Assessment of Airways Mechanical Properties by FOT and LIR During Anesthesia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aims of the present study are: To evaluate the effect of the induction of anaesthesia and paralysis in terms of changes in oscillatory mechanics parameters To evaluate the mechanical properties of the respiratory system in terms of input and transfer oscillatory impedance in response to PEEP changes

Detailed Description
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It has been recently shown that respiratory system reactance (Xrs) obtained by the forced oscillation technique (FOT) at 5 Hz is more reliable than dynamic compliance for assessing lung collapse and the effects of lung RMs in a porcine ALI model ( Ref.1,2). Specifically, Xrs (and its derived variable CX5, the oscillatory compliance at 5 Hz) identifies the minimum positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level required to maintain lung recruitment with high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, it has been recently demonstrated that Xrs may be used to identify the lowest level of PEEP able to prevent atelectasis and that PEEP setting strategy based on maximizing Xrs is able to limit lung injury compared to oxygenation-based approach in a porcine lavage model of lung injury. ( Ref.3) Recently, at the biomedical engineering department of Politecnico di Milano measurements of chest wall displacement have been successfully performed by means of an optical sensor realized using a laser self-mixing interferometer (LIR). The advantage of this approach is that it is contact-less, that by deflecting the laser been it is possible to scan any region of the chest wall surface and that it allows to measure also low-frequency vibrations. Protocol The baseline pulmonary function will be assessed by spirometry before surgery. Just before surgery measurements of oscillatory mechanics will be performed at the following stages: awake patient spontaneous ventilation through the laryngeal mask after induction of anesthesia pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) after the administration of neuromuscular blocking agent and intubation and PEEP 0 cmH2O PCV with PEEP 5 cmH2O Recruitment maneuver (RM) (peak pressure 30 cmH2O and PEEP 15 cmH2O) for 2 minutes PCV with PEEP 5 cmH2O after RM At each stage the following measurements will be performed: Input impedance at 5-11-19 Hz by FOT the movements of the chest wall assessed by laser interferometry (LIR) applying two different stimulating waveforms: 5-11-19 Hz and 100 Hz functional residual capacity (FRC) arterial blood gas measurement (ABG)

Official Title
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Assessment of Airways Mechanical Properties by Forced Oscillatory Technique (FOT) and Laser Interferometry (LIR) During Anesthesia.

Conditions
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Anesthesia

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Forced oscillatory technique (FOT) and laser interferometry (LIR).


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: age >18 years ASA I-II, scheduled for elective surgery requiring general anesthesia signed informed consent Exclusion Criteria: patient refusal BMI > 35 co-existing respiratory disease (COPD, asthma, restrictive lung disease) pregnancy

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 80 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Anesthetized patients ASA I-II<br>ASA classification I-II, scheduled for elective surgery requiring general anesthesia. | Procedure: Forced oscillatory technique (FOT) and laser interferometry (LIR).<br>* FOT: The stimulating signal is generated by an A/D-D/A board and amplified by a power amplifier that drives a loudspeaker the output of which is connected to inspiratory line of the ventilator. Pressure and flow are measured at the inlet of the endotracheal tube by a piezoresistive pressure transducer and a mesh-type heated pneumotachograph coupled with a differential pressure transducer. LIR: The scanner unit is made by three laser interferometers, the beams of which are deflected on the chest wall surface by a mirror moved by a stepper motor triggered on the respiratory pattern of patient.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in respiratory system impedance | FOT measurements: Respiratory system impedance will be computed from the flow and pressure signals measured at the inlet of the tracheal tube. A composite waveform including 5, 11 and 19 Hz will be used as a stimulating signal generated by an A/D-D/A board and amplified by a power amplifier that drives a loudspeaker the output of which is connected to inspiratory line of the ventilator. | baseline and 5 minutes of ventilation | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in chest wall displacement measured by LIR | Laser interferometry (LIR): The movement of 18 points of the chest wall will be measured by a self-mixing interferometer. The measurement points will be chosen along three vertical lines (the midline and the two parasternal lines) and will be equally distributed from the clavicles to the anterior superior iliac spines. The chest wall movement will be measured in response to two different stimulating waveforms: a composite waveform including 5, 11 and 19 Hz, a sinusoidal signal at 100 Hz. | baseline and 5 minutes of ventilation | 
| Change in oxygenation (paO2) | Arterial blood gas measurement (ABG) | baseline and 5 minutes of ventilation | 
| Change in Functional residual capacity (FRC) |  | baseline and 5 minutes of ventilation | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Forced oscillatory technique, Laser interferometry, Intravenous anesthesia, Mechanical ventilation, Pressure controlled ventilation, Airways mechanical properties, Respiratory system reactance, Oscillatory mechanics, Atelectasis