Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999 (Status as of 23 September 2018)
Preamble
In the name of Almighty God!
The Swiss People and the Cantons,
mindful of their responsibility towards creation,
resolved to renew their alliance so as to strengthen liberty, democracy, independence
and peace in a spirit of solidarity and openness towards the world,
determined to live together with mutual consideration and respect for their diversity,
conscious of their common achievements and their responsibility towards future
generations,
and in the knowledge that only those who use their freedom remain free, and that the
strength of a people is measured by the well-being of its weakest members,
adopt the following Constitution1:
Title 1         General Provisions
Art. 1          The Swiss Confederation
The People and the Cantons of Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden and
Nidwalden, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel Stadt and Basel Landschaft,
Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, St. Gallen,
Graubünden, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Jura
form the Swiss Confederation.
Art. 2          Aims
1 The Swiss Confederation shall protect the liberty and rights of the people and
safeguard the independence and security of the country.
AS 2007 5225
1    Adopted by the popular vote on 18 April 1999 (FedD of 18 Dec. 1998, FCD of
     11 Aug. 1999; AS 1999 2556; BBl 1997 I 1, 1999 162 5986).
2 It shall promote the common welfare, sustainable development, internal cohesion
and cultural diversity of the country.
3 It shall ensure the greatest possible equality of opportunity among its citizens.
4 It is committed to the long term preservation of natural resources and to a just and
peaceful international order.
Art. 3            Cantons
The Cantons are sovereign except to the extent that their sovereignty is limited by
the Federal Constitution. They exercise all rights that are not vested in the Confederation.
Art. 4            National languages
The National Languages are German, French, Italian, and Romansh.
Art. 5            Rule of law
1 All activities of the state are based on and limited by law.
2 State activities must be conducted in the public interest and be proportionate to the
ends sought.
3 State institutions and private persons shall act in good faith.
4 The Confederation and the Cantons shall respect international law.
Art. 5a2          Subsidiarity
The principle of subsidiarity must be observed in the allocation and performance of
state tasks.
Art. 6            Individual and collective responsibility
All individuals shall take responsibility for themselves and shall, according to their
abilities, contribute to achieving the tasks of the state and society.
Title 2           Fundamental Rights, Citizenship and Social Goals
Chapter 1         Fundamental Rights
Art. 7            Human dignity
Human dignity must be respected and protected.
2     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct. 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
Art. 8          Equality before the law
1 Every person is equal before the law.
2 No person may be discriminated against, in particular on grounds of origin, race,
gender, age, language, social position, way of life, religious, ideological, or political
convictions, or because of a physical, mental or psychological disability.
3 Men and women have equal rights. The law shall ensure their equality, both in law
and in practice, most particularly in the family, in education, and in the workplace.
Men and women have the right to equal pay for work of equal value.
4 The law shall provide for the elimination of inequalities that affect persons with
disabilities.
Art. 9          Protection against arbitrary conduct and principle of good faith
Every person has the right to be treated by state authorities in good faith and in a
non-arbitrary manner.
Art. 10         Right to life and to personal freedom
1 Every person has the right to life. The death penalty is prohibited.
2 Every person has the right to personal liberty and in particular to physical and
mental integrity and to freedom of movement.
3 Torture and any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are prohibited.
Art. 11         Protection of children and young people
1 Children and young people have the right to the special protection of their integrity
and to the encouragement of their development.
2 They may personally exercise their rights to the extent that their power of judgement allows.
Art. 12         Right to assistance when in need
Persons in need and unable to provide for themselves have the right to assistance
and care, and to the financial means required for a decent standard of living.
Art. 13         Right to privacy
1 Every person has the right to privacy in their private and family life and in their
home, and in relation to their mail and telecommunications.
2 Every person has the right to be protected against the misuse of their personal data.
Art. 14         Right to marry and to have a family
The right to marry and to have a family is guaranteed.
Art. 15          Freedom of religion and conscience
1 Freedom of religion and conscience is guaranteed.
2 Every person has the right to choose freely their religion or their philosophical
convictions, and to profess them alone or in community with others.
3 Every person has the right to join or to belong to a religious community, and to
follow religious teachings.
4 No person may be forced to join or belong to a religious community, to participate
in a religious act, or to follow religious teachings.
Art. 16          Freedom of expression and of information
1 Freedom of expression and of information is guaranteed.
2 Every person has the right freely to form, express, and impart their opinions.
3 Every person has the right freely to receive information to gather it from generally
accessible sources and to disseminate it.
Art. 17          Freedom of the media
1 Freedom of the press, radio and television and of other forms of dissemination of
features and information by means of public telecommunications is guaranteed.
2 Censorship is prohibited.
3 The protection of sources is guaranteed.
Art. 18          Freedom to use any language
The freedom to use any language is guaranteed.
Art. 19          Right to basic education
The right to an adequate and free basic education is guaranteed
Art. 20          Academic freedom
Freedom of research and teaching is guaranteed.
Art. 21          Freedom of artistic expression
Freedom of artistic expression is guaranteed.
Art. 22          Freedom of assembly
1 Freedom of assembly is guaranteed.
2 Every person has the right to organise meetings and to participate or not to participate in meetings.
Art. 23          Freedom of association
1 Freedom of association is guaranteed.
2 Every person has the right to form, join or belong to an association and to participate in the activities of an association.
3 No person may be compelled to join or to belong to an association.
Art. 24          Freedom of domicile
1 Swiss citizens have the right to establish their domicile anywhere in the country.
2 They have the right to leave or to enter Switzerland.
Art. 25          Protection against expulsion, extradition and deportation
1 Swiss citizens may not be expelled from Switzerland and may only be extradited to
a foreign authority with their consent.
2 Refugees may not be deported or extradited to a state in which they will be persecuted.
3 No person may be deported to a state in which they face the threat of torture or any
other form of cruel or inhumane treatment or punishment.
Art. 26          Guarantee of ownership
1 The right to own property is guaranteed.
2 The compulsory purchase of property and any restriction on ownership that is
equivalent to compulsory purchase shall be compensated in full.
Art. 27          Economic freedom
1 Economic freedom is guaranteed.
2 Economic freedom includes in particular the freedom to choose an occupation as
well as the freedom to pursue a private economic activity.
Art. 28          Right to form professional associations
1 Employees, employers and their organisations have the right to join together in
order to protect their interests, to form associations and to join or not to join such
associations.
2 Disputes must wherever possible be resolved through negotiation or mediation.
3 Strikes and lock outs are permitted if they relate to employment relations and if
they do not contravene any requirements to preserve peaceful employment relations
or to conduct conciliation proceedings.
4 The law may prohibit certain categories of person from taking strike action.
Art. 29          General procedural guarantees
1 Every person has the right to equal and fair treatment in judicial and administrative
proceedings and to have their case decided within a reasonable time.
2 Each party to a case has the right to be heard.
3 Any person who does not have sufficient means has the right to free legal advice
and assistance unless their case appears to have no prospect of success. If it is necessary in order to safeguard their rights, they also have the right to free legal representation in court.
Art. 29a3        Guarantee of access to the courts
In a legal dispute, every person has the right to have their case determined by a
judicial authority. The Confederation and the Cantons may by law preclude the
determination by the courts of certain exceptional categories of case.
Art. 30          Judicial proceedings
1 Any person whose case falls to be judicially decided has the right to have their case
heard by a legally constituted, competent, independent and impartial court. Ad hoc
courts are prohibited.
2 Unless otherwise provided by law, any person against whom civil proceedings
have been raised has the right to have their case decided by a court within the jurisdiction in which they reside.
3 Unless the law provides otherwise, court hearings and the delivery of judgments
shall be in public.
Art. 31          Deprivation of liberty
1 No person may be deprived of their liberty other than in the circumstances and in
the manner provided for by the law.
2 Any person deprived of their liberty has the right to be notified without delay and
in a language they can understand of the reasons for their detention and of their
rights. They must be given the opportunity to exercise their rights, in particular, the
right to have their next-of-kin informed.
3 Any person in pre-trial detention has the right to be brought before a court without
delay. The court decides whether the person must remain in detention or be released.
Any person in pre-trial detention has the right to have their case decided within a
reasonable time.
4 Any person who has been deprived of their liberty by a body other than a court has
the right to have recourse to a court at any time. The court shall decide as quickly as
possible on the legality of their detention.
3    Adopted by the popular vote on 12 March 2000, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (FedD of
     8 Oct. 1999, FCD of 17 May 2000, FedD of 8 March 2005; AS 2002 3148, 2006 1059;
     BBl 1997 I 1, 1999 8633, 2000 2990, 2001 4202).
Art. 32           Criminal proceedings
1 Every person is presumed innocent until they have been found guilty by a legally
enforceable judgment.
2 Every accused person has the right to be notified as quickly and comprehensively
as possible of the charge brought against them. They must be given the opportunity
to assert their rights to a proper defence.
3 Every convicted person has the right to have their conviction reviewed by a higher
court, with the exception of cases in which the Federal Supreme Court sits at first
instance.
Art. 33           Right of petition
1 Every person has the right, without prejudice, to petition the authorities.
2 The authorities must acknowledge receipt of such petitions.
Art. 34           Political rights
1 Political rights are guaranteed.
2 The guarantee of political rights protects the freedom of the citizen to form an
opinion and to give genuine expression to his or her will.
Art. 35           Upholding of fundamental rights
1 Fundamental rights must be upheld throughout the legal system.
2 Whoever acts on behalf of the state is bound by fundamental rights and is under a
duty to contribute to their implementation.
3 The authorities shall ensure that fundamental rights, where appropriate, apply to
relationships among private persons.
Art. 36           Restrictions on fundamental rights
1 Restrictions on fundamental rights must have a legal basis. Significant restrictions
must have their basis in a federal act. The foregoing does not apply in cases of
serious and immediate danger where no other course of action is possible.
2 Restrictions on fundamental rights must be justified in the public interest or for the
protection of the fundamental rights of others.
3 Any restrictions on fundamental rights must be proportionate.
4 The essence of fundamental rights is sacrosanct.
Chapter 2          Citizenship and Political Rights
Art. 37            Citizenship
1 Any person who is a citizen of a commune and of the Canton to which that commune belongs is a Swiss citizen.
2 No person may be given preferential treatment or suffer prejudice because of their
citizenship. The foregoing does not apply to regulations on political rights in citizens’ communes and corporations or to participation in the assets thereof, unless
cantonal legislation provides otherwise.
Art. 38            Acquisition and deprivation of citizenship
1 The Confederation shall regulate the acquisition and deprivation of citizenship by
birth, marriage or adoption. It shall also regulate the deprivation of Swiss citizenship
on other grounds, together with the reinstatement of citizenship.
2 It shall legislate on the minimum requirements for the naturalisation of foreign
nationals by the Cantons and grant naturalisation permits.
3 It shall enact simplified regulations on the naturalisation of:
    a.    third generation immigrants;
    b.    stateless children.4
Art. 39            Exercise of political rights
1 The Confederation shall regulate the exercise of political rights in federal matters,
and the Cantons shall regulate their exercise at cantonal and communal matters.
2 Political rights are exercised in the commune in which a citizen resides, although
the Confederation and the Cantons may provide for exceptions.
3 No person may exercise their political rights contemporaneously in more than one
Canton.
4 A Canton may provide that a person newly registered as a resident may exercise
the right to vote in cantonal and communal matters only after a waiting period of a
maximum of three months of permanent settlement.
Art. 40            The Swiss abroad
1 The Confederation shall encourage relations among the Swiss abroad and their
relations with Switzerland. It may support organisations that pursue this objective.
2 It shall legislate on the rights and obligations of the Swiss abroad, in particular in
relation to the exercise of political rights in the Confederation, the fulfilment of the
obligation to perform military or alternative service, welfare support and social
security.
4      Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 12 Feb. 2017 (FedD of
       30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 13 April 2017 – AS 2017 2643; BBl 2015 769 1327, 2017 3387).
Chapter 3          Social Objectives
Art. 41
1 The Confederation and the Cantons shall, as a complement to personal responsibility and private initiative, endeavour to ensure that:
   a.    every person has access to social security;
   b.    every person has access to the health care that they require;
   c.    families are protected and encouraged as communities of adults and chil         dren;
   d.    every person who is fit to work can earn their living by working under fair
         conditions;
   e.    any person seeking accommodation for themselves and their family can find
         suitable accommodation on reasonable terms;
   f.    children and young people as well as persons of employable age can obtain
         an education and undergo basic and advanced training in accordance with
         their abilities;
   g.    children and young people are encouraged to develop into independent and
         socially responsible people and are supported in their social, cultural and po         litical integration.
2 The Confederation and Cantons shall endeavour to ensure that every person is
protected against the economic consequences of old-age, invalidity, illness, accident,
unemployment, maternity, being orphaned and being widowed.
3 They shall endeavour to achieve these social objectives within the scope of their
constitutional powers and the resources available to them.
4 No direct right to state benefits may be established on the basis of these social
objectives.
Title 3            Confederation, Cantons and Communes
Chapter 1          Relations between the Confederation and the Cantons
Section 1          Duties of the Confederation and the Cantons
Art. 42            Duties of the Confederation
1 The Confederation shall fulfil the duties that are assigned to it by Federal Constitution.
2 ...5
5     Repealed by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, with effect from 1 Jan. 2008 (FedD of
      3 Oct. 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
Art. 43          Duties of the Cantons
The Cantons decide on the duties that they must fulfil within the scope of their
powers.
Art. 43a6        Principles for the allocation and fulfilment of state tasks
1 The Confederation only undertakes tasks that the Cantons are unable to perform or
which require uniform regulation by the Confederation.
2 The collective body that benefits from a public service bears the costs thereof.
3 The collective body that bears the costs of a public service may decide on the
nature of that service.
4 Universally provided services must made be available to every person in a comparable manner.
5 State tasks must be fulfilled economically and in accordance with demand.
Section 2        Cooperation between the Confederation and the Cantons
Art. 44          Principles
1 The Confederation and the Cantons shall support each other in the fulfilment of
their duties and shall generally cooperate with each other.
2 They owe each other a duty of consideration and support. They shall provide each
other with administrative assistance and mutual judicial assistance.
3 Disputes between Cantons or between Cantons and the Confederation shall wherever possible be resolved by negotiation or mediation.
Art. 45          Participation in federal decision-making
1 In the cases specified by the Federal Constitution, the Cantons shall participate in
the federal decision making process, and in particular in the legislative process.
2 The Confederation shall inform the Cantons of its intentions fully and in good
time. It shall consult the Cantons where their interests are affected.
Art. 46          Implementation of federal law
1 The Cantons shall implement federal law in accordance with the Federal Constitution and federal legislation.
2 The Confederation and the Cantons may together agree that the Cantons should
achieve specific goals in the implementation of federal law and may to this end
conduct programmes that receive financial support from the Confederation.7
6    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
     3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
     2003 6591, 2005 951).
3 The Confederation shall allow the Cantons all possible discretion to organise their
own affairs and shall take account of cantonal particularities.8
Art. 47            Autonomy of the Cantons
1 The Confederation shall respect the autonomy of the Cantons.
2 It shall leave the Cantons sufficient tasks of their own and respect their organisational autonomy. It shall leave the Cantons with sufficient sources of finance and
contribute towards ensuring that they have the financial resources required to fulfil
their tasks.9
Art. 48            Intercantonal agreements
1 The Cantons may enter into agreements with each other and establish common
organisations and institutions. In particular, they may jointly undertake tasks of
regional importance together.
2 The Confederation may participate in such organisations or institutions within the
scope of its powers.
3 Agreements between Cantons must not be contrary to the law, to the interests of
the Confederation or to the rights of other Cantons. The Confederation must be
notified of such agreements.
4 The Cantons may by intercantonal agreement authorise intercantonal bodies to
issue legislative provisions that implement an intercantonal agreement, provided the
agreement:
    a.    has been approved under the same procedure that applies to other legislation;
    b.    determines the basic content of the provisions.10
5 The Cantons shall comply with intercantonal law.11
7      Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
8      Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
9      Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
10     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
11     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
Art. 48a12        Declaration of general application and requirement of participation
1 At the request of interested Cantons, the Confederation may declare intercantonal
agreements to be generally binding or require Cantons to participate in intercantonal
agreements in the following fields:
   a.    the execution of criminal penalties and measures;
   b.13 school education in the matters specified in Article 62 paragraph 4;
   c.14 cantonal institutions of higher education;
   d.    cultural institutions of supra-regional importance;
   e.    waste management;
   f.    waste water treatment;
   g.    urban transport;
   h.    advanced medical science and specialist clinics;
   i.    institutions for the rehabilitation and care of invalids.
2 A declaration of general application is made in the form of a federal decree.
3 The law shall specify the requirements for a declaration of general application and
for a participation requirement and regulate the procedure.
Art. 49           Precedence of and compliance with federal law
1 Federal law takes precedence over any conflicting provision of cantonal law.
2 The Confederation shall ensure that the Cantons comply with federal law.
Section 3         Communes
Art. 50
1 The autonomy of the communes is guaranteed in accordance with cantonal law.
2 The Confederation shall take account in its activities of the possible consequences
for the communes.
3 In doing so, it shall take account of the special position of the cities and urban
areas as well as the mountain regions.
