Bupivacaine Pharmacokinetics in Ultrasound-guided Axillary Brachial Plexus Block.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Introduction: The risk of systemic toxicity when using bupivacaine is a persistent problem, making its pharmacokinetic study crucial to the safety of regional anesthesia (RA). Little evidence exists regarding the effect of different concentrations of this drug on peak plasma levels. The present study compares two bupivacaine concentrations to establish how the concentration and exchange area affect the peak plasma level of this drug during axillary brachial plexus block. Latency and postoperative analgesia periods were also compared. Methods: 32 patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In the 0.25% group, 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected per nerve; in the 0.5% group, 5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected per nerve. Peripheral blood samples were collected every 15 min during the first hour and every 30 min during the second hour to establish serum level dosage. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the analysis.

Official Title
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A Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Study to Evaluate the Influence of Two Bupivacaine Concentrations on Peak Plasma After Ultrasound-guided Axillary Brachial Plexus Block

Conditions
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Pharmacokinetics, Anesthetics, Local

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Bupivacaine 0,25%
* Drug: Bupivacaine 0,5%


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: candidates for elective surgery of the distal forearm and hand for whom brachial plexus anesthesia and analgesia were indicated. physical status of I or II according to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) criteria body mass index (BMI) of less than 35 kg/m2 Signed the free and informed consent document. Exclusion Criteria: cognitive impairment infection at the block puncture site coagulopathy history of bupivacaine allergy

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Bupivacaine 0,25%<br>Routine surgical procedure monitoring with an electrocardiogram, sphygmomanometer, and pulse oximeter was performed. One experienced anesthesiologist performed an ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block (S Series, FUJIFILM Sonosite, Seattle, USA) with the patient in the supine position. Local anesthetic injection was performed on each nerve identified in this pathway (i.e., the radial nerve, the ulnar nerve, the median nerve, and the musculocutaneous nerve) In the group bupicavaine 0.25%, 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected into each nerve, for a total of 40 ml per patient. | Drug: Bupivacaine 0,25%<br>* Venous blood samples were collected prior to blocking , every 15 min during the first hour after completion of the blocking and every 30 min during the second hour after completion using an exclusive cannula. Then, 5 ml was drawn off and was stored in two EDTA tubes (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The EDTA tubes were centrifuged at 3,500xg for 10 min to obtain the blood plasma. This plasma was then stored in cryogenic tubes in a freezer at -80 °C until the time of the analysis. A high-performance liquid chromatography apparatus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) coupled to a Bruker mass spectrometer (MS), model Amazon (USA), with electrospray source ionization and a sequential mass spectrometry system (MS/MS) were used for the analysis. After obtaining the precursor ion, a fragment was obtained via a collision-induced dissociation process. The following molecular ions were selected: 289.0 m/z==>140.1 m/z. The methodology was validated according to the international FDA recommendations.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Bupivacaine 0,5%<br>Routine surgical procedure monitoring with an electrocardiogram, sphygmomanometer, and pulse oximeter was performed. One experienced anesthesiologist performed an ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block (S Series, FUJIFILM Sonosite, Seattle, USA) with the patient in the supine position. Local anesthetic injection was performed on each nerve identified in this pathway (i.e., the radial nerve, the ulnar nerve, the median nerve, and the musculocutaneous nerve). In the group bupivacaine 0.5% , 5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected into each nerve, for a total of 20 ml per patient. | Drug: Bupivacaine 0,5%<br>* Venous blood samples were collected prior to blocking , every 15 min during the first hour after completion of the blocking and every 30 min during the second hour after completion using an exclusive cannula. Then, 5 ml was drawn off and was stored in two EDTA tubes (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The EDTA tubes were centrifuged at 3,500xg for 10 min to obtain the blood plasma. This plasma was then stored in cryogenic tubes in a freezer at -80 °C until the time of the analysis. A high-performance liquid chromatography apparatus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) coupled to a Bruker mass spectrometer (MS), model Amazon (USA), with electrospray source ionization and a sequential mass spectrometry system (MS/MS) were used for the analysis. After obtaining the precursor ion, a fragment was obtained via a collision-induced dissociation process. The following molecular ions were selected: 289.0 m/z==>140.1 m/z. The methodology was validated according to the international FDA recommendations.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Peak Venous Plasma level of bupivacaine. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in peak plasma levels obtained after ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block using two different bupivacaine concentrations to maintain the infused mass. Venous blood samples were collected prior to blocking , every 15 min during the first hour after completion of the blocking and every 30 min during the second hour after completion using an exclusive cannula. Then, 5 ml was drawn off and was stored in two EDTA tubes (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The EDTA tubes were centrifuged at 3,500xg for 10 min to obtain the blood plasma. This plasma was then stored in cryogenic tubes in a freezer at -80 °C until the time of the analysis. A high-performance liquid chromatography apparatus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) coupled to a Bruker mass spectrometer (MS), model Amazon (USA), with electrospray source ionization and a sequential mass spectrometry system (MS/MS) were used for the analysis. | 2 hours | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Latency - The latency period was defined as the time interval between time zero and the time when surgical anesthesia was obtained. | This evaluation occurred every 5 min until the 30th min after blocking. During this period, if surgical anesthesia was not obtained, then a complementary bupivacaine injection was administered distal to the axilla and the patient was excluded from the protocol. Surgical anesthesia was defined as a motor scale of 2 or lower; an absence of cold and pinprick sensation. | 30 minutes | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Pharmacokinetics, Bupivacaine, Axillary brachial plexus block