Reading Together: How to Promote Children's Language Development Using Family-based Shared Book Reading

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this project is to determine how shared reading promotes child language development, and to use this knowledge to make it an effective language-boosting tool for children from all social and economic backgrounds.

Detailed Description
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Two interventions will be created which are intended to boost children's vocabulary and grammar abilities, and will be assessed on how they are implemented by caregivers across different socio economic groups, and how they affect children's development of these language skills. Previous research has found dialogic reading interventions to be less effective for children from low socio-economic backgrounds. This project will investigate whether a shared reading intervention, designed to require less of a behaviour change from caregivers than dialogic reading, can be used to effectively boost vocabulary and grammar development in children across the whole socio-economic spectrum.

Official Title
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Reading Together: How to Promote Children's Language Development Using Family-based Shared Book Reading

Conditions
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Language Development

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Reading Together - Pausing for Reading
* Behavioral: Reading Together - Dialogic Reading
* Behavioral: Reading Together - Shared Reading Control


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: All families will be included unless they fit the exclusion criteria. Exclusion Criteria: Children born before 37 weeks gestation (premature) Children who weighed less than 5lb 9oz at birth (low birth weight) Children who have had an ear infection/glue ear for longer than 3 months, 4-6 ear infections within a 6 month period or another identified hearing problem (e.g. at newborn hearing screening) Children with an identified developmental disability (e.g. Cerebral Palsy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fragile X syndrome, Muscular dystrophy, Di George syndrome, Down's syndrome, Williams syndrome) Children with a hearing or visual impairment Children who hear another language (not English) for 1 day or more in a typical week (please note that this also excludes children of parents who do not speak English) Children whose parents have a learning disability which puts their children at risk of language delay and excludes the parents from giving informed consent on their own and on their children's behalf.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Months
Maximum Age: 36 Months

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Other: Shared Reading Control<br>Reading Together - Shared Reading Control. The intervention will run for six weeks and the caregivers will be provided with books to read with their children. Caregivers will not be trained to read with their child. The caregivers will be asked to read two books to their child five times a week. Caregivers will keep a reading diary and audio record all shared book reading sessions with their child. | Behavioral: Reading Together - Shared Reading Control<br> <br> |
| Experimental: Dialogic Reading<br>Reading Together - Dialogic Reading. The intervention will run for six weeks and the caregivers will be provided with books to read with their children. Caregivers will be trained to read with their child using a dialogic reading style. The caregivers will be asked to read two books to their child five times a week. Caregivers will keep a reading diary and audio record all shared book reading sessions with their child. | Behavioral: Reading Together - Dialogic Reading<br> <br> |
| Experimental: Pausing for Reading<br>Reading Together - Pausing for Reading. The intervention will run for six weeks and the caregivers will be provided with books to read with their children. Caregivers will be trained to read with their child using a style which involves pausing, recasting and open questioning. The caregivers will be asked to read two books to their child five times a week. Caregivers will keep a reading diary and audio record all shared book reading sessions with their child. | Behavioral: Reading Together - Pausing for Reading<br> <br> |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in baseline language skills (PLS-5) | The Preschool Language Scale Fifth Edition (PLS-5) Will be administered. This is a published standardized measure of the language knowledge of individual children. The investigators will use both the Auditory Comprehension and Expressive Communication scales to measure vocabulary and grammar knowledge. The PLS-5 standard scores are based on a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of 15. Scores between 85 and 115 are considered to be within the normal range. | Baseline and 6 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in baseline syntax comprehension (CELF Preschool-2 UK) | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals - Preschool 2 UK (CELF Preschool-2) will be administered. This is a published standardized measure of the language knowledge of individual children. The investigators will use the 'Sentence Structure' subtest. This will allow measurement of the children's understanding of a range of simple and complex sentence structures. A sentence is read to the child and the child chooses, from a set of pictures, which picture ''goes with'' that sentence. | Baseline and 6 weeks | 
| Change in baseline caregiver dialogic reading behaviour | 10 minute video recordings of the dyads reading books at baseline and 6 weeks will be analysed for the number of target dialogic reading behaviours. This will allow measurement of the caregiver's dialogic reading behaviour pre- and post-intervention. | Baseline and 6 weeks | 
| Change in baseline caregiver pause reading behaviour | 10 minute video recordings of the dyads reading books at baseline and 6 weeks will be analysed for the number of target pause reading behaviours. This will allow measurement of the caregiver's pause reading behaviour pre- and post-intervention. | Baseline and 6 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Shared Book Reading, Dialogic Reading, Language Development, Syntax, Vocabulary, Young Children, Randomised Control Trial, Language Intervention