Prevention of Kidney Transplant Rejection

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to see how effective 2 drugs, irbesartan and pravastatin, are at slowing kidney transplant failure. Many kidney transplant patients have some type of chronic rejection. Chronic rejection is a disease that causes scarring and damage to the kidney. Over time, chronic rejection can lead to kidney failure, making it necessary for patients to start dialysis and possibly receive another kidney transplant. Doctors would like to see whether irbesartan and pravastatin can slow this damage and prevent kidney failure in patients with signs of chronic rejection.

Detailed Description
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Renal graft failure due to chronic rejection, also known as chronic allograft nephropathy, is one of the leading causes for repeat renal transplantation. Chronic rejection is characterized by progressive fibrosis and scarring. Renal biopsies of patients undergoing chronic rejection show greater expression of profibrotic cytokines, including TGF-beta and PDGF, than normal kidney tissue. Moreover, the cytokine activity of chronic rejection resembles that of other fibrosing renal diseases. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEinh) and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to protect effectively against other types of fibrotic disease. These drugs may protect against fibrosis and preserve renal function in renal transplant patients with chronic rejection, in part by blocking activation of TGF-beta and PDGF. This study evaluates the impact of irbesartan (an AII-RB which acts similar to an ACEinh) and pravastatin on the clinical progression of chronic rejection and on the expression of TGF-beta, PDGF, and connective tissue genes in the chronically rejecting kidney. Prior to intervention, patients undergo a transplant renal biopsy to: 1) confirm the presence of chronic renal allograft nephropathy and 2) quantify baseline mRNA levels for TGF-beta, PDGF, and selected cytokines and connective tissue components. Patients are randomized to 4 arms: Group 1 receives pravastatin placebo plus irbesartan placebo; Group 2 receives pravastatin plus irbesartan placebo; Group 3 receives pravastatin placebo plus irbesartan; and Group 4 receives pravastatin plus irbesartan. Pravastatin is administered at a dose of 20 mg/day. Irbesartan is initiated at 150 mg/day and is titred to 300 mg/day after 2 weeks. Patients are evaluated routinely for serum creatinine and potassium levels, blood pressure, and other markers of kidney function. In addition, they are monitored for toxicities and adverse events, particularly an early rise in serum creatinine or muscle enzyme changes. At Month 6, or when serum creatinine has risen above 5.0 mg/dl if that is earlier, a repeat transplant kidney biopsy is obtained to compare to baseline. Changes in chronic allograft nephropathy and cytokine mRNA levels are evaluated to determine any correlation between clinical effect and changes in activity of profibrotic pathways. Study endpoints are death or renal failure manifested by initiation of dialysis or retransplantation.

Official Title
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An Interventional Trial in Established Chronic Renal Allograft Rejection

Conditions
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End-Stage Renal Disease, Chronic Allograft Nephropathy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Irbesartan
* Drug: Pravastatin


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria You may be eligible for this study if you: Are at least 18 years old. Received a kidney transplant at least 1 year prior to study entry. Have been diagnosed with chronic rejection following kidney transplant and within 6 months prior to study entry. Have been receiving a stable immunosuppressive medication regimen for 1 month prior to study entry that includes at least cyclosporine or tacrolimus and prednisone. Have high blood pressure. Agree to use an effective method of birth control during the study. Exclusion Criteria You will not be eligible for this study if you: Are participating in another study with required tests or treatments. Cannot take ACE inhibitors or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Absolutely must take ACE inhibitors or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Have a serious disease or medical condition. Are pregnant.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Intervention/Treatment |
| --- |
|Drug: Irbesartan|nan|
|Drug: Pravastatin|nan|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| death, or renal failure manifested by initiation of dialysis or retransplantation. |  | Randomization to End of Study |