Evaluation of the Change of Penile Corpus Cavernosum After Caudal Block Using Ultrasonography in Children

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change of penile corpus cavernosum after caudal block using ultrasonography in pediatric patient.

Conditions
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Pediatric Urologic Surgeries

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: urologic surgery and caudal block


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Twenty (ASA status I or II) children, ages 2 to 7 yr old, who were scheduled for a urologic surgery Children who needed caudal block for postoperative analgesia Exclusion Criteria: if there were contraindications for caudal block including hypersensitivity to any local anaesthetics, bleeding diathesis, infections at the puncture sites, or pre-existing neurological disease. patients scheduled for penile surgery

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 2 Years
Maximum Age: 7 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Group 1<br>pediatric patients who need urologic surgery and caudal block | Other: urologic surgery and caudal block<br> <br> |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| change of penile corpus cavernosum | Evaluation of the change of penile corpus cavernosum after caudal block using ultrasonography in children | 1 min after LMA insertion | 
| change of penile corpus cavernosum | Evaluation of the change of penile corpus cavernosum after caudal block using ultrasonography in children | 2 min after caudal block | 
| change of penile corpus cavernosum | Evaluation of the change of penile corpus cavernosum after caudal block using ultrasonography in children | 5 min after caudal block | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| cavernosal arterial hemodynamics | Investigation of cavernosal arterial hemodynamics included peak systolic velocity [PS], end diastolic velocity [ED], mean velocity [MV], time-averaged maximum velocity [TAmax], time-averaged mean velocity [TAmean], pulsatility index [PI], volume flow [VF], and dorsalis pedis artery diameter [D]. | 1 min after LMA insertion | 
| cavernosal arterial hemodynamics | Investigation of cavernosal arterial hemodynamics included peak systolic velocity [PS], end diastolic velocity [ED], mean velocity [MV], time-averaged maximum velocity [TAmax], time-averaged mean velocity [TAmean], pulsatility index [PI], volume flow [VF], and dorsalis pedis artery diameter [D]. | 2 min after caudal block | 
| cavernosal arterial hemodynamics | Investigation of cavernosal arterial hemodynamics included peak systolic velocity [PS], end diastolic velocity [ED], mean velocity [MV], time-averaged maximum velocity [TAmax], time-averaged mean velocity [TAmean], pulsatility index [PI], volume flow [VF], and dorsalis pedis artery diameter [D]. | 5 min after caudal block |