Nasopharyngeal Streptococcus Pneumoniae Carriage

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Primary Objective: Evaluation of the - Carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx of children Secondary Objective: Carriage rate and distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes Estimation of prevalence rate of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains Distribution of Staphylococcus aureus strain The influence of risk factors in the Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage rate in children

Official Title
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An Evaluation of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype Carriage Rate for Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Taiwanese Children Attending Pediatric Clinics in Hospitals, Day Care Centers, or Kindergartens

Conditions
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Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infections

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Children aged between 2 months and 5 years attending pediatric clinics in hospitals, day care centers or kindergartens. Informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardian. Exclusion Criteria: Children younger than 2 months of age. Children with following serious diseases: immunological disease, neoplastic disease, renal, cardiac or hematological disease, bronchodysplasia, Down's syndrome.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 2 Months
Maximum Age: 5 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Percentage of Participants With Carriage of Streptococcus Pneumoniae in Nasopharynx | Swab cultures obtained from the nasopharynx of participants were tested for the presence of streptococcus pneumoniae strains. | Day 1 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Serotype Distribution of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Isolates | Streptococcus pneumoniae in swab culture of nasopharynx were serotyped. The assessment included 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, 33F, non-vaccine, non-typable and missing serotypes. Percentage of participants under different vaccine serotypes in identified isolates of streptococcus pneumonia are reported. | Day 1 | 
| Antibiotic-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae Strains | Antibiotic resistance is defined as in vitro inhibition of a particular bacterial strain by a concentration of the drug associated with high likelihood of therapeutic failure. Antibiotic resistance for streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed against Penicillin, Cefotaxime, Levofloxacin, Erythromycin and combination of Trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole. The standard breakpoint value (microbial growth inhibition zone) for Penicillin, Cefotaxime, Levofloxacin, Erythromycin and combination of Trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole was not more than 8, 4, 13, 15 and 15 millimeter (mm) respectively. Percentage of participants with antibiotic-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae strains are reported. The same participant may have streptococcus pneumoniae strains which is resistance to more than one antibiotic. | Day 1 | 
| Percentage of Participants With Carriage of Staphylococcus Aureus in Nostril | Swab cultures obtained from the nostril of participants were tested for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus strains. | Day 1 | 
| Percentage of Participants With Carriage of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Based on Risk Factors | Participants for carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae were analyzed with respect to various risk factors which included number of bathrooms, number of siblings in the family (multiple siblings), size of the house in meter square (house area), frequency of hand wash in a day, bed sharing, smoking by family member, child breast feeding (breast milk practice), daycare attendance, vaccination for flu and pneumococcus, history of otitis media and upper respiratory infection (URI), antibiotic use and influenza virus infection. | Day 1 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage