Three-dimensional Measurements of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Diabetic foot ulcers constitute an increasing health problem in Denmark concurrent with an ageing population and an increase in diabetes prevalence. Diabetic foot ulcers belong to the most serious and costly complications. Several studies have found that the size and depth of the ulcer is one of the major etiologic factors for delayed healing. Wound measurement is important in the monitoring of the wound healing process. For the last decade different 3D (three-dimensional) techniques for measuring wounds have been proposed in order to measure wound volume, but none of the technologies have been widely used. A 3D Wound Assessment Monitor (WAM) camera has been developed, which is able to measure wound size in 3D and to assess wound characteristics. The investigators hypothesize that three-dimensional measurements of diabetic foot ulcers are feasible in the assessment of wound healing. A prospective cohort study is conducted in which newly admitted patients with a diabetic foot ulcer are included at the first visit at the multidisciplinary clinic. The patients are followed for one year or until complete wound healing, amputation or death. The four wound measurements: 2D area, 3D area, perimeter and volume are measured using the 3D-WAM camera with frequent intervals. Patient anthropometrics and wound data are collected during the study and correlated to the wound healing.

Detailed Description
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Method Newly admitted patients with a diabetic foot ulcer are included at the first visit in the multidisciplinary clinic. The data mentioned below are collected at the first visit and the following examinations are performed including 3D photos. The wound size (2D area, 3D area, perimeter and volume) are estimated from the photos using the 3D-WAM camera. The wound examination is repeated after 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 weeks or until healing of the wound. The wound healing is estimated using changes in wound size per time unit. Patients are treated by standard ulcer treatment methods and are unaffected by the project per se. During the trial the different methods of treatment are noted including changes from initial treatment. The variables will be quantified after one year depending on time to heal, establishment of a chronic ulcer (non-healing after one year) or an amputation has been performed. At baseline the following patient data will be collected: Demographic data: gender, age Smoking habits Time period between onset of wound to first visit in the multidisciplinary clinic Body Mass Index Comorbidity using Charlson Comorbidity Index score Type of diabetes, duration of diabetes Diabetic complications including retinopathy, albuminuria, coronary heart diseases and neuropathy The following examinations will be performed at baseline: Blood pressure measurement Peripheral blood pressure Examination for neuropathy using monofilament Blood samples from patients with a diabetic foot ulcer The clinical examination of the ulcer are performed at baseline and after 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 weeks or until wound healing: Size of wound (2D area, 3D area, perimeter, volume) measured using the 3D-WAM camera Size of wound in 2D area using the digital imaging method with the software ImageJ Location of the ulcer Classification of ulcer: granulation, necrosis, epithelialisation Secretory potential Foot deformity Bone affection - if osteitis is suspected an x-ray is taken Signs of infection The different types of ulcer treatment is registered for every ulcer: Type of bandage Antibiotics (local, systemic) Revision (method, frequency), Surgery Effect variables Wound 2D area, 3D area, perimeter and volume Variation in 2D and 3D area measurements during the study period Percentage change in wound size after 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 weeks Endpoints Wound healing Amputations Chronic wound (non-healing after 1 year) Death Significance This project seeks to clarify whether 3D photos of wounds will provide accurate structural measures to illuminate the background for delayed ulcer healing, and thereby to create platform for a more evidence based treatment algorithm.

Official Title
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Three-dimensional Measurements for Monitoring Wound Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Conditions
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetes Complications, Diabetic Foot

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: 3D Wound Assessment Monitor (WAM) camera


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Newly admitted patients with diabetic foot ulcers 18 years or older Exclusion Criteria: Superficial wound (less than 5x5 mm with no substantial loss of subcutaneous tissue) Non-compliance (dementia, mental disorders)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Diabetic foot ulcers<br>Newly referred patients with diabetic foot ulcers from the multidisciplinary clinic: University Centre for Wound healing, Odense University Hospital, Denmark. | Device: 3D Wound Assessment Monitor (WAM) camera<br>* Three-dimensional wound measurement (2D area, 3D area, perimeter, volume) using 3D-WAM camera<br>* Other names: 3D-WAM camera;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wound healing change quantified using the 3D-WAM camera | The 3D wound measurements at week 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 are compared to the baseline measurement at week 0. | Photos are taken at week 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 weeks | 
| Wound healing change quantified using digital imaging method | The 2D wound measurements at week 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 are compared to the baseline measurement at week 0. | Photos are taken at week 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The variability in 2D area and 3D area measurements | The variability in 2D area (digital imaging method) and 3D area wound measurements (3D-WAM camera) at week 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 are compared | Photos are taken at week 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 52 weeks | 
| Diabetes type is compared to outcome of the wound | Type 1 and 2 | Baseline until healing, amputation or chronic wound (52 weeks) | 
| Diabetes duration is compared to outcome of the wound | In years | Baseline until healing, amputation or chronic wound (52 weeks) | 
| BMI (kg/m2) is compared to outcome of the wound | kg/m2 | Baseline until healing, amputation or chronic wound (52 weeks) | 
| Charlson index score is compared to outcome of the wound | In groups | Baseline until healing, amputation or chronic wound (52 weeks) | 
| HbA1c is compared to outcome of the wound | mmol/mol | Baseline until healing, amputation or chronic wound (52 weeks) | 
| Ischemia is compared to outcome of the wound | Ischemia is defined by ankle pressure below 70 mmHg and/or toe pressure below 45 mmHg | Baseline until healing, amputation or chronic wound (52 weeks) | 
| Neuropathy is compared to outcome of the wound | Neuropathy is measured by Semmes Weinstein monofilament examination | Baseline until healing, amputation or chronic wound (52 weeks) | 
| Wound duration is compared to outcome of the wound | In weeks | Baseline until healing, amputation or chronic wound (52 weeks) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Diabetic foot ulcers, Ulcer healing, Ulcer measurement, Ulcer area, Ulcer volume, 3D measurement