Increased Risk of ADHD Among Children With Bilateral Congenital Cataracts

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
In this study, the investigators conducted a cross-sectional, face-to-face investigation to evaluate the behavioral and psychological disorders and the risk of ADHD among children with bilateral congenital cataracts using the Conners'Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) questionnaire, an assessment tool for screening ADHD that obtains parental reports of childhood behavioral problems in research and clinical settings.15-17 Age-matched children with normal vision and the Chinese urban norm were used as controls.

Official Title
-----------------
Increased Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children With Bilateral Congenital Cataracts

Conditions
-----------------
Childhood Cataract

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Psychological and Behavioral Problems


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: CC children and NV children aged 3-8 years presenting to the Zhognshan Ophthalmic Center between July and December 2016. Exclusion Criteria: Patients complicated with systemic manifestations, such as Lowe syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and Down syndrome, were excluded.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 3 Years
Maximum Age: 8 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| CC children<br>CC children were registered members of the Childhood Cataract Program of the Chinese Ministry of Health (CCPMOH). All of them were diagnosed with CC by two experienced pediatric ophthalmologists based on a comprehensive evaluation of the onset age (within one year after birth), morphological features of lens opacity, family history, and detailed medical records. | Other: Psychological and Behavioral Problems<br>* Differences in age and sex between the CC and NV groups were compared using the independent samples t test and Chi-square test, respectively. Comparisons of abnormal rates between the CC and NV groups were performed using the Chi-square test. Scores on all subscales recorded for the CC group were compared with those of the NV group and the Chinese urban norm using the independent samples t test and one-sample t test, respectively.<br>|
| NV children<br>NV children were recruited from the Optometry Department of the ZOC as the control group. NV was defined as BCVA ≥0.3 (log MAR) in children between 3-5 years old or BCVA ≥0.15 (log MAR) in children older than 5 years. Children with strabismus and high refractive error (myopia or hyperopia: >6.0 Diopters; astigmatism: >3.0 Diopters) were excluded from NV group. | Other: Psychological and Behavioral Problems<br>* Differences in age and sex between the CC and NV groups were compared using the independent samples t test and Chi-square test, respectively. Comparisons of abnormal rates between the CC and NV groups were performed using the Chi-square test. Scores on all subscales recorded for the CC group were compared with those of the NV group and the Chinese urban norm using the independent samples t test and one-sample t test, respectively.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Risk of ADHD | The Conners' Parent Rating Scale 48 (CPRS-48) contains 5 evaluating subscales, including the conduct problems, learning problems, psychosomatic, impulsiveness/hyperactivity, and anxiety subscales. A total of 48 items are included in the questionnaire, and each item is scored from 0 to 3 (0 represents the best, 3 represents the worst). The final scores of the 5 subscales are defined as the mean scores of the corresponding items: conduct problems (2+8+14+19+20+21+22+23+27+33+34+39)/12; learning problems (10+25+31+37)/4; psychosomatic (32+41+43+44+48)/5; impulsiveness/hyperactivity (4+5+11+13)/4; anxiety (12+16+24+47)/4; and the hyperactivity index (4+7+11+13+14+25+31+33+37+38)/10. Final scores and the five subscales of the CPRS-48 between two groups were compared. | 2016.7-12 | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
congenital cataract, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Conners'Parent Rating Scale-48