Chronic Effects of Two Aerobic-training Models Performed in Water and on Dry Land in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this study was to analyse the acute and chronic effects of two aerobic-training models performed in water and on dry land on cardiorespiratory, functional, metabolic, hormonal and quality-of-life parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Conditions
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Aquatic exercise
* Other: Land Exercise


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: The clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Not be performing regular and systematic physical exercise for at least three months. Exclusion Criteria: Uncontrolled hypertension. Autonomic neuropathy. Severe peripheral neuropathy. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Uncompensated heart failure. Peripheral amputations. Chronic renal failure (GFR by MDRD <30). Muscle or joint injury that prevents physical exercises.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Aquatic exercise<br>The aquatic aerobic training had a duration of 12 weeks and adopted the interval-training method, with intensities ranging between 85 and 100% of second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and total duration of 45 minute per session. The sessions consisted of warm up, main part and calm down. The warm-up consisted of a walk in deep water at low intensity for three minutes. The main part was intended to aerobic training in deep water, in which subjects walked and / or ran, depending on your fitness level found in pre-training test. The calm down consisted of walking in deep water at low intensity for two minutes and stretching standardized, emphasizing the muscles worked in the main part of the session, with a total duration of approximately five minutes. | Other: Aquatic exercise<br> <br> |
| Experimental: Land exercise<br>The land aerobic training had a duration of 12 weeks and adopted the interval-training method, with intensities ranging between 85 and 100% of second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and total duration of 45 minute per session. The sessions consisted of warm up, main part and calm down. The warm-up consisted of a walk in athletic track at low intensity for three minutes. The main part was intended to aerobic training in athletic track, in which subjects walked and / or ran, depending on your fitness level found in pre-training test. The calm down consisted of walking in athletic track at low intensity for two minutes and stretching standardized, emphasizing the muscles worked in the main part of the session, with a total duration of approximately five minutes. | Other: Land Exercise<br> <br> |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Glycated hemoglobin |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fasting plasma glucose. |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Postprandial glucose |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Fasting insulin. |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Total cholesterol. |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| High density lipoprotein. |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Low density lipoprotein. |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Triglycerides. |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Plasma renin activity. |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Angiotensin II. |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| C-reactive protein ultrasensitive. |  | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| 8-isoprostane |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Content of reative species (DCF) |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Water-soluble Fluorescent Substances |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Oxidation of tyrosine residues |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Oxidation of tryptophan |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| superoxide dismutase (SOD) |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Catalase (CAT) |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Interleukin 1β |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Interleukin 10 |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Leukocyte DNA Methylation |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Purines |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Interleukin 6 |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 
| Global Histone Deacetylases activity |  | Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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aquatic exercises;, deep water running;, diabetes;, blood glucose;, inflammation.