Metabolomic and BH3 Profiling of Esophageal Cancers: Identification of Novel Assessment Methods of Treatment Response for Precision Therapy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Background: The number of patients with esophageal cancer keeps rising. For many patients, a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation is necessary to completely treat the disease. Usually, patients receive chemotherapy and radiation at the same time followed by surgery to remove the part of the esophagus with the tumor (Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT)). Researchers want to learn how to make this treatment more effective. Objective: To see if biopsies before treatment can show which patients will do the best with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Eligibility: Adults at least 18 years old with esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma who should be treated with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Design: Patients will undergo standard testing that is routine for all patients with this disease. These tests include: Medical history Physical exam with activity and nutritional assessment Standard lab tests Imaging studies including a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and positron-emission tomography (PET) scan Breathing test into a machine to measure size and function of lungs. Biopsy for a small sample of tumor is removed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): A tube inserted into the mouth under anesthesia Endoscopic ultrasound is performed in some but not all patients. Patients will have nCRT at the clinic or with their local doctor. In 6 -12 weeks after nCRT, patients will undergo surgery with: A robotically-assisted, minimally-invasive esophagectomy Or, a traditional, open approach. After surgery, patients are usually in the hospital for 2 weeks and have a feeding tube for at least 2 weeks and potentially longer until they are eating enough to not lose weight. Patients will return for follow-up visits with labs and CAT scans every 6 months for the first two years then every year afterwards.

Detailed Description
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Background: The incidence of esophageal cancer continues to increase with an estimated 16,900 new cases and 15,700 deaths in 2016. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the dominant histology in the United States and accounts for the rising incidence; the incidence of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) remains stable. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by esophagectomy is now a standard approach for locally advanced, operable esophageal cancer. A survival advantage compared to surgery alone was demonstrated in the phase III Chemo Radiotherapy for Oesophageal cancer followed by Surgery Study (CROSS) trial. Patients who experience a pathological complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant therapy are most likely to have long-term survival. Presently, accurate assessment of pathologic response requires esophagectomy. Positron-emissions tomography (fludeoxyglucose (FDG-PET)) and endoscopic evaluation with biopsies fail to detect cancer in a significant percentage of patients with residual disease following neoadjuvant therapy. Currently there are no validated tissue or serologic biomarkers which can be used to guide surgical management of esophageal cancer patients based on response to nCRT. Primary Objective: -To determine whether a metabolomic signature in tumor, blood, or urine or whether BH3 profiling of pre-neoadjuvant tumor biopsies correlates with the outcome of pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Eligibility: -Patients with locally-advanced, histologically confirmed EAC or ESCC who are candidates for nCRT and esophagectomy. Design: Patients will receive standard of care nCRT either at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) or at referring institutions. Specimens of plasma, urine, and esophageal tumor with matched normal esophagus will be obtained before neoadjuvant therapy for metabolomic profiling and BH3 profiling. Blood, urine, normal esophagus, and tumor (if present) will be obtained after neoadjuvant therapy. Patients will undergo an esophagectomy as a robotically-assisted, minimally-invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) or a traditional open approach for contraindications to minimally-invasive approaches or based on institutional expertise. Analysis will be performed to determine if pathological complete response (pCR) after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) correlates with pretreatment metabolomic signatures or BH3 profiling in tumor, blood or urine. Patients with EAC and ESCC will be evaluated independently. The accrual ceiling will be set to 120 patients for the entire study - 80 patients for EAC and 40 patients for ESCC to allow for unevaluable patients. The accrual is expected to be completed in 4 years.

Official Title
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Metabolomic and BH3 Profiling of Esophageal Cancers: Identification of Novel Assessment Methods of Treatment Response for Precision Therapy

Conditions
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Esophageal Cancer, Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer, Esophageal Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Chemoradiotherapy
* Procedure: Esophagectomy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients must have histologically confirmed esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) or esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Disease should be deemed resectable by pre-operative computed tomography (CT) and/or positron-emission tomography (PET) scans and the patient should be operable based on surgeon assessment. Patients willing to complete neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) per standard of care followed by esophagectomy. Patients will be treated under protocol 04-C0165. 18 years of age or older. Able to understand and sign the Informed Consent Document. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status less than or equal to 2. Patients must have organ and marrow function that is not prohibitive of surgical resection as defined below: leukocytes greater than or equal to 3,000/mcL absolute neutrophil count greater than or equal to 1,500/mcL platelets greater than or equal to 50,000/mcL nCRT used in this study is potentially dangerous for developing human fetus. For this reason, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration and 6 months post chemoradiotherapy. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately. Women must have a negative urine pregnancy test OR be post-menopausal for at least 2 years OR patient has had a hysterectomy EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients in which nCRT followed by surgery is not the appropriate management: Early stage disease that requires local therapy without chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Patients with metastatic disease. Patients in which biopsy prior to starting nCRT is not obtainable. Patients who previously received neoadjuvant chemotherapy Concomitant medical problems in the opinion of physician that would place the patient at unacceptable risk for a major surgical procedure. Active systemic infections, coagulation disorders or other major medical illnesses of the cardiovascular, respiratory or immune system, myocardial infarction, heart failure, hepatic disease that prohibits administration of neoadjuvant therapy or surgery. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding because of the potentially dangerous effects of the chemotherapy on the fetus or infant. Patients with a diagnosis of another malignancy that is either active or in remission less than five years. Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin are not contraindications to this protocol

