Effects of Native Whey or Milk Supplementation on Adaptations to 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this study is to investigate the long term adaptations to 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training when supplemented with native whey or milk. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will give greater increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength than milk.

Detailed Description
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Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition, affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has different characteristics than milk. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey. The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the elderly. The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the changes in muscle hypertrophy and strength after a 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) week training intervention with daily supplementation of either 2x20g of native whey or milk proteins in young and elderly individuals. In order to explain potential differences between supplements an acute study investigating acute responses in blood amino acid concentrations and intracellular signalling is planned, in a subgroup of participants, before and after the training intervention. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains than milk.

Official Title
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Effects of Native Whey and Milk Supplementation on Changes in Muscle Mass and Strength After 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly

Conditions
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Healthy, Young, Elderly

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Native whey
* Dietary Supplement: Milk
* Other: Strength training


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy in the sense that they can conduct training and testing Able to understand Norwegian language written and oral Between 20 and 45, or above 70 years of age Exclusion Criteria: Diseases or injuries contraindicating participation Use of dietary supplements (e.g. proteins, vitamins and creatine) Lactose intolerance Allergy to milk Allergy towards local anesthetics (xylocain)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Milk supplementation<br>11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g milk protein. | Dietary Supplement: Milk<br> <br> Other: Strength training<br> <br> |
| Experimental: Native whey<br>11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g native whey protein. | Dietary Supplement: Native whey<br> <br> Other: Strength training<br> <br> |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lean mass | Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | Before the training intervention | 
| Lean mass | Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Thigh muscle cross sectional area | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Before the training intervention | 
| Thigh muscle cross sectional area | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Before the training intervention | 
| Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Arm cross sectional area | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Before the training intervention | 
| Arm cross sectional area | Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Thickness of the lateral vasti | Measured by ultrasound | Before the training intervention | 
| Thickness of the lateral vasti | Measured by ultrasound | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| 1 repetition maximum in leg press |  | Before the training intervention | 
| 1 repetition maximum in leg press |  | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| 1 repetition maximum in bench press |  | Before the training intervention | 
| 1 repetition maximum in bench press |  | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline | Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot | 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Plasma amino acid concentration |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Plasma amino acid concentration |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline | Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints. | 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline | Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints. | 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Serum glucose |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Serum glucose |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Serum insulin |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Serum insulin |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Serum urea |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Serum urea |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Serum creatine kinase |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention | 
| Serum creatine kinase |  | 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Tumor necrosis factor alfa messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 6 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 6 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 6 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 6 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 8 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 8 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 8 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 8 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 1b mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 1b mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 1b mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 1b mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 4 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 4 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 4 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 4 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 10 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 10 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 10 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 10 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 17D mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 17D mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Interleukin 17D mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Interleukin 17D mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Atrogin-1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Atrogin-1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Atrogin-1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Atrogin-1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Forkhead Box O3 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Forkhead Box O3 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Forkhead Box O3 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Forkhead Box O3 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 1mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention | 
| Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA |  | 30 min after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly) |  | Before training intervention | 
| Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly) |  | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly) |  | Before training intervention | 
| Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly) |  | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Fasting LDL (only in elderly) |  | Before training intervention | 
| Fasting LDL (only in elderly) |  | After 11-12 weeks of strength training | 
| Fasting HDL (only in elderly) |  | Before training intervention | 
| Fasting HDL (only in elderly) |  | After 11-12 weeks of strength training |