Effect of Elliptical Training on Metabolic Homeostasis in Metabolic Syndrome

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the worldwide is becoming a serious health problem and economic burden. MetS has become a crucial risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The rising rates of CVD and diabetes, which are the two leading causes of death. To prevent the progression of MetS to diabetes and CVD, regular physical activity is required. Elliptical trainer device is a relatively new modality of exercise and is advertised to be superior to a treadmill because of the low joint impact and the more reasonable costs of an elliptical trainer compared to a treadmill. Additional quantitative research is needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of elliptical trainers and the physiological and perceptual responses to the machine.

Detailed Description
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Forty sedentary MeTS patients (from both sexes) will be randomly divided to group A and group B. -Group A (Elliptical training group): This group (n=20) will receive aerobic training on an elliptical trainer for 16 weeks (3 sessions per week). The session will start with 5 minutes warming up at 50 % of maximal heart rate (MHR), 20-minute continuous ET at 70% of MHR, 12 minutes (4×3) intervals at 90% of MHR with a 3-minute active recovery at 70% of MHR between intervals, and finally 5-minute cool-down period at 50% of MHR. Group B: this group will continue their normal daily physical activities without any additional training

Official Title
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Effect of Elliptical Training on Lipids, Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Metabolic Syndrome

Conditions
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Metabolic Syndrome

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: exercise training on elliptical device
* Behavioral: group B (control group)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: The MeTS subjects who will have three or more of the following criteria: 1) waist circumference more than 102 cm, triglycerides more than 150 mg/dL, 3) blood pressure (BP) more than 130/85 mmHg, 4) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) less than 40 mg/dL, . Exclusion criteria: Renal, pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, respiratory, hepatic, autoimmune disorders. Smoker, addictive, cancer, and alcoholic patients. Lower limb arthritis or any orthopaedic problem will hinder the training. Participation in any type of sport training in the previous 6 months. Pregnant or lactating women. Patients with thyroid gland dysfunction.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Years
Maximum Age: 80 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: group A<br>patients (n=30) in this group will receive 16 weeks of elliptical training on elliptical trainer, 3 times per week. the training will start with 5 minutes warming up at 50 % of maximal heart rate (MHR), 20-minute continuous ET at 70% of MHR, 12 minutes (4×3) intervals at 90% of MHR with a 3-minute active recovery at 70% of MHR between intervals, and finally 5-minute cool-down period at 50% of MHR | Behavioral: exercise training on elliptical device<br>* This group (n=30) will receive aerobic training on an elliptical trainer for 16 weeks (3 sessions per week). The session will start with 5 minutes warming up at 50 % of maximal heart rate (MHR), 20-minute continuous ET at 70% of MHR, 12 minutes (4×3) intervals at 90% of MHR with a 3-minute active recovery at 70% of MHR between intervals, and finally 5-minute cool-down period at 50% of MHR<br>* Other names: group A;|
| Other: Group B (control group)<br>patients (n=30) in this group will receive general advises on maintaining physical activities | Behavioral: group B (control group)<br>* this group will receive general advises on maintaining physical activities for 16 weeks without any additional supervised training<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Triglycerides | Triglycerides is one of lipid profile indicators | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| high density lipoprotein | high density lipoprotein is one of lipid profile indicators | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Systolic blood pressure | It will be measured via Sphygmomanometer | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| diastolic blood pressure | It will be measured via Sphygmomanometer | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| Fasting blood glucose | It will be measured via a blood glucose meter | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| Insulin | it will be measured via a blood sample | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| The HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance | HOMA-IR = [fasting insulin (μU/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol)]/22.5 | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| Waist circumference | it will be measured by inelastic tape at the umbilicus level | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| weight | the weight scale will be used | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| Leg strength test | will be assessd by leg dynamometer | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training | 
| % body fat | percentage of body fat composition | It will be measured after 16 weeks of training |