Translation of Basic Research in Cognitive Science to HIV Risk

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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A randomized trial was conducted at drug diversion educational programs with a sample of 343 adult drug offenders who volunteered for the study. The trial tested three different interventions on HIV testing and condom use, with a 3 month follow-up. The study translated consistent basic research showing strong effects of memory practice on memory for new material. One of the conditions involved extensive memory practice of action plans involving HIV testing and condom use. Other conditions varied two active control interventions. Results showed that the memory practice condition led to a substantially larger odds of HIV testing than did the two control conditions. Condom use was also significantly more frequent in the memory practice condition than in one of the control conditions but was not significantly different from the second control condition.

Detailed Description
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This study translated basic research from several areas of cognitive science to a new intervention procedure designed to reduce HIV risk and increase screening for HIV and other infections. A randomized trial was conducted (N = 343) to test effects on testing for infection (HIV and hepatitis B/C) and condom use frequency in a sample of drug offenders at risk for infection. Many populations of drug offenders are not currently receiving evidence-based prevention for HIV or hepatitis and are in need of effective interventions that can be used in existing drug programs. At three-month follow-up, the results revealed that the condition translating basic research on memory practice and integrative processing significantly increased the odds of infection testing as compared to two alternative conditions. This condition also significantly improved the extent of condom use, compared to a traditional health education condition. The results show promise for increased translation of basic research on memory to behavioral interventions on health and prevention science. Such procedures can be effectively applied in a complex field setting in existing drug diversion programs.

Official Title
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Action Plans & Memory Consolidation: Reducing HIV Risk in Drug Users

Conditions
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HIV/AIDS

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Health Education
* Behavioral: Action Plan
* Behavioral: Memory Practice


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Enrolled in drug diversion education program Minimum age 18 Understand English Exclusion Criteria: Under 18 Do not understand English Obviously intoxicated

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Screening
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Participants were randomly assigned at the individual level to one of three different conditions within each drug diversion class.
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Health Education<br>This condition included live health education followed by health education videos on HIV risks, testing, and condom use. The videos were presented over laptop. | Behavioral: Health Education<br>* Videos (AIDSvideos.org) were presented on individually-assigned laptops and covered HIV risk, condom use, safe sex, and infection testing<br>|
| Active Comparator: Action Plan<br>This condition included live health education followed by computerized procedures focusing on action plans for HIV testing and condom use and some of the same health education videos in the Health Education condition. | Behavioral: Action Plan<br>* Participants selected situations for condom use and screening for HIV and hepatitis on individually-assigned laptops. They linked these situations to preventive behaviors regarding screening and condom use.<br>|
| Experimental: Memory Practice<br>This condition included live health education followed by computerized action plan procedures (as in the Action Plan condition), followed by several memory practice procedures also delivered over laptop. The memory practice procedures were designed to help participants more readily retrieve and use action plans in critical situations. | Behavioral: Memory Practice<br>* Participants engaged in several different types of memory practice procedures on assigned laptops. The procedures focused on memory for action plans for screening and condom use.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| HIV and other infection testing | HIV testing was measured with items from the National Sexual Health Survey (Catania et al., 1992). Hepatitis testing items were assessed in an identical structure. Testing for other sexually transmitted diseases was measured with items from the AIDS Risk Behavior Assessment (Donenberg et al., 2001). These items were tabulated to form a binary variable of whether participants reported testing for HIV, hepatitis, or other sexually transmitted diseases within the past 3 months (3 months following intervention). | Past 3 months | 
| Condom use | Condom use was assessed with three condom use frequency items from the HIV Risk-taking Behavior Scale (Darke et al., 1991; α =.70; test-retest, r = .86). Response agreement between participants and their sex partners ranged from 88% to 100% in previous research. The questions asked how often participants used condoms in the past 3 months (following the intervention) when having vaginal, oral, or anal sex on a 5-point scale: never, some of the time, about half of the time, most of the time, always. | Past 3 months |