Anemia Studies in Chronic Kidney Disease: Erythropoiesis Via a Novel Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Daprodustat-Non-Dialysis (ASCEND-ND)

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this multi-center event-driven study in non-dialysis (ND) participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of daprodustat compared to darbepoetin alfa.

Official Title
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A Phase 3 Randomized, Open-label (Sponsor-blind), Active-controlled, Parallel-group, Multi-center, Event Driven Study in Non-dialysis Subjects With Anemia Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Daprodustat Compared to Darbepoetin Alfa

Conditions
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Anaemia

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Daprodustat
* Drug: Darbepoetin alfa
* Drug: Placebo
* Drug: Iron Therapy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age: 18 to 99 years of age (inclusive) CKD stage: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) CKD stages 3, 4, or 5 defined by electronic eGFR using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula. Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs)/Hgb: Group 1 (not using ESAs): No ESA use within the 6 weeks prior to screening and no ESA use between screening and randomization (Day 1). Group 2 (ESA users): Use of any approved ESA for the 6 weeks prior to screening and continuing between screening and randomization. For Group 1 (not using ESAs), Hgb concentration at Week -8 and Week 1 should be 8 to 10 gram per deciliter (g/dL). For Group 2 (ESA users), Hgb concentration at Week -8 should be 8 to 12 g/dL and at Week 1 should be 8 to 11 g/dL. >=80% and <=120% compliance with placebo during run-in period. Informed consent (screening only): capable of giving signed informed consent which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions. Exclusion Criteria: Dialysis: On dialysis or clinical evidence of impending need to initiate dialysis within 90 days after study start (Day 1). Kidney transplant: Planned living-related or living-unrelated kidney transplant within 52 weeks after study start (Day 1). Ferritin: <=100 nanograms (ng)/milliliter (mL) (<=100 micrograms/liter [L]) at screening. Transferrin saturation (TSAT) (screening only): <=20%. Aplasias: History of bone marrow aplasia or pure red cell aplasia. Other causes of anemia: untreated pernicious anemia, thalassemia major, sickle cell disease or myelodysplastic syndrome. Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding: Evidence of actively bleeding gastric, duodenal, or esophageal ulcer disease or clinically significant GI bleeding <=4 weeks prior to screening through to randomization (Day 1). MI or acute coronary syndrome: <=4 weeks prior to screening through to randomization (Day 1). Stroke or transient ischemic attack: <=4 weeks prior to screening through to randomization (Day 1). Heart failure (HF): Chronic Class IV HF, as defined by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification system. Current uncontrolled hypertension: Current uncontrolled hypertension as determined by the investigator. Bazett's corrected QT interval (QTcB) (Day 1): QTcB >500 millisecond (msec), or QTcB >530 msec in subjects with bundle branch block. There is no Q-T Interval Corrected for Heart Rate (QTc) exclusion for subjects with a predominantly ventricular paced rhythm. Alanine transaminase (ALT): >2x upper limit of normal (ULN) at screening. Bilirubin: >1.5xULN at screening. Current unstable liver or biliary disease per investigator assessment, generally defined by the presence of ascites, encephalopathy, coagulopathy, hypoalbuminaemia, esophageal or gastric varices, persistent jaundice, or cirrhosis. Malignancy: History of malignancy within the 2 years prior to screening through to randomization (Day 1) or currently receiving treatment for cancer, or complex kidney cyst (example [e.g.] Bosniak Category II F, III or IV) > 3 centimeter (cm); with the exception of localized squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma of the skin that has been definitively treated >=4 weeks prior to screening. Severe allergic reactions: History of severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions or hypersensitivity to excipients in the investigational product, or darbepoetin alfa. Drugs and supplements: Use of strong inhibitors of Cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8) (e.g., gemfibrozil) or strong inducers of CYP2C8 (e.g., rifampin/rifampicin). Other study participation: Use of other investigational agent or device prior to screening through to randomization (Day 1). At screening, this exclusion applies to use of the investigational agent within 30 days or within five half lives (whichever is longer). Prior treatment with daprodustat: Any prior treatment with daprodustat for treatment duration of >30 days. Females only: Subject is pregnant [as confirmed by a positive urine human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) test for females of reproductive potential (FRP) only], subject is breastfeeding, or subject is of reproductive potential and does not agree to follow one of the contraceptive options. Other Conditions: Any other condition, clinical or laboratory abnormality, or examination finding that the investigator considers would put the subject at unacceptable risk, which may affect study compliance (e.g., intolerance to darbepoetin alfa) or prevent understanding of the aims or investigational procedures or possible consequences of the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 99 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Daprodustat<br>Participants will receive oral daprodustat once daily. | Drug: Daprodustat<br>* The initial dose or oral daprodustat for ESA naïve subjects is based on Hgb and for ESA users is based on prior ESA dose. The dose is adjusted thereafter in order to achieve the target range.<br>Drug: Placebo<br>* Oral placebo tablets will be taken from Week -4 up to randomization (Day 1).<br>Drug: Iron Therapy<br>* Participants will receive supplemental iron therapy if ferritin is <=100 ng/mL or TSAT is <=20%. The investigator will choose the route of administration and dose of iron.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Darbepoetin alfa<br>Participants will be administered darbepoetin alfa subcutaneously (SC). | Drug: Darbepoetin alfa<br>* The initial dose of darbepoetin alfa to be administered for SC injection for ESA naïve subjects is based in Hgb and weight, and for ESA users is based on converting the prior ESA dose to the nearest available study darbepoetin alfa dose. The dose is adjusted thereafter in order to achieve the target range. IV darbepoetin alfa can be considered for participants transitioning to hemodialysis.<br>Drug: Placebo<br>* Oral placebo tablets will be taken from Week -4 up to randomization (Day 1).<br>Drug: Iron Therapy<br>* Participants will receive supplemental iron therapy if ferritin is <=100 ng/mL or TSAT is <=20%. The investigator will choose the route of administration and dose of iron.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE) During Cardiovascular (CV) Events Follow-up Time Period (Non-inferiority Analysis) | Time to MACE defined as time to first occurrence of Clinical Events Committee (CEC) adjudicated MACE (composite of all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction [MI] and non-fatal stroke) was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) use at randomization and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) plus (+) 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100 multiplied [*] number of participants with at least 1 event) divided by [/] first event person-years) is presented along with 95 percent (%) confidence interval (CI). First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Mean Change From Baseline in Hgb Levels Over the Evaluation Period (Week 28 to Week 52) | Blood samples were collected from participants for Hgb measurements. Hgb during the evaluation period was defined as the mean of all available post-randomization Hgb values (on and off-treatment) during the evaluation period (Week 28 to Week 52). For the primary analysis missing post-Baseline Hgb values were imputed using pre-specified multiple imputation methods. Change from Baseline was defined as post-Baseline value minus (-) Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. Analysis was performed using the Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with terms for treatment, Baseline Hgb, current ESA use and region. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1) and evaluation period (Week 28 to Week 52) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated MACE During CV Events Follow-up Time Period (Superiority Analysis) | Time to MACE defined as the time to first occurrence of CEC adjudicated MACE was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariate. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. This endpoint was adjusted for multiplicity using the Holm-Bonferonni method. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated MACE or Thromboembolic Event During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated MACE or thromboembolic event (vascular access thrombosis, symptomatic deep vein thrombosis or symptomatic pulmonary embolism) was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. This endpoint was adjusted for multiplicity using the Holm-Bonferonni method. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated MACE or Hospitalization for Heart Failure During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated MACE or hospitalization for heart failure was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. This endpoint was adjusted for multiplicity using the Holm-Bonferonni method. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Progression During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Progression of CKD defined as: 40% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from Baseline or end stage renal disease (ESRD) as defined by either initiating chronic dialysis for >=90 days or not initiating chronic dialysis when dialysis is indicated or kidney transplantation. Time to first occurrence of CKD progression was analyzed using Fine and Gray's proportional subdistribution hazard regression model with treatment group, Baseline ESA use and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) +1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event+cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated All-Cause Mortality During Vital Status for Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated all-cause mortality was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the vital status follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for vital status follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated CV Mortality During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated CV mortality was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated Myocardial Infarction (MI) (Fatal and Non-Fatal) During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated MI (fatal and non-fatal) was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated Stroke (Fatal and Non-Fatal) During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated stroke (fatal and non-fatal) was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Number of Participants With Adjudicated MACE or Hospitalization for Heart Failure (Recurrent Events Analysis) | Number of participants with adjudicated MACE or hospitalization for heart failure (recurrent events analysis) is presented, categorized by number of occurrences of adjudicated MACE or hospitalization for heart failure per participant. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated CV Mortality or Non-Fatal MI During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated CV mortality or non-fatal MI was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of All-Cause Hospitalization During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | All-cause hospitalization events were hospital admissions recorded on the hospitalization electronic case report form (eCRF) form with a hospitalization duration >=24 hours. Time to first occurrence of all-cause hospitalization was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of All-Cause Hospital Re-admission Within 30 Days During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | All-cause hospital re-admissions within 30days are defined as hospital admissions recorded on hospitalization electronic case record form with hospitalization duration of >=24 hours and admission date within 30days following previous discharge date of all-cause hospitalization event, where previous hospitalization was >=24hours.Time to first occurrence of all-cause hospital re-admission within 30days was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization and region as covariates.Time to the first occurrence was computed as(event date - randomization date)+1. Incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as(100*number of participants with at least 1event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event+cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated MACE or Hospitalization for Heart Failure or Thromboembolic Events During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated MACE or hospitalization for heart failure or thromboembolic events were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated Hospitalization for Heart Failure During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated hospitalization for heart failure was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated Thromboembolic Events During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of adjudicated thromboembolic events were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date) + 1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Confirmed 40% Decline in eGFR During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of confirmed 40% decline in eGFR was analyzed using a Fine & Gray's proportional subdistribution hazard regression model with treatment group, Baseline ESA use and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date)+1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Chronic Dialysis During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of chronic dialysis was analyzed using a Fine & Gray's proportional subdistribution hazard regression model with treatment group, Baseline ESA use and region as covariates. Chronic dialysis is defined by either initiating dialysis for >=90 days or not initiating chronic dialysis when dialysis is indicated. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date)+1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Time to First Occurrence of Kidney Transplant During CV Events Follow-up Time Period | Time to first occurrence of kidney transplant were analyzed using a Fine & Gray's proportional subdistribution hazard regression model with treatment group, Baseline ESA use and region as covariates. Time to the first occurrence was computed as (event date minus randomization date)+1. The incidence rate per 100 person years calculated as (100*number of participants with at least 1 event)/first event person-years) is presented along with 95% CI. First event person years=(cumulative total time to first event for participants who have the event + cumulative total of censored time for participants without the event)/365.25, based on the CV follow-up time period. | Up to 4.3 person-years for CV follow-up time period | 
| Change From Baseline in Post-randomization Hgb Levels at Week 52 | Blood samples were collected from participants for Hgb measurements. Change from Baseline was defined as post-randomization value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. Analysis was performed using mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) model fitted from Baseline up to Week 52, excluding values collected during the stabilization period, with factors for treatment, time, current ESA use, region, Baseline Hgb and Baseline Hgb by time and treatment by time interactions. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1) and Week 52 | 
| Number of Hgb Responders in the Hgb Analysis Range (10 to 11.5 Grams/Deciliter) During Evaluation Period (Week 28 to Week 52) | Mean Hgb during the evaluation period was defined as the mean of all evaluable Hgb values during the evaluation period (Week 28 to Week 52) including any evaluable unscheduled Hgb values that were taken during this time period. Hgb responders were defined as participants with a mean Hgb during the evaluation period that falls within the Hgb analysis range of 10-11.5 g/dL. | Week 28 to Week 52 | 
| Percentage of Time With Hgb in the Analysis Range (10 to 11.5 Grams/Deciliter) During Evaluation Period (Week 28 to Week 52): Non-inferiority Analysis | Percentage of days for which a participant's Hgb was within the analysis range of 10-11.5 g/dL (both inclusive) during the evaluation period (Week 28 to Week 52), including any unscheduled evaluable Hgb values that were taken during this time period was calculated. Percentage of time in the analysis range during evaluation period is calculated as time in range during the evaluation period / [Earlier of (Date of the last evaluable Hgb value, Week 52 visit date) - Later of (Date of the first evaluable Hgb value that between Week 16 and Week 52 inclusive, Week 28 visit date)]. | Week 28 to Week 52 | 
| Percentage of Time With Hgb in the Analysis Range (10 to 11.5 Grams/Deciliter) During Evaluation Period (Week 28 to Week 52): Superiority Analysis | Percentage of days for which a participant's Hgb was within the analysis range of 10-11.5 g/dL (both inclusive) during the evaluation period (Week 28 to Week 52), including any unscheduled evaluable Hgb values that were taken during this time period was calculated. Percentage of time in the analysis range during evaluation period is calculated as time in range during the evaluation period / [Earlier of (Date of the last evaluable Hgb value, Week 52 visit date) - Later of (Date of the first evaluable Hgb value that between Week 16 and Week 52 inclusive, Week 28 visit date)]. | Week 28 to Week 52 | 
