ACTIV-5 / Big Effect Trial (BET-C) for the Treatment of COVID-19

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This is a platform trial to conduct a series of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials using common assessments and endpoints in hospitalized adults diagnosed with COVID-19. BET is a proof-of-concept study with the intent of identifying promising treatments to enter a more definitive study. The study will be conducted in up to 70 domestic sites and 5 international sites. The study will compare different investigational therapeutic agents to a common control arm and determine which have relatively large effects. In order to maintain the double blind, each intervention will have a matched placebo. However, the control arm will be shared between interventions and may include participants receiving the matched placebo for a different intervention. The goal is not to determine clear statistical significance for an intervention, but rather to determine which products have clinical data suggestive of efficacy and should be moved quickly into larger studies. Estimates produced from BET will provide an improved basis for designing the larger trial, in terms of sample size and endpoint selection. Products with little indication of efficacy will be dropped on the basis of interim evaluations. In addition, some interventions may be discontinued on the basis of interim futility or efficacy analyses. One or more interventions may be started at any time. The number of interventions enrolling are programmatic decisions and will be based on the number of sites and the pace of enrollment. At the time of enrollment, subjects will be randomized to receive any one of the active arms they are eligible for or placebo. Approximately 200 (100 treatment and 100 shared placebo) subjects will be assigned to each arm entering the platform and a given site will generally have no more than 3 interventions at once. The BET-C stage will evaluate the combination of remdesivir with danicopan vs remdesivir with a placebo. Subjects will be assessed daily while hospitalized. Once subjects are discharged from the hospital, they will have a study visit at Days 8, 15, 22, 29, and 60 as an outpatient. The Day 8, Day 22 and Day 60 visits do not have laboratory tests or collection of samples and may be conducted by phone. All subjects will undergo a series of efficacy and safety laboratory assessments. Safety laboratory tests and blood (serum, plasma and RNA) research samples on Day 1 (prior to study product administration) and Days 3, 5, 8, and 11 while hospitalized. Blood research samples plus safety laboratory tests will be collected on Day 15 and 29 if the subject attends an in-person visit or is still hospitalized. However, if infection control considerations or other restrictions prevent the subject from returning to the clinic, Day 15 and 29 visits may be conducted by phone and only clinical data will be obtained. The primary objective is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of danicopan relative to the control arm in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 according to clinical status (8-point ordinal scale) at Day 8.

Detailed Description
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This is a platform trial to conduct a series of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials using common assessments and endpoints in hospitalized adults diagnosed with COVID-19. BET is a proof-of-concept study with the intent of identifying promising treatments to enter a more definitive study. The study will be conducted in up to 70 domestic sites and 5 international sites. The study will compare different investigational therapeutic agents to a common control arm and determine which have relatively large effects. In order to maintain the double blind, each intervention will have a matched placebo. However, the control arm will be shared between interventions and may include participants receiving the matched placebo for a different intervention. The goal is not to determine clear statistical significance for an intervention, but rather to determine which products have clinical data suggestive of efficacy and should be moved quickly into larger studies. Estimates produced from BET will provide an improved basis for designing the larger trial, in terms of sample size and endpoint selection. Products with little indication of efficacy will be dropped on the basis of interim evaluations. In addition, some interventions may be discontinued on the basis of interim futility or efficacy analyses. One or more interventions may be started at any time. The number of interventions enrolling are programmatic decisions and will be based on the number of sites and the pace of enrollment. At the time of enrollment, subjects will be randomized to receive any one of the active arms they are eligible for or placebo. Approximately 200 (100 treatment and 100 shared placebo) subjects will be assigned to each arm entering the platform and a given site will generally have no more than 3 interventions at once. The BET-C stage will evaluate the combination of remdesivir with danicopan vs remdesivir with a placebo. Subjects will be assessed daily while hospitalized. Once subjects are discharged from the hospital, they will have a study visit at Days 8, 15, 22, 29, and 60 as an outpatient. The Day 8, Day 22 and Day 60 visits do not have laboratory tests or collection of samples and may be conducted by phone. All subjects will undergo a series of efficacy and safety laboratory assessments. Safety laboratory tests and blood (serum, plasma and RNA) research samples on Day 1 (prior to study product administration) and Days 3, 5, 8, and 11 while hospitalized. Blood research samples plus