Low-Dose Intravenous Ketamine Bolus Versus Conventional Technique

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Abstract Background: Ketamine has been introduced as one of the most common drugs, administered to sedate children for different painful procedures in the emergency department (ED) but administration in higher dosage causes some severe complications. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose intravenous ketamine bolus versus conventional injection for reduction of upper and lower extremity fractures in children. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 198 participants with upper and lower extremity fractures were enrolled. The participants were divided randomly into two groups. In the intervention group, ketamine 1% was administered rapidly at a dose of 0.5 mg / kg (within 5 seconds), and in the control group, ketamine 1.5 mg / kg was slowly injected for 30 to 60 seconds. Then outcomes such as sedation depth and complications were measured for every two minutes and satisfaction of participants and physicians were recorded. Results: Results showed that the successful sedation rate in the low dose ketamine group was significantly lower, as compared to the control group (7% vs 100%) (p<0.001). Moreover, In terms of duration of drug effect and of recovery, the low dose ketamine group were significantly lower compared with the group receiving higher dosage of ketamine (p<0.05). Furthermore, the sedation depth based on Wisconsin Sedation Scale was significantly higher, in the low dose ketamine group compared to the other group. By evaluating different complications, we found that the rate of neurological (20.4 % vs 5%) and physiological (10.2% vs 2%) complications in the control group was significantly higher compared to the group receiving low-dose ketamine (p<0.05).

Detailed Description
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This prospective double-blind clinical trial was conducted in the ED of Isfahan Al-Zahra Hospital, from May 2016 to June 2017. The sedation levels and different outcomes of patients receiving low-dose intravenous ketamine bolus (intervention group) were compared to patients receiving higher doses of intravenous ketamine (control group), for reduction of upper and lower extremity fractures. Inclusion criteria consisted of parents' desire and consent to participate in the study, body mass index (BMI) within the normal range, having age of 6 months to 17 years, requiring a reduction of upper and lower limb fractures, not receiving benzodiazepines and other sedative drugs before intervention. Exclusion criteria consisted of patients' age <3 months with the body temperature of > 38 ̊C, due to upper respiratory tract infection. Patients having any other complications such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, psychological and neurological were excluded from the study. We also excluded the patients who have withdrawn from the study. Participants and Intervention The study flowchart is shown in figure 1. Two hundreds ten patients with a diagnosis of upper and lower extremity fractures, diagnosed by Emergency Medicine Specialist, were enrolled based on clinical and para-clinical images and inclusion criteria. The participants were randomly allocated into two groups, using a block randomization procedure with matching subjects in each block based on sex and age. One hundred ninety eight patients completed the study; including one hundred from the intervention group and 98 from the control group. The study received ethics approval from the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (--------------), and all participants and their parents signed the informed consent form. After obtaining informed consent, eligible patients were enrolled. All patients were monitored by direct observation and continuous cardiovascular monitoring, in order to check the vital signs and also by pulse Oximeters to examine the blood oxygen saturation level.

Official Title
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Low-Dose Intravenous Ketamine Bolus Versus Conventional Technique for Reduction of Upper and Lower Extremity Fractures in Children: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Conditions
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Procedural Sedation

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/1mL Solution for Injection
* Drug: Ketamine Hcl 50Mg/Ml Inj


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Parents' desire and consent to participate in the study Body mass index (BMI) within the normal range Having age of 6 months to 17 years Requiring a reduction of upper and lower limb fractures. Subjects who did not complete study endpoints, however, were included as part on an intention to treat analysis. Exclusion Criteria: Age <6 months Body temperature of > 38 ̊C, due to upper respiratory tract infection. Participants having any other complications such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, psychological and neurological . Patients who have withdrawn from the study, or those receiving benzodiazepines and other sedative drugs within 6 hours prior to enrollment. Subjects who refused to give consent or those who were judged by investigator as non eligible were excluded as well.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 6 Months
Maximum Age: 17 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/1mL<br>In the intervention group, Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/1mL was administered rapidly at a dose of 0.5 mg / kg (within 5 seconds). Patient assessment was performed before and two minutes after ketamine injection, and then every 5 minutes after the reduction of the fracture, by an anesthetist blind to the type of intervention. | Drug: Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/1mL Solution for Injection<br>* In the intervention group, ketamine 1% was administered rapidly at a dose of 0.5 mg / kg (within 5 seconds), and in the control group, ketamine 1.5 mg / kg was slowly injected for 30 to 60 seconds.<br>* Other names: Ketalar;|
| Experimental: Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/mL<br>in the control group, ketamine 1.5 mg / kg was slowly injected for 30 to 60 seconds. Patient assessment was performed before and two minutes after ketamine injection, and then every 5 minutes after the reduction of the fracture, by an anesthetist blind to the type of intervention. | Drug: Ketamine Hcl 50Mg/Ml Inj<br>* In the intervention group, ketamine 1% was administered rapidly at a dose of 0.5 mg / kg (within 5 seconds), and in the control group, ketamine 1.5 mg / kg was slowly injected for 30 to 60 seconds.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sedation depth | By Ramsey sedation scale. With score 1 for restlessness to score 6 for unresponsiveness. | 30 minutes |