பேச்சு:கெட்டி முதலிகள் மரபு

message: "கொங்கு நாட்டில் 17ம் நூற்றண்ட்டில் மதுரை நாயக்கர்களின் ஆளூமை 1659 தொடங்கி 1672 முடிவடைந்தது என்று தெளிவாக மேற்கோள் இணையதளம் கூறுகிறது."
அந்த வரிகளை கீலே குறிப்பிடுகிறேன்
"COIMBATORE:The Kongu country first emerged as a distinct entity under the rule of the Rattas in the first centuries of the Christian era. It comprised “the whole of the modern district of Coimbatore, with the Taluks of Omalur, Salem, Tiruchengodu and Namakkal in the modern district of Salem, Karuru and a part of Kulitalai Taluk in the modern district of Tiruchirapalli, and portions of Dindigul and Palani Taluks in the modern district of Madurai.
The Kongu country was under the Nayakas of Madura from the establishment of that polity by Visnavatha Nayaka circa 1530 till the end of Chokkanatah Nayaka’s reign in 1682. However, Jesuit letters (supported by epigraphic evidence) indicate that Coimbatore and Salem were under the Nayakas only during the reign of the grat Tirumala (ob. 1659). Tirumala’s brother, Kumara-Muthu, “was carrying on wars and conquests in the Kongu region towards the end of Tirumala’s reign.” Coimbatore, while acknowledging the sovereignty of the nayakas of Madura, appears to have been largely in the hands of polegars who divided the country between them. According to Taylor’s Historical Manuscripts, one of Visnavatha’s original 72 polegars was attached to Coimbatore, while two were attached to Salem. The sources speak of “the eighteen great poligars of Kongu-desam (Coimbatore), and the history of Madura shows that the south [and the east] of Coimbatore was occupied by them”; polegars were also found in the northern part of the district. As was the case in Madura proper, these polegars predated the supposed institution of the poligari system by Visnavatha Nayaka. “Perhaps no period in Kongu history is so full of chieftains and poligars working alongside of Government officials, top ranking Generals and local dignitaries of all kinds and status as this of Vijayanagar supremacy. … After going through the inscriptional records of the times in which so many Dandanathas, Dandanayakas, Rayars, Udaiyars, Mahapradhanis, and Pradhanis besides local chiefs like Ramachandra Nayaka of Sendamangalam, Selapati Nayaka of Omalur, Romachandra of Talaimalai and the Nayak of Satyamangalam (name not known) are mentioned that we are at a loss to know how exactly Government was run between these various dignitaries in an organized manner.”
All polegars came under the rising power of Mysore between 1644 and 1704, and under Wadiyar rule their power began to wane. The Wadiyar rajas of Mysore had begun to take an interest in Kongu from the middle of the 16th century. When Dodda Deva ascended the gadi in 1659, “he took up the task of conquering Kongu with a greater determination, and defeated the Madura Nayak at the battle of Erode, wresting from him Dharapuram, the heart and centre of Kongudesa. … In the reign of Chikkadeva (1672-1704) this ascending climax of Mysore supremacy reached the pinnacle in Kongudesa. The continuous wars between the two regions during the epoch immediately preceding this for nearly 50 years from 1623-1672 had ended in the final annexation to Mysore of the tract surrounding Coimbatore, Karur, Erode and Dharapuram. In the reign of Chikkadeva, the Mysore dominion was firmly established over a large portion of Kongu from Palani and the Anaimalai in the south to Madagasi in the north. “The Poligars of old had collected numerous levies and they were often, if not always, several times more in value than what they had to pay the Government. Besides this they had also levied a regular blackmail called kaval-panam (lit., fees for protection). The coming of the rule of Mysore no doubt saved the people from the grinding hand of these Poligars, but as much as was taken by them was now taken by the overnment by way of taxes.”
During the four decades between Hyder Ali’s usurpation of the Mysore gadi in 1761 and his son Tippu Sultan’s death in 1799, the Muslim rulers further checked the unruly polegars. Most of their pollams were resumed; only a tenth of the polegars retained their powers by the time Coimbatore was ceded to the Company in 1799.