safety laboratory tests will be collected on Day 15 and 29 if the subject attends an in-person visit or is still hospitalized. However, if infection control considerations or other restrictions prevent the subject from returning to the clinic, Day 15 and 29 visits may be conducted by phone and only clinical data will be obtained. The primary objective is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of danicopan relative to the control arm in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 according to clinical status (8-point ordinal scale) at Day 8. The key secondary objectives are 1) to evaluate the clinical efficacy of danicopan as assessed by time to recovery compared to the control arm 2) to evaluate the proportion of subjects alive and without respiratory failure through Day 29. Contacts: 20-0013 Central Contact Telephone: 1 (301) 7617948 Email: DMIDClinicalTrials@niaid.nih.gov

Official Title
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A Multicenter Platform Trial of Putative Therapeutics for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults

Conditions
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COVID-19

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Danicopan
* Other: Placebo
* Drug: Remdesivir


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Admitted to a hospital with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 and requires ongoing medical care. Subject (or legally authorized representative) provides informed consent prior to initiation of any study procedures. Subject (or legally authorized representative) understands and agrees to comply with planned study procedures. Male or non-pregnant female adult >/=18 years of age at time of enrollment. Illness of any duration and has laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other commercial or public health assay (e.g., Nucleic Acid Amplification Test [NAAT], antigen test) in any respiratory specimen or saliva </=14 days prior to randomization. Illness of any duration, and requiring, just prior to randomization, supplemental oxygen (any flow), mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (ordinal scale category 5, 6, or 7).* *If written documentation of the positive test result is not available at the time of enrollment (e.g., report came from other institution), the test should be repeated and the subject may be enrolled if positive. Women of childbearing potential and men must agree to either abstinence or use at least one acceptable method of contraception** from the time of screening through 30 days after the last dose of danicopan for women and 90 days after the last dose for men. **Acceptable methods include barrier contraceptives (condoms or diaphragm) with spermicide, intrauterine devices (IUDs), hormonal contraceptives, oral contraceptive pills, and surgical sterilization. Agrees not to participate in another blinded clinical trial (both pharmacologic and other types of interventions) for the treatment of COVID-19 through Day 29 Exclusion Criteria: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 5 times the upper limit of normal. Subjects with a low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), specifically: Subjects with an eGFR 15-30 mL/min are excluded unless in the opinion of the principal investigator (PI), the potential benefit of participation outweighs the potential risk of study participation. All subjects with an eGFR <15 mL/min (including hemodialysis and hemofiltration) are excluded. Pregnancy or breast feeding Anticipated discharge from the hospital or transfer to another hospital which is not a study site within 72 hours of enrollment. Allergy to any study medication. Received five or more doses of remdesivir prior to screening. Treatment with a complement inhibitor in the prior 8 weeks.* Has active uncontrolled opportunistic infection, or uncontrolled cirrhosis.* History of infection with N. meningitidis.* Known history of hypersensitivity to danicopan or its excipients.* Has a medical condition that could, in the judgment of the investigator, limit the interpretation and generalizability of trial results. Positive test for influenza virus during the current illness (influenza testing is not required by protocol). History of liver cirrhosis.* Previous participation in an ACTIV-5/BET trial. Refuses to refrain from breastfeeding from the time of screening through 30 days after the last dose of danicopan.* Refuses to receive prophylactic antibiotics against meningococcal infections if the subject has not been vaccinated in the 3 years prior to Study Day 1.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 99 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Remdesivir + Danicopan (< 70 years)<br>For participants < 70 years, 200 mg intravenous (IV) loading dose of Remdesivir on Day 1, followed by a 100 mg once-daily IV maintenance dose up to a 10-day total course while hospitalized, and 400 mg oral (PO) (or via nasogastric [NG] or gastrostomy [G] tube) loading dose danicopan, followed by 250 mg 4 times daily (QID) for the duration of the hospitalization up to a 14-day total course. End of danicopan treatment tapered as 250 mg 3 times daily (TID) for 2 days, followed by 250 mg twice daily (BID) for 2 days, until complete cessation (total treatment duration up to 18 days or 4 days after discharge). Total danicopan participants, N=100. | Drug: Danicopan<br>* Danicopan is a small molecule, orally administered complement factor D (FD) inhibitor<br>Drug: Remdesivir<br>* Remdesivir is a single diastereomer monophosphoramidate prodrug for the intracellular delivery of a modified adenine nucleoside analog GS-441524.<br>|
