The following text describes a protein:
Function:
Facilitator of innate immune signaling that acts as a sensor of cytosolic DNA from bacteria and viruses and promotes low production of type I interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta). Compared to other mammals, STING1-dependent type I interferon induction is strongly reduced in bats, suggesting that the cGAS-STING pathway promotes a limited inflammatory response. Innate immune response is triggered in response to non-CpG double-stranded DNA from viruses and bacteria delivered to the cytoplasm (By similarity). Acts by binding cyclic dinucleotides: recognizes and binds cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a second messenger produced by bacteria, cyclic UMP-AMP (2',3'-cUAMP), and cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a messenger produced by CGAS in response to DNA virus in the cytosol (By similarity). Upon binding to c-di-GMP, cUAMP or cGAMP, STING1 oligomerizes, translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum and is phosphorylated by TBK1 on the pLxIS motif, leading to recruitment and subsequent activation of the transcription factor IRF3 to induce expression of type I interferon and exert a potent anti-viral state (By similarity). In addition to promote the production of type I interferons, plays a direct role in autophagy (By similarity). Following cGAMP-binding, STING1 buds from the endoplasmic reticulum into COPII vesicles, which then form the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) (By similarity). The ERGIC serves as the membrane source for WIPI2 recruitment and LC3 lipidation, leading to formation of autophagosomes that target cytosolic DNA or DNA viruses for degradation by the lysosome (By similarity). Promotes autophagy by acting as a proton channel that directs proton efflux from the Golgi to facilitate MAP1LC3B/LC3B lipidation (By similarity). The autophagy- and interferon-inducing activities can be uncoupled and autophagy induction is independent of TBK1 phosphorylation (By similarity).
Subcellular Localization:
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cytoplasm, perinuclear region. Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Golgi apparatus membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Mitochondrion outer membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Note=In response to double-stranded DNA stimulation, translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum through the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and Golgi to post-Golgi vesicles, where the kinase TBK1 is recruited (By similarity). Upon cGAMP-binding, translocates to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) in a process that is dependent on COPII vesicles; STING1-containing ERGIC serves as a membrane source for LC3 lipidation, which is a key step in autophagosome biogenesis (By similarity). Localizes in the lysosome membrane in a TMEM203-dependent manner.
Domain:
In absence of cGAMP, the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions interact to form an integrated, domain-swapped dimeric assembly (By similarity). In absence of cyclic nucleotide (c-di-GMP or cGAMP), the protein is autoinhibited by an intramolecular interaction between the cyclic dinucleotide-binding domain (CBD) and the C-terminal tail (CTT) (By similarity). Following cGAMP-binding, the cyclic dinucleotide-binding domain (CBD) is closed, leading to a 180 degrees rotation of the CBD domain relative to the transmembrane domain. This rotation is coupled to a conformational change in a loop on the side of the CBD dimer, which leads to the formation of the STING1 tetramer and higher-order oligomers through side-by-side packing (By similarity); The pLxIS motif constitutes an IRF3-binding motif: following phosphorylation by TBK1, the phosphorylated pLxIS motif of STING1 recruits IRF3 (By similarity). IRF3 is then phosphorylated and activated by TBK1 to induce type-I interferons and other cytokines (By similarity); The N-terminal domain interacts with glycerophospholipids and phospholipids.
Sequence:
MLHSSLHPSIPQPRGRRAKKAAFVLLSVCLVVLWDLGERPEHILQWLMLHLASLQLGLLFKGVCSLVEELRHVHSRYQGSYWKAVRACLGCPIRCGTLLLLSCYFYTPFPNTTHLPFTWTLALLGLSQALSILLDLQDLAPAEVSAVCERRNLNVAQGMAWSFYIGYLRLILPGLPARIHSYNQHHNNLLRGAGSHRLYILFPLDCGVPDDLSMVDPNIRFLHELPLQKADRAGIKSRVYTNSVYELLENGRPVGACVLEYATPLQTLFAMSQDSRAGFSREDRLEQAKLFCKTLEDILADAPECQNNCRLVVYQEPAEGGNFSLSQEILRHLKQEEKEEVTVDSARTSVMPDPSMLPQGPELLISSMDQPLPLRTDVF