Online Survey in Studying Smoking Attitudes and Behaviors Among Current Smokers

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This trial uses an online survey to study smoking attitudes and behaviors among current smokers. An online survey consisting of questions about general demographics, smoking history, smoking attitudes, smoking behaviors, smoking intentions, health and qualities of daily life may help researchers understand the differences in smoking attitudes and behaviors among current smokers.

Detailed Description
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PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To examine if self-affirmation attenuates the effects of cigarette smoking stigmatization on smoking risk perceptions, pro-smoking beliefs, and intentions to change smoking behavior. OUTLINE: Participants are recruited and pre-screened via an online crowdsourcing program called Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Participants then respond to a one-time research survey over 20 minutes on SurveyGizmo, an on-line survey software platform.

Official Title
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Self-Affirmation in the Context of Stigma-Induced Identity Threat Among Smokers

Conditions
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Smoker

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Survey Administration


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: United States (US) adult smokers.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Observational (survey)<br>Participants are recruited and pre-screened via an online crowdsourcing program MTurk, and then respond to a one-time research survey over 20 minutes on SurveyGizmo, an on-line survey software platform | Other: Survey Administration<br>* Respond to SurveyGizmo survey online<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Quit Intentions | Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit. | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes | 
| Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | How likely are you to switch completely from using regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the next 6 months?' 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely) | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes | 
| Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | How likely is it that in the next 6 months you will seek counseling/support to help you quit smoking? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes | 
| Intentions to Reduce Smoking | How likely is it that in the next 6 months that you will reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes | 
| Self-exempting Beliefs | Deterministic beliefs regarding smoking behaviors were evaluated using the 18-item self-exempting beliefs scale (Oakes et al., 2004).Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91. | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes. | 
| Positive Cognitions About Smoking | Five items assessed positive cognitions about smoking (Fotuhi et al., 2013). Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91. | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes. |