Brain Markers of Depression Vulnerability: the Case of Prefrontal Haemodynamic Response

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers a cheap and reliable tool to investigate prefrontal brain activation in the healthy and diseased human brain. As such, fNIRS bears great potential as a diagnostic tool for clinical practice. Research indicates that fNIRS, together with a relatively simple task to activate the prefrontal cortex, the so-called verbal fluency task (VFT), elucidates prefrontal dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD). This finding can potentially serve as an imaging marker for disease pathology, even when depressive symptoms are absent. Indeed, recent research also suggests prefrontal dysfunction in fully remitted MDD (rMDD). Prefrontal haemodynamic responses may therefore serve as a trait marker for MDD vulnerability. This study aims to investigate the haemodynamic response in rMDD, healthy participants with increased MDD risk (HCr; having a 1st-degree relative with MDD), and low-risk healthy participants (HCnr; having no 1st-degree relatives with MDD) using fNIRS. The investigators hypothesize lower prefrontal reactivity in HCr compared to HCnr, and lowest prefrontal reactivity in rMDD compared to HCnr. This study has the potential to elucidate the neuronal underpinnings of depression vulnerability in the absence of symptoms that are sometimes considered a confounding factor when it comes to studying the biological encoding of depression.

Detailed Description
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Healthy participants with a high risk of MDD (HCr), healthy participants with a low risk of MDD (HCnr) and rMDD participants will be included in this study. Prefrontal haemodynamic response will be measured in all participants during the verbal fluency test (VFT) using 52 channels fNIRS. The VFT involves two neural conditions, one positive condition, and one negative condition. Both the neuroimage change and the behavioral outcomes of VFT will be compared within-group and among groups. The correlation between the neuroimage change and the behavioral outcomes will be analyzed as well.

Official Title
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Brain Markers of Depression Vulnerability: the Case of Prefrontal Haemodynamic Response

Conditions
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Depression

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: fNIRS measurement


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) > 24 Exclusion Criteria: Current diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, or autism current or past diagnosis of neurological disorders, such as head injuries, strokes, encephalitis, epilepsy, Parkinson's, or Alzheimer's

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Remitted depression<br>Patients in full remission of a major depressive disorder (rMDD) | Other: fNIRS measurement<br>* measurement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy<br>|
| Healthy participants at risk<br>Healthy participants with increased MDD risk (having a 1st-degree relative with MDD) | Other: fNIRS measurement<br>* measurement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy<br>|
| Healthy participants low risk<br>Healthy participants with low MDD risk (having no 1st-degree relatives with MDD) | Other: fNIRS measurement<br>* measurement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) change during VFT | The HbO change during VFT measuring by fNIRS | Up to 6 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) change during VFT | The HbR change during VFT measuring by fNIRS | Up to 6 months | 
| The VFT outcome | The number of correct words during VFT | Up to 6 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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remitted major depression, depression vulnerability