Improving College Students' Mental Help-Seeking Intention During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study aimed at testing the effectiveness of a longitudinal intervention in increasing college students' intention to seek mental help during the pandemic.

Detailed Description
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This study aimed at testing the effectiveness of a longitudinal intervention in increasing college students' intention to seek mental help during the pandemic. A four-armed randomized controlled experiment was conducted to compare two self-persuasion methods against two control conditions. Assessments took place at baseline (T0), post-first treatment (T1), post-second treatment (six weeks, T2), and ten-week follow-up (T3). The results showed that the intervention significantly increased students' help-seeking intention, attitude, and efficacy at different time points. It also reduced mental help-seeking-related stigma after the first task.

Official Title
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Improving College Students' Mental Help-Seeking Intention During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Conditions
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Help-Seeking Behavior, Mental Health Issue

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Mental help-seeking self-persuasion


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18 years old or older Full-time undergraduate students Had more than a moderate amount of mental distress Exclusion Criteria: Under 18 years old Not full-time undergraduate students Had less than a moderate amount of mental distress

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: YouTube Intervention<br>Participants assigned to this task were asked to search YouTube for a 5-10 minutes' video promoting mental help-seeking among college students. Then, they were expected to provide the link to the video and describe the content of the video. Next, participants were guided to form rebuttals disapproving three statements that rationalize students' low intention to seek mental help. | Behavioral: Mental help-seeking self-persuasion<br>* Employing a longitudinal design, this study used a self-persuasion framework in a 4-arm intervention to increase college students' help-seeking intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Facebook Intervention<br>This task was to draft a Facebook message for the participants' fellow students. In their message, participants were expected to list three reasons for seeking mental help. The length of the message was not pre-determined. | Behavioral: Mental help-seeking self-persuasion<br>* Employing a longitudinal design, this study used a self-persuasion framework in a 4-arm intervention to increase college students' help-seeking intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: YouTube Control Group<br>Participants in this group were assigned a YouTube task advocating social distancing during a pandemic. The question prompts were modified from the tasks for the experimental groups. | Behavioral: Mental help-seeking self-persuasion<br>* Employing a longitudinal design, this study used a self-persuasion framework in a 4-arm intervention to increase college students' help-seeking intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Facebook Control Group<br>Participants in this group were assigned a Facebook task advocating social distancing during a pandemic. The question prompts were modified from the tasks for the experimental groups. | Behavioral: Mental help-seeking self-persuasion<br>* Employing a longitudinal design, this study used a self-persuasion framework in a 4-arm intervention to increase college students' help-seeking intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Help-Seeking Intention | Help-Seeking Intention was measured by one item created based on recommendations by Ajzen (2002). Measured on a 5-point scale (1 = extremely unlikely, 5 = extremely likely), this item asked, If you have a personal-emotional problem, how likely is it that you would seek help from a mental health professional (a psychologist, psychologist, or psychotherapist)? Higher scores on this item suggest higher intentions to seek professional mental help. | 10 weeks | 
| Help-Seeking Behavior | Help-Seeking Behavior was measured by a validated item modified from previous research based on the transtheoretical model (Sarkin et al., 2001). The item asked about if a participant has sought mental help from a health care professional. Answers to this item included 1 = not intending to seek help in the next six months, 2 = intending to seek help in the next six months, 3 = planning to seek help in the next 30 days, 4 = have already sought help but for less than six months, and 5 = have been under treatment for more than six months. | 10 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mental help-seeking attitudes | participants rated 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) on ten items of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form (ATSPPHS-SF) (Fischer & Farina, 1995). | 10 weeks | 
| Self-stigma of seeking mental help | Participants rated 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) on ten items adopted from the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale (Vogel et al., 2006). | 10/2020 - 1/10 weeks | 
| Mental help-seeking efficacy | Mental Help-Seeking Efficacy was measured by five items modified from previous research (Mo & Mak, 2009) and recommendations (Ajzen, 2002). Participants rated 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) on the answers. | 10 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Mental help-seeking, COVID-19, College students, Self-persuasion