بحث:آیزاک آسیموف

message: حداقل ورودی ایجاد شد. خیلی خیلی زیاد جای کار دارد! اگر در مورد عکس کسی بتواند چیز بهتری بگذارد، خیلی خوب است. منتظر مشارکت دوستان هستم. مهدی  ۱۳۸۴ (۲۴-۰۴-۲۰۰۶)، 16:11

message: بر طبق بررسی‌های رباتیکی من چندین پیوند غیرقابل دسترس پیدا شد. لطفا آنها بررسی و در صورت لزوم درستش کنید.تشکر!
* http://www.bfm.ir/ContentDetails.aspx?id=116
** In آیزاک آسیموف on 2010-08-03 00:33:41, 404 Not Found
** In آیزاک آسیموف on 2010-10-25 23:33:43, 404 Not Found
--:]امیروباتΣυζήτηση  ‏۲۵ اکتبر ۲۰۱۰، ساعت ۲۳:۳۴ (UTC)
thread_title:  پیوند مرده 

message: سلام همکاران ویرایشگر.
من به‌تازگی ۱ پیوند خارجی موجود در آیزاک آسیموف را اصلاح کردم. لطفاً ویرایشم را بازبینی کنید. اگر پرسشی دارید یا می‌خواهید ربات پیوندها یا چند صفحه را نادیده بگیرد، لطفاً این راهنمای ساده را برای دریافت اطلاعات بیشتر ببینید. من تغییرات زیر را انجام دادم:
*بایگانی https://web.archive.org/web/20120422123114/http://www.bfm.ir/ContentDetails.aspx?Id=116 به http://www.bfm.ir/ContentDetails.aspx?id=116 افزوده شد.
لطفاً برای اصلاح خطاهای ربات به راهنما مراجعه کنید.
با احترام.—InternetArchiveBot (گزارش اشکال) ‏۱۲ اکتبر ۲۰۱۹، ساعت ۰۱:۲۹ (UTC)
thread_title:  پیوندهای خارجی اصلاح شدند (اکتبر ۲۰۱۹) 

message: سلام همکاران ویرایشگر.
من به‌تازگی ۱ پیوند خارجی موجود در آیزاک آسیموف را اصلاح کردم. لطفاً ویرایشم را بازبینی کنید. اگر پرسشی دارید یا می‌خواهید ربات پیوندها یا چند صفحه را نادیده بگیرد، لطفاً این راهنمای ساده را برای دریافت اطلاعات بیشتر ببینید. من تغییرات زیر را انجام دادم:
*بایگانی https://web.archive.org/web/20080807194833/http://wiki.fantasy.ir/index.php?title=%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81 به http://wiki.fantasy.ir/index.php?title=%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81 افزوده شد.
لطفاً برای اصلاح خطاهای ربات به راهنما مراجعه کنید.
با احترام.—InternetArchiveBot (گزارش اشکال) ‏۴ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، ساعت ۲۰:۲۴ (UTC)
thread_title:  پیوندهای خارجی اصلاح شدند (نوامبر ۲۰۱۹) 

message: === نگاه علمی به تاریخ و اسطوره ===
==== تراژدی ماه ====
* تراژدی ماه (ص۱۵ تا ۲۶)
* پیروزی ماه (ص۲۷ تا ۳۸)
** ص ۳۲: دلیل خوبی وجود دارد که تصور کنیم انسان محاسبه و تعمیم را برای نیاز به پیگیری ماه به وجود آورد؛ از ماه تقویم‌ها به وجود آمدند، از آنها ریاضیات و ستاره‌شناسی (و نیز دین)؛ و از آنها هر چیز دیگری. همانگونه که ماه وجود فیزیکی انسان را امکان‌پذیر کرد [جزر و مد]، از طریق نمودهایش او را وجودی خردمند کرد. / سومین بحران، در هزاره سوم قبل از میلاد در زمانی که اولین تمدن بزرگ، تمدن سومری، در پایین دره دجله-فرات در اوج شکوفایی بود ... (تا پایان دو پاراگراف بعدی ترجمه شود (می‌رسد به تمدن کلدانی در قرن ششم پیشا دوران مشترک))
* p. 28: Life began in the sea some three billion years ago or more, and for at least 80 per cent of its entire history on this planet, it remained in the sea.  Life is adapted for th e | the ocean primarily, and only by the power of versati adjustment over many generations has it succeeded in colon- _ ising the surface’s borderlands: downward into the abyss, — outward into the fresh-water rivers and lakes, and outward/ — ‘upward into the land and air. / oe "Of the borderlands, dry land must in its way have been — most exotic; as impossible to sea life as the surface of the — Moon is to us. If we imagine a primitive sea creature intelli- — gent enough to have speculated about land life, we can — ‘be sure he would be appalled by the prospect. On land, an — organism would be subjected to the full and eternal pull of — _ gravity, to the existence of wild oscillations of temperature ‘both daily and yearly, to the crushing need to get and retain water in an essentially water-free environment, to the — “need to get oxygen out of dry, and desiccating, air rather than out of mild water solution. /  . ong Such a sea creature might imagine itself emerging from the sea in a water-filled land suit with mechanical grapples to support him against gravity, insulation against tempera-__ture change, and so on. /  ot ‘The sea life of half a billion years ago had, however, no technology to help it defeat the land. It could only adapt. itself over hundreds or thousands of generations to the point where it could live on land unprotected. / But what force drove it to do so, in the absence of a deliberate decision to do so? / The tides. / Life spread outward into the rims of the ocean, where the | sea water rose up against the continental slopes and then fell back twice each day. And thousands of species of seaweed and worms and crustaceans and molluscs and fish rose and fell with those tides. Some were exposed on shore as the sea retreated, and of those a very few survived, because they happened, for some reason, to be the best able to withstand the nightmare of land existence until the healing, life-giving water returned.  / Species adapted to the temporary endurance of dry land - developed, and the continuing pressure of competition saw to it that there was survival value to be gained in developing the capacity to withstand dry-land conditions for longer and ever-longer periods. / The second crucial effect of the Moon came sometime in the Paleolithic period, when men were food-gathering pri- mates, perhaps not noticeably more successful than others of the order. Man’s primitive ancestors were already the brainiest land creatures that ever lived, but it is possible to argue that brains in themselves are not necessarily the best way of ensuring survival. The chimpanzee is not as success- ful in the evolutionary scheme of things as the rat, nor the elephant as the fly. / For man to become successful, for man to establish him- self as the ruler of the planet, it was necessary for him to use his brain as something more than a device to make the daily /  of getting _ efficient. Man had tro. is, to observe and generalise, and give birth And to sharpen his mind to that point, he had to number ~ and measure. Only by numbering and measuring could he ~ begin to grasp the notion of a universe that could be under- — - stood and manipulated. of Something was needed for a push towards numbering, as once something had been needed for a push towards dry — land. Oe Man would have to notice something orderly that he could grasp — something orderly enough to enable him to — predict the future and give him an appreciation of the power - of the intellect. ee One simple way of seeing order is to note some steady, — __ eyclic rhythm in nature. The simplest, most overbearing such cycle is clearly the alternation of day and night. The — ___ time must have come when some man (or manlike ancestor) began to have the conscious knowledge that the Sun would — certainly rise in the east after having set in the west. This - - would mean the consciousness of time, rather than the mere passive endurance of it. It would surely mean the beginning ~ of the measurement of time, perhaps the measurement of any- thing, when an event could be placed as so many sunrises — ago or as so many to come. ik Yet the day-night cycle lacks subtlety and is too over- _ whelming and black-and-white (literally) to call out the best in man, Of course if men observed very closely, they _ might notice that the day lengthened and shortened and that night shortened and lengthened in what we would today call a yearly cycle. They might associate this with the changing height of the midday Sun and with a cycle of seasons. ; Unfortunately such changes would be hard to*grasp, hard to follow, hard to measure. The length of the day and the position of the Sun would be hard to observe in primitive _ days; the seasons depend on many factors that tend to obscure their purely cyclic nature over the short run; and in the tropics, when man developed, all these changes are /  But there is the Moon — the most dramatic sight in the heavens. The Sun is glorious but cannot be looked at. The  tars are unchanging points of light. The Moon, however, is an object of soft and glowing light that changes its shape steadily. - 'There’is thus good reason to believe that man was first jolted into calculation and generalisation by the need to keep track of the Moon; that from the Moon came calendars — from them, mathematics and astronomy (and religion too) ;_ and from them, everything else. - oe As the Moon made man possible as a physical being through its tides, it made him an intellectual being through” its phases. i / And what else? I promised three crises; for the third, let us move still farther forward in time, to a point at which human civilisation was in full career. / By the third millennium s.c. the first great civilisation, _ that of the Sumerians in the downstream reaches of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, was