| Experimental: Remdesivir + Danicopan (>/= 70 years)<br>For participants >/= 70 years, 200 mg intravenous (IV) loading dose of Remdesivir on Day 1, followed by a 100 mg once-daily IV maintenance dose up to a 10-day total course while hospitalized, and 300 mg oral (PO) (or via nasogastric [NG] or gastrostomy [G] tube) loading dose danicopan, followed by 200 mg 4 times daily (QID) for the duration of the hospitalization up to a 14-day total course. End of danicopan treatment tapered as 200 mg 3 times daily (TID) for 2 days, followed by 200 mg twice daily (BID) for 2 days, until complete cessation (total treatment duration up to 18 days or 4 days after discharge). Total danicopan participants, N=100. | Drug: Danicopan<br>* Danicopan is a small molecule, orally administered complement factor D (FD) inhibitor<br>Drug: Remdesivir<br>* Remdesivir is a single diastereomer monophosphoramidate prodrug for the intracellular delivery of a modified adenine nucleoside analog GS-441524.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Remdesivir + Placebo (< 70 years)<br>For participants < 70 years, 200 mg intravenous (IV) loading dose of Remdesivir on Day 1, followed by a 100 mg once-daily IV maintenance dose up to a 10-day total course while hospitalized, and 400 mg oral (PO) (or via nasogastric [NG] or gastrostomy [G] tube) loading dose danicopan matching placebo, followed by 250 mg 4 times daily (QID) for the duration of the hospitalization up to a 14-day total course. End of danicopan matching placebo treatment tapered as 250 mg 3 times daily (TID) for 2 days, followed by 250 mg twice daily (BID) for 2 days, until complete cessation (total treatment duration up to 18 days or 4 days after discharge). Total danicopan matching placebo participants, N=100. | Other: Placebo<br>* Danicopan matching placebo tablet<br>Drug: Remdesivir<br>* Remdesivir is a single diastereomer monophosphoramidate prodrug for the intracellular delivery of a modified adenine nucleoside analog GS-441524.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Remdesivir + Placebo (>/= 70 years)<br>For participants >/= 70 years, 200 mg intravenous (IV) loading dose of Remdesivir on Day 1, followed by a 100 mg once-daily IV maintenance dose up to a 10-day total course while hospitalized and 300 mg oral (PO) (or via nasogastric [NG] or gastrostomy [G] tube) of loading dose danicopan matching placebo followed by 200 mg 4 times daily (QID) for the duration of the hospitalization up to a 14-day total course. End of danicopan matching placebo treatment tapered as 200 mg 3 times daily (TID) for 2 days, followed by 200 mg twice daily (BID) for 2 days, until complete cessation (total treatment duration up to 18 days or 4 days after discharge). Total danicopan matching placebo participants, N=100. | Other: Placebo<br>* Danicopan matching placebo tablet<br>Drug: Remdesivir<br>* Remdesivir is a single diastereomer monophosphoramidate prodrug for the intracellular delivery of a modified adenine nucleoside analog GS-441524.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Number of Participants Meeting Criteria for Each of the 8 Ordinal Scale Categories on Day 8 | The ordinal scale categories are defined as: 1) Not hospitalized, no new or increased limitations on activities; 2) Not hospitalized, but new or increased limitation on activities and/or requiring new or increased home oxygen, CPAP, or BiPAP; 3) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - no longer requires ongoing medical care; 4) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - requiring ongoing medical care (COVID-19 related or otherwise); 5) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen; 6) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased non-invasive ventilation or highflow oxygen devices; 7) Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); 8) Death | Day 8 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Number of Participants Meeting Criteria for Each of the 8 Ordinal Scale Categories on Day 15 | The ordinal scale categories are defined as: 1) Not hospitalized, no new or increased limitations on activities; 2) Not hospitalized, but new or increased limitation on activities and/or requiring new or increased home oxygen, CPAP, or BiPAP; 3) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - no longer requires ongoing medical care; 4) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - requiring ongoing medical care (COVID-19 related or otherwise); 5) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen; 6) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased non-invasive ventilation or highflow oxygen devices; 7) Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); 8) Death. | Day 15 | 
| Number of Participants Meeting Criteria for Each of the 8 Ordinal Scale Categories on Day 29 | The ordinal scale categories are defined as: 1) Not hospitalized, no new or increased limitations on activities; 2) Not hospitalized, but new or increased limitation on activities and/or requiring new or increased home oxygen, CPAP, or BiPAP; 3) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - no longer requires ongoing medical care; 4) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen -requiring ongoing medical care (COVID-19 related or otherwise); 5) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen; 6) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased non-invasive ventilation or highflow oxygen devices; 7) Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilationor extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); 8) Death | Day 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Ferritin | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in D-dimer | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Fibrinogen | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Higher results are better, so a