FDA Breakthrough Drugs: A Trial Testing the Effect of Alternative Language on Public Perceptions

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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OBJECTIVE: To learn how people understand language used by the FDA to describe certain newly approved medications called breakthrough drugs. BACKGROUND: FDA allows drugs to be designated as breakthrough if there is preliminary evidence that it may offer a substantial improvement over available therapies. But consumers (and prescribers) may mistake the word - which in this context means very preliminary promise and lots of uncertainty - to mean the drug is proven to be much more effective or much safer than existing drugs. METHODS: Internet survey (with colleagues from Carnegie Mellon University) using Amazon Mechanical Turk - a web tool that recruits people willing to do surveys (https://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome). Participants will be asked to read a short scenario about a new drug (facts are based on a real drug but the investigators use a fictional name) and answer questions about how well they think the drug works, how safe it is, etc. People will be randomized to one of 5 versions of the scenario differing in how explicitly they explain what breakthrough means. The information in the scenario is drawn from FDA's own press release about the drug.

Detailed Description
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An online sample of 600 American participants was recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Respondents were randomly assigned to 5 conditions in which they read an excerpt from a news article describing a newly FDA-approved fictionalized breakthrough therapy, Zykanta, for treating metastatic lung cancer. Information on this fictionalized drug was drawn from a real-life breakthrough designated drug so as to be able to provide as accurate an example as possible with respect to inherent uncertainty in risk and benefit. Each condition communicated information about Zykanta with a greater or lesser degree of transparency regarding the contingent nature of a breakthrough approved drug. All conditions contained the same factual information about the risks and benefits of the drug. In the first condition - a Purely Factual condition - participants read a clear and concise technical definition of breakthrough therapy designation about a drug that was approved 4 months ahead of schedule, without seeing the term 'breakthrough' attached to the drug. This condition provides the basic risk-benefit information made available by the FDA without loaded terminology. In the second condition, the factual information was enhanced by describing the drug as Promising - the language the FDA uses in press releases about breakthrough drugs. This condition provides a more tempered label for this designation, but a label nonetheless. In the third condition, the factual information was enhanced by describing the drug as Breakthrough. In the fourth condition, factual information about the drug was enhanced by describing the drug as Breakthrough, but additionally contained a Tentative Disclaimer about the possible uncertainty surrounding the drug. This condition reflects the information found in the small print of the labeling of some breakthrough drugs. In the fifth condition, the factual drug information was enhanced by describing the drug as Breakthrough, but contained a more Definitive Disclaimer about the uncertainty surrounding the drug and its need for further testing. Measures To determine whether the term 'breakthrough' resulted in mistaken inference about its safety and effectiveness, all participants were asked to make a choice between a 'breakthrough drug' or a drug that met the definition of breakthrough without the explicit use of the word breakthrough in the description (If you had a potentially deadly medical condition and could choose between 2 drugs recently approved by FDA, which would you choose? (1) 'Axabex, a breakthrough drug newly approved by the FDA' or (2) 'Hypapax, a drug that has shown some early promise in drug trials but which has not been shown to improve survival or disease-related symptoms'). All participants were asked whether they had heard the term breakthrough drug prior to being asked the question. All participants also provided a written definition of a breakthrough drug. After reading the news excerpt on the fictional breakthrough drug in each of the 5 conditions, participants were surveyed on the safety and efficacy of the drug described in the news excerpt (How safe is Zykanta compared to other drugs approved to treat metastatic lung cancer?, How risky is Zykanta compared to other drugs approved to treat metastatic lung cancer?, Has Zykanta been proven to save the lives of patients with metastatic lung cancer, How effective do you think Zykanta is at treating metastatic lung cancer? If a patient with metastatic lung cancer started to take Zykanta, what do you think would happen to their tumor over the next 6 months? and How effective is Zykanta compared to other drugs approved to treat metastatic lung cancer?) and the strength of the scientific evidence that the drug helps metastatic lung cancer (How strong is the scientific evidence that Zykanta helps patients with metastatic lung cancer? and If you were deciding to take Zykanta, would you feel confident making that decision given your current knowledge of the drug?). We also asked about the likelihood of a symptom that was explicitly stated as a common symptom in the drug description (If a patient with metastatic lung cancer started to take Zykanta, how likely is it that they would experience abdominal pain within 6 months?) and about their own anticipated behavior with respect to the drug (If you were diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer, would you want to take Zykanta? and If a close friend or family member was diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer, would you want them to take Zykanta?). Each response was measured on a 4 or 5-point Likert scale.

Official Title
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FDA Breakthrough Drugs: A Randomized Trial Testing the Effect of Alternative Language on Public Perceptions

Conditions
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Prescription Drugs

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Facts only
* Other: promising language
* Other: breakthrough only
* Other: breakthrough with may warning
* Other: breakthrough with is warning


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: english speaking adult Exclusion Criteria: -

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Facts only<br>Scenario describes study results without breakthrough language, promising language, no cautions about conditional approval | Other: Facts only<br>* Communicate basic information about breakthrough drugs provided in FDA press release without using Breakthrough label<br>|
| Active Comparator: promising language<br>study description describes drug as promising; no warning about conditional approval | Other: promising language<br>* Communicate basic information about breakthrough drugs provided in FDA press release, using language commonly used by FDA in describing breakthrough drugs (promising drug)<br>|
| Active Comparator: breakthrough with may warning<br>study describes drug as breakthrough; warning that continued approval may be contingent on subsequent verification of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials | Other: breakthrough with may warning<br>* Adding a tentative disclaimer (similar to that found on the FDA labels of some breakthrough designation drugs): Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical trial benefit in confirmatory trials<br>|
| Active Comparator: breakthrough with is warning<br>study describes drug as breakthrough; warning that continued approval may be contingent on subsequent verification of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials | Other: breakthrough with is warning<br>* Adding a more definitive disclaimer to minimize inaccurate inference from Breakthrough terminology: Continued approval for this indication is contingent upon verification and description of clinical trial benefit in confirmatory trials.<br>|
| Experimental: breakthrough only<br>Scenario describes study results with breakthrough language, no cautions about conditional approval | Other: breakthrough only<br>* Communicate basic information about breakthrough drugs provided in FDA press release using Breakthrough label (similar to information found in FDA press releases)<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| effectiveness of zykanta | After reading description of a trial for a hypothetical drug, participants will be asked: How effective do you / think Zykanta is at treating metastatic lung / cancer? Response will be choice of one of the following Not at all effective Somewhat effective Very effective Completely effective | within 1 day | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| effect on tumor | If a patient with / metastatic lung cancer started to take Zykanta, what do you think / would happen to their tumor over the next 6 / months Choices: Nothing Shrink a little Shrink a lot Go away completely | within 1 day | 
| strength of scientific evidence | How strong is the scientific / evidence that Zykanta helps patients with metastatic lung / cancer? Choices Extremely weak Weak Strong Extremely strong | within 1 day | 
| Interest in taking | If a close friend or / family member was diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer, / would you want them to take / Zykanta? Choices Definitely not probably not probably yes definitely yes | within 1 day | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Decision making