Messages for Increasing Dairy Consumption

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Over 35,000 Canadians, 65% of men and 72% of women aged 31-50 years fail to consume the recommended number of milk and milk product servings (≤2 servings per day). Given the wide range of health benefits associated with increased dietary intake of milk and milk products the objectives of this study were to conduct a prospective, 5-arm randomised controlled trial in order to test the effectiveness of a variety of messages for increasing milk and milk product consumption in men and women aged 30-50 years old. The five arms consisted of 4 messages that contained slightly different content specifically: 1) gain-framed message condition, 2) loss-framed message condition, 3) self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing message condition, 4) gain-framed and self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing message condition and 5) loss-framed plus self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing message condition. It was hypothesised that those who receive self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing information would consume more dairy than those who received messages without such information. Second, those who received gain-framed messages would consume more dairy as compared to those who received loss-framed messages. Third, those who received gain-framed messages that include self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing information would consume the most dairy in comparison to the other four conditions.

Official Title
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Testing the Effectiveness of Targeted, Framed, -Efficacy Enhancing Messages for Increasing Milk and Milk Product Consumption in Adults Aged 30--50 Years.

Conditions
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Dietary Modification

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Gain-Framed
* Behavioral: Loss-Framed
* Behavioral: Self-Regulatory Efficacy
* Behavioral: Gain-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy
* Behavioral: Loss-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Between 30 and 50 years of age Consume less than 2 servings of milk or milk products per day No health or religious reasons to avoid milk and milk products Regular access to the internet Can speak and read English Exclusion Criteria: Dietary restrictions, allergies, or medical reasons for limiting dairy intake will be excluded

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Years
Maximum Age: 50 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Gain-Framed<br>Participants receive messages that highlight the potential benefits of engaging in a specific behaviour (i.e., what positive outcomes they could experience from consuming milk and milk products). | Behavioral: Gain-Framed<br>* Participants will be randomised to one of five message conditions. Each condition will receive a total of four emailed messages on four consecutive days (i.e., 1 message per day). Participants in the Gain-Framed message condition will receive message content that highlights the potential benefits of consuming milk and milk products (i.e., high protein content, stronger hair and nail etc.)<br>|
| Experimental: Loss-Framed<br>Participants receive messages that highlight the potentially loses of not engaging in a specific behaviour (i.e., what they could lose from not consuming milk and milk products). | Behavioral: Loss-Framed<br>* Participants will be randomised to one of five message conditions. Each condition will receive a total of four emailed messages on four consecutive days (i.e., 1 message per day). Participants in the Loss-Framed message condition will receive message content that highlights the potential losses of not consuming milk and milk products (i.e., lack of essential nutrients, less calcium).<br>|
| Experimental: Self-Regulatory Efficacy<br>Participants receive messages that provide them with tips and strategies on how to engage in the consumption of milk and milk products (i.e., recipes, meal planning etc.) | Behavioral: Self-Regulatory Efficacy<br>* Participants will be randomised to one of five message conditions. Each condition will receive a total of four emailed messages on four consecutive days (i.e., 1 message per day). Participants in the Self-Regulatory Efficacy message condition will receive information pertaining to how to include milk and milk products within their diet. This information will come in the form of recipes, meal planning, food combining etc.<br>|
| Experimental: Gain-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy<br>Participants receive messages that highlight the potential benefits of engaging in a specific behaviour (i.e., what positive outcomes they could experience from consuming milk and milk products) and these messages also provide tips and strategies on how to engage in the consumption of milk and milk products (i.e., recipes, meal planning etc.). | Behavioral: Gain-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy<br>* Participants will be randomised to one of five message conditions. Each condition will receive a total of four emailed messages on four consecutive days (i.e., 1 message per day). Participants in the Gain-Framed message + Self-Regulatory Efficacy condition will receive message content that highlights the potential benefits of consuming milk and milk products (i.e., high protein content, stronger hair and nail etc.) and information pertaining to how to include milk and milk products within their diet.<br>|
| Experimental: Loss-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy<br>Participants receive messages that highlight the potentially loses of not engaging in a specific behaviour (i.e., what they could lose from not consuming milk and milk products) and these messages also provide tips and strategies on how to engage in the consumption of milk and milk products (i.e., recipes, meal planning etc.). | Behavioral: Loss-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy<br>* Participants will be randomised to one of five message conditions. Each condition will receive a total of four emailed messages on four consecutive days (i.e., 1 message per day). Participants in the Loss-Framed message + Self-Regulatory Efficacy condition will receive message content that highlights the potential losses of not consuming milk and milk products (i.e., lack of essential nutrients, less calcium) and information pertaining to how to include milk and milk products within their diet.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Changes from baseline in calcium from dairy at 1 and 4-week follow up | Calcium consumed from dairy was assessed using a modified version of the Calcium Calculator™ developed by the British Columbia Dairy Foundation. The original tool assesses consumption of calcium from a comprehensive list of 30 commonly consumed calcium containing products. For this study individuals were asked to indicate the portions they ate of 10 dairy products included in the list. An explanation of a portion was provided for each item. Milligrams of calcium consumed by participants on the previous day was determined for baseline, week 1 and week 4 follow-up. | Baseline, 1-week follow-up, 4-week follow-up | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Self-Regulatory Efficacy | Changes in participants self-regulatory efficacy beliefs was assessed using an 18-item measure at baseline, 1-day after completion of the intervention and at 4-week follow-up. Self-regulatory efficacy beliefs items were context specific. Responses were scored on a scale of 0% (not at all) to 100% (extremely confident) with response options in 10% increments. | Baseline, Immedately after the Intervention (1-day), 4-Week Follow-Up | 
| Outcome Expectations | Changes in participants outcome expectations was assessed at baseline, 1-day after completion of the intervention and at 4-week follow-up. The perceived likelihood of positive (16 items) and negative (5 items) outcomes occurring as a result of consuming milk and milk products was assessed using a 21-item measure. Responses were scored on a 9-point scale from 1 (very unlikely) to 9 (very likely). | Baseline, Immedately after the Intervention (1-day), 4-Week Follow-Up | 
| Outcome Values | Changes in participants outcome values was assessed at baseline, 1-day after completion of the intervention and at 4-week follow-up. The perceived value of positive (16 items) and negative (5 items) outcomes occurring as a result of consuming milk and milk products was assessed using a 21-item measure. Responses were scored on a 9-point scale with a range of 1 (little value to me) to 9 (high value to me). | Baseline, Immedately after the Intervention (1-day), 4-Week Follow-Up |