Talk:古埃及

message: :～移動自Wikipedia:新条目推荐/候选～（[ 最後修訂]）
*四大古文明之中，哪一個發源於非洲的尼羅河游域，並以金字塔等奇觀聞名？ （自薦，大量擴充至14,546位元組）--王者之王 Chaplin  (☎) 08:08 2007年3月18日 (UTC)
**：建議問題：「四大古文明之中，哪一個發源於非洲的尼羅河游域，並以金字塔等奇觀聞名？」 -- 派翠可夫 (留言按此) 08:20 2007年3月18日 (UTC)
***：謝謝意見，已作修改。--王者之王 Chaplin  (☎) 08:27 2007年3月18日 (UTC)
**，哈，好棒！--陋室★茶話★獻曝★工具與關注 08:33 2007年3月18日 (UTC)
**，Good，不过弱弱地问下，为何不叫“水利帝国”而叫“水力帝国”？--lastman(Talk) 05:29 2007年3月19日 (UTC)
**，--發表者：阿佳真的很囉唆！ 12:47 2007年3月18日 (UTC)
**--长夜无风(风言风语) 17:24 2007年3月18日 (UTC)
**--Iflwlou [ M {  21:39 2007年3月18日 (UTC)
**，希望能有更多關於上古文明的條目。LivingRoom 07:43 2007年3月19日 (UTC)
**--出木杉〒 13:25 2007年3月20日 (UTC)
**，--Clithering（tête-à-tête） 14:54 2007年3月20日 (UTC)
replies: text: ～移動完畢～--天上的雲彩 雲端對話 00:05 2007年3月21日 (UTC)
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Ancient Egypt was a civilization located along the Lower Nile, reaching from the Nile Delta in the north to as far south as Jebel Barkal at the time of its greatest extension (15th century BC). It lasted for three millennia, from circa 3200 BC to 343 BC, ending when Artaxerxes III conquered Egypt. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire.
 
Khafre's Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c.2600 BC or perhaps earlier)Contents [hide]
1 Background 
2 People 
3 History 
3.1 Taxation 
4 Language 
4.1 Writing 
4.2 Literature 
5 Culture 
6 Ancient achievements 
6.1 Timeline 
6.1.1 Predynastic 
6.1.2 Dynastic 
6.1.3 Other 
6.2 Open problems 
7 See also 
8 Further reading 
9 External links 
10 Notes 
 
[edit]
Background
 
Map of Ancient EgyptEgypt is a transcontinental nation located mostly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula lying in Asia. The country has shorelines on the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Suez; it borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip, Palestine and Israel to the east. Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt. The Nile river flows northward from a southerly point to the Mediterranean. The Nile river, around which much of the population of the country clusters, has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since the Stone Age and Naqada cultures.
The area around the Nile was called Kemet ("the black land", in Ancient Egyptian Kmt), the name for the dark soil deposited by the Nile floodwaters. In contrast, the desert was called Deshret ("the red land", in Ancient Egyptian Dsrt), c.f. Herodotus: "Egypt is a land of black soil.... We know that Libya is a redder earth" (Histories, 2:12). The vowels within the consonants K-M-T are not known with certainty. Coptic, however, provides some indication.
Nomadic hunter-gatherers began living along the Nile during the Pleistocene. Traces of these early peoples appear in the form of artifacts and rock carvings along the terraces of the Nile and in the oases. By about 6000 B.C., organized agriculture and large building construction had appeared in the Nile Valley.
[edit]
People
Many theories have been proposed regarding the origins of early Egyptians, a subject still imbued with controversy today. Controversy over race of Ancient Egyptians has more information about this subject.
Egyptian society was a merging of North and Northeast African as well as Southwest Asian peoples. Modern genetics reveals [1] [2] that the Egyptian population today is characterized by paternal lineages common to North Africans primarily, and to some Near Eastern peoples. Studies based on the maternal lineages closely links modern Egyptians with people from modern Ethiopia [3], [4]. The ancient Egyptians themselves traced their origin to a land they called Punt, or "Ta Nteru" ("Land of the Gods"), which most Egyptologists locate in the area encompassing the Ethiopian Highlands.
A recent bioanthropological study on the dental morphology of ancient Egyptians confirms dental traits most characteristic of North African and to a lesser extent Southwest Asian populations. The study also establishes biological continuity from the predynastic to the post-pharaonic periods. Among the samples included is skeletal material from the Hawara tombs of Fayum, which was found to most closely resemble the Badarian series of the predynastic [5], [6]. A study based on stature and body proportions suggests that Nilotic or tropical body characteristics were also present in some later groups [7] as the Egyptian empire expanded southward.
Champollion the Younger, who deciphered the Rosetta Stone, claimed in Expressions et Termes Particuliers that kmt referred to a 'negroid' population. Modern day professional Egyptologists, anthropologists, and linguists, however, overwhelmingly agree that the term referred to the dark soil of the Nile Valley rather than the people, which contrasted with dSrt or the "red land" of the Sahara desert.
In c. 450 BC, Herodotus wrote, "the Colchians are Egyptians... on the fact that they are swarthy (melanchrôs) and wooly-haired (oulothrix)" (Histories Book 2:104). Melanchros was also used by Homer to describe the sunburnt complexion of Odysseus (Od. 16.176).
Although analyzing the hair of ancient Egyptian mummies from the Late Middle Kingdom has revealed evidence of a stable diet [8], mummies from circa 3200 BC show signs of severe anemia and hemolitic disorders [9].
 
