Prevention of Pregnancy-associated Malaria in HIV-infected Women: Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Versus Mefloquine

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in prevention of malaria during pregnancy in HIV-infected women, compared to intermittent preventive treatment with mefloquine.

Detailed Description
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Malaria infection during pregnancy can have adverse effects on both mother and fetus, including maternal anaemia and low birth weight which are responsible for mother and infant mortality. It is a particular problem for women in their first and second pregnancies and for women who are HIV-positive. Maternal HIV infection potentiates many of these adverse effects. In HIV-infected women, the World Health Organization (WHO) advocates the use of insecticide-treated bednets, and drugs : If the CD4 cell count is below 350/mm3 or the HIV disease is in WHO stage 2, 3 or 4, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for the prevention of pneumocystosis and toxoplasmosis is indicated, that is assumed to also protect those women from malaria. Otherwise, they have to receive at least three doses of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), most commonly with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) given at the antenatal care visits. If IPT with SP has been a subject of many investigations, cotrimoxazole efficacy has never been assessed in prevention of malaria during pregnancy. The investigators aim to evaluate the efficacy of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in prevention of malaria during pregnancy in HIV-infected women. The investigators postulate that cotrimoxazole prophylaxis is not inferior to IPT in all women, unrelated to their CD4 cell count. In the control arm, the investigators will use mefloquine as IPT. The safety and efficacy of this drug have already been assessed in HIV-negative patients (NCT00274235). A randomized controlled trial will be conducted in five hospitals in Benin. Pregnant women will be enrolled both in the Antenatal Care unit and in the Infectious Diseases unit of each setting. All women will receive insecticide-treated bednets at enrolment. Randomization will be stratified by hospital and CD4 cell count range. Women assigned to cotrimoxazole will receive cotrimoxazole prophylaxis daily during all the course of pregnancy. Women assigned to mefloquine IPT will receive mefloquine three times during pregnancy. Women randomised in this arm and having a low CD4 cell count or an advanced HIV disease will also receive cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in prevention of HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections. Drug efficacy will be judged on the prevalence of placental malaria at delivery. This study will contribute to updating the recommendations concerning the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in HIV-infected women.

Official Title
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Prevention of Pregnancy-associated Malaria in HIV-infected Women : Randomised Controlled Trial Testing Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Versus Intermittent Preventive Treatment With Mefloquine

Conditions
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Malaria in Pregnancy, HIV Infections

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: cotrimoxazole
* Drug: mefloquine


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Confirmed HIV seropositivity Permanent residency in the study catchment's area Confirmed pregnancy, gestational age< 28 weeks More than 18 years of age Karnofsky index ≥80 Willingness to deliver at the hospital Written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: History of allergy to study drugs : sulpha drugs, mefloquine, quinine History or presence of major illnesses : severe renal disease , severe hepatic disease, severe neuropsychiatric disease Mefloquine or halofantrine received within the 4 weeks prior to enrolment

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: cotrimoxazole (high)<br>CD4 cell count≥350/mm3 | Drug: cotrimoxazole<br>* 800 mg sulfamethoxazole and 160 mg trimethoprim daily, from 28 weeks of gestation until delivery<br>|
| Active Comparator: mefloquine<br>CD4 cell count≥350/mm3 | Drug: mefloquine<br>* mefloquine 15 mg/Kg three times, between 16 and 28 weeks, 24 and 32 weeks, then 28 and 36 weeks of pregnancy<br>|
| Experimental: cotrimoxazole (low)<br>CD4 cell count<350/mm3 | Drug: cotrimoxazole<br>* 800 mg sulfamethoxazole and 160 mg trimethoprim daily, from 28 weeks of gestation until delivery<br>|
| Active Comparator: mefloquine & cotrimoxazole<br>CD4 cell count<350/mm3 | Drug: cotrimoxazole<br>* 800 mg sulfamethoxazole and 160 mg trimethoprim daily, from 28 weeks of gestation until delivery<br>Drug: mefloquine<br>* mefloquine 15 mg/Kg three times, between 16 and 28 weeks, 24 and 32 weeks, then 28 and 36 weeks of pregnancy<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| proportion of placental malaria (presence of parasites in the placental blood smear at delivery) |  | delivery | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| placental malaria mean parasite density at delivery |  | delivery | 
| proportion of low birth weight infants (<2500 g) and mean birth weight |  | delivery | 
| proportion of maternal anaemia (<11g/dl) and severe maternal anaemia (<8g/dl) at delivery and during pregnancy |  | course of pregnancy and delivery | 
| cord blood malaria infection at delivery (infant parasitemia) |  | delivery | 
| pre-term deliveries (< 37 weeks) |  | delivery | 
| spontaneous abortions (early:<28 weeks, late: ≥28 weeks) and still births |  | course of pregnancy | 
| congenital anomalies |  | first 6 months of life | 
| safety profile of the two treatments: proportion and detailed description of adverse effects in each treatment arm |  | course of pregnancy (mother) anf first 6 months of life (infant) | 
| Mother-to-child HIV transmission rate in each treatment arm |  | 2 months after breastfeeding cessation | 
| To document the effect of cotrimoxazole in reducing infections in HIV-infected women, we will measure the incidence of bacterial and parasitic infections (other than malaria) during pregnancy |  | course of pregnancy | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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malaria, pregnancy, HIV, prevention, cotrimoxazole, mefloquine