Combined Effects of Sequential Variety and Portion Size on Meal Intake of Women

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of sequential meal variety and portion size on food intake at a meal. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of simultaneous variety and portion size on meal intake.

Official Title
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Combined Effects of Sequential Variety and Portion Size on Meal Intake of Women

Conditions
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Eating Behavior

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Sequential Variety
* Other: Single-Food
* Other: Small Portion
* Other: Large Portion


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Be willing and able to travel to Penn State University Park campus weekly for meals Be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 Be a woman 20 - 65 years old Regularly eat 3 meals/day Be willing to refrain from drinking alcohol the day before and during test days Have a body mass index between 18.0 and 35.0 kg/m*m Be willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions Be willing to participate in all study procedures Exclusion Criteria: Must not be a smoker Must not be an athlete in training Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening Must not have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months Must not dislike or be unable to eat the test foods (because of allergies, intolerance, or dietary restrictions) Must not have a high variability in liking of the test foods Must not be currently dieting to gain or lose weight Must not have a health condition that affects appetite Must not have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year Must not be a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Sequential Variety, Small Portion<br>3 different foods served in a small portion in 3 successive courses | Other: Sequential Variety<br>* 3 different foods served in 3 successive courses<br>Other: Small Portion<br>* Small meal portion size<br>|
| Experimental: Sequential Variety, Large Portion<br>3 different foods served in a large portion in 3 successive courses | Other: Sequential Variety<br>* 3 different foods served in 3 successive courses<br>Other: Large Portion<br>* Large meal portion size<br>|
| Experimental: Single-Food, Small Portion<br>1 food served in a small portion in 3 successive courses | Other: Single-Food<br>* 1 food served in 3 successive courses<br>Other: Small Portion<br>* Small meal portion size<br>|
| Experimental: Single-Food, Large Portion<br>1 food served in a large portion in 3 successive courses | Other: Single-Food<br>* 1 food served in 3 successive courses<br>Other: Large Portion<br>* Large meal portion size<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in intake by weight | Weight (grams) of all meal components consumed | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in energy intake | Energy intake (kilocalories) of all meal components consumed, calculated from weight and energy density | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in bite count | The number of bites of food during the meal | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in active eating time | Duration of the time spent eating in minutes | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in mean eating rate | Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in mean bite size | Mean food intake per bite (grams/bite), calculated by dividing meal food intake by bite count | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in sip count | The number of sips of water during the meal | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in mean drinking rate | Mean water intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal water intake by meal duration | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in mean sip size | Mean water intake per sip (grams/sip), calculated by dividing meal water intake by sip count | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in switching between bites and sips | The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of pleasantness of the taste of food samples | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of desire to eat food samples | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all strong (0 mm) to extremely strong (100 mm), in answer to How strong is your desire to eat [this food] right now?. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety. | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of hunger | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of thirst | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of nausea | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of fullness | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in rating of prospective consumption | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm), in answer to How much food do you think you could eat right now?. | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 |