent a significant shift in the current laws and would greatly benefit the care of patients suffering with obesity. Cleveland Clinic's weight management clinic provides an ideal environment to investigate the impact of virtual weight management program for the prescribing of phentermine. The proposed trial will afford the opportunity to study the effects of a well-established weight management program associated with the prescription of phentermine in a virtual setting, comparing its effects with standard face-to-face visit. At the present time, there are no studies which have demonstrated that the use of phentermine, prescribed via telemedicine, will lead to the same outcomes in terms of weight loss. This gap in the literature needs to be rapidly answered in order to shift the current standard of weight management care from face-to-face to virtually provided care. This trial has the potential to lead to major impact on how we manage patients with obesity. If the study shows that a virtual weight management program may be as effective as face-to-face encounters for prescription of anti-obesity mediation (initially with phentermine due to feasibility) this will pave the way for future clinical trials leveraging virtual care as standard of care for management of obesity and prescription of anti-obesity medications.

Official Title
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The Use of a Virtual Weight Management Program for Prescription of Phentermine in Patients With Overweight or Obesity Compared to Standard Face to Face Visits

Conditions
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Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Phentermine 37.5 Mg
* Behavioral: Dietary program
* Behavioral: Exercise program


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age 18-65 years old Body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 27 with 1 or more comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, PCOS, dyslipidemia, congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis) OR a BMI or 30 or greater Able to log into an online platform or have a smartphone Willing to join a virtual weight management program Exclusion Criteria: Contraindication for use of phentermine Female who is pregnant, breast-feeding, or intends to become pregnant or is of child-bearing potential and not using adequate contraceptive methods Participation in another clinical trial within 30 days of screening Cardiovascular disease including uncontrolled hypertension or history of arrhythmias Treatment with any medication with the intention of weight loss within 180 days before screening Use of Topiramate within 180 days of screening Previous history of bariatric surgery or use of minimally invasive weight loss devices

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Prospective, Randomized, Single-center, Parallel-group trial comparing the use of virtual visit for prescription of phentermine versus standard face-to-face visits for weight management
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Virtual Visits<br>All patients will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patient will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and also by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist via telemedicine. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated), and will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored remotely and patients will receive a remote scale and a remote blood pressure cuff. Subjects will then initiate 3 one to one virtual visits with the obesity specialist. On each of this visit the five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. A personalized nutrition and exercise program will be developed. If felt relevant by the provider, subjects may also be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic. All medical care will be provided virtually. | Drug: Phentermine 37.5 Mg<br>* Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration<br>* Other names: Lomaira;Behavioral: Dietary program<br>* Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician<br>Behavioral: Exercise program<br>* Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program<br>|
| Active Comparator: Face to face visits<br>All patients independently of the randomization arm will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patients will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and patient will also be seen face to face by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated). Patients will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored in each of the visits. Subjects will then initiate 3 face to face visits with the obesity specialist provider every 4 weeks. The five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. The patient will be provided a personalized nutrition and exercise program and may be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic per provider discretion. All medical care will be provided via a face-to-face manner. | Drug: Phentermine 37.5 Mg<br>* Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration<br>* Other names: Lomaira;Behavioral: Dietary program<br>* Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician<br>Behavioral: Exercise program<br>* Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in Body Weight (Percentage) | The primary endpoint is mean change in body weight (%) from baseline (visit 1) to 12 weeks (visit 4) in body weight. | 12 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Adherence to Weight Management Program | Assessed as percentage of patients who completed all visits | 12 weeks | 
| Adherence to Medication Use | Percentage of patients that took the medication as prescribed | 12 weeks | 
| Percentage of Patients That Tolerated Full Dosage of Phentermine (37.5mg) |  | 12 weeks | 
| Percentage of Patients Who Achieved More Than 5% Weight Loss Over the Course of the Study (12 Weeks) |  | 12 weeks |