Acute Effects of Coffee on Appetite and Inflammation Markers, Glucose Metabolism and Energy Intake

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of the study is to investigate whether caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption has acute effects on subjective appetite feelings, energy intake and biochemical markers related to appetite, inflammation and glucose metabolism compared to water consumption.

Detailed Description
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Coffee is a pharmacologically active, widely consumed beverage. Scientific interest in relation to coffee consumption has been revisited the last decade in the light of new, mainly epidemiological, evidence indicating its potential health benefits. In specific, both cross-sectional and prospective studies indicate that coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk for type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, an inverse association has been found between coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and/or diabetic participants, although the opposite effect has also been reported, mainly in relation to inflammation markers. In relation to body weight, epidemiological data suggest that increment in caffeine consumption is associated with lower mean weight gain and energy intake during a 12-y period. However, information from clinical studies is scarce. Acute caffeine and/or coffee consumption have been associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. In relation to inflammation, animal studies have indicated a beneficial or no effect of coffee consumption, whereas a clinical study in humans found an increase in adiponectin and a decrease in interleukin-18 (IL-18) blood concentrations after a monthly intervention including daily consumption of 8 cups of coffee. As far as energy balance is concerned, there is an early experiment demonstrating that the ingestion of 300 mg of caffeine prior to food intake, compared to the non-caffeine intake, significantly reduced energy intake by 21.7% in men, but not in women. A more recent study has found that the combination of caffeine and red pepper is positively associated with energy expenditure and negatively with energy intake, whereas, it has also been reported a positive association between habitual caffeine intake and body weight loss achieved through a very-low-calorie diet. Taking into consideration the limited clinical evidence regarding the acute effect of coffee consumption on appetite-related markers, subsequent energy intake and inflammatory markers, we undertook a clinical study of crossover design to investigate the short-term changes on energy intake, subjective appetite ratings, appetite hormones, inflammation markers and glucose metabolism after caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption.

Official Title
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Acute Effects of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption on Energy Intake, Appetite, Inflammation and Glucose Metabolism

Conditions
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Health

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: healthy non-obese Exclusion Criteria: smokers restrained eaters (as this was evaluated using the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and a total score > 2.5) those who reported slimming or any other dietary regime abstainers from caffeine sources athletes during competition period participants with a known diagnosis of either hypertension, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance or a fasting blood glucose concentration above 125 mg/dl subjects on medication for hypertension or on medication known to alter glucose metabolism subjects who were on medication that may have an impact on appetite and sensory functioning or who reported a metabolic or endocrine disease, gastrointestinal disorders, or a history of medical or surgical events that may have affected the study outcomes

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: caffeinated coffee<br>200 mL caffeinated coffee with 3 mg caffeine per kg body weight | Other: caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee<br>* 3 treatments on separate days, i.e. a standard breakfast with oral ingestion of 200 ml of either caffeinated coffee (3mg caffeine/kg body weight), decaffeinated coffee or water<br>|
| Experimental: decaffeinated coffee<br>200 mL decaffeinated coffee, same amount as caffeinated coffee | Other: caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee<br>* 3 treatments on separate days, i.e. a standard breakfast with oral ingestion of 200 ml of either caffeinated coffee (3mg caffeine/kg body weight), decaffeinated coffee or water<br>|
| Experimental: Water<br>200 mL, control intervention | Other: caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee<br>* 3 treatments on separate days, i.e. a standard breakfast with oral ingestion of 200 ml of either caffeinated coffee (3mg caffeine/kg body weight), decaffeinated coffee or water<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Energy ad Libitum Meal | The energy of first meal 3 hr after ingestion | 3 hr post ingestion | 
| Total Energy Intake | the energy consumed at breakfast, ad libitum meal and rest of the experimental day | 1 d | 
| Ghrelin Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | 
| Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY) Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | 
| Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | 
| Adiponectin Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 h post ingestion | 
| Inteleukin-6 Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | 
| Interleukin-18 Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | 
| Glucose Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | 
| Insulin Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | 
| Cortisol Total Area Under the Curve | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Serum Antioxidant Capacity Total Area Under the Curve | Serum samples, collected 15 min before ingestion, immediately after ingestion, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min and 150 min after ingestion were analyzed for the ex vivo serum resistance to oxidative stress, that was induced by copper sulfate (CuSO4). The analysis of all collected samples was performed by the measurement of conjugated diene formation, which was monitored for every sample of all time points every 2 min for a 3.5 h period at 234 nm in a microplate spectrophotometer. Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 min postconsumption. | 15 min before ingestion to 21/2 hr post ingestion | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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inflammation, cortisol, glucose, randomized controlled trial, coffee, appetite, energy intake