Spanish-language Version of the Kihon Checklist

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to validate the Spanish version of the Kihon Checklist for screening frailty in Spanish community-dwelling older adults.

Detailed Description
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In order to identify individuals at risk for frailty, a wide variety of assessment tools have been developed in recent years. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of a gold standard method to be used. Therefore, simple, reliable, and valid instruments are still needed for both research and clinical purposes. The Kihon Checklist is a multidimensional tool widely used in Japan and in other countries, but an exhaustive validity in Spanish population has not been yet established. The main objective is to validate the Spanish version of the Kihon Checklist for screening frailty in Spanish community-dwelling older adults, and as a secondary objective, to study and to compare different scales of frailty in the Spanish population, and to study their associations. To cope with the objectives of the present study, a cross-sectional study was conducted. To this purpose, data were collected through various tests and questionnaires about: frailty; clinical, demographic and anthropometric characteristics; physical assessment; functional status; cognitive function; health-related quality of life; depressive mood; and nutritional status.

Official Title
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Validation of the Spanish-language Version of the Kihon Checklist to Assess Frailty in Older Adults

Conditions
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Frailty

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: No intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age ≥ 65 years Community-dwelling older adults Exclusion Criteria: Barthel Index < 85 points considering as disabled Mini-Mental State Examination < 18 points Acute disease Unstable chronic disease

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Community-dwelling older adults<br>Community-dwelling older adults living in the Valencia region (Spain). | Other: No intervention<br>* There was no intervention to be administered, only collection of data through various tests and questionnaires.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Frailty: The Kihon Checklist | The Kihon Checklist is a self-reporting survey used for screening frail older adults. It consists of 25 yes/no questions divided into 7 domains: activities of daily living, physical strength, nutrition, eating, socialization, memory, and depressive mood. Higher scores indicate a higher risk of requiring support. A total score ≥ 7 points indicates general frailty (Sewo Sampaio 2016). The Spanish Kihon version used for validation in this study was translated by Maseda et al. (2017). | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Frailty: Fried's Frailty Phenotype | Fried's Frailty Phenotype proposed in the Cardiovascular Health Study (Fried 2001) consists of 5 criteria: unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, reduced grip strength, and reduced gait speed. It has a total score ranging from 0 to 5. A frail person is who scores 3 to 5; prefrail when scores 1 to 2, and robust when scores 0. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Frailty: The Edmonton Frailty Scale | The Edmonton Frailty Scale (Rolfson 2006) evaluates 9 domains of frailty: cognition, general health status, functional independence, social support, medication usage, nutrition, mood, continence, and functional performance. It has a total score ranging from 0 to 17, with higher scores representing greater frailty severity. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Frailty: The Frail Scale | Frailty measured by the Frail Scale (Masanes et al., 2012). It has a total score of 5 points. The more score the more frailty. Participants are considered frail individuals with scores 3 to 5; prefrail with scores 1 to 2, and robust with scores of 0. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Frailty: The Tilburg Frailty Indicator | The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (Gobbens et al., 2010) is a self-reported questionnaire of 15 items addressing physical, psychological and social domains. The total score of the Tilburg scale can range from 0 to 15. Higher scores indicate more frailty. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Handgrip strength | Muscle strength was measured by the isometric handgrip strength (Cruz-Jentoft et al., 2010). | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Knee extension strength | Muscle strength was measured by the isometric knee extension (Andrews et al., 1996). | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Elbow flexion strength | Muscle strength measured by the isometric elbow flexion (Andrews et al., 1996). | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Muscle mass | Muscle mass estimated by Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) (Bahat et al., 2016). | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Gait speed | Gait speed was recorded using a 4-meter walking test (Working Group on Functional Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials, 2008). | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Modified Baecke Questionnaire | Physical condition was measured by the Modified Baecke Questionnaire (Vilaró et al., 2007). The Modified Baecke Questionnaire results in a score to classify people as high, moderate, or low in daily physical activity, based on tertiles. | The cohort group will be assessed in one day visit. | 
| The Short Physical Performance Battery | Physical performance was measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (Guralnik, 1994). This measurement consists of walking 4m, a balance test with 3 levels (tandem, semi-tandem and stand up on one foot) and sit up and reach 5 times as fast as possible. Summary scores range from 0-12, and higher scores denote higher physical performance. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Barthel Index | Functional independence was measured by the Barthel Index. It has a total score ranging from 0 to 100, where 0 is the minimum (worst outcome) and 100 is the maximum (best outcome). | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Lawton and Brody Questionnaire | Functional independence was measured by the Lawton and Brody Questionnaire (Lawton and Brody, 1969). Instrumental activities of daily living assess the ability to use the telephone, to shop, to use transport, to cook, to do housework, to take medication, and to handle finances. It has a total score ranging from 0 to 8, 0 indicates total dependence and the maximum score indicates total independence. | The cohort group will be assessed in one day visit. | 
| Mini-Mental State Examination | Cognitive function was measured by the Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (Lobo et al., 1999). Summary scores range from 0 to 35, and higher scores denote higher cognitive function. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Short Form Health Survey SF-8 | Health-related quality of life was measured by SF-8 (Tomás et al., 2017). Summary scores range from 8 to 40, and higher scores denote a higher health-related quality of life. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Depressive symptoms CES-D short form (CESD-7) | Depressive mood was measured by CESD-7 (Herrero y Gracia, 2007). Summary scores range from 0 to 21, and lower scores denote depressive mood. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 
| Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) | Nutritional status was measured by MNA-SF (Rubenstein et al., 2001). Summary scores range from 0 to 14, and higher scores denote better nutritional status. | The cohort group was assessed in one day visit. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Frailty, Spanish, Older adults