12    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
13    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
14    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
Section 4         Federal Guarantees
Art. 51           Cantonal constitutions
1 Each Canton shall adopt a democratic constitution. This requires the approval of
the People and must be capable of being revised if the majority of those eligible to
vote so request.
2 Each cantonal constitution shall require the guarantee of the Confederation. The
Confederation shall guarantee a constitution provided it is not contrary to federal
law.
Art. 52           Constitutional order
1 The Confederation shall protect the constitutional order of the Cantons.
2 It shall intervene when public order in a Canton is disrupted or under threat and the
Canton in question is not able to maintain order alone or with the aid of other Cantons.
Art. 53           Number and territory of the Cantons
1 The Confederation shall protect the existence and territory of the Cantons.
2 Any change in the number of Cantons requires the consent of the citizens and the
Cantons concerned together with the consent of the People and the Cantons.
3 Any change in territory between Cantons requires the consent both of the Cantons
concerned and of their citizens as well as the approval of the Federal Assembly in
the form of a Federal Decree.
4 Inter-cantonal boundary adjustments may be made by agreement between the
Cantons concerned.
Chapter 2         Powers
Section 1         Relations with Foreign States
Art. 54           Foreign relations
1 Foreign relations are the responsibility of the Confederation.
2 The Confederation shall ensure that the independence of Switzerland and its welfare is safeguarded; it shall in particular assist in the alleviation of need and poverty
in the world and promote respect for human rights and democracy, the peaceful coexistence of peoples as well as the conservation of natural resources.
3 It shall respect the powers of the Cantons and protect their interests.
Art. 55          Participation of the Cantons in foreign policy decisions
1 The Cantons shall be consulted on foreign policy decisions that affect their powers
or their essential interests.
2 The Confederation shall inform the Cantons fully and in good time and shall consult with them.
3 The views of the Cantons are of particular importance if their powers are affected.
In such cases, the Cantons shall participate in international negotiations in an appropriate manner.
Art. 56          Relations between the Cantons and foreign states
1 A Canton may conclude treaties with foreign states on matters that lie within the
scope of its powers.
2 Such treaties must not conflict with the law or the interests of the Confederation, or
with the law of any other Cantons. The Canton must inform the Confederation
before concluding such a treaty.
3 A Canton may deal directly with lower ranking foreign authorities; in other cases,
the Confederation shall conduct relations with foreign states on behalf of a Canton.
Section 2        Security, National Defence, Civil Defence
Art. 57          Security
1 The Confederation and the Cantons shall within the scope of their powers ensure
the security of the country and the protection of the population.
2 They shall coordinate their efforts in the area of internal security.
Art. 58          Armed forces
1 Switzerland shall have armed forces. In principle, the armed forces shall be organised as a militia.
2 The armed forces serve to prevent war and to maintain peace; they defend the
country and its population. They shall support the civilian authorities in safeguarding the country against serious threats to internal security and in dealing with exceptional situations. Further duties may be provided for by law.
3 The deployment of the armed forces is the responsibility of the Confederation.15
15   Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
     3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
     2003 6591, 2005 951).
Art. 59          Military service and alternative service
1 Every Swiss man is required to do military service. Alternative civilian service
shall be provided for by law.
2 Military service is voluntary for Swiss women.
3 Any Swiss man who does not do military or alternative service is liable to pay a
tax. This tax is levied by the Confederation and assessed and collected by the Cantons.
4 The Confederation shall legislate for fair compensation for loss of income.
5 Persons who suffer damage to their health or lose their lives while doing military
or alternative civilian service are entitled to appropriate support from the Confederation, whether for themselves or for their next of kin.
Art. 60          Armed forces organisation, training and equipment
1 Armed forces legislation, together with the organisation, training and equipment of
the armed forces, is the responsibility of the Confederation.
2 ...16
3 The Confederation may, in return for appropriate compensation, take over the
running of cantonal military installations
Art. 61          Civil defence
1 The legislation on the civil defence of persons and property against the effects of
armed conflicts is the responsibility of the Confederation.
2 The Confederation shall legislate on the deployment of civil defence units in the
event of disasters and emergencies.
3 It may declare civil defence service to be compulsory for men. For women, such
service is voluntary.
4 The Confederation shall legislate on fair compensation for loss of income.
5 Persons who suffer damage to their health or lose their lives while doing civil
defence service are entitled to appropriate support from the Confederation, whether
for themselves or for their next of kin.
16   Repealed by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, with effect from 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD
     of 3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765;
     BBl 2002 2291, 2003 6591, 2005 951).
Section 3         Education, Research and Culture
Art. 61a17        Swiss Education Area
1 The Confederation and the Cantons shall, within the scope of their powers, jointly
ensure the high quality and accessibility of the Swiss Education Area.
2 They shall coordinate their efforts and ensure their cooperation through joint
administrative bodies and other measures.
3 They shall ensure in the fulfilment of their duties18 that general and vocational
courses of study achieve equal recognition in society.
Art. 62           School education*
1 The Cantons are responsible for the system of school education.
2 They shall ensure the provision of an adequate basic education that is available to
all children. Basic education is mandatory and is managed or supervised by the state.
At state schools it is free of charge.19
3 The Cantons shall ensure that adequate special needs education is provided to all
children and young people with disabilities up to the age of 20.20
4 Where harmonisation of school education is not achieved by means of coordination
in the areas of school entry age and compulsory school attendance, the duration and
objectives of levels of education, and the transition for one level to another, as well
as the recognition of qualifications, the Confederation shall issue regulations to
achieve such harmonisation.21
5 The Confederation shall regulate the start of the school year.22
17   Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
     16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
     2006 6725).
18   Revised by the Editing Committee of the Federal Assembly, Art. 58 para. 1 ParlA
     (SR 171.10).
*    With transitional provision.
19   Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
     16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
     2006 6725).
20   Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
     3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
     2003 6591, 2005 951).
21   Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
     16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
     2006 6725).
22   Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
     16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
     2006 6725).
6 The Cantons shall participate in the drafting of federal legislation on school education that affects cantonal responsibilities, and special account shall be taken of their
opinions.23
Art. 6324         Vocational and professional education and training
1 The Confederation shall issue regulations on vocational and professional education
and training.
2 It shall encourage the provision of a diverse and accessible range of courses in
vocational and professional education and training.
Art. 63a25        Higher education institutions
1 The Confederation shall manage the Federal Institutes of Technology. It may
establish, take over or manage additional universities and other higher education
institutions.
2 It shall support the cantonal universities and may make financial contributions to
other higher education institutions that it recognises.
3 The Confederation and the Cantons are jointly responsible for the coordination and
guarantee of quality in Swiss higher education. In fulfilling this responsibility, they
shall take account of the autonomy of the universities and the various bodies responsible for them and ensure the equal treatment of institutions with the same functions.
4 In order to fulfil their duties, the Confederation and the Cantons shall enter into
agreements and delegate certain powers to joint administrative authorities. The law
shall regulate the powers that may be delegated, and determine the principles governing the organisation of and procedures for coordination.
5 If the Confederation and the Cantons fail to reach their common goals by means of
coordination, the Confederation shall issue regulations on levels of studies and the
transition from one level to another, on postgraduate education and on the recognition of institutions and qualifications. In addition, the Confederation may impose
standard funding principles for subsidising of universities, and may make subsidies
contingent on universities sharing particularly cost-intensive activities.
23    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
24    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
25    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
Art. 64           Research
1 The Confederation shall promote scientific research and innovation.26
2 It may make its support conditional in particular on quality assurance and coordination being guaranteed.27
3 It may establish, take over or run research institutes.
Art. 64a28        Continuing education and training
1 The Confederation shall specify principles governing continuing education and
training.
2 It may promote continuing education and training.
3 The law shall specify the fields of and the criteria for such promotion.
Art. 65           Statistics
1 The Confederation shall compile the necessary statistical data on the status and
trends in the population, the economy, society, education, research, the land and the
environment in Switzerland.29
2 It may issue regulations on the harmonisation and maintenance of official registers
in order to reduce the cost of compiling data.
Art. 66           Education grants30
1 The Confederation may contribute to cantonal expenditure on grants provided to
students at universities and higher education institutions. It may encourage the
intercantonal harmonisation of education grants and lay down principles for the
payment of education grants.31
2 It may also supplement cantonal measures while preserving cantonal autonomy in
education matters by taking its own measures to promote education.
26    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
27    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
28    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
29    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
30    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
31    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
Art. 67           Encouragement of children and young people32
1 In fulfilling their duties, the Confederation and Cantons shall take account of the
special need of children and young people to receive encouragement and protection.
2 The Confederation may supplement cantonal measures by supporting extracurricular work with children and young people.33
Art. 67a34        Musical education
1 The Confederation and Cantons shall encourage musical education, in particular
that of children and young people.
2 They shall endeavour within the scope of their powers to ensure high-quality music
teaching in schools. If the Cantons are unable to harmonise the goals of music teaching in schools by means of coordination, the Confederation shall issue the required
regulations.
3 In consultation with the Cantons, the Confederation shall set out principles to help
young people to engage in musical activities and to encourage musically gifted
persons.
Art. 68           Sport
1 The Confederation shall encourage sport, and in particular education in sport.
2 It shall operate a sports school.
3 It may issue regulations on sport for young people and declare the teaching of sport
in schools to be compulsory.
Art. 69           Culture
1 Cultural matters are a cantonal responsibility.
2 The Confederation may support cultural activities of national interest as well as art
and music, in particular in the field of education.
3 In the fulfilment of its duties, it shall take account of the cultural and linguistic
diversity of the country.
32    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
33    Adopted by the popular vote on 21 May 2006, in force since 21 May 2006 (FedD of
      16 Dec. 2005, FCD of 27 July 2006; AS 2006 3033; BBl 2005 5479 5547 7273,
      2006 6725).
34    Adopted by the popular vote on 23 Sept. 2012, in force since 23 Sept. 2012 (FedD of
      15 March 2012, FCD of 29 Jan. 2013; AS 2013 435; BBl 2009 613, 2010 1, 2012 3443
      6899, 2013 1135).
Art. 70           Languages
1 The official languages of the Confederation are German, French and Italian. Romansh is also an official language of the Confederation when communicating with
persons who speak Romansh.
2 The Cantons shall decide on their official languages. In order to preserve harmony
between linguistic communities, the Cantons shall respect the traditional territorial
distribution of languages and take account of indigenous linguistic minorities.
3 The Confederation and the Cantons shall encourage understanding and exchange
between the linguistic communities.
4 The Confederation shall support the plurilingual Cantons in the fulfilment of their
special duties.
5 The Confederation shall support measures by the Cantons of Graubünden and
Ticino to preserve and promote the Romansh and the Italian languages.
Art. 71           Cinema
1 The Confederation may encourage Swiss film production and film culture.
2 It may issue regulations to promote the diversity and the quality of the cinematographic works that are offered.
Art. 72           Church and state
1 The regulation of the relationship between the church and the state is the responsibility of the Cantons.
2 The Confederation and the Cantons may within the scope of their powers take
measures to preserve public peace between the members of different religious communities.
3 The construction of minarets is prohibited.35
Section 4         Environment and Spatial Planning
Art. 73           Sustainable development
The Confederation and the Cantons shall endeavour to achieve a balanced and
sustainable relationship between nature and its capacity to renew itself and the
demands placed on it by the population.
35    Adopted by the popular vote on 29 Nov. 2009, in force since 29 Nov. 2009 (FedD of
      12 June 2009, FCD of 5 May 2010; AS 2010 2161; BBl 2008 6851 7603, 2009 4381,
      2010 3437).
Art. 74            Protection of the environment
1 The Confederation shall legislate on the protection of the population and its natural
environment against damage or nuisance.
2 It shall ensure that such damage or nuisance is avoided. The costs of avoiding or
eliminating such damage or nuisance are borne by those responsible for causing it.
3 The Cantons are responsible for the implementation of the relevant federal regulations, except where the law reserves this duty for the Confederation.
Art. 75            Spatial planning
1 The Confederation shall lay down principles on spatial planning. These principles
are binding on the Cantons and serve to ensure the appropriate and economic use of
the land and its properly ordered settlement.
2 The Confederation shall encourage and coordinate the efforts of the Cantons and
shall cooperate with them.
3 Confederation and Cantons shall take account of the requirements of spatial planning in fulfilling their duties.
Art. 75a36         National Land Survey
1 The National Land Survey is the responsibility of the Confederation.
2 The Confederation shall issue regulations on official surveying.
3 It may issue regulations on the harmonisation of official information relating to the
land.
Art. 75b37            Second homes*
1 No more than 20 per cent of the total stock of residential units and the gross residential floor area in any commune may be used as second homes.
2 The law shall require communes to publish their first home percentage plan and a
detailed report on its implementation every year.
Art. 76            Water
1 The Confederation shall within the scope of its powers ensure the economic use
and the protection of water resources and provide protection against the harmful
effects of water.
36    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
37    Adopted by the popular vote on 11 March 2012, in force since 11 March 2012 (FedD of
      17 June 2011, FCD of 20 June 2012; AS 2012 3627; BBl 2008 1113 8757, 2011 4825,
      2012 6623).
*     With transitional provision.
2 It shall lay down principles on the conservation and exploitation of water resources, the use of water for the production of energy and for cooling purposes, as
well as on other measures affecting the water-cycle.
3 It shall legislate on water protection, on ensuring appropriate residual flow, on
hydraulic engineering and the safety of dams, and on measures that influence precipitation.
4 The Cantons shall manage their water resources. They may levy charges for the
use of water, subject to the limits imposed by federal legislation. The Confederation
has the right to use water for its transport operations subject to payment of a charge
and compensation.
5 The Confederation, in consultation with the Cantons concerned, shall decide on
rights to international water resources and the charges for them. If Cantons are
unable to agree on rights to intercantonal water resources, the Confederation shall
decide.
6 The Confederation shall take account of the concerns of the Cantons where the
water originates in fulfilling its duties.
Art. 77           Forests
1 The Confederation shall ensure that the forests are able to fulfil their protective,
commercial and public amenity functions.
2 It shall lay down principles on the protection of the forests.
3 It shall encourage measures for the conservation of the forests.
Art. 78           Protection of natural and cultural heritage
1 The protection of natural and cultural heritage is the responsibility of the Cantons.
2 In the fulfilment of its duties, the Confederation shall take account of concerns for
the protection of natural and cultural heritage. It shall protect the countryside and
places of architectural, historical, natural or cultural interest; it shall preserve such
places intact if required to do so in the public interest.
3 It may support efforts made for the protection of natural and cultural heritage and
acquire or preserve properties of national importance by contract or through compulsory purchase.
4 It shall legislate on the protection of animal and plant life and on the preservation
of their natural habitats and their diversity. It shall protect endangered species from
extinction.
5 Moors and wetlands of special beauty and national importance shall be preserved.
No buildings may be built on them and no changes may be made to the land, except
for the construction of facilities that serve the protection of the moors or wetlands or
their continued use for agricultural purposes.
Art. 79            Fishing and hunting
The Confederation shall lay down principles on fishing and hunting and in particular
on the preservation of the diversity of fish species, wild mammals and birds.
Art. 80            Protection of animals
1 The Confederation shall legislate on the protection of animals.
2 It shall in particular regulate:
    a.    the keeping and care of animals;
    b.    experiments on animals and procedures carried out on living animals;
    c.    the use of animals;
    d.    the import of animals and animal products;
    e.    the trade in animals and the transport of animals;
    f.    the killing of animals.
3 The enforcement of the regulations is the responsibility of the Cantons, except
where the law reserves this to the Confederation.
Section 5          Public Construction Works and Transport
Art. 81            Public Construction Works
The Confederation may in the interests of the country as a whole or a large part of it
carry out and operate public construction works, or provide support for such construction works.
Art. 81a38         Public transport
1 The Confederation and the Cantons shall ensure that an adequate range of public
transport services is provided on rail, roads, water and by cableway in all regions of
the country. In doing so, appropriate account must be taken of the interests of rail
freight transport.
2 The costs of public transport shall be covered to an appropriate extent by the prices
paid by users.
Art. 82            Road transport
1 The Confederation shall legislate on road transport.
2 It shall exercise oversight over roads of national importance; it may decide which
transit roads must remain open to traffic.
38     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 1 Jan. 2016 (FedD of
       20 June 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014, FCD of 2 June 2014, FCD of 6 June 2014;
       AS 2015 645; BBl 2010 6637, 2012 1577, 2013 4725 6518, 2014 4113 4117).
3 Public roads may be used free of charge. The Federal Assembly may authorise
exceptions.
Art. 8339          Road infrastructure
1 The Confederation and the cantons shall ensure that there is adequate road infrastructure in all regions of the country.
2 The Confederation shall ensure the construction of a network of national highways
and guarantee that they remain useable. It shall construct, operate and maintain the
national highways. It shall bear the costs thereof. It may assign this task wholly or
partly to public or private bodies or combined public-private bodies.
Art. 84            Alpine transit traffic*
1 The Confederation shall protect the Alpine region from the negative effects of
transit traffic. It shall limit the nuisance caused by transit traffic to a level that is not
harmful to people, animals and plants or their habitats.
2 Transalpine goods traffic shall be transported from border to border by rail. The
Federal Council shall take the measures required. Exceptions are permitted only
when there is no alternative. They must be specified in detail in a federal act.
