Safety and Effectiveness of Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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An anticoagulation therapy is a critical treatment to prevent thromboembolism in non-valvular AF (NVAF) patients. Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, is the first oral anticoagulant approved for the treatment for prevention of thromboembolism and it had long been the only oral anticoagulant until the first non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). However, its safety and effectiveness remains unknown in real-world clinical practice in Japan

Detailed Description
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An anticoagulation therapy is a critical treatment to prevent thromboembolism in non-valvular AF (NVAF) patients. Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, is the first oral anticoagulant approved for the treatment for prevention of thromboembolism and it had long been the only oral anticoagulant until the first non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). However, its safety and effectiveness remains unknown in real-world clinical practice in Japan. This study will evaluate the risk of stroke/SE as well as the risk of bleeding in the real world settings in Japan in patients with NVAF who initiated any of OACs (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or warfarin)

Official Title
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SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH NON-VALVULAR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TREATED WITH OACS: COMPARISON BETWEEN NOACS AND WARFARIN (CER3)

Conditions
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Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion criteria Patients must meet all of the following criteria to be eligible for the study: Diagnosed with AF anytime in the baseline period or on the index date, also have definitive diagnosis of AF anytime in the baseline period, on the index date, or post-index period. Prescribed one of the index OACs (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban or warfarin) on or after the day of AF diagnosis. The first observed prescription will be used to identify the patient's index date and treatment cohort No use of the any OACs during the baseline period (the 180 days before the index date) Age of 18 years or older on the index date. Exclusion criteria Patients meeting any of the following criteria will not be included in the study: 1. Having a diagnosis of valvular atrial fibrillation, post-operative atrial fibrillation, rheumatic atrial fibrillation or mechanical-valvular atrial fibrillation during the baseline and post-index period 2. Having a cardiac surgery procedure record during the baseline period 3. Having a joint replacement procedure record during the baseline period 4. Having a procedure of prosthetic heart valve during the baseline period 5. Having a diagnosis of venous thromboembolism during the baseline period 6. Female patients with pregnancy during the follow-up period 7. Patients prescribed off-label doses of OACs (per Japanese package insert of each OAC) or patients treated with OAC but in off-label or contraindicated manners. -

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Stroke and Systemic Embolism Events After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of stroke and systemic embolism events after index date was reported. Stroke events included the composite of any ischemic and any hemorrhagic stroke events (non-traumatic extradural hemorrhage). Systemic embolism events were defined as any of the following: abdominal aortic embolism, aortic embolism, acute arterial occlusive disease of arteries of upper extremities, femoral arterial occlusion and acute arterial occlusive disease of arteries of lower extremities, iliac artery embolism, hepatic artery embolism, thromboembolism, embolic infarction, aortic embolism, subclavian artery stenosis. Index date was defined as date of first prescription of any OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Major Bleeding Events After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of major bleeding event after index date was reported. Major bleeding after index date was identified using hospital claims which had a bleeding diagnosis code as the first listed in International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-10 diagnosis code. An event occurrence of major bleeding was defined as that appears as 21: Disease name behind hospitalization in database. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Any Bleeding Event After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of any bleeding event after index date was reported. Any bleeding was defined using ICD-10 diagnosis codes and participants were considered to have any bleeding if pre-defined bleeding-associated ICD-10 diagnosis codes appeared in the records. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Major Intracranial Hemorrhage Events After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of major intracranial hemorrhage events after index date was reported. Major intracranial hemorrhage was defined by ICD-10 diagnosis codes and participants were considered to have major intracranial hemorrhage if pre-defined major intracranial hemorrhagic-associated ICD-10 diagnosis codes appeared in the records. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Any Intracranial Hemorrhage Event After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of any intracranial hemorrhage event after index date was reported. Any intracranial hemorrhage was defined by ICD-10 diagnosis codes and participants were considered to have any intracranial hemorrhagic event if pre-defined any intracranial hemorrhagic-associated ICD-10 diagnosis codes appeared in the records. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Ischemic Stroke After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of ischemic stroke after index date was reported. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Hemorrhagic Stroke After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke after index date was reported. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Systemic Embolism Events After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of systemic embolism events after index date was reported. Systemic embolism events included any of the following: abdominal aortic embolism, aortic embolism, acute arterial occlusive disease of arteries of upper extremities, femoral arterial occlusion and acute arterial occlusive disease of arteries of lower extremities, iliac artery embolism, hepatic artery embolism, thromboembolism, embolic infarction, aortic embolism, subclavian artery stenosis. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Major Gastrointestinal Bleeding Events After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of major gastrointestinal bleeding events after index date was reported. Major gastrointestinal bleeding after index date was identified using hospital claims which had a gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosis code as the first listed ICD-10 diagnosis code. An event occurrence of major bleeding was defined as that appears as 21: Disease name behind hospitalization in database. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 
| Event Rate Per 100 Participant-Years For First Occurrence of Any Gastrointestinal Bleeding Event After Index Date | Event rate per 100 participant-years for first occurrence of any gastrointestinal bleeding event after index date was reported. Any gastrointestinal bleeding was defined by ICD-10 diagnosis codes. If participants had ICD-10 diagnosis codes which suggest bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, they were considered to have any gastrointestinal bleeding. Index date was defined as the date of the first prescription of any of OACs (warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or edoxaban) during the observation period of approximately 7 years (2011-2017). Pseudo datasets refers to number derived using IPTW method and are different from the actual participants included in the reporting arm. | During the observation period of approximately 7 years | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Non-valvular atrial fibrillation, NVAF