Molecular and Clinical Risk-Directed Therapy for Infants and Young Children With Newly Diagnosed Medulloblastoma

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This is a multi-center, multinational phase 2 trial that aims to explore the use of molecular and clinical risk-directed therapy in treatment of children 0-4.99 years of age with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma.

Detailed Description
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The objectives of this study are: Primary Objectives To estimate the progression free survival of SHH-2 infant (0-2.99 years) and young child (3-4.99 years) medulloblastoma patients treated with systemic HD-MTX- based chemotherapy only. To estimate the progression free survival of SHH-1 infant (0-2.99 years) medulloblastoma patients treated with systemic HD-MTX-based chemotherapy augmented with IVT-MTX. To estimate the progression free survival of G3/G4 infant (0-2.99 years) medulloblastoma patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and delayed risk- adapted CSI augmented with carboplatin. To compare cognitive outcomes among infants (0-2.99 years) and young children (3-4.99 years) treated with systemic chemotherapy only to patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and intra-ventricular chemotherapy or delayed risk- adapted craniospinal irradiation. Secondary Objectives To investigate change in neurocognitive performance among infants (0-2.99 years) and young children (3-4.99 years) treated for medulloblastoma, and examine the impact of demographic factors (e.g., age at treatment, gender, and socioeconomic status), disease-related factors (e.g., presence of hydrocephalus, posterior fossa syndrome) and variants of proposed treatment regimen (e.g., systemic chemotherapy with or without IVT-MTX, radiation dosimetry to key brain structures, treatment-related ototoxicity) on cognitive late effects. To investigate which familial factors (e.g., family cohesion, family coping with medical management, parent-child interaction style) and environmental factors (e.g., parental verbal abilities, home literacy, adherence with rehabilitative therapies, participation in early intervention, school advocacy) associate with socioeconomic status and examine the impact of these factors on cognitive late effects. To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a caregiver education program paired with interactive neurodevelopmental games used to improve parent-child interactions, cognitive and social-emotional functioning in infants undergoing treatment for medulloblastoma. To estimate the magnitude of change in parent-child interactions following participation in a caregiver education paired with interactive neurodevelopmental games. To estimate the magnitude of change in cognition and social-emotional development associated with a caregiver education program combined with interactive neurodevelopmental games. To determine the extent of inter- and intra-patient variability in the plasma pharmacokinetics of high-dose systemic methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and topotecan in infants and young children with medulloblastoma, to assess potential covariates to explain this variability, and to explore associations between clinical effects and methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and topotecan pharmacokinetics. To determine the extent of inter- and intra-patient pharmacokinetic variability of methotrexate in ventricular CSF after intraventricular methotrexate dose administration in infants with medulloblastoma, and to explore associations between methotrexate CSF pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. All participants enrolled will be treated with systemic chemotherapy post-surgical resection of the tumor. Participants will be assigned to treatment strata based first on tumor molecular group and subgroup assignment [SHH (including SHH-1, SHH-2, SHH-3, SHH-4 and SHH-NOS), G3, G4, (including NWNS NOS, or indeterminate cases] and then by clinical risk stratification (age and metastatic state). Infants and young children on Stratum S-2 and infants on Stratum S-1 will be treated with chemotherapy-only strategies. Stratum S-2: Patients on S-2 will receive 8 courses of chemotherapy consisting of: 4 Course A (A1A2A3A4) 2 Course B (B1B2) 2 Course C (C1C2) Courses repeats every 28 days/4 weeks. Stratum S-1: Patients on S-1 will receive the same systemic chemotherapy regimen as S-2, with the addition of intraventricular (IVT)- MTX, administered via Ommaya reservoir, with each systemic MTX infusion. Each S-1 patient is scheduled to receive 12 doses of IVT-MTX. Each patient on S-1 will also receive 8 courses of combination chemotherapy. (4 Course A with IVT, 2 Course B with IVT and 2 Course C). Courses repeats every 28 days/4 weeks. Stratum N: Stratum N participants will be treated with post-surgery chemotherapy until 36-months-of age followed by radiation CSI with Boost. There is no defined maximum number of systemic chemotherapy courses in stratum N. The length of chemotherapy (number of courses) will depend on the patient's age at enrollment. The chemotherapy plan for stratum N is divided into 5 sub-cohorts: Age ≥34 months and < 36 months: 4 cycles - 2 cycles (A1A2) prior to radiation and 2 cycles (E1, E2) post-radiation Age: ≥32 to <34 months-old: 4 cycles (A1A2A3A4) Age: ≥30 to <32 months-old: 6 cycles (A1A2A3A4B1B2) Age: ≥28 to <30-months-old: 8 cycles (A1A2A3A4B1B2C1C2) Age: < 28 months-old: 8 cycles + multiple cycles of Course D until 36 months old (A1A2A3A4 B1B2 C1C2D1D2D3D4…) Courses A, B, C and E repeats every 28 days/4 weeks and Course D repeats every 42 days. Prior to radiation therapy, around when stratum N patients achieve 36 months of age, they will be re-stratified onto substratum N-1, N-2 or N-3 based on their response to chemotherapy. Patients who receive less than or equal to 4 cycles of systemic chemotherapy prior to CSI regardless of their substratum assignment (N-1, N-2 or N-3) will have their radiation therapy augmented by IV carboplatin. Carboplatin will be given to each of these patients 1-4 hours before each radiation fraction is delivered. Patients enrolled in stratum N who have received only 2 courses of pre-radiation chemotherapy will receive 2 additional courses of adjuvant chemotherapy after completing CSI . The adjuvant chemotherapy consists of Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, and Vincristine. The patients receiving 4 or more courses of chemotherapy prior to radiation will not receive additional adjuvant chemotherapy after completing CSI. Patients will be followed for 84 months following enrollment.

