Neuroimaging Decision Making and Response Inhibition During Smoking Abstinence

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The broad objective of this proposal is to identify functional neuroanatomical correlates of impairments in response inhibition during smoking abstinence. We will measure changes in performance and regional blood oxygenation levels using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)while smokers complete tasks designed to assess decision making and response inhibition. Our primary hypothesis is that smoking abstinence will result in impaired response inhibition accompanied by decreases in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal in brain regions associated with these cognitive processes including frontal cortex and the ventral striatum. Abstinence may also result in performance-related increases in activation in brain regions associated with effortful processing including the anterior cingulate cortex in effort to compensate for deficits in other regions.

Detailed Description
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Participants will learn and practice a Go/No-Go reaction time task (Garavan, Hester, Murphy, Fassbender, & Kelly, 2006) that measures inhibitory and excitatory aspects of behavioral control. During the task subjects are presented with an alternating series of Xs and Ys in the center of the screen and must press a button every time they see a Go trial (the letter 'Y' or the letter 'X') while inhibiting a response when they are presented with a No-Go trial (any interruption of the X Y alternating stream, e.g., X Y Y).

Official Title
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Neuroimaging Decision Making and Response Inhibition During Smoking Abstinence

Conditions
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Smoking

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Smoking Abstinence


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Smoker subjects must have smoked an average of 10 cigarettes per day for two continuous years of a brand that delivers (by Federal Trade Commission rated yields) at least 0.5 mg nicotine have an expired air carbon monoxide reading of at least 10 ppm. must be in general good health Non-smoker subjects must have smoked less than 50 cigarettes in their lifetime have not smoked in the last six months have an expired air carbon monoxide reading of less than or equal to 5 ppm. must be in general good health. Exclusion Criteria: major medical condition anything that would make participation unsafe (e.g., have pacemaker or other metallic implant) or uncomfortable (e.g., chronic pain) psychiatric condition suffering from claustrophobia current alcohol or drug abuse smokeless tobacco use, or use of nicotine replacement therapy or other smoking cessation treatment

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 50 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Smokers not interested in quitting smoking<br>Smokers were scanned 24 hours after quitting smoking, and scanned after smoking as usual. | Behavioral: Smoking Abstinence<br>* Smokers were scanned after having quitting smoking for 24 hours, and scanned after smoking as usual.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Signal Change in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) BOLD Signal Between Response Inhibition Trials and Control Trials in Right Inferior Frontal Cortex (rIFC) During Task on Satiated Day | Percent signal change in fMRI BOLD response in rIFC to correctly inhibited targets (as compared to control trials) during a response inhibition task following smoking as usual. Response inhibition trials are trials in the task in which the participant must inhibit a response (not press the button)when presented with a No-Go trial. Control trials are trials in the task in which the participant must press the button when presented with a Go trial. | 12.5 minutes of fMRI scanning following smoking as usual | 
| Signal Change in fMRI BOLD Signal Between Response Inhibition Trials and Control Trials in Right Inferior Frontal Cortex (rIFC) During Task on Abstinent Day | Percent signal change in fMRI BOLD response in rIFC to correctly inhibited targets (as compared to control trials) during a response inhibition task following not smoking for 24 hours. Response inhibition trials are trials in the task in which the participant must inhibit a response (not press the button)when presented with a No-Go trial. Control trials are trials in the task in which the participant must press the button when presented with a Go trial. | 12.5 minutes of fMRI scanning following 24 hrs smoking abstinence | 
| Signal Change in fMRI BOLD Signal Between Response Inhibition Trials and Control Trials in Presupplementary Motor Area (Pre-SMA) During Task on Abstinent Day | Percent signal change in fMRI BOLD response in pre-SMA to correctly inhibited targets (as compared to control trials) during a response inhibition task following not smoking for 24 hours. Response inhibition trials are trials in the task in which the participant must inhibit a response (not press the button)when presented with a No-Go trial. Control trials are trials in the task in which the participant must press the button when presented with a Go trial. | 12.5 minutes of fMRI scanning following 24 hrs smoking abstinence | 
| Signal Change in fMRI BOLD Signal Between Response Inhibition Trials and Control Trials in Presupplementary Motor Area (Pre-SMA) During Task on Satiated Day | Percent signal change in fMRI BOLD response in pre-SMA to correctly inhibited targets (as compared to control trials) during a response inhibition task following smoking as usual. Response inhibition trials are trials in the task in which the participant must inhibit a response (not press the button)when presented with a No-Go trial. Control trials are trials in the task in which the participant must press the button when presented with a Go trial. | 12.5 minutes of fMRI scanning following smoking as usual | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Smoking, fMRI