Continous Popliteal Block for Microvascular Free Flap Reconstruction in Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of the study is to assess the effects of a continuous popliteal block on postoperative pain and recovery after major ear, nose and throat surgery with microvascular free flap reconstruction using a fibula graft.

Detailed Description
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Tumors of the head and neck is one of the most common cancer types, and the incidence is increasing. Management of these tumors is complex, and treatment can include surgery with extensive resection of the mandible or maxilla, which requires reconstruction using a microvascular free flap, oftentimes a part of the fibula. The injury to the operated leg can cause significant postoperative pain, which in these patients traditionally has been treated with intravenous opioids. These drugs have good analgesic properties, but also several side effects, such as fatigue, nausea and respiratory depression. The experience at Skåne University hospital in Lund has also been that the analgesic effect in the leg has been insufficient. The investigators would therefore like to evaluate the effect of adding a continuous popliteal block on postoperative pain and opioid consumption, as well as postoperative recovery. This type of block is regularly used for orthopedic surgery of the fibula, but its effects and significance have not been evaluated for the patient group in question. Patients will receive information about the study and, if they opt to participate, be included during the routine preoperative visit. All patients included in the study will preoperatively receive a popliteal nerve block catheter in technical accordance with local procedure guidelines, and be randomized to either active substance (local anesthetic) or placebo (saline solution). They will receive a bolus injection of the allotted substance (blinded to both patient, care provider and investigator) at the start of surgery, followed by continuous infusion during the first, maximally, seven days. During this period pain, nausea and vomiting, as well as sensory and motor function in the operated leg will be recorded regularly. Opioid consumption, need for other analgesics and ability to mobilize will also be noted. Follow up of above mentioned parameters will be made at the first routine office visit at three months postoperatively.

Official Title
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Does Continuous Popliteal Nerve Block Improve Pain Management for Patients Undergoing Major Maxilla or Mandible Resection With Microvascular Reconstruction Using a Free Fibula Graft

Conditions
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Head and Neck Cancer, Pain, Musculoskeletal

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Levobupivacaine
* Drug: Saline Solution


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients at Skåne University hospital department of ear, nose and throat surgery undergoing major resection of maxilla or mandible and reconstruction using free fibula graft. Preoperatively able to walk (with or without aid). Exclusion Criteria: Neurological disease or peripheral neuropathy affecting the donor leg of the fibula graft. Conditions of coagulopathy, or treatment with anticoagulant drugs, that contraindicates peripheral nerve block according to local guidelines. Local anesthetic allergy. Inability to understand study information or answer questions.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Local anesthetic<br>Levobupivacaine 3.75 mg/ml 15 ml is given as a bolus injection at start of surgery, followed by ropivacaine 2 mg/ml continous infusion 5-8 ml/h from the end of surgery until end of intervention at the fourth to seventh postoperative day. | Drug: Levobupivacaine<br>* Active substance. Levobupivacaine 3.75 mg/ml 15 ml is given as a bolus injection at start of surgery, followed by ropivacaine 2 mg/ml continous infusion 5-8 ml/h from the end of surgery until end of intervention at the fourth to seventh postoperative day.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Saline<br>Saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) is given in equivalent intervals and doses as in the active substance arm. | Drug: Saline Solution<br>* Placebo. Saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) is given in equivalent intervals and doses as the active substances.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Postoperative pain assessed by VAS (ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain)). | Change in pain in the operated leg, measured with visual analogue scale (VAS), between the two study groups (the two study arms described above). VAS assesses self-perceived pain. The scale ranges from 0 (meaning no pain at all) to 10 (meaning worst possible pain). Low VAS scores (representing no to low pain) are better than high VAS scores (representing severe pain). | Assessment of pain using VAS three times a day during the first seven postoperative days, with follow-up at the first office visit three months after surgery. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Postoperative nausea, assessed by VAS (ranging from 0 (no nausea) to 10 (worst possible nausea)), and vomiting (yes/no). | Change in nausea, measured with visual analogue scale (VAS), and occurence of vomiting (yes/no), between the two study groups (the two study arms described above). VAS assesses self-perceived nausea. The scale ranges from 0 (meaning no nausea at all) to 10 (meaning worst possible nausea). Low VAS scores (representing none to little nausea) are better than high VAS scores (representing severe nausea). | Assessment of nausea using VAS and occurence of vomiting (yes/no) three times a day during the first seven postoperative days, with follow-up assessment of nausea at the first office visit three months after surgery. | 
| Postoperative sensory and motor function in the operated leg assessed by a simplified scale (ranging from 0 to 2, see description below). | Change in sensory and motor function in the operated leg between the two study groups (the two study arms described above) is assessed using a local simplified scale. The intervals are 0 (meaning no impact on sensory/motor function), 1 (meaning some impact on sensory/motor function) and 2 meaning severe impact on sensory/motor) function. Sensory function is self-perceived during touching of the forefoot, while motor function (tested as flexion of the ankle and toes) is evaluated by the investigator. Low scores (representing no or little impact on sensory/motor function) are better than high scores (indicating more impact on sensory/motor function). | Assessment of sensory and motor function using the scale described above three times a day during the first seven postoperative days, with follow-up assessment at the first office visit three months after surgery. | 
| Ability of postoperative mobilization (sitting/standing/walking, with or without tools/aids). | Ability of/level of postoperative mobilization (sitting/standing/walking). Tools/aids (walker/cain/staff members) needed are reported (if any). | Assessment of level of mobilization (sitting/standing/walking) three times a day during the first seven postoperative days, with follow-up assessment at the first office visit three months after surgery. | 
| Opioid consumption in the postoperative period. | Amount of opioids needed in the postoperative period. | Notation of the amount of opioids (preparation, route and dose) consumed is noted daily during the first seven postoperative days, with follow-up assessment at the first office visit three months after surgery. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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head and neck cancer, postoperative pain, microsurgical free flaps, popliteal nerve block