Localization of Mental Foramen in Relation to Primary Molars A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
. The aim of this study was to determine the location of mental foramen in relation to the lower primary molars using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. And develop simple guidelines for the injection of mental block anaesthesia for children.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Cone Beam Computed Tomographies in a private radiology centre will be screened, Cone Beam Computed Tomography images of less than 10 years old, boys or girls were included in the study. Included Cone Beam Computed Tomography images should have either or both sides of the lower arch in the field of view, with the lower first and second primary molars with no or minimal root resorption. Images with pathologies, fractures, malformations, or abnormal location of teeth that would affect the anatomy or location of mental foramen were excluded from the study. The vertical diameter of mental foramen was measured on the cross-sectional Cone Beam Computed Tomography images, while the horizontal diameter was measured on the axial scans. The ratio between horizontal and vertical diameters (H:V) was calculated to determine the form of mental foramen Outcomes 1: vertical and horizontal location of mental foramen in relation to 1ry molars 2. subgroup analysis for the 1st outcome according to age, (< 6 years) vs (> 6 yrs) 3. Mental foramen form according to the Horizontal/Vertical ratio 4. If there is any relation between (location, form, vertical or horizontal dimension of mental foramen) and (Side or Gender)

Official Title
-----------------
Localization of Mental Foramen in Relation to Primary Molars A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

Conditions
-----------------
Mental Foramen, Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: mental foramen location


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Included cone beam computed tomography images should have either or both sides of the lower arch in the field of view, with the lower first and second primary molars with no or minimal root resorption. Exclusion Criteria: Images with pathologies, fractures, malformations, or abnormal location of teeth that would affect the anatomy or location of mental foramen were excluded from the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 4 Years
Maximum Age: 10 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| 1<br>Less than 10-year-old, with cone beam computed tomography imagess with the mental foramen included in field of vision | Other: mental foramen location<br>* location of mental foramen in relation to primary molars<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| horizontal location of mental foramen | the location of mental foramen horizontally in relations to the primary molars (using a a modification of Tebo and Telford classification ) | Day 1 | 
| vertical location of mental foramen | the location of mental foramen vertically in relation to the apices of the primary molars (above/at the same level/below) the apices | Day 1 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| dimension and form of mental foramen | ratio between horizontal and vertical diameter of the mental foramen | Day 1 |