Does Hydroxychloroquine Before & During Patient Exposure Protect Healthcare Workers From Coronavirus?

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared SARS-CoV-2 (commonly called COVID-19) a global pandemic. As in any pandemic, maintaining the health and safety of the healthcare workforce is of great importance as health care workers (HCW) remain a critical line of defence against the spread of COVID-19 and play a vital role in the recovery of those already infected. Frontline HCW, such as those in the emergency department (ED), are at high risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their close proximity to patients who may have the virus. The impact of frontline HCW becoming ill and thus unable to go to work is equally high, and of grave risk to the function of the healthcare system and the ability to minimize the impact of the current pandemic. This study aims to evaluate whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a well-tolerated drug typically used in the prevention of malaria transmission and rheumatic disease, taken before and during exposure to patients with COVID-19, is effective at reducing COVID-19 infections among ED health care workers.

Detailed Description
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On March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic. As of March 22, 2020 there have been over 267,013 confirmed cases and 11,201 deaths in 185 different countries or regions; it is quickly overwhelming health care systems worldwide to detrimental effect. Even with current moderate interventions imposed, estimates predict that 10-18% of the Canadian population will be infected with the virus by its peak in July. Health care workers (HCWs) remain a critical line of defence in the fight against this pandemic and maintaining their health is not only an important social responsibility of the government, but it is also of vital national interest to treat and control others infected with this virus or sick with other disease. Estimates from China indicate that HCWs make up 3.8% of cases, while in Italy it is reported to be much higher - 8.3%. Early numbers from front-line workers in Italy suggested up to 20% of HCWs become infected with COVID-19, and these rates are approximately 3 times higher than the general population. When HCWs become sick, not only do they risk dying, but they also must take weeks away from work limiting the ability of the health care system to function. The fear associated with becoming ill also causes higher rates of missed work and higher rates of burnout, as seen with previous outbreaks. It is also now clear that asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 not only occurs, but may even be the most important factor in spread of the virus. HCWs may therefore become vectors of viral spread to those who are the most vulnerable in other areas of the hospital. Preventing HCWs from acquiring SARS-CoV-2 should therefore be of the utmost importance to national interests. Repurposing drugs already known to be safe and tolerable in humans provides a major advantage in a pandemic where time is critical. Of candidate drugs, chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), have shown some promise. Originally an anti-malarial medication, CQ exerts direct antiviral effects by inhibiting pH-dependent steps of the replication of several viruses, including coronaviruses. It also has immunomodulatory effects, suppressing the release of TNFα and IL-6, which are involved in the inflammatory complications of several viral diseases. In vitro data has shown that CQ potently blocks virus infection at low micromolar concentrations with a high selectivity index. CQ is also widely distributed throughout the body, including the lungs, after oral administration. An early clinical trial of more than 100 COVID-19 patients in China reported that CQ was superior to placebo in inhibiting pneumonia, improving lung imaging, promoting viral seroconversion, and shortening the disease course, although data was not released. Based on those results experts in China recommended CQ 500mg twice daily for ten days in all patients with COVID-19. HCQ has also been shown to also have anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in vitro and may actually be more potent. It has a better safety profile than CQ (during long term use), and allows a higher daily dose, with fewer concerns of drug-drug interactions. Preliminary clinical data also suggests that HCQ may lead to significantly faster viral clearance in COVID-19 patients as assessed by nasopharyngeal swab (70% vs. 12.5%, p=0.001). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) offers the ability to protect front-line HCWs from illness, decrease nosocomial spread of SARS-CoV-2, and prevent loss of work force due to illness. Rigorous testing of HCQ for this purpose is critical at this time. The investigators therefore aim to conduct the first randomized placebo-controlled trial of HCQ to prevent COVID-19 infections in emergency departments (ED) as they prepare for escalating rates of COVID-19 in Toronto, Canada.