3 The capacity of the transit routes in the Alpine region may not be increased. This
does not apply to by-pass roads that reduce the level of transit traffic in towns and
villages.
Art. 85            Heavy vehicle charge*
1 The Confederation may levy a capacity or mileage-related charge on heavy vehicle
traffic where such traffic creates public costs that are not covered by other charges
or taxes.
2 The net revenue from the charge shall be used to cover the costs incurred in connection with overland transport.40
3 The Cantons are entitled to a share of the net revenue. In the assessment of the
shares allocated, the particular consequences that levying the charge have for mountainous and remote regions shall be taken into account.
39    Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
      30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
      2017 3387).
*     With transitional provision
*     With transitional provision
40    Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 1 Jan. 2016 (FedD of
      20 June 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014, FCD of 2 June 2014, FCD of 6 June 2014;
      AS 2015 645; BBl 2010 6637, 2012 1577, 2013 4725 6518, 2014 4113 4117).
Art. 85a41         Charge for using the national highways
The Confederation shall levy a charge for the use of the national highways by motor
vehicles and trailers that are not liable to pay the heavy vehicle charge.
Art. 8642          Use of charges for tasks and costs in connection with road transport*
1 A fund shall be set up to finance the national highways and contributions towards
measures to improve the road transport infrastructure in cities and urban areas.
2 The following monies shall be allocated to the fund:
   a.    the net proceeds of the national highways charge in accordance with Article
         85a;
   b.    the net proceeds of the special consumption tax in accordance with Article
         131 paragraph 1 letter d;
   c.    the net proceeds of the surcharge in accordance with Article 131 paragraph 2
         letter a;
   d.    the net proceeds of the charge in accordance with Article 131 paragraph 2
         letter b;
   e.    a percentage of the net proceeds from the consumption tax on all motor
         fuels, with the exception of aviation fuels, in accordance with Article 131
         paragraph 1 letter e; this shall amount to 9 per cent each of the net proceeds
         under letter c and 9 per cent of one half of the net proceeds of the consump         tion tax on all motor fuels, with the exception of aviation fuels, but no more
         than 310 million francs per year; the indexation of this amount shall be regu         lated by law;
   f.    in general, 10 per cent of the net proceeds of consumption tax on all motor
         fuels, with the exception of aviation fuels, in accordance with Article 131
         paragraph 1 letter e;
   g.43 ...
   h.    other monies allocated by law in connection with road transport.
3 A special finance programme shall be administered for the following tasks and
costs in connection with road transport:
   a.    contributions towards measures to promote combined transport and the
         transport of motor vehicles and drivers;
   b.    contributions towards the cost of main roads;
41    Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
      30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
      2017 3387).
42    Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
      30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
      2017 3387).
*     With transitional provision.
43    Comes into force on 1 Jan. 2020.
   c.    contributions towards protective structures to prevent natural disasters and
         measures to protect the environment and countryside from the effects of road
         traffic;
   d.    general contributions towards the costs incurred by the Cantons for roads
         open to motor vehicles;
   e.    contributions to Cantons without national highways;
   f.    research and administration;
   g.44 ...
4 The special finance programme shall be allocated one half of the net proceeds of
the consumption tax on all motor fuels, with the exception of aviation fuels, in
accordance with Article 131 paragraph 1 letter e, under deduction of the monies
under paragraph 2 letter e.
5 Where the special finance programme has a proven need and in order to form
appropriate reserves in the special finance programme, proceeds from the consumption tax in accordance with Article 131 paragraph 1 letter d shall be allocated to the
special finance programme instead of the fund.
Art. 87            Railways and other modes of transport*
The legislation on rail transport, cableways, shipping, aviation and space travel is the
responsibility of the Confederation.
Art. 87a45         Railway infrastructure*
1 The Confederation shall bear the principal burden of financing railway infrastructure.
2 Railway infrastructure shall be financed from a fund. The following resources shall
be allocated to the fund:
   a.    a maximum of two thirds of the revenue from the heavy vehicle charge un         der Article 85;
   b.    the revenue from the increase in value added tax under Article 130 para         graph 3bis;
   c.    2.0 per cent of the receipts from the direct federal taxation of private indi         viduals;
   d.    2,300 million francs each year from the general federal budget; the indexa         tion of this amount shall be regulated by law.
44    Comes into force on 1 Jan. 2020.
*     With transitional provision
45    Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 1 Jan. 2016 (FedD of
      20 June 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014, FCD of 2 June 2014, FCD of 6 June 2014;
      AS 2015 645; BBl 2010 6637, 2012 1577, 2013 4725 6518, 2014 4113 4117).
*     With transitional provision.
3 The Cantons shall participate appropriately in the financing of railway infrastructure. The details shall be regulated by law.
4 The law may provide for additional financing from third parties.
Art. 87b46         Use of charges for tasks and costs in connection with air traffic
One half of the net proceeds of the consumption tax on aviation fuels and the surcharge on the consumption tax on aviation fuels shall be used for the following tasks
and costs in connection with air traffic:
    a.    contributions towards environmental protection measures made necessary by
          air traffic;
    b.    contributions towards security measures to protect against unlawful acts
          against air traffic, and in particular against terrorist attacks and the hijacking
          of aircraft, insofar as such measures are not the responsibility of national au          thorities;
    c.    contributions towards measures to ensure a high technical level of safety in
          air traffic.
Art. 8847          Footpaths, hiking trails and cycle paths
1 The Confederation shall lay down principles with regard to the network of footpaths, hiking trails and cycle paths.
2 It may support and coordinate cantonal measures to construct and maintain such
networks and to provide information about them. In doing so, it shall respect the
powers of the cantons.
3 It shall take account of these networks in the fulfilment of its duties. It shall replace
paths and trails that it has to close.
Section 6          Energy and Communications
Art. 89            Energy policy
1 Within the scope of their powers, the Confederation and Cantons shall endeavour
to ensure a sufficient, diverse, safe, economic and environmentally sustainable
energy supply as well as the economic and efficient use of energy.
2 The Confederation shall establish principles on the use of local and renewable
energy sources and on the economic and efficient use of energy.
46     Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
       30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
       2017 3387).
47     Adopted by the popular vote on 23 Sept. 2018, in force since 23 Sept. 2018 (FedD of
       13 March 2018, FCD of 21 Jan. 2019 – AS 2019 525; BBl 2016 1791, 2017 5901,
       2018 1859, 2019 1311).
3 The Confederation shall legislate on the use of energy by installations, vehicles and
appliances. It shall encourage the development of energy technologies, in particular
in the fields of saving energy and the renewable energy sources.
4 The Cantons shall be primarily responsible for measures relating to the use of
energy in buildings.
5 The Confederation shall take account in its energy policy of the efforts made by
the Cantons, the communes and the business community; it shall take account of the
conditions in the individual regions of the country and the limitations of what is
economically feasible.
Art. 90            Nuclear energy*
The Confederation is responsible for legislation in the field of nuclear energy.
Art. 91            Transport of energy
1 The Confederation shall legislate on the transport and the supply of electrical
energy.
2 The Confederation is responsible for legislation on transmission and distribution
systems for the transport of liquid or gaseous fuels.
Art. 92            Postal and telecommunications services
1 The Confederation is responsible for postal and telecommunications services.
2 The Confederation shall ensure the adequate, universal and reasonably priced
provision of postal and telecommunications services in all regions of the country.
The rates shall be fixed according to standard principles.
Art. 93            Radio and television
1 The Confederation is responsible for legislation on radio and television as well as
on other forms of public broadcasting of features and information.
2 Radio and television shall contribute to education and cultural development, to the
free shaping of opinion and to entertainment. They shall take account of the particularities of the country and the needs of the Cantons. They shall present events accurately and allow a diversity of opinions to be expressed appropriately.
3 The independence of radio and television as well as their autonomy in deciding on
programming is guaranteed.
4 Account must be taken of the role and duties of other media, in particular the press.
5 Complaints about programmes may be submitted to an independent complaints
authority.
*     With transitional provision
Section 7           The Economy
Art. 94             Principles of the economic system
1 The Confederation and the Cantons shall abide by the principle of economic freedom.
2 They shall safeguard the interests of the Swiss economy as a whole and, together
with the private sector, shall contribute to the welfare and economic security of the
population.
3 They shall endeavour within the scope of their powers to create favourable general
conditions for the private sector.
4 Any divergence from the principle of economic freedom, and in particular
measures designed to restrain competition, shall be permitted only if they are provided for in the Federal Constitution or based on cantonal monopoly rights.
Art. 95             Professional activities in the private sector*
1 The Confederation may legislate on professional activities in the private sector.
2 It shall seek to create a unified Swiss economic area. It shall guarantee that persons
with an academic qualification or with a federal or cantonal educational qualification
or an educational qualification recognised by a Canton are able to practise their
profession throughout Switzerland.
3 For the protection of the economy, private property and shareholders, and to guarantee sustainable corporate governance, the law shall regulate Swiss companies
limited by shares listed on stock exchanges in Switzerland or abroad in accordance
with the following principles:
    a.    the general meeting votes on an annual basis on the total amount of all re          muneration (money and the value of benefits in kind) given to the board of
          directors, the executive board and the board of advisors. It elects on an an          nual basis the president of the board of directors, the individual members of
          the board of directors and the remuneration committee, and the independent
          representatives of voting rights. Pension funds vote in the interests of their
          insured members and disclose how they have voted. Shareholders may vote
          remotely online; they may not be represented by a governing officer of the
          company or by a custodian bank;
    b.    the governing officers may not be given severance or similar payments, ad          vance payments, bonuses for company purchases and sales, additional con          tracts as consultants to or employees of other companies in the group. The
          management of the company may not be delegated to a legal entity;
    c.    the articles of association regulate the amount of credits, loans and pensions
          payable to governing officers, their profit-sharing and equity participation
          plans and the number of mandates they may accept outside the group, as
*      With transitional provision
          well as the duration of employment contracts of members of the executive
          board;
    d.    persons violating the provisions under letters a-c are liable to a custodial
          sentence not exceeding three years and to a monetary penalty not exceeding
          six times their annual remuneration.48
Art. 96           Competition policy
1 The Confederation shall legislate against the damaging effects in economic or
social terms of cartels and other restraints on competition.
2 It shall take measures:
    a.    to prevent abuses in price maintenance by dominant undertakings and pri          vate and public law organisations;
    b.    against unfair competition.
Art. 97           Consumer protection
1 The Confederation shall take measures to protect consumers.
2 It shall legislate on the legal remedies available to consumer organisations. These
organisations shall have the same rights under the federal legislation on unfair
competition as professional and trade associations.
3 The Cantons shall provide a conciliation procedure or a simple and rapid court
procedure for claims of up to a certain sum. The Federal Council determines this
sum.
Art. 98           Banks and insurance companies
1 The Confederation shall legislate on the banking and stock exchange system; in
doing so, it shall take account of the special function and role of the cantonal banks.
2 It may legislate on financial services in other fields.
3 It shall legislate on private insurance.
Art. 99           Monetary policy
1 The Confederation is responsible for money and currency; the Confederation has
the exclusive right to issue coins and banknotes.
2 The Swiss National Bank, as an independent central bank, shall pursue a monetary
policy that serves the overall interests of the country; it shall be administered with
the cooperation and under the supervision of the Confederation.
48     Adopted by the popular vote on 3 March 2013, in force since 3 March 2013 (FCD of
       15 Nov. 2012 and 30 April 2013; AS 2013 1303; BBl 2006 8755, 2008 2577, 2009 299,
       2012 9219, 2013 3129).
3 The Swiss National Bank shall create sufficient currency reserves from its revenues; part of these reserves shall be held in gold.
4 A minimum of two thirds of the net profits made by the Swiss National Bank shall
be allocated to the Cantons.
Art. 100           Economic policy
1 The Confederation shall take measures to achieve balanced economic development, and in particular to prevent and combat unemployment and inflation.
2 It shall take account of economic development in individual regions of the country.
It shall cooperate with the Cantons and the business community.
3 In the field of money and banking, in foreign economic affairs and in the field of
public finance, the Confederation may if necessary depart from the principle of
economic freedom.
4 The Confederation, the Cantons and the communes shall take account of the economic situation in their revenue and expenditure policies.
5 To stabilise the economic situation, the Confederation may temporarily levy surcharges or grant rebates on federal taxes and duties. The accumulated funds must be
held in reserve; following their release, direct taxes shall be individually refunded,
and indirect taxes used to grant rebates or to create jobs.
6 The Confederation may oblige businesses to accumulate reserves for the creation
of jobs; it shall for this purpose grant tax concessions and may require the Cantons
to do the same. Following the release of the reserves, businesses shall be free to
decide how the funds are applied within the scope of the uses permitted by law.
Art. 101           Foreign economic policy
1 The Confederation shall safeguard the interests of the Swiss economy abroad.
2 In special cases, it may take measures to protect the domestic economy. In doing
so, it may if necessary depart from the principle of economic freedom.
Art. 102           National economic supply*
1 The Confederation shall ensure that the country is supplied with essential goods
and services in the event of the threat of politico-military strife or war, or of severe
shortages that the economy cannot by itself counteract. It shall take precautionary
measures to address these matters.
2 In exercising its powers under this Article, it may if necessary depart from the
principle of economic freedom.
*     With transitional provision
Art. 103           Structural policy*
The Confederation may support regions of the country that are under economic
threat and promote specific economic sectors and professions, if reasonable self-help
measures are insufficient to ensure their existence. In exercising its powers under
this Article, it may if necessary depart from the principle of economic freedom.
Art. 104           Agriculture
1 The Confederation shall ensure that agricultural sector, by means of a sustainable
and market oriented production policy, makes an essential contribution towards:
   a.    the reliable provision of the population with foodstuffs;
   b.    the conservation of natural resources and the upkeep of the countryside;
   c.    decentralised population settlement of the country.
2 In addition to the self-help measures that can reasonably be expected in the agriculture sector and if necessary in derogation from the principle of economic freedom,
the Confederation shall support farms that cultivate the land.
3 The Confederation shall organise measures in such a manner that the agricultural
sector fulfils its multi-functional duties. It has in particular the following powers and
duties:
   a.    supplementing revenues from agriculture by means of direct subsidies in or         der to achieve of fair and adequate remuneration for the services provided,
         subject to proof of compliance with ecological requirements;
   b.    encouraging by means of economically advantageous incentives methods of
         production that are specifically near-natural and respectful of both the envi         ronment and livestock;
   c.    legislating on declarations of origin, quality, production methods and pro         cessing procedures for foodstuffs;
   d.    protecting the environment against the detrimental effects of the excessive
         use of fertilisers, chemicals and other auxiliary agents;
   e.    at its discretion, encouraging agricultural research, counselling and educa         tion and subsidise investments;
   f.    at its discretion, legislating on the consolidation of agricultural property
         holdings.
4 For these purposes, the Confederation shall provide both funds earmarked for the
agricultural sector and general federal funds.
*     With transitional provision
Art. 104a49       Food security
In order to guarantee the supply of food to the population, the Confederation shall
create the conditions required for:
   a.    safeguarding the basis for agricultural production, and agricultural land in
         particular;
   b.    food production that is adapted to local conditions and which uses natural
         resources efficiently;
   c.    an agriculture and food sector that responds to market requirements;
   d.    cross-border trade relations that contribute to the sustainable development of
         the agriculture and food sector;
   e.    using food in a way that conserves natural resources.
Art. 105          Alcohol
The legislation on the manufacture, import, rectification and sale of alcohol obtained
by distillation is the responsibility of the Confederation. The Confederation shall in
particular take account of the harmful effects of alcohol consumption.
Art. 10650        Gambling
1 The Confederation shall legislate on gambling; in doing so it shall take account of
cantonal interests.
2 A licence from the Confederation is required in order to establish and operate a
casino. In granting such a licence, the Confederation shall take account of regional
circumstances. It shall levy a revenue-related tax on casinos; this tax must not exceed 80 per cent of the gross revenues from gambling. It shall be used to fund the
Old-age, Survivors’ and Invalidity Insurance.
3 The cantons are responsible for granting licences for and supervising the following:
   a.    gambling activities that are available to an unlimited number of people, are
         offered at more than one location and which are based on the same random
         draw or a similar procedure; the foregoing does not apply to the jackpot sys         tems in casinos;
   b.    betting on sports;
   c.    games of skill.
4 Paragraphs 2 and 3 also apply to telecommunications-based gambling.
49    Adopted by the popular vote on 24. Sept. 2017, in force since 24 Sept. 2017 (FedD of
      14 March 2017, FCD of 30 Nov. 2017 – AS 2017 6735; BBl 2014 6135, 2015 5753,
      2017 2495 7829).
50    Adopted by the popular vote on 11 March 2012, in force since 11 March 2012 (FedD of
      29 Sept. 2011, FCD of 20 June 2012; AS 2012 3629; BBl 2009 7019, 2010 7961,
      2012 6623).
5 The Confederation and the cantons shall take account of the dangers of gambling.
They shall ensure that appropriate protection is provided through legislation and
supervisory measures and in doing so shall take account of the different characteristics of the games and the form and location of the gambling opportunity offered.
6 The cantons shall ensure that the net revenues from gambling in accordance with
paragraph 3 letters a and b are used in their entirety for charitable purposes, in
particular in the fields of culture, social projects and sport.
7 The Confederation and the cantons shall coordinate their efforts to fulfil their tasks.
To this end the law shall establish a joint body, one half of whose members shall be
from the federal implementing bodies and the other half from the cantonal implementing bodies.
Art. 107          Weapons and war material
1 The Confederation shall legislate against misuse of weapons and their accessories
and ammunition.
2 It shall legislate on the manufacture, procurement and sale of war material as well
as the import, export and transit of such material.
Section 8         Housing, Employment, Social Security and Health
Art. 108          Construction of housing and home ownership
1 The Confederation shall encourage the construction of housing, the acquisition of
the ownership of apartments and houses for the personal use of private individuals,
as well as the activities of developers and organisations involved in the construction
of public utility housing.
2 It shall encourage in particular the acquisition and development of land for the
construction of housing, increased efficiency in construction and the reduction of
construction and housing costs.
3 It may legislate on the development of land for housing construction and on increasing the efficiency of construction.
4 In doing so, it shall take particular account of the interests of families, elderly
persons, persons on low incomes and persons with disabilities.
Art. 109          Landlord and tenant
1 The Confederation shall legislate against abuses in tenancy matters, and in particular against unfair rents, as well as on the procedure for challenging unlawfully
terminated leases and the limited extension of leases.
2 It may legislate to declare framework leases to be generally applicable. Such leases
may be declared generally applicable only if they take appropriate account of the
justified interests of minorities and regional particularities, and respect the principle
of equality before the law.
Art. 110            Employment*
1 The Confederation may legislate on:
    a.    employee protection;
    b.    relations between employer and employee, and in particular on common
          regulations on operational and professional matters;
    c.    recruitment services;
    d.    the declaration of collective employment agreements to be generally appli          cable.
2 Collective employment agreements may be declared generally applicable only if
they take appropriate account of the justified interests of minorities and regional
particularities, and they respect the principle of equality before the law and the right
to form professional associations.
3 August 1 is the National Day of the Swiss Confederation. In terms of employment
law, it is regarded as equivalent to a Sunday, with equivalent rights to pay.
Art. 111            Old-age, survivors’ and invalidity pension provision
1 The Confederation shall take measures to ensure adequate financial provision for
the elderly, surviving spouses and children, and persons with disabilities. These shall
be based on three pillars, namely the Federal Old-age, Survivors’ and Invalidity
Insurance, the occupational pension scheme and private pension schemes.
2 The Confederation shall ensure that the Federal Old-age, Survivors’ and Invalidity
Insurance and the occupational pension scheme are able to fulfil their purpose at all
times.
3 It may require the Cantons to exempt institutions of the Federal Old-age, Survivors’ and Invalidity Insurance and the occupational pension scheme from liability to
pay tax and to grant insured persons and their employers tax relief on contributions
and reversionary rights.
4 In cooperation with the Cantons, it shall encourage private pension schemes, in
particular through measures relating to taxation policy and the policy of promoting
property ownership.
Art. 112            Old-age, Survivors’ and Invalidity Insurance
1 The Confederation shall legislate on the Old-age, Survivors and Invalidity Insurance.
2 In doing so, it shall adhere to the following principles:
    a.    the insurance is compulsory;
*      With transitional provision
   abis.51 it provides cash and non-cash benefits;
   b.    pensions must be sufficient to cover basic living expenses adequately;
   c.    the maximum pension must not be more than twice the minimum pension;
   d.    pensions must as a minimum be adjusted in line with price trends.
3 The insurance is funded:
   a.    through contributions from those insured, whereby employers must pay one
         half of the contributions payable by their employees;
   b.52 through subsidies from the Confederation.
4 The subsidies from the Confederation may not exceed one half of the disbursements made under the scheme.53.
5 The subsidies from the Confederation shall in the first place be funded from the net
proceeds of the tax on tobacco, the tax on distilled spirits and the tax on the revenues
from gaming houses.
6 ...54
Art. 112a55       Supplementary benefits
1 Confederation and Cantons shall pay supplementary benefits to people whose basic
living expenses are not covered by benefits under the Old-age, Survivors and Invalidity Insurance.
2 The law determines the extent of the supplementary benefits as well as the tasks
and responsibilities of the Confederation and Cantons.
51    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct. 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
52    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct. 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
53    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct. 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
54    Repealed by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, with effect from 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
55    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct. 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
Art. 112b56        Promoting the rehabilitation of people eligible for invalidity
                   benefits*
1 The Confederation shall encourage the rehabilitation of people eligible for invalidity benefits by providing cash and non-cash benefits. For this purpose, it may use
resources from the Invalidity Insurance.
2 The Cantons shall encourage the rehabilitation of people eligible for invalidity
benefits, in particular through contributions to the construction and running of
institutions that provide accommodation and work.
3 The law determines the goals of rehabilitation and the principles and criteria.
Art. 112c57        Aid for elderly people and people with disabilities*
1 The Cantons shall provide for assistance and care in the home for elderly people
and people with disabilities.
2 The Confederation shall support national efforts for the benefit of elderly people
and people with disabilities. For this purpose, it may use resources from the Old-age,
Survivors and Invalidity Insurance.
Art. 113           Occupational pension scheme*
1 The Confederation shall legislate for an occupational pension scheme.
2 In doing so, it shall adhere to the following principles:
   a.    the occupational pension scheme, together with the Old-age, Survivors’ and
         Invalidity Insurance, enables the insured person to maintain his or her previ         ous lifestyle in an appropriate manner.
   b.    the occupational pension scheme is compulsory for employees; the law may
         provide for exceptions.
   c.    employers shall insure their employees with a pension institution; if re         quired, the Confederation shall make it possible for employees to be insured
         with a federal pension institution.
   d.    self-employed persons may insure themselves on a voluntary basis with a
         pension institution.
   e.    for specific groups of self-employed persons, the Confederation may declare
         the occupational pension scheme to be compulsory, either in general terms
         or for individual risks only.
56    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
*     With transitional provision.
57    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
*     With transitional provision.
*     With transitional provision
3 The occupation pension scheme is funded from the contributions of those insured,
whereby employers must pay a minimum of one half of the contributions of their
employees.
4 Pension schemes must satisfy the minimum requirements under federal law; the
Confederation may provide for national measures to resolve particular difficulties.
Art. 114          Unemployment insurance
1 The Confederation shall legislate on unemployment insurance.
2 In doing so, it shall adhere to the following principles:
    a.   the insurance guarantees appropriate compensation for loss of earnings and
         supports measures to prevent and combat unemployment;
    b.   the insurance is compulsory for employees; the law may provide for excep         tions;
    c.   self-employed persons may insure themselves voluntarily.
3 The insurance is funded by the contributions from those insured, whereby one half
of the contributions of employees shall be paid by their employers.
4 Confederation and Cantons shall provide subsidies in extraordinary circumstances.
5 The Confederation may enact regulations on social assistance for the unemployed.
Art. 115          Support for persons in need
Persons in need shall be supported by their Canton of residence. The Confederation
regulates exceptions and powers.
Art. 116          Child allowances and maternity insurance
1 In the fulfilment of its duties, the Confederation shall take account of the needs of
families. It may support measures for the protection of families.
2 It may issue regulations on child allowances and operate a federal family allowances compensation fund.
3 It shall establish a maternity insurance scheme. It may also require persons who
cannot benefit from that insurance to make contributions.
4 The Confederation may declare participation in a family allowances compensation
fund and the maternity insurance scheme to be compulsory, either in general terms
or for individual sections of the population, and make its subsidies dependent on
appropriate subsidies being made by the Cantons.
Art. 117          Health and accident insurance
1 The Confederation shall legislate on health and accident insurance.
2 It may declare health and the accident insurance to be compulsory, either in general terms or for individual sections of the population.
Art. 117a58        Primary medical care
1 The Confederation and the Cantons shall within the scope of their powers ensure
the adequate provision of high quality primary medical care that is accessible to all.
They shall recognise and promote family medicine as an essential component of
primary care.
2 The Confederation shall legislate on:
    a.    basic and continuing education and training for family medicine professions
          and the requirements for practising these professions;
    b.    appropriate remuneration for family medicine services.
Art. 118           Health protection
1 The Confederation shall, within the limits of its powers, take measures for the
protection of health.
2 It shall legislate on:
    a.    the use of foodstuffs as well as therapeutic products, narcotics, organisms,
          chemicals and items that may be dangerous to health;
    b.    the combating of communicable, widespread or particularly dangerous hu          man and animal diseases;
    c.    protection against ionising radiation.
Art. 118a59        Complementary medicine
The Confederation and the Cantons shall within the scope of their powers ensure
that consideration is given to complementary medicine.
Art. 118b60        Research on human beings
1 The Confederation shall legislate on research on human beings where this is required in order to protect their dignity and privacy. In doing so, it shall preserve the
freedom to conduct research and shall take account of the importance of research to
health and society.
2 The Confederation shall adhere to the following principles in relation to biological
and medical research involving human beings:
58     Adopted by the popular vote on 18 May 2014, in force since 18 May 2014 (FedD of
       19 Sept. 2013, FCD of 18 Aug. 2014; AS 2014 2769; BBl 2010 2939, 2011 7553,
       2013 7347, 2014 6349).
59     Adopted by the popular vote on 17 May 2009, in force since 17 May 2009 (FedD of
       3 Oct. 2008, FCD of 21 Oct. 2009; AS 2009 5325; BBl 2005 6001, 2006 7591,
       2008 8229, 2009 7539).
60     Adopted by the popular vote on 7 March 2010, in force since 7 March 2010 (FedD of
       25 Sept. 2009, FCD of 15 April 2010; AS 2010 1569; BBl 2007 6713, 2009 6649,
       2010 2625).
   a.    It is a requirement for any research project that the participants or their legal
         representatives have given their informed consent. The law may provide for
         exceptions. A refusal is binding in every case.
   b.    The risks and stress for the participants must not be disproportionate to the
         benefits of the research project.
   c.    A research project involving persons lacking the capacity to consent may be
         conducted only if findings of equal value cannot be obtained from research
         involving persons who have the capacity to consent. If the research project is
         not expected to bring any immediate benefit to the persons lacking the ca         pacity to consent, the risks and stress must be minimal.
   d.    An independent assessment of the research project must have determined
         that the safety of the participants is guaranteed.
Art. 119           Reproductive medicine and gene technology involving human
                   beings
1 Human beings shall be protected against the misuse of reproductive medicine and
gene technology.
2 The Confederation shall legislate on the use of human reproductive and genetic
material. In doing so, it shall ensure the protection of human dignity, privacy and the
family and shall adhere in particular to the following principles:
   a.    All forms of cloning and interference with the genetic material of human re         productive cells and embryos are unlawful.
   b.    Non-human reproductive and genetic material may neither be introduced in         to nor combined with human reproductive material.
   c.61 The procedures for medically-assisted reproduction may be used only if in         fertility or the risk of transmitting a serious illness cannot otherwise be over         come, but not in order to conceive a child with specific characteristics or to
         further research; the fertilisation of human egg cells outside a woman’s body
         is permitted only under the conditions laid down by the law; no more human
         egg cells may be developed into embryos outside a woman’s body than are
         required for medically-assisted reproduction.
   d.    The donation of embryos and all forms of surrogate motherhood are unlaw         ful.
   e.    The trade in human reproductive material and in products obtained from
         embryos is prohibited.
   f.    The genetic material of a person may be analysed, registered or made public
         only with the consent of the person concerned or if the law so provides.
   g.    Every person shall have access to data relating to their ancestry.
61    Adopted by the popular vote on 14 June 2015, in force since 14 June 2015 (FedD of
      12 Dec. 2014, FCD of 21 Aug. 2015; AS 2015 2887; BBl 2013 5853, 2014 9675,
      2015 6313).
Art. 119a62         Transplant medicine
1 The Confederation shall legislate in the field of organ, tissue and cell transplants.
In doing so, it shall ensure the protection of human dignity, privacy and health.
2 It shall in particular lay down criteria for the fair allocation of organs.
3 Any donation of human organs, tissue and cells must be free of charge. The trade
in human organs is prohibited.
Art. 120            Non-human gene technology*
1 Human beings and their environment shall be protected against the misuse of gene
technology.
2 The Confederation shall legislate on the use of reproductive and genetic material
from animals, plants and other organisms. In doing so, it shall take account of the
dignity of living beings as well as the safety of human beings, animals and the
environment, and shall protect the genetic diversity of animal and plant species.
Section 9           Residence and Permanent Settlement of Foreign Nationals
Art. 121            Legislation on foreign nationals and asylum* 63
1 The Confederation is responsible for legislation on entry to and exit from Switzerland, the residence and the permanent settlement of foreign nationals and on the
granting of asylum.
2 Foreign nationals may be expelled from Switzerland if they pose a risk to the
security of the country.
3 Irrespective of their status under the law on foreign nationals, foreign nationals
shall lose their right of residence and all other legal rights to remain in Switzerland if
they:
    a.    are convicted with legal binding effect of an offence of intentional homicide,
          rape or any other serious sexual offence, any other violent offence such as
          robbery, the offences of trafficking in human beings or in drugs, or a burgla          ry offence; or
    b.    have improperly claimed social insurance or social assistance benefits.64
62     Adopted by the popular vote on 7 Feb. 1999, in force since 1 Jan 2000 (FedD of
       26 June 1998, FCD of 23 March 1999; AS 1999 1341; BBl 1997 III 653, 1998 3473,
       1999 2912 8768).
*      With transitional provision
*      With transitional provision.
63     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 9 Feb. 2014 (FedD of
       27 Sept. 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014; AS 2014 1391; BBl 2011 6269, 2012 3869,
       2013 291 7351, 2014 4117).
64     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2010, in force since 28 Nov. 2010 (FedD of
       18 June 2010, FCD of 17 March 2011; AS 2011 1199; BBl 2008 1927, 2009 5097,
       2010 4241, 2011 2771).
4 The legislature shall define the offences covered by paragraph 3 in more detail. It
may add additional offences.65
5 Foreign nationals who lose their right of residence and all other legal rights to
remain in Switzerland in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 must be deported from
Switzerland by the competent authority and must be made subject to a ban on entry
of from 5–15 years. In the event of reoffending, the ban on entry is for 20 years.66
6 Any person who fails to comply with the ban on entry or otherwise enters Switzerland illegally commits an offence. The legislature shall issue the relevant provisions.67
Art. 121a68       Control of immigration*
1 Switzerland shall control the immigration of foreign nationals autonomously.
2 The number of residence permits for foreign nationals in Switzerland shall be
restricted by annual quantitative limits and quotas. The quantitative limits apply to
all permits issued under legislation on foreign nationals, including those related to
asylum matters. The right to permanent residence, family reunification and social
benefits may be restricted.
3 The annual quantitative limits and quotas for foreign nationals in gainful employment must be determined according to Switzerland's general economic interests,
while giving priority to Swiss citizens; the limits and quotas must include crossborder commuters. The decisive criteria for granting residence permits are primarily
a application from an employer, ability to integrate, and adequate, independent
means of subsistence.
4 No international agreements may be concluded that breach this Article.
5 The law shall regulate the details.
65   Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2010, in force since 28 Nov. 2010 (FedD of
     18 June 2010, FCD of 17 March 2011; AS 2011 1199; BBl 2008 1927, 2009 5097,
     2010 4241, 2011 2771).
66   Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2010, in force since 28 Nov. 2010 (FedD of
     18 June 2010, FCD of 17 March 2011; AS 2011 1199; BBl 2008 1927, 2009 5097,
     2010 4241, 2011 2771).
67   Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2010, in force since 28 Nov. 2010 (FedD of
     18 June 2010, FCD of 17 March 2011; AS 2011 1199; BBl 2008 1927, 2009 5097,
     2010 4241, 2011 2771).
68   Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 9 Feb. 2014 (FedD of
     27 Sept. 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014; AS 2014 1391; BBl 2011 6269, 2012 3869,
     2013 291 7351, 2014 4117).
*    With transitional provision.
Section 10         Civil Law, Criminal Law, Weights and Measures
Art. 12269         Civil law
1 The Confederation is responsible for legislation in the field of civil law and the law
of civil procedure.
2 The Cantons are responsible for the organisation of the courts and the administration of justice in civil matters, unless the law provides otherwise.
Art. 12370         Criminal law
1 The Confederation is responsible for legislation in the field of criminal law and the
law of criminal procedure.
2 The Cantons are responsible for the organisation of the courts, the administration
of justice in criminal cases as well as for the execution of penalties and measures,
unless the law provides otherwise.
3 The Confederation may issue regulations on the execution of penalties and
measures. It may grant subsidies to the Cantons for:
    a.    the construction of penal institutions;
    b.    improvements in the execution of penalties and measures;
    c.    institutions that conduct educative measures for the benefit of children, ado          lescents and young adults.71
Art. 123a72
1 If a sex offender or violent offender is regarded in the reports required for sentencing as being extremely dangerous and his or her condition assessed as untreatable,
he or she must be incarcerated until the end of his or her life due to the high risk of
reoffending. Early release and release on temporary licence are not permitted.
2 Only if new scientific findings prove that the offender can be cured and thus no
longer represents a danger to the public can new reports be drawn up. If the offender
is released on the basis of these new reports, the authorities granting his or her
release must accept liability if he reoffends.
69     Adopted by the popular vote on 12 March 2000, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (FedD of
       8 Oct. 1999, FCD of 17 May 2000, FedD of 8 March 2005; AS 2002 3148, 2006 1059;
       BBl 1997 I 1, 1999 8633, 2000 2990, 2001 4202).
70     Adopted by the popular vote on 12 March 2000, in force since 1 April 2003 (FCD of
       8 Oct. 1999, FCD of 17 May 2000, FCD of 24 Sept. 2002; AS 2002 3148; BBl 1997 I 1,
       1999 8633, 2000 2990, 2001 4202).
71     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
72     Adopted by the popular vote on 8 Feb. 2004, in force since 8 Feb. 2004 (FedD of
       20 June 2003, FCD of 21 April 2004; AS 2004 2341; BBl 2000 3336, 2001 3433,
       2003 4434, 2004 2199).
3 All reports assessing sex offenders or violent offenders must be drawn up by at
least two experienced specialists who are independent of each other. The reports
must take account of all the principles that are important for the assessment.
Art. 123b73      No time limit for the right to prosecute or for penalties for sexual or
                 pornography offences involving prepubescent children
The right to prosecute sexual or pornography offences involving prepubescent
children and the penalties for such offences is not subject to a time limit.
Art. 123c74      Measure relating to sexual offences involving children or persons
                 who are incapable of judgement or resistance
Persons convicted of harming the sexual integrity of a child or of a dependent person
shall permanently lose the right to carry on a profession or voluntary activity involving minors or dependent persons.
Art. 124         Victim support
The Confederation and the Cantons shall ensure that persons who have suffered
harm to their physical, mental or sexual integrity as the result of a criminal act
receive support and are adequately compensated if they experience financial difficulties as a result of that criminal act.
Art. 125         Weights and measures
The Confederation is responsible for legislation on weights and measures.
Chapter 3        Financial System
Art. 12675       Financial management
1 The Confederation shall maintain its income and expenditure in balance over time.
2 The ceiling for total expenditure that is to be approved in the budget is based on
the expected income after taking account of the economic situation.
3 Exceptional financial requirements may justify an appropriate increase in the
ceiling in terms of paragraph 2. The Federal Assembly shall decide on any increase
in accordance with Article 159 paragraph 3 letter c.
73   Adopted by the popular vote on 30 Nov. 2008, in force since 30 Nov. 2008 (FedD of
     13 June 2008, FCD of 23 Jan. 2009; AS 2009 471; BBl 2006 3657, 2007 5369,
     2008 5245, 2009 605).
74   Adopted by the popular vote on 18 May 2014, in force since 18 May 2014 (FCD of
     20 Feb. 2014; AS 2014 2771; BBl 2009 7021, 2011 4435, 2012 8819, 2014 6349 1779).
75   Adopted by the popular vote on 2 Dec. 2001, in force since 2 Dec. 2001 (FedD of
     22 June 2001, FCD of 4 Feb. 2002; AS 2002 241; BBl 2000 4653, 2001 2387 2878,
     2002 1209).
4 If the total expenditure in the federal accounts exceeds the ceiling in terms of
paragraphs 2 or 3, compensation for this additional expenditure must be made in
subsequent years.
5 The details are regulated by law.
Art. 127            Principles of taxation
1 The main structural features of any tax, in particular those liable to pay tax, the
object of the tax and its assessment, are regulated by law.
2 Provided the nature of the tax permits it, the principles of universality and uniformity of taxation as well as the principle of taxation according to ability to pay are
applied.
3 Intercantonal double taxation is prohibited. The Confederation shall take the
measures required.
Art. 128            Direct taxes*
1 The Confederation may levy a direct tax:
    a.    of a maximum of 11.5 per cent on the income of private individuals;
    b.76 of a maximum of 8.5 per cent of the net profit of legal entities;
    c.77 ...
2 The Confederation, in fixing the taxation rates, shall take account of the burden of
direct taxation imposed by the Cantons and communes.
3 In relation to the tax on the income of private individuals, regular revisions shall be
made to compensate for the consequences of an increased tax burden due to inflation.
4 The tax is assessed and collected by the Cantons. A minimum of 17 per cent of the
gross revenue from taxation is allocated to the Cantons. This share may be reduced
to 15 per cent if the consequences of financial equalisation so require.78
Art. 129            Tax harmonisation
1 The Confederation shall set out principles on the harmonisation of the direct taxes
imposed by the Confederation, the Cantons and the communes; it shall take account
of the efforts towards harmonisation made by the Cantons.
*      With transitional provision
76     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (FedD of
       19 March 2004, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 2 Feb. 2006; AS 2006 1057;
       BBl 2003 1531, 2004 1363, 2005 951).
77     Repealed by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, with effect from 1 Jan. 2007 (FedD of
       19 March 2004, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 2 Feb. 2006; AS 2006 1057;
       BBl 2003 1531, 2004 1363, 2005 951).
78     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
2 Harmonisation shall extend to tax liability, the object of the tax and the tax period,
procedural law and the law relating to tax offences. Matters excluded from harmonisation shall include in particular tax scales, tax rates and tax allowances.
3 The Confederation may issue regulations to prevent unjustified tax benefits.
Art. 13079          Value added tax*
1 The Confederation may levy value added tax on the supply of goods, on services,
including goods and services for personal use, and on imports, at a standard rate of a
maximum of 6.5 per cent and at a reduced rate of at least 2.0 per cent.
2 The law may provide for the taxation of accommodation services at a rate between
the reduced rate and the standard rate.80
3 If, due to demographic changes, the financing of the Old-Age, Survivors’ and
Invalidity Insurance is no longer guaranteed, the standard rate may be increased by
federal act by a maximum of 1 percentage point and the reduced rate by a maximum
of 0.3 of a percentage point.81
3bis In order to finance railway infrastructure, the rates shall be increased by 0.1 of a
percentage point.82
4 5 per cent of the non-earmarked revenues shall be used to reduce the health insurance premiums of persons on low incomes, unless an alternative method of assisting
such persons is provided for by law.
Art. 131            Special consumption taxes*
1 The Confederation may level special consumption taxes on:
    a.     tobacco and tobacco products;
    b.     distilled spirits;
    c.     beer;
    d.     automobiles and their parts;
79     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (FedD of
       19 March 2004, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 2 Feb. 2006; AS 2006 1057;
       BBl 2003 1531, 2004 1363, 2005 951).
*      With transitional provision
80     The legislature has made use of this power; see Art. 25 para. 4 of the Value Added Tax
       Act of 12 June 2009 (SR 641.20), under which the rate of value added tax amounts to
       3.7% (special rate for accommodation services), valid from 1 Jan. 2018 until
       31 Dec. 2027.
81     The legislature has made use of this power; see Art. 25 para. 1 and 2 of the Value Added
       Tax Act of 12 June 2009 (SR 641.20) under which the rates of value added tax amounts
       to 7.7% (standard rate) and 2.5% (reduced rate) valid from 1 Jan. 2018 until
       31 Dec. 2027.
82     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 1 Jan. 2016 (FedD of
       20 June 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014, FCD of 2 June 2014, FCD of 6 June 2014;
       AS 2015 645; BBl 2010 6637, 2012 1577, 2013 4725 6518, 2014 4113 4117).
*      With transitional provision
    e.    petroleum, other mineral oils, natural gas and products obtained by refining
          these resources, as well as on motor fuels.
2 It may also levy:
    a.    a surcharge on the consumption tax on motor fuels with the exception of
          aviation fuels;
    b.    a charge that applies when motor vehicles are powered by means other than
          motor fuels in accordance with paragraph 1 letter e.83
2bis If the monies are insufficient to carry out the tasks provided for under Article
87b in connection with air traffic, the Confederation shall levy a surcharge on the
consumption tax on aviation fuels.84
3 The Cantons shall receive ten per cent of the net proceeds from the taxation of
distilled spirits. These funds must be used to fight the causes and effects of substance addiction.
Art. 132           Stamp duty and withholding tax
1 The Confederation may levy a stamp duty on securities, on receipts for insurance
premiums and on other commercial deeds; deeds relating to property and mortgage
transactions are exempt from stamp duty.
2 The Confederation may levy a withholding tax on income from moveable capital
assets, on lottery winnings and on insurance benefits. 10 per cent of the tax revenue
shall be allocated to the Cantons.85
Art. 133           Customs duties
The Confederation is responsible for legislation on customs duties and other duties
on the cross-border movement of goods.
Art. 134           Exclusion of cantonal and communal taxation
Anything that is declared by federal legislation to be subject to, or exempt from
value added tax, special consumption taxes, stamp duty or withholding tax may not
be made liable to similar taxes by the Cantons or communes.
83     Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
       30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
       2017 3387).
84     Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
       30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
       2017 3387).
85     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
Art. 13586         Equalisation of financial resources and burdens
1 The Confederation shall issue regulations on the equitable equalisation of financial
resources and burdens between the Confederation and the Cantons as well as among
the Cantons.
2 The equalisation of financial resources and burdens is intended in particular to:
    a.    reduce the differences in financial capacity among the Cantons;
    b.    guarantee the Cantons a minimum level of financial resources;
    c.    compensate for excessive financial burdens on individual Cantons due to
          geo-topographical or socio-demographic factors;
    d.    encourage intercantonal cooperation on burden equalisation;
    e.    maintain the tax competitiveness of the Cantons by national and internation          al comparison.
3 The funds for the equalisation of financial resources shall be provided by those
Cantons with a higher level of resources and by the Confederation. The payments
made by those Cantons with a higher level of resources shall amount to a minimum
of two thirds and a maximum of 80 per cent of the payments made by the Confederation.
Title 4            The People and the Cantons
Chapter 1          General Provisions
Art. 136           Political rights
1 All Swiss citizens over the age of eighteen, unless they lack legal capacity due to
mental illness or mental incapacity, have political rights in federal matters. All
citizens have the same political rights and duties.
2 They may participate in elections to the National Council and in federal popular
votes, and launch or sign popular initiatives and requests for referendums in federal
matters.
Art. 137           Political parties
The political parties shall contribute to forming the opinion and will of the People.
86     Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
Chapter 2         Initiative and Referendum
Art. 138          Popular initiative requesting the total revision of the Federal
                  Constitution
1 Any 100,000 persons eligible to vote may within 18 months of the official publication of their initiative propose a total revision of the Federal Constitution.87
2 This proposal must be submitted to a vote of the People.
Art. 13988        Popular initiative requesting a partial revision of the Federal
                      Constitution in specific terms
1 Any 100,000 persons eligible to vote may within 18 months of the official publication of their initiative request a partial revision of the Federal Constitution.
2 A popular initiative for the partial revision of the Federal Constitution may take the
form of a general proposal or of a specific draft of the provisions proposed.
3 If the initiative fails to comply with the requirements of consistency of form, and
of subject matter, or if it infringes mandatory provisions of international law, the
Federal Assembly shall declare it to be invalid in whole or in part.
4 If the Federal Assembly is in agreement with an initiative in the form of a general
proposal, it shall draft the partial revision on the basis of the initiative and submit it
to the vote of the People and the Cantons. If the Federal Assembly rejects the initiative, it shall submit it to a vote of the People; the People shall decide whether the
initiative should be adopted. If they vote in favour, the Federal Assembly shall draft
the corresponding bill.
5 An initiative in the form of a specific draft shall be submitted to the vote of the
People and the Cantons. The Federal Assembly shall recommend whether the initiative should be adopted or rejected. It may submit a counter-proposal to the initiative.
87    Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003, in force since 1 Aug. 2003 (FedD of
      4 Oct. 2002, FCD of 25 March 2003, FedD of 19 June 2003; AS 2003 1949;
      BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111 3954 3960).
88    Adopted by the popular vote on 27 Sept. 2009, in force since 27 Sept. 2009 (FedD of
      19 Dec. 2008, FCD of 1 Dec. 2009; AS 2009 6409; BBl 2008 2891 2907, 2009 13 8719).
Art. 139a89
Art. 139b90          Procedure applicable to an initiative and counter-proposal
1 The People vote on the initiative and the counter-proposal at the same time.91
2 The People may vote in favour of both proposals. In response to the third question,
they may indicate the proposal that they prefer if both are accepted.
3 If in response to the third question one proposal to amend the Constitution receives
more votes from the People and the other more votes from the Cantons, the proposal
that comes into force is that which achieves the higher sum if the percentage of votes
of the People and the percentage of votes of the Cantons in the third question are
added together.
Art. 140             Mandatory referendum
1 The following must be put to the vote of the People and the Cantons:
    a.     amendments to the Federal Constitution;
    b.     accession to organisations for collective security or to supranational com           munities;
    c.     emergency federal acts that are not based on a provision of the Constitution
           and whose term of validity exceeds one year; such federal acts must be put
           to the vote within one year of being passed by the Federal Assembly.
2 The following are submitted to a vote of the People:
    a.     popular initiatives for a total revision of the Federal Constitution;
    abis.92  ...
    b.93 popular initiatives for a partial revision of the Federal Constitution in the
           form of a general proposal that have been rejected by the Federal Assembly;
89     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003 (FedD of 4 Oct. 2002, FCD of
       25 March 2003; AS 2003 1949; BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111). Repealed
       in the Popular Vote on 27 Sept. 2009, with effect from 27 Sept. 2009 (FedD of
       19 Dec. 2008, FCD of 1 Dec. 2009; AS 2009 6409; BBl 2008 2891 2907, 2009 13 8719).
       This article in its version in the FedD of 4 Oct. 2002 never came into force.
90     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003, para. 2 und 3 in force since 1 Aug. 2003
       (FedD of 4 Oct. 2002, FCD of 25 March 2003, FedD of 19 June 2003; AS 2003 1949;
       BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111 3954 3960). Para. 1 in its version in the
       FedD of 4 Oct. 2002 never came into force.
91     Adopted by the popular vote on 27 Sept. 2009, in force since 27 Sept. 2009 (FedD of
       19 Dec. 2008, FCD of 1 Dec. 2009; AS 2009 6409; BBl 2008 2891 2907, 2009 13 8719).
92     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003 (FedD of 4 Oct. 2002, FCD of
       25 March 2003; AS 2003 1949; BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111). Repealed
       in the Popular Vote on 27 Sept. 2009, with effect from 27 Sept. 2009 (FedD of
       19 Dec. 2008, FCD of 1 Dec. 2009; AS 2009 6409; BBl 2008 2891 2907, 2009 13 8719).
       This let. in its version of FedD of 4 Oct. 2002 never came into force.
93     Adopted by the popular vote on 27 Sept. 2009, in force since 27 Sept. 2009 (FedD of
       19 Dec. 2008, FCD of 1 Dec. 2009; AS 2009 6409; BBl 2008 2891 2907, 2009 13 8719).
    c.    the question of whether a total revision of the Federal Constitution should be
          carried out, in the event that there is disagreement between the two Councils.
Art. 141           Optional referendum
1 If within 100 days of the official publication of the enactment any 50,000 persons
eligible to vote or any eight Cantons request it, the following shall be submitted to a
vote of the People:94
    a.    federal acts;
    b.    emergency federal acts whose term of validity exceeds one year;
    c.    federal decrees, provided the Constitution or an act so requires;
    d.    international treaties that:
          1. are of unlimited duration and may not be terminated,
          2. provide for accession to an international organisation,
          3.95 contain important legislative provisions or whose implementation re                quires the enactment of federal legislation.
2 ...96
Art. 141a97        Implementation of international treaties
1 If the decision on ratification of an international treaty is subject to a mandatory
referendum, the Federal Assembly may incorporate in the decision on ratification
the amendments to the Constitution that provide for the implementation of the treaty.
2 If the decision on ratification of an international treaty is subject to an optional
referendum, the Federal Assembly may incorporate in the decision on ratification
the amendments to the law that provide for the implementation of the treaty.
Art. 142           Required majorities
1 Proposals that are submitted to the vote of the People are accepted if a majority of
those who vote approve them.
2 Proposals that are submitted to the vote of the People and Cantons are accepted if a
majority of those who vote and a majority of the Cantons approve them.
94     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003, in force since 1 Aug. 2003 (FedD of
       4 Oct. 2002, FCD of 25 March 2003, FedD of 19 June 2003; AS 2003 1949;
       BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111 3954 3960).
95     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003, in force since 1 Aug. 2003 (FedD of
       4 Oct. 2002, FCD of 25 March 2003, FedD of 19 June 2003; AS 2003 1949;
       BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111 3954 3960).
96     Repealed by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003, with effect from 1 Aug. 2003 (FedD of
       4 Oct. 2002, FCD of 25. March 2003, FedD of 19 June 2003; AS 2003 1949;
       BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111 3954 3960).
97     Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003, in force since 1 Aug. 2003 (FedD of
       4 Oct. 2002, FCD of 25 March 2003, FedD of 19 June 2003; AS 2003 1949;
       BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111 3954 3960).
3 The result of a popular vote in a Canton determines the vote of the Canton.
4 The Cantons of Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell
Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden each have half a cantonal vote.
