The following text describes a protein:
Function:
[Gasdermin-D]: Precursor of a pore-forming protein that plays a key role in host defense against pathogen infection and danger signals. This form constitutes the precursor of the pore-forming protein: upon cleavage, the released N-terminal moiety (Gasdermin-D, N-terminal) binds to membranes and forms pores, triggering pyroptosis; [Gasdermin-D, N-terminal]: Promotes pyroptosis in response to microbial infection and danger signals. Produced by the cleavage of gasdermin-D by inflammatory caspases CASP1 or CASP4/CASP11 in response to canonical, as well as non-canonical (such as cytosolic LPS) inflammasome activators. After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane where it strongly binds to inner leaflet lipids, including monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, bisphosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, as well as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-bisphosphate, and more weakly to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. Homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the release of mature interleukin-1 (IL1B and IL18) and triggering pyroptosis. Gasdermin pores also allow the release of mature caspase-7 (CASP7). In some, but not all, cells types, pyroptosis is followed by pyroptotic cell death, which is caused by downstream activation of ninjurin-1 (NINJ1), which mediates membrane rupture (cytolysis). Also forms pores in the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol. Gasdermin-D, N-terminal released from pyroptotic cells into the extracellular milieu rapidly binds to and kills both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, without harming neighboring mammalian cells, as it does not disrupt the plasma membrane from the outside due to lipid-binding specificity. Under cell culture conditions, also active against intracellular bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Also active in response to MAP3K7/TAK1 inactivation by Yersinia toxin YopJ, which triggers cleavage by CASP8 and subsequent activation. Required for mucosal tissue defense against enteric pathogens. Activation of the non-canonical inflammasome in brain endothelial cells can lead to excessive pyroptosis, leading to blood-brain barrier breakdown. Strongly binds to bacterial and mitochondrial lipids, including cardiolipin. Does not bind to unphosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine nor phosphatidylcholine; [Gasdermin-D, p13]: Transcription coactivator produced by the cleavage by CASP3 or CASP7 in the upper small intestine in response to dietary antigens. Required to maintain food tolerance in small intestine: translocates to the nucleus and acts as a coactivator for STAT1 to induce the transcription of CIITA and MHC class II molecules, which in turn induce type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in upper small intestine; [Gasdermin-D, p40]: Produced by the cleavage by papain allergen. After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane and homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the specific release of mature interleukin-33 (IL33), promoting type 2 inflammatory immune response.
Subcellular Localization:
[Gasdermin-D]: Cytoplasm, cytosol. Inflammasome. Note=In response to a canonical inflammasome stimulus, such as nigericin, recruited to NLRP3 inflammasone with similar kinetics to that of uncleaved CASP1 precursor; [Gasdermin-D, N-terminal]: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Secreted. Mitochondrion membrane. Note=Released in the extracellular milieu following pyroptosis. Mitochondrial localization results in release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol; [Gasdermin-D, N-terminal]: Cytoplasm, cytosol. Note=(Microbial infection) Upon infection by M.tuberculosis, localization to cell membrane is prevented by M.tuberculosis phosphatase PtpB that catalyzes dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, thereby inhibiting the membrane targeting of Gasdermin-D, N-terminal and subsequent cytokine release and pyroptosis; [Gasdermin-D, p13]: Nucleus; [Gasdermin-D, C-terminal]: Cytoplasm, cytosol.
Domain:
Intramolecular interactions between N- and C-terminal domains mediate autoinhibition in the absence of cleavage by inflammatory caspases CASP1 or CASP4/CASP11. The linker helix loop inserts into the N-terminal domain (By similarity). The intrinsic pyroptosis-inducing activity is carried by Gasdermin-D, N-terminal, that is released upon cleavage by inflammatory caspases; [Gasdermin-D, N-terminal]: Forms a ring-shaped pore complex containing 27-28 subunits that inserts into the membrane. The pore conduit is predominantly negatively charged, facilitating the release of mature interleukin-1 (IL1B and IL18). In contrast interleukin-1 precursors are not released, due to the presence of an acidic region that is proteolytically removed by CASP1 during maturation.
Sequence:
MPSAFEKVVKNVIKEVSGSRGDLIPVDSLRNSTSFRPYCLLNRKFSSSRFWKPRYSCVNLSIKDILEPSAPEPEPECFGSFKVSDVVDGNIQGRVMLSGMGEGKISGGAAVSDSSSASMNVCILRVTQKTWETMQHERHLQQPENKILQQLRSRGDDLFVVTEVLQTKEEVQITEVHSQEGSGQFTLPGALCLKGEGKGHQSRKKMVTIPAGSILAFRVAQLLIGSKWDILLVSDEKQRTFEPSSGDRKAVGQRHHGLNVLAALCSIGKQLSLLSDGIDEEELIEAADFQGLYAEVKACSSELESLEMELRQQILVNIGKILQDQPSMEALEASLGQGLCSGGQVEPLDGPAGCILECLVLDSGELVPELAAPIFYLLGALAVLSETQQQLLAKALETTVLSKQLELVKHVLEQSTPWQEQSSVSLPTVLLGDCWDEKNPTWVLLEECGLRLQVESPQVHWEPTSLIPTSALYASLFLLSSLGQKPC