The Effects of a Combined Exercise Training Program on Vascular Health and Metabolic Profile in Obese Adolescent Girls.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of 12 weeks of combined exercise training (CET) on arterial stiffness, endothelial function, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance, and body composition in obese adolescent girls. Thirty obese adolescent girls participated in this study. The girls were randomly divided into CET group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The CET group performed concurrent resistance training followed by aerobic training at 40-70% of the heart rate reserves (HRR) 3 days/week for 12 weeks. Plasma nitric oxide, endothelin-1, C-reactive protein, arterial stiffness, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose, insulin, and the adiponectin/leptin ratio were measured before and after the 12-weeks study.

Official Title
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The Effects of a 12- Week Combined Exercise Training Program on Arterial Stiffness, Endothelial Function, Inflammatory Markers and Metabolic Profile in Obese Adolescent Girls: A Pilot Study.

Conditions
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Obesity, Adolescent

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Combined Exercise Training


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Obese with hyperinsulinemia Abdominal obesity Sedentary (no regular exercise training or physical activity) No weight loss diet during last 6 months. Exclusion Criteria: Hypertension Pregnancy Chronic disease

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 14 Years
Maximum Age: 16 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: No Exercise (CON)<br>Fifteen obese adolescent girls. This arm did not perform any exercise training for 12 weeks. Caloric intake was 1921.7 kcal/day. | |
| Experimental: Combined Exercise Training (CET)<br>Fifteen obese adolescent girls. This arm performed combined exercise training 3 times per a week for 12 weeks. Caloric intake was 1921.7 kcal/day. | Behavioral: Combined Exercise Training<br>* The CET program was performed for 60 minutes with 5 minutes of warm-up and cool-down per day, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Combined exercise consisted of 20 minutes of various resistant band exercises (Upper body: seated rows, biceps curl, shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, chest press; Lower body: hip flexion, hip extension, calf raise, leg press, squat) and 30 minutes of treadmill walking. The warm-up and cool down consisted of static stretching. Intensity of exercise was gradually increased from 40-50% heart rate reserve (HRR) in weeks 1-4, and to 60-70% HRR in weeks 9-12. Each training session was fully supervised by the researchers. Every subject wore a heart rate monitor during the whole training session so as to maintain the correct training intensity.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arterial stiffness | Arterial stiffness was measured as measurement of baPWV (m/s). | 12 weeks | 
| Endothelin-1 | Levels of Endothelin-1 in blood were measured by Endothelin-1 enzyme immunoassay kit. | 12 weeks | 
| Insulin resistance | Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). | 12 weeks | 
| Plasma leptin | Plasma leptin was determined by ELISA kit | 12 weeks | 
| Plasma adiponectin | Plasma adiponectin was measured using ELISA kit | 12 weeks | 
| Body weight | Body weight was measured to nearest 0.1 kg. | 12 weeks | 
| Height | Height was measured to nearest 1 cm. | 12 weeks | 
| Waist circumference | Waist circumference was measured at midpoint between the lower rib and the iliac crest at the end of a normal expiration using a tape measure | 12 weeks | 
| Body fat | Percent body fat (%) was determined using a bioelectrical impedance-meter. | 12 weeks | 
| Maximal heart rate | Maximal heart rate was obtained at the end of a graded treadmill exercise test performed until volitional exhaustion. | 12 weeks | 
| Nitric oxide | Nitric oxide generation was measured by Griess assay kit. | 12 weeks |