Supportive Caries Preventive Programme in Children Undergoing Dental General Anaesthesia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Early childhood caries is a persistent problem often leading to dental treatment under general anaesthesia (GA). Thus, this study was to investigate the preventive effect of two additional intensive oral hygiene appointments before and after general anaesthesia. In this randomized, controlled clinical trial, 408 children (age 2-5 years, mean 4.2+-1.04) intended for general anaesthesia were recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups with or without two additional intensive oral hygiene appointments before and after the general anaesthesia. At baseline and at 6-/12-month follow-ups, Approximal Plaque Index (API), gingiva Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI), caries and initial caries index: initial, decayed, missing, filled, teeth (idmft) were recorded.

Detailed Description
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Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is considered to be a global problem, as it is one of the most prevalent diseases in childhood. This leads to a severe problem in the caries risk children being highly affected by ECC, mostly also non-cooperative and from lower socio-economic background. The dental treatment for these pre-school children often requires general anaesthesia (GA), which is associated with health risks and considerable costs. Thus, this study was to investigate the preventive effect of two additional intensive oral hygiene appointments before and after general anaesthesia. After approval by the Ethics Committee at the University of Greifswald (No. BB 078/17), children with an age range from 2 to 5 years assigned for dental treatment under general anaesthesia were recruited. After obtaining informed consent from the parents, the participants were randomly allocated to the test and control groups by a computer-generated random sequence prepared by a statistician, blinded to the recruiting person. Both groups received a baseline examination and the standard preventive program offered within the German National Health System consisting of explaining the etiology of caries and preventive approaches such as practical training of the parents in tooth brushing in their child as well as recommending fluoridated toothpaste and a reduction of cariogenic snacks. Finally fluoride varnish was applied. The test group received two additional preventive sessions including oral hygiene instructions using plaque disclosing agent, toothbrushing and fluoride application, one week before the date of the general anaesthesia treatment and at the control visit about a week after the general anaesthesia. The baseline and follow-up examinations at 6 and 12 months recorded caries, fillings and missing teeth due to caries according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria and it included initial caries lesions according to International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS 1-3). The subcomponents were also added up as initial, decayed, missing, filled, teeth/surfaces (idmft/idmfs). Due to the young age of the children, only primary teeth were of relevance. In addition, the Approximal Plaque Index (API) and the gingiva Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI) were taken. The examiners were blinded regarding the group status of the children, as other practice personal had to perform the preventive sessions. Sample size calculation and statistical analyses: The expected difference in new caries lesions between test and control groups was taken as an outcome parameter for sample size calculation. Previous regional studies had shown a mean caries development of 2 +-1.5 per year after the general anaesthesia. An intensive prevention program may result in a caries reduction of 30%, corresponding to 0.5-0.6 dmft less in the test group. With α being 0.05 and a power β of 0.80, 142 children were needed in each group, with a drop-out of 30% (62 children) this would mean a total sample size of 408 children at baseline. The collected data were entered in Excel (Microsoft, USA), then transferred to Stata (Version 14.2; Stata Corp, College Station, USA) for further statistical analysis. Due to the large sample size and the randomization matching or data linkage analysis were not required, but a drop-out analysis was carried out to exclude a bias caused by attrition within the study. A modelling of continuous variables was carried out using restricted cubic splines. Mixed models were used for adjusting the analyses of changes within every group between baseline and recalls and between the two groups. Linear models were used for calculating the absolute effect and ordinal logistic regression for calculating the relative effect via odds ratios.

Official Title
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Randomized Controlled Trial on an Supportive Caries Preventive Programme in Children Undergoing Dental General Anaesthesia

Conditions
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Dental Caries in Children

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: additional oral hygiene appointments


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 2-5 years old children attending dental treatment under general anaesthesia parental approval Exclusion Criteria: children above 5 years old no parental approval

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 2 Years
Maximum Age: 5 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomized Controlled Trial
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Intervention group<br>Received two additional preventive oral hygiene appointments; one week before the general anaesthesia treatment and one week after the general anaesthesia. | Behavioral: additional oral hygiene appointments<br>* Two additional preventive sessions including oral hygiene instructions one week before the date of the general anaesthesia treatment and at the control visit about a week after the general anaesthesia.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control group<br>Received only standard prevention, without two additional preventive oral hygiene appointments before and after the general anaesthesia. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Approximal Plaque Index (API) | an index to assess oral health by calculating the accumulated dental plaque on teeth surfaces | 1 year | 
| Gingiva Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI) | an index to assess oral health by calculating the inflammation and bleeding of the gingiva sulcus | 1 year | 
| Caries and Initial Caries Index: decayed, missing, filled teeth (idmft) | WHO index to assess caries prevalence and caries status | 1 year | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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General anaesthesia, Children, Caries prevention, Pediatric dentistry