Official Title
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SJiMB21: Phase 2 Study of Molecular and Clinical Risk-Directed Therapy for Infants and Young Children With Newly Diagnosed Medulloblastoma

Conditions
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Medulloblastoma

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Surgical resection
* Procedure: Ommaya/VPS
* Drug: Methotrexate
* Drug: Cisplatin
* Drug: Vincristine
* Drug: Cyclophosphamide
* Drug: Carboplatin
* Drug: Topotecan
* Drug: Etoposide
* Drug: Pegfilgrastim
* Drug: Filgrastim
* Radiation: Irradiation
* Other: Educational and Media Intervention
* Other: SOC, Educational and Media Intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria - Screening Phase (All Patients) Participants with presumptive/suspected newly diagnosed medulloblastoma. Participant meets one of the following criteria at the time of screening: Age < 36 months OR Age ≥ 36 months and < 60 months with presumptive/suspected non-metastatic disease Participant must have adequate tumor tissue from primary tumor for central review of pathology and molecular classification by methylation and IHC Participant must be able to begin treatment as outlined in the protocol within 36 days of definitive surgery (day of surgery is Day 0). In case a second surgery is clinically indicated to remove the residual tumor prior to starting treatment, the second surgery will be considered as the definitive surgery (Day 0). Parent or legal guardian can understand and is willing to sign a written informed consent document according to institutional guidelines. Exclusion Criteria - Screening Phase Participants with other clinically significant medical disorders (i.e., serious infections or significant cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, psychiatric, or other organ dysfunction) that could compromise their ability to tolerate protocol therapy or would interfere with the study procedure. Inclusion Criteria - Study Enrollment (All Patients) Participant must be < 60 months of age at time of enrollment. Note: Each treatment stratum has additional specific age requirements Participant must have confirmation of newly diagnosed medulloblastoma per Central Review: Central review includes histopathology, IHC and St. Jude Clinical Genomic Methylation Profiling conducted on MLPNet. If tissue or the extracted DNA does not meet quality control criteria for methylation analysis or if methylation classifier is unable assign molecular group/subgroup within the assigned classifier (MLPNet) parameters, then IHC will be used to define molecular group of these cases. IHC cannot be used to determine molecular subgroup. Therefore, IHC defined SHH patients will be enrolled on Stratum S-1 under SHH-NOS, and all NWNS and indeterminate molecular group will be enrolled on stratum N. Note: Diagnosis of medulloblastoma, as well as group and subgroup assignment, will be done by central pathology review at St. Jude only. No outside testing is allowed for trial enrollment. Participant must have disease staged by MRI of the brain and spine and by cytologic examination of CSF* and be placed into the following categories: M0: no evidence of metastatic disease. must include a negative CSF cytology result M1: Tumor cells found in the CSF but no other evidence of metastasis M2: Intracranial tumor beyond the primary tumor site M3: Metastatic disease in the spine M4: Extraneural metastatic disease *All participants are to undergo CSF cytologic examination regardless of presence or absence of gross metastatic disease unless procedure is medically contraindicated. CSF is to be obtained by lumbar puncture (LP) performed at least 10 days after surgery. If LP is medically contraindicated, ventricular CSF from a shunt or Ommaya reservoir may be used for staging but this is not the preferred option due to lower sensitivity. If LP is medically contraindicated and the patient doesn't have a shunt or reservoir for CSF sampling, the treating physician should reach out to PI or Co-PI regarding decision on enrollment to SJiMB21. The decision to enroll without CSF cytology will be made on case-by-case basis. Note: Participants who have M2 disease and positive CSF will be assigned to M3. Note: Participants will be assigned to the highest stage number for which they meet eligibility. Note: Treatment stratums may have additional stage requirements. Patient must have received no previous radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or other brain tumor-directed therapy other than corticosteroid therapy and surgery. Participant must have a Lansky performance score of > 30 (except for patients with posterior fossa syndrome. Participant must have adequate organ function prior to study entry, as defined by: Absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) >750/mm^3 Platelet count ≥ 50,000/mm^3 without support of a platelet transfusion within 7 days Hemoglobin ≥8.0 g/dL (with or without support of a blood transfusion). Normal liver function as defined by Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration ≤ 3 x 45 U/L and total bilirubin ≤ 3 x 1.0. Adequate renal function as defined by a serum creatinine concentration: Age - 0 to <1year; Maximum Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) - Male 0.5; Female 0.5 Age - 1 to < 2years; Maximum Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) - Male 0.6; Female 0.6 Age - 1 to < 2yearsr; Maximum Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) - Male 