Acute Effects of Low and High-Speed Resistance Training on Blood Pressure in Older Adults: A Crossover Study

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The first study was a randomized crossover trial that compared the acute effects of High Speed Resistance Exercise (HSRE) and Traditional Resistance Exercise (TRE) on blood pressure parameters in a sample of frail older adults. Participants performed three experimental sessions (i.e., HSRE, TRE, and a control session [CS]) in a random order and separated from one another by seven days (standard deviation [±] 1 day). Food consumption was maintained constant during 48 h prior to the exercise session and a standard breakfast was offered 60-90 min before the beginning of the experimental sessions. The pharmacological therapy was kept constant during the whole study, and participants took their anti-hypertensive medication at the same time in all experimental days as prescribed by their physician.

Official Title
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Acute Effects of Low and High-Speed Resistance Training on Blood Pressure in Older Adults: A Crossover Study

Conditions
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Blood Pressure, Frailty

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Exercise


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: - Aged ≥60 years; Frail according to Fried's criteria (Fried et al., 2009); Possessed sufficient physical and cognitive abilities to perform all exercises required by the protocol; Had a physician authorization to participate of exercise programs. Exclusion Criteria: Participation in a structured physical exercise training program in the past six months; Prescription of hormone replacement therapy and/or psychotropic drugs; Presence of any acute cardiovascular event (e.g., myocardial infarction) or complication in the past six months.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: High Speed Resistance Exercise (HSRE)<br>Exercise sessions performed using eight times (sets) with 4-5 repetitions at 70-75% of the maximal strength. The concentric phase was performed as fast as possible, and the eccentric phase was carried out for 2 s. | Other: Exercise<br>* Exercise sessions were performed in the morning (07:00 am-12:00 am) under the supervision of at least two fitness instructors in the rehabilitation unit of the nursing home.HSRE and TRE were designed according to the peculiarities of each type of resistance exercise (Chodzko-Zajko et al., 2009). During TRE, participants performed four sets of 8-10 repetitions at 70-75% of the maximal strength. The concentric and eccentric phases were carried out for 2 s. For HSRE, exercises were performed eight times (sets) with 4-5 repetitions at 70-75% of the maximal strength. The concentric phase was performed as fast as possible, and the eccentric phase was carried out for 2 s. Bilateral calf raise was performed using the same load as unilateral knee extension.<br>|
| Experimental: Traditional Resistance Exercise (TRE)<br>Exercise sessions were performed using four sets of 8-10 repetitions at 70-75% of the maximal strength. The concentric and eccentric phases were carried out for 2 s. | Other: Exercise<br>* Exercise sessions were performed in the morning (07:00 am-12:00 am) under the supervision of at least two fitness instructors in the rehabilitation unit of the nursing home.HSRE and TRE were designed according to the peculiarities of each type of resistance exercise (Chodzko-Zajko et al., 2009). During TRE, participants performed four sets of 8-10 repetitions at 70-75% of the maximal strength. The concentric and eccentric phases were carried out for 2 s. For HSRE, exercises were performed eight times (sets) with 4-5 repetitions at 70-75% of the maximal strength. The concentric phase was performed as fast as possible, and the eccentric phase was carried out for 2 s. Bilateral calf raise was performed using the same load as unilateral knee extension.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control Session (CS)<br>Participants remained seated in a comfortable chair listening to music and/or talking with study investigators for approximately 30 min. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | Immediately after the end of the experimental sessions | 
| Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | 10 minutes after the end of the experimental sessions | 
| Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | 20 minutes after the end of the experimental sessions | 
| Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | 30 minutes after the end of the experimental sessions | 
| Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | 50 minutes after the end of the experimental sessions | 
| Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | 60 minutes after the end of the experimental sessions | 
| Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | 24 hours after the end of the experimental sessions |