Mid-morning Gel Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Glycemic and Insulin Responses, and Food Intake

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mid-morning gel snacks on subjective appetite, glucose and insulin responses, and food intake in healthy weight young adults.

Detailed Description
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23 (14 male, 9 female) healthy, non-smoking human subjects aged 18-30 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9 were recruited in the experiment. Five gel snacks including a control snack and four modified snacks containing whey protein, oats, coconut oil or maltodextrin were tested. On six separate mornings, at least 3 days apart and after a 12 hours overnight fast, each participant consumed a standardized breakfast of cereal, milk, and orange juice at home, then arrived in the lab 2 hours after breakfast to receive one of the five test snack treatments or skip snack. Subjective appetite by a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) was measured at baseline (0 min) and after each treatment up to 2 h (15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured via finger-prick at the same time VAS measurements were taken. Food intake was measured via ad libitum pizza lunch.

Official Title
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The Effect of Mid-Morning Gel Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Glycemic and Insulin Responses, and Food Intake in Healthy Adults

Conditions
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Satiety, Food Intake

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Control snack
* Other: Maltodextrin snack
* Other: Whey protein snack
* Other: Oat snack
* Other: Coconut oil snack
* Other: Snack skipping


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: be between 18 and 30 years of age be healthy, non-smoking and not be taking any medications, including birth control body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9 Exclusion Criteria: fasting plasma glucose >5.5 mmol/L health problems including previously diagnosed diabetes, known or uncertain pregnancy status at screening, gastrointestinal disease, liver or kidney disease major medical or surgical event within the past 6 months current or recent dieting breakfast skipping receiving any medications menstrual irregularities food sensitivities, allergies, intolerances, or dietary restrictions to foods including: cereal, orange juice, dairy, oat, coconut oil, honey, apple, pineapple, strawberry, and pear behavioural or emotional problems alcohol consumption >7 beverages/week

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Control snack<br>Participants received control snacks prepared by real fruits (pear, orange and mango) | Other: Control snack<br>* Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack prepared by real fruits (186.2kcal)<br>|
| Experimental: Maltodextrin snack<br>Participants received maltodextrin snacks (maltodextrin + control snack) | Other: Maltodextrin snack<br>* Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with maltodextrin (271.8kcal)<br>|
| Experimental: Whey protein snack<br>Participants received whey protein snacks (whey protein + control snack) | Other: Whey protein snack<br>* Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with whey protein (201.8kcal)<br>|
| Experimental: Oat snack<br>Participants received oat snacks (oat + maltodextrin + control snack) | Other: Oat snack<br>* Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with oats and maltodextrin (275.8kcal)<br>|
| Experimental: Coconut oil snack<br>Participants received coconut oil snacks (coconut oil + control snack) | Other: Coconut oil snack<br>* Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with coconut oil (276.4kcal)<br>|
| Experimental: Snack skipping<br>Participants received snack skipping | Other: Snack skipping<br>* no snack<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Subjective Appetite | Participants completed subjective ratings on appetite (e.g., desire to eat, hunger, fullness, prospective food consumption) and well-being at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch. | Change from baseline over 120 minutes | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Blood Glucose Response | Blood was collected at baseline (0min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch to observe glycemic responses to gel snacks | Change from baseline over 120 minutes | 
| Blood Insulin Response | Blood was collected at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after meal consumption, as well as immediately following lunch, to observe insulin responses to gel snacks | Change from baseline over 120 minutes | 
| Food Intake | Participants consumed an ad libitum pizza lunch at 120 minutes | 30 min | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Adults, Snacks, Appetite, Blood glucose, Insulin