Official Title
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Protecting Frontline Health Care Workers From COVID-19 With Hydroxychloroquine Pre-exposure Prophylaxis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Multi-Site Trial in Toronto, Canada

Conditions
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV 2

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Hydroxychloroquine
* Drug: Placebo oral tablet


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Health care worker (HCW) in the emergency department who is anticipated to work at least 10 shifts over the duration of the study period (minimum 6 hours per shift) and anticipated to remain in the emergency department for the duration of the study (i.e., not transferring to another unit). For the purposes of the study, health care workers are physicians (including residents), nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, respiratory therapists, X-ray technicians, social workers and support staff (including but not limited to house-keeping, and porters). Age ≥18 years. Ability to communicate with study staff in English Exclusion Criteria: Currently pregnant, planning to become pregnant during the study period, and/or breast feeding Known hypersensitivity/allergy to hydroxychloroquine or to 4-aminoquinoline compounds. Current use of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of a medical condition. Known prolonged QT syndrome, or concomitant medications which simultaneously may prolong the QTC that cannot be temporarily suspended/replaced. These are including but not limited to Class IA, IC and III antiarrhythmics; certain antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anti-infectives; domperidone; 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3 receptor antagonists; kinase inhibitors; histone deacetylase inhibitors beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists. Known pre-existing retinopathy. Disclosure of self-administered use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine within 12 weeks prior to study. This window allows five half-lives of HCQ (i.e. 21 days) to pass before being reintroduced to the drug. Confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 at time of enrollment, i.e. symptom of COVID-19 at enrollment with confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by viral detection as performed according to local guidelines for symptomatic HCWs. All participants with COVID-19 symptoms at enrollment will be directed to have confirmatory testing (within the department or occupational health as per the site guidelines). Participants who are negative for SARS-CoV-2 will be redirected to enrollment procedures; those testing positive will be excluded.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: The HEROS study is a double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial of oral HCQ 400 mg taken once daily for three months as PrEP to prevent COVID-19 in health care workers in the emergency department.
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Study drug arm<br>50% of participants will be randomized to the study drug arm, and will take 400mg hydroxychloroquine orally once a day for three months (Day 1-90). | Drug: Hydroxychloroquine<br>* Oral Hydroxychloroquine, 400 mg taken once daily, for three months as pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent COVID-19 in health care workers in the emergency department.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo arm<br>50% of participants will be randomized to the placebo arm, and will take placebo orally once a day for three months (Day 1-90). | Drug: Placebo oral tablet<br>* Placebo pill (same formula as Hydroxychloroquine without active ingredient) taken once daily, for three months.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Microbiologically confirmed COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection) | This is a composite endpoint which includes any positive result from a validated SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay including detection of viral RNA, or seroconversion by day 104 (14 days after end of the randomization period). | Samples collected at day 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Adverse events | Assessed using the DAIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adverse Events | Assessed at day 30, 60, 90, and day 120 | 
| Symptom duration of COVID-19 | Collected weekly from participants via self-report, sent by email | Collected every 7 days from day 7 to day 120 | 
| Days of hospitalization attributable to COVID-19 | The number of days (or partial days) spent admitted to an acute care hospital during the study period | Collected every 7 days from day 7 to day 120 | 
| Respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support attributable to COVID-19 | the number of days (or partial days) requiring i) non-invasive and ii) endotracheal intubation with ventilation during the study period | Collected every 7 days from day 7 to day 120 | 
| Mortality | Mortality attributable to COVID-19 and all-cause mortality during the study period | Collected every 7 days from day 7 to day 120 | 
| Impact on work eligibility | Number of days ineligible/unable to work due to COVID-19 | Collected every 7 days from day 7 to day 120 | 
| Seropositivity | COVID-19 reactive serology | Blood collected at day 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 | 
| Short-term psychological impact | Short-term psychological impact of exposure to COVID-19 measured using the K10, a validated measure of non-specific psychological distress, with a standard cutoff score of ≥16 | Measured at day 1, 60, 120 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Hydroxychloroquine, PrEP, Pre-exposure Prophylaxis, COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV 2