0.8; Female 0.8 Participant's parent or legal guardian has the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document according to institutional guidelines. Inclusion Criteria - Stratum S-2 Participant must have confirmed diagnosis of the following medulloblastoma molecular group and subgroup per Central Review. Medulloblastoma SHH-2 Participant must meet one of the following criteria at time of enrollment: Age <36 months OR Age ≥ 36 months and < 60 months with non-metastatic disease (M0) Inclusion Criteria - Stratum S-1 Participant must have confirmed diagnosis of one of the following medulloblastoma molecular subgroups per Central Review. Medulloblastoma SHH-1 Medulloblastoma SHH-3 Medulloblastoma SHH-4 Medulloblastoma SHH-NOS Includes medulloblastoma cases that could not be assigned to a molecular subgroup using the DNA methylation classifier, but which are in the SHH group and/or cases defined as SHH by IHC. Participant must be < 36 months of age at time of enrollment Note: Patients who are < 36 months of age, regardless of metastatic status (M0/M+), are eligible for enrollment on stratum S-1. Inclusion Criteria - Stratum N Participant must have confirmed diagnosis of one of the following medulloblastoma molecular subgroups per Central Review. Medulloblastoma G3 Medulloblastoma G4 Medulloblastoma - Not classified into SHH (i.e., NWNS or indeterminate) Includes medulloblastoma cases that could not be assigned to a molecular group using the DNA methylation classifier but which are in the NWNS class and/or defined as NWNS by IHC. Participant must be <36 months of age at time of enrollment All NWNS patients (M+ and M0) are eligible for enrollment in stratum N Exclusion Criteria - All Patients CNS embryonal tumor other than medulloblastoma, for example, patients with diagnosis of Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT), PNET, Pineoblastoma, Ependymoma, and ETMR are excluded. Participant with prior treatment for medulloblastoma, including: Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Cancer directed immunotherapy Targeted agents NOTE: Corticosteroid therapy is acceptable; prior treatment with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted agents for non-cancer directed indications are acceptable as long as these have been stopped at least 14 days prior to start of therapy or 2 half-lives from last dose. (i.e., methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, JAK inhibitor therapy for eczema, etc.) Participant who is actively receiving any other investigational agents. Participant with other clinically significant medical disorders (i.e., serious infections or significant cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, psychiatric, or other organ dysfunction) that could compromise their ability to tolerate protocol therapy or would interfere with the study procedures or results.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Maximum Age: 59 Months

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Stratum S-2<br>Patients with Sonic Hedgehog subgroup 2 (SHH-2), 0-2.99 years, or M0 and 3-4.99 years, will receive systemic high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) and conventional chemotherapy. Interventions: Surgery, Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, Carboplatin, Topotecan, Pegfilgrastim, Filgrastim | Procedure: Surgical resection<br>* All participants enrolled will undergo surgical resection prior to treatment. The maximal resection that can be achieved without undue risk to the patient will be attempted, with decisions about feasibility and extent of resection left to the discretion of the neurosurgeon. In instances where an STR is the best extent of resection achieved prior to start of therapy, a second-look surgery may be performed between cycles of chemotherapy after discussion with the principal investigator.<br>* Other names: surgical management;Drug: Methotrexate<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Rexall®;Drug: Cisplatin<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Platinol-AQ®;Drug: Vincristine<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Oncovin®;Drug: Cyclophosphamide<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Cytoxan®;Drug: Carboplatin<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Paraplatin®;Drug: Topotecan<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Hycamtin®;Drug: Pegfilgrastim<br>* Route of administration: subcutaneous (SQ)<br>* Other names: Udenyca®;Drug: Filgrastim<br>* Route of administration: subcutaneous (SQ) or Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Neupogen®;|
| Experimental: Stratum S-1<br>Patients with SHH-1, SHH-3, SHH-4, or SHH-Not otherwise specified (NOS), 0-2.99 years, will receive intraventricular methotrexate (IVT-MTX) in parallel with systemic HD-MTX and conventional chemotherapy. Interventions: Surgery, Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, Carboplatin, Topotecan, Pegfilgrastim, Filgrastim | Procedure: Surgical resection<br>* All participants enrolled will undergo surgical resection prior to treatment. The maximal resection that can be achieved without undue risk to the patient will be attempted, with decisions about feasibility and extent of resection left to the discretion of the neurosurgeon. In instances where an STR is the best extent of resection achieved prior to start of therapy, a second-look surgery may be performed between cycles of chemotherapy after discussion with the principal investigator.<br>* Other names: surgical management;Procedure: Ommaya/VPS<br>* All participants enrolled on S-1 will undergo<br>* Other names: surgical management;Drug: Methotrexate<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Rexall®;Drug: Cisplatin<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Platinol-AQ®;Drug: Vincristine<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Oncovin®;Drug: Cyclophosphamide<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Cytoxan®;Drug: Carboplatin<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Paraplatin®;Drug: Topotecan<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Hycamtin®;Drug: Pegfilgrastim<br>* Route of administration: subcutaneous (SQ)<br>* Other names: Udenyca®;Drug: Filgrastim<br>* Route of administration: subcutaneous (SQ) or Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Neupogen®;|
| Experimental: Stratum N<br>Patients with Medulloblastoma (MB) group 3 or group 4 (G3/G4) or MB [including Non-WNT non-SHH medulloblastoma (NWNS) NOS or otherwise indeterminate cases] (0-2.99 years) will receive systemic HD-MTX and conventional chemotherapy only for radiation delaying purposes. At 3 years of age, these patients will receive risk-stratified craniospinal irradiation (CSI). Interventions: Surgery, Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, Carboplatin, Topotecan, Etoposide, Pegfilgrastim, Filgrastim, Radiation | Procedure: Surgical resection<br>* All participants enrolled will undergo surgical resection prior to treatment. The maximal resection that can be achieved without undue risk to the patient will be attempted, with decisions about feasibility and extent of resection left to the discretion of the neurosurgeon. In instances where an STR is the best extent of resection achieved prior to start of therapy, a second-look surgery may be performed between cycles of chemotherapy after discussion with the principal investigator.<br>* Other names: surgical management;Drug: Methotrexate<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Rexall®;Drug: Cisplatin<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Platinol-AQ®;Drug: Vincristine<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Oncovin®;Drug: Cyclophosphamide<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Cytoxan®;Drug: Carboplatin<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Paraplatin®;Drug: Topotecan<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Hycamtin®;Drug: Etoposide<br>* Route of administration: Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Vepesid®;Drug: Pegfilgrastim<br>* Route of administration: subcutaneous (SQ)<br>* Other names: Udenyca®;Drug: Filgrastim<br>* Route of administration: subcutaneous (SQ) or Intravenously (IV)<br>* Other names: Neupogen®;Radiation: Irradiation<br>* All participants in stratum N will undergo craniospinal irradiation (CSI) with boost to the primary tumor site once they reach 36 months of age. The dose given is based on the molecular risk group and disease response to chemotherapy as noted in the arm descriptions. The type of radiation used includes conformal radiation therapy (photons) or intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or proton beam therapy.<br>* Other names: Radiotherapy;|
| Experimental: Cognitive Study Group I (educational video and games)<br>Educational video and games | Other: Educational and Media Intervention<br>* Participants watch a 75-minute caregiver education video program and receive access to interactive games on a smartphone or tablet throughout the optional cognitive study.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Cognitive Study Group II (standard-of-care control)<br>Standard-of-care (SOC) followed by educational video and games | Other: SOC, Educational and Media Intervention<br>* Standard-of-care (SOC) treatment during main cognitive study. After the one-year serial cognitive evaluation, participants will be offered participation in the cognitive study group I intervention.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Progression free survival of SHH-2 infant (0-2.99 years) and young child (3-4.99 years) medulloblastoma patients treated with systemic HD-MTX-based chemotherapy only. | Progression free survival (PFS) will be measured from treatment initiation to the earliest of disease progression or death from any cause in stratum S-2 eligible M0 patients who receive at least 1 dose of the chemotherapy regimen. Patients who have not experienced one of these events will be censored at their last date of contact. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of PFS at two years will be computed. PFS will be compared to St. Jude historical cohorts using hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. | Up to 7 years after enrollment with PFS estimation occurring 2 years after treatment initiation of last patient | 
| Progression free survival of SHH-1 infant (0-2.99 years) medulloblastoma patients treated with systemic HD-MTX-based chemotherapy augmented with IVT-MTX. | Progression free survival (PFS) will be measured from treatment initiation to the earliest of disease progression or death from any cause in stratum S-1 eligible SHH-1 patients who receive at least 1 dose of the chemotherapy regimen. Patients who have not experienced one of these events will be censored at their last date of contact. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of PFS at two years will be computed. PFS will be compared to St. Jude historical cohorts using hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. | Up to 7 years after enrollment with PFS estimation occurring 2 years after treatment initiation of last patient | 
| Progression free survival of G3/G4 infant (0-2.99 years) medulloblastoma patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and delayed risk-adapted CSI augmented with carboplatin. | Progression free survival (PFS) will be measured from treatment initiation to the earliest of disease progression or death from any cause in stratum S-N eligible patients who receive at least 1 dose of the chemotherapy regimen. Patients who have not experienced one of these events will be censored at their last date of contact. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of PFS at two years will be computed. PFS will be compared to St. Jude historical cohorts using hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. | Up to 7 years after enrollment with PFS estimation occurring 2 years after treatment initiation of last patient | 
| IQ among infants and young children treated with systemic chemotherapy only compared to patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and intra-ventricular chemotherapy or delayed risk-adapted craniospinal irradiation | Change from baseline over time in intellectual function (IQ) will be assessed using different instruments as age appropriate. IQ will be measured in children 0-3:6 years of age using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Fourth Edition (Bayley-4), in children 3.0-5.11 years of age using Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV), and in children 6-10 years of age using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V). Longitudinal analyses will be conducted using mixed models. | Baseline through 5 years after enrollment | 
| Executive function among infants and young children treated with systemic chemotherapy only compared to patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and intra-ventricular chemotherapy or delayed risk-adapted craniospinal irradiation | Change from baseline over time in executive functions will be assessed using different instruments as age appropriate. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF-P (ages 2-5:11) and BRIEF-2 (ages 6-18)] will assess behavioral manifestations of executive function. Longitudinal analyses will be conducted using mixed models. | Baseline through 5 years after enrollment | 
| Health-related quality of life among infants and young children treated with systemic chemotherapy only compared to patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and intra-ventricular chemotherapy or delayed risk-adapted craniospinal irradiation | Changes from baseline over time in health-related quality of life will be assessed using the PedsQL (ages 2 and older). Longitudinal analyses will be conducted using mixed models. | Baseline through 5 years after enrollment | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in IQ among infants (0-2.99 years) and young children (3-4.99 years) treated for medulloblastoma | IQ will be assessed using different instruments as age appropriate. IQ will be measured in children 0-3:6 years of age using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Fourth Edition (Bayley-4), in children 3.0-5.11 years of age using Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV), and in children 6-10 years of age using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V). The multiple instruments will be combined across all ages into one measure of standardized Full-Scale IQ. A linear mixed-effects regression model will be used to examine changes in IQ from baseline over time as related to demographic (e.g., age at treatment, gender, and socioeconomic status), disease-related (e.g., presence of hydrocephalus, posterior fossa syndrome), and treatment (e.g., systemic chemotherapy with or without IVT-MTX, radiation dosimetry to key brain structures, treatment-related ototoxicity) factors. | Baseline through 5 years after enrollment | 
| Change in executive function among infants (0-2.99 years) and young children (3-4.99 years) treated for medulloblastoma | This will be assessed using different instruments as age appropriate (The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF-P (ages 2-5:11) and BRIEF-2 (ages 6-10)] will assess behavioral manifestations of executive function. A linear mixed-effects regression model will be used to examine changes in executive function from baseline over time as related to demographic (e.g., age at treatment, gender, and socioeconomic status), disease-related (e.g., presence of hydrocephalus, posterior fossa syndrome), and treatment (e.g., systemic chemotherapy with or without IVT-MTX, radiation dosimetry to key brain structures, treatment-related ototoxicity) factors. | Baseline through 5 years after enrollment | 
| Change in health-related quality of life among infants (0-2.99 years) and young children (3-4.99 years) treated for medulloblastoma | Health-related quality of life will be assessed using the PedsQL (ages 2 and older). A linear mixed-effects regression model will be used to examine changes in health-related quality of life from baseline over time as related to demographic (e.g., age at treatment, gender, and socioeconomic status), disease-related (e.g., presence of hydrocephalus, posterior fossa syndrome), and treatment (e.g., systemic chemotherapy with or without IVT-MTX, radiation dosimetry to key brain structures, treatment-related ototoxicity) factors. | Baseline through 5 years after enrollment | 
