Enterobius Vermicularis and Bruxism in Children

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Background. Bruxism is an involuntary, non-functional activity of the masticatory system, and is frequently seen in childhood. Bruxism has many aetiologies, like malocclusion, psychological factors, allergies and gastrointestinal disorders. Aim. To investigate the relationship between Enterobius vermicularis infection and bruxism in children.

Detailed Description
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Bruxism has many aetiologies, like occlusal interferences, malocclusion, malnutrition, psychological factors, allergies and gastrointestinal disorders. Among these gastrointestinal disorders, are various intestinal parasitic infections. Given the controversy surrounding the potential association between bruxism and intestinal parasitic infestations, both important health issues, this study sought to evaluate the relationship between E. vermicularis infection and bruxism in E. vermicularis-positive and E. vermicularis-negative 3-10-year-olds children with bruxism.

Official Title
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Evaluation of Relationship Between Enterobius Vermicularis Infection and Bruxism in Children

Conditions
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Bruxism, Sleep

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Bitestrip


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Teeth-grinding at least once a week in the last 3 months before recruitment according to the criteria established by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Angle class I occlusion Mesial step occlusion according to flush terminal plane. Exclusion Criteria: Treated with anti-helminthic drugs in the last 2 months before recruitment Drugs used that could affect the central nervous system and prevent sleep (sedatives, anti-depressants, neuroleptics, anti-muscarinics, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) Sleep disorders (snoring, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea, restless leg syndrome, sleep-related epilepsy) Psychiatric or neurological disorders Upper respiratory system obstruction (last 15 days), Any systemic disease; Teeth erosion due to internal (reflux) or external (acidic drinks) factors Dermatological problems, associated with the use of BiteStrip (Up2dent, Inc., Pulheim, Germany); Unsuitable skin structure; Previously diagnosed and treated for bruxism; Angle class II or class III occlusion

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 3 Years
Maximum Age: 10 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Group 1,<br>E. vermicularis-positive | Other: Bitestrip<br>* The parents of the patients were asked to complete a survey that included questions about the demographic data, medical history of the patient, clinical findings of E. For diagnosis of sleep bruxism, a single-use BiteStrip® device (Up2dent, Inc.), including an electromyographic electrode, small display screen and lithium cell, was used to record the increased electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles during sleep and bruxism, other harmful oral habits, family life and habits.<br>|
| Group 2<br>E. vermicularis-negative | Other: Bitestrip<br>* The parents of the patients were asked to complete a survey that included questions about the demographic data, medical history of the patient, clinical findings of E. For diagnosis of sleep bruxism, a single-use BiteStrip® device (Up2dent, Inc.), including an electromyographic electrode, small display screen and lithium cell, was used to record the increased electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles during sleep and bruxism, other harmful oral habits, family life and habits.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Survey | The parents of the patients were asked to complete a survey that included questions about the demographic data, medical history of the patient, clinical findings of E. vermicularis and bruxism, other harmful oral habits, family life and habits. | 24.03.2017-20.05.2018 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oral examination | The patients who had a teeth-grinding habit were invited to, our clinic for clinical evaluation of bruxism. Patients were examined under a reflector light with inspection, palpation and mirror-sond. The extraoral examination evaluated mandibular asymmetry, joint sounds, deviation/deflection during opening/closing actions, sensitivity to palpation of masticatory muscles and pain/tenderness, sensitivity to palpation of the temporomandibular joint and masseter muscle hypertrophy10. The intraoral examination assessed the presence of wear facets on the teeth, according to a modification of the method by Johansson. The assessed teeth included primary incisors, canines and molars, permanent incisors and lower first molars. Scores were calculated as follows: 0 = no wear (none); 1 = enamel wear only (mild); 2 = enamel and dentin wear (moderate); 3 = significant loss of tooth structure (severe). | 24.03.2017-20.05.2018 |