Title 5          Federal Authorities
Chapter 1        General Provisions
Art. 143         Eligibility for election
Any person eligible to vote may be elected to the National Council, the Federal
Council or the Federal Supreme Court.
Art. 144         Incompatibility
1 No member of the National Council, of the Council of States, of the Federal Council or judge of the Federal Supreme Court may at the same time be a member of any
other of these bodies.
2 No member of the Federal Council or full-time judges of the Federal Supreme
Court may hold any other federal or cantonal office or undertake any other gainful
economic activity.
3 The law may provide for further forms of incompatibility.
Art. 145         Term of office
The members of the National Council and of the Federal Council as well as the
Federal Chancellor are elected for a term of office of four years. Judges of the Federal Supreme Court have a term of office of six years.
Art. 146         State liability
The Confederation shall be liable for damage or loss unlawfully caused by its organs
in the exercise of official activities.
Art. 147         Consultation procedure
The Cantons, the political parties and interested groups shall be invited to express
their views when preparing important legislation or other projects of substantial
impact as well as in relation to significant international treaties.
Chapter 2        Federal Assembly
Section 1        Organisation
Art. 148         Status
1 Subject to the rights of the People and the Cantons, the Federal Assembly is the
supreme authority of the Confederation.
2 The Federal Assembly comprises two chambers, the National Council and the
Council of States; both chambers shall be of equal standing.
Art. 149         Composition and election of the National Council
1 The National Council is composed of 200 representatives of the People.
2 The representatives are elected directly by the People according to a system of
proportional representation. A general election is held every four years.
3 Each Canton constitutes an electoral constituency.
4 The seats are allocated to the Cantons according to their relative populations. Each
Canton has at least one seat.
Art. 150         Composition and election of the Council of States
1 The Council of States is composed of 46 representatives of the Cantons.
2 The Cantons of Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell
Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden each elect one representative; the other
Cantons each elect two representatives.
3 The Cantons determine the rules for the election of their representatives to the
Council of States.
Art. 151         Sessions
1 The Councils convene in session regularly. The convening of sessions is governed
by law.
2 The Federal Council or one quarter of the members of either Council may request
that the Councils be convened for an extraordinary session.
Art. 152         Presidency
Each Council elects a President from its members for a term of one year, together
with a first Vice-President and a second Vice-President. Re-election for the following year is not permitted.
Art. 153         Parliamentary committees
1 Each Council forms committees from its members.
2 The law may provide for joint committees.
3 The law may delegate specific powers, which may not be legislative in their nature,
to committees.
4 In order to fulfil their duties, the committees have the right to information and to
inspect documents and the power to conduct investigations. The extent of such rights
and powers is governed by the law.
Art. 154          Parliamentary groups
The members the Federal Assembly may form parliamentary groups.
Art. 155          Parliamentary Services
The Federal Assembly has parliamentary services at its disposal. It may call on the
services of offices of the Federal Administration. The details are regulated by law.
Section 2         Procedure
Art. 156          Separate proceedings
1 The proceedings of the National Council and Council of States take place separately.
2 Decisions of the Federal Assembly require the agreement of both Chambers.
3 Provision shall be made by the law to ensure that in the event of disagreement
between the Councils decisions are made on:
    a.    the validity or partial invalidity of a popular initiative;
    b.98  the implementation of a popular initiative in the form of a general proposal
          that has been adopted by the People;
    c.99 the implementation of a Federal Decree initiating a total revision of the Fed          eral Constitution that has been approved by the People;
    d.    the budget or any amendment to it.100
Art. 157          Joint proceedings
1 The National Council and Council of States hold joint proceedings as the United
Federal Assembly under the presidency of the President of the National Council in
order to:
98     Adopted by the popular vote on 27 Sept. 2009, in force since 27 Sept. 2009 (FedD of
       19 Dec. 2008, FCD of 1 Dec. 2009; AS 2009 6409; BBl 2008 2891 2907, 2009 13 8719).
99     Adopted by the popular vote on 27 Sept. 2009, in force since 27 Sept. 2009 (FedD of
       19 Dec. 2008, FCD of 1 Dec. 2009; AS 2009 6409; BBl 2008 2891 2907, 2009 13 8719).
100 Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003, lets. a and d in force since 1 Aug. 2003
       (FedD of 4 Oct. 2002, FCD of 25 March 2003, FedD of 19 June 2003; AS 2003 1949;
       BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111 3954 3960).
    a.    conduct elections;
    b.    decide on conflicts of jurisdiction between the highest federal authorities;
    c.    decide on applications for pardons.
2 The United Federal Assembly also convenes for special events and to hear declarations made by the Federal Council.
Art. 158           Public meetings
Meetings of the Councils are held in public. The law may provide for exceptions.
Art. 159           Quorum and required majority
1 The Councils are quorate if a majority of their members is present.
2 Decisions are taken in both Chambers and in the United Federal Assembly by the
majority of those who vote.
3 However, the consent of an absolute majority of the members of each of the two
Councils is required for:
    a.    a declaration that a federal act is urgent;
    b.    provisions on subsidies, guarantee credits or spending ceilings that involve
          new non-recurrent expenditure of more than 20 million francs or new recur          rent expenditure of more than 2 million francs;
    c.101 an increase in overall expenditure in the case of extraordinary financial re          quirements in terms of Article 126 paragraph 3.
4 The Federal Assembly may, by ordinance, adjust subsidies made in terms of paragraph 3 letter b in line with inflation.102
Art. 160           Right to submit initiatives and motions
1 Any Council member, parliamentary group, parliamentary committee or Canton
has the right to submit an initiative to the Federal Assembly.
2 Council members and the Federal Council have the right to submit motions on
business that is under discussion.
Art. 161           Prohibition of voting instructions
1 No member of the Federal Assembly may vote on the instructions of another
person.
2 Members must disclose their links to interest groups.
101    Adopted by the popular vote on 2 Dec. 2001, in force since 2 Dec. 2001 (FedD of
       22 June 2001, FCD of 4 Feb. 2002; AS 2002 241; BBl 2000 4653, 2001 2387 2878,
       2002 1209).
102 Adopted by the popular vote on 2 Dec. 2001, in force since 2 Dec. 2001 (FedD of
       22 June 2001, FCD of 4 Feb. 2002; AS 2002 241; BBl 2000 4653, 2001 2387 2878,
       2002 1209).
Art. 162          Immunity
1 The members of the Federal Assembly and the Federal Council as well as the
Federal Chancellor may not be held liable for statements that they make in the
Assembly or in its organs.
2 The law may provide for further forms of immunity and extend its scope to include
other persons.
Section 3         Powers
Art. 163          Form of Federal Assembly enactments
1 The Federal Assembly shall enact provisions that establish binding legal rules in
the form of federal acts or ordinances.
2 Other enactments are promulgated in the form of a federal decree; a federal decree
that is not subject to a referendum is known as a “simple federal decree”.
Art. 164          Legislation
1 All significant provisions that establish binding legal rules must be enacted in the
form of a federal act. These include in particular fundamental provisions on:
    a.   the exercise of political rights;
    b.   the restriction of constitutional rights;
    c.   the rights and obligations of persons;
    d.   those liable to pay tax as well as the subject matter and assessment of taxes
         and duties;
    e.   the duties and services of the Confederation;
    f.   the obligations of the Cantons in relation to the implementation and en         forcement of federal law;
    g.   the organisation and procedure of the federal authorities.
2 Legislative powers may be delegated by federal act unless this is prohibited by the
Federal Constitution.
Art. 165          Emergency legislation
1 Federal acts whose coming into force cannot be delayed (emergency federal acts)
may be declared urgent by an absolute majority of the members of each of the two
Councils and be brought into force immediately. Such acts must be of limited duration.
2 If a referendum is requested on an emergency federal act, the act must be repealed
one year after being passed by the Federal Assembly if it has not in the meantime
been approved by the People.
3 An emergency federal act that does not have the Constitution as its basis must be
repealed one year after being passed by the Federal Assembly if it has not in the
meantime been approved by the People and the Cantons. Any such act must be of
limited duration.
4 An emergency federal act that is not approved in a popular vote may not be renewed.
Art. 166         Foreign relations and international treaties
1 The Federal Assembly shall participate in shaping foreign policy and supervise the
maintenance of foreign relations.
2 It shall approve international treaties, with the exception of those that are concluded by the Federal Council under a statutory provision or an international treaty.
Art. 167         Finance
The Federal Assembly determines the expenditure of the Confederation, adopt the
budget and approve the federal accounts.
Art. 168         Appointments
1 The Federal Assembly elects the members of the Federal Council, the Federal
Chancellor, the judges of the Federal Supreme Court and, in times of war, the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces ("the General").
2 The law may authorise the Federal Assembly to make or confirm other appointments.
Art. 169         Oversight
1 The Federal Assembly exercises oversight over the Federal Council and the Federal Administration, the federal courts and other bodies entrusted with the tasks of the
Confederation.
2 Official secrecy does not apply in dealings with the special delegations of supervisory committees that are established under the law.
Art. 170         Evaluation of effectiveness
The Federal Assembly shall ensure that federal measures are evaluated with regard
to their effectiveness.
Art. 171         Tasks of the Federal Council
The Federal Assembly may assign functions to the Federal Council. The details are
regulated by law, and in particular the means by which the Federal Assembly may
intervene in matters that fall within the remit of the Federal Council.
Art. 172          Relations between the Confederation and the Cantons
1 The Federal Assembly shall ensure the maintenance of good relations between the
Confederation and the Cantons.
2 It shall guarantee the cantonal constitutions.
3 It shall decide whether to approve intercantonal agreements and treaties between
Cantons and foreign countries where the Federal Council or a Canton raises an
objection to any such treaty.
Art. 173          Further duties and powers
1 The Federal Assembly has the following additional duties and powers:
    a.   Taking measures to safeguard external security and the independence and
         neutrality of Switzerland.
    b.   Taking measures to safeguard internal security.
    c.   If extraordinary circumstances require, issuing ordinances or simple federal
         decrees in order to fulfil its duties under letters (a) and (b).
    d.   Regulating active service and mobilising the armed forces or sections there         of for this purpose.
    e.   Taking measures to enforce federal law.
    f.   Ruling on the validity of popular initiatives that meet the formal require         ments.
    g.   Participating in the general planning of state activities.
    h.   Deciding on individual acts where a federal act expressly so provides.
    i.   Deciding on conflicts of jurisdiction between the highest federal authorities.
    k.   Issuing pardons and deciding on amnesties.
2 The Federal Assembly also deals with matters that fall within the remit of the
Confederation and are not the responsibility of any other authority.
3 Other duties and powers may be delegated by law to the Federal Assembly.
Chapter 3          Federal Council and Federal Administration
Section 1         Organisation and Procedure
Art. 174          Federal Council
The Federal Council is the supreme governing and executive authority of the Confederation.
Art. 175          Composition and election
1 The Federal Council has seven members.
2 The members of the Federal Council are elected by the Federal Assembly following each general election to the National Council.
3 They are elected for a term of office of four years. Any Swiss citizen eligible for
election to the National Council may be elected to the Federal Council.103
4 In electing the Federal Council, care must be taken to ensure that the various
geographical and language regions of the country are appropriately represented.104
Art. 176          Presidency
1 The President of the Confederation chairs the Federal Council.
2 The President and the Vice-President of the Federal Council are elected by the
Federal Assembly from the members of the Federal Council for a term of office of
one year.
3 Re-election for the following year is not permitted. The President may not be
elected Vice-President for the following year.
Art. 177          Principle of collegiality and allocation to departments
1 The Federal Council reaches its decisions as a collegial body.
2 For the purposes of preparation and implementation, the business of the Federal
Council is allocated to its individual members according to department.
3 Business may be delegated to and directly dealt with by departments or their subordinate administrative units; in such cases, the right to legal recourse is guaranteed.
Art. 178          Federal Administration
1 The Federal Council is in charge of the Federal Administration. It ensures that it is
organised appropriately and that it fulfils its duties effectively.
2 The Federal Administration is organised into Departments; each Department is
headed by a member of the Federal Council.
3 Administrative tasks may by law be delegated to public or private organisations,
entities or persons that do not form part of the Federal Administration.
Art. 179          Federal Chancellery
The Federal Chancellery is the general administrative office of the Federal Council.
It is headed by a Federal Chancellor.
103   Adopted by the popular vote on 7 Feb. 1999, in force since 1 Jan 2000 (FedD of
      9 Oct. 1998, FCD of 2 March 1999; AS 1999 1239; BBl 1993 IV 554, 1994 III 1370,
      1998 4800, 1999 2475 8768).
104 Adopted by the popular vote on 7 Feb. 1999, in force since 1 Jan 2000 (FedD of
      9 Oct. 1998, FCD of 2 March 1999; AS 1999 1239; BBl 1993 IV 554, 1994 III 1370,
      1998 4800, 1999 2475 8768).
Section 2        Powers
Art. 180         Government policy
1 The Federal Council decides on the objectives of federal government policy and
the means by which they should be achieved. It plans and coordinates state activities.
2 It informs the general public fully and in good time about its activities, unless
overriding public or private interests prevent this.
Art. 181         Right to initiate legislation
The Federal Council submits drafts of Federal Assembly legislation to the Federal
Assembly.
Art. 182         Law-making and implementation of legislation
1 The Federal Council enacts legislative provisions in the form of ordinances, provided it has the authority to do so under the Constitution or the law.
2 It ensures the implementation of legislation, the resolutions of the Federal Assembly and the judgments of federal judicial authorities.
Art. 183         Finances
1 The Federal Council draws up the financial plan and the draft budget and prepare
the federal accounts.
2 It ensures orderly financial management.
Art. 184         Foreign relations
1 The Federal Council is responsible for foreign relations, subject to the right of
participation of the Federal Assembly; it represents Switzerland abroad.
2 It signs and ratifies international treaties. It submits them to the Federal Assembly
for approval.
3 Where safeguarding the interests of the country so requires, the Federal Council
may issue ordinances and rulings. Ordinances must be of limited duration.
Art. 185         External and internal security
1 The Federal Council takes measures to safeguard external security, independence
and neutrality of Switzerland.
2 It takes measures to safeguard internal security.
3 It may in direct application of this Article issue ordinances and rulings in order to
counter existing or imminent threats of serious disruption to public order or internal
or external security. Such ordinances must be limited in duration.
4 In cases of emergency, it may mobilise the armed forces. Where it mobilises more
than 4,000 members of the armed forces for active service or where the deployment
of such troops is expected to last for more than three weeks, the Federal Assembly
must be convened without delay.
Art. 186           Relations between the Confederation and the Cantons
1 The Federal Council is responsible for maintaining relations between the Confederation and the Cantons and collaborates with the latter.
2 It may approve cantonal legislation when required to do so by federal law.
3 It may object to treaties between Cantons or between Cantons and foreign countries.
4 It ensures compliance with federal law, as well as the cantonal constitutions and
cantonal treaties and takes the measures required to fulfil this duty.
Art. 187           Further duties and powers
1 The Federal Council also has the following duties and powers:
    a.    Supervising the Federal Administration and the other bodies entrusted with
          federal duties.
    b.    Reporting regularly to the Federal Assembly on the conduct of its business
          as well as on the situation in Switzerland.
    c.    Making appointments that do not fall within the remit of other authorities.
    d.    Dealing with appeals, where the law so provides.
2 Other duties and powers may be delegated by law to the Federal Council.
Chapter 4105 Federal Supreme Court and other Judicial Authorities
Art. 188           Status
1 The Federal Supreme Court is the supreme judicial authority of the Confederation.
2 Its organisation and procedure are governed by law.
3 The Federal Supreme Court has its own administration.
Art. 189           Jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court
1 The Federal Supreme Court hears disputes concerning violations of:
    a.    federal law;
    b.    international law;
105    Adopted by the popular vote on 12 March 2000, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (FedD of
       8 Oct. 1999, FCD of 17 May 2000, FedD of 8 March 2005; AS 2002 3148, 2006 1059;
       BBl 1997 I 1, 1999 8633, 2000 2990, 2001 4202).
    c.     inter-cantonal law;
    d.     cantonal constitutional rights;
    e.     the autonomy of the communes and other cantonal guarantees in favour of
           public law corporations;
    f.     federal and cantonal provisions on political rights.
1bis ...106
2 It hears disputes between the Confederation and Cantons or between Cantons.
3 The jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court may be extended by law.
4 Acts of the Federal Assembly or the Federal Council may not be challenged in the
Federal Supreme Court. Exceptions may be provided for by law.
Art. 190           Applicable law
The Federal Supreme Court and the other judicial authorities apply the federal acts
and international law.
Art. 191           Access to the Federal Supreme Court
1 Access to the Federal Supreme Court is guaranteed by law.
2 For disputes that do not relate to a legal issue of fundamental importance, the law
may stipulate a threshold for the amount in dispute.
3 The law may exclude access to the Federal Supreme Court in relation to specific
matters.
4 The law may provide for a simplified procedure for appeals that are manifestly
unfounded.
Art. 191a107       Other federal judicial authorities
1 The Confederation shall appoint a criminal court, which hears at first instance
criminal cases that by law come under federal jurisdiction. The law may confer
further powers on the Federal Criminal Court.
2 The Confederation shall appoint judicial authorities to hear public law disputes that
come under the jurisdiction of the Federal Administration.
