Diaphragmatic Breathing During Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Aviophobia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The study investigated the effect of diaphragmatic breathing as an additional coping strategy during Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in patients with aviophobia. The authors assumed that diaphragmatic breathing (DB) would lead to less fear and physiological arousal during the VRET and to an enhanced treatment outcome

Detailed Description
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Patients with aviophobia received treatment in Virtual Reality with or without DB. The authors assumed that adding DB to VRET would enhance treatment effects by reducing fear during exposure, thus improving the processing of the feared situation. The authors hypothesized that, as a result, self-efficacy would be increased in comparison to VRET alone.

Official Title
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Diaphragmatic Breathing During Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Aviophobia: Functional Coping Strategy or Avoidance Behavior? A Pilot Study

Conditions
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Fear of Flying

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Diaphragmatic breathing
* Behavioral: Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: age 20 to 65 flying experience subjective rating of fear of flying > 60 from 100 Exclusion Criteria: pregnancy heart disease current involvement in psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: VR exposure + diaphragmatic breathing<br>Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy + Diaphragmatic breathing | Behavioral: Diaphragmatic breathing<br>* Patients trained in the technique of diaphragmatic breathing were instructed to take a breath by contracting the diaphragm and were trained to maintain their respiration frequency. They were told to inhale through the nose for four seconds and exhale through the mouth for six seconds (six cycles per minute). Patients then had five minutes to practice by following verbal breathing instructions provided over headphones. During VR exposure breathing instructions were provided via headphones. Diaphragmatic is thought to reduce arousal on the physiological level (Hazlett-Stevens & Craske, 2009) but at the same time not to divert attention from the feared situation to the same extent as other coping strategies<br>Behavioral: Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy<br>* Exposure to fear-evoking stimuli is conducted more often in virtual environments using simulators or similar computer-technologies (Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, VRET). One great advantage of using VR-technologies is that it is possible to create an environment which is highly controllable by its creators. Feared stimuli or scenarios can be varied on individual purposes and presented several times. This facilitates the practice of exposure-based treatments especially for situations or places difficult to access or requiring a considerable amount of time and/or money (e.g. being in war zones or a passenger on a flight), where in vivo exposures have often not been conducted or only in a limited manner (Mühlberger & Pauli, 2011)<br>|
| Active Comparator: VR exposure<br>Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy | Behavioral: Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy<br>* Exposure to fear-evoking stimuli is conducted more often in virtual environments using simulators or similar computer-technologies (Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, VRET). One great advantage of using VR-technologies is that it is possible to create an environment which is highly controllable by its creators. Feared stimuli or scenarios can be varied on individual purposes and presented several times. This facilitates the practice of exposure-based treatments especially for situations or places difficult to access or requiring a considerable amount of time and/or money (e.g. being in war zones or a passenger on a flight), where in vivo exposures have often not been conducted or only in a limited manner (Mühlberger & Pauli, 2011)<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in FFS (Fear of Flying Scale) scores | The Fear of Flying Scale (FFS; German version (Mühlberger & Pauli, 2011)) covers 21 flight situations (e.g., planning the trip, boarding a plane, turbulence during the flight) rated on a 5-point Likert scale | immediately before the exposure session, immediately after the exposure session, immediately before the test session (which took place one week after the exposure session), immediately after the test session, in a follow up (one year later) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in fear ratings | Patients were asked to rate their current fear on a scale from 0 (no fear) to 100 (extreme fear) | both during the VR flights (consisting of four 2-min phases each) of the exposure and the test session. Ratings were asked one minute after the beginning of each phase of each flight. | 
| Change in heart rate |  | during the four 2-min phases of each of the three VR flights of the exposure session and of each of the two VR flights of the test session. | 
| Change in electrodermal activity (skin conductance level) |  | during the four 2-min phases of each of the three VR flights of the exposure session and of each of the two VR flights of the test session. | 
| Change in self-efficacy scores |  | immediately before the exposure session, immediately after the exposure session, immediately before the test session (which took place one week after the exposure session), immediately after the test session, in a follow up (one year later) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Diaphragmatic Breathing, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy