Speed of Processing Training in Adults With HIV

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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As people age with HIV, the synergistic effects with normal age-related cognitive declines will accentuate and/or accelerate declines in cognitive functioning which can be detected as early in one's 40s. Although interventions are needed to protect/improve cognitive functioning, one intervention already exists to improve speed of processing. NINR/NIA (January 14, 2014) announced that Speed of Processing Training used in the ACTIVE Study (N = 2,802 community-dwelling older adults) has the ability to enable older people to maintain their cognitive abilities as they age even 10 years after training. As shown in the ACTIVE Study, this intervention uniquely improves driving, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), health-related quality of life, self-rated health, internal locus of control, and protects one from depression; these represent areas of needed intervention for adults with HIV as well. In adults with HIV, previous pilot studies likewise indicate speed of processing declines are associated with poorer driving simulator performance and more self-reported at-fault automobile crashes; such speed of processing declines on driving alone represent a significant public health concern. These studies also demonstrated that Speed of Processing Training improved this cognitive ability and translated into improved performance on a timed measure of IADLs. Based on prior research, this RCT proposal consists of a pre-post two-year longitudinal experimental design whereby 264 adults with HIV, 40+ years and diagnosed with HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder, will be randomly assigned to one of three training conditions: 1) 10 hours of laboratory-based Speed of Processing Training, 2) 20 hours of laboratory-based Speed of Processing Training, or 3) 10 hours of a standardized computer-contact control (sham) condition. AIM 1: Determine whether 10 vs 20 hours of speed of processing training will improve this cognitive ability at post-test, year 1, and year 2 after baseline. AIM 2: Determine whether 10 vs 20 hours of speed of processing training will improve everyday functioning at post-test, year 1, and year 2 after baseline. Exploratory AIM: Determine whether improvement in speed in speed of processing and/or everyday functioning over time mediate improvement quality of life (e.g., depression, health related quality of life).

Detailed Description
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SPECIFIC AIMS This research directly meets the goals of the NIH Cognitive and Emotional Health Project and the Healthy Brain Initiative which seek to maintain or improve the cognitive performance of all adults, especially for populations experiencing the greatest disparities and risks in cognitive health. Significance: Using Fascati criteria, 52% - 59% of people with HIV experience HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) which affects driving safety, medication adherence, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Cognitive aging in this group represents a major concern since by 2020, 70% of adults with HIV in the United States will be 50 and older. Thus, there is a growing population that is particularly vulnerable to HAND due to the co-occurrence with aging-related cognitive impairments. In our prior study (R03MH076642-01A2) conducted in the HAART era, when comparing cognitive functioning between older and younger HIV-positive and HIV-negative adults, older adults with HIV performed the worst. In the HAART era, these cognitive impairments continue to be observed in several cognitive domains including memory, reasoning/executive functioning, and one area of particular importance - speed of processing. Speed of processing is the rate at which cognitive functions are performed. People with HIV are vulnerable to speed of processing declines, especially as they age. Such speed of processing declines are associated with poorer driving performance, and more at-fault crashes in normal older adults, as well as middle-aged (40+) and older adults with HIV, which is a growing public health concern. In the Southern U.S., specifically in the Deep South where this study will occur, these points are highly relevant because: 1) even with speed of processing declines, adults with HIV must rely on their own driving, especially in rural areas with limited public transportation; and 2) the epicenter of HIV has emerged here in the last decade, which means many lower SES adults and/or African Americans with HIV will also have HAND or borderline HAND. Regrettably, few behavioral interventions have tried to improve cognition in this pharmacologically-burdened population; and pharmacological cognitive interventions produce adverse side effects in a population already experiencing multiple comorbidities. Fortunately, some types of computerized cognitive interventions have been shown to improve cognition without adverse side-effects. Yet, only two types of computerized cognitive interventions have been conducted in adults with HIV, with one being Speed of Processing Training. Specific Aim 1: Determine whether 10 vs 20 hours of Speed of Processing Training will improve this cognitive ability at post-test, year 1, and year 2 after baseline. Hypothesis 1- Adults with HAND or borderline HAND will have improved speed of processing over time as they engage in more hours of training compared to those in the contact control (sham) condition. Specific Aim 2: Determine whether 10 vs 20 hours of Speed of Processing Training will improve everyday functioning at post-test, year 1, and year 2 after baseline. Hypothesis 2- Adults with HAND or borderline HAND will have improved everyday functioning (e.g., IADLs, driving, medication adherence) over time as they engage in more hours of training compared to those in the contact control (sham) condition. Exploratory Aim: Determine whether improvement in speed of processing and/or everyday functioning over time mediate improvement in quality of life (e.g., depression, locus of control, health-related quality of life). Innovation: We are the first to develop Speed of Processing Training and use it with older adults and those with HIV. This non-pharmacological intervention improves the rate at which normal, community-dwelling older adults process information and has been shown to improve performance in driving, IADLs, and health-related quality of life several years after training. In prior studies, we demonstrated that after only 10 hours of Speed of Processing Training, this inexpensive intervention significantly improved speed of processing and IADLs in adults with HIV in the short-term. As part of the ACTIVE Study (N = 2,802), three types of cognitive training in 6 sites across the U.S. were compared: speed of processing, memory, and reasoning. NINR/NIA (January 14, 2014) announced that Speed of Processing Training used in the ACTIVE Study enabled older people to maintain their cognitive abilities as they age, even 10 years after training. The ACTIVE Study also examined reasoning and memory training; however, Speed of Processing Training was uniquely found also to enhance tertiary outcomes: (1) protect against depression and (2) improve self-rated health, internal locus of control, and health-related quality of life. These tertiary/quality of life outcomes are essential areas in HIV that likewise require intervention. This RCT of 264 adults with HAND or borderline HAND will extend the ability to demonstrate that we cannot only improve speed of processing and everyday functioning in the short-term, but over a 2-year period.

