Pharmacy-based Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The proposed research will develop a culturally appropriate pharmacy PrEP delivery model for black men who have sex with men (BMSM) who live in high poverty, racial minority neighborhoods. Increasing access to PrEP through pharmacies has the potential to increase PrEP uptake among BMSM thereby reducing HIV incidence and racial inequities in HIV.

Detailed Description
-----------------
BMSM bear the highest burden of HIV in the US. PrEP is the single most effective HIV prevention strategy yet under-utilized among BMSM. When taken every day PrEP can prevent up to 92% of HIV infections. Studies estimate that 48-70% of BMSM are willing to use PrEP, yet, uptake among blacks remains low ( 10%). Lower insurance rates among blacks compared to whites may be a barrier to PrEP, but, evidence of insurance rates, as well as prescription payment programs that cover most or all of the costs of PrEP do not completely explain significant disparities in PrEP uptake. Indeed, limited access to PrEP, distrust of physicians and stigma are noted as critical barriers to PrEP that must be improved to reduce HIV. Neighborhood residence shapes BMSM HIV exposure and access to HIV prevention resources. Census tracts with high HIV had 20% higher poverty and 200% larger MSM populations. High poverty neighborhoods also have the fewest HIV physicians. While most census tracts are within 15 minutes of an HIV physician by car, residents in HIV prevalent areas have low rates of car ownership and commute time more than doubles when traveling by public transportation, which is unavailable in some areas. There is a strong scientific premise for increasing PrEP delivery in pharmacies for BMSM. About 95% of Americans live within 5 miles of a pharmacy; pharmacies have flexible hours and pharmacists have high credibility with community members. Studies have shown pharmacies can engage with high risk populations including people who inject drugs (PWID) to reduce HIV risk behaviors and provide primary prevention services including immunizations, blood pressure screenings and HIV testing. PrEP has also been sustainably offered in a Seattle pharmacy, but mostly to white MSM (85%). Nevertheless, almost 100% initiated PrEP and 75% followed up for continued PrEP. Following this, Walgreens across the US have offered PrEP through their existing clinics. Existing pharmacy PrEP models have limited potential for reaching BMSM. In Seattle, state regulations give pharmacists authority to administer biological screenings (HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and creatinine) and prescribe PrEP. Many states do not have legislation that expand pharmacists' purview in service delivery. Walgreens has overcome this regulatory limitation by using nurse practitioners to screen and prescribe PrEP in their existing clinics. While Collaborative Practice Agreements between pharmacists and physicians are another route to deliver services through pharmacies, they are time-consuming and thus infeasible for community pharmacists in high morbidity neighborhoods who already have a hectic workflow; and for chain pharmacies these partnerships are determined on a corporate rather than individual pharmacy level. Accomplishing the study aims will be done through three steps: conducting interviews and workflow assessments with stakeholders, developing an intervention to deliver a culturally relevant pharmacy PrEP model, and perform a pilot test to study the delivery model in pharmacies in high poverty, racial minority neighborhoods. In the pilot test phase, two pharmacies will be chosen to test the pharmacy PrEP delivery model by informing men of the study and performing their study activities. Pharmacists and technicians will complete a pharmacy-based HIV prevention training to equip them with the tools needed for optimal PrEP delivery. During the training, pharmacists and technicians will learn how to engage customers/ patients for recruitment into the study. Black race is not included in the eligibility criteria to avoid profiling and potentially stigmatizing one racial group. However, since the pharmacies selected to be a part of the study are located in racial minority neighborhoods, the researchers anticipate that most customers will be racial minorities. The researchers will be collecting both qualitative and quantitative data to assess the impact of the pharmacy PrEP intervention on the pharmacy environment, personnel, and business flow. Among the customers/patients, this study will assess feasibility, acceptability and safety of the intervention activities, satisfaction with the activities and participation in activities without stigmatization, discomfort or harm. The study pharmacies will deliver the PrEP intervention for 6 months. Study participants will receive a 3-month follow-up phone call to see if they are continuing to use PrEP.

Official Title
-----------------
Advancing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Access in Pharmacies to Improve PrEP Uptake in Disadvantaged Areas

Conditions
-----------------
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Behavioral: Pharmacy delivered PrEP Intervention


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: speak English customers who purchase prescriptions or other items from the pharmacy Exclusion Criteria: none

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Pharmacy delivered PrEP Intervention<br>Customers of the study pharmacies who participate in the intervention to receive PrEP through the pharmacy. | Behavioral: Pharmacy delivered PrEP Intervention<br>* Men who are eligible and agree to the clinical screener will be provided with a pre-packaged kit of self-administered tests for HIV, rectal chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhea and creatinine and directed back to the private area of the pharmacy to perform their screenings. Participants will be asked to return the screening tests to the pharmacy technician. The pharmacy technician will process/ interpret the results of the rapid HIV test first in case a treatment referral needs to be set up. Then s/he will process/interpret the results of a rapid rectal chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea and rapid finger prick creatinine test. HIV negative customers will be provided with their results and be given a 7-day prescription for PrEP, culturally appropriate PrEP counseling and a follow-up appointment with a PrEP prescribing physician. Participants will be contacted after 3 months to determine whether they continued PrEP use.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Percentage of participants continuing PrEP | Participants who were prescribed PrEP through the pharmacy intervention will be contacted to see if they continued PrEP use. | Month 3 | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Behavioral intervention