HAND FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN WITH A SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Children with Specific Learning Difficulties (SLD) may have problems with fine and gross motor skills compared to their healthy peers. These children may have poor manual dexterity. Taken together, it is not clear how motor and sensory competence of the hand are affected together. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the sensory and motor ability of the hand and to compare the examined parameters between the SLD group and the healthy control group.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Specific learning disability (SLD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins at school age and sometimes goes undetected until adulthood. Its incidence in school-aged children is about 5-15%. Children with SLD have difficulty in fulfilling academic qualifications. In addition, there are various problems with fine motor skills, motor-coordination, balance and gross motor skills. Upper extremity speed and dexterity affect fine motor performance (as they involve manipulative tasks that require a certain amount of time and higher motor skills). In the literature, it is reported that manual dexterity is a stronger predictor than balance on the functional mobility of children with SLD, and it is emphasized that strategies to improve dexterity performance should be focused in interventions for fine motor skills for these children. In addition, it is demonstrated that taking the necessary precautions and planning by evaluating the gross and fine motor skills in detail in SLD is important for the independence and achievements of children in their daily living activities. Weak hand skills are expected in children with SLD. Problems based on hand performance can be addressed in a more comprehensive way by comparing these children with children with typical development in terms of motor performance and functional mobility. Similarly, although it is recommended to evaluate senses such as touch and stereognosia when evaluating fine motor performance in these children, no comprehensive study including sensory and motor evaluations has been found in the literature. In this study, in children with SLD; It is aimed to examine the limitations of hand motor and sensory functions in daily activities in terms of general motor competencies and hand skills of the child and to compare them with the healthy control group.

Official Title
-----------------
INVESTIGATION OF HAND FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER

Conditions
-----------------
Specific Learning Disability, Specific Learning Disorder, Fine Motor Skills, Hand Functions

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: No Interventions


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: To have a diagnosis of special learning disability (regarding DSM-V criteria) To be in the age range of 8-14 Exclusion Criteria: Any acute or chronic orthopedic or neurological disease that may affect walking performance, Any surgery within the last 6 months, Severe sensory (hearing, vision, etc.) impairment that prevents him/her from taking commands Cognitive and mental severe impairment

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 8 Years
Maximum Age: 14 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| SLD Group<br> | Other: No Interventions<br>* No Interventions<br>|
| Healthy Control Group<br> | Other: No Interventions<br>* No Interventions<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test- 2 Short Form (BOT-2SF) | Assesses fine motor precision, fine motor integration, and manual dexterity. Scores are reported as a percentile rank; higher scores indicate better fine motor skills. | 20 minutes | 
| Hand Grip Force | Changes from the baseline, To measure hand grip strength through Hydraulic Hand held Dynamo-meter. It will be measured in kilograms. | 10 minutes | 
| Pinch Grip Force | Participants were seated at a table on which the dynamometers were positioned. The subjects were told to keep their elbow flexed without resting their arm or the grip handle of the dynamometer on the table. Results will be evaluated in pounds. | 6 minutes | 
| Abilhand Kids | to assess for performance of activity. score range 0-42 point, higher scores mean a better outcome. | 5 minutes | 
| Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test | to assess manual dexterity, higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 25 minutes | 
| Sensory Function | Proprioception, stereognosis, and two-point discrimination will be tested. Lower scores indicate better sensory function. | 30 minutes |