Official Title
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An RCT of Speed of Processing Training in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With HIV

Conditions
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HIV, Cognition - Other, Impaired Driving

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Speed of Processing Training
* Other: Internet Navigational


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Since driving-related factors are being examined as one of the outcomes of the intervention, participants must be licensed drivers when entering the study. Men and/or women Must be 40+ years English speaking Have HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) or borderline HAND (defined using Frascati criteria). Exclusion Criteria: Because this study is longitudinal, participants not living in stable housing (e.g., halfway house) will be excluded. Potential participants will be excluded if they indicate that they are planning to move outside of the Birmingham metropolitan area within the next 2 years. Participants with significant neuromedical co-morbidities (e.g., schizophrenia, epilepsy, bipolar disorder, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease or related dementias, mental retardation) Legally blind or deaf (vision confirmed at baseline) Currently undergoing radiation or chemotherapy A history of brain trauma with a loss of consciousness greater than 30 minutes Those who have participated in our pilot studies and were randomized to the Speed of Processing Training will be excluded.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Speed of Processing Training (10 hours)<br>Participants randomized to this arm will receive 10 hours of speed of processing training; this training is designed to improve the speed/accuracy in which they identify and locate visual information using five games/exercises from the POSIT Science Speed of Processing Training. Those who receive 20 hours of speed of processing training will be compared to those participants who are randomized only to receive 10 hours speed of processing training; both of these groups will be compared to those randomized to receive only 10 hours of a computer training (Contact Control Group). | Behavioral: Speed of Processing Training<br>* These are specific computerized exercises that are designed to increase the rate in which people can process visual information.<br>* Other names: Insight Software;|
| Experimental: Speed of Processing Training (20 hours)<br>Participants randomized to this arm will receive 20 hours of speed of processing training; this training is designed to improve the speed/accuracy in which they identify and locate visual information using five games/exercises from the POSIT Science Speed of Processing Training. Those who receive 20 hours of speed of processing training will be compared to those participants who are randomized only to receive 10 hours speed of processing training; both of these groups will be compared to those randomized to receive only 10 hours of a computer training (Contact Control Group). | Behavioral: Speed of Processing Training<br>* These are specific computerized exercises that are designed to increase the rate in which people can process visual information.<br>* Other names: Insight Software;|
| Sham Comparator: Internet Navigational (10 hours)<br>In this group, participants will receive 10 hours of Internet Navigation Training. Specifically, participants will be given instructional materials and exercises on how to navigate the Internet. For more computer savvy participants, they will be directed to the Thinks.com website. Those who receive 20 hours of speed of processing training will be compared to those participants who are randomized only to receive 10 hours speed of processing training; both of these groups will be compared to those randomized to receive only 10 hours of a computer training (Contact Control Group). | Other: Internet Navigational<br>* This is a sham condition in which participants will receive the same amount of social and computer contact as those randomized to receive the 10 hours of speed of processing training. In this condition, participants will learn how to do various activities on the internet.<br>* Other names: Contact Control Condition;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mean Speed of Processing Measures at baseline | Cognitive measures of speed of processing (i.e., Useful Field of View) will be used to determine whether the training was effective. | at baseline | 
