Eccentric Cycling Exercise on Hemodynamic and Hemorheologic Properties

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The effects of an eccentric endurance training on central and peripheral hemodynamic adaptations and erythrocyte rheology during maximal exercise remained to be unexplored. The current study examined the contribution of rheological functions and/or hemodynamic adaptation to changes in oxygen consumption (VO2) following the matched-power output eccentric (ECT) or concentric cycling training (CCT). Method: A total of 39 sedentary males were randomly assigned into either CCT (n=13) or ECT (n=13) for 30 min a day, 5 days a week for 6 weeks at 60% of maximal workload or to a CTL (control group, n = 13). A graded exercise test (GXT) was performed before and after the intervention. Central and microvascular adaptations were evaluated using thoracic impedance and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), respectively. Rheological characteristics was determined by an ektacytometer.

Detailed Description
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Endurance training is a well known strategy for improving fitness capacity. However, some populations are intolerance to complete the usual exercise training program, such as chronic heart or pulmonary disease or the elderly. Therefore, ECT is a candidate training strategy for those individuals. Erythrocytes deformability is significantly related to the blood perfusion in microcirculation. The impaired erythrocyte-related rheology further lead to reduced aerobic capacity by our research team. Therefore, the lower energy consumed in ECT may avoid the oxidative stress. To now, less studies have demonstrated whether ECT influences peripheral hemodynamics by erythrocyte rheology and the blood flow from the central effect. The investigators aimed to investigate the effects of CCT and ECT on oxygen consumption response explained by changes in local blood perfusion, blood cell rheology, or central function to attempt developing its application in rehabilitation.

Official Title
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Effects of Eccentric and Concentric Cycling Exercise Regimens on Hemodynamic and Hemorheologic Properties in Sedentary Male

Conditions
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Eccentric Exercise Training

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Eccentric cycling training
* Behavioral: Concentric cycling training


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: in sedentary lifestyle, who were nonsmokers, nonusers of medications/vitamins, and free of any cardiopulmonary/hematological risks Exclusion Criteria: regular exercise habits (i.e., exercise frequency once per week, duration >20 min).

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Eccentric cycling training<br>Moderate intensity cycling training in eccentric type | Behavioral: Eccentric cycling training<br>* Performed exercise training 5 days a week for 6 weeks on an eccentric ergometer. Each training session: 3 min at 30% of maximal workload (Wmax) for warmed up and cold down and 30 min the main training phase. Intensity: Firstly, set at 45% Wmax, and progressively increased 5% per week<br>|
| Experimental: Concentric cycling training<br>Moderate intensity cycling training in concentric type (intensity matched the eccentric training) | Behavioral: Concentric cycling training<br>* Performed exercise training 5 days a week for 6 weeks on an eccentric ergometer. Each training session: 3 min at 30% of maximal workload (Wmax) for warmed up and cold down and 30 min the main training phase. Intensity: Firstly, set at 45% Wmax, and progressively increased 5% per week<br>|
| No Intervention: Control group<br>without receiving any exercise training | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Central and peripheral hemodynamics | Evaluate cardiac and peripheral hemodynamic response to exercise by using noninvasive continuous cardiac output monitoring system and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). | 12 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cardiopulmonary fitness | The graded exercise test (GXT) on a bicycle ergometer was performed. The GXT comprised 2 min of unloaded pedaling followed by a continuous increase in the work rate of 30 watt per 3-minute until exhaustion (i.e., progressive exercise to maximal O2 consumption) | 12 weeks | 
| Erythrocyte rheological characteristics | Isolated erythrocyte first, then detect the cell geometric shape by using the FACSCalibur. To assess erythrocyte deformability and aggregation by using laser assisted optical rotational red cell analyzer (LoRRca). | 12 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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eccentric cycling, erythrocyte, hemodynamic