Study on Sodium and Caffeine in Children and Adolescents

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study will compare different methods (24 hour urine collection, evening and morning spots, and questionnaires) to measure the consumption of sodium and cafeine in children and adolescents.

Detailed Description
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Sodium consumption among adults is high in Switzerland, as in most parts of the world. It is expected to be high in children as well, but little is still known. 24 hour urine collection is the golden standard to assess sodium consumption. However, this method is logistically difficult, especially for children. Therefore, alternatives are needed. Urinary spots have been used as a proxy to estimate sodium excretion over 24 hour in adults, but not in children. This study will assess whether urinary spots can be used to estimate sodium consumption in children in comparison to 24 hour urine collections. Caffeine consumption has risen in children over the past years, mainly before of the increase in consumption of soda drinks. A precise way to measure caffeine consumption is by assessing the concentration of caffeine and its metabolites in 24 hour urine samples. An alternative to 24 hour urine collection is using questionnaires, however this remains difficult due to the multiples food sources of caffeine. This study will compare caffeine consumption estimated by 24 hour urine collection and by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire targeting caffeine containing products.

Official Title
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Comparison of Methods to Measure the Consumption of Sodium and Caffeine in Children

Conditions
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Sodium, Caffeine

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: No intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Between 6 and 16 years of age Exclusion Criteria: A sickness that affects the consumption and excretion of sodium and caffeine (for example, diabetes, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal problems, chronic kidney disease, renal insufficiency) Taking medication that affects sodium excretion (for example, diuretics) A intravenous perfusion during the urine collection Insufficient knowledge of French to understand the instructions

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 6 Years
Maximum Age: 16 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Intervention/Treatment |
| --- |
|Other: No intervention|This study is observational and does not entail any intervention. Different methods to assess sodium and caffeine consumption will be compared.|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Urinary sodium excretion | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots | Over a 2-day period | 
| Urinary caffeine and related metabolites excretion | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire | Over a 2-day period | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sodium consumption | Estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire | Over a 2-day period | 
| Urinary phosphate excretion | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots | Over a 2-day period | 
| Urinary caffeine and metabolites excretion | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots | Over a 2-day period | 
| Urinary albumine excretion | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots | Over a 2-day period | 
| Urinary protein excretion | Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots | Over a 2-day period |