The Effect of Dairy and Non-dairy Breakfasts on Satiety and Post-meal Glycemia in Healthy Older Adults

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study investigates the effects of dairy breakfasts (2% cow's milk, 2% Greek yogurt, cheese) and a non-dairy breakfast (soy beverage) on satiety and post-meal blood glucose. Each participant will receive every treatment in this crossover design study.

Detailed Description
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Regular consumption of dairy is associated with better body composition and lower incidences of type 2 diabetes and obesity. This may be due to dairy's ability to increase satiety and decrease post-prandial glycemia. However, most clinical studies have only investigated isolated dairy proteins (whey and casein) and the effects of whole dairy products, consumed as part of a meal, remain unclear. Additionally, the effect of dairy type and form remain to be further investigated. Therefore, this study will test the effects of dairy products when consumed with a high glycemic index breakfast on satiety and post-prandial glycemia. Thirty healthy older males and females (60-70 years, BMI 18.5-30.0 kg/m2) will be recruited for the randomized, unblinded, crossover study. Participants will fast overnight, and at baseline will consume 1) 2% milk (250 mL), 2) soy beverage (250 mL), 3) plain 2% Greek yogurt (175 g), 4) cheddar cheese (30 g), or 5) water (250 mL - control). Treatments will be consumed along with 2 pieces of white toast with strawberry jam, except for the water control which will be consumed alone. All breakfast meals will be isocaloric and water will be given with the yogurt (75 mL) and cheese (220 mL) to compensate for fluid content. At 0 (baseline), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, (pre-meal period) and 210 minutes (post-meal period) blood will be collected for glucose analysis and subjective appetite ratings completed. Insulin will be analyzed every 30 minutes. Between 180-200 minutes, an ad libitum lunch will be provided to assess food intake.

Official Title
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The Effect of Dairy and Non-dairy Breakfasts on Subjective Appetite Ratings, Food Intake, and Post-meal Glycemia in Healthy Older Adults

Conditions
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Diabetes, Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: 2% M.F. Milk
* Other: White Bread
* Other: Strawberry Jam
* Other: 31% M.F. Cheddar Cheese
* Other: 2% M.F. Plain Greek yogurt
* Other: Soy Beverage
* Other: Water


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy BMI (18.5-30.0 kg/m2) Regular breakfast consumers Menopausal for at least 1 year (females) Exclusion Criteria: Smoking Diabetes Fasting blood glucose equal to or higher than 6.0 mmol/L Cardiovascular disease Medication affecting appetite or metabolism Trying to lose or gain weight through a diet or exercise regime Lactose intolerance or allergies to study foods Score equal to or higher than 11 on Eating Habits Questionnaire

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 60 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: 2% M.F. Milk<br>Breakfast meal: 250 mL 2% M.F. milk, 75 g white toast, 23.2 g strawberry jam, 100 mL water | Other: 2% M.F. Milk<br> <br> * Other names: White milk;Other: White Bread<br> <br> * Other names: Wonder Bread Canada;Other: Strawberry Jam<br> <br> * Other names: Smucker's;|
| Experimental: 2% M.F. Plain Greek Yogurt<br>Breakfast meal: 175 g 2% plain Greek yogurt, 75 g white toast, 23.2 g strawberry jam, 100 mL + 75 mL water | Other: White Bread<br> <br> * Other names: Wonder Bread Canada;Other: Strawberry Jam<br> <br> * Other names: Smucker's;Other: 2% M.F. Plain Greek yogurt<br> <br> * Other names: Oikos, Danone Canada;|
| Experimental: 31% M.F. Cheddar Cheese<br>Breakfast meal: 30 g 31% M.F. cheddar cheese, 75 g white toast, 27.0 g strawberry jam, 100 mL + 220 mL water | Other: White Bread<br> <br> * Other names: Wonder Bread Canada;Other: Strawberry Jam<br> <br> * Other names: Smucker's;Other: 31% M.F. Cheddar Cheese<br> <br> * Other names: Armstrong Canada;|
| Experimental: Soy Beverage<br>Breakfast meal: 250 mL soy beverage, 75 g white toast, 19.3 g strawberry jam, 100 mL water | Other: White Bread<br> <br> * Other names: Wonder Bread Canada;Other: Strawberry Jam<br> <br> * Other names: Smucker's;Other: Soy Beverage<br> <br> * Other names: So Good, Vanilla;|
| Experimental: Water (control)<br>Breakfast meal: 250 mL + 100 mL water | Other: Water<br> <br> * Other names: Calorie-free control;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Blood Glucose | Blood glucose (mmol/L) is measured using finger prick capillary blood samples | 0-210 minutes | 
| Subjective Appetite | Subjective appetite ratings are obtained from four 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) questions assessing Desire to Eat, Hunger, Fullness and Prospective Food Consumption. The average of all four VAS is calculated to obtain the average appetite score for statistical analysis. | 0-210 minutes | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Insulin | Blood insulin (μU/mL) is measured using finger prick capillary blood samples | 0-210 minutes | 
| Food Intake | Food at an ad libitum lunch meal consisting of a dish of rice, meatballs, and tomato sauce will be weighed to determine food intake based on nutrition information provided by the manufacturers. | 180-200 minutes | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Dairy, Post-prandial Glycemia, Satiety, Food Intake, Insulin, Milk, Greek yogurt, Cheese, Soy beverage