ANI-guided Intraoperative Analgesia in Low-pressure Anesthesia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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During functional endoscopic sinus surgery(FESS), low-pressure anesthesia is often applied, aiming to decreased operative blood loss, and anesthetics, narcotics and antihypertensive agents are given to achieve desirable low blood pressure. However, the dose of these medications given is usually decided subjectively based on the clinical experience of the care provider, placing the patient in a risky situation of narcotics overdosing or underdosing. Therefore, here is the question: Whether intraoperative analgesia guided by an objective pain monitoring device, such as the Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI), could decrease the amount of narcotics, other anesthetic agents, and blood loss in patients undergoing low-pressure anesthesia.

Detailed Description
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Analgesia nociception index (ANI) is an objective pain monitoring device, it could measure parasympathetic tone base on heart rate variability analysis, which is a way to measure the effect of respiratory sinus arrhythmia on heart rate. In the previous studies, ANI had been used to predict immediate postoperative pain, intraoperative analgesia in children, and intraoperative analgesia in bariatric surgery, which showed ANI can be used to detect surgical stimuli, reduce intraoperative consumption of narcotics, and assess immediate postoperative pain intensity. However, no publication has mentioned ANI been used in low-pressure anesthesia. Participants with ASA physical status class I or II, age between 20-65, and body mass index less than 35 who would undergo FESS are enrolled and randomly allocated by using computer-generated random number table into two groups with equal probability: ANI-guided remifentanil titration or remifentanil titration by standard care. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol TCI(target controlled infusion) and remifentanil TCI are used for anesthesia maintenance, targeting bispectral index between 40 and 60. The ANI value in experimental group would be maintained between 50 and 70. Intraoperative mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be targeted at 55-65 mmHg, and calcium channel blocker would be administered if MAP could not achieve target despite of propofol and remifentanil titration. Participant's demographics, baseline information, type and duration of the operation, duration from end of the surgery till participant awaken, ANI value, vital signs, the amount of narcotics, anesthetics and antihypertensive medications used, intraoperative blood loss, surgeon's satisfaction to the operation field, participant first recorded pain score in postoperative recovery room using visual analogue scale, and opioid-associated side effects such as nausea, vomiting, pruritis, dizziness in postoperative recovery room, will be recorded and analyzed. The statisticians will apply Chi-square for categorical data, T-test for continuous data, and multiple regressions analysis. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Using G-power software to estimate, predicted sample size is 120 presuming type I error 0.05, power 0.95, and medium effect size.

Official Title
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Whether Intraoperative Analgesia Guided by the Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) Can Decrease the Amount of Narcotics, Other Anesthetic Drugs, and Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Low-pressure Anesthesia: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Conditions
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Analgesia, Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, Heart Rate Variability, Opioid Consumption

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: analgesia nociception index


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: ASA physical status class I or II age between 20-65 body mass index less than 35 scheduled for functional endoscopic sinus surgery Exclusion Criteria: major cardiovascular disease, arrhythmia, respiratory disease, cerebral vascular disease, or ASA physical status classification III or greater documented or self-reported history of chronic pain acute or chronic opioid analgesic use dysautonomia diabetes mellitus with evidence of neuropathy emergency cases allergy to medications in the study

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: ANI-guided<br>ANI-guided narcotics use to maintain ANI value between 50 to 70 | Device: analgesia nociception index<br>* Analgesia nociception index (ANI) could objectively monitor how pain the participant is. In the experimental group, the care provider would decrease the dose of narcotics (remifentanil) if the ANI value is above 70, and increase the dose if the ANI value is under 50.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control<br>narcotics use guided by clinical experience, ANI is still recorded but would be covered up intraoperatively | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Narcotics consumption | Remifentanil would be used as narcotics, the total amount used intraoperatively would be recorded | From the first given dose of remifentanil until the last given given dose of remifentanil during anesthesia, assessed up to 8 hours. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Anesthetics consumption | The amount of anesthetics (mainly propofol) used intraoperatively would be recorded | From the first given dose of anesthetics (propofol or midazolam, whichever comes first) until the last given given dose of anesthetics (propofol or midazolam, whichever comes last), assessed up to 8 hours. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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analgesia, analgesia nociception index, functional endoscopic sinus surgery, opioid consumption, heart rate variability, low pressure anesthesia