Colossus of Memnon.[edit]
History
Main article: History of ancient Egypt 
Egyptian culture was remarkably stable and changed little over a period of nearly 3000 years. This includes religion, customs, art expression, architecture and social structure.
The history of ancient Egypt proper starts with Egypt as a unified state, which occurred sometime around 3000 BC. Narmer, who unified Upper and Lower Egypt, was the first pharaoh; though archaeological evidence indicates that a developed Egyptian society existed for a much longer period (see Predynastic Egypt).
Along the Nile, in 10th millennium BC, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had been replaced by another culture of hunters, fishers, and gathering peoples using stone tools. Evidence also indicates human habitation in the southwestern corner of Egypt, near the Sudan border, before 8000 BC. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, eventually forming the Sahara (c.2500 BC), and early tribes naturally migrated to the Nile river where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society (see Nile: History). There is evidence of pastoralism and cultivation of cereals in the East Sahara in the 7th millennium BC. By 6000 BC ancient Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Mortar (masonry) was in use by 4000 BC. The Predynastic Period continues through this time, variously held to begin with the Naqada culture. Some authorities however begin the Predynastic Period earlier, in the Lower Paleolithic (see Predynastic Egypt).
Egypt unified as a single state circa 3000 BC. Egyptian chronology involves assigning beginnings and endings to various dynasties beginning around this time. The conventional Egyptian chronology is the accepted developments during the 20th century, but do not include any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time. Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names. Typically, Egyptologists divide the history of pharaonic civilization using a schedule laid out first by Manetho's Aegyptaica.
List of pharaohs: The pharaohs stretch from before 3000 BC to around 30 BC. 
Dynasties (see also: List of Egyptian dynasties): 
Early Dynastic Period of Egypt (1st to 2nd Dynasties; until ca. 27th century BC) 
Old Kingdom (3rd to 6th Dynasties; 27th to 22nd centuries BC) 
First Intermediate Period (7th to 11th Dynasties) 
Middle Kingdom of Egypt (11th to 14th Dynasties; 20th to 17th centuries BC) 
Second Intermediate Period (14th to 17th Dynasties) 
Hyksos (15th to 16th Dynasties) 
New Kingdom of Egypt (18th to 20th Dynasties; 16th to 11th centuries BC) 
Third Intermediate Period (21st to 25th Dynasties; 11th to 7th centuries BC) 
Late Period of Ancient Egypt (26th to 31st Dynasties; 7th century BC to 332 BC) 
Achaemenid Dynasty 
Graeco-Roman Egypt (332 BC to AD 639) 
Ptolemaic Dynasty 
Roman Empire 
[edit]
Taxation
The Egyptian government imposed a number of different taxes upon its people. As there was no known form of currency during that time period, taxes were paid for "in kind" (with produce or work). The Vizier controlled the taxation system through the departments of state. The departments had to report daily on the amount of stock availible, and how much was expected in the future. Taxes were paid for depending on a persons craft or duty. Landowners paid their taxes in grain and other produce grown on their property. Craftsmen paid their taxes in the goods that they produced. Hunters and fishermen paid their taxes with produce from the river, marshes, and desert. One person from every household was required to pay a labor tax by doing public work for a few weeks every year, such as digging canals or mining. However, a richer noble could hire a poorer man to do his labor tax.
[edit]
Language
Main article: Egyptian language 
Ancient Egyptian constitutes an independent branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. Its closest relatives are the Berber, Semitic, and Beja groups of languages. Written records of the Egyptian language have been dated from about 3200 BC, making it one of the oldest and longest documented languages. Scholars group Egyptian into six major chronological divisions:
Archaic Egyptian (before 3000 BC) 
Consists of inscriptions from the late Predynastic and Early Dynastic period. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing appears on Naqada II pottery vessels. 
Old Egyptian (3000–2000 BC) 
The language of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period. The Pyramid Texts are the largest body of literature written in this phase of the language. Tomb walls of elite Egyptians from this period also bear autobiographical writings representing Old Egyptian. One of its distinguishing characteristics is the tripling of ideograms, phonograms, and determinatives to indicate the plural. Overall, it does not differ significantly from the next stage. 
Middle Egyptian (2000–1300 BC) 
