Brief Informational Intervention for COVID-19 Misinformation Prophylaxis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has continued to affect life in the United States, the important role of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors (such as wearing a face mask) in reducing harm has become clear. In parallel to the pandemic, researchers have observed an infodemic of misinformed or inconsistent narratives about COVID-19. There is growing evidence that misinformed COVID-19 narratives are associated with a wide variety of undesirable behavior (e.g., burning down cell towers). Further, individuals' adherence to recommended COVID-19 preventive guidelines has been inconsistent, and such mandates have engendered opposition and controversy. Recent research suggests the possibility that trust in science and scientists may be an important thread to weave throughout these seemingly disparate components of the modern public health landscape. Thus, this paper describes the protocol for a randomized trial of a brief, digital intervention to increase trust in science. The objective of this trial is to examine if exposure to a curated infographic can increase trust in science, reduce believability of misinformed narratives, and increase likelihood to engage in preventive behaviors.

Detailed Description
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The investigators propose a single-stage, randomized, superiority trial with 2 parallel groups allocated with a 1:1 ratio. The comparator in this study will be a control (placebo) infographic that is completely unrelated to science (e.g., about cats), but that is developed using the same communication and graphical style. Subjects will be recruited using the Prolific data collection platform, which is one of two primary online crowdsourced research platforms (the other is Amazon's Mechanical Turk, or mTurk). To be included, participants must be identified by Prolific as part of a nationally-representative sample. Participants will also be required to be age 18 or older, and to reside in the United States. Individuals who decline to digitally sign the informed consent document will be excluded and replaced. Per recent best practice recommendations for crowdsourced digital research, attention checks and screens for bots and international users with virtual private networks to mimic US IP addresses will be embedded within the instruments, and failure of more than one attention check, or any bot/location check will result in subject exclusion and replacement. Replacements will be drawn in such a way as to preserve the representativeness of the sample. Missing data will be addressed using either full information maximum likelihood or Markov Chain Monte Carlo multiple imputation strategies. When there is a violation of missing at random (which is unlikely) in preliminary analyses, the investigators will incorporate strategies representing the missingness. The researchers will further explore data quality in terms of outliers, measurement error, non-normality, and variance heterogeneity. Robust methods of analysis (e.g., Huber-White robust standard errors) will be used, as appropriate. For all multi-item measures, reliability will be evaluated prior to computation of the variable.

Official Title
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Brief Informational Intervention for COVID-19 Misinformation Prophylaxis

Conditions
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COVID19 Behavioral Prophylaxis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Brief informational infographic
* Behavioral: Placebo control (non-behavioral infographic)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: To be included, participants must be identified by Prolific as part of a nationally-representative sample. Participants will also be required to be age 18 or older, and to reside in the United States. Exclusion Criteria: Individuals who decline to digitally sign the informed consent document will be excluded and replaced. Per recent best practice recommendations for crowdsourced digital research, attention checks and screens for bots and international users with virtual private networks to mimic US internet protocol addresses will be embedded within the instruments, and failure of more than one attention check, or any bot/location check will result in subject exclusion and replacement.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Brief Intervention arm<br>The primary intervention in this study will be an infographic that is designed to build trust in the scientific process (as described in the Intervention section). This arm will introduce the intervention and then instruct the participant to review it carefully (including a mandated pause on the infographic screen) before continuing to the remaining data collection. | Behavioral: Brief informational infographic<br>* The primary intervention in this study will be an infographic that is designed to build trust in the scientific process. Infographics are preferable to narratives or text because they center visuals as part of the storytelling process and facilitate cognitive information processing, knowledge absorption, and enhanced persuasion. The study's infographic design will follow best practices in health communication. The message will be simple and jargon free. Visuals will include individuals (scientists), charts, text, and numbers. Attention will be paid to images, color, frames, representation, and composition (e.g., how the elements in the infographic are organized to show their relationship to each other).<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo Control arm<br>The comparator in this study will be a control (placebo) infographic that is completely unrelated to science (As described in the Placebo Control section). This arm will introduce the control infographic and then instruct the participant to review it carefully (including a mandated pause on the infographic screen) before continuing to the remaining data collection. | Behavioral: Placebo control (non-behavioral infographic)<br>* The comparator in this study will be a control (placebo) infographic that is completely unrelated to science (e.g., about cats), but that is developed using the same communication and graphical style.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in trust in science | 21-item scale developed by Nadelson et al [1] called the Trust in Science Inventory. It is scored from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates low trust and 5 indicates high trust. | Pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention | 
| Believability profiles | Will be computed using latent profile analysis of believability measures. These measures were developed and first used in our recent study of COVID-19 narratives [2]. Response options for these measures used well-established semantic differential responses for believability of different statements (e.g., as in Herzberg et al.) [3] ranging from [1: Extremely unbelievable] to [7: Extremely believable]. Exact measures used to generate profiles for this study will be available in the published protocol paper (to be submitted). | Immediately post-intervention | 
| Preventive behavioral intentions | A series of six questions based on the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommended COVID-19 preventive behaviors. [4] Questions will be written according to Azjen's guide to intention questionnaires [5]. | Immediately post-intervention | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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misinformation, trust, prevention