Is Periacetabular Osteotomy Superior to Progressive Resistance Training?

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The primary aim of this study is to examine if Periacetabular Osteotomy (PAO) followed by 4 months of usual care followed by 8 months of progressive resistance training (PRT) is superior to 12 months of a PRT intervention in patients with hip dysplasia eligible for PAO in terms of self-reported pain on the HAGOS questionnaire. Secondary aims are to investigate changes in patient-reported symptoms, physical function in daily living, physical function in sport and recreation, hip and/or groin-related quality of life, generic health status, functional performance, muscle strength, physical activity and adverse events between PAO followed by usual care+PRT compared to PRT only. We hypothesise that in patients with hip dysplasia, PAO followed by usual care+PRT, results in significantly less pain at 12 months follow-up, compared to PRT only.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Group 1 (PAO+usual+PRT): PAO will be performed as the trans-sartorial approach or the anterior pelvic approach. Patients commence post-operative rehabilitation as usual and follow the rehabilitation program guided by a physiotherapist specialized in hip problems until 4 months after the operation. 4 months postoperative the patients complete usual care and continue with the same PRT intervention program as the PRT group, with 4 months of supervised sessions (see description below). Group 2 (PRT): The PRT group receives 4 months of supervised PRT 2 times per week. A physiotherapist or students will supervise all training sessions the first 4 weeks. The following 4 weeks, 6 out of 8 training sessions are supervised and from week 9-16, half of the training sessions (8 out of 16) are supervised. After these 4 months (16 weeks), patients receive a free membership to a fitness center near their home address and are encouraged to train on their own 2 times per week until 12 months follow-up with one supervised session per month. The PRT program involves 10-min of warm up followed by 50-min of bilateral resistance exercises including sets of loaded squats, hip extension, hip flexion, and hip abduction. The absolute training load will be individually adjusted on a set-by-set basis, using the plus two principle (if the patient is able to perform two or more repetitions than required, the load is increased). Hip related pain levels up to 5 on the VAS is considered acceptable during exercise. The study is a multicentre randomised controlled and assessor blinded trial. Primary endpoint will be 12 months after initiation of surgical/non-surgical treatment. Secondary endpoints will be measured at 4 months after the start of the treatment (surgical/non-surgical). In addition, 5-year and 10-year follow-up with questionnaires is planned.

Official Title
-----------------
The Effect of PAO Followed by Progressive Resistance Training Versus Progressive Resistance Training in Patients With Hip Dysplasia. A Randomized Controlled Trial

Conditions
-----------------
Hip Dysplasia

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Procedure: PAO
* Other: Usual care after PAO
* Other: PRT


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Patients aged 18-45 years and diagnosed with hip dysplasia referred from primary care to the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at one of the two participating hospitals. Considered eligible for PAO by a surgeon. Radiographic verified hip dysplasia (CE-angle <25 degrees and AI-angle >10 degrees) and clinical symptoms. Range of motion: internal rotation >15 degrees, external rotation >15 degrees, hip flexion >110 degrees. Able to commute to training sessions. Exclusion Criteria: OA degree ≥2 on classification of Tönnis'. CE-angle <10 degrees. Previous pelvic surgery for hip dysplasia (affected side). Calvé Legg Perthes or epifysiolysis. Simultaneous bilateral PAO. Previous surgery for herniated disc, spondylodesis, arthroplasty of hip, knee or ankle. Previous surgery of the hip (tenotomy of iliopsoas tendon, z-plastic of the iliotibial tract or hip arthroscopy) in index leg. Neurological or rheumatoid diseases that affect the hip function. Inadequacy in written and spoken Danish or Norwegian. Body Mass Index (BMI) >25 in Aarhus and BMI >30 in Oslo.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomized controlled trial
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Group 1<br>PAO+usual+PRT | Procedure: PAO<br>* PAO will be performed as the trans-sartorial approach or the anterior pelvic approach.<br>Other: Usual care after PAO<br>* Patients commence post-operative rehabilitation as usual and follow the rehabilitation program guided by a physiotherapist specialized in hip problems until 4 months after the operation.<br>Other: PRT<br>* 4 months of partly supervised progressive resistance training 2 times per week. After these 4 months (16 weeks), patients receive a free membership to a fitness center near their home address and are encouraged to train on their own 2 times per week until 12 months follow-up with one supervised session per month. The PRT program involves 10-min of warm up followed by 50-min of bilateral resistance exercises including sets of squats, hip extension, hip flexion, and hip abduction.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Group 2<br>PRT | Other: PRT<br>* 4 months of partly supervised progressive resistance training 2 times per week. After these 4 months (16 weeks), patients receive a free membership to a fitness center near their home address and are encouraged to train on their own 2 times per week until 12 months follow-up with one supervised session per month. The PRT program involves 10-min of warm up followed by 50-min of bilateral resistance exercises including sets of squats, hip extension, hip flexion, and hip abduction.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in pain related to hip function, between baseline and 12 months follow-up | The pain subscale of the patient reported questionnaire Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS), were the total score ranges from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). | Measured at baseline, 4 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in self-reported hip function | The subscales; Symptoms, Physical function in daily living, Physical function in Sport and Recreation, Participation in Physical Activities and hip and/or groin-related Quality of Life of the patient reported questionnaire Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS), where the total score ranges from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). | Measured at baseline, 4 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up | 
| Change in hip function | Single leg hop for distance is a test that measure functional performance requiring both strength, power and balance. The distance from start to landing is measured in cm. and height adjusted by dividing the distance of the hop with the height of the patient. | Measured at baseline, 4 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up | 
| Change in balance function | The Y balance test require strength, flexibility, neuromuscular control, stability, range of movement, balance and proprioception. These elements are tested and the maximal reach distance is recorded for each direction (anterior, posteromedial and posteroladeral). The composite reach is calculated and normalized to limb length for analysis of the overall performance on the test. | Measured at baseline, 4 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up | 
| Number of patients with adverse events and serious adverse events after PAO | Adverse events: Haematoma Delayed wound closure Dysaethesia of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve Malpositioning; retroversion or insufficient reorientation. Insufficient reorientation (coverage) - optimal is CE angle 30-40 degrees. AI angle 0-10 degrees. Heterotopic ossifications (Brooker I and II) Urinary tract infections Infection not requiring surgical revision Serious adverse events: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head or acetabulum Nerve palsy Major bleeding (administration of more than 5 blood units intra- and postoperatively) Peroneal and femoral neurapraxia Deep vein thrombosis Pulmonary embolism Stress fracture of ischial bone and posterior column Intraarticular osteotomy Heterotopic ossifications (Brooker III and IV) Infection requiring surgical revision Loss of fixation/loss of reorientation Delayed or non-union of pubic, ischial or iliac bone | Reported within 12 months after surgery | 
| Change in usage of painkillers | Usage of painkillers (yes/no), including type of painkillers (Paracetamol, NSAID, Morfin/opiods and/other type of medicine) | Measured at baseline, 4 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up | 
| Change in self-reported pain | Pain reported by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). A scale where pain is marked from 0-100, and 0 is no pain and 100 is worst imaginable pain. | Measured at baseline, 4 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up | 
| Change in hip awareness | Hip awareness is measured with the Forgotten Joint Score questionnaire (FJS), where each patient completes the 12 questions regarding awareness of their affected hip. Each question is answered with one of the following options; never, almost never, seldom, sometimes and mostly, corresponding to a score of 1-5. The sum of the scores will be converted into a score between 0-100. A high score will indicate lack of awareness and a low score will indicate great awareness of the affected hip. | Measured at baseline, 4 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up | 
| Change in muscle strength | Muscle strength in hip-abduction, hip-flexion and hip-extension is measured isometrically, with a dynamometer. | Measured at baseline, 4 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Periacetabular Osteotomy, Progressive resistance training, PAO