The Effect of Air Polishing on the Tooth Surface

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The use of air-polishing device that operates by directing a fine slurry of pressurized air, water, and abrasive particles has become widespread in dentistry for polishing. The introduction of abrasive powders with different properties creates the need to evaluate the effects of these powders on dental hard tissues. This study was focused on the effect of sodium bicarbonate, glycine and erythritol air polishing on enamel and exposed root surface.

Detailed Description
-----------------
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of sodium bicarbonate, glycine and erythritol air polishing on enamel and exposed root surface. Forty eight single root extracted teeth were included into the study. The teeth were divided into three groups, the crown and exposed root surface were air polished using three powders at instrumentation time of 5s, combinations of medium and maximum power and medium water settings, distance of 5mm and angulation of 60 degree. Samples were scanned in a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at baseline and then after powder treatment and the defect depth, defect volume, demineralization depth and mineral density values were estimated.

Official Title
-----------------
Analyzing the Effect of Different Polishing Materials on Different Dental Tissues by Micro-Computed Tomography

Conditions
-----------------
Dental Plaque

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Device: AIR-FLOW® Master Piezon


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Being older than age of 18, Willing to participate the study, To have a single rooted tooth with gingival recession on all surfaces and need to be extracted, The tooth has to be free of caries, defects and restorations. Exclusion Criteria: Have history of infectious diseases like Hepatitis and/or HIV (+).

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| sodium bicarbonate group<br>Sodium bicarbonate-based powder (CLASSIC®, EMS SA, Nyon, Switzerland) was used for air polishing the samples belonging to this group. All surfaces were numbered and application was made to the mesial and distal surfaces of the root, buccal and lingual surfaces of the crown to avoid repeated instrumentations. After device and samples were fixed, a metal plate with a 5 mm diameter hole was placed on the sample to limit the application area. Surfaces one and three were air-polished using the with a medium power setting (9 LED power setting), and surfaces two and four were air-polished using the with a maximum power setting (17 LED power setting). The distance between the handpiece and the tooth surface was kept constant at 5 mm, and the treatment angulation was adjusted to 60 degrees. In all applications, the application time was 5 seconds and the water setting was medium (6 LED). The powder chambers of the device were filled to the maximum level in each application. | Device: AIR-FLOW® Master Piezon<br>* AIR-FLOW® Master Piezon is intended for use in the cleaning and polishing of teeth by the projection of water,air, and dental powders onto the tooth surface. The device removes dental plaque, soft deposits, and surface stains from pits, grooves, interproximal spaces, or smooth surfaces of teeth. This air polishing device was used for all powder instrumentations.<br>|
| glycine group<br>Glycine-based powder (PERIO®, EMS SA, Nyon, Switzerland) was used for air polishing the samples belonging to this group. All surfaces were numbered and application was made to the mesial and distal surfaces of the root, buccal and lingual surfaces of the crown to avoid repeated instrumentations. After device and samples were fixed, a metal plate with a 5 mm diameter hole was placed on the sample to limit the application area. Surfaces one and three were air-polished using the with a medium power setting (9 LED power setting), and surfaces two and four were air-polished using the with a maximum power setting (17 LED power setting). The distance between the handpiece and the tooth surface was kept constant at 5 mm, and the treatment angulation was adjusted to 60 degrees. In all applications, the application time was 5 seconds and the water setting was medium (6 LED). The powder chambers of the device were filled to the maximum level in each application. | Device: AIR-FLOW® Master Piezon<br>* AIR-FLOW® Master Piezon is intended for use in the cleaning and polishing of teeth by the projection of water,air, and dental powders onto the tooth surface. The device removes dental plaque, soft deposits, and surface stains from pits, grooves, interproximal spaces, or smooth surfaces of teeth. This air polishing device was used for all powder instrumentations.<br>|
| erythritol group<br>Erythritol-based powder (PLUS®, EMS SA, Nyon, Switzerland) was used for air polishing the samples belonging to this group. All surfaces were numbered and application was made to the mesial and distal surfaces of the root, buccal and lingual surfaces of the crown to avoid repeated instrumentations. After device and samples were fixed, a metal plate with a 5 mm diameter hole was placed on the sample to limit the application area. Surfaces one and three were air-polished using the with a medium power setting (9 LED power setting), and surfaces two and four were air-polished using the with a maximum power setting (17 LED power setting). The distance between the handpiece and the tooth surface was kept constant at 5 mm, and the treatment angulation was adjusted to 60 degrees. In all applications, the application time was 5 seconds and the water setting was medium (6 LED). The powder chambers of the device were filled to the maximum level in each application. | Device: AIR-FLOW® Master Piezon<br>* AIR-FLOW® Master Piezon is intended for use in the cleaning and polishing of teeth by the projection of water,air, and dental powders onto the tooth surface. The device removes dental plaque, soft deposits, and surface stains from pits, grooves, interproximal spaces, or smooth surfaces of teeth. This air polishing device was used for all powder instrumentations.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Defect depth | The teeth were divided into three groups, the crown and exposed root surface were air polished using three powders at instrumentation time of 5s, combinations of medium and maximum power and medium water settings, distance of 5mm and angulation of 60 degree. Samples were scanned in a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at baseline and then after powder treatment and the defect depth was estimated. | 5 second | 
| Demineralization depth | The teeth were divided into three groups, the crown and exposed root surface were air polished using three powders at instrumentation time of 5s, combinations of medium and maximum power and medium water settings, distance of 5mm and angulation of 60 degree. Samples were scanned in a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at baseline and then after powder treatment and the demineralization depth was estimated. | 5 second | 
| Mineral density | The teeth were divided into three groups, the crown and exposed root surface were air polished using three powders at instrumentation time of 5s, combinations of medium and maximum power and medium water settings, distance of 5 mm and angulation of 60 degree. Samples were scanned in a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at baseline and then after powder treatment and the mineral density was estimated. | 10 second | 
| Defect volume | The teeth were divided into three groups, the crown and exposed root surface were air polished using three powders at instrumentation time of 5s, combinations of medium and maximum power and medium water settings, distance of 5mm and angulation of 60 degree. Samples were scanned in a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at baseline and then after powder treatment and the defect volume was estimated. | 5 second | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
glycine, erythritol, sodium bicarbonate, x-ray microtomography, gingival recession, air abrasion