Evaluation of Attitudes Towards Organ Donation in Individualistic or Collectivistic Countries

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
People make decisions every day, both for themselves and on behalf of others. In the case of organ donations, despite the opt-out systems used in Singapore where the default is a presumed consent on the part of the individual, the actualized donation rate is lower than expect. This is partially because family members are called in to make surrogate decisions on behalf of the patient, especially patients near brain death or have been certified to be brain dead. To address the shortfall in organ donations, the investigators plan to run three studies: First, the investigators seek to conduct a representative survey of the public's perception towards organ donation. The investigators will focus on their views towards donating their own vs. family members' organs, and to explore the role of cultural influences on decision-making. Second, the investigators will conduct the survey focusing on NUS students and the ways they respond to an opt-out, opt-in, or mandatory organ donation system. Third, the investigators will conduct the survey on an online platform (MTurk) to gather the views of participants across India and USA about organ donation. The studies have the potential to improve actualized organ donation rates, as well as to inform the medical community in their communication with family members.

Official Title
-----------------
Nudging Policies in Asia: Evaluating Singapore's Opt-out System for Organ Donation

Conditions
-----------------
Opt Out, Opt In, Opt Neutral

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Description of Organ Donation Policy


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Research participants should be above the age of 21, able to understand English fully, and have no active mental disorder or intellectual impairment. Exclusion Criteria: Below the age of 21, unable to understand English fully, or have active mental disorder or intellectual impairment.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 21 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Opt Out<br> | Other: Description of Organ Donation Policy<br>* Participants will read about an organ donation policy type (opt-out, opt-in, or opt-neutral) and rate what they think or feel about it.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Opt In<br> | Other: Description of Organ Donation Policy<br>* Participants will read about an organ donation policy type (opt-out, opt-in, or opt-neutral) and rate what they think or feel about it.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Opt Neutral<br> | Other: Description of Organ Donation Policy<br>* Participants will read about an organ donation policy type (opt-out, opt-in, or opt-neutral) and rate what they think or feel about it.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Decision to Donate Organ | Likelihood of participants choosing to donate organs after brain death | At the point of the survey, right after participants have read about the organ donation policy condition which they have been assigned. |