Population Pharmacokinetics of Ropivacaine

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of free and total ropivacaine after unilateral and bilateral TKA. A population model was successfully built and peak free ropivacaine concentration stayed below previously proposed toxic thresholds in patients undergoing unilateral as well as bilateral TKA receiving LIA with high dose ropivacaine.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Thirteen unilateral TKA and fifteen bilateral TKA patients were included in the study. All patients were operated in a well-described fast-track setup without use of drains or tourniquet.21 A standard midline skin incision with a medial para-patellar capsulotomy was used. All patients were operated with cemented CR components. In bilateral TKA cases, both knees were operated in one setting with the left knee always being operated first, and the second knee being operated sequentially in the same setting immediately following closure of the first knee. Patients undergoing unilateral TKA received spinal anesthesia with 2 mL 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, whereas patients scheduled for bilateral TKA received spinal anaesthesia with 3 mL 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Local infiltration anesthesia was performed as previously described with 200 mL 0.2% ropivacaine (400 mg) mixed with 1 mL 1 mg/mL epinephrine injected periarticularly in each knee. The first 50 mL were injected into the posterior capsule, 100 mL were injected into medial, anterior and lateral structures of the knee and capsule and the final 50 mL were injected in the subcutaneous tissue. All patients were mobilized on the day of surgery and thromboembolic prophylaxis started 6-8 hours postoperatively with rivaroxaban tablets (10 mg) given once daily until discharge. No extended thromboembolic prophylaxis was given to any patient. All patient received 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid preoperatively and 1 g 3 hours postoperatively. Preoperative blood samples were taken within a week of surgery including electrolytes, hemoglobin and serum creatinine levels. Baseline blood sample was taken just before incision of the first knee, and additional blood samples were drawn at 1, 5, 30 and 60 minutes as well as 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after incision following unilateral TKA and at 1, 5, 30 minutes after the incision of the first knee and 0, 5 and 15 minutes after incision of the second knee as well as after 1,2, 4 8 and 24 hours (total 9 and 12 timepoints within 24 hours for unilateral and bilateral TKA, respectively). Patient demographics were recorded and included age, gender, height and weight. Ropivacaine measurement Ropivacaine concentrations were determined in plasma samples using liquid-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry following a fully validated method

Official Title
-----------------
Population Pharmacokinetics of Ropivacaine Used for Local Infiltration Anesthesia During Primary Total Unilateral and Simultaneous Bilateral Knee Arthroplasty

Conditions
-----------------
Knee Osteoarthritis

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Diagnostic Test: ropivacain concentration measurements


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion criteria: Patients undergoing unilateral TKA (n=13) and bilateral TKA (n=15) receiving LIA according to standard protocol. Exclusion criteria: Patients not receiving LIA Revision TKA

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| unilateral Total knee arthroplasty<br>Patients receiving unilateral Total knee arthroplasty | Diagnostic Test: ropivacain concentration measurements<br>* Free and total plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were measured within 24 hours using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. A population pharmacokinetic model was built using non-linear mixed effect models<br>|
| simultaneous bilateral Total knee arthroplasty<br>Patients receiving simultaneous bilateral Total knee arthroplasty y | Diagnostic Test: ropivacain concentration measurements<br>* Free and total plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were measured within 24 hours using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. A population pharmacokinetic model was built using non-linear mixed effect models<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Free and total plasma concentrations of ropivacaine | Free and total plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were measured within 24 hours using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry | 24 hours |