Effectiveness of Lateral Wedge Insole on Knee Osteoarthritis Outcomes in Pakistani Population

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a persistent joint disorder, which normally affects the weight bearing joints especially knee joint. Lateral wedge insole is one such approach suggested by professionals to manage the knee osteoarthritis.Effectiveness of lateral wedge insoles (LWI) group (n=20), and conventional physical therapy (CPT) group (n=20) with home exercises as baseline treatment were assessed on Urdu version of Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score scale (KOOS).

Detailed Description
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A total of n=104 patients were recruited through the non-probability convenience sampling technique and were thus evaluated for the inclusion criteria. Of which, n=40 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly divided through the sealed envelope method in two groups; lateral wedge insoles with home exercises group (n=20), and traditional physiotherapy with home exercises group (n=20). The data was collected through a general demographic questionnaire and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) in Urdu to determine the severity of pain, stiffness, functional activities, recreational activities and Quality of life to promote functional independence in osteoarthritic patients.[20] The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 23 was used for data analysis.As the assumption of the parametric test was met, mixed ANOVA was used for the interaction effect of between-subject factor (group) and within-subject factor (time). With-in group analysis and one way ANOVA was used for between-group comparisons to determine the effect size (ɳp2).

Official Title
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Effectiveness of Lateral Wedge Insole on Knee Osteoarthritis Outcomes in Pakistani Population

Conditions
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Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Lateral wedge insoles with home exercises group(Group 1)
* Other: Traditional physiotherapy with home exercises group (Group 2)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients with the age criteria of 40-70 years, and who had a history of knee OA were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Patients had knee OA due to trauma or any pathology, multiple fractures, or had a medical condition due to which rehabilitation wasn't possible, and not willing to participate in the clinical trials were excluded from the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 40 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Lateral wedge insoles with home exercises group(Group 1)<br>In this group, participants were advised to use lateral wedge insole during walking and long-standing. Non customized full-length lateral wedge insoles of 7mm made of silicon material with 5 degrees angulation (because greater wedging is associated with foot discomfort) was used. Full-length wedge extends under the lesser metatarsal heads which increases the lever arm for rearfoot eversion and thus can prevent subtalar joint rotation. The evaluations were performed every week till fourth week. | Other: Lateral wedge insoles with home exercises group(Group 1)<br>* In this group, participants were advised to use lateral wedge insole during walking and long-standing. Non customized full-length lateral wedge insoles of 7mm made of silicon material with 5 degrees angulation (because greater wedging is associated with foot discomfort) was used. Full-length wedge extends under the lesser metatarsal heads which increases the lever arm for rearfoot eversion and thus can prevent subtalar joint rotation. The evaluations were performed every week till fourth week.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Traditional physiotherapy with home exercises group (Group 2)<br>Each participant received 40-45 minutes long session, started in lying position. The therapeutic low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) was used for 7 minutes with the frequency of 1 MHz, Spatial Average Intensity was 0.2 W /cm2, pulsed duty cycle 20%, therapeutic dose was 112.5 J/cm2 with fixed application on the medial side of the knee joint. The model of US was Unit Intelect Mobile, (Chattanooga Inc). After US therapy passive stretching of calf, hamstring, quadriceps, hip flexors, adductors & abductor s was done, which was followed by the manual strengthening exercises and strengthening with quadriceps bench. The session was repeated thrice a week and 12 sessions per month. The home program was guided in both groups including avoiding low sitting, cross leg sitting along with Isometrics of quadriceps atleast 3 times a day, with 5-10 seconds hold of each contraction. | Other: Traditional physiotherapy with home exercises group (Group 2)<br>* Each participant received 40-45 minutes long session, started in lying position. The therapeutic low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) was used for 7 minutes with the frequency of 1 MHz, Spatial Average Intensity was 0.2 W /cm2, pulsed duty cycle 20%, therapeutic dose was 112.5 J/cm2 with fixed application on the medial side of the knee joint. The model of US was Unit Intelect Mobile, (Chattanooga Inc). After US therapy passive stretching of calf, hamstring, quadriceps, hip flexors, adductors & abductor s was done, which was followed by the manual strengthening exercises and strengthening with quadriceps bench. The session was repeated thrice a week and 12 sessions per month. The home program was guided in both groups including avoiding low sitting, cross leg sitting along with Isometrics of quadriceps atleast 3 times a day, with 5-10 seconds hold of each contraction.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome pain score | Pain associated with daily tasks is measured through Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome pain score with categories as 'None' for no pain and 'Extreme' for maximum pain value. | Upto 4 weeks | 
| Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome stiffness score | It is measured through Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome stiffness score with categories as 'None' for no stiffness and 'Extreme' for maximum stiffness. | Upto 4 weeks | 
| Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome functional status score | Degree of difficulty in performing daily tasks associated with knee joint is measured through Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome functional status score with categories as 'None' for no difficulty in tasks and 'Extreme' for maximum difficulty in performing tasks. . | Upto 4 weeks | 
| Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome quality of life score | Quality of life regarding knee joint disease is measured through Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome quality of life score with categories as according to patient's satisfaction. | Upto 4 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Knee osteoarthritis, functional independence, musculoskeletal physiotherapy, orthotics, quality of life.