| Mean Speed of Processing Measures at 10 - 12 weeks after baseline | Cognitive measures of speed of processing (i.e., Useful Field of View) will be used to determine whether the training was effective. | at 10-12 weeks after baseline | 
| Mean Speed of Processing Measures at 1 year after baseline | Cognitive measures of speed of processing (i.e., Useful Field of View) will be used to determine whether the training was effective. | at 1 year after baseline | 
| Mean Speed of Processing Measures at 2 years after baseline | Cognitive measures of speed of processing (i.e., Useful Field of View) will be used to determine whether the training was effective. | at 2 years after baseline | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Driving Simulation (a measure of everyday functioning) | This driving simulator generates several outcome variables including number of crashes, number of pedestrians hit, gross reaction time, and other related driving outcomes data. | Baseline (first visit), Posttest (approximately 10-12 weeks after Baseline), Year 1 (1 year after Baseline), Year 2 (2 years after Baseline) | 
| Number of vehicular crashes identified in State Crash Records for the 5 years prior to enrollment | Driving records for participants will be pull retrospectively for the past 5 years before starting the study, and then prospectively approximately 2.5 years after Baseline (first visit) and approximately 5 years after Baseline (first visit).Documented actual at-fault crashes of the participants will be determined by pulling state driving records from the Alabama Department of Motor Vehicles. | from baseline to 5 years prior to baseline | 
| Driving Habits Questionnaire (a measure of everyday functioning) | This questionnaire measures self-reported data on the participants' perceived ability to drive. | from baseline to 5 years prior to baseline | 
| Timed Instrument Activities of Daily Living (a measure of everyday functioning) | This test measures the time required and the accuracy in which 5 instrumental activities of daily living (e.g., counting change) are done. | Baseline (first visit), Posttest (approximately 10-12 weeks after Baseline), Year 1 (1 year after Baseline), Year 2 (2 years after Baseline) | 
| Medication Adherence (a measure of everyday functioning) | This is a questionnaire that assesses how well participants take their medication as prescribed. | Baseline (first visit), Posttest (approximately 10-12 weeks after Baseline), Year 1 (1 year after Baseline), Year 2 (2 years after Baseline) | 
| Number of vehicular crashes identified in State Crash Records at 2.5 years after enrollment | Driving records for participants will be pull retrospectively for the past 5 years before starting the study, and then prospectively approximately 2.5 years after Baseline (first visit) and approximately 5 years after Baseline (first visit).Documented actual at-fault crashes of the participants will be determined by pulling state driving records from the Alabama Department of Motor Vehicles. | from baseline to 2.5 years after baseline | 
| Number of vehicular crashes identified in State Crash Records at 5 years after enrollment | Driving records for participants will be pull retrospectively for the past 5 years before starting the study, and then prospectively approximately 2.5 years after Baseline (first visit) and approximately 5 years after Baseline (first visit).Documented actual at-fault crashes of the participants will be determined by pulling state driving records from the Alabama Department of Motor Vehicles. | from baseline to 5 years after baseline |