115:II,68-69; Arokiaswami, Kongu Country:5, 335-339,357-358, 370-375,399-400; Nicholson, Coimbatore:I,90,93"
'SALEM
Salem, in the Kongu country, is bounded on the south, where it borders on Coimbatore and Trichinopoly Districts, and on the west, where it abuts on Coimbatore and Mysore, by the Kaveri river; by Mysore and Arcot Districts on the north; and on the west by Coimbatore and Mysore and the three mountain ranges, the Jewaddy Muddy, the Colleroys and Colly Mully. It was traditionally --albeit inaccurately-- divided into the Talaghat (the lands above the ghats, namely, Salem, Attur, Namakkal and Trichengode taluks); the Baramahal (the lands between the first and the second ghats, namely, Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Tirupatur and Uttankarai taluks); and the Balaghat (the lands below the ghats, i.e., the Hosur taluk) The first two are a continuation of the Mysore and Deccan highlands, while the Talaghat is a land of fertile plains sloping down to the Kaveri river.
Like Coimbatore, Salem came under the rule of the nayaks of Madura after the battle of Talikota broke the hold of the Vijayanagar emperors. “The greatest characteristic of the administration of the period [after the collapse of effective Vijayanagar rule] lay in the numberless feudatories scattered all over the breadth and length of Kongu.” This was the period of the numberless petty rajas and chiefs of whom Father Robert de Nobili, S.J., writing circa 1623, has left revealing thumb sketches. These chieftains considered themselves “rather as the owners of their people and their kingdoms as a vast farm to be operated on. … While they are of unbounded energy and acuteness in extorting from their subjects the utmost possible revenue, they are wholly blind, careless and weak in the matters of order, justice, and repression of crime.” They were “petty tyrants accustomed to regard themselves as independent or to shelter themselves by intrigues and bribes offered to the greed of those who ought to supervise them.’ … We have evidence in the Ramnayappanammanai of these feudal chiefs, of whom those of Erode and Kangayam are particulary mentioned. … Erode was the center, where the Kongu palayakarar met for important purposes. … But so frequently were they at war with each other or with a common enemy or even with their own master, that they could have done little of use to the region, except in keeping the vast disorderly element of the times under a salutary fear, which these rough men were always able to inspire. A few of these, however, have left to posterity a record of good rule and they are in the nature of exceptions proving the rule.” One prime example of this latter type of polegar was the Ghetti Mudaliyar family of Omalur (q.v.)
After 1652, parts of Salem began to fall under the rule of the rising Wadiyars of Mysore, and in 1688-90 Chikka Deva Reja (r. 1672-1704), the great Wadiyar maharaja of Mysore, absorbed the whole of the district (which was not, nevertheless, added permanently to Mysore territory until 1760.) “It is noteworthy that Mysore seems to have been active in the region of Salem during [the reign of Dodda Kirshna Raja (1713-31)]; and this activity continued unabated in the successive reigns as well until the entire area comprising the modern district of Salem came under her. The process of this conquest was accomplished within a period of 25 years, in the first part of the reign of Chikka Krishna Raja, who ruled between 1734 and 1765.”
It was Chikka Deva Raja who divided the Mysore territories “into districts, and each district into hobli(s), consisting of an unequal number of grams or large villages.” This gramawari system was a form of government administration, as opposed to the polegari system of indirect or delegated administration that prevailed in other areas such a Tirulneveli and Arcot. In Salem and the Baramahal, despite a number of reorganizations under Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan, the gramawari system was used to collect land revenue until 1794-95. It can be said, therefore, that “[i]n most parts of Salem and the Baramahal the traditional warrior elite had been eliminated by 1700, … [after] the Rajas of Mysore began eliminating the local palaiyakar(s) and introducing their own revenue officials.”
Most of Salem was ceded to the Company in 1792. But the Hosur taluk, the largest in Salem District, came under British rule only in 1799, after Tipu’s final defeat. Buchanan, traveling through it in 1801, describes it “as consisting of the Taluks of Hosur, Denkani-kota, Kela-mangalam, Ratnagiri, Venkatagiri-kota, and part of Alambadi on the left bank of the Kaveri, together with the ‘Feudatory Lordships’ of Bagalur, Sulagiri, Ankusagiri, Punganur, and Pedda-Nayakkan-Durgam.”
115:II,43; Arokiaswami, Kongu Country: 347,364-366,377; Murton, “Key People in the Countryside”:164-165,180; Richards, Salem:II,107
101.63.181.46 07:36, 4 பெப்ரவரி 2012 (UTC)
thread_title: ஆதாரம் தேவை