Often dubbed Classical Egyptian, this stage is known from a variety of textual evidence in hieroglyphic and hieratic scripts dated from about the Middle Kingdom. It includes funerary texts inscribed on sarcophagi such as the Coffin Texts; wisdom texts instructing people on how to lead a life that exemplified the ancient Egyptian philosophical worldview (see the Ipuwer papyrus); tales detailing the adventures of a certain individual, for example the Story of Sinhue; medical and scientific texts such as the Edwin Smith Papyrus and the Ebers papyrus; and poetic texts praising a god or a pharaoh, like the Hymn to the Nile. The Egyptian vernacular already began to change from the written language as evidenced by some Middle Kingdom hieratic texts, but classical Middle Egyptian continued to be written in formal contexts well into the Late Dynastic period (sometimes referred to as Late Middle Egyptian). 
Late Egyptian (1300–700 BC) 
Records of this stage appear in the second part of the New Kingdom, considered by many as the "Golden Age" of ancient Egyptian civilization. It contains a rich body of religious and secular literature, comprising such famous examples as the Story of Wenamun and the Instructions of Ani. It was also the language of Ramesside administration. Late Egyptian is not totally distinct from Middle Egyptian, as many "classicisms" appear in historical and literary documents of this phase. However, the difference between Middle and Late Egyptian is greater than that between Middle and Old Egyptian. It's also a better representative than Middle Egyptian of the spoken language in the New Kingdom and beyond. Hieroglyphic orthography saw an enormous expansion of its graphemic inventory between the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic periods. 
Demotic Egyptian (7th century BC–4th century AD) 
Main article: Demotic Egyptian 
Coptic (3rd–17th century AD) 
Main article: Coptic language 
[edit]
Writing
For many years, the earliest known hieroglyphic inscription was the Narmer Palette, found during excavations at Hierakonpolis (modern Kawm al-Ahmar) in the 1890s, which has been dated to c.3200 BC. However recent archaeological findings reveal that symbols on Gerzean pottery, c.4000 BC, resemble the traditional hieroglyph forms [10]. Also in 1998 a German archeological team under Gunter Dreyer excavating at Abydos (modern Umm el-Qa'ab) uncovered tomb U-j, which belonged to a Predynastic ruler, and they recovered three hundred clay labels inscribed with proto-hieroglyphics dating to the Naqada IIIA period, circa 33rd century BC [11], [12].
Egyptologists refer to Egyptian writing as hieroglyphs, today standing as the world's earliest known writing system. The hieroglyphic script was partly syllabic, partly ideographic. Hieratic is a cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphs and was first used during the First Dynasty (c. 2925 BC – c. 2775 BC). The term Demotic, in the context of Egypt, came to refer to both the script and the language that followed the Late Ancient Egyptian stage, i.e. from the Nubian 25th dynasty until its marginalization by the Greek Koine in the early centuries AD. After the conquest of Amr ibn al-A'as in the 7th century AD, the Coptic language survived as a spoken language into the Middle Ages. Today, it continues to be the liturgical language of the Christian minority.
Beginning from around 2700 BC, Egyptians used pictograms to represent vocal sounds -- both vowel and consonant vocalizations (see Hieroglyph: Script). By 2000 BC, 26 pictograms were being used to represent 24 (known) main vocal sounds. The world's oldest known alphabet (c. 1800 BC) is only an abjad system and was derived from these uniliteral signs as well as other Egyptian hieroglyphs.
The hieroglyphic script finally fell out of use around the 4th century AD. Attempts to decipher it began after the 15th century (see Hieroglyphica).
[edit]
Literature
c. 1800 BC: Story of Sinuhe 
c. 1800 BC: Ipuwer papyrus 
c. 1600 BC: Westcar Papyrus 
c. 1180 BC: Papyrus Harris I 
c. 1000 BC: Story of Wenamun 
[edit]
Culture
See also: Ancient Egyptian architecture 
The Egyptian religions, embodied in Egyptian mythology, were a succession of beliefs held by the people of Egypt, as early as predynastic times and all the way until the coming of Christianity and Islam in the Graeco-Roman era. These were conducted by Egyptian priests or magicians, but the use of magic and spells is questioned.
Every animal portrayed and worshipped in ancient Egyptian art, writing and religion is indigenous to Africa, all the way from the predynastic until the Graeco-Roman eras, over 3000 years. The Arabian camel, domesticated first in Arabia, first appears in Egypt (and North Africa) beginning in the 2nd millennium BCE.
The religious nature of ancient Egyptian civilization influenced its contribution to the arts of the ancient world. Many of the great works of ancient Egypt depict gods, goddesses, and pharaohs, who were also considered divine. Ancient Egyptian art in general is characterized by the idea of order.
Evidence of mummies and pyramids outside ancient Egypt indicate reflections of ancient Egyptian belief values on other prehistoric cultures, transmitted in one way over the Silk Road. Ancient Egypt's foreign contacts included Nubia and Punt to the south, the Aegean and ancient Greece to the north, the Levant and other regions in the Near East to the east, and also Libya to the west.
Some scholars have speculated that Egypt's art pieces are sexually symbolic.
[edit]
Ancient achievements
 
