Dietary Fat, Eicosanoids and Breast Cancer Risk

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The primary objective of this investigation is to determine whether diets designed to increase plasma n3 concentrations (a low fat diet, with or without n3 fatty acid enrichment), will favorably affect sex hormone distribution in women in a direction associated with reduced risk of sex hormone-mediated cancer development. Specifically, we hypothesize that an increased concentration of circulating n3 fatty acids will reduce the biochemical markers associated with increased risk for developing certain sex hormone mediated cancers such as breast cancer

Detailed Description
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The guiding concept of our proposal is that both the total fat and the fatty acid composition of the diet contribute to a milieu associated with the risk for sex-hormone mediated cancers. Specifically, we hypothesize that an increased concentration of circulating n3 fatty acids will reduce the biochemical markers associated with increased risk for developing certain sex hormone mediated cancers such as breast cancer. When compared with the high fat diet, we expect n3 concentrations to increase and sex hormone levels to decrease after both low fat and low fat/n3 rich diets, with the greatest response in the low fat-n3 supplemented group. The aims of this project are: 1) to evaluate the effects of total fat and n3 fatty acid consumption on plasma and urine sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women, 2) to evaluate the relationship between plasma concentrations of fatty acids and plasma and urinary sex hormone concentrations, and 3) to evaluate the effects of total fat and n3 fatty acid consumption on the associations between sex hormone concentrations and urinary prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 concentrations. The primary objective of this investigation is to determine whether diets designed to increase plasma n3 concentrations (a low fat diet, with or without n3 fatty acid enrichment), will favorably affect sex hormone distribution in women in a direction associated with reduced risk of sex hormone-mediated cancer development. The primary endpoints to be evaluated include plasma and urinary sex hormone concentrations as follows: Endpoints associates with increased risk factors for breast cancer risk: plasma estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estrone sulfate (E1 sulfate), testosterone, androstenedione, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), Measures of estrogen action: plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), urinary estrogen metabolites. Measures of systemic arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids: urinary bicyclo-prostaglandin E2 (PGEa), 2,3-dinor thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Measures reflecting influence of dietary fat and fatty acid intake: plasma phospholipid, cholesterol ester, triglyceride and free fatty acid composition.

Official Title
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Dietary Fat, Eicosanoids and Breast Cancer Risk

Conditions
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Breast Cancer

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Low Fat diet
* Other: Low Fat high n3 diet
* Other: High Fat Diet


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Postmenopausal women 45 to 70 years old, at least one year since their last menstrual period not using hormone replacement therapy, BMI between 19 -29 willingness to discontinue use of over-the-counter medications with anti-prostaglandin activity such as aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications consumption of a Typical  American diet with no unusual dietary practices such as compliance with a strict vegetarian diet willingness to comply with the demands of the experimental protocol. Exclusion Criteria: Smoking Known disease process, and 3) Use of prescription medications, including hormone replacement therapy.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 40 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Low Fat, High Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3<br>See Intervention Description | Other: Low Fat diet<br>* Low fat diet = 20% fat<br>Other: Low Fat high n3 diet<br>* Low Fat high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3<br>Other: High Fat Diet<br>* High Fat Diet = 40% fat<br>|
| Experimental: Low Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3, High Fat<br>See Intervention Description | Other: Low Fat diet<br>* Low fat diet = 20% fat<br>Other: Low Fat high n3 diet<br>* Low Fat high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3<br>Other: High Fat Diet<br>* High Fat Diet = 40% fat<br>|
| Experimental: High Fat, Low Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3<br>See Intervention Description | Other: Low Fat diet<br>* Low fat diet = 20% fat<br>Other: Low Fat high n3 diet<br>* Low Fat high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3<br>Other: High Fat Diet<br>* High Fat Diet = 40% fat<br>|
| Experimental: High Fat, Low fat High Omega 3, Low Fat<br>See Intervention Description | Other: Low Fat diet<br>* Low fat diet = 20% fat<br>Other: Low Fat high n3 diet<br>* Low Fat high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3<br>Other: High Fat Diet<br>* High Fat Diet = 40% fat<br>|
| Experimental: Low Fat High Omega 3, High Fat, Low Fat<br>See Intervention Description | Other: Low Fat diet<br>* Low fat diet = 20% fat<br>Other: Low Fat high n3 diet<br>* Low Fat high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3<br>Other: High Fat Diet<br>* High Fat Diet = 40% fat<br>|
| Experimental: Low Fat High Omega 3, Low Fat, High Fat<br>See Intervention Description | Other: Low Fat diet<br>* Low fat diet = 20% fat<br>Other: Low Fat high n3 diet<br>* Low Fat high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3<br>Other: High Fat Diet<br>* High Fat Diet = 40% fat<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Plasma Sex Hormone Levels |  | 8 weeks | 
| E2 | Estradiol | 8 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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omega-3 fatty acids, sex hormones, urinary sex hormone metabolites