Running Title: PPAR-γ, RXR-α, and VDR Expressions in Periodontitis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Objective: The present study aimed to determine the expressions of nuclear receptors PPAR (Peroxisome proliferative activator receptor)-γ, RXR (Retinoid X receptor)-α, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in healthy volunteers and periodontitis patients with different grade involvement. Methods: Group-1; healthy individuals, Group-2; periodontitis patients-stage 3 grade B, (H-GradeB), Group-3; periodontitis patients-stage 3 grade C, (D-GradeC). Clinical parameters as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were measured. Fibroblast and inflammatory cells, PPAR-γ, RXR-α, and VDR levels were determined in histological slides.

Official Title
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PPAR-γ, RXR-α, and VDR Expressions in Periodontitis Patients With Different Stage and Grade Involvement

Conditions
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Periodontitis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: Gingiva Biopsy Sampling


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: systemic health no drug use no previous periodontal treatment within six months no tobacco use Exclusion Criteria: pregnant or lactating women patients used antibiotics in the last 6 months
Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Group-1<br>Healthy individuals | Diagnostic Test: Gingiva Biopsy Sampling<br>* Gingival samples of healthy individuals were collected by gingivectomy or crown lengthening procedure in the routine treatment protocol or before orthodontically indicated tooth extraction. Gingival samples of periodontitis patients were obtained during the scaling and root planning procedure. Posterior maxillary teeth (#4, #5, #6, and #7) were chosen for gingival sampling.<br>|
| Group-2<br>Periodontitis patients-stage 3-grade B | Diagnostic Test: Gingiva Biopsy Sampling<br>* Gingival samples of healthy individuals were collected by gingivectomy or crown lengthening procedure in the routine treatment protocol or before orthodontically indicated tooth extraction. Gingival samples of periodontitis patients were obtained during the scaling and root planning procedure. Posterior maxillary teeth (#4, #5, #6, and #7) were chosen for gingival sampling.<br>|
| Group-3<br>Periodontitis patients-stage 3-grade C | Diagnostic Test: Gingiva Biopsy Sampling<br>* Gingival samples of healthy individuals were collected by gingivectomy or crown lengthening procedure in the routine treatment protocol or before orthodontically indicated tooth extraction. Gingival samples of periodontitis patients were obtained during the scaling and root planning procedure. Posterior maxillary teeth (#4, #5, #6, and #7) were chosen for gingival sampling.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Inflammatory cell counts | Connective tissues were evaluated, and inflammatory cell infiltration were counted in the H&E stained slides using a light microscope (Nikon Eclipse, E 600, Tokyo, Japan). For cell counting, connective tissue neighboring gingival epithelium was marked, and a cell counting frame of 10000 µm2 was marked. Inflammatory cells (neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and macrophage cells) within the frame were counted. The measurements were performed from three different points, and the mean of these three measurements was recorded. | During histological tissue processing | 
| Fibroblasts counts | For cell counting, connective tissue neighboring gingival epithelium was marked, and a cell counting frame of 10000 µm2 was marked. The fibroblast counts within the frame were counted. The measurements were performed from three different points, and the mean of these three measurements was recorded. | During histological tissue processing | 
| PPAR (Peroxisome proliferative activator receptor)-γ | PPAR (Peroxisome proliferative activator receptor)-γ levels were determined via immunohistochemistry. | During histological tissue processing | 
| RXR (Retinoid X receptor)-α | RXR (Retinoid X receptor)-α levels were determined via immunohistochemistry. | During histological tissue processing | 
| Vitamin D receptor (VDR) | Vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels were determined via immunohistochemistry. | During histological tissue processing | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Periodontitis, PPAR-γ, RXR-α, VDR