Beetroot Juice Resistance Training Older Adults

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The present study compared the effects of a nitrate containing beetroot juice supplement (BRJ+Nitrate) vs. a placebo (Control) on total and regional fat free mass, quadriceps muscle strength, lower body mobility, and VO2peak in healthy, older adults undergoing a 10-week long progressive resistance training program with protein supplementation.

Official Title
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Effect of Beetroot Juice on Body Composition, Physical Function, Muscle Strength, and Peak Oxygen Consumption in Resistance Trained Older Adults Consuming a Protein Supplement

Conditions
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Sarcopenia, Old Age; Atrophy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: BRJ+Nitrate
* Dietary Supplement: Control


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Able to provide own transportation to study testing visits and intervention Able to read and write in English Nondiabetic, i.e. fasting glucose < 126 mg/dl Sedentary (less than 60 minutes of moderate intensity structured physical activity each week and occurs in no more than 10 minute blocks and not participating in a resistance exercise training program) Willingness to provide informed consent and participate in intervention. Participants with diagnosed depression were permitted to participate provided that they have been medically stable without medication change for at least 3 months. Exclusion Criteria: Smoking or use of chewing tobacco Involved in another intervention research study Diabetic (type 1 or 2) Atrophic gastritis Hypo- or hyperthyroidism Gout or history of kidney stones History of hypotension Premenopausal (women) Aversion to study-related testing procedures Allergy/sensitivity/aversion to beetroot beverages or protein supplement Medical conditions with contraindications for engaging in resistance training program or taking the protein supplement Systemic, uncontrolled diseases (diabetes, recent (last 6 months) or current treatment of cancer, thyroid disorders, cardiovascular disease, COPD, or inflammatory bowel diseases) Use of any of the following medications: phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, nitroglycerin or nitrate preparations, proton pump inhibitors, or medications for hypothyroidism Potential inability to complete the tasks required for the protocol as well as conditions that may interfere with interpretation of results including: inability to ambulate, severe congestive heart failure or severe cardiovascular disease, neoplasm for practical and neurophysiologic reasons Individuals with contraindications for performing a graded exercise test or have medical contraindications for participating in a scheduled exercise training program Individuals more than 300 pounds or less than 125 pounds due to DEXA weight limits and possibility of exceeding recommended daily nitrate dose of 7 mg/kg body weight, respectively.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Participants will be randomized into one of two groups. The first group will consume daily beetroot juice containing 380 mg of nitrate and the second group will consume daily beetroot juice with nitrate removed. Both groups will undergo resistance exercise training and consume a protein supplement
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: BRJ+Nitrate<br>This arm underwent a 3 days a week, 10 weeks of resistance exercise training program and consumed for a 70 mL bottle of beetroot juice containing 380 mg of nitrate plus a 15 dose of whey protein after each exercise session. | Dietary Supplement: BRJ+Nitrate<br>* Participants in this group drank a 70 mL bottle of Beet It Sport drink with nitrate plus 15 grams of whey protein 3 days a week following a resistance exercise training program<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Control<br>This arm underwent a 3 days a week, 10 weeks of resistance exercise training program and consumed for a 70 mL bottle of beetroot juice containing 0 mg of nitrate plus a 15 dose of whey protein after each exercise session. | Dietary Supplement: Control<br>* Participants in this group drank a 70 mL bottle of Beet It Sport drink without nitrate plus 15 grams of whey protein 3 days a week following a resistance exercise training program<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Whole body fat free mass | Mass of fat free tissue | Collected at baseline | 
| Whole body fat mass | Mass of fat tissue | Collected at baseline | 
| Thigh muscle | Volume of thigh muscle | Collected at baseline | 
| Thigh intermuscular fat | Volume of fat in the thigh muscle | Collected at baseline | 
| Thigh subcutaneous fat | Volume of subcutaneous fat in the thigh | Collected at baseline | 
| Visceral fat | Volume of visceral fat | Collected at baseline | 
| Muscle strength | Strength of quadriceps muscle at a speed of 60 degrees per second | Collected at baseline | 
| 400 meter walk | Time to walk 400 meters | Collected at baseline | 
| Stair climb time | Time to ascend and descend 12 stairs | Collected at baseline | 
| Peak oxygen consumption | Peak oxygen consumed at maximal exercise during graded exercise testing | Collected at baseline | 
| Whole body fat free mass | mass of fat free tissue | Collected at 10-weeks | 
| Whole body fat mass | Mass of fat tissue | Collected at 10-weeks | 
| Thigh muscle | Volume of thigh muscle | Collected at 10-weeks | 
| Thigh intermuscular fat | Volume of fat in the thigh muscle | Collected at 10-weeks | 
| Thigh subcutaneous fat | Volume of subcutaneous fat in the thigh | Collected at 10-weeks | 
| Visceral fat | Volume of visceral fat | Collected at 10-weeks | 
| Muscle strength | Strength of quadriceps muscle at a speed of 60 degrees per second | Collected at 10-weeks | 
| 400 meter walk | Time to walk 400 meters | Collected at 10-weeks | 
| Stair climb time | Time to ascend and descend 12 stairs | Collected at 10-weeks |