The Effect of TENS Application for Pain

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of the study which was planned in a randomized controlled experimental design, it was aimed to determine the effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) application on pain level before mobilization in the postoperative period in children.

Detailed Description
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Children can often experience chronic muscle, bone, joint pain, headache and abdominal pain, and acutely experience pain due to postoperative and procedural procedures. Effective management of childhood pain is emphasized as a health priority by the World Health Organization and pain communities. The findings of various epidemiological studies emphasized that a significant proportion (49% to 64%) of children receiving treatment in a hospital setting received inadequate pain management services despite the increase in available knowledge and treatments. One of the situations in which pediatric patients encounter acute pain is the postoperative period. Mobilization is delayed in patients who cannot provide adequate pain control, and accordingly, serious complications such as impaired tissue perfusion, atelectasis and deep vein thrombosis may develop. There are studies on the use of TENS, one of the methods used in non-pharmacological pain management, in postoperative pain management in adults. Studies on pain management in children for TENS application are very limited today. There was no evidence for the effectiveness of TENS application applied before mobilization in the postoperative period in children.

Official Title
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The Effect of TENS Application Applied Before Mobilization on Pain in Children With Abdominal Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Conditions
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Appendicitis Surgery, Inguinal Surgery

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: TENS application


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Be in the 7-12 age range Abdominal surgery indication (appendicitis or inguinal region surgery) Volunteering to participate in the study Receiving monotherapy treatment for epilepsy To be able to communicate in Turkish Exclusion Criteria: Administering analgesic therapy other than routine administration Patients who have difficulties in mobilization/complications during the operation will be excluded from the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 7 Years
Maximum Age: 12 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: TENS application<br>TENS application will be applied to the experimental group before mobilization after abdominal surgery. TENS will be applied for an average of 40 minutes. | Device: TENS application<br>* Assigned Interventions: In addition to the standard pain management applied in the clinic, TENS will be applied to children who have had surgery.<br>* Other names: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation;|
| No Intervention: Standard pain management<br>The control group will receive standard pain treatment without any intervention. The group will not receive any other intervention. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Child Introduction Form | The introductory information form was prepared by the researcher in line with the literature information. The introductory information form consists of 10 questions covering the characteristics of children and their families (age, gender, parental age, education level, family type, income status), and operational characteristics (patient's complaints, type of surgery, previous operation experience). | (First measurement-After the operation, when the patient is taken to her bed and fully awakened) | 
| Children's Fear Scale | The mean score of the scale, which was translated into Turkish by five independent linguists, was 1.9 ± 0.1 (min=0, max=4). The scale can also be scored by the parent and the researcher. The scale consists of five drawn facial expressions ranging from a neutral expression (0=no anxiety) to a frightened face (4=severe anxiety). | (First measurement-40 minutes on average before mobilization) | 
| Children's Fear Scale | The mean score of the scale, which was translated into Turkish by five independent linguists, was 1.9 ± 0.1 (min=0, max=4). The scale can also be scored by the parent and the researcher. The scale consists of five drawn facial expressions ranging from a neutral expression (0=no anxiety) to a frightened face (4=severe anxiety). | (Second measurement-1 minute on average before mobilization) | 
| Visual Analogue Scale | The scale consists of a horizontal or vertical ruler, 10 cm or 100 mm in length, showing painlessness at one end and the most severe pain at the other end. For children over the age of six, this scale is reported to be an easy-to-understand and easy-to-apply scale. | (First measurement-40 minutes on average before mobilization) | 
| Visual Analogue Scale | The scale consists of a horizontal or vertical ruler, 10 cm or 100 mm in length, showing painlessness at one end and the most severe pain at the other end. For children over the age of six, this scale is reported to be an easy-to-understand and easy-to-apply scale. | (Second measurement-1 minute on average before mobilization) | 
| The Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale | In this scale, there are six facial expressions representing the increasing pain intensity from 0 to 5 from left to right. Six facial expressions are scored between 0-5 points from left to right (0 points = very happy/no pain, 5 points = indicates the most severe pain). As the score obtained from the scale increases, pain tolerance decreases, and as the score decreases, the tolerance increases. | (First measurement-40 minutes on average before mobilization) | 
| The Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale | In this scale, there are six facial expressions representing the increasing pain intensity from 0 to 5 from left to right. Six facial expressions are scored between 0-5 points from left to right (0 points = very happy/no pain, 5 points = indicates the most severe pain). As the score obtained from the scale increases, pain tolerance decreases, and as the score decreases, the tolerance increases. | (Second measurement-1 minute on average before mobilization) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, Child, Surgery, Pain