3 The law may provide for further federal judicial authorities.
106    Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2003 (FedD of 4 Oct. 2002, FCD of
       25 March 2003; AS 2003 1949; BBl 2001 4803 6080, 2002 6485, 2003 3111). Repealed
       in the Popular Vote on 27 Sept. 2009, with effect from 27 Sept. 2009 (FedD of
       19 Dec. 2008, FCD of 1 Dec. 2009; AS 2009 6409; BBl 2008 2891 2907, 2009 13 8719).
       This paragraph in its version of FedD of 4 Oct. 2002 never came into force.
107 Adopted by the popular vote on 12 March 2000, para. 1 in force since 1 April 2003,
       paras 2 and 3 in force since 1 Sept. 2005 (FedD of 8 Oct. 1999, FCD of 17 May 2000,
       FedD of 24 Sept. 2002; AS 2002 3148; BBl 1997 I 1, 1999 8633, 2000 2990, 2001 4202,
       2005 1475).
Art. 191b         Cantonal judicial authorities
1 The Cantons shall appoint judicial authorities to judge civil and public law disputes
and criminal law cases.
2 They may appoint joint judicial authorities.
Art. 191c         Independence of the judiciary
The judicial authorities are independent in the exercise of their judicial powers and
are bound only by the law.
Title 6
Revision of the Federal Constitution and Transitional Provisions
Chapter 1 Revision
Art. 192          Principle
1 The Federal Constitution may be totally or partially revised at any time.
2 Unless the Federal Constitution and the legislation based on it provides otherwise,
any revision of the Federal Constitution is made by the legislative process.
Art. 193          Total revision
1 A total revision of the Federal Constitution may be proposed by the People or by
either of the two Councils or be decreed by the Federal Assembly.
2 If the initiative emanates from the People or if the two Chambers are unable to
agree, the People decide on whether a total revision should be carried out.
3 If the People vote for a total revision, new elections shall be held to both Chambers.
4 The mandatory provisions of international law must not be violated.
Art. 194          Partial revision
1 A partial revision of the Federal Constitution may be requested by the People or
decreed by the Federal Assembly.
2 The partial revision must respect the principle of cohesion of subject matter and
must not violate mandatory provisions of international law.
3 The popular initiative for partial revision must also respect the principle of consistency of form.
Art. 195          Commencement
The totally or partly revised Federal Constitution comes into force when it is approved by the People and the Cantons.
Chapter 2          Transitional Provisions
Art. 196           Transitional provisions in terms of the Federal Decree of
                   18 December 1998 on a new Federal Constitution108
1. Transitional provision to Art. 84 (Transalpine transit traffic)
The transfer of freight transit traffic from road to rail must be completed ten years
after the adoption of the popular initiative for the protection of the alpine regions
from transit traffic.
2. Transitional provision to Art. 85 (Flat-rate heavy vehicle charge)
1 The Confederation shall levy an annual charge for the use of roads that are open to
general traffic on domestic and foreign motor vehicles and trailers that have a maximum permissible weight of over 3.5 tonnes.
2 This charge amounts to:
                                                                Fr.
    a.    for trucks and articulated motor vehicles of
          – over 3.5 to 12 t                                     650
          – over 12 to 18 t                                     2000
          – over 18 to 26 t                                     3000
          – over 26 t                                           4000
    b.    for trailers of
          – over 3.5 to 8 t                                      650
          – over 8 to 10 t                                      1500
          – over 10 t                                           2000
    c.    for coaches                                            650
3 The rates of the charge may be adjusted by federal act insofar as this is justified by
the cost of road transport.
4 In addition, the Federal Council may adjust by ordinance the tariff category above
12 t in accordance with paragraph 2 to comply with any amendments to the weight
categories contained in the Road Traffic Act of 19 December 1958109.
5 For vehicles that are not on the road in Switzerland for the entire year, the Federal
Council shall determine suitably graduated rates of the charge; it shall take account
of the costs of collecting the charge.
6 The Federal Council shall regulate the implementation of the charge. It may determine rates in terms of paragraph 2 for special categories of vehicle, exempt certain
vehicles from the charge and issue special regulations, in particular for journeys in
border areas. Such regulations must not result in vehicles registered abroad being
108    Adopted by the popular vote on 3 March 2002, in force since 3 March 2002 (FedD of
       5 Oct. 2001, FCD of 26 April 2002; AS 2002 885; BBl 2000 2453, 2001 1183 5731,
       2002 3690).
109 SR 741.01
treated more favourably than Swiss vehicles. The Federal Council may provide for
fines in respect of contraventions. The Cantons shall collect the charge on vehicles
registered in Switzerland.
7 The charge may be limited or abolished by law.
8 This provision applies until the Heavy Vehicle Charge Act of 19 December
1997110 comes into force.
3. Transitional provisions to Art. 86 (Use of charges for tasks and costs in connection with road transport), Art. 87 (Railways and other carriers) and Art. 87a (Railway infrastructure)111
1 The major rail projects include the New Rail Link through the Alps (NRLA),
RAIL 2000, the connection of Eastern and Western Switzerland to the European
High Speed Rail Network as well as the improvement of noise protection along
railway lines through active and passive measures.
2 Until the interest payments and repayments on the advances made to the fund in
accordance with Article 87a paragraph 2 have been made in full, the monies in
accordance with Article 86 paragraph 2 letter e shall be allocated to the special
finance programme for road transport in accordance with Article 86 paragraph 4
instead of the fund in accordance with Article 86 paragraph 2.112
2bis In order to finance railway infrastructure and thereafter to finance the interest
and repayments on the advances made to the fund in accordance with Article 87a
paragraph 2, the Federal Council may use monies in accordance with paragraph 2
until 31 December 2018. The monies shall be calculated in accordance with Article
86 paragraph 2 letter e.113
2ter The percentage in accordance with Article 86 paragraph 2 letter f applies from
two years after this provision comes into force. Prior to that, it shall be 5 per cent.114
3 The financing of the major rail projects in accordance with paragraph 1 shall be
carried out through the fund under Article 87a paragraph 2.115
4 The four major rail projects in terms of paragraph 1 shall be adopted by federal
acts. Proof must be established of the necessity and readiness for implementation
110   SR 641.81
111   Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
      30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
      2017 3387).
112   Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
      30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
      2017 3387).
113   Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
      30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
      2017 3387).
114   Adopted by the popular vote on 12 Feb. 2017, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (FedD of
      30 Sept. 2016, FCD of 10 Nov. 2016 – AS 2017 6731; BBl 2015 2065, 2016 7587,
      2017 3387).
115   Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 1 Jan. 2016 (FedD of
      20 June 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014, FCD of 2 June 2014, FCD of 6 June 2014;
      AS 2015 645; BBl 2010 6637, 2012 1577, 2013 4725 6518, 2014 4113 4117).
For each major project in its entirety. In the case of the NRLA project, each of the
construction phases shall form the subject matter of a federal act. The Federal Assembly shall approve the required financing through guarantee credits. The Federal
Council shall approve the construction phases and determine the time schedule.
5 This provision applies until the conclusion of the construction work and of the
financing (through repayment of the advances) of the major rail projects mentioned
in paragraph 1.
4. Transitional provision to Art. 90 (Nuclear energy)
Until 23 September 2000, no general, construction, start-up or operating licences for
new facilities for the production of nuclear energy may be granted.
5. Transitional provision to Art. 95 (Private economic activity)
Until the enactment of federal legislation, the Cantons must mutually recognise their
education or training qualifications.
6. Transitional provision to Art. 102 (National economic supply)
1 The Confederation shall guarantee the national supply of bread grain and baking
flour.
2 This transitional provision remains in force until 31 December 2003 at the latest.
7. Transitional provision to Art. 103 (Structural policy)
For no more than ten years from the date on which the Constitution comes into
force, the Cantons may retain existing regulations that make the opening of new
businesses dependent on establishing a need, in order to guarantee the existence of
important parts of a specific branch of the hotel and restaurant industry.
8.116 ...
9. Transitional provision to Art. 110 para. 3 (National Day of the Swiss Confederation)
1 Until the amended federal legislation comes into force, the Federal Council shall
regulate the details.
2 The National Day of the Swiss Confederation shall not be included in the calculation of the number the public holidays in accordance with Article 18 paragraph 2 of
the Employment Act of 13 March 1964117.
10.118 ...
116   Art. 106 was revised on 11 March 2012.
117   SR 822.11
118   Repealed by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, with effect from 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951)
11. Transitional provision to Art. 113 (Occupational Pension Scheme)
Insured persons who belong to the generation working at the time of the introduction
of the occupational pension scheme and therefore do not contribute for the full
period shall receive the statutory minimum benefits, according to their income,
within 10 to 20 years of the Act coming into force.
12.119 ...
13.120 Transitional provision to Art. 128 (Duration of tax levy)
The power to levy the direct federal tax shall be limited until the end of 2020.
14.121 Transitional provision to Art. 130 (Value Added Tax)122
1 The power to levy value added tax is limited until the end of 2020.
2 In order to guarantee the funding of invalidity insurance, the Federal Council shall
raise the value added tax rates from 1 January 2011 until 31 December 2017 as
follows: ...
3 The revenue from the increase in rates in accordance with paragraph 2 will be
allocated in full to the Compensation Fund for Invalidity Insurance.123
4 In order to secure the financing of railway infrastructure, the Federal Council shall
raise the tax rates under Article 25 of the Value Added Tax Act of 12 June 2009124
from 1 January 2018 by 0.1 of a percentage point, in the event of an extension of the
time limit under paragraph 1 until 31 December 2030 at the latest.125
5 The entire revenue from the increase under paragraph 4 shall be allocated to the
fund under Article 87a.126
119  Art. 126 was revised on 2 Dec. 2001.
120  Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (FedD of
     19 March 2004, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 2 Feb. 2006; AS 2006 1057;
     BBl 2003 1531, 2004 1363, 2005 951).
121  Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (FedD of
     19 March 2004, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 2 Feb. 2006; AS 2006 1057;
     BBl 2003 1531, 2004 1363, 2005 951).
122  Adopted by the popular vote on 27 Sept. 2009, in force since 1 Jan. 2011 (FedD of
     13 June 2008 and of 12 June 2009, FCD of 7 Sept. 2010; AS 2010 3821; BBl 2005 4623,
     2008 5241, 2009 4371 4377 4379 8719).
123  Adopted by the popular vote on 27 Sept. 2009, in force since 1 Jan. 2011 (FedD of
     13 June 2008 and of 12 June 2009, FCD of 7 Sept. 2010; AS 2010 3821; BBl 2005 4623,
     2008 5241, 2009 4371 4377 4379 8719).
124  SR 641.20
125  Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 1 Jan. 2016 (FedD of
     20 June 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014, FCD of 2 June 2014, FCD of 6 June 2014;
     AS 2015 645; BBl 2010 6637, 2012 1577, 2013 4725 6518, 2014 4113 4117).
126  Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 1 Jan. 2016 (FedD of
     20 June 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014, FCD of 2 June 2014, FCD of 6 June 2014;
     AS 2015 645; BBl 2010 6637, 2012 1577, 2013 4725 6518, 2014 4113 4117).
15. Transitional provision to Art. 131 (Beer tax)
Until a federal act127 comes into force, the beer tax shall be levied in accordance
with the current law.
16.128 ...
Art. 197129        Transitional provisions following the adoption of the Federal
                   Constitution of 18 April 1999
1. Accession of Switzerland to the United Nations
1 Switzerland shall accede to the United Nations.
2 The Federal Council shall be authorised to submit an application to the Secretary
General of the United Nations (UN) requesting Switzerland’s accession to the organisation, together with a declaration on the acceptance of the obligations contained in
the UN Charter130.
2.131 Transitional provision to Art. 62 (School education)
From the date on which the Federal Decree of 3 October 2003132 on the New System
of Financial Equalisation and the Allocation of Tasks between the Confederation
and Cantons comes into force, the Cantons shall, until they have their own approved
special-needs school strategies, but for a minimum of three years, assume responsibility for the current payments made by the Invalidity Insurance for special needs
education (including the special needs pre-school education in accordance with
Art. 19 of the Federal Act of 19 June 1959133 on Invalidity Insurance).
3.134 Transitional provision to Art. 83 (National highways)
The Cantons shall construct the national highways listed in the Federal Decree of
21 June 1960135 on the National Highway Network (in its version valid on the
commencement of the Federal Decree of 3 Oct. 2003136 on the New System of
Financial Equalisation and the Allocation of Tasks between the Confederation and
127   SR 641.411. The Beer Tax Act of 6 Oct. 2006 came into force on 1 July 2007.
128   Repealed by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, with effect from 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951)
129   Adopted by the popular vote on 3 March 2002, in force since 3 March 2002 (FedD of
      5 Oct. 2001, FCD of 26 April 2002; AS 2002 885; BBl 2000 2453, 2001 1183 5731,
      2002 3690).
130   SR 0.120
131   Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
      3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
      2003 6591, 2005 951).
132   AS 2007 5765
133   SR 831.20
134   Article 83 has now been revised. Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force
      since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of 3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007;
      AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291, 2003 6591, 2005 951).
135   SR 725.113.11
136   AS 2007 5765
Cantons) in accordance with the regulations of and subject to the oversight of the
Confederation. The Confederation and Cantons shall share the costs. The share of
the costs borne by the individual Cantons shall be determined by the burden imposed
on them by the national highways, their interest in these highways, and their financial capacity.
4.137 Transitional provision to Art. 112b (Promoting the rehabilitation of people
eligible for invalidity benefits)
From the date on which the Federal Decree of 3 October 2003138 on the New System
of Financial Equalisation and the Allocation of Tasks between the Confederation
and Cantons comes into force, the Cantons shall assume responsibility for the current payments made by the Invalidity Insurance to institutions, workshops and
residential homes until they have an approved strategy on people with disabilities
that also regulates the granting of cantonal contributions towards the construction
and running of institutions that accept residents from outside the relevant canton, but
for a minimum of three years.
5.139 Transitional provision to Art. 112c (Aid for elderly people and people with
disabilities)
The current payments under Article 101bis of the Federal Act of 20 December
1946140 on the Old-Age and Survivors’ Insurance for assistance and care in the
home for elderly people and people with disabilities shall continue to be paid by the
Cantons until cantonal regulations on the financing of assistance and care in the
home come into force.
7.141 Transitional Provision to Art. 120 (Non-human gene technology)
Swiss agriculture shall remain free of gene technology for a period of five years
following the adoption of this constitutional provision. In particular, the following
may neither be imported nor placed on the market:
    a.    genetically modified plants that are capable of propagation, parts of plants
          and seeds that are intended for agricultural, horticultural or forestry use in
          the environment;
    b.    genetically modified animals that are intended for the production of food          stuffs and other agricultural products.
137    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
138    AS 2007 5765
139    Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2004, in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (FCD of
       3 Oct 2003, FCD of 26 Jan. 2005, FCD of 7 Nov. 2007; AS 2007 5765; BBl 2002 2291,
       2003 6591, 2005 951).
140    SR 831.10
141    Adopted by the popular vote on 27 Nov. 2005, in force since 27 Nov. 2005 (FedD of
       17 June 2005, FCD of 19 Jan. 2006; AS 2006 89; BBl 2003 6903, 2004 4937, 2005 4039,
       2006 1061).
8.142 Transitional provision to Art. 121 (Residence and Permanent Settlement of
Foreign Nationals)
The legislature must define and add to the offences covered by Article 121 paragraph 3 and issue the criminal provisions relating to illegal entry in accordance with
Article 121 paragraph 6 within five years of the adoption of Article 121 paragraphs
3–6 by the People and the Cantons.
9.143 Transitional provision to Art. 75b (Second homes)
1 If the relevant legislation does not come into force within two years of the adoption
of Article 75b, the Federal Council shall issue the required implementing provisions
on construction, sale and recording in the land register by ordinance.
2 Building permits for second homes granted between 1 January of the year following the adoption of Article 75b and the date on which the implementing provisions
come into force shall be null and void.
10.144 Transitional provision to Art. 95 para. 3
Until the statutory provisions come into force, the Federal Council shall issue the
required implementing provisions within one year of the adoption of Article 95
paragraph 3 by the People and the Cantons.
11.145 Transitional provision to Art. 121a (Control of immigration)
1 International agreements that contradict Article 121a must be renegotiated and
amended within three years of its adoption by the People and the Cantons.
2 If the implementing legislation for Article 121a has not come into force within
three years of its adoption by the People and the Cantons, the Federal Council shall
issue temporary implementing provisions in the form of an ordinance.
Commencement Date: 1 January 2000146
142   Adopted by the popular vote on 28 Nov. 2010, in force since 28 Nov. 2010 (FedD of
      18 June 2010, FCD of 17 March 2011; AS 2011 1199; BBl 2008 1927, 2009 5097,
      2010 4241, 2011 2771).
143   Adopted by the popular vote on 11 March 2012, in force since 11 March 2012 (FedD of
      17 June 2011, FCD of 20 June 2012; AS 2012 3627; BBl 2008 1113 8757, 2011 4825,
      2012 6623).
144   Adopted by the popular vote on 3 March 2013, in force since 3 March 2013 (FCD of
      15 Nov. 2012 und 30 April 2013; AS 2013 1303; BBl 2006 8755, 2008 2577, 2009 299,
      2012 9219, 2013 3129).
