Interest of the Kleihauer in Patients With Decreased Active Fetal Movements

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Fetomaternal hemorrhage is the passage of fetal red blood cells through the placental barrier into the maternal blood. This phenomenon frequently occurs in the third trimester for small quantities of blood < 0.5 ml and is without fetal consequences in rhesus positive patients. This hemorrhage can sometimes be more important and be the cause of fetal anemia or even fetal death in utero. Diagnostic confirmation is biological and is performed using the Kleihauer test. It is based on the identification by the biologist of fetal cells circulating in the maternal blood by counting acid-fast fetal cells under the microscope. It is therefore a time-consuming examination with significant inter- and intra-observer variability. The clinical sign most often reported in the literature, and the earliest sign that may suggest fetomaternal hemorrhage complicated by fetal anemia, is a decrease in active fetal movements. However, this is an aspecific sign and is one of the most common reasons for consultation in obstetric emergencies.

Detailed Description
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There are other arguments in favor of complicated fetomaternal hemorrhage: The fetal heart rate is often altered in severe fetal anemia, with sinusoidal rhythm being pathognomonic but uncommon. A slightly oscillating rhythm or variable decelerations are also found. On ultrasound, peak systolic middle cerebral artery velocity > 1.5 MoM correlates with fetal anemia early before the appearance of hydrops. Some studies show that peak systolic middle cerebral artery velocity correlates better with neonatal hemoglobin than the Kleihauer test, for which no threshold has been found to predict an unfavorable outcome. Thus, even if the Kleihauer test is positive, the positive predictive value for fetal anemia is low. The detection of a small amount of fetomaternal hemorrhage by Kleihauer in the absence of evidence of anemia could even be deleterious, potentially leading to an excess of additional investigations and obstetrical interventions. The interest of systematically performing the Kleihauer test to search for fetomaternal hemorrhage is uncertain at this time because of the development and the undeniable contribution of ultrasound. However, in France, it is still carried out in most maternity wards in the absence of recommendations for any decrease in active fetal movements. Only one article has looked specifically at fetomaternal hemorrhage in a group of patients consulting for a decrease in active fetal movements, calling into question its interest.

Official Title
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Interest of the Kleihauer in Patients With Decreased Active Fetal Movements

Conditions
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Fetal Movement Disorder

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients whose age ≥ 18 years French speaking patients Consultation for decreased active fetal movements Singleton pregnancies Gestational age between 24 weeks of amenorrhea and 41 weeks of amenorrhea +5 days Exclusion Criteria: Patients under guardianship or curatorship Patients deprived of liberty Patients under court protection Patients who object to the use of their data for this research Fetal or neonatal anemia of documented cause other than fetomaternal hemorrhage Consultation for metrorrhagia Consultation for Abdominal Trauma Consultation for external maneuver version

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| To evaluate the diagnostic performance of each of the two tests: Kleihauer test / Doppler + fetal heart rate for the diagnosis of neonatal anemia (by cord blood sampling) among patients presenting with decreased active fetal movements. | Statistical performance of tests (sensitivity, specificity, negative/positive predictive value and positive/negative likelihood ratio) | Day 1 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the middle cerebral artery Doppler + fetal heart rate pair in comparison with the Kleihauer test for the diagnosis of neonatal anemia. | Comparison of the diagnostic performance of the Kleihauer test and peak systolic middle cerebral artery velocity for neonatal anemia | Day 1 | 
| To describe of obstetric outcomes for fetomaternal hemorrhage in patients consulting for decreased active fetal movements. | Adverse neonatal outcomes | Day 1 | 
| To describe of obstetric outcomes for fetomaternal hemorrhage in patients consulting for decreased active fetal movements. | Adverse obstetrical outcomes | Day 1 |