Prefrontal Cortical Engagement Through Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Schizophrenia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are the most debilitating aspect of the illness and poorly treated by current medications. This study investigates transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) - a safe, noninvasive weak electrical current delivery to stimulate brain function - as a novel therapeutic for cognition in schizophrenia. Integrating neurostimulation, electrophysiology and neuroimaging, this project aims to study tDCS effects on cognition by verifying therapeutic target engagement, evaluating the tolerability of tDCS sessions, and optimizing treatment parameters.

Detailed Description
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Cognitive deficits are a strong predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia, yet poorly remediated by current treatments. Disturbances in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function underlie core impairments such as in cognitive control and thus represent a critical target for novel therapeutics. Initial studies indicate transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) may be effective in reducing symptoms due to DLPFC dysfunction. While tDCS potentially represents an exciting, novel therapeutic advance, a number of basic questions should be addressed prior to conducting larger-scale clinical trials, including: verifying therapeutic target engagement, optimizing treatment parameters, and evaluating for meaningful clinical effects. Recent studies employing tDCS to enhance prefrontal cortical function in schizophrenia applied stimulating electrodes over the left frontal scalp region, putatively targeting the left DLPFC. However, explicit confirmation of such target engagement is lacking. Further, EEG studies have demonstrated close links of frontal cortical gamma oscillations to cognitive control processes but modulation of this critical physiologic process has not been investigated. Accordingly, the primary aim of this study is to employ multimodal imaging to explicitly test for the assumed DLPFC engagement (fMRI) and modulation of frontal gamma activity (EEG) by tDCS. This study will also investigate the optimization of tDCS application parameters. Analogous to dose-finding investigations in drug studies, we will conduct a parametric investigation of optimal current strengths. Also, while there is extensive evidence for tolerability of single session tDCS, confirmation of feasibility of multisession optimized protocols in schizophrenia is lacking and so will be explicitly evaluated. In summary, a successful outcome of this study would provide tDCS the sound mechanistic and methodologic basis for more definitive testing in large-scale clinical trials as a highly innovative therapeutic intervention for cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.

Official Title
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Prefrontal Cortical Engagement Through Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Schizophrenia

Conditions
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Schizophrenia, Psychosis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: transcranial direct current stimulation


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: ages 18-35 years; within first five years of antipsychotic treatment; on stable doses of antipsychotic medication for at least one month; Clinically stable as defined by Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S) less than or equal to 4 (moderately ill); Mild to severe cognitive impairment in MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (composite scores <40); DSM-5 MINI 7.0.2 criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective by patient SCID Exclusion Criteria: Mental retardation as defined by pre-morbid IQ by Wechsler Test of Adult Reading at screening <70 or Spanish Word Accentuation Test; significant head injury; History of severe medical or neurological illnesses pregnancy or postpartum (<6 weeks after delivery or miscarriage); inability to provide informed consent; significant color blindness that affects task performance; Positive urine drug screen (exception for marijuana) or presence of substance use disorder within 1 month; Currently on benzodiazepines or mood stabilizers affecting GABA

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: 2.5mA<br>Active stimulation group will receive 20 minutes of 2.5 mA transcranial direct current stimulation. | Device: transcranial direct current stimulation<br>* transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe, noninvasive, weak electrical current delivery that stimulates brain function. It is a novel therapeutic for cognition in schizophrenia.<br>|
| Experimental: 2.0mA<br>Active stimulation group will receive 20 minutes of 2.0 mA transcranial direct current stimulation. | Device: transcranial direct current stimulation<br>* transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe, noninvasive, weak electrical current delivery that stimulates brain function. It is a novel therapeutic for cognition in schizophrenia.<br>|
| Experimental: 1.5mA<br>Active stimulation group will receive 20 minutes of 1.5 mA transcranial direct current stimulation. | Device: transcranial direct current stimulation<br>* transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe, noninvasive, weak electrical current delivery that stimulates brain function. It is a novel therapeutic for cognition in schizophrenia.<br>|
| Sham Comparator: 0mA<br>This will be an active sham involving transcranial direct current stimulation, though stimulation will be brief (15 msec) and have low current (0.11 mA) pulses every 550 ms. | Device: transcranial direct current stimulation<br>* transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe, noninvasive, weak electrical current delivery that stimulates brain function. It is a novel therapeutic for cognition in schizophrenia.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| tDCS Engagement of DLPFC Activity Indexed by fMRI BOLD Imaging | Change from Baseline to week 1 as measured by modulation of fMRI BOLD signal in DLPFC in the context of cognitive control task performance. | 1 week | 
| tDCS Engagement of DLPFC Activity Indexed by Modulation of Frontal Cortical Gamma Oscillations | Change from Baseline to week 1 as measured by EEG frontal gamma oscillations in the context of cognitive control task performance | 1 week | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Optimal tDCS Strength for DLPFC Engagement | Change from baseline to 1 week in DLPFC engagement across conditions (1.5 vs 2.0 vs 2.5 mA) | 1 Week | 
| Tolerability and Feasibility of Multi-session tDCS in Schizophrenia | The percentage of participants able to complete the full study. | 1 week | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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tDCS, cognitive control, EEG, gamma oscillations