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 99 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Other: Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy<br>Standard of care neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and esophagectomy | Other: Chemoradiotherapy<br>* Chemotherapy: Carboplatin (AUC=2)x5 and Paclitaxel (50 mg/m(2))x5 for two cycles. Radiation: a total dose of 40.4 Gray (Gy) will be given in 23 fractions of 1.8 Gy, 5 fractions per week, starting the first day of the first cycle of chemotherapy.<br>Procedure: Esophagectomy<br>* Minimally-invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) or traditional open approach if necessary.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Metabolomic Signature in Tumor, Blood, or Urine and Outcome of Pathological Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Esophageal Adenocarcinoma or Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Specimens of normal esophagus, esophageal tumors, blood, or urine will be analyzed to determine specific signatures and outcome of pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Response will be defined by the Mandard Score. Major response with no viable tumor (Grade 1) and <10% viable tumor (Grade 2) versus non major response of >10% viable tumor (Grade 3-5) as assessed by final pathology. Grade 1-2 is better survival than Grade 3-5. | After neoadjuvant therapy >4 weeks but prior to surgery | 
| BH3 Profiling of Pre-neoadjuvant Tumor Biopsy and Outcome of Pathological Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Esophageal Adenocarcinoma or Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Two tumor samples and two normal esophagus samples will be obtained for BH3 profiling of pre-neoadjuvant tumor biopsy and outcome of pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Response will be defined by the Mandard Score. Major response with no viable tumor (Grade 1) and <10% viable tumor (Grade 2) versus non major response of >10% viable tumor (Grade 3-5) as assessed by final pathology. Grade 1-2 is better survival than Grade 3-5. | Pre-neoadjuvant therapy within 4 weeks, and after neoadjuvant therapy >4 weeks but prior to surgery | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Metabolomic Profiles and B-cell Lymphoma (Bcl-2) Homology Domain-3 (BH-3) Profiling in Resectable Esophageal Adenocarcinomas (EAC) and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) | Evaluation of metabolomic profiles and Bcl-2 homology domain-3 (BH-3) profiling in resectable esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) | Pre-neoadjuvant therapy within 4 weeks, and after neoadjuvant therapy >4 weeks but prior to surgery | 
| Metabolomic Signatures or BH3 Profiling in Tumor, Blood, or Urine of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC) and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) With Major Responses (Mandard Score of 1 and 2) Versus Minimal Response (Mandard Score 3-5) | Specimens of tumor, blood, or urine will be obtained to determine metabolomic signatures or BH3 profiling in tumor, blood, or urine of EAC and ESCC with major responses (Mandard score of 1 and 2) versus minimal response (Mandard score 3-5). Grade 1-2 is better survival than Grade 3-5. | Pre-neoadjuvant therapy within 4 weeks, and after neoadjuvant therapy >4 weeks but prior to surgery | 
| Tumor Protein 53 (p53) Mutational Status and the Metabolomic Profiles | One tumor sample and one normal esophagus sample will be obtained. p53 mutational analysis will be performed to determine mutational status and the metabolomic profiles . | Pre-neoadjuvant therapy within 4 weeks, and after neoadjuvant therapy >4 weeks but prior to surgery | 
| Disease-free Survival in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC) and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and Esophagectomy | Disease-free survival is defined as the appearance of any new lesion that is likely metastatic or locally-recurrent esophageal cancer and will be assessed from the time of esophagectomy until development of metastatic disease or death, whichever comes first | From the time of esophagectomy until development of metastatic disease or death, whichever comes first | 
| Overall Survival (OS) in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC) and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and Esophagectomy | Overall survival is defined as the time from treatment start date until date of death or date last known alive. | From treatment start date until date of death or date last known alive. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (nCRT), Esophagectomy, Tissue or serologic biomarkers