Abciximab (ReoPro) as a Therapeutic Intervention for Sickle Cell Vaso-Occlusive Pain Crisis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to determine whether giving abciximab (ReoPro) to children with sickle cell disease who are hospitalized for acute pain crisis will improve their pain and shorten the time spent in the hospital, when compared with standard supportive care.

Detailed Description
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Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the more common genetic diseases worldwide, affecting approximately 1 in 500 African-Americans and 1 in 1000 Hispanic-Americans. A single amino acid substitution decreases the solubility of deoxygenated hemoglobin, leading to polymer formation and subsequent distortion of erythrocyte shape from the normal biconcave disc into a relatively rigid crescent or sickle shape. Initially reversible, the polymer formation and shape distortion eventually becomes permanent. Clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease relate both to increased clearance of these misshapen erythrocytes (causing a chronic hemolytic anemia) as well as occlusion of small (and sometimes large) blood vessels. Vaso-occlusive phenomena are responsible for much of the acute morbidity of sickle cell disease, including episodes of pain resulting from bone infarcts, splenic infarction with a secondary increased risk of infection, and a relatively high incidence of ischemic stroke ( 10% in the first 2 decades of life). In addition, chronic and cumulative ischemic episodes contribute to long-term morbidity (including avascular necrosis of bone, retinopathy, renal insufficiency, and pulmonary hypertension) and a significantly shortened life span. Vaso-occlusive pain crises often require hospitalization for the administration of parenteral narcotics; the average duration of hospitalization is 4-5 days, and a significant proportion of patients experience multiple crises per year. In most episodes, pain continues to intensify over the first 2-3 days before beginning to abate, suggesting that there is ongoing extension of tissue damage for some time following initiation of the episode; also, many patients will develop additional foci of pain even during the course of hospitalization. While direct mechanical blockage of small vessels by sickled erythrocytes is undoubtedly an important factor in vaso-occlusion, there are other secondary phenomena that are likely to contribute to these episodes, including increased erythrocyte adhesion to the endothelium of post-capillary venules. SCD patients also exhibit chronic pro-coagulation changes in soluble clotting factors, as well as increased platelet number and activation. The relative contribution of these various changes to the pathophysiology of vaso-occlusive crises is unclear. One published study showed that the antiplatelet drug ticlopidine decreased frequency, duration, and severity of pain crises in SCD patients, suggesting that the increase in platelet activation does indeed contribute to vaso-occlusion. Current therapy for vaso-occlusive pain crises is mostly supportive (maintaining adequate hydration and oxygenation and administering pain medication). With the possible exception of exchange transfusion-a procedure with significant potential morbidity-there is no therapy that directly targets the vaso-occlusion. Abciximab (ReoPro) is the Fab fragment of the chimeric human-mouse monoclonal antibody 7E3. It avidly binds to both glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and to integrin αvβ3, and so would potentially inhibit both erythrocyte binding to vascular endothelial as well as platelet adhesion, thus targeting two separate mechanisms that are felt to be components of the vaso-occlusive phenomenon in SCD. The relatively prolonged course of most pain crises-which typically involves increasing intensity of pain and often development of new areas of pain over the first few days-suggests that treatment during the early phases of a crisis might be effective in ameliorating the course of the episode, resulting not only in decreased acute morbidity but possibly also in less long-term tissue damage. The study hypothesis is that administration of abciximab early in the course of a vaso-occlusive sickle cell pain crisis will reduce the median length of hospitalization without an accompanying increase in bleeding or other serious complications. Participants will be randomized in a double blind fashion to receive either abciximab (ReoPro) or placebo intravenously over 12 hours. Randomization will be stratified by sickle cell genotype: Sickle Cell Anemia (SS) vs. Sickle-Hemoglobin C Disease (SC). All patients will receive standard supportive care, including hydration, supplemental oxygen as needed to maintain oxygen saturation >92%, scheduled use of NSAIDS, and narcotics titrated to effect.

Official Title
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Abciximab (ReoPro) as a Therapeutic Intervention for Sickle Cell Vaso-Occlusive Pain Crisis

Conditions
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Sickle Cell Disease, Hb-SS Disease With Vasoocclusive Pain, Hemoglobin SS Disease With Vasoocclusive Crisis, Other Sickle Cell Disease With Vaso-Occlusive Pain, Hemoglobin SS Disease With Crisis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Abciximab
* Drug: Placebo
* Other: Intravenous hydration
* Drug: Ibuprofen
* Drug: Parenteral narcotic
* Other: Incentive spirometry
* Other: Supplemental oxygen


