Impact of Protein and Alkali Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Whether higher dietary protein benefits skeletal muscle health in older adults remains an ongoing area of investigation. This study will determine whether adding an alkaline salt supplement, potassium bicarbonate, to reduce the dietary acid load of a high protein diet can further enhance the beneficial impact of a high protein diet alone on muscle performance and mass in older underactive adults on baseline low protein diet.

Detailed Description
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With aging, skeletal muscle mass and performance decline leading to an increased risk of falls and physical disability. There is ongoing research on whether increasing dietary protein intake in older adults improves indices of muscle health and thus translates to a reduction in physical disability. A main concern is that high protein results in a large dietary acid load from the breakdown of protein to acidogenic byproducts, which could in turn promote muscle degradation particularly in older adults with age-related declines in renal excretion of acid. The scientific premise of this project is that the balance between the amount of protein in the diet (anabolic component) and the net acid load of the diet (catabolic component) in part determines whether the diet as a whole has a net anabolic or catabolic effect on muscle. Preliminary data have suggested that a daily alkaline salt supplement (potassium bicarbonate, KHCO3) lowered the dietary acid load and improved lower extremity muscle power in postmenopausal women. The investigator's central hypothesis is that higher protein intake plus a neutralizing alkaline salt will have additive effects on muscle performance and mass in older adults to either intervention alone. To test the hypothesis, the investigators will conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2x2 factorial study in which underactive men and women age 65 and older on baseline lower protein diets will be enrolled. Participants will assigned to one of four groups: either a whey protein supplement (to raise protein intake to 1.5 g/kg/d) with or without KHCO3 81 mmol/d or an isocaloric placebo supplement with or without KHCO3 81 mmol/d for 24 wks. The primary outcome is lower extremity muscle power at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes are lower extremity muscle power at 12 weeks, muscle endurance at 12 and 24 weeks, physical performance at 24 weeks, lean mass at 24 weeks, and 24-hr urinary nitrogen excretion adjusted for nitrogen intake at 24 weeks. Exploratory outcomes will include a measure of muscle mass - D3-creatine dilution - and how it correlates with lean mass. Changes in these outcomes will be compared in the 4 groups. If successful, this research would represent a meaningful step in defining the circumstances under which protein has its greatest anabolic benefit.

Official Title
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Impact of Protein and Alkali Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults

Conditions
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Age-Related Sarcopenia, Muscle Loss

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: whey protein isolate
* Dietary Supplement: potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3)
* Other: microcrystalline cellulose
* Other: maltodextrin powder


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: ability to sign informed consent form ambulatory community-dwelling men and women age 65 years and over habitual dietary intake of protein of ≤0.8 g/kg/d underactive estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 Exclusion Criteria: participation in a diet or intensive exercise program during the study vegetarian (no animal protein) oral glucocorticoid use for > 10 days in the last 3 months anabolic and gonadal hormones in the last 6 months Tamoxifen/raloxifene in the last 6 months regular use of alkali-producing antacids (> 3 times per week) potassium-containing supplements or products non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications >3 times per week antacids containing calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or calcium acetate insulin sulfonylureas SGLT2 inhibitors a lower extremity fracture in the last year kidney stones in the past 5 years hyperkalemia elevated serum bicarbonate hypercalcemia uncontrolled diabetes mellitus defined as having fasting blood >150 or hemoglobin A1c >8% untreated thyroid or parathyroid disease significant immune disorder current unstable heart disease Crohn's disease active malignancy or cancer therapy in the last year alcohol use exceeding 2 drinks/day current peptic ulcers or esophageal stricture other condition or abnormality in screening labs, at discretion of the study physician

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Interventional Model Description: double blind randomized placebo controlled 2x2 factorial design
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: whey protein isolate + KHCO3<br>1.5 gm/kg/day of whey protein and 81 mmol/day of KHCO3 | Dietary Supplement: whey protein isolate<br>* one 15-25 gm (based on body weight) protein packet three times a day with each meal<br>Dietary Supplement: potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3)<br>* two 13.5 mmol capsules three times a day with each meal<br>|
| Active Comparator: whey protein isolate + microcrystalline cellulose<br>1.5 gm/kg/day of whey protein and identical placebo microcrystalline cellulose capsules | Dietary Supplement: whey protein isolate<br>* one 15-25 gm (based on body weight) protein packet three times a day with each meal<br>Other: microcrystalline cellulose<br>* identical placebo capsule<br>|
| Active Comparator: maltodextrin powder + KHCO3<br>isocaloric placebo maltodextrin powder and 81 mmol/day of KHCO3 | Dietary Supplement: potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3)<br>* two 13.5 mmol capsules three times a day with each meal<br>Other: maltodextrin powder<br>* isocaloric placebo powder<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: maltodextrin powder + microcrystalline cellulose<br>isocaloric placebo maltodextrin powder and identical placebo microcrystalline cellulose capsules | Other: microcrystalline cellulose<br>* identical placebo capsule<br>Other: maltodextrin powder<br>* isocaloric placebo powder<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| lower extremity muscle power | measure of muscle power using a double leg press | 24 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| lower extremity muscle power | measure muscle power using double leg press | 12 weeks | 
| isokinetic leg extension strength and endurance | measure knee extension strength, torque and fatigability using Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer | 12 and 24 weeks | 
| handgrip strength | measure strength using grip strength dynamometer | 24 weeks | 
| appendicular lean body mass | Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) lean mass of arms plus legs divided by height squared | 24 weeks | 
| physical performance battery | measure performance based on Health Aging and Body Composition-Physical Performance Battery | 24 weeks | 
| 24 hour urinary nitrogen excretion to nitrogen intake | measure based on 24 hour urine and 24 hour diet recall | 24 weeks |