| Percentage of Time With Hgb in the Analysis Range (10 to 11.5 Grams/Deciliter) During Maintenance Period (Week 28 to End of Study): Non-inferiority Analysis | Percentage of days for which a participant's Hgb was within the analysis range of 10-11.5 g/dL (both inclusive) during the maintenance period (Week 28 to end of study), including any unscheduled evaluable Hgb values that were taken during this time period was calculated. Percentage of time in the analysis range during maintenance period is calculated as time in range during the maintenance period / [Earlier of (Date of the last evaluable Hgb value, End of study date)- Later of (Date of the first evaluable Hgb value that is on or after week 16, Week 28 visit date)]. | Week 28 to end of study (4.3 person-years for follow-up time period) | 
| Percentage of Time With Hemoglobin in the Analysis Range (10 to 11.5 Grams/Deciliter) During Maintenance Period (Week 28 to End of Study): Superiority Analysis | Percentage of days for which a participant's Hgb was within the analysis range of 10-11.5 g/dL (both inclusive) during the maintenance period (Week 28 to end of study), including any unscheduled evaluable Hgb values that were taken during this time period was calculated. Percentage of time in the analysis range during maintenance period is calculated as time in range during the maintenance period / [Earlier of (Date of the last evaluable Hgb value, End of study date)- Later of (Date of the first evaluable Hgb value that is on or after week 16, Week 28 visit date)]. | Week 28 to end of study (4.3 person-years for follow-up time period) | 
| Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) at Week 52 | SBP, DBP and MAP were measured in a seated position after at least a 5-minutes of rest. MAP is the average (BP) in an individual's arteries during a single cardiac cycle. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. Analysis was performed using MMRM model with treatment group + time + current ESA use at randomization + region + Baseline value + Baseline value*time + treatment group*time, using an unstructured covariance matrix. Data for post-dialysis BP measurements have been presented. | Baseline (Week -4) and Week 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in SBP, DBP, MAP at End of Treatment | SBP, DBP and MAP were measured in a seated position after at least a 5-minutes of rest. MAP is an average BP in an individual's arteries during a single cardiac cycle. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. Analysis was performed using ANCOVA model with terms for treatment group, current ESA use at randomization, region and Baseline value. Data for post-dialysis BP measurements have been presented. | Baseline (Week -4) and 51.1 months | 
| Blood Pressure (BP) Exacerbation Event Rate Per 100 Participant Years | BP exacerbation event (based on post-dialysis) was defined as: SBP >= 25 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) increased from Baseline or SBP >=180 mmHg; DBP >=15 mmHg increased from Baseline or DBP >=110 mmHg. The BP exacerbation events per 100 participant years was estimated using the negative binomial model with treatment, current ESA use at randomization and region as covariates and the logarithm of time on-treatment as an offset variable. Data for post-dialysis BP measurements have been presented. | Day 1 to end of treatment (51.1 months) | 
| Number of Participants With at Least One BP Exacerbation Event During Study | BP exacerbation was defined as: SBP >= 25 mmHg increased from Baseline or SBP >=180 mmHg; DBP >=15 mmHg increased from Baseline or DBP >=110 mmHg. Number of participants with at least one BP exacerbation event is presented. | Day 1 to end of treatment (51.1 months) | 
| Percentage of Participants Permanently Stopping Randomized Treatment Due to Meeting Rescue Criteria | Percentage of participants permanently stopping randomized treatment due to meeting rescue criteria has been presented. | Day 1 to 51.1 months | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment Physical Component Score (PCS) Using Short Form (SF)-36 Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Questionnaire at Weeks 8, 12, 28, 52 | The SF-36 acute version 2 is a 36-item generic quality of life instrument designed to measure a participant's level of performance in the following 8 health domains: physical functioning, role-physical (role limitations caused by physical problems), social functioning, bodily pain, mental health, role-emotional (role limitations caused by emotional problems), vitality and general health. Each domain is scored from 0 (poorer health) to 100 (better health). The PCS is an average score derived from 4 domains (physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain and general health) representing overall physical health. PCS ranges from 0 to 100; higher score represents better health. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1), Weeks 8, 12, 28 and 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment Mental Component Score (MCS) Using SF-36 HRQoL Questionnaire at Weeks 8, 12, 28, 52 | The SF-36 acute version 2 is a 36-item generic quality of life instrument designed to measure a participant's level of performance in the following 8 health domains: physical functioning, role-physical (role limitations caused by physical problems), social functioning, bodily pain, mental health, role-emotional (role limitations caused by emotional problems), vitality and general health. Each domain is scored from 0 (poorer health) to 100 (better health). MCS is an average score derived from 4 domains (vitality, social functioning, role-emotional and mental health) representing overall mental health. MCS ranges from 0 to 100; higher scores represent better health. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1), Weeks 8, 12, 28 and 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment SF-36 HRQoL Scores for Bodily Pain, General Health, Mental Health, Role-Emotional, Role-Physical, Social Functioning at Weeks 8, 12, 28, 52 | The SF-36 acute version 2 is a 36-item generic quality of life instrument designed to measure a participant's level of performance in the following 8 health domains: bodily pain (b pain), general health (GH), mental health (MH), role-emotional (RE) (role limitations caused by emotional problems), role-physical (RP) (role limitations caused by physical problems), social functioning (SF), physical functioning and vitality. Each domain is scored from 0 (poorer health) to 100 (better health). Each domain score ranges from 0 to 100, higher score indicates a better health state and better functioning. Change from Baseline (BL) was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1), Weeks 8, 12, 28 and 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment Vitality Scores Using SF-36 HRQoL Questionnaire at Weeks 8, 12, 28, 52 | The SF-36 acute version 2 is a 36-item generic quality of life instrument designed to measure a participant's level of performance in the following 8 health domains: physical functioning, role-physical (role limitations caused by physical problems), social functioning, bodily pain, mental health, role-emotional (role limitations caused by emotional problems), vitality and general health. Each domain is scored from 0 (poorer health) to 100 (better health). Vitality score ranges from 0 to 100; higher scores represent better health. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1), Weeks 8, 12, 28 and 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment Physical Functioning Domain Scores Using SF-36 HRQoL Questionnaire at Weeks 8, 12, 28, 52 | The SF-36 acute version 2 is a 36-item generic quality of life instrument designed to measure a participant's level of performance in the following 8 health domains: physical functioning, role-physical (role limitations caused by physical problems), social functioning, bodily pain, mental health, role-emotional (role limitations caused by emotional problems), vitality and general health. Each domain is scored from 0 (poorer health) to 100 (better health). Physical functioning score ranges from 0 to 100; higher scores represent better health. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1), Weeks 8, 12, 28 and 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment Health Utility EuroQol 5 Dimensions 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L) Questionnaire Score at Week 52 | EQ-5D-5L is self-assessment questionnaire, consisting of 5 items covering 5 dimensions (mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression). Each dimension is measured by 5-point Likert scale (1=no problems, 2=slight problems, 3=moderate problems, 4=severe problems and 5=extreme problems). Responses for 5 dimensions together formed a 5-figure description of health state (e.g.11111 indicates no problems in all 5 dimensions). Each of these 5 figure health states were converted to a single index score by applying country-specific value set formula that attaches weights to dimensions and levels. Range for EQ-5D-5L index score is -0.594 (worst health) to 1 (full health state). Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1) and Week 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment EQ Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) at Week 52 | The EQ VAS records the respondent's self-rated health on a vertical VAS, ranging from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst imaginable health and 100 represents the best imaginable health. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1) and Week 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment Chronic Kidney Disease- Anemia Symptoms Questionnaire (CKD-AQ) at Weeks 8, 12, 28, 52 | CKD-AQ is 21-item patient reported outcome measure assessing symptoms and symptom impact in participants with anemia associated with CKD. It had 3 domains: 1.Tired/Low Energy (LE)/Weak scale consisting of 10 items; 2.Chest Pain (CP)/Shortness of Breath (SOB) scale consisting of 4 items; and 3.Cognitive (Cog) scale consisting of 3 items. The 4 CKD-AQ single items are: shortness of breath, no activity; severity-short breath (S-SB), resting; difficulty standing (diff. std.)for long time (LT) and difficulty sleeping (diff sleep). Single-item were recorded based on a 0-100 scoring with 0=worst possible and 100=best possible score. Three domains scores were calculated as average of items in each domain and ranged from 0-100 where 0=worst possible and 100=best possible score. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Day 1) and Weeks 8, 12, 28, 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in On-treatment Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S) at Weeks 8, 12, 28, 52 | The PGI-S is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess participant's impression of disease severity on a 5-point disease severity scale (0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe, or 4=very severe). A higher score indicated more disease severity. Change from Baseline was calculated as on-treatment visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1), Weeks 8, 12, 28 and 52 | 
| Change From Baseline in Post-randomization Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) at Week 52 | Blood samples were collected to analyze estimated glomerular filtration rate. Change from Baseline was calculated as post-Baseline visit value minus Baseline value. Baseline was defined as the latest non-missing pre-dose assessment on or before the randomization date. | Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1) and Week 52 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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daprodustat, chronic kidney disease, GSK1278863, hemoglobin, anemia, non-dialysis, erythropoiesis stimulating agents