Effects of Polyphenolic-rich Dark Chocolate/Cocoa and Almonds on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the individual and combined effects of dark chocolate/cocoa and almonds on lipids, lipoproteins, antioxidant defense, lipid peroxidation, phenolic acids, inflammatory status, blood pressure and arterial health. It is hypothesized that dark chocolate/cocoa and/or almonds will favorably affect lipids, lipoproteins, antioxidants, inflammatory status, blood pressure and arterial health compared to a healthy American control diet; however, the effects will be greater when dark chocolate/cocoa and almonds are consumed together versus consumption of each food individually.

Official Title
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Effects of Polyphenolic-rich Dark Chocolate/Cocoa and Almonds on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Conditions
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Cardiovascular Disease

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Healthy American Control Diet
* Other: Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Diet
* Other: Almond Diet
* Other: Dark Chocolate/Cocoa + Almond Diet


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Overweight and obese (BMI ≥25, ≤40 kg/m2) Moderately elevated LDL-C between the 25-95th percentile from NHANES: 105-194 mg/dL for males; 98-190 mg/dL for females. Exclusion Criteria: Tobacco use Systolic blood pressure ≥159 mm Hg Diastolic blood pressure ≥ 99 mm Hg A history of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, kidney disease, and thyroid disease (unless controlled on meds) Blood pressure or cholesterol-lowering medication use Refusal to discontinue intake of putative cholesterol-lowering supplements (e.g. psyllium, fish oil, soy lecithin, niacin, fiber, flax, stanols/sterols) Vegetarianism or dietary practices that are inconsistent with the test diets Nut allergies Refusal to discontinue nutritional supplements, herbs, or vitamins History of inflammatory gastrointestinal disease

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Healthy American Control Diet<br> | Other: Healthy American Control Diet<br>* The Control Diet will be comprised of the same foods as the test diets except for the isocaloric substitution of almonds and/or dark chocolate and cocoa for sources of saturated fat; an approximate 250 kcal substitution. In an effort to keep all the diets consistent (except for the specific foods to be tested), the Control Diet will be slightly higher in fiber (20-25g) and lower in cholesterol ( 250 mg) than the typical consumption practices (15g and 278 mg, respectively).<br>|
| Experimental: Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Diet<br> | Other: Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Diet<br>* The Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Diet will include a daily hot cocoa beverage containing 11g of natural cocoa powder and 6 pieces of Hershey's Bliss Dark Chocolate (43g of dark chocolate). This amount of dark chocolate and cocoa will allow for the isocaloric substitution with 1.5oz almonds. The total diet will provide  33% of calories from fat. The SFA ( 12%) in the Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Diet will match that of the Control Diet and be slightly higher than the Almond Diet, however the saturated fat will be comprised largely of stearic acid from the dark chocolate; cholesterol will be ≤200 mg/day. The fiber in the Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Diet will be higher than both the Control and Almond Diets due to the fiber content of the dark chocolate ( 9g).<br>|
| Experimental: Almond Diet<br> | Other: Almond Diet<br>* The Almond Diet will include 1.5 oz of almonds daily and provide  34% of calories from fat. The Almond Diet will be lower in SFA than the Control and Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Diets, containing   8-9% calories from SFA. In addition, both almond containing diets will be slightly higher in MUFA and PUFA than the Control and Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Diets, as a result of the nutrient profile of the almonds. Cholesterol will be ≤200 mg/day; fiber will be increased compared to the Control Diet due to the inclusion of almonds.<br>|
| Experimental: Dark Chocolate/Cocoa + Almond Diet<br> | Other: Dark Chocolate/Cocoa + Almond Diet<br>* This diet is designed to test the additive effects of combining consumption of dark chocolate and cocoa with almonds. The diet will include the same hot cocoa beverage (11g) and dark chocolate pieces (43g) plus 1.5 oz of almonds. Additional high saturated fat foods are removed from the Control Diet to account for both the dark chocolate and almonds. As a result, the total fat will be similar to the other three test diets at  34-35% and the SFA will match that of the Almond Diet at  8-9%. The fiber content of this diet will be highest ( 35g); cholesterol will remain ≤200 mg/day.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lipid/lipoprotein change (standard panel) | Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure change |  | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| Flow-mediated dilation change |  | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| Lipoprotein class and subclass change | The VAP© Test provides a direct measure of the following lipid and lipoprotein classes and subclasses: LDL, Lp(a), IDL, LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, LDL4, HDL, HDL2, HDL3, VLDL, VLDL1+2, VLDL3, TC, TG, Non-HDL, Remnant Lipoproteins, ApoB100, and ApoA1. | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Serum C-reactive protein change |  | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| Serum insulin change |  | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| Serum glucose change |  | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| Plasma flavonoid change |  | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| LDL oxidation potential change (plasma) | The ex vivo resistance of LDL to Cu2+-mediated oxidation will be determined. | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| Urinary F2α-isoprostane change |  | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) | 
| Plasma tocopherol change |  | 0 wk, 4 wk, 10 wk, 16 wk, and 22 wk (at baseline and after each of the 4 diet periods) |