Sexual Harassment Within and Outside Sports

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study examines sexual harassment and abuse in and outside sports among adolescent elite athlete boys and girls, adolescent control students, trainers and leaders at elite sport high schools and regular high schools in Norway.

Detailed Description
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The purpose of the study is to examine the prevalence and outcome of sexual harassment within and outside sports, including who the perpetrators are, the association between experienced sexual harassment and psychological health, knowledge of report mechanisms and emergency plans, and the participants suggestions for preventive strategies. The knowledge from this study will be a good basis to establish and implement prevention strategies and educational programs in the future. Students, trainers (with more than 20 % employment status) and leaders at elite sport high schools and regular high schools in Norway will answer a questionnaire at two measurement points. Additionally, a sample of randomly selected students who report experiences with sexual harassment, and a random sample of trainers and leaders, will be invited to participate in an individual in-depth interview. Students scoring above cut-off on the questionnaire measuring symptoms of eating disorders (EDE-q) will be invited to a separate diagnostic interview (EDE). A group of students will also participate in a test-retest examination of the reliability of the questionnaire.

Official Title
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Sexual Harassment Among Students at Elite Sport High Schools and Regular High Schools in Norway

Conditions
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Sexual Harassment, Sexual Abuse, Psychological Distress, Prevention

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Over 16 years of age Students in 2nd grade elite sport high schools in Norway Students in 2nd grade at regular high schools (no specialization) in Viken and Oslo in Norway Trainers with more than 20 percent employment status at elite sport highs schools Leaders/principles at the attending elite sport- and regular high schools Exclusion Criteria: Students under 16 years of age Trainers with less than 20 percent employment status Students/trainers not understanding written Norwegian language

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 16 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Adolescent elite athletes<br>Adolescent boys and girls elite athletes over 16 years of age studying at elite sport high schools in Norway. | |
| Adolescent controls<br>Adolescent boys and girls over 16 years of age studying at regular high schools in Norway. | |
| Trainers and leaders<br>Trainers (with more than 20 percent employment status) at elite sport high schools, and leaders/principals at elite sport high schools and regular high schools. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sexual harassment | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer a self-reported questionnaire regarding prevalence of sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and emergency plans, suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment. | Baseline | 
| Sexual harassment | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer a self-reported questionnaire regarding prevalence of sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and emergency plans, suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment. | 1 year after baseline | 
| Sexual harassment | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer a self-reported questionnaire regarding prevalence of sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and emergency plans, suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment. | Two weeks (test-retest) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Symptoms of eating disorders | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-6. The questionnaire consists of 28 items measuring symptoms and severity of eating disorders. | Baseline | 
| Symptoms of eating disorders | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-6. The questionnaire consists of 28 items measuring symptoms and severity of eating disorders. | 1 year after baseline | 
| Symptoms of eating disorders | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-6. The questionnaire consists of 28 items measuring symptoms and severity of eating disorders. | Two weeks (test-retest) | 
| Health related quality of life | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer two questions from the self-reported questionnaire The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF). The items measure overall perception of quality of life and overall satisfaction with own health during the last two weeks on a 5-point Likert-scale ranging from very poor/very dissatisfied to very good/very satisfied. | Baseline | 
| Health related quality of life | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer two questions from the self-reported questionnaire The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF). The items measure overall perception of quality of life and overall satisfaction with own health during the last two weeks on a 5-point Likert-scale ranging from very poor/very dissatisfied to very good/very satisfied. | 1 year after baseline | 
| Health related quality of life | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer two questions from the self-reported questionnaire The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF). The items measure overall perception of quality of life and overall satisfaction with own health during the last two weeks on a 5-point Likert-scale ranging from very poor/very dissatisfied to very good/very satisfied. | Two weeks (test-retest) | 
| Resilience | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire The Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) measuring their ability to handle stress and negative life events. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to 28 items using a 5-point Likert scale. | Baseline | 
| Resilience | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire The Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) measuring their ability to handle stress and negative life events. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to 28 items using a 5-point Likert scale. | 1 year after baseline | 
| Resilience | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire The Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) measuring their ability to handle stress and negative life events. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to 28 items using a 5-point Likert scale. | Two weeks (test-retest) | 
| Self-esteem | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) consisting of 10 items measuring global self-esteem related to overall feelings of self-worth and self-acceptance. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to the items using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. | Baseline | 
| Self-esteem | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) consisting of 10 items measuring global self-esteem related to overall feelings of self-worth and self-acceptance. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to the items using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. | 1 year after baseline | 
| Self-esteem | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) consisting of 10 items measuring global self-esteem related to overall feelings of self-worth and self-acceptance. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to the items using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. | Two weeks (test-retest) | 
| Subjective health complaints | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Health Behavior in School Children measuring how often they have experienced 8 different physical and psychological health complaints (on a five-point scale ranging from almost every day to seldom/never) during the last 6 months. | Baseline | 
| Subjective health complaints | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Health Behavior in School Children measuring how often they have experienced 8 different physical and psychological health complaints (on a five-point scale ranging from almost every day to seldom/never) during the last 6 months. | 1 year after baseline | 
| Subjective health complaints | Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire Health Behavior in School Children measuring how often they have experienced 8 different physical and psychological health complaints (on a five-point scale ranging from almost every day to seldom/never) during the last 6 months. | Two weeks (test-retest) | 
| Sexual harassment experiences from trainers | Trainers and leaders will answer a questionnaire regarding their experiences with incidents of sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and emergency plans, suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment. | Baseline | 
| Sexual harassment interview | In-depth interviews with students, trainers and leaders about their experiences with sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment in the future. | Baseline | 
| Eating disorder examination (EDE) interview | Students scoring above cut-off on the questionnaire EDE-q at the 1-year follow up questionnaire will be invited to a diagnostic interview (EDE) measuring eating disorder psychopathology/diagnosis. | Following the 1 year-follow up questionnaire |