Smoking and Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-1 and Initial Periodontal Therapy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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A total of 40 patients with CP (20 smokers (S+CP) and 20 nonsmokers (S-CP)) and 40 periodontally healthy subjects (20 smokers (S+PH) and 20 nonsmokers (S-PH)), comprising 80 subjects, were included in this study. Baseline GCF samples were obtained from all subjects and clinical periodontal measurements, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI), were recorded. In patients who had received initial periodontal therapy, GCF samples were obtained and all clinical periodontal measurements were recorded again during the 6th-8th weeks. GCF PGRP-1 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Detailed Description
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Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are one of the antimicrobial peptides that play a role in innate immunity and act against the bacterial cell wall. Smoking is the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis. This study determined the effect of smoking on PGRP-1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis (CP) following initial periodontal therapy.

Official Title
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The Effect of Smoking on Gingival Crevicular Fluid Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-1 Level Following Initial Periodontal Therapy in Chronic Periodontitis

Conditions
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Smoking, Cigarette

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Initial periodontal therapy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Clinical diagnosis of severe chronic periodontitis Clinical diagnosis of periodontal health Exclusion Criteria: have any systemic disease, to be alcohol consumer, to receive any periodontal therapy in the past 6 months, to take any drugs regularly to be pregnant and/or lactate.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 22 Years
Maximum Age: 56 Years


Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Smokers with chronic periodontitis<br>Patients who had teeth with 30% periodontal bone loss, presence of at least two nonadjacent sites per quadrant with probing pocket depths of ≥5 mm, and bleeding on probing were assigned as chronic periodontitis group Patients who have smoked for at least 10 years and a minimum of 10 cigarettes per day were assigned as current smokers. | Other: Initial periodontal therapy<br>* Scaling and root planing and polishing with specific curettes were performed to patients with CP and oral hygiene education was provided to each patient.<br>|
| Experimental: Non-smokers with chronic periodontitis<br>Patients who had teeth with 30% periodontal bone loss, presence of at least two nonadjacent sites per quadrant with probing pocket depths of ≥5 mm, and bleeding on probing were assigned as chronic periodontitis group Never smoked patients were included into the nonsmoker group | Other: Initial periodontal therapy<br>* Scaling and root planing and polishing with specific curettes were performed to patients with CP and oral hygiene education was provided to each patient.<br>|
| No Intervention: Smokers with periodontal healthy<br>Individuals were diagnosed periodontally healthy as without attachment loss, periodontal disease history, whole mouth bleeding scores of <10% and a probing depth of ≤3 mm Patients who have smoked for at least 10 years and a minimum of 10 cigarettes per day were assigned as current smokers. | |
| No Intervention: Non-smokers with periodontal healthy<br>Individuals were diagnosed periodontally healthy as without attachment loss, periodontal disease history, whole mouth bleeding scores of <10% and a probing depth of ≤3 mm Never smoked patients were included into the nonsmoker group | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in peptidoglycan recognition protein-1 | Total amount of Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-1 (µg) in gingival crevicular fluid | Baseline and 3 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in periodontal clinical parameter | Clinical attachment level (mm) (from cemento-enamel junction to the base of periodontal pocket) | Baseline and 3 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Chronic periodontitis, gingival crevicular fluid, initial periodontal therapy, peptidoglycan recognition proteins, smoking