Breakfast Consumption and Energy Balance in Active Adult Males

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Exercising in the fasted state results in greater fat oxidation during exercise and results in decreased caloric intake in the meals after exercise. However, the studies that examine fasted vs. fed exercise utilize a carbohydrate-based breakfast, which can increase blood glucose and insulin concentrations, which is considered a negative consequence. A protein breakfast, which can increase satiety and rest of day energy intake could also increase resting energy expenditure as well as fat oxidation during exercise. However, comparisons between fasting exercise and pre-exercise breakfast macronutrient intake (i.e., carbohydrate vs. protein) have not been made. Therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate if eating breakfast and the composition of this breakfast before exercise has an effect on the food eaten throughout the rest of the day.

Official Title
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Comparison of Fasted vs. Carbohydrate and Protein Breakfast on Exercise Metabolism and Rest of the Day Energy Intake

Conditions
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Energy Intake, Substrate Utilization, Hormones, Satiety

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin supplement
* Dietary Supplement: Whey supplement
* Dietary Supplement: Water
* Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin supplement


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18-45 years old regularly participate in exercise for at least 150 min per week run at least 3 days per week for 30 minutes able to complete a VO2max test able to exercise for 45 min moderate intensity exercise at one time without breaks Exclusion Criteria: not participating in structured exercise of 150 min/week for the past 6 months not running at least 3 days per week for 30 minutes not attaining a VO2max of 50 ml/kg/min (60th percentile fitness classification according to the American College of Sports Medicine) currently smoke or quit smoking less than one year ago. diagnosed with or are being treated for a cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome or a metabolic disorder such as diabetes, thyroid disorder, or high cholesterol. food allergies or sensitivities. not willing to have blood drawn on 4 occasions during each trial (16 total times)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Carbohydrate-based breakfast + exercise<br>maltodextrin | Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin supplement<br>* maltodextrin (25g in 12 oz water) 1 hour pre-exercise<br>|
| Experimental: Protein-based breakfast + exercise<br>whey | Dietary Supplement: Whey supplement<br>* whey (25g in 12 oz water) 1 hour pre-exercise<br>|
| Experimental: Fasted breakfast + exercise<br>water | Dietary Supplement: Water<br>* non-caloric control (12 oz flavored water) 1 hour pre-exercise<br>|
| Sham Comparator: Carbohydrate-based breakfast + no exercise<br>maltodextrin | Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin supplement<br>* maltodextrin (25g in 12 oz water) with no exercise<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in energy expenditure | Measured via indirect calorimetry | immediately pre-breakfast, immediately post-breakfast, immediately pre-exercise, and immediately post-exercise | 
| Change in lunch energy intake | measured via standardized lunch buffet | 60 min post-exercise | 
| Change in dinner energy intake | weight of food returned the following day | Day 1 (trial 1); between Days 6 and 8 (trial 2); between Days 11 and 15 (trial 3); and between Days 16 and 22 (trial 4) | 
| Change in appetite | measured via circulating hormones | immediately pre-breakfast, immediately post-breakfast, immediately post-exercise, and immediately pre-lunch | 
| Change in blood glucose | measured via fingerstick blood assessment | immediately pre-breakfast, immediately post-breakfast, immediately post-exercise, immediately pre-lunch, and immediately pre-dinner | 
| Change in subjective hunger | measured via 100mm visual analogue scale, higher scores indicate greater hunger | baseline, immediately pre-breakfast, immediately post-breakfast, immediately post-exercise, immediately pre-lunch, immediately post-lunch, immediately pre-dinner, and immediately post-dinner |