at its peak. In that dry climate the night sky was uniformly and brilliantly visible, and there _ was a priestly caste that had the leisure to study the heavens" and the religious motivation to do so. bite It was they, in all likelihood, who first noticed that al- though most of the stars maintained their configurations for night after night indefinitely, five of the brighter ones shifted position steadily, night after night, relative to the rest. This represented the discovery of the planets, which they distin- guished by the names of gods, a habit we have kept to this day. They noted that the Sun and the Moon also shifted position steadily with reference to the stars, so they were considered planets too. / The Sumerians were the first (possibly) to begin to follow the motions of all the planets rather than of the Moon only, and to attempt the far more complicated task of generalising _and systematising planetary motion rather than lunar mo- tion. This was continued by the later civilisations inheriting their traditions, until the Chaldeans, who ruled the Tigris- Euphrates Valley in the sixth century B.c., had a well- - developed system of planetary astronomy. | Ag % The Greeks borrowed astronomy from the Chaldeans. and elaborated it further into a system, which Claudius Ptolemy ie
RousouR (بحث) ‏۱۸ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۳:۲۹ (UTC)
* ماه برفراز بابِل (ص۳۹ تا ۴۹)
* بهانه هفته (The Week Excuse) (ص۵۰ تا ۶۰)
RousouR (بحث) ‏۲۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۰۹:۵۷ (UTC)
==== شرق نزدیک ====
RousouR (بحث) ‏۲۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۰:۰۹ (UTC)
==== سایر ====
* در شماره ژوئن ۱۹۸۸ مجله «علمی-تخیلی آیزاک آسیموف»، رابرت سیلوربرگ داستانی به نام «گیلگمش در اوروک» دارد که در واقع رمانی‌ست (:en:Gilgamesh the King) که در سال ۱۹۸۴ منتشر شده است؛ دنباله‌ای :en:Gilgamesh in the Outback نیز دارد. دومین کتاب در شماره جولای ۱۹۸۶ مجله «علمی-تخیلی آیزاک آسیموف» که خود آسیموف سرمقاله‌ای با عنوان «نوشتن برای جوانان» دارد.
RousouR (بحث) ‏۱۲ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۱:۳۶ (UTC)
thread_title:  بررسی کتاب‌ها 

message: ==== تراژدی ماه ====
* تراژدی ماه (ص۱۵ تا ۲۶)
* پیروزی ماه (ص۲۷ تا ۳۸)
** ص ۳۲: دلیل خوبی وجود دارد که تصور کنیم انسان محاسبه و تعمیم را برای نیاز به پیگیری ماه به وجود آورد؛ از ماه تقویم‌ها به وجود آمدند، از آنها ریاضیات و ستاره‌شناسی (و نیز دین)؛ و از آنها هر چیز دیگری. همانگونه که ماه وجود فیزیکی انسان را امکان‌پذیر کرد [جزر و مد]، از طریق نمودهایش او را وجودی خردمند کرد. / سومین بحران، در هزاره سوم قبل از میلاد در زمانی که اولین تمدن بزرگ، تمدن سومری، در پایین دره دجله-فرات در اوج شکوفایی بود ... (تا پایان دو پاراگراف بعدی ترجمه شود (می‌رسد به تمدن کلدانی در قرن ششم پیشا دوران مشترک))
* p. 28: Life began in the sea some three billion years ago or more, and for at least 80 per cent of its entire history on this planet, it remained in the sea.  Life is adapted for th e | the ocean primarily, and only by the power of versati adjustment over many generations has it succeeded in colon- _ ising the surface’s borderlands: downward into the abyss, — outward into the fresh-water rivers and lakes, and outward/ — ‘upward into the land and air. / oe "Of the borderlands, dry land must in its way have been — most exotic; as impossible to sea life as the surface of the — Moon is to us. If we imagine a primitive sea creature intelli- — gent enough to have speculated about land life, we can — ‘be sure he would be appalled by the prospect. On land, an — organism would be subjected to the full and eternal pull of — _ gravity, to the existence of wild oscillations of temperature ‘both daily and yearly, to the crushing need to get and retain water in an essentially water-free environment, to the — “need to get oxygen out of dry, and desiccating, air rather than out of mild water solution. /  . ong Such a sea creature might imagine itself emerging from the sea in a water-filled land suit with mechanical grapples to support him against gravity, insulation against tempera-__ture change, and so on. /  ot ‘The sea life of half a billion years ago had, however, no technology to help it defeat the land. It could only adapt. itself over hundreds or thousands of generations to the point where it could live on land unprotected. / But what force drove it to do so, in the absence of a deliberate decision to do so? / The tides. / Life spread outward into the rims of the ocean, where the | sea water rose up against the continental slopes and then fell back twice each day. And thousands of species of seaweed and worms and crustaceans and molluscs and fish rose and fell with those tides. Some were exposed on shore as the sea retreated, and of those a very few survived, because they happened, for some reason, to be the best able to withstand the nightmare of land existence until the healing, life-giving water returned.  / Species adapted to the temporary endurance of dry land - developed, and the continuing pressure of competition saw to it that there was survival value to be gained in developing the capacity to withstand dry-land conditions for longer and ever-longer periods. / The second crucial effect of the Moon came sometime in the Paleolithic period, when men were food-gathering pri- mates, perhaps not noticeably more successful than others of the order. Man’s primitive ancestors were already the brainiest land creatures that ever lived, but it is possible to argue that brains in themselves are not necessarily the best way of ensuring survival. The chimpanzee is not as success- ful in the evolutionary scheme of things as the rat, nor the elephant as the fly. / For man to become successful, for man to establish him- self as the ruler of the planet, it was necessary for him to use his brain as something more than a device to make the daily /  of getting _ efficient. Man had tro. is, to observe and generalise, and give birth And to sharpen his mind to that point, he had to number ~ and measure. Only by numbering and measuring could he ~ begin to grasp the notion of a universe that could be under- — - stood and manipulated. of Something was needed for a push towards numbering, as once something had been needed for a push towards dry — land. Oe Man would have to notice something orderly that he could grasp — something orderly enough to enable him to — predict the future and give him an appreciation of the power - of the intellect. ee One simple way of seeing order is to note some steady, — __ eyclic rhythm in nature. The simplest, most overbearing such cycle is clearly the alternation of day and night. The — ___ time must have come when some man (or manlike ancestor) began to have the conscious knowledge that the Sun would — certainly rise in the east after having set in the west. This - - would mean the consciousness of time, rather than the mere passive endurance of it. It would surely mean the beginning ~ of the measurement of time, perhaps the measurement of any- thing, when an event could be placed as so many sunrises — ago or as so many to come. ik Yet the day-night cycle lacks subtlety and is too over- _ whelming and black-and-white (literally) to call out the best in man, Of course if men observed very closely, they _ might notice that the day lengthened and shortened and that night shortened and lengthened in what we would today call a yearly cycle. They might associate this with the changing height of the midday Sun and with a cycle of seasons. ; Unfortunately such changes would be hard to*grasp, hard to follow, hard to measure. The length of the day and the position of the Sun would be hard to observe in primitive _ days; the seasons depend on many factors that tend to obscure their purely cyclic nature over the short run; and in the tropics, when man developed, all these changes are /  But there is the Moon — the most dramatic sight in the heavens. The Sun is glorious but cannot be looked at. The  tars are unchanging points of light. The Moon, however, is an object of soft and glowing light that changes its shape steadily. - 'There’is thus good reason to believe that man was first jolted into calculation and generalisation by the need to keep track of the Moon; that from the Moon came calendars — from them, mathematics and astronomy (and religion too) ;_ and from them, everything else. - oe As the Moon made man possible as a physical being through its tides, it made him an intellectual being through” its phases. i / And what else? I promised three crises; for the third, let us move still farther forward in time, to a point at which human civilisation was in full career. / By the