Crossover Trials Which Assessed Consumption of Slowly Digestible Carbohydrates for 21 Days on Gastric Emptying Rates

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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To gain a better understanding about the conditioning effect of consumption of slowly digestible carbohydrate on gastric emptying rate, respiratory quotient and metabolic flexibility, this study will focus on monitoring change in gastric emptying with consumption of a single source of slowly digestible carbohydrate (30 g of raw corn starch) for 21 days and compared to a control (21 days of continious consumption of rapidly digesting carbohydrate maltodextrin).

Detailed Description
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Corn starch, a commonly consumed food ingredient, considered GRAS (generally recognized as safe) CFR 182.70- 182.90 will be used as the test meal treatment fed to non-responding subjects (rapid gastric emptying rate after consumption of slowly digestible carbohydrate) for 1 month. Corn starch will be mixed with applesauce (200 g) and a small amount of xanthan gum (amount to be determined) (GRAS # 121) for palatability and viscosity, respectively. In order to determine whether potential changes in gastric emptying time are induced by consumption of slowly digestible carbohydrates, a control group will be used. The control group will consume a meal composed applesauce (200 g) and xanthan gum with a fast digesting carbohydrate (30 g DE -1 maltodextrinpregelatinized starch). The product is commercially available and will be provided by Tate and Lyle under the brand name of Star-Dri 1. The general term maltodextrin is a non-sweet nutritive polymer that consists of D-glucose units linked primarily by [alpha]-1-4 bonds and that has a dextrose equivalent (D.E.) of less than 20. It is regarded as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for direct use as a food ingredient (GRAS, 21CFR184.1444).DE-1 Maltodextrin is commercially available and will be provided by Tate and Lyle under the brand name of Star-Dri 1. Maltodextrin is a non-sweet nutritive saccharide polymer that consists of D-glucose units linked primarily by [alpha]-1-4 bonds and that has a dextrose equivalent (D.E.) of less than 20. It is regarded as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration for direct use as a food ingredient (GRAS, 21CFR184.1444). Ultimately, this study will help elucidate attributes of carbohydrate-based foods that can promote slow digestion and create a satiety feeling and promote weight management, which can then be implemented to develop foods with superior health benefits.

Official Title
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Impact of Slowly Digestible Carbohydrates on Gastric Emptying Rates

Conditions
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Obesity, Diabetes

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: slowly digestible carbohydrate


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: normal body mass index (18.5 kg/m² < BMI < 25) healthy eating index score (<65) Exclusion Criteria: gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disease food allergies or intolerances pregnancy smokers

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 50 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: treatment (21 days of consumption of 30 g of raw corn starch) and control (21 days of consumption of maltodextrin)
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Raw corn starch<br>Raw corn starch is a slow digesting carbohydrate, corn starch, a commonly consumed food ingredient, considered GRAS (generally recognized as safe) CFR 182.70- 182.90 will be used as the test meal treatment. Participants will receive 21 individual containers of raw corn starch (30 g/container) and 21 cups of 4 oz unsweetened apple sauce. Participants will be asked to consume one starch container mixed in apple sauce at 10 a.m.; each day for 21 days. | Dietary Supplement: slowly digestible carbohydrate<br>* carbohydrates with slow digestion rate have the capacity to induce slow gastric emptying time and potentially modify metabolic response and modulate postprandial glycemia.<br>|
| Sham Comparator: Maltodextrin DE-10<br>Maltodextrin dextrose equivalent 10 is a fast digesting carbohydrate, is a non-sweet nutritive polymer that consists of D-glucose units linked primarily by [alpha]-1-4 bonds and that has a dextrose equivalent (D.E.) of less than 20. It is regarded as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for direct use as a food ingredient (GRAS, 21CFR184.1444).DE-1 Maltodextrin is commercially available. Participants will receive 21 individual containers of maltodextrin (30 g/container) and 21 cups of 4 oz unsweetened apple sauce. Participants will be asked to consume one maltodextrin container mixed in apple sauce at 10 a.m.; each day for 21 days. | Dietary Supplement: slowly digestible carbohydrate<br>* carbohydrates with slow digestion rate have the capacity to induce slow gastric emptying time and potentially modify metabolic response and modulate postprandial glycemia.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gastric half emptying time | Using a 13C octanoic acid breath test we assessed gastric emptying time using a non-invasive procedure | 21 days of intervention | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Respiratory exchange ratio and metabolic flexibility | Using a portable, handheld device we assessed CO2 production after a consumption of a standardized meal. This device helped used determine RER and subsequent metabolic flexibility. | 21 days of intervention | 
| Height and Weight | Height (in cm) and Weight (in Kg) will not be individually collected and will not be an outcome in the study. However, height and weight will be used by the algorithm using by the device (Lumen) to calculate RER. We do not expect to see changes in weight during the intervention. | Height and weight will only be entered at baseline. |