The Causal Connection Between Sng and Muscle Acidosis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This proposed study suggests that peripheral tissue acidosis sensed by the somatosensory system (sngceptin) would evoke the sng perception in the brain. This hypothesis is based on investigators preliminary data that the peripheral muscle acidosis will evoked the central sng perception. This proposed study also identify the detection of brain activation areas related to the peripheral muscle acidosis. Investigators will know specific brain areas related to sng perception evoked by the peripheral muscle acidosis and, accordingly, a novel mechanism and potential treatment for sng would be developed in this proposed study.

Detailed Description
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Sng is a prominent complaint in Taiwanese people with low back pain. Sng is created to represent this Taiwanese word. Based on investigators preliminary data, sng was one of the most common complaints in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and also one of the most common indication for lumbar spine operations. Back sng is not adequately relieved by pain-killers or even by the lumbar spine operations. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging and questionnaires, the investigators preliminary study demonstrated that sng is different from pain in the level of brain perception and the level of subjective concept. It is very likely that sng has its own unique nerve pathway other than pain. The subjective feeling of sng is very similar to sour in taste, so it is likely that acidosis may be involved in the process of sng sensation, especially in the muscle. Delayed onset muscle soreness is a well-known example, and the soreness is dependent on the proton-sensing neurons. Indeed, substantial evidences showed that up to 80% muscle afferents are acid-sensitive but not nociceptors. Therefore, the investigators propose that sng is the perception in the brain when the tissue acidosis is sensed by the somatosensory system, and sng-ception is created to indicate the sensation of tissue acidosis. However, the causal connection between the peripheral sngception and the central brain perception of sng is not established. The objective of this proposal is to establish the causal connection between peripheral muscle acidosis and the central brain sng perception. The investigators central hypothesis is that acidosis-evoked sensation in the muscles will cause a central sng perception in the brain. This hypothesis is based on investigators previous studies that showed sng is different from pain in terms of subjective responses, brain activation areas and clinical impacts. To achieve this goal, two specific aims will be pursued 1. to determine if an acid solution will evokes sng response, and, 2. to detect the brain activation area of sng evoked by an acid solution in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Successful establishment of the casual connection between the peripheral muscle acidosis and the central brain sng perception will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of sng mechanism and the potential medication development.

Official Title
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The Causal Connection Between Sng and Muscle Acidosis

Conditions
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Muscle Acidosis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Phosphate Buffer Solution


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: The subject ages ranges from 20-45 years old. The subject has no chronic pain symptoms or complaint in last 6 months. The subject is subjectively able to discriminate sng and pain. The subject has no history of major diseases that required treatment or currently being under treatment. Gender: men and women half The used hand of subject is the right hand. The educational level of subject is more than 9 years (graduated from junior high school) The subject didn't have physical and mental illness The subject didn't take prescribed medicine. The VAS questionnaire must be 0 point both of low back pain and low back soreness assessment. The subject who can fill the informed consent after understanding the purpose and medical help of this trial. Exclusion Criteria: The subject has: Neuropathic pain due to causes other than that specified in the inclusion criteria (e.g., post-herpetic neuralgia; painful diabetic neuropathy; mononeuritis multiplex; central poststroke pain; failed back surgery in relation to the presenting episode of radiculopathy; spinal abscess, infection, hematoma, or malignancy; phantom limb pain; peripheral neuropathy due to alcoholism, malignancy, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], syphilis; drug abuse; vitamin B12 deficiency; hypothyroidism; liver disease; toxic exposure). Pain that is associated with a substantial somatic pain component (e.g., non-neuropathic/musculoskeletal pain in lower limbs or other parts of the body apart from the back) or more than one cause or potential cause for pain symptoms.Any painful concurrent rheumatic disease such as, but not limited to, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, or significant osteoarthritis. The subject is unable to reliably delineate or assess his or her own pain by anatomical location/distribution (e.g., the subject cannot reliably tell the difference between his or her back pain and lower limb pain and cannot rate the intensity of each separately). The subject has undergone lumbar spine surgery within the last 6 months or has received treatment with epidural injections, nerve blocks, or acupuncture for lower skin electrical resistance within 4 weeks before screening. The subject had a malignancy according to his/her report. The subject had allergic to lidocaine or monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate The subject has had a positive test for HIV antibody or a history of HIV according to his/her report. The subject has had a positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C antibody according to his/her report. The subject has a history of alcohol or narcotic substance abuse according to his/her report. The subject is female and is pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of the screening visit or plans to become pregnant during the study period. The subject cannot perform brain MRI scanning who had metal implants of head (such as fixed dentures, metal bone plate, vascular clamp, vascular embolization treatment coil, deep brain stimulator, artificial electronic ear, etc.), implants of head which affecting the image quality (such as the ventricle peritoneal catheter, etc.), implantation of permanent heart rate regulator, etc. The subject has suffered from claustrophobia. The subject has a history of spinal surgery. The VAS questionnaire not be 0 point either low back pain or low back soreness assessment. The subject has mental comorbidity (such as depression, panic disorder, etc) The subject has suffered from brain disease and had brain surgery. The subject has taken prescribed medicine which can affect specific function of brian (such as sleeping pills, tranquilizer, etc.). The subject has mental retardation. The educational level of subject is less than 9 years. The subject who under 20 years old or older than 45 years old, who is unable to understand the purpose of this trial and fill the informed consent.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Acidic phosphate buffer solution<br>pH5.2 phosphate buffer solution | Drug: Phosphate Buffer Solution<br>* Phosphate-buffered saline (abbreviated PBS) is a buffer solution commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. The osmolarity and ion concentrations of the solutions match those of the human body (isotonic).<br>* Other names: Phosphate buffered saline;|
| Placebo Comparator: Neutral phosphate buffer solution<br>pH7.4 phosphate buffer solution | Drug: Phosphate Buffer Solution<br>* Phosphate-buffered saline (abbreviated PBS) is a buffer solution commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. The osmolarity and ion concentrations of the solutions match those of the human body (isotonic).<br>* Other names: Phosphate buffered saline;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging | All images will be acquired on a 3 Tesla MRI system (MAGNETOM Prisma, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a 20-channel head coil. To obtain an anatomical reference, high-resolution T1-weighted imaging was performed using a 3D magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequence: repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) = 2000 ms/3 ms, flip angle = 9°, field of view (FOV) = 256 × 192 × 208 mm3, acquisition matrix = 256 × 192 × 208, resulting in isotropic spatial resolution of 1 mm3. The task fMRI will be performed using an echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence with a twice-refocused balanced echo. The imaging parameters are: TR/TE = 2000/20 ms, slice thickness = 3.5 mm, 80 × 80 acquisition matrix, FOV = 200 × 200 mm, and in-plane spatial resolution = 3.0 mm x 3.0 mm. | The whole procedures will be done within 50 minutes. Before the injection, the subject will receive anatomical MRI scan (10 minutes) and baseline fMRI scan (10 minutes) After that, the acid or pH 7.4 PBS will be given into the midpoint of the left tibial | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The visual analog scale (VAS) of sng in the legs | The subject will be asked for sng VAS before infusion and immediately after infusion. Scale range 0 to 10 (1)0: No Sng (2)1-3: Mild Sng (3)4-6: Moderate Sng (4)7-9: Severe Sng (5)10: Worst Sng imaginable | Through fMRI completion an average of 6 months | 
| Muscle pressure pain threshold | Muscle pressure pain threshold on bilateral tibialis anterior muscles will be measured by algometer. | Through fMRI completion an average of 1 week | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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sngceptin, soreness, muscle acidosis