Louvre Museum antiquitySee Predynastic Egypt for inventions and other significant achievements in the Sahara region before the Protodynastic Period.
The art and science of engineering was present in Egypt, such as accurately determining the position of points and the distances between them (known as surveying). These skills were used to outline pyramid bases. The Egyptian pyramids took the geometric shape formed from a polygonal base and a point, called the apex, by triangular faces. Hydraulic Cement was first invented by the Egyptians. The Al Fayyum Irrigation (water works) was one of the main agricultural breadbaskets of the ancient world. There is evidence of ancient Egyptian pharaohs of the twelfth dynasty using the natural lake of the Fayyum as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry seasons. From the time of the First dynasty or before, the Egyptians mined turquoise in Sinai Peninsula.
The earliest evidence (circa 1600 BC) of traditional empiricism is credited to Egypt, as evidenced by the Edwin Smith and Ebers papyri. The roots of the Scientific method may be traced back to the ancient Egyptians. The ancient Egyptians are also credited with devising the world's earliest known alphabet, decimal system [13] and complex mathematical formularizations, in the form of the Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri. An awareness of the golden ratio seems to be reflected in many constructions, such as the Egyptian pyramids.
The art of glass making is of very ancient origin with the Egyptians, as is evident from the glass jars, figures and ornaments discovered in the tombs. The paintings on the tombs have been interpreted as descriptive of the process of glass blowing. These illustrations representing smiths blowing their fires by means of reeds tipped with clay. Therefore it can be concluded that glass-blowing is apparently of Egyptian origin.
[edit]
Timeline
(All dates are approximate.)
[edit]
Predynastic
See main article and timeline: Predynastic Egypt.
3500 BC: Senet, world's oldest (confirmed) board game 
3500 BC: Faience, world's earliest known earthenware 
[edit]
Dynastic
 