| Association of familial factors and environmental factors with socioeconomic status | Socioeconomic status will be measured using the Barratt Simplified Measure of Social Status (BSMSS). Generalized linear models will be used to investigate the association of socioeconomic status with familial factors (e.g., family cohesion, family coping with medical management, parent-child interaction style) and environmental factors (e.g., parental verbal abilities, home literacy, adherence with rehabilitative therapies, participation in early intervention, school advocacy) | Baseline through 5 years after enrollment | 
| Association of familial factors and environmental factors with cognitive late effects. | Linear mixed-effects models will be used to examine changes from baseline over time in cognitive outcomes (as described above) with familiar and environmental factors (as described above). | Baseline through 5 years after enrollment | 
| Evaluate family interest in caregiver education combined with interactive neurodevelopmental games. | The neurocognitive intervention consists of the Working for Kids (WFK) education, which is designed to improve parent understanding of the importance of the early learning environment on brain development, and First Pathways Game (FPG), which are interactive neurodevelopmental games designed for parents to play with their children to strengthen brain pathways for specific skills including communication, problem-solving and social emotional skills, motor skills, math skills and early science learning. Family interest in this intervention will be measured by the proportion of families approached enrolling on study. | Baseline through 6 months after enrollment | 
| Evaluate intervention feasibility by measuring the rate of participants completing a caregiver education combined with interactive. neurodevelopmental games. | The neurocognitive intervention consists of the Working for Kids (WFK) education, which is designed to improve parent understanding of the importance of the early learning environment on brain development, and First Pathways Game (FPG), which is an interactive neurodevelopmental games designed for parents to play with their children to strengthen brain pathways for specific skills including communication, problem-solving and social emotional skills, motor skills, math skills and early science learning. Intervention feasibility will be measured by the proportion of randomized participants completing at least 10 neurodevelopmental games. | Baseline through 6 months after enrollment | 
| Evaluate the acceptability of a caregiver education combined with interactive neurodevelopmental games. | The neurocognitive intervention consists of the Working for Kids (WFK) education, which is designed to improve parent understanding of the importance of the early learning environment on brain development, and First Pathways Game (FPG), which is an interactive neurodevelopmental games designed for parents to play with their children to strengthen brain pathways for specific skills including communication, problem-solving and social emotional skills, motor skills, math skills and early science learning. Acceptability will be measured as the proportion of caregivers reporting benefit from the intervention participation on a satisfaction questionnaire. | Baseline through 6 months after enrollment | 
| Magnitude of change in cognition and social-emotional development associated with a caregiver education program combined with interactive neurodevelopmental games. | Mean six-month change from baseline in cognition and social-emotional development as measured by DAYC-2 (parent interview) will be computed for families randomized to the intervention (described above) and for families randomized to the standard care control group. | Baseline and 6 months after enrollment | 
| To characterize the plasma systemic clearance (CL) of cyclophosphamide (CTX) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma. | Drug plasma concentrations will be simultaneously analyzed with a population pharmacokinetic approach, which permits characterizing typical pharmacokinetics and interindividual variability within the population. We will use a similar approach to what we have used in our previously published manuscripts. Cyclophosphamide CL will be estimated based on serial samples acquired during therapy. | Day 9 of the first course of A, AIVT, B or BIVT therapy and Days 4 and 5 of course C or Days 2 and 3 of E. | 
| To characterize the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h) of carboxyethylphosphoramide (CEPM) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving cyclophosphamide. | Carboxyethylphosphoramide will be included in above described population pharmacokinetic approach. Based on the results of the population pharmacokinetic analysis, the CEPM AUC0-24h can be calculated. | Day 9 of the first course of A, AIVT, B or BIVT therapy and Days 4 and 5 of course C or Days 2 and 3 of E. | 
| To characterize the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h) of 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide (4OHCTX) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving cyclophosphamide. | In a similar manner to the CEPM AUC0-24h, the 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide area under the curve AUC0-24h can be estimated based on the results of the population pharmacokinetic analysis. | Day 9 of the first course of A, AIVT, B or BIVT therapy and Days 4 and 5 of course C or Days 2 and 3 of E. | 
