Acute High Fat Bulletproof Coffee vs Black Coffee on Metabolism, Inflammation and Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study will determine whether acute ingestion of a high fat Bulletproof Coffee will lead to changes in plasma triglycerides, immune cell function, as well as cognitive function when compared to a black coffee.

Detailed Description
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In a randomized crossover design, participants will consume a single bulletproof coffee or a single black coffee separated by  7 days. Each visit commences in the morning after an overnight fast of 10-12 hours, with no exercise the day prior, no coffee consumption the morning of testing, and completion of a food log for dietary duplication prior to visit 2. A fasting blood draw is obtained and cognitive function tests administered, along with questionnaires to assess gastrointestinal distress, arousal, and hunger/fullness before coffee consumption. Following this, one of the coffee beverages is consumed (randomized to each visit). Cognitive testing and questionnaires are completed at 60 minutes after finishing the coffee, another blood draw at 90 minutes, and then cognitive testing, questionnaires and a final blood draw 180 minutes after consuming the coffee. This procedure is repeated during their second experimental visit, in which they consume the remaining coffee based on their randomization.

Official Title
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Impact of Bulletproof Coffee on Metabolism, Inflammation and Cognitive Function

Conditions
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Leukocytosis, Triglycerides, Cognitive Function, Inflammatory Response

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: High-fat coffee
* Dietary Supplement: Black coffee


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Must be over the age of 18 Must drink between 1-4 cups of coffee per day (on average) Must be able to tolerate lactose and dairy products Have not been sick for the past 3 weeks (immune function) Non smoker Must be able to fast for 10-12 hours Exclusion Criteria: If you are required to take corticosteroids (immune function) Cannot understand or speak English Individual has an auto-immune disease and requires medication Individual is following a ketogenic diet Individual has allergy or sensitivity to dairy, coffee or caffeine or coconut oil Individual has hypertension

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 55 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomized double-blind crossover design.
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Bulletproof Coffee<br>A black coffee (bullet proof coffee keurig pod) with 29 grams of added fat (1 tablespoon bullet proof brain octane medium chain triglyceride oil, and 1 tablespoon bullet proof grass fed ghee) blended for 20 seconds with butter scent that is added to the lid. | Dietary Supplement: High-fat coffee<br>* A high fat coffee that consists of 29 grams of added fat from grass fed ghee, and MCT oil.<br>Dietary Supplement: Black coffee<br>* A regular black coffee with no added caloric content.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Black Coffee<br>Black coffee that is blended for 20 seconds with butter scent added to the top of the lid. | Dietary Supplement: High-fat coffee<br>* A high fat coffee that consists of 29 grams of added fat from grass fed ghee, and MCT oil.<br>Dietary Supplement: Black coffee<br>* A regular black coffee with no added caloric content.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Plasma triglycerides | Circulating triglycerides measured in mmol/L | Change over 3 hours following beverage consumption | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cognitive function | Measures of cognitive function including Stroop test, digit substitution, and reaction time measured via computerized test battery. | Change over 3 hours following beverage consumption | 
| Immune Cell Activation | Assessment of activation markers on monocytes and neutrophils measured as median fluorescence intensity by flow cytometry. | Change over 3 hours following beverage consumption | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Triglycerides, Leukocyte, Monocyte, Neutrophil, Activation, High-fat