Can Exposure to Inclusive Virtual Art Decrease Pain and Social Disconnection Among Individuals Living With Chronic Pain?

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The proposed study is an experimental intervention to test for the effects of exposure to art by means of a virtual museum visit. It examines the fundamental question of whether exposure to virtual art can alleviate pain. Google Arts & Culture has digitized the collections of over 2,000 museums, art galleries, and other cultural institutions. The platform is free and allows 'visitors' to explore art from around the world. For this study, the PIs have chosen artwork from this collection and created a virtual museum gallery such that research participants will visit the museum with or without art (i.e., we will remove all art from the virtual galleries). In addition, we hypothesize that individuals primed to experience social connection prior to art exposure will experience lower perceived social disconnection and pain than those who are not primed.

Detailed Description
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Research Design: 2 (virtual artwork exposure: present, absent) x 2 (prime: social connection prime: high, low) factorial experiment with a hanging control group (4 cells plus 1 control group, for a total of 5 cells) and 2 repeated measures. A priori power analysis using G*Power showed that the required sample size for a 5-group repeated measures experiment with 2 measurement times with 1-B error probability = .80 that expected small effect with a size of d = .10 and a significance level of p = .05 was a total of 305 participants (61 participants per cell). Eligible individuals will be offered informed consent documentation via the StudyPages platform and then will be randomized to their study group: Artwork present + Social connection prime high Artwork present + Social connection prime low Artwork absent + Social connection prime high Artwork absent + Social connection prime low Hanging control group - no exposure to any independent variables (i.e. artwork: present or absent; social connection prime: high or low) Participants will fill out pre-intervention scales (pain intensity and unpleasantness; perceived social disconnection) prior to their virtual museum experience. Participants will then visit a virtual art museum gallery for 10 minutes or receive no exposure if they are in the hanging control group. In the artwork present condition, the virtual museum will feature paintings as part of an exhibition. In the artwork absent condition, paintings will be removed and thus the virtual museum will be empty. In the high social connection prime condition participants will be assigned to write an essay about a person and situation that made them feel valued, seen, and heard. In the low social connection prime condition participants will be assigned to write about a person and situation that made them feel ignored and not very valued. After 10 minutes within their condition participants will complete a post-intervention survey. In addition, written responses to the social connection primes and museum visit data (e.g., user movement, object interaction, and perceptions about artwork in the museum) will be collected and analyzed.

Official Title
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Can Exposure to Inclusive Virtual Art Decrease Pain and Social Disconnection Among Individuals Living With Chronic Pain?

Conditions
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Chronic Pain, Social Disconnection

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Artwork present
* Behavioral: Artwork absent
* Behavioral: Social connection high
* Behavioral: Social connection low


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: read and write in English language chronic moderate to severe pain (≥ 6 months in duration; ≥ 4 in response to the question, on average this week my pain intensity has been? on a 0-10 NRS) lonely (≥ 4 on the 3-item Loneliness Scale) access to an electronic device with internet connection in order to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: dementia adults unable to consent

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Eligible individuals will be randomized to one of 4 groups: Artwork present + Social connection prime high Artwork present + Social connection prime low Artwork absent + Social connection prime high Artwork absent + Social connection prime low Hanging control group - no exposure to any independent variables (i.e. artwork: present or absent; social connection prime: high or low)
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Artwork present + social connection high<br>Individuals participate in an exercise to prime a feeling of high social connection and then explore a virtual museum exhibit with artwork for 10 minutes | Behavioral: Artwork present<br>* A virtual museum exhibit with a curated selection of artworks<br>Behavioral: Social connection high<br>* Participants will identify a person from their life that makes them feel socially connected and then write (1) about that person and (2) an experience they had with that person that made them feel socially connected.<br>|
| Experimental: Artwork present + social connection low<br>Individuals participate in an exercise to prime a feeling of low social connection and then explore a virtual museum exhibit with artwork for 10 minutes | Behavioral: Artwork present<br>* A virtual museum exhibit with a curated selection of artworks<br>Behavioral: Social connection low<br>* Participants will identify a person from their life that makes them feel socially disconnected and then write (1) about that person and (2) an experience they had with that person that made them feel socially disconnected.<br>|
| Experimental: Artwork absent + social connection high<br>Individuals participate in an exercise to prime a feeling of high social connection and then explore a virtual museum exhibit with no artwork for 10 minutes | Behavioral: Artwork absent<br>* The same virtual museum exhibit space as the 'Artwork present' condition but with all of the artworks removed from the walls<br>Behavioral: Social connection high<br>* Participants will identify a person from their life that makes them feel socially connected and then write (1) about that person and (2) an experience they had with that person that made them feel socially connected.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Artwork absent + social connection low<br>Individuals participate in an exercise to prime a feeling of low social connection and then explore a virtual museum exhibit with no artwork for 10 minutes | Behavioral: Artwork absent<br>* The same virtual museum exhibit space as the 'Artwork present' condition but with all of the artworks removed from the walls<br>Behavioral: Social connection low<br>* Participants will identify a person from their life that makes them feel socially disconnected and then write (1) about that person and (2) an experience they had with that person that made them feel socially disconnected.<br>|
| No Intervention: Hanging control group<br>Individuals will receive no exposure to any independent variables (i.e. artwork: present or absent; social connection prime: high or low) for 10 minutes before completing their final survey. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Social disconnection | Social disconnection scale; 12 items; scored 1 (not at all) - 5 (very much); range 12-60 | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pain unpleasantness | Numerical rating scale (NRS) score of 0 not unpleasant - 10 Most unpleasant sensation imaginable (intolerable) | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 
| Pain intensity | Numerical rating scale (NRS) score of 0 no pain - 10 worst pain imaginable | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 
| Change in pain during intervention | Did you experience any pain relief during the museum experience? 1=Yes/0=No | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 
| Percent change in pain during intervention | If Yes, what percent pain relief did you receive? 0%-100% | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 
| Perceptions of the artwork related to the positivity of the social world | The artwork in the museum made me feel (7-point likert scale anchored by Negative about the social world and Positive about the social world) | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 
| Perceptions of the artwork related to connection to the social world | The artwork in the museum made me feel (7-point likert scale anchored by Disconnected to the social world and Connected to the social world) | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 
| Perceptions of the artwork related to inclusion in the social world | The artwork in the museum made me feel (7-point likert scale anchored by Excluded from the social world and Included in the social world) | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 
| Perceptions of the artwork related to positivity of social relationships | The artwork in the museum made me feel (7-point likert scale anchored by Negative about my social relationships and Positive about my social relationships | Post-intervention (immediately)/Day 1 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Pain, Social Disconnection, Museum, Virtual museum