The Great Pyramid of Giza. 
Egypt was first to create glass objects. 3300 BC: Bronze works (see Bronze Age) 
3200 BC: Egyptian hieroglyphs fully developed (see First dynasty of Egypt) 
3200 BC: Narmer Palette, world's earliest known historical document 
3100 BC: Decimal system, [14], world's earliest (confirmed) use 
3100 BC: Wine cellars, world's earliest known [15] 
3100 BC: Mining, Sinai Peninsula 
3050 BC: Shipbuilding in Abydos, [16] 
3000 BC: Exports from Nile to Israel: wine (see Narmer) 
3000 BC: Copper plumbing (see Copper: History) 
3000 BC: Papyrus, world's earliest known paper 
3000 BC: Medical Institutions 
2900 BC: possible steel: carbon-containing iron, [17] 
2700 BC: Surgery, world's earliest known 
2700 BC: precision Surveying 
2700 BC: Uniliteral signs, forming basis of world's earliest known alphabet 
2600 BC: Sphinx, still today the world's largest single-stone statue 
2600s–2500 BC: Shipping expeditions: King Sneferu and Pharaoh Sahure. See also [18], [19]. 
2600 BC: Barge transportation, stone blocks (see Egyptian pyramids: Construction) 
2600 BC: Pyramid of Djoser, world's earliest known large-scale stone building 
2600 BC: Menkaure's Pyramid & Red Pyramid, world's earliest known works of carved granite 
2600 BC: Red Pyramid, world's earliest known "true" smooth-sided pyramid; solid granite work 
2580 BC: Great Pyramid of Giza, the world's tallest structure until AD 1300 
2500 BC: Beekeeping, [20] 
2400 BC: Astronomical Calendar, used even in the Middle Ages for its mathematical regularity 
2200 BC: Beer, [21] 
1860 BC: possible Nile-Red Sea Canal (Twelfth dynasty of Egypt) 
1800 BC: Alphabet, world's oldest known 
1800 BC: Berlin Mathematical Papyrus, [22], 2nd order algebraic equations 
1800 BC: Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, generalized formula for volume of frustum 
1650 BC: Rhind Mathematical Papyrus: geometry, cotangent analogue, algebraic equations, arithmetic series, geometric series 
1600 BC: Edwin Smith papyrus, medical tradition traces as far back as c. 3000 BC 
1550 BC: Ebers Medical Papyrus, traditional empiricism; world's earliest known documented tumors (see History of medicine) 
1500 BC: Glass-making, world's earliest known 
1258 BC: Peace treaty, world's earliest known (see Ramesses II, [23]) 
1160 BC: Turin papyrus, world's earliest known geologic and topographic map 
1000 BC: Petroleum tar used in mummification[24] 
5th–4th century BC (or perhaps earlier): battle games petteia and seega; possible precursors to Chess (see Origins of chess) 
[edit]
Other
c.2500 BC: Westcar Papyrus 
c.1800 BC: Ipuwer papyrus 
c.1800 BC: Papyrus Harris I 
c.1400 BC: Tulli Papyrus 
c.1300 BC: Brugsch Papyrus 
Unknown date: Rollin Papyrus 
[edit]
Open problems
Main article: Unsolved problems in Egyptology 
There is a question as to the sophistication of ancient Egyptian technology, and there are several open problems concerning real and alleged ancient Egyptian achievements. Certain artifacts and records do not fit with conventional technological development systems. It is not known why there is no neat progression to an Egyptian Iron Age nor why the historical record shows the Egyptians taking so long to begin using iron. It is unknown how the Egyptians shaped and worked granite. The exact date the Egyptians started producing glass is debated.
Some question whether the Egyptians were capable of long distance navigation in their boats and when they became knowledgeable sailors. It is contentiously disputed as to whether or not the Egyptians had some understanding of electricity and if the Egyptians used engines or batteries. The relief at Dendera is interpreted in various ways by scholars. The topic of the Saqqara Bird is controversial, as is the extent of the Egyptians' understanding of aerodynamics. It is unknown for certain if the Egyptians had kites or gliders.
Beekeeping is known to have been particularly well developed in Egypt, as accounts are given by several Roman writers — Virgil, Gaius Julius Hyginus, Varro and Columella. It is unknown whether Egyptian beekeeping developed independently or as an import from Southern Asia.
[edit]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 
Ancient Egypt    Ancient Egypt Portal 
List of Ancient Egyptians 
List of pharaohs 
Egyptology 
Unsolved problems in Egyptology 
History of Egypt 
List of Ancient Egyptian sites 
Egyptian Museum 
Race of the Ancient Egyptians 
Egypt in the European imagination 
[edit]
Further reading
John Baines & Jaromir Malek, The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt, revised edition, Facts on File, 2000. ISBN 0816040362 
Barry Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, Routledge, 1991. ISBN 0415063469 
Bill Manley (ed.), The Seventy Great Mysteries of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, ISBN 0500051232 
Ian Shaw, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0192804588 
[edit]
External links
Ancient Egypt - maintained by the British Museum, this site provides a useful introduction to Ancient Egypt for older children and young adolescents 
Ancient Egypt and Egyptians articles and resources from About Archaeology 
BBC History: Egyptians - provides a reliable general overview and further links 
Ancient Egyptian History - A comprehensive & consise educational website focusing on the basic and the advanced in all aspects of Ancient Egypt 
Ancientneareast.net: Ancient Egypt - provides a comprehensive listing of resources relating to the archaeology of Ancient Egypt 
Egyptology Resources - maintained by Dr Nigel Strudwick, offers one reliable guide to online documentation of Ancient Egypt 
The Theban Mapping Project - although focusing on the Theban region (modern Luxor), this site holds much of general interest relating to Ancient Egypt 
Ancient Civilizations - Ancient Egypt children's site 
[edit]
Notes
^  Entrez PubMed. URL accessed on January 24, 2006. 
^  Entrez PubMed. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Entrez PubMed. URL accessed on January 24, 2006. 
^  Entrez PubMed. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Entrez PubMed. URL accessed on January 27, 2006. 
^  Who were the Ancient Egyptians?. URL accessed on January 24, 2006. 
^  Study traces Egyptians’ stone-age roots. URL accessed on January 24, 2006. 
^  Entrez PubMed. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Entrez PubMed. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Egypt: History - Predynastic Period. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  :: Discovery Channel CA ::. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Accounting Historians Journal, The: oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt, The. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Overview of Egyptian Mathematics. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Overview of Egyptian Mathematics. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Wine in Ancient Egypt. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Francesco Raffaele Egyptology News. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Egypt: Science and chemistry in ancient Egypt. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  MSIChicago : Exhibits : Ships Through the Ages. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  The Ancient Egyptian Navy. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  apiary2. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Egypt: Tour Egypt Monthly: Anceint Egyptian Alcohol and Beer. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Overview of Egyptian Mathematics. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Egypt: Ramses the Great, The Pharaoh Who Made Peace with his Enemies And the First Peace Treaty in History. URL accessed on December 5, 2005. 
^  Geotimes - February 2005 - Mummy tar in ancient Egypt. URL accessed on January 9, 2006.
=== 古埃及（4-0） ===
from Wikipedia:条目质量提升计划/票选主题
作為世界歷史上舉足輕重的古文明, 擁有最獨特的文字、文化、宗教、遺物，中文維基上的條目卻顯得雜亂和無力。我們或可參考英文維基將古埃及和相關的條目建立一完整的古埃及系列。在此之前，應先提升核心的古埃及條目質量，以帶動古埃及條目的完善。同時以古埃及神話體系的完善，可帶動中文維基上其他宗教條目的發展。--Ericyuen
==== 支持 ====
# Ericyuen  14:04 2006年8月29日 (UTC)
# ---{百無一用是書生}- (☎) 01:55 2006年10月8日 (UTC)
#我可以承担大部分工作--Douglasfrankfort (talk to me) 05:30 2006年10月17日 (UTC)
# —一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月2日 (六) 04:00 (UTC)
# 英文版的历史部分翻译终于搞定了，专有名词太多，我的英文水平不好，有什么错误还请指正。—(留言) —Randomize00 (留言) 2008年8月25日 (一) 03:48 (UTC)
==== 反对 ====
==== 评论 ====
* 可以写写，我手头还有两本介绍古埃及的书，能派上用场。—一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月2日 (六) 04:00 (UTC)
thread_title: 新條目推薦

