Physical/Self-perceived Performance and 3D Shoulder Kinematics of Volleyball Attackers With/Without Shoulder Complaints and Scapular Dyskinesis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The study aims to compare the performance and the 3D shoulder kinematics of volleyball attackers with and without scapular dyskinesis and shoulder symptoms in two physical performance measures of the upper extremity, and correlate their outcomes with a self-reported measure of function of the upper extremity.

Detailed Description
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Volleyball attackers with clinically identified scapular dyskinesis and with/without shoulder symptoms will be compared with respect to performance outcomes and scapular kinematics. Performance will be assessed by means of the unilateral seated shot put test (USSPT), the upper quarter Y balance test (UQYBT), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, sports module (DASH). Pain measurements after completing physical performance measures will be assessed and rated. Relationships between physical (USSPT, UQYBT) and self-perceived (DASH) measures of performance, and with impairment-based measures (clinical measures and 3D shoulder kinematics) will be assessed.

Official Title
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Physical/Self-perceived Performance and 3D Shoulder Kinematics of Volleyball Attackers With/Without Shoulder Complaints and Scapular Dyskinesis

Conditions
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Shoulder Pain

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Performance measures of the upper extremity


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: subjects who can perform at least 150 degrees of arm elevation Exclusion Criteria: subjects rating pain ≥8/10 score 5 on any of the items of the DASH pain elicited by provocation maneuvers of the neighboring regions (e.g., cervical spine).

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Asympt. athletes / scapular dyskinesis<br>Asymptomatic volleyball attackers involved in competitive events ≥ 2 years and with clinical evidence of scapula dyskinesis | Behavioral: Performance measures of the upper extremity<br>* Athletes will perform the unilateral seated shot put test (USSPT) and the upper quarter Y balance test (UQYBT) bilaterally.<br>|
| Symptom. athletes / scapular dyskinesis<br>Symptomatic volleyball attackers involved in competitive events ≥ 2 years and with clinical evidence of scapula dyskinesis | Behavioral: Performance measures of the upper extremity<br>* Athletes will perform the unilateral seated shot put test (USSPT) and the upper quarter Y balance test (UQYBT) bilaterally.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Side-to-side differences in the unilateral seated shot put test (normalized distance thrown, in centimeters) | The unilateral seated shot put test consists of pushing (not throwing) at shoulder height a  3kg medicine ball as far and forward as possible while keeping the axial skeleton in contact with a wall, knees bent at a right angle, feet flat on the floor, and the non-testing arm resting on the lap. | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| Side-to-side differences in the upper quarter Y balance test (normalized maximal distance reached in each direction, in centimeters) | The upper quarter Y balance test is performed through the assistance of a testing device (Y-Balance Test Kit), with the subject stabilizing his/her body weight with the upper extremity being tested while performing maximal reaching efforts with the free hand in three directions: medial, superolateral, and inferolateral. | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (sports module) | A self-reported measure of upper extremity functioning | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Side-to-side differences in 3-dimensional scapular angular displacement (in degrees) | The angular displacement of the scapula in the 3 planes of orientation: lateral/medial (upward/downward) rotation, protraction/retraction (internal/external rotation), anterior/posterior tilting. | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| Side-to-side differences in 3-dimensional humerus angular displacement (in degrees) | The angular displacement of the humerus in the 3 planes of orientation: plane of elevation, elevation/depression, axial rotation. | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| Side-to-side differences in 3-dimensional thoracic angular displacement (in degrees) | The angular displacement of the thorax in the 3 planes of orientation: flexion/extension, lateral rotation (inclination), axial rotation. | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| Visual Numeric Rating Scale score (0-10) | A 11-point scale to rate pain intensity | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| Side-to-side differences in the upper quarter Y balance test (total excursion, in centimeters) | total excursion = sum of the 3 normalized reach distances, in centimeters | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| Side-to-side differences in the upper quarter Y balance test (overall performance score, in centimeters) | overall performance or composite score = average score of the 3 normalized reach distances, in centimeters. | Through study completion, an average of 1 year] |