145   Adopted by the popular vote on 9 Feb. 2014, in force since 9 Feb. 2014 (FedD of
      27 Sept. 2013, FCD of 13 May 2014; AS 2014 1391; BBl 2011 6269, 2012 3869,
      2013 291 7351, 2014 4117).
146   FedD of 28 Sept. 1999 (AS 1999 2555; BBl 1999 7922)
Final Provisions of the Federal Decree of 18 December 1998
II
1 The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 29 May 1874147 is repealed.
2 The following provisions of the Federal Constitution, which must be re-enacted as
statute law, continue to apply until the corresponding statutory provisions come into
force:
a. Art. 32quater para. 6148
Hawking and other forms of itinerant sale of spirits are prohibited.
b. Art. 36quinquies para. 1 first sentence, 2 second–last sentence and 4 second sentence149
1 For the use of first and second class national highways, the Confederation shall
levy an annual charge of 40 francs on each Swiss and foreign motor vehicle and
trailer with a total weight not exceeding 3.5 tonnes. ...
2 ... The Federal Council may exempt specific vehicles from the charge and issue
special regulations, in particular for journeys made in border areas. Such regulations
must not result in vehicles registered abroad being treated more favourably than
Swiss vehicles. The Federal Council may impose fines for contraventions of the
regulations. The Cantons shall collect the charge for vehicles registered in Switzerland and monitor compliance of all vehicles with the regulations.
4 ... The charge may be extended by federal act to further categories of vehicle that
are not liable to pay the heavy vehicle charge.
c. Art. 121bis para. 1, 2 and para. 3 first and second sentence150
1 If the Federal Assembly decides to submit a counter-proposal, voters shall be asked
three questions on the same ballot paper. Each voter has the unrestricted right to
state:
    1.   whether he or she prefers the popular initiative to the existing law;
147   [BS 1 3; AS 1949 1511, 1951 606, 1957 1027, 1958 362 768 770, 1959 224 912,
      1961 476, 1962 749 1637 1804, 1964 97, 1966 1672, 1969 1249, 1970 1649, 1971 325
      905 907, 1972 1481 1484, 1973 429 1051 1455, 1974 721, 1975 1205, 1976 713 715
      2003, 1977 807 1849 2228 2230, 1978 212 484 1578, 1979 678, 1980 380, 1981 1243
      1244, 1982 138, 1983 240 444, 1984 290, 1985 150, 151 658 659 1025 1026 1648,
      1987 282 1125, 1988 352, 1991 246 247 1122, 1992 1578 1579, 1993 3040 3041,
      1994 258 263 265 267 1096 1097 1099 1101, 1995 1455, 1996 1490 1491 1492 2502,
      1998 918 2031, 1999 741 743 1239 1341]
148 Art. 105
149 Art. 86 para. 2
150 See now: Art. 139b.
    2.   whether he or she prefers the counter-proposal to the existing law;
    3.   which of the two proposals should come into force in the event that the Peo         ple and the Cantons prefer both proposals to the existing law.
2 The absolute majority shall be calculated separately for each question. Unanswered
questions shall not be taken into consideration.
3 If both the popular initiative and the counter-proposal are accepted, the result of
the third question shall be decisive. The proposal that receives the greater number of
votes from the People and from the Cantons on this question shall come into force.
...
III
The Federal Assembly shall adapt amendments to the Federal Constitution of
29 May 1874 to the new Federal Constitution as regards their form. The decree
issued to this effect shall not be subject to a referendum.
IV
1 This Decree must be submitted to a vote of the People and the Cantons.
2 The Federal Assembly shall determine its commencement date.
Contents
              .................................................................................................. Preamble
Title 1 General Provisions
              The Swiss Confederation ................................................................Art. 1
              Aims ...............................................................................................Art. 2
              Cantons ...........................................................................................Art. 3
              National languages .........................................................................Art. 4
              Rule of law .....................................................................................Art. 5
              Subsidiarity ...................................................................................Art. 5a
              Individual and collective responsibility..........................................Art. 6
Title 2 Fundamental Rights, Citizenship and Social
Goals
 Chapter 1 Fundamental Rights
              Human dignity ................................................................................Art. 7
              Equality before the law ...................................................................Art. 8
              Protection against arbitrary conduct and principle of good
              faith .................................................................................................Art. 9
              Right to life and to personal freedom ...........................................Art. 10
              Protection of children and young people ......................................Art. 11
              Right to assistance when in need ..................................................Art. 12
              Right to privacy ............................................................................Art. 13
              Right to marry and to have a family .............................................Art. 14
              Freedom of religion and conscience .............................................Art. 15
              Freedom of expression and of information...................................Art. 16
              Freedom of the media ...................................................................Art. 17
              Freedom to use any language .......................................................Art. 18
              Right to basic education ...............................................................Art. 19
              Academic freedom........................................................................Art. 20
              Freedom of artistic expression......................................................Art. 21
              Freedom of assembly ....................................................................Art. 22
              Freedom of association .................................................................Art. 23
              Freedom of domicile.....................................................................Art. 24
              Protection against expulsion, extradition and deportation............Art. 25
              Guarantee of ownership ................................................................Art. 26
              Economic freedom........................................................................Art. 27
              Right to form professional associations .......................................Art. 28
              General procedural guarantees .....................................................Art. 29
            Guarantee of access to the courts............................................... Art. 29a
            Judicial proceedings..................................................................... Art. 30
            Deprivation of liberty .................................................................. Art. 31
            Criminal proceedings ................................................................... Art. 32
            Right of petition ........................................................................... Art. 33
            Political rights .............................................................................. Art. 34
            Upholding of fundamental rights ................................................. Art. 35
            Restrictions on fundamental rights .............................................. Art. 36
  Chapter 2 Citizenship and Political Rights
            Citizenship ................................................................................... Art. 37
            Acquisition and deprivation of citizenship .................................. Art. 38
            Exercise of political rights ........................................................... Art. 39
            The Swiss abroad ......................................................................... Art. 40
  Chapter 3 Social Objectives
             ..................................................................................................... Art. 41
Title 3 Confederation, Cantons and Communes
  Chapter 1 Relations between the Confederation and
  the Cantons
    Section 1 Duties of the Confederation and the Cantons
            Duties of the Confederation ......................................................... Art. 42
            Duties of the Cantons................................................................... Art. 43
            Principles for the allocation and fulfilment of state tasks.......... Art. 43a
    Section 2 Cooperation between the Confederation and the
    Cantons
            Principles ..................................................................................... Art. 44
            Participation in federal decision-making ..................................... Art. 45
            Implementation of federal law ..................................................... Art. 46
            Autonomy of the Cantons ............................................................ Art. 47
            Intercantonal agreements ............................................................. Art. 48
            Declaration of general application and requirement of
            participation ............................................................................... Art. 48a
            Precedence of and compliance with federal law.......................... Art. 49
    Section 3 Communes
             ..................................................................................................... Art. 50
    Section 4 Federal Guarantees
              Cantonal constitutions ..................................................................Art. 51
              Constitutional order ......................................................................Art. 52
              Number and territory of the Cantons ............................................Art. 53
 Chapter 2 Powers
    Section 1 Relations with Foreign States
              Foreign relations ...........................................................................Art. 54
              Participation of the Cantons in foreign policy decisions ..............Art. 55
              Relations between the Cantons and foreign states........................Art. 56
    Section 2 Security, National Defence, Civil Defence
              Security .........................................................................................Art. 57
              Armed forces ................................................................................Art. 58
              Military service and alternative service ........................................Art. 59
              Armed forces organisation, training and equipment ....................Art. 60
              Civil defence .................................................................................Art. 61
    Section 3 Education, Research and Culture
              Swiss Education Area .................................................................Art. 61a
              School education ..........................................................................Art. 62
              Vocational and professional education and training ....................Art. 63
              Higher education institutions ......................................................Art. 63a
              Research .......................................................................................Art. 64
              Continuing education and training .............................................Art. 64a
              Statistics ........................................................................................Art. 65
              Education grants ...........................................................................Art. 66
              Encouragement of children and young people .............................Art. 67
              Musical education .......................................................................Art. 67a
              Sport .............................................................................................Art. 68
              Culture ..........................................................................................Art. 69
              Languages .....................................................................................Art. 70
              Cinema ..........................................................................................Art. 71
              Church and state ...........................................................................Art. 72
    Section 4 Environment and Spatial Planning
              Sustainable development ..............................................................Art. 73
              Protection of the environment ......................................................Art. 74
              Spatial planning ............................................................................Art. 75
              National Land Survey .................................................................Art. 75a
              Second homes .............................................................................Art. 75b
            Water............................................................................................ Art. 76
            Forests .......................................................................................... Art. 77
            Protection of natural and cultural heritage................................... Art. 78
            Fishing and hunting ..................................................................... Art. 79
            Protection of animals ................................................................... Art. 80
    Section 5 Public Construction Works and Transport
            Public Construction Works .......................................................... Art. 81
            Public transport .......................................................................... Art. 81a
            Road transport .............................................................................. Art. 82
            Road infrastructure ...................................................................... Art. 83
            Alpine transit traffic ..................................................................... Art. 84
            Heavy vehicle charge ................................................................... Art. 85
            Charge for using the national highways .................................... Art. 85a
            Use of charges for tasks and costs in connection with road
            transport ....................................................................................... Art. 86
            Railways and other modes of transport ....................................... Art. 87
            Railway infrastructure ............................................................... Art. 87a
            Use of charges for tasks and costs in connection with air
            traffic.......................................................................................... Art. 87b
            Footpaths, hiking trails and cycle paths ....................................... Art. 88
    Section 6 Energy and Communications
            Energy policy ............................................................................... Art. 89
            Nuclear energy ............................................................................. Art. 90
            Transport of energy...................................................................... Art. 91
            Postal and telecommunications services ...................................... Art. 92
            Radio and television .................................................................... Art. 93
    Section 7 The Economy
            Principles of the economic system .............................................. Art. 94
            Professional activities in the private sector ................................. Art. 95
            Competition policy ...................................................................... Art. 96
            Consumer protection .................................................................... Art. 97
            Banks and insurance companies .................................................. Art. 98
            Monetary policy ........................................................................... Art. 99
            Economic policy ........................................................................ Art. 100
            Foreign economic policy ........................................................... Art. 101
            National economic supply ......................................................... Art. 102
            Structural policy......................................................................... Art. 103
            Agriculture ................................................................................. Art. 104
              Food security ............................................................................Art. 104a
              Alcohol .......................................................................................Art. 105
              Gambling ....................................................................................Art. 106
              Weapons and war material .........................................................Art. 107
    Section 8 Housing, Employment, Social Security and
    Health
              Construction of housing and home ownership ...........................Art. 108
              Landlord and tenant ....................................................................Art. 109
              Employment ...............................................................................Art. 110
              Old-age, survivors’ and invalidity pension provision ................Art. 111
              Old-age, Survivors’ and Invalidity Insurance.............................Art. 112
              Supplementary benefits ............................................................Art. 112a
              Promoting the rehabilitation of people eligible for
              invalidity benefits .....................................................................Art. 112b
              Aid for elderly people and people with disabilities .................. Art. 112c
              Occupational pension scheme ....................................................Art. 113
              Unemployment insurance ...........................................................Art. 114
              Support for persons in need ........................................................Art. 115
              Child allowances and maternity insurance .................................Art. 116
              Health and accident insurance ....................................................Art. 117
              Primary medical care ................................................................Art. 117a
              Health protection ........................................................................Art. 118
              Complementary medicine .........................................................Art. 118a
              Research on human beings .......................................................Art. 118b
              Reproductive medicine and gene technology involving
              human beings ..............................................................................Art. 119
              Transplant medicine .................................................................Art. 119a
              Non-human gene technology ......................................................Art. 120
    Section 9 Residence and Permanent Settlement of Foreign
    Nationals
              Legislation on foreign nationals and asylum ..............................Art. 121
              Control of immigration .............................................................Art. 121a
    Section 10 Civil Law, Criminal Law, Weights and
    Measures
              Civil law .....................................................................................Art. 122
              Criminal law ...............................................................................Art. 123
               ..................................................................................................Art. 123a
           No time limit for the right to prosecute or for penalties for
           sexual or pornography offences involving prepubescent
           children .................................................................................... Art. 123b
           Measure relating to sexual offences involving children or
           persons who are incapable of judgement or resistance .............Art. 123c
           Victim support ........................................................................... Art. 124
           Weights and measures ............................................................... Art. 125
  Chapter 3 Financial System
           Financial management ............................................................... Art. 126
           Principles of taxation ................................................................. Art. 127
           Direct taxes ................................................................................ Art. 128
           Tax harmonisation ..................................................................... Art. 129
           Value added tax* ........................................................................ Art. 130
           Special consumption taxes ......................................................... Art. 131
           Stamp duty and withholding tax ................................................ Art. 132
           Customs duties ........................................................................... Art. 133
           Exclusion of cantonal and communal taxation .......................... Art. 134
           Equalisation of financial resources and burdens ....................... Art. 135
Title 4 The People and the Cantons
  Chapter 1 General Provisions
           Political rights ............................................................................ Art. 136
           Political parties .......................................................................... Art. 137
  Chapter 2 Initiative and Referendum
           Popular initiative requesting the total revision of the
           Federal Constitution................................................................... Art. 138
           Popular initiative requesting a partial revision of the
           Federal Constitution in specific terms ....................................... Art. 139
           Repealed .................................................................................. Art. 139a
           Procedure applicable to an initiative and counter-proposal ..... Art. 139b
           Mandatory referendum .............................................................. Art. 140
           Optional referendum .................................................................. Art. 141
           Implementation of international treaties .................................. Art. 141a
           Required majorities .................................................................... Art. 142
Title 5 Federal Authorities
  Chapter 1 General Provisions
           Eligibility for election ................................................................ Art. 143
              Incompatibility ...........................................................................Art. 144
              Term of office .............................................................................Art. 145
              State liability ...............................................................................Art. 146
              Consultation procedure ...............................................................Art. 147
 Chapter 2 Federal Assembly
    Section 1 Organisation
              Status ..........................................................................................Art. 148
              Composition and election of the National Council ....................Art. 149
              Composition and election of the Council of States ....................Art. 150
              Sessions ......................................................................................Art. 151
              Presidency...................................................................................Art. 152
              Parliamentary committees ..........................................................Art. 153
              Parliamentary groups ..................................................................Art. 154
              Parliamentary Services ...............................................................Art. 155
    Section 2 Procedure
              Separate proceedings ..................................................................Art. 156
              Joint proceedings ........................................................................Art. 157
              Public meetings ..........................................................................Art. 158
              Quorum and required majority ...................................................Art. 159
              Right to submit initiatives and motions ......................................Art. 160
              Prohibition of voting instructions ...............................................Art. 161
              Immunity ....................................................................................Art. 162
    Section 3 Powers
              Form of Federal Assembly enactments ......................................Art. 163
              Legislation ..................................................................................Art. 164
              Emergency legislation ................................................................Art. 165
              Foreign relations and international treaties ................................Art. 166
              Finance .......................................................................................Art. 167
              Appointments .............................................................................Art. 168
              Oversight ....................................................................................Art. 169
              Evaluation of effectiveness.........................................................Art. 170
              Tasks of the Federal Council ......................................................Art. 171
              Relations between the Confederation and the Cantons ..............Art. 172
              Further duties and powers ..........................................................Art. 173
  Chapter 3 Federal Council and Federal
  Administration
    Section 1 Organisation and Procedure
            Federal Council .......................................................................... Art. 174
            Composition and election .......................................................... Art. 175
            Presidency .................................................................................. Art. 176
            Principle of collegiality and allocation to departments ............. Art. 177
            Federal Administration .............................................................. Art. 178
            Federal Chancellery ................................................................... Art. 179
    Section 2 Powers
            Government policy .................................................................... Art. 180
            Right to initiate legislation......................................................... Art. 181
            Law-making and implementation of legislation ........................ Art. 182
            Finances ..................................................................................... Art. 183
            Foreign relations ........................................................................ Art. 184
            External and internal security .................................................... Art. 185
            Relations between the Confederation and the Cantons ............. Art. 186
            Further duties and powers .......................................................... Art. 187
  Chapter 4 Federal Supreme Court and other Judicial
  Authorities
            Status.......................................................................................... Art. 188
            Jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court ................................ Art. 189
            Applicable law ........................................................................... Art. 190
            Access to the Federal Supreme Court ........................................ Art. 191
            Other federal judicial authorities ............................................. Art. 191a
            Cantonal judicial authorities .................................................... Art. 191b
            Independence of the judiciary ...................................................Art. 191c
Title 6 Revision of the Federal Constitution and
Transitional Provisions
  Chapter 1 Revision
            Principle ..................................................................................... Art. 192
            Total revision ............................................................................. Art. 193
            Partial revision ........................................................................... Art. 194
            Commencement ......................................................................... Art. 195
 Chapter 2 Transitional Provisions
              Transitional provisions in terms of the Federal Decree of
              18 December 1998 on a new Federal Constitution ....................Art. 196
              Transitional provisions following the adoption of the
              Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999........................................Art. 197
Final Provisions of the Federal Decree of 18 December