Comparative Effectiveness of Acute Low Back Pain Management

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Current practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain (LBP) recommend a stepped care approach with initial treatment of education and advice to remain active. Referral to physical therapy is considered only when patients fail to recover after a few weeks. Recent research has led to the identification a subgroup of patients likely to experience rapid, pronounced, and sustained decreases in disability and pain with a brief manipulation and exercise intervention, suggesting it may be more cost-effective to manage this sub-group with early referral to physical therapy instead of the usual care approach. The integration of this evidence into routine practice has not been evaluated. We will assess the outcomes of integrating this evidence into the management of patients with low back pain. The study is a randomized trial, comparing management with early manipulation with the current care process model. Patients fitting the inclusion criteria will be randomized into one of two groups. One group will be managed with the current care process model. The other group will be managed consistent with the decision rule recommending early referral for a brief manipulation and exercise intervention during the first 4 weeks. Patients will be followed over 1 year. Outcomes will include measures of disability, pain, satisfaction, and direct medical costs. The study will examine the costs and effectiveness of integrating the alternative care model into practice.

Official Title
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Comparative Effectiveness of Management Strategies for Acute Low Back Pain

Conditions
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Low Back Pain

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Early Physical Therapy with Usual Care
* Other: Usual Care


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Symptoms of pain and/or numbness between the 12th rib and buttocks with or without symptoms into one or both legs, which, in the opinion of the primary care provider, are originating from tissues of the lumbar region. Age 18 - 60 years Oswestry disability score > 20% Both of the following clinical decision rule criteria: a)Duration of current symptoms < 16 days; and b)Patient report of no symptoms (pain, numbness, etc.) distal to the knee in past 72 hours. Exclusion Criteria: Prior surgery to the lumbosacral spine Any treatment for low back pain in past 6 months Current pregnancy Currently receiving treatment for LBP from another healthcare provider (e.g., chiropractic, massage therapy, injections, etc.) Presence of neurogenic LBP defined as the presence of either of the following: a) Positive ipsilateral or contralateral straight leg raise (reproduction of symptoms at <45 degrees); or b)Reflex, sensory, or strength deficits in a pattern consistent with lumbar nerve root compression Judgment of the primary care provider of red flags of a potentially serious condition including cauda equina syndrome, major or rapidly progressing neurological deficit, fracture, cancer, infection or systemic disease

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Usual Care<br>Usual care arm will receive management as recommended by practice guidelines and directed by the primary care provider. The recommended stepped care approach is used with initial management of advice and education only and no referral to physical therapy during the initial 4 weeks. | Other: Usual Care<br>* The usual care intervention includes advice and education to remain active and provision of the Back Book highlighting these recommendations. Pharmaceuticals may be prescribed at the discretion of the primary care provider. Follow-up visits to primary care provided are recommended for all patients dissatisfied with their progress.<br>|
| Experimental: Early Physical Therapy with Usual Care<br>The Early Physical Therapy arm will receive the same advice and education intervention received by the usual care group and will be referred to receive 4 sessions of physical therapy during the first 4 weeks. The physical therapy protocol involves spinal manipulation and exercise. | Other: Early Physical Therapy with Usual Care<br>* The early physical therapy arm includes 4 total sessions. The first 2 sessions include use of thrust spinal manipulation with exercises for range of motion and strengthening of the spine. The final 2 sessions include the exercise component only.<br>Other: Usual Care<br>* The usual care intervention includes advice and education to remain active and provision of the Back Book highlighting these recommendations. Pharmaceuticals may be prescribed at the discretion of the primary care provider. Follow-up visits to primary care provided are recommended for all patients dissatisfied with their progress.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oswestry Disability Index | 10-item Oswestry Disability Index assessing low back pain-related disability. Scores range from 0-100 with higher numbers indicating greater disability. | 3 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Numeric Pain Rating | 0-10 numeric rating of low back pain intensity, score range from 0-10 with higher numbers indicating greater pain intensity. | 3 months | 
| EQ-5D | European Quality of Life Measure, assesses general quality of life. Scores are expressed on a scale from 0 - 1.0 with higher scores representing greater quality of life. | 3 months | 
| Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (Work Subscale) | Measures fear-avoidance beliefs related to work. Scores range from 0-42 with higher numbers representing greater levels of fear avoidance beliefs about work. | 3 months | 
| Patient Global Rating of Improvement (Percentage of Participants Reporting Successful Outcome) | 15-point patient global rating scale. Patient is asked to rate current condition relative to condition at the beginning of treatment on a scale ranging from A Very Great Deal Worse to A Very Great Deal Better. Higher numbers indicate greater self-rating. Those rating at least 12 are considered successful as a dichotomous outcome. | 3 months | 
| Health Care Utilization (MRI) | Utilization of healthcare for low back pain (MRI utilization) | 12 months | 
| Pain Catastrophizing | 13-item Pain Catastrophizing Scale assessing the extent of catastrophizing thinking is response to pain. Each item is scored 1-4 for a total score of 13-52. Higher numbers indicate greater levels of catastrophizing. | 3 months | 
| Lost Work Time | Missed work due to LBP | 12 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Low Back Pain, Primary Care, Physical Therapy