Effects of Different Guiding Strategies on Biomechanics of Human Movement.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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With regards to the increase in the aging population globally, how to build up a successfully aging society has become the main issue in health care and socioeconomic. In addition, living with high physical function is one of the main goals and solutions, and exercising regularly is a direct and obvious way to achieve this goal. However, being elderly, it might not be easy for them to practice or do exercise every day due to some of their limitations such as learning difficulty and lack of motivation. Nowadays, there are many different types of exercise supporting tools, which are in terms of visual or auditory cues, including two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) cues. Accordingly, several studies mentioned the positive outcomes of using a 3D visual cue compared with using the 2D one. Also, a study found that combining visual and auditory cues together resulted in a better perception than using either one alone. Coupled with a coming of a small flyable robot so-called drone, which can be programmed to fly autonomously in a 3D space, a few research teams applied it in many interactive applications with humans such as sports education relating for example dancing and boxing. Moreover, there was a research team that explored the interaction between a human and a drone in a close-range design by controlling the drone using both hands movement, which was inspired by Tai Chi martial art exercise. As a result, they found important findings of the calming and focusing experience of the participants due to the low level of constant propeller noise of the drone. Regarding this, the investigators assumed that applying a drone, which can be recognized as a 3D visual cue, to a kind of exercise may provide some benefits in terms of physical health. In addition, the investigators applied it to a simple Chinese martial art exercise called Baduanjin Qigong since it was recommended for everyone, especially for the elderly because of its low requirement for physical and cognitive abilities. However, based on our findings, there is no published information about the effects of the drone as a visual cue or exercise guiding tool in terms of biomechanical effects of human motion. Therefore, these effects would be observed throughout this study. Besides, the investigators hypothesized that exercising with the drone, which is a 3D visual cue in this study, could provide a significant difference in biomechanics effects such as the center of pressure (COP) and smoothness of the arm when compared with using a 2D visual cue like video, or no visual cue like the audio illustration. Also, resulting in a positive direction as an exercise guiding tool for the elderly such as increasing their motivation during exercise.

Official Title
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Effects of Different Guiding Strategies on Biomechanics of Human Movement.

Conditions
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Healthy Aging

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 20 years old above Able to perform regular exercise Able to understand Chinese or Taiwanese language Never practice Baduanjin Qigong Exclusion Criteria: Having illness or diseases that cannot perform physical exercise such as musculoskeletal disease. Having any kinds of chronic disease that might be more activated by performing Baduanjin exercise such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, osteoporosis, etc. Having chronic diseases that cannot perform Baduanjin exercise according to the experimental protocols such as blindness, deafness and hearing impairment, or Alzheimer's diseases, etc.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Audio (no visual cue)<br>The condition that a participant has to perform Baduanjin exercise by following the audio guidance/illustration according to the reference of Baduanjin practicing video. | |
| Video (2D visual cue)<br>The condition that a participant has to perform Baduanjin exercise by following the video guidance/illustration according to the reference of Baduanjin practicing video. | |
| Drone (3D visual cue)<br>The condition that a participant has to perform Baduanjin exercise by following the drone guiding system including a guidance from drone and audio illustration regarding the reference of Baduanjin practicing video. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Center of pressure (COP) | The center of pressure (COP) of every participant while performing each selected movement of Baduanjin exercise were observed with regards to the three different guiding strategies including audio, video, and drone. | 2 hours | 
| Smoothness of arm movement | The smoothness of arm movement of every participant while performing each selected movement of Baduanjin exercise were observed with regards to the three different guiding strategies including audio, video, and drone. | 2 hours | 
| Motivation and feedback of participants toward the drone guiding system | Motivation and feedback of the participants toward the drone guiding system were measured through a questionnaire using Agree Disagree Rating Questions (5 scales: strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree(normal), disagree, strongly disagree). | 2 hour | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Accuracy of the drone guiding system | The accuracy of the drone guiding system was evaluated according to the paths that the drone could perform compared with the preprogrammed paths for each selected movement of Baduanjin exercise. However, only the endpoints of the drone were evaluated for accuracy testing since the inputs of the preprogrammed paths were specific endpoint values, not the entire trajectories of the drone. | 2 hours | 
| Precision of the drone guiding system | The precision of the drone guiding system was evaluated according to the entire trajectories that the drone performed in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th times compared with the trajectory that the drone performed in the 1st time. | 2 hours | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Baduanjin Qigong, Visual and Auditory Cues, Center of Pressure (COP), Smoothness of Arm Movement