Smoking Dependence and Periodontitis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The present study was designed as a, single-center, prospective cohort study focusing on the relationship between smoking status and the severity of periodontitis

Detailed Description
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The present study was designed as a, single-center, prospective cohort study focusing on the relationship between smoking status and the severity of periodontitis. The research question was  How the Fagerström for nicotine dependence (FTND) and the number of cigarette cunsuption (NNC) are correlated to the severity of chronic periodontitis? Thirty-four consecutive smoker patients presenting a chronic periodontitis were included in the study, and the smoking status was defined both by NCC and FTND. Periodontal clinical parameters were correlated with NCC and FTND. All the clinical periodontal parameters were recorded by a single periodontist (L.S). Periodontal assessments included: probing depth (PD), gingival recession (RD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque score index (PI), Furcation (Furc), tooth mobility and the percentage of sites of PD ≥ 6mm. A graduated manual periodontal probe was used to take measurements at the 6 sites of each tooth. BOP (%) and plaque score (%). All the participants of the study respected the following inclusion criteria: 1/ smoker patients aged of minimum 18 years old, 2/ chronic periodontitis, 3/ presence of a minimum of 6 teeth at each arch, 4/ a minimum of 6 teeth with pocket depth of 5 mm, 5/ signed the informed consent. The exclusion criteria were: 1/ aggressive periodontitis, 2/ diabetes, 3/ connective tissue disease, 4/ pregnancy, 5/ radio-therapy, 6/ chemotherapy, 7/ psychological disease, 8/ previous periodontal therapy. The patient smoking status was defined by FTND and NCC FTND scores were categorized in 3 groups scores < 4 for low nicotine dependence, scores = 4-5 for moderate nicotine dependence scores > 5 for high nicotine dependence. The NCC s was classified in three levels of smokers as described in most of the periodontal studies: Number of cigarette smoking ≤ 10 per day for low consumption Number of cigarette smoking from 10 to 20 per day for moderate consumption Number of cigarette smoking > 20 per day for high cigarette consumption

Official Title
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Smoking Dependence (Fagerström) as a Relevant Indicator for Tobacco Related Studies in Periodontology.

Conditions
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Smoking, Periodontitis

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: smoker patients aged of minimum 18 years old chronic periodontitis presence of a minimum of 6 teeth at each arch a minimum of 6 teeth with pocket depth of 5 mm signed the informed consent Exclusion Criteria: aggressive periodontitis diabetes connective tissue disease pregnancy radio-therapy chemotherapy psychological disease previous periodontal therapy.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| effect of nicotine dependence level on periodontal outcomes | effect of nicotine dependence score on pocket depth (PD) | 1 day |