higher positive change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Aspartate Transaminase (AST) | Blood to evaluate AST was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Creatinine | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in International Normalized Ratio (INR) | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Higher results are better, so a higher positive change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Platelets Count | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Higher results are better, so a higher positive change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Total Bilirubin | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in White Blood Cell (WBC) Count | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Higher results are better, so a higher positive change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Neutrophils | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Higher results are better, so a higher positive change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Eosinophils | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Basophils | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Lymphocytes | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Higher results are better, so a higher positive change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Change From Baseline in Monocytes | Blood was collected at Days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 while participants were inpatient, and at Days 15 and 29, with the Day 1 assessment serving as baseline. Participants who had been discharged had blood collected if infection control measures allowed for in-person visits after discharge. Lower results are better, so a higher negative change from baseline indicates a more favorable outcome. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 29 | 
| Number of Participants Reporting Grade 3 ,4, or 5 Clinical and/or Laboratory Adverse Events (AEs) | Grade 3 AEs are defined as events that interrupt usual activities of daily living, or significantly affects clinical status, or may require intensive therapeutic intervention. Severe events are usually incapacitating. Grade 4 AEs are defined as events that are potentially life threatening while Grade 5 AEs are those that are fatal. Laboratory results were considered AEs if they were grade 3 or above according to the thresholds in the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Table for Grading the Severity of Adverse Events. | Day 1 through Day 60 | 
| Number of Participants Reporting Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) | An SAE is defined as an AE or suspected adverse reaction that is considered serious if, in the view of either the investigator or the sponsor, it results in death, a life-threatening AE, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, a persistent or significant incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, or a congenital anomaly/birth defect. | Day 1 through Day 60 | 
| Number of Participants Who Discontinued or Temporarily Suspended Study Treatment | Discontinuation or temporary suspension of study product is defined as any episode of early discontinuation or interruption of study product administration. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Duration of Hospitalization | Duration of hospitalization is defined first as the total number of days hospitalized for COVID-19, including readmissions for COVID-19-related reasons. It is also calculated as the total number of days hospitalized, including any readmissions for any reason. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Stay | Duration of ICU is defined first as the total number of days spent in an intensive care unit. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Days of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation/Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Use | Duration of invasive ventilation/ECMO was measured in days among participants who required invasive ventilation or died. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Days of New Mechanical Ventilation or Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Use | Duration of new invasive mechanical ventilation/ECMO use was measured in days among participants not on invasive ventilation/ECMO at baseline who progressed to invasive ventilation/ECMO or died. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Days of New Non-invasive Ventilation/High Flow Oxygen Use | Duration of new non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen use was measured in days among participants not on non-invasive ventilation/high flow oxygen at baseline who progressed to non-invasive ventilation/high flow oxygen, invasive ventilation/ECMO or died. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Days of Non-invasive Ventilation/High Flow Oxygen Use | Duration of non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen use was measured in days among participants who required non-invasive ventilation/high flow oxygen, invasive ventilation/ECMO or died. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Days of Supplemental Oxygen Use | Duration of supplemental oxygen use was measured in days among participants who required any supplemental oxygen, non-invasive ventilation/high flow oxygen, invasive ventilation/ECMO or died. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Number of Participants With New Invasive Mechanical Ventilation / Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Use | New Invasive Mechanical Ventilation / Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Use is defined as participants not on invasive ventilation/ECMO at baseline who progressed to invasive ventilation/ECMO or died during the study. