Vascular Responses to Sympathetic Activation and Altered Shear Rate: The Impact of Hypertension and Sodium Intake

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The aim of this study is to determine if alterations in sodium intake alter peripheral vascular function and exercise tolerance in young individuals.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Sodium intake is a major contributor to the development of hypertension in the developed world. Interestingly, it has been recently revealed that, in addition to the cardiovascular dysfunction associated with high sodium intake-induced hypertension, individuals who have unaltered blood pressure after chronic high sodium intake, termed salt resistant, report similar reductions in cardiovascular function when compared to salt sensitive individuals. While the extent to which this high sodium intake negatively alters cardiovascular structure as well as function is currently being explored, little is known about how high sodium intake impacts vascular function and blood flow regulation during exercise. Therefore, this study will determine if alterations in sodium intake alter peripheral vascular function and exercise tolerance in young individuals. The investigators hypothesize that increases in sodium intake will reduce exercise-induced arterial dilation in response to shear and result in exercise intolerance, via impaired functional sympatholysis, at moderate-to-high exercise workloads. Furthermore, the investigators hypothesize that these changes in blood flow regulation and exercise tolerance in young individuals will be reversed following antioxidant supplementation, implicating the role of oxidative stress in this dysfunction.

Official Title
-----------------
Vascular Responses to Sympathetic Activation and Altered Shear Rate: The Impact of Hypertension and Sodium Intake

Conditions
-----------------
Hypertension

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Dietary Supplement: Salt Pills
* Dietary Supplement: Placebo Pills


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: normotensive blood pressure (Systolic <120 AND Diastolic <80 free of cardiovascular disease and any evidence of thyroid, renal, metabolic, pulmonary or neurological disease non-obese (BMI <30 and/or Body fat < 25% for men, and < 30% for women) no tobacco use no medications that could affect vascular function or oxidative stress not sedentary Exclusion Criteria: individual with cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease or taking medications that may alter cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic function subjects will be asked to maintain a dietary record for one week subsequent to the pre-screening and if this reveals a diet that differs substantially from the typical average diet, the subject will not be eligible subjects will be excluded from the study if dietary records reveal significant caloric restriction and/or vitamin/mineral deficiencies pregnant women, prisoners, and children will not be eligible for this study

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Salt Pills<br>One week on low salt diet plus salt pills | Dietary Supplement: Salt Pills<br>* 7 days of a low sodium diet plus 4 salt pills (sodium chloride) taken 3 times daily with meals (approximately 7000 milligrams per day)<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo Pills<br>One week on low salt diet plus placebo pills | Dietary Supplement: Placebo Pills<br>* 7 days of low sodium diet plus 4 placebo pills (microcrystalline cellulose) taken 3 times daily with meals<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arterial Dilation in Response to Exercise | Percent change is arterial diameter when compared to baseline | After 7 day high salt supplementation vs After 7 day low salt supplementation |