| To assess potential covariates (e.g., demographics, clinical chemistry) explaining inter- and intra-patient variability in in the plasma systemic clearance (CL) of CTX in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving CTX. | A covariate analysis will be performed to investigate potential associations between the CTX CL pharmacokinetic parameter (outcome measure) and demographics and clinical chemistry data (covariates). Continuous covariates will be implemented according to a power model scaled to the population median covariate value. Categorical covariates will be modeled using an exponential change due to the covariate value. Significant covariates will be selected by using a classic forward/backward stepwise approach, with criteria P values of 0.05 and 0.01 for the forward and backward steps, respectively. Wald tests will be also used to test whether covariates should be kept in the model (criteria p-value<0.05) to explain the inter- and intra-patient variability in CTX CL values in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving CTX. | Data for CTX from Day 9 of the first course of A, AIVT, B or BIVT therapy and Days 4 and 5 of course C or Days 2 and 3 of E. | 
| To assess potential covariates (e.g., demographics, clinical chemistry) explaining inter- and intra-patient variability in CEPM AUC0-24h in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving CTX. | A covariate analysis will be performed to investigate potential associations between the CTX AUC pharmacokinetic parameter (outcome measure) and demographics and clinical chemistry data (covariates). Continuous covariates will be implemented according to a power model scaled to the population median covariate value. Categorical covariates will be modeled using an exponential change due to the covariate value. Significant covariates will be selected by using a classic forward/backward stepwise approach, with criteria P values of 0.05 and 0.01 for the forward and backward steps, respectively. Wald tests will be also used to test whether covariates should be kept in the model (criteria p-value<0.05) to explain the inter- and intra-patient variability in CEPM AUC values in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving CTX. | Data for CEPM from Day 9 of the first course of A, AIVT, B or BIVT therapy and Days 4 and 5 of course C or Days 2 and 3 of E. | 
| To assess potential covariates (e.g., demographics, clinical chemistry) explaining inter- and intra-patient variability in 4OHCTX AUC0-24h in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving CTX. | A covariate analysis will be performed to investigate potential associations between the 4OHCTX AUC pharmacokinetic parameter (outcome measure) and demographics and clinical chemistry data (covariates). Continuous covariates will be implemented according to a power model scaled to the population median covariate value. Categorical covariates will be modeled using an exponential change due to the covariate value. Significant covariates will be selected by using a classic forward/backward stepwise approach, with criteria P values of 0.05 and 0.01 for the forward and backward steps, respectively. Wald tests will be also used to test whether covariates should be kept in the model (criteria p-value<0.05) to explain the inter- and intra-patient variability in 4OHCTX AUC values in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving CTX. | Data for 4OHCTX from Day 9 of the first course of A, AIVT, B or BIVT therapy and Days 4 and 5 of course C or Days 2 and 3 of E. | 
| To characterize the plasma systemic clearance (CL) of vincristine (VCR) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma. | As with cyclophosphamide, the vincristine drug plasma concentrations will be analyzed with a population pharmacokinetic approach, which permits characterizing typical pharmacokinetics and interindividual variability within the population. Vincristine CL will be estimated based on serial samples acquired during therapy. | Beginning on Day 8 of the first course of A or AIVT and B or BIVT (or E). | 
| To assess potential covariates (e.g., demographics, clinical chemistry) explaining inter- and intra-patient variability in VCR PK parameter (CL) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving VCR. | A covariate analysis will be performed to investigate potential associations between the VCR CL pharmacokinetic parameter (outcome measure) and demographics and clinical chemistry data (covariates). Continuous covariates will be implemented according to a power model scaled to the population median covariate value. Categorical covariates will be modeled using an exponential change due to the covariate value. Significant covariates will be selected by using a classic forward/backward stepwise approach, with criteria P values of 0.05 and 0.01 for the forward and backward steps, respectively. Wald tests will be also used to test whether covariates should be kept in the model (criteria p-value<0.05) to explain the inter- and intra-patient variability in VCR CL values in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving VCR. | Beginning on Day 8 of the first course of A or AIVT and B or BIVT (or E). | 
