Lidocaine on Early Cognitive Dysfunction in Shoulder Arthroscopy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The beach chair position (BCP) combined with deliberate hypotension impair cerebral perfusion pressure and oxygenation during arthroscopic shoulder surgeries and produce cerebral ischemia.

Detailed Description
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Arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment of shoulder disorders have replaced open procedure as the primary treatment method. The beach chair (BCP) and lateral decubitus (LDP) positions are both considered as reliable techniques for performing effective arthroscopic shoulder surgeries. The usage of BCP for shoulder arthroscopic operations started from early 1980s. The advantages of BCP include lack of brachial plexus strain, good intra-articular visualization, with the ease of conversion to an open approach if required. The BCP combined with deliberate hypotension has been used to decrease intraoperative blood loss and allow a relatively blood-free surgical field. However, this combination has the risk to impair cerebral perfusion pressure and oxygenation during surgery and produce cerebral ischemia. Lidocaine, a commonly used local anesthetic and class IB antiarrhythmic drug, that readily crosses the blood - brain barrier. Evans et al. initially reported cerebral protection of lidocaine in a feline model of cerebral arterial gas embolism. Later on, the effects of lidocaine on perioperative neuroprotection were detected. However, the mechanisms underlying lidocaine treatment-induced neuroprotection remain incompletely understood. Lidocaine may provide cerebral protection through many mechanisms, including decreasing the cerebral metabolic rate, decelerating the ischemic transmembrane ion shift, and reducing the ischemic excitotoxin release.

Official Title
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Neuroprotective Effects of Lidocaine on Early Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Shoulder Arthroscopy With Beach Chair Position: a Randomized Trial

Conditions
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Cognitive Dysfunction, Postoperative

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Lidocaine
* Drug: Normal saline


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients undergoing elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia in beach chair position (BCP), Age 20 to 65 years old. Exclusion Criteria: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score < 23 before surgery History of neurological disease (such as previous episodes of cerebral ischemia or stroke). History of psychological disorder Suspected history of adverse reactions to lidocaine Drug or alcohol abuse History of diabetes mellitus, sever hypertension, severe anemia, hepatic or renal dysfunction Unwillingness to comply with protocol.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Group L<br>Patients will receive lidocaine in a loading dose of 1 mg/ kg diluted in 10 ml of normal saline that will be infused over 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia then followed by a continuous infusion at 1.5 mg/ kg/ h diluted in normal saline to a volume of 50 ml until the end of surgery. | Drug: Lidocaine<br>* Patients will receive lidocaine in a loading dose of 1 mg/ kg diluted in 10 ml of normal saline that will be infused over 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia then followed by a continuous infusion at 1.5 mg/ kg/ h diluted in normal saline to a volume of 50 ml until the end of surgery<br>* Other names: Xylocaine;|
| Placebo Comparator: Group C<br>Patients will receive normal saline after induction of anesthesia with the same volume and rate changes as lidocaine group until the end of surgery. | Drug: Normal saline<br>* Patients will receive normal saline after induction of anesthesia with the same volume and rate changes as lidocaine group until the end of surgery<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Postoperative cognitive function | Assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test | 3 days after surgery |