message: from Wikipedia:条目质量提升计划/票选主题
作為世界歷史上舉足輕重的古文明, 擁有最獨特的文字、文化、宗教、遺物，中文維基上的條目卻顯得雜亂和無力。我們或可參考英文維基將古埃及和相關的條目建立一完整的古埃及系列。在此之前，應先提升核心的古埃及條目質量，以帶動古埃及條目的完善。同時以古埃及神話體系的完善，可帶動中文維基上其他宗教條目的發展。--Ericyuen
==== 支持 ====
# Ericyuen  14:04 2006年8月29日 (UTC)
# ---{百無一用是書生}- (☎) 01:55 2006年10月8日 (UTC)
#我可以承担大部分工作--Douglasfrankfort (talk to me) 05:30 2006年10月17日 (UTC)
# —一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月2日 (六) 04:00 (UTC)
# 英文版的历史部分翻译终于搞定了，专有名词太多，我的英文水平不好，有什么错误还请指正。—(留言) —Randomize00 (留言) 2008年8月25日 (一) 03:48 (UTC)
==== 反对 ====
==== 评论 ====
* 可以写写，我手头还有两本介绍古埃及的书，能派上用场。—一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月2日 (六) 04:00 (UTC)
thread_title:  [[古埃及]]（4-0） 