| To characterize the plasma systemic clearance (CL) of topotecan (TPT) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma. | The topotecan drug plasma concentrations will be analyzed with a population pharmacokinetic approach, which permits characterizing typical pharmacokinetics and interindividual variability within the population. Topotecan CL will be estimated based on serial samples acquired during course C of therapy. | All samples acquired during each course C for domestic patients and patients at St. Jude only. | 
| To assess potential covariates (e.g., demographics, clinical chemistry) explaining inter- and intra-patient variability in TPT PK parameter (CL) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving TPT. | A covariate analysis will be performed to investigate potential associations between the TPT CL pharmacokinetic parameter (outcome measure) and demographics and clinical chemistry data (covariates). Also included in this analysis will be concomitant medications given at the same as topotecan (i.e., cyclophosphamide), as well as concomitant adjuvant drugs given within 48 hr of topotecan dose in at least 30% of patients included in the analysis. Continuous covariates will be implemented according to a power model scaled to the population median covariate value. Patient age will be tested according to a Hill equation to reflect potential maturation process. Categorical covariates will be modeled using an exponential change due to the covariate value. Significant covariates will be selected by using a classic forward/backward stepwise approach, and a covariate was considered significant at P<0.05 for the forward addition and at the 0.01 for the backward addition. | All samples acquired during each course C for domestic patients and patients at St. Jude, only. | 
| To characterize the plasma systemic methotrexate (MTX) clearance (CL) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma. | Drug plasma concentrations will be simultaneously analyzed with a population pharmacokinetic approach, which permits characterizing typical pharmacokinetics and interindividual variability within the population. We will use a similar approach to what we have used in our previously published manuscripts. Methotrexate CL will be estimated based on serial samples acquired during the first day of each course of therapy. | Day 1 of each course A, AIVT, B, and BIVT. | 
| To characterize the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h) of 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7OHMTX) in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving methotrexate. | 7-hydroxymethotrexate will be included in above described population pharmacokinetic approach. Based on the results of the population pharmacokinetic analysis, the 7OHMTX AUC0-24h will be calculated. | Day 1 of each course A, AIVT, B, and BIVT. | 
| To assess potential covariates (e.g., demographics, clinical chemistry) explaining inter- and intra-patient variability in MTX PK parameter CL in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving MTX. | A covariate analysis will be performed to investigate potential associations between the MTX pharmacokinetic parameter CL (outcome measure) and demographics and clinical chemistry data (covariates). Continuous covariates will be implemented according to a power model scaled to the population median covariate value. Categorical covariates will be modeled using an exponential change due to the covariate value. Significant covariates will be selected by using a classic forward/backward stepwise approach, with criteria P values of 0.05 and 0.01 for the forward and backward steps, respectively. Wald tests will be also used to test whether covariates should be kept in the model (criteria p-value<0.05) to explain the inter- and intra-patient variability in MTX CL values in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving MTX. | Day 1 of each course A, AIVT, B, and BIVT. | 
| To assess potential covariates (e.g., demographics, clinical chemistry) explaining inter- and intra-patient variability in 7OHMTX PK parameter AUC0-24h in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving MTX. | A covariate analysis will be performed to investigate potential associations between the MTX pharmacokinetic parameter AUC (outcome measure) and demographics and clinical chemistry data (covariates). Continuous covariates will be implemented according to a power model scaled to the population median covariate value. Categorical covariates will be modeled using an exponential change due to the covariate value. Significant covariates will be selected by using a classic forward/backward stepwise approach, with criteria P values of 0.05 and 0.01 for the forward and backward steps, respectively. Wald tests will be also used to test whether covariates should be kept in the model (criteria p-value<0.05) to explain the inter- and intra-patient variability in 7OHMTX AUC values in infants and young children with medulloblastoma receiving MTX. | Day 1 of each course A, AIVT, B, and BIVT. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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SJiMB21, Brain Cancer, Brain Tumors in Children, Medulloblastoma Sonic Hedgehog subgroup 1, Medulloblastoma Sonic Hedgehog subgroup 2, Medulloblastoma Sonic Hedgehog subgroup 3, Medulloblastoma Sonic Hedgehog subgroup 4, Medulloblastoma Sonic Hedgehog-not otherwise specified, Medulloblastoma G3, Medulloblastoma G4, Medulloblastoma indeterminate, MLPNet, Neural Net Classification Pipeline, Non-WNT non-SHH medulloblastoma, Posterior fossa syndrome, St. Jude Brain Tumor Studies, Treatment for Brain Tumors in Infants and Young Children, Untreated Childhood Medulloblastoma