Effects of Action Observation and Motor Imagery on Orofacial Sensorimotor Variables

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different dosages of action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) combined with an orofacial exercise program on pain pressure thresholds, lingual endurance and perceived exertion in asymptomatic subjects.

Official Title
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Effects of Action Observation and Motor Imagery on Orofacial Sensorimotor Variables

Conditions
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Pain

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Moderate dosage training of action Observation and Motor imagery
* Behavioral: Intensive dosage training of action observation and motor imagery
* Biological: Intensive dosage orofacial exercises
* Behavioral: Moderate dosage orofacial exercises


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: healthy individuals with no pain aged between 18 and 65 years subjects with correct masticatory function and labial and lingual mobility Exclusion Criteria: individuals who presented systemic, cardiorespiratory, central nervous system or rheumatic diseases, or those who presented any musculoskeletal or craniocervical pathology underage individuals individuals with orofacial pain or temporomandibular disorders at the time of the study subjects' complaint of toothache or tenderness to percussion.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Moderate dosage training<br> | Behavioral: Moderate dosage training of action Observation and Motor imagery<br>* Motor imagery and action observation of orofacial exercises with moderate dosage<br>Behavioral: Moderate dosage orofacial exercises<br>* Orofacial exercises with moderate intensity<br>|
| Experimental: Intensive dosage training<br> | Behavioral: Intensive dosage training of action observation and motor imagery<br>* Motor imagery and action observation of the orofacial exercises with intensive dosage<br>Biological: Intensive dosage orofacial exercises<br>* Orofacial exercises with high intensity<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) | PPT is defined as the minimal amount of pressure where a sense of pressure first changes to pain. The mechanical pressure algometer (Force Ten TM FDX Digital Force Gage) used in this study consisted of a round rubber disk (area, 1 cm2) attached to a pressure (force) gauge. The gauge displays values in kilograms but, because the surface of the rubber tip is 1 cm2, the readings are expressed in kg/cm2. The range of values of the pressure algometer is 0 to 10 kg, with 0.1-kg divisions. The pressure was applied at a rate of 0.31 kg/second (Chesterton et al. 2007). | Change from baseline and immediately post-intervention | 
| Lingual muscle endurance | Lingual muscle endurance is assessed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) (Adams et al. 2015). The measurement of muscular endurance was carried out by placing a plastic bulb with oblong air content on the hard palate, posterior to the central incisor teeth. The participants were asked to elevate the lingual (through anterior and posterior lingual region) to press the instrument with the maximum possible force for 3 seconds, while monitoring the force exerted, quantified in Newtons Adams et al. (2015) found moderate to strong reliability for anterior (ICC: 0.58-0.77) and posterior (ICC 0.77-0.84) tongue strength. | Change from baseline and immediately post-intervention | 
| Perceived exertion | The Borg scale of perceived effort measures the entire range of effort that the individual perceives when exercising. This scale gives criteria to make adjustments to the intensity of exercise, that is. To the workload, and thus predict and dictate the different intensities of exercise in sports and in medical rehabilitation (BORG, 1982). It can also be used in athletics, astronautics, industry and military environments, as well as in everyday situations. The concept of perceived effort is a subjective evaluation that indicates the subject's opinion regarding the intensity of the work carried out (MORGAN, 1973). The subject doing the exercise must designate a number, from 1 to 20, to represent the subjective sensation of the amount of work performed and higher values represent more perceived exertion | Change from baseline and immediately post-intervention | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Motor Imagery, Action observation