A Comparison Trial Between PCA and Epidural Analgesia for Pectus Excavatum Repair

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of epidural and IV analgesia in controlling pain in patients undergoing Nuss repair of pectus excavatum. The primary end point will be the mean pain score during postoperative days 0-4.

Detailed Description
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Pectus excavatum is a cartilaginous deformity that is the most common congenital anterior chest wall defect in children [1]. Children with this disease process often complain of dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, and shortness of breath implying a restrictive pulmonary deficit [2]. Besides the reported physical limitations, patients can also exhibit manifestations of psychological disturbances (poor body image and depression). Surgical repair has been correlated with enhanced quality of life and improvement in body image[3] with recent studies showing improved pulmonary function and cardiac output [4, 5]. Surgery initially introduced by Sauerbruch involved rib cartilage resection and sternal osteotomy. This open procedure was further modified and became [6] known as the Ravitch procedure. This was the mainstay for repair for over 40 years until the introduction of minimally invasive surgery without rib resection by Nuss and colleagues in 1987 [7]. The Nuss repair involves placing an intrathoracic brace through small lateral chest wall incisions aided by thoracoscopy. Similar to bracing the teeth, the Nuss procedure avoids osteotomy or rib cartilage resection [8]. The Nuss procedure is the most common minimally invasive procedure in use today to correct this condition and is the current standard of surgical practice. Complications from Nuss repair can range anywhere from 7% to 25% [9] and can occur for as long as the bar is in place. Pain control remains a major issue in the perioperative period as patients may require weeks to months of oral narcotics before becoming pain-free after correction of the pectus. A prospective multicenter study reported peak pain scores of 8 on a 0-10 scale in the postoperative period and a mean score of 3 at discharge [4]. Postoperative pain after pectus repair has been managed with IV opioids administered by patient controlled analgesia (PCA) devices and by thoracic epidural infusions of combinations of local anesthetics and opioids. It is unclear from published data which method is superior and different tertiary care centers in the USA have a preference for different methods.

Official Title
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A Comparison Trial Between Patient Controlled Intravenous Analgesia (PCA) and Epidural Analgesia for Pectus Excavatum Repair

Conditions
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Pectus Excavatum

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Hydromorphone
* Drug: Morphine


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients age 8- 18 years 2) Patients undergoing minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair via Nuss procedure 3) American Society of Anesthesiology Status I-III Exclusion Criteria: 1) Refusal of epidural catheter 2) Pregnancy 3) Bleeding History 4) Inability to understand how to use the PCA device 5) Medication interfering with blood coagulation 6) Patients allergic to local anesthetics 7) Patient refusal to participate in study 8) Developmental delay

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 8 Years
Maximum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Patient Controlled Analgesia<br>One group will have a patient controlled device connected to an intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV PCA). This device runs a basal infusion of pain medicine (morphine) intravenously with additional allowable patient controlled doses every 10 minutes. | Drug: Morphine<br>* This device runs a basal infusion of pain medicine (morphine) intravenously with additional allowable patient controlled doses every 10 minutes<br>|
| Active Comparator: epidural Catheter<br>The other group will have an epidural catheter inserted under sterile conditions in the thoracic epidural space after anesthesia has been induced. This will be connected to a patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) device for postoperative pain control that works in a similar manner except the medication (a combination of local anesthetics and hydromorphone) will be administered in the thoracic epidural space. | Drug: Hydromorphone<br>* In keeping with standard practice at the TCH, the position of the thoracic epidural catheter tip will be confirmed by real time fluoroscopy and a single injection of 1 ml of omnipaque 180 mg/mL contrast. In keeping with current practice, a bolus of 0.2% ropivacaine 0.3 ml per kg (maximum dose 20 ml) will be administered in the epidural space to the patients in the TEA group at least 10 minutes prior to surgical incision.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Verbal Pain Scale Scores During Postoperative Days 0-4 | The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of epidural and IV analgesia in controlling pain in patients undergoing Nuss repair of pectus excavatum. The primary end point will be the mean pain scores during postoperative days (POD) 0-4. Pain was measured using the verbal pain scale. The scale ranges from 0-10. A score of 0 means the patient is in no pain. | Postoperative days 0-4 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total Morphine Equivalent Consumption During Postoperative Days 0-4 | This outcome measures total amount of morphine administered in mg/kg by post-operative day 0-4. This captures all standard of care opioids delivered via their assigned cohort route (Epidural vs. IV PCA). Opioids other than morphine that were administered for pain were multiplied by their equianalgesic conversion factor to calculate the IV Morphine equivalent. | Postoperative days 0-4 | 
| Rescue Morphine Equivalent Administration During Postoperative Days 0-4 | This outcome measures the amount of rescue morphine administered due to breakthrough pain in mg/kg by post-operative day 0-4. This captures additional opioids that were administered by a nurse through an IV. Opioids other than morphine that were administered for pain were multiplied by their equianalgesic conversion factor to calculate the IV Morphine equivalent. | Postoperative days 0-4 |