The Skin Savvy Study: A Behavioral Skin Cancer Prevention Intervention

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of the proposed project is to investigate the efficacy and longevity of two novel approaches to changing skin protection behaviors: 1) UV-detect photos that reveal currently existing skin damage and 2) motivational interviewing (MI), a person-centered, yet directive counseling style used to enhance internal motivation to change health behaviors. The proposed investigations include a pilot study to refine the methodology; a small formal randomized controlled efficacy trial; and a dismantling study. These studies will also expand current knowledge and research in several major ways: 1) the use of UV-detect photos will enable highly salient and personalized feedback, 2) MI will be used in a previously untried health domain (skin cancer prevention), 3) objective skin color changes will be measured using state-of-the-art skin reflectance spectrophotometry, and 4) the proposed studies will test aspects of several major psychological theories (e.g., Transtheoretical Model, Prototype/Willingness Model) to identify moderators/mediators of outcome.

Detailed Description
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Teens and young adults are at high risk for overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a leading factor in the development of skin cancer. The majority of these individuals continue to protect themselves minimally and tan intentionally, including significant increases in tanning booth use recently. Such care-free behaviors exist despite widespread education/awareness about UV radiation and skin cancer. The purpose of the proposed project is to investigate the efficacy and longevity of two novel approaches to changing skin protection behaviors: 1) UV-detect photos that reveal currently existing skin damage and 2) motivational interviewing (MI), a person-centered, yet directive counseling style used to enhance internal motivation to change health behaviors. The proposed investigations include a pilot study to refine the methodology; a small formal randomized controlled efficacy trial; and a dismantling study. These studies will also expand current knowledge and research in several major ways: 1) the use of UV-detect photos will enable highly salient and personalized feedback, 2) MI will be used in a previously untried health domain (skin cancer prevention), 3) objective skin color changes will be measured using state-of-the-art skin reflectance spectrophotometry, and 4) the proposed studies will test aspects of several major psychological theories (e.g., Transtheoretical Model, Prototype/Willingness Model) to identify moderators/mediators of outcome. Therefore, the studies should provide useful information about process and outcome for skin cancer prevention researchers and clinicians.

Official Title
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The Skin Savvy Study: A Behavioral Skin Cancer Prevention Intervention

Conditions
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Skin Cancer Prevention

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: UV-Detect Photos
* Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing
* Behavioral: Education


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18 or older Exclusion Criteria: Visual impairment

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 24 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Education<br>Participants were given a packet of standard skin cancer prevention educational brochures and handouts from major professional organizations to review independently for 10-15 minutes. | Behavioral: Education<br>* Education<br>|
| Active Comparator: Motivational Interviewing<br>Participants met with a trained counselor who reviewed any personalized feedback of risk derived from the baseline assessments (e.g., history of sunburns, self-reported UV exposure, protective behaviors). Counselors utilized the basic motivational interviewing skills of open-ended questions, reflection of participant statements, affirmations/positive feedback, and summation of major points throughout the discussion. These sessions took about 22 minutes. | Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing<br>* Motivational Interviewing<br>|
| Active Comparator: UV-detect photos<br>Participants were shown a regular black and white photo and a black and white UV-filtered photo of their face. Participants were told that Any dark, spotted, freckled, wrinkled, uneven, or pitted areas indicate existing underlying skin damage that is difficult to reverse. However, protecting the skin from UV radiation can prevent future damage. Participants were asked what they noticed about the photos, what their reactions were, and how this might affect their behavior. These sessions took 12 minutes on average. | Device: UV-Detect Photos<br>* UV-Detect Photos<br>|
| Experimental: UV-detect photos & MI<br>Participants met with a trained counselor who reviewed any personalized feedback of risk derived from the baseline assessments (e.g., history of sunburns, self-reported UV exposure, protective behaviors). Counselors utilized the basic motivational interviewing skills of open-ended questions, reflection of participant statements, affirmations/positive feedback, and summation of major points throughout the discussion. In addition to baseline feedback, participants were also interviewed about the black & white and UV-filtered photos of their faces. These sessions took about 25 minutes. | Device: UV-Detect Photos<br>* UV-Detect Photos<br>Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing<br>* Motivational Interviewing<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sun Stage of Change at 3 Months | The Sun Stage of Change (SOC) Scale has 4 items asking participants whether they have been protecting their skin for the past year (maintenance), if they protect their skin now (action), whether they intend to protect their skin in the next 30 days (preparation), whether they intend to protect their skin in the next year (contemplation), or none of the above (pre-contemplation). | 3 months | 
| Sun Stage of Change at 12 Months | The Sun Stage of Change (SOC) Scale has 4 items asking participants whether they have been protecting their skin for the past year (maintenance), if they protect their skin now (action), whether they intend to protect their skin in the next 30 days (preparation), whether they intend to protect their skin in the next year (contemplation), or none of the above (pre-contemplation). | 12 months |