message: # Ericyuen  14:04 2006年8月29日 (UTC)
# ---{百無一用是書生}- (☎) 01:55 2006年10月8日 (UTC)
#我可以承担大部分工作--Douglasfrankfort (talk to me) 05:30 2006年10月17日 (UTC)
# —一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月2日 (六) 04:00 (UTC)
# 英文版的历史部分翻译终于搞定了，专有名词太多，我的英文水平不好，有什么错误还请指正。—(留言) —Randomize00 (留言) 2008年8月25日 (一) 03:48 (UTC)
thread_title:  支持 

thread_title:  反对 

message: * 可以写写，我手头还有两本介绍古埃及的书，能派上用场。—一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月2日 (六) 04:00 (UTC)
thread_title:  评论 

message: 应该考虑到zhwiki读者群的需要，加这么多的外文链接的确没有多大意思，倒不如罗列几本介绍古埃及的中文书，更为合适。--一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月20日 (三) 05:16 (UTC)
replies: text: 維基是知識共有的百科，有可參考的外部連結，不應吝嗇，應也列出來，當然不能全都是英文，但至少一定得列出來。—跟吉米·威爾斯同月同日出生的Chaplin   ♨來喝杯茶吧！  ★西出日頭 2007年6月20日 (三) 05:27 (UTC)
thread_title:  加这么多英文的“外部链接”，合适吗？ 

message: 目前地理部分的叙述感觉上与条目整体不太相合，似乎放在埃及中更合适一些---{百無一用是書生}- (☎) 2007年6月20日 (三) 13:01 (UTC)
replies: text: 不是的，是现在的“地理”段写的都是埃及，而不是古埃及。我得找时间重写一遍。--一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月20日 (三) 13:52 (UTC)

text: （自言自语）原承望从enwiki搬点东西过来，哪知道那边还不如这边。又得花几天来翻资料了。--一葉知秋→切磋 2007年6月20日 (三) 15:19 (UTC)
thread_title:  地理 

message: :移動自Wikipedia:优良条目候选
* 分類：古文明—Chaplin   ♨參謀部  ★戰績 2007年9月19日 (三) 09:38 (UTC)
**—Chaplin   ♨參謀部  ★戰績 2007年9月19日 (三) 09:39 (UTC)
**—今古庸龍 2007年9月21日 (五) 03:10 (UTC)
**：大致上十分豐富，只是時序線子條目中有些內容不是很清楚，希望能表示更清楚。前28世紀：測量？前23世紀：啤酒？前1300年：二階代數方程？前1000年：焦油？以上是指發明東西嗎？-- Jason 22  對話頁  貢獻  2007年9月21日 (五) 15:29 (UTC)
***改善后再支持。—Webridge 2007年9月25日 (二) 02:41 (UTC)
**--DoraConan 按此入禀本人的對話頁起訴本人 2007年9月23日 (日) 03:15 (UTC)
**——洋洋 2007年9月23日 (日) 04:12 (UTC)
**—Iflwlou [ M {  2007年9月23日 (日) 13:04 (UTC)
**，相当不错！——顧心陽≡¤≈☆★☆  2007年9月24日 (一) 10:05 (UTC)
thread_title: 优良条目候选存档

message: 那张svg的地图可以考虑中文化一下。--玖巧仔＠留言 2009年11月30日 (一) 14:41 (UTC)
thread_title:  地图 

message: 以下内容移动自Wikipedia:优良条目评选/提名区（[ 最后修订]），新留言请置于框外。执行人：--183.30.252.98（留言） 2015年3月19日 (四) 16:14 (UTC)
，分類：-，提名人：GZWDer（留言） 2015年3月12日 (四) 15:26 (UTC)
replies: text: 投票期：2015年3月12日 (四) 15:26 (UTC) 至 2015年3月19日 (四) 15:26 (UTC)
*：提名人票。多个段落无来源，没有使用。—GZWDer（留言） 2015年3月12日 (四) 15:26 (UTC)
**使用不能成為反對理由--淺藍雪❉ 2015年3月15日 (日) 11:46 (UTC)
*：使用非GA不成立之理由。內容雖豐富，但但來源的確不太夠，若經修正後可自行將此票改為yesGA。- 和平、奮鬥、救地球！(留言)歡迎參與滅絕專題 於 2015年3月17日 (二) 09:15 (UTC)

text: 0支持，2反对，撤销。--183.30.252.98（留言） 2015年3月19日 (四) 15:49 (UTC)
thread_title:  优良条目重审