Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Older Hypertensive Individuals Submitted to Different Types of Physical Training

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Sixty-one sedentary older hypertensive individuals were randomized to four groups: continuous aerobic training (CA), interval aerobic training (IA), resistance training (R), and control (C) group. The protocol included 3 sessions of training by week for 12 weeks. C individuals were instructed to continue their usual activities. They were submitted to the passive tilt test before and after the research protocol, evaluating the heart rate (HR), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFAα1) and entropy

Detailed Description
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The individuals were randomized into four groups: continuous aerobic training (CA), interval aerobic training (IA), resistance training (R), and control (C), which performed physical exercises three times a week for twelve weeks, with a total of 36 sessions. The tilt test was performed before and after the research protocol. Individuals in the control group were only encouraged to maintain their usual activities. For the analysis of HRV, the baseline conditions (resting in the supine position) were determined, followed by the passive postural maneuver, which characterizes the tilt test (table til tat 70 °) in order to determine the following variables: HR: heart rate (sympathetic action) LF: Low frequency band (Modulated predominantly by the sympathetic system) HF: High frequency band (Modulated predominantly by the parasympathetic system) Entropy: data complexity or irregularity index showing that, the higher the values, the better the HRV. DFAα1 (short term detrended fluctuation analysis)

Official Title
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Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Older Hypertensive Individuals Submitted to Different Types of Physical Training

Conditions
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Autonomic Dysfunction

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Exercise


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria:men and women 60-year-old or older, extensively using prescription antihypertensive drugs, and having no previous experience with physical training - Exclusion Criteria: • Positive treadmill test (TT) for ischemia Related left ventricular systolic dysfunction of any degree Presence of arrhythmias Use of β-blockers Use more than seven doses of ethyl alcohol per week Renal insufficiency Diabetes Hyper- or hypothyroidism Limiting lung disease Osteomioarticular impairment that would limit exercise performance SBP ≥160 and/or DBP ≥ 100 mmHg on baseline

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: The individuals were randomized into four groups: continuous aerobic training (CA), interval aerobic training (IA), resistance training (R), and control (C), which performed physical exercises three times a week for twelve weeks, with a total of 36 sessions. The tilt test was performed before and after the research protocol. Individuals in the control group were only encouraged to maintain their usual activities.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: continuous aerobic training (CA)<br>The CA group was trained with 70% of maximum heart rate (MHR) for 30 minutes. | Other: Exercise<br>* 3 different types of training or control<br>|
| Experimental: resistance training (R)<br>The R sessions consisted of a set of each proposed exercise: sitting bench press, legpress, back row, leg extension, shoulders high pull, seated leg curl, biceps curls, standing calf, triceps in the pulley, and abdominal crunches, with 8 - 10 repetitions with 75% 1MR. | Other: Exercise<br>* 3 different types of training or control<br>|
| Experimental: interval aerobic training (IA)<br>The IA group was submitted to exercise intensities of 60% for 2 minutes and 80% for 2 minutes, alternately, with a total of 30 minutes. | Other: Exercise<br>* 3 different types of training or control<br>|
| No Intervention: control (C)<br>Individuals in the control group maintained their usual activities. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Heart rate | Heart rate was obtained before and after the protocol by electrocardiogram, performed before and after tilt test at each time. | 12 weeks | 
| Low frequency band | Low frequency band was obtained before and after the protocol by electrocardiogram, performed before and after tilt test at each time.The electrical signal from the electrocardiogram was filtered and amplified. The amplified signals were processed by ananalog-digital converter (DI-720, DATAQ Instruments, Akron, OH, USA) and sampled (1000 hz per channel) by a computer program (Windaq, DATAQ, Akron, OH, USA) installed in an IBM/PC computer. | 12 weeks | 
| High frequency band | High frequency band was obtained before and after the protocol by electrocardiogram, performed before and after tilt test at each time.The electrical signal from the electrocardiogram was filtered and amplified. The amplified signals were processed by ananalog-digital converter (DI-720, DATAQ Instruments, Akron, OH, USA) and sampled (1000 hz per channel) by a computer program (Windaq, DATAQ, Akron, OH, USA) installed in an IBM/PC computer. | 12 weeks | 
| Entropy | Entropy was obtained before and after the protocol by electrocardiogram, performed before and after tilt test at each time.The electrical signal from the electrocardiogram was filtered and amplified. The amplified signals were processed by ananalog-digital converter (DI-720, DATAQ Instruments, Akron, OH, USA) and sampled (1000 hz per channel) by a computer program (Windaq, DATAQ, Akron, OH, USA) installed in an IBM/PC computer. | 12 weeks | 
| Short term detrended fluctuation analysis | Short term detrended fluctuation analysis obtained before and after the protocol by electrocardiogram, performed before and after tilt test at each time.The electrical signal from the electrocardiogram was filtered and amplified. The amplified signals were processed by ananalog-digital converter (DI-720, DATAQ Instruments, Akron, OH, USA) and sampled (1000 hz per channel) by a computer program (Windaq, DATAQ, Akron, OH, USA) installed in an IBM/PC computer. | 12 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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hypertension, older individuals, heart rate variability, physical training