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Number of Participants With New Non-invasive Ventilation/High Flow Oxygen Use | New Non-invasive Ventilation/High Flow Oxygen Use is defined as participants in the hospitalized requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen ordinal scale or below at baseline who progressed to noninvasive ventilation/high flow oxygen, invasive ventilation/ECMO or died during the study. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Mean Change in Ordinal Scale | The ordinal scale categories are defined as: 1) Not hospitalized, no new or increased limitations on activities;2) Not hospitalized, but new or increased limitation on activities and/or requiring new or increased home oxygen, CPAP, or BiPAP; 3) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - no longer requires ongoing medical care; 4) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - requiring ongoing medical care (COVID-19 related or otherwise); 5) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen; 6) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased non-invasive ventilation or highflow oxygen devices; 7) Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); 8) Death. A positive change indicates a worsening and a negative change is an improvement. | Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 22, 29 | 
| Proportion of Participants Not Meeting Criteria for One of Two Ordinal Scale Categories at Day 29 | Ordinal scale categories include 7) Hospitalized, on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation or Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) and 8) Death. Defined as the proportion of participants who were alive and were not hospitalized on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO at the Day 29 visit. | Day 29 | 
| 14-day Participant Mortality | The mortality rate was determined as the proportion of participants who died by study Day 15. The proportions reported are Kaplan-Meier estimates. | Day 1 through Day 15 | 
| 28-day Participant Mortality | The mortality rate was determined as the proportion of participants who died by study Day 29. The proportions reported are Kaplan-Meier estimates. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| 59-day Participant Mortality | The mortality rate was determined as the proportion of participants who died by study Day 60. The proportions reported are Kaplan-Meier estimates. | Day 1 through Day 60 | 
| Time to an Improvement of One Category From Baseline Using an Ordinal Scale | The ordinal scale is an assessment of the clinical status at the first assessment of a given study day. The scale is as follows: 1) Not hospitalized, no new or increased limitations on activities; 2) Not hospitalized, but new or increased limitation on activities and/or requiring new or increased home oxygen, CPAP, or BiPAP; 3) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - no longer requires ongoing medical care; 4) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - requiring ongoing medical care (COVID-19 related or otherwise); 5) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen; 6) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased noninvasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen devices; 7) Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); 8) Death. | Day 1 through Day 60 | 
| Proportion of Participants Not Meeting Criteria for One of Two Ordinal Scale Categories Through Day 29 | Ordinal scale categories include 7) Hospitalized, on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation or Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) and 8) Death. Mechanical ventilation-free survival was assessed through Day 29, defined as the proportion of participants who had not died nor were hospitalized on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO from Day 1 through Day 29. Results are reported as Kaplan Meier estimates. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 
| Time to Sustained Recovery | Day of sustained recovery is defined as the first day on which the participant satisfies 1 of the following 3 categories from the ordinal scale (and does not return to a score of 4 or higher up to and including study Day 60): 1) Not hospitalized, no new or increased limitations on activities; 2) Not hospitalized, but new or increased limitation on activities and/or requiring new or increased home oxygen, CPAP, or BiPAP; 3) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - no longer requires ongoing medical care. | Day 1 through Day 60 | 
| Time to an Improvement of Two Categories From Baseline Using an Ordinal Scale | The ordinal scale is an assessment of the clinical status at the first assessment of a given study day. The scale is as follows: 1) Not hospitalized, no new or increased limitations on activities; 2) Not hospitalized, but new or increased limitation on activities and/or requiring new or increased home oxygen, CPAP, or BiPAP; 3) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - no longer requires ongoing medical care; 4) Hospitalized, not requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen - requiring ongoing medical care (COVID-19 related or otherwise); 5) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased supplemental oxygen; 6) Hospitalized, requiring new or increased noninvasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen devices; 7) Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); 8) Death | Day 1 through Day 60 | 
| Time to Death | The time death from study Day 1 to study Day 29, measured in days. The times reported are Kaplan-Meier estimates. | Day 1 through Day 29 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Adults, covid-19, Multicenter, Putative, Therapeutics