Effect Mode of Delivery and Feeding on Body Composition and Nutritional Status of Children

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Feeding and growth during infancy have been associated with later life body mass index. Breastfeeding seems to have a small but consistent protective effect against obesity in children. The Cholesterol content of human milk is 6-fold greater than that of the standard infant formulas. Infants delivered by caesarean section may be at increased risk of childhood obesity and adulthood obesity.

Detailed Description
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Previous guidelines recommended that infants who are exclusively breast fed for the first 6 months of life, with particular solid foods gradually introduced from 6 months associated with lower childhood fat mass. The stated reason for discouraging introduction of solids to infant before 4 months include the risk of excessive weight gain, vulnerability of the gut to infection and increased susceptibility to the development of allergic disease. Infants whose dietary pattern was most similar to feeding guidelines, with high frequencies of fresh fruit and vegetables, home prepared foods and breast milk, gained weight and skin fold thickness more rapidly from 6 to12 months than other infants, independent of milk feeding, age of introduction of solids and maternal factors. Exclusively breastfed infants had significantly higher Total Cholesterol (TC) level and Low density Lipoprotein level (LDL) and lower High density lipoprotein level (HDL) as compared to mixed-fed infants in the first 6 months of life. Exclusive breast feeding seems to have a protective effect against some risk factors for cardiovascular disease in later life, as those who exclusively breastfed had lower level of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol conc., higher level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and lower LDL/HDL ratio than those bottle fed. Early weaning is related to rapid weight gain in infancy, and this may have implication for childhood obesity. Vaginally delivered children are colonised with bacterial strains from the mothers' vagina during delivery in contrast to children delivered by CS, and these differences seem to persist throughout infancy. The gut microbiota may have a role in energy harvesting, hence inoculation with maternal microbiota through vaginal delivery may be protective for childhood overweight compared with delivery by CS.

Official Title
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Nutritional Status and Body Composition of Children in Relation to Mode of Delivery and Feeding in the First 2 Years of Life

Conditions
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Child Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: Anthropometric measures


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Infants of both sexes Infants from 2 to 3 years Breast fed or formula fed or mixed fed infants Exclusion Criteria: Children less than 2 and more than 3 years ago. Children having family history of chronic illness Children having family history of metabolic Children fed cow milk or buffalo milk. Infants delivered preterm.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 2 Years
Maximum Age: 3 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Breast fed infants<br> | Device: Anthropometric measures<br>* Measure body weight , height , chest circumference , mid upper arm circumference,skin fold thickness , head circumference<br>|
| Formula fed infants<br> | Device: Anthropometric measures<br>* Measure body weight , height , chest circumference , mid upper arm circumference,skin fold thickness , head circumference<br>|
| vaginally delivered infants<br> | Device: Anthropometric measures<br>* Measure body weight , height , chest circumference , mid upper arm circumference,skin fold thickness , head circumference<br>|
| Infants delivered by caesarean section<br> | Device: Anthropometric measures<br>* Measure body weight , height , chest circumference , mid upper arm circumference,skin fold thickness , head circumference<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Obesity | Body mass index (BMI) kg/m2 | Through one year |