Determination of Glycemic and Insulinemic Indices

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this study to investigate methodological aspects that may affect glycemic index (GI) and insulinemic (II) values. In addition, we will measure GI and II values for typical Finnish carbohydrate-rich foods and provide a database of GIs for Finnish foods. The specific aims of this study are: to compare glycemic responses and GIs analyzed from capillary and venous blood to compare glucose against white bread as the reference food, and to study the effect of number of reference tests on GI values. For each setting of the tested parameters, we determined the glycemic indices of rye bread, oatmeal porridge and instant mashed potato to examine the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses of a mashed potato-based meal when a high fat food (rapeseed oil) or a high protein food (chicken breast) or fat, protein and salad together were added to the meal. Furthermore, we studied how the predicted and measured GI values of the mixed meal differed from each other. to examine the effects of two different coffee portions with glucose and caffeine-containing soft drinks on postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Further objectives were to study how coffee and different accompaniments affect glucose and insulin responses. to measure GI values for typical Finnish foods to study the effects of berries on glycemic and insulinemic responses to examine the effects of overweight and glucose tolerance on the glucose, insulin and lipid responses to an HGI meal and an LGI meal.Furthermore, the second aim was to study the effect of BMI and glucose tolerance on the GI measured. to compare methodological choices in insulin measurement to investigate the effect of alcohol on postprandial glucose and insulin responses, and to determine glycemic and insulinemic indices values for beer and non-alcoholic beer

Official Title
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The Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses of the Finnish Foods: Measurement and Modification

Conditions
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Glucose Metabolism

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: ELSA 1-9


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: For Studies 1-9 a total of 12 to 24 volunteers per study with a normal glucose tolerance based upon a 2 h 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). For Study 7 a total of 24 volunteers with impaired glucose tolerance based on an OGTT. For Studies 1-6 and 8-9 with an age of 20 to 60 and with a BMI of 18 to 30 kg/m2. For Study 7 an age of 62 to 72 and with a BMI of 20 to 35 kg/m2. Exclusion Criteria: First-degree family history of diabetes An active gastrointestinal or metabolic disease For Studies 1-6 and 8-9 chronic medication (oral contraceptives were allowed) For Study 7 regular medication that would have affect glucose and lipid metabolism Smoking Pregnancy Breastfeeding History of polycystic ovary syndrome History of gestational diabetes

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 72 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Measuring method<br>To compare glycemic responses and GI values from capillary and venous blood and to compare glucose solution with white bread as the reference food and to study the effect of the number of reference tests on GI values. | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|
| Experimental: Mixed meals<br>To examine the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses of a mashed potato-based meal when a high fat food (rapeseed oil) or a high protein food (chicken breast) or fat, protein and salad together were added to the meal. Furthermore, we studied how the predicted and measured GI values of the mixed meal differed from each other. | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|
| Experimental: Coffee<br>To examine the effects of two different coffee portions with glucose and caffeine-containing soft drinks on postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Further objectives were to study how coffee and different accompaniments affect glucose and insulin responses. | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|
| Experimental: Snacks<br>To measure GI and II values for Finnish snack foods | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|
| Experimental: Berries<br>To study the effects of berries on glycemic and insulinemic responses | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|
| Experimental: GIs of low-carbs<br>To measure glycemic and insulinemic responses to low-carbohydrates foods | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|
| Experimental: Glucose metabolism and BMI<br>To examine the effects of overweight and glucose tolerance on the glucose, insulin and lipid responses to an HGI meal and an LGI meal. Furthermore, the second aim was to study the effect of BMI and glucose tolerance on the GI measured. | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|
| Experimental: Insulin measurement<br>To compare how methodological choices affect measured insulin values | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|
| Experimental: Alcohol<br>To investigate the effect of alcohol on postprandial glucose and insulin responses, and to determine glycemic and insulinemic indices values for beer and non-alcoholic beer. | Other: ELSA 1-9<br>* Measuring GI and II values for Finnish foods<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Glucose | Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of food | 2 to 5 hours | 
| Insulin | Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of food | 2 to 5 hours | 
| Free fatty acids | Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of food | 2 to 5 hours | 
| Triglyserides | Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of food | 2 to 5 hours | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| IGF1 | Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of food | 2 to 5 hours | 
| Satiety | Satiety scores on the satiety scale | 2 to 5 hours | 
| IGF-BP1 | Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of food | 2 to 5 hours | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Glycemic index, Glycemic responses, Insulin responses, Insulinemic index, Carbohydrates, Methodology, Glucose metabolism