Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity and Periodontal Disease

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study evaluated the periodontal condition of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients and a healthy non-pregnant control group. For the GDM group all medical data were recorded, including obesity/insulin resistance indicators.

Detailed Description
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Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated to a worse periodontal condition. Many patients with these two diseases are also obese. After delivery, some patients maintain the pre-pregnancy obesity status and this condition is also associated to periodontal disease. The mechanisms involved in the relationship of all these medical and periodontal conditions are not clear.

Official Title
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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity and Periodontal Disease: a Cross Sectional Study

Conditions
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Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational, Periodontal Diseases, Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Gestational diabetes mellitus


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria for GDM group was pregnant women with diagnosis of GDM based on glucose determination described in a previous study (19) and under medical treatment of an endocrinologist and the presence of at least one tooth per sextant. Inclusion criteria for control group were absence of periodontal disease, mean age similar to test group and presence of at least one tooth per sextant. Exclusion Criteria: The exclusion criteria for GDM group were pregnant women without diagnosis of diabetes, age below 18 years or higher than 42 years, and the presence of other systemic diseases. In control group, women were excluded if they were pregnant, had diabetes or other systemic disease and age below 18 years or higher than 42 years.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 42 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| GDM group<br>Gestational diabetes mellitus patients under treatment of an endocrinologist | Other: Gestational diabetes mellitus<br> <br> |
| Control<br>Healthy non-pregnant females | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis) measured by a periodontal probe and classified according to severity | Severe periodontitis was defined by the presence of ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with CAL ≥ 6mm and ≥1 interproximal site with PPD ≥5mm. Moderate periodontitis was defined by the presence of ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with CAL ≥ 4mm or ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with PPD ≥5mm. Mild periodontitis was defined as ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with ≥ 3 mm CAL and ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with ≥ 4 mm PPD or at least 1 site with PPD ≥ 5 mm (20,21). Gingivitis was determined as follows: Subjects were considered healthy if presented PPD ≤3mm/BOP extent scores < 10% and with gingivitis if presented PPD ≤3mm/ BOP extent scores >10%. Prevalence of periodontal disease was the sum of gingivitis, mild, moderate and severe periodontitis. | One day | 
| Obesity measured by a tape and a scale | Obese if: body mass index - BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m2 (weight in kilograms, height in meters) Obese if : waist-to-hip ratio - WHR >0.85 (cm) | one day | 
| Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed by an endocrinologist | Diagnosis stablished by a doctor based on glucose determination. The data was registered in the patient's medical chart. | one day | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dyslipidemia as an indicator of obesity/insulin resistance | The data was registered in the patient's medical chart. Dyslipidemia = HDL ≤ 35 mg/dL / LDL≥ 100 mg/dL / Total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL / Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL / VLDL < 30 mg/dL | one day | 
| Leukocytosis as an indicator of inflammation | The data was registered in the patient's medical chart. ≥ 10.000/L | one day | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Obesity, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Periodontal Disease