Older People Gait: Physiomechanics and Functionality

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of study is to investigate gait in active elderly people regarding the kinematic parameters of gait, indicators of physical fitness and quality of life.

Detailed Description
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Objective: Evaluate and compare the effects of different types of training (balance training, strength training, cardiorespiratory endurance training); in the older people in the variables of physical fitness (dynamic balance, static balance, rate of strength production, flexibility and cardiorespiratory endurance), physiomechanics of gait (length and frequency of stride, time of contact and balance, energy conversion, mechanical work , transport cost, dynamic stability and mechanical efficiency of walking at different speeds), indicators associated with quality of life (depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life, fear of falling). Experimental Design: study experimental randomized. Search Location: Exercise Research Laboratory at the School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Participants: older people from the community of both sexes, aged 60 or over, sedentary. Interventions: In this research, three groups of older people will receive intervention during 4 months of different types of training (balance training, strength training, cardiorespiratory endurance training); and a control group, who will receive educational lectures on health, walking and aging. The training programs will have a duration of 4 months and will be periodized so that the duration of the sessions is same between them. The intensity of the interval training will be manipulated by the subjective effort scale (Borg) and by exercise time. The training programs will have a frequency of two sessions per week and a duration of 45 minutes. In order to evaluate the effects of the training, evaluations will be performed before and after the training period. Outcomes: the results will be related to the variables physical fitness, physiomechanics of gait, and indicators associated with quality of live. Data Analysis: Data will be described by average values and standard deviation values. The comparisons between and within groups will be performed using a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis, adopting a level of significance (α) of 0.05, and Bonferroni post-hoc to identify the differences between the means in all variables. Expected Results: The investigators believe that the better the level of physical fitness, the less likely it is that the elderly will enter into a frame of disability or fragility, especially improving physical fitness when compared to the control group. In addition, strategies to protect the elderly can be formulated through physical programs aimed at preventing the functional capacity and quality of life of the elderly. It is expected that the results of the research will be expandable and the possibility of future developments in the scientific, technological, economic, social and environmental.

Official Title
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Evaluation of the Effects of Coordination, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Endurance Training on Physical Fitness, Kinematic and Physiomechanics Parameters of Gait and Indicators Associated With the Quality of Life in Older People

Conditions
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Old Age; Debility