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Diagnosis of sickle cell disease (Hb SS, HbSC, HbS-β0-thalassemia) Age 5.00 to 24.99 years Pain consistent with vaso-occlusive crisis that meets the criteria for hospitalization and parenteral narcotics: moderate-severe pain unresponsive to oral medications (NSAIDS + narcotics) that has no alternative etiology (e.g., trauma) Platelet count >100,000 INR <1.2, PTT < 40 seconds Negative urine pregnancy test for females of child-bearing potential, including any female ≥10 years of age Informed consent by patient (≥18 years of age) or parent (if patient <18 years of age); assent from patients 12-18 years of age Ability to start drug/placebo infusion within 16 hours of admission Exclusion Criteria: History of stroke (either ischemic or hemorrhagic) Currently receiving anticoagulation medication (heparin within 1 week, Coumadin within 3 weeks) or medication with irreversible anti-platelet effect (e.g., aspirin, ticlopidine) within 14 days Red cell transfusion within 60 days Major surgery within 30 days Treatment with hydroxyurea within 30 days (due to evidence that hydroxyurea can reverse platelet activation in patients with SCD) Tmax ≥ 102.0o F without concomitant signs of infection, or ≥ 100.4o F with any finding suggestive of bacterial infection, including acute chest syndrome (fever, respiratory symptoms, and new infiltrate on chest X-ray) Active internal bleeding Known allergy to abciximab or murine proteins Recent (within 6 weeks) gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding of clinical significance Bleeding diathesis History of vasculitis Intracranial neoplasm, arteriovenous malformation or aneurysm Severe uncontrolled hypertension Patients who previously participated in the study must be excluded due to the increased risk of severe thrombocytopenia.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 5 Years
Maximum Age: 25 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Abciximab<br>Abciximab will be administered as initial bolus of dose of 0.25 mg/kg, delivered via syringe pump over 15 minutes, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.125 microgram/kg/min (max of 10 micrograms/min) infused over the next 12 hours. Infusion to start within 16 hours of admission. Patients will receive standard supportive care, including intravenous hydration, supplemental oxygen, incentive spirometry, ibuprofen, and parenteral narcotic pain medications (morphine, hydromorphone or fentanyl) | Drug: Abciximab<br>* Abciximab will be administered as initial bolus of dose of 0.25 mg/kg, delivered via syringe pump over 15 minutes, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.125 microgram/kg/min (max of 10 micrograms/min) infused over the next 12 hours. Infusion to start within 16 hours of admission. All patients will receive standard supportive care measures.<br>* Other names: ReoPro;Other: Intravenous hydration<br>* intravenous hydration to provide total fluid intake of 1.25-1.5 times maintenance fluid requirements<br>Drug: Ibuprofen<br>* Scheduled ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg every 6-8 hours<br>* Other names: Advil, Motrin;Drug: Parenteral narcotic<br>* Parenteral morphine administered by bolus or patient-controlled analgesia to maintain pain control. Hydromorphone or fentanyl will be used in patients who do not tolerate morphine.<br>* Other names: fentanyl;Other: Incentive spirometry<br>* Patients will perform incentive spirometry every 2 hours while awake<br>Other: Supplemental oxygen<br>* Supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula or mask will be provided if needed to maintain oxygen saturation of 92% or greater.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo<br>Inactive placebo will be administered as initial bolus followed by a continuous infusion over the next 12 hours, in syringes and volumes identical with the drug administered in the experimental arm. Infusion to begin within 16 hours of admission. Patients will receive standard supportive care, including intravenous hydration, supplemental oxygen, incentive spirometry, ibuprofen, and parenteral narcotic pain medications (morphine, hydromorphone or fentanyl) | Drug: Placebo<br>* Inactive placebo will be administered as initial bolus followed by a continuous infusion over the next 12 hours, in syringes and volumes identical with the drug administered in the experimental arm. Infusion to begin within 16 hours of admission. All patients will also receive standard supportive care measures.<br>Other: Intravenous hydration<br>* intravenous hydration to provide total fluid intake of 1.25-1.5 times maintenance fluid requirements<br>Drug: Ibuprofen<br>* Scheduled ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg every 6-8 hours<br>* Other names: Advil, Motrin;Drug: Parenteral narcotic<br>* Parenteral morphine administered by bolus or patient-controlled analgesia to maintain pain control. Hydromorphone or fentanyl will be used in patients who do not tolerate morphine.<br>* Other names: fentanyl;Other: Incentive spirometry<br>* Patients will perform incentive spirometry every 2 hours while awake<br>Other: Supplemental oxygen<br>* Supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula or mask will be provided if needed to maintain oxygen saturation of 92% or greater.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Duration of hospitalization | Total duration from admission to the inpatient service until discharge order is written, measured in days. | Duration of hospital stay, expected average of 5 days | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total narcotic dose | Total dose of parenteral narcotic administered during hospitalization, expressed as morphine equivalent per kg, will be calculated. | Duration of hospital stay, expected average of 5 days | 
| Bleeding complications | All major or minor bleeding manifestations during hospitalization or in the immediate post-discharge period, including site and severity, will be tracked | From randomization until 10 days following initial discharge from hospital | 
| Complications (other than bleeding) attributed to study drug | All complications potentially related to abciximab therapy, other than bleeding, will be tracked. | From randomization until 3 months following initial discharge from hospital | 
| Readmission rate | All readmissions for any cause occurring within 3 months of discharge will be tracked. | From discharge date until 3 months following initial discharge from hospital | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Sickle Cell Pain Crisis, Abciximab, Integrins, Cell Adhesion Molecules