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Balance training


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: volunteers aged over 60 years both sexes not performing regular physical activity with professional monitoring Exclusion Criteria: not participate in all stages of the evaluation severe heart diseases, uncontrolled hypertension, myocardial infarction within a period of less than one year, being a pacemaker; stroke or other associated neurological diseases; insanity; prostheses in the lower limbs; without ambulation conditions.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 60 Years
Maximum Age: 95 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Balance training<br>The balance training consists of 3 moments: warm up, main and stretch. Warm-up with mobility exercises for major joints and large muscle groups. The main part will have eight exercise stations divided into: a) five balance exercises (dynamic and static with or without object balance) on a varied floor, b) three agility exercises, and a stretching of the worked muscle groups and a final relaxation. | Other: Balance training<br>* 32 sessions will be held twice a week, with each session taking an average of 45 minutes<br>* Other names: Cardiorespiratory endurance training;|
| Experimental: Strength training<br>Muscle strength training will consist of 3 moments: warm up, main and stretch. Warm up with mobility exercises for the main joints and large muscle groups. The main part will include strength exercises with lower and upper limbs with two sets of 6-12 repetitions according to periodization, and a stretching of the muscle groups worked | Other: Balance training<br>* 32 sessions will be held twice a week, with each session taking an average of 45 minutes<br>* Other names: Cardiorespiratory endurance training;|
| Experimental: Cardiorespiratory endurance training<br>The older people walking training consists of 3 moments: warm up, main and stretch. They will do a brief free walking warm-up for 3 minutes in the Self-selected walking speed, then walk according to the training cycle, and then a stretching of the main muscle groups. Will be held, twice a week for 45 minutes each session. The training intensity will follow 60-110% of the volume of the 6-minute Test (6MWT) and the Borg Scale at moderate to difficult intervals. the training | Other: Balance training<br>* 32 sessions will be held twice a week, with each session taking an average of 45 minutes<br>* Other names: Cardiorespiratory endurance training;|
| No Intervention: Control group<br>control group: who will receive educational lectures on health, walking and aging. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dynamic Balance | Dynamic balance: Timed Get Up and Go test (distance of 3 meters), which give the time (seconds) that the individual takes to complete the path of the test as fast as possible (without running). | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Strength | Lower limb strength: Test to get up and sit on the chair. The individual sits on the chair, with his arms crossed over his chest and at the signal starts the repetitions of getting up and sitting down for a total of 30 seconds. The number of repetitions the subject is able to perform is added. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Cardiorespiratory endurance | cardiorespiratory endurance: 6-minute test. The individual will walk in a 30 meters course for 6 minutes as fast as he can, without running, resulting in the distance covered in that interval. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Static balance | Static balance: force platform by means of the displacement rate of the centre of mass in the anteroposterior (Fx), medium-lateral (Fy) and vertical (Fz) axes. The older people must climb on the platform and unite their feet, keeping their gaze in a fixed linear point, the test will last for 30 seconds, it will be registered with the eyes open and closed | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Locomotor Rehabilitation Index | Locomotor Rehabilitation Index: method of determining how close is the self-selected walking speed compared to the Optimum Speed. The results is given in percent, and when Locomotor Rehabilitation Index value is closer to 100 percent, it indicates that the participants are closer to their theoretical optimal walking speed. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Self-selected walking speed | Self-selected walking speed: This outcome will be measure in test of walking treadmill | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Anthropometric data - Body mass | Body mass: measure in kilograms before and after interventions. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Depressive symptoms | Geriatric Depression Scale protocol: consists of 15 questions in which participants are asked to answer yes or no in reference to how they felt over the past week (for instance, Do the patient feel that their life is empty?, Do the patient feel that their situation is hopeless?). Scores range from 0 to 15 with higher scores indicating more depressive symptoms. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Health-related quality of life: Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short Form Health Survey | Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short Form Health Survey: multidimensional questionnaire, formed by 36 items that encompass eight domains (functional capacity, physical aspects, pain, general health status, vitality, social aspects, emotional aspects and mental health). The maximum score for each domain is 100, with the total sum being a maximum of 150, with zero being worst and 150 best health status. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Fear of falling | Falls Efficacy Scale - International: questions about the concern with the possibility of falling when performing 16 activities, with respective scores from one to four. The total score can vary from 16 (no concern) to 64 (extreme concern). | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Anthropometric data - Height | Height: measure in meters before and after interventions. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Anthropometric data - Body Mass Index | Body Mass Index: Weight and height will be combined to report the body mass index in kg/m2. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Spatial Parameter - Stride length | This outcome is measure by stride length in meters. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Temporal Parameter - Swing time, contact time, time of balance | Swing time in seconds, contact time in seconds, time of balance in seconds. The percentage of contact time will be calculated to measure the duty factor in percentual. The swing and contact time in seconds will be aggregated to distance in meters to arrive at frequency (in Hetz). | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Parameters of Pendular Mechanism - Internal Work | The transduction between the potential and kinetic mechanical energies of the center of body mass (called the inverted pendulum mechanism). The internal work is the mechanical energy fluctuations of the movement of limbs relative to the center of body mass (Wint, in Joules). This outcome will be measured through the registered image movement analysis using the three-dimensional motion analysis system VICON of the walking test on the treadmill. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Parameters of Pendular Mechanism - external work | The transduction between the potential and kinetic mechanical energies of the center of body mass (called the inverted pendulum mechanism). The external work is energy fluctuations of the center of body mass with respect to the external environment or surroundings (Wext, in Joules). This outcome will be measured through the registered image movement analysis using the three-dimensional motion analysis system VICON of the walking test on the treadmill. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Parameters of Pendular Mechanism: total mechanical work | The transduction between the potential and kinetic mechanical energies of the center of body mass (called the inverted pendulum mechanism). The total mechanical work (Wtot =internal Work + External Work) produced by a body during activity. These outcomes are measured by composite for:(external, internal mechanical work, in Joules). | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 
| Parameters of Pendular Mechanism: Recovery | The mechanical energy exchange of the center of mass is quantified by the calculation of the percentage of reconversion of mechanical energy, called Recovery (R), which counts the form that the mechanical energy is saved through the pendulum mechanism of the locomotion. This outcome will be measured through the registered image movement analysis using the three-dimensional motion analysis system VICON of the walking test on the treadmill. | Change from baseline at 16 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Locomotion, Aging, Training, Physical Fitness, Gait, Quality of life, Health