third millennium s.c. the first great civilisation, _ that of the Sumerians in the downstream reaches of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, was at its peak. In that dry climate the night sky was uniformly and brilliantly visible, and there _ was a priestly caste that had the leisure to study the heavens" and the religious motivation to do so. bite It was they, in all likelihood, who first noticed that al- though most of the stars maintained their configurations for night after night indefinitely, five of the brighter ones shifted position steadily, night after night, relative to the rest. This represented the discovery of the planets, which they distin- guished by the names of gods, a habit we have kept to this day. They noted that the Sun and the Moon also shifted position steadily with reference to the stars, so they were considered planets too. / The Sumerians were the first (possibly) to begin to follow the motions of all the planets rather than of the Moon only, and to attempt the far more complicated task of generalising _and systematising planetary motion rather than lunar mo- tion. This was continued by the later civilisations inheriting their traditions, until the Chaldeans, who ruled the Tigris- Euphrates Valley in the sixth century B.c., had a well- - developed system of planetary astronomy. | Ag % The Greeks borrowed astronomy from the Chaldeans. and elaborated it further into a system, which Claudius Ptolemy ie
RousouR (بحث) ‏۱۸ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۳:۲۹ (UTC)
* ماه برفراز بابِل (ص۳۹ تا ۴۹)
* بهانه هفته (The Week Excuse) (ص۵۰ تا ۶۰)
RousouR (بحث) ‏۲۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۰۹:۵۷ (UTC)
==== شرق نزدیک ====
RousouR (بحث) ‏۲۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۰:۰۹ (UTC)
==== سایر ====
* در شماره ژوئن ۱۹۸۸ مجله «علمی-تخیلی آیزاک آسیموف»، رابرت سیلوربرگ داستانی به نام «گیلگمش در اوروک» دارد که در واقع رمانی‌ست (:en:Gilgamesh the King) که در سال ۱۹۸۴ منتشر شده است؛ دنباله‌ای :en:Gilgamesh in the Outback نیز دارد. دومین کتاب در شماره جولای ۱۹۸۶ مجله «علمی-تخیلی آیزاک آسیموف» که خود آسیموف سرمقاله‌ای با عنوان «نوشتن برای جوانان» دارد.
RousouR (بحث) ‏۱۲ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۱:۳۶ (UTC)
thread_title:  نگاه علمی به تاریخ و اسطوره 

message: * تراژدی ماه (ص۱۵ تا ۲۶)
* پیروزی ماه (ص۲۷ تا ۳۸)
** ص ۳۲: دلیل خوبی وجود دارد که تصور کنیم انسان محاسبه و تعمیم را برای نیاز به پیگیری ماه به وجود آورد؛ از ماه تقویم‌ها به وجود آمدند، از آنها ریاضیات و ستاره‌شناسی (و نیز دین)؛ و از آنها هر چیز دیگری. همانگونه که ماه وجود فیزیکی انسان را امکان‌پذیر کرد [جزر و مد]، از طریق نمودهایش او را وجودی خردمند کرد. / سومین بحران، در هزاره سوم قبل از میلاد در زمانی که اولین تمدن بزرگ، تمدن سومری، در پایین دره دجله-فرات در اوج شکوفایی بود ... (تا پایان دو پاراگراف بعدی ترجمه شود (می‌رسد به تمدن کلدانی در قرن ششم پیشا دوران مشترک))
* p. 28: Life began in the sea some three billion years ago or more, and for at least 80 per cent of its entire history on this planet, it remained in the sea.  Life is adapted for th e | the ocean primarily, and only by the power of versati adjustment over many generations has it succeeded in colon- _ ising the surface’s borderlands: downward into the abyss, — outward into the fresh-water rivers and lakes, and outward/ — ‘upward into the land and air. / oe "Of the borderlands, dry land must in its way have been — most exotic; as impossible to sea life as the surface of the — Moon is to us. If we imagine a primitive sea creature intelli- — gent enough to have speculated about land life, we can — ‘be sure he would be appalled by the prospect. On land, an — organism would be subjected to the full and eternal pull of — _ gravity, to the existence of wild oscillations of temperature ‘both daily and yearly, to the crushing need to get and retain water in an essentially water-free environment, to the — “need to get oxygen out of dry, and desiccating, air rather than out of mild water solution. /  . ong Such a sea creature might imagine itself emerging from the sea in a water-filled land suit with mechanical grapples to support him against gravity, insulation against tempera-__ture change, and so on. /  ot ‘The sea life of half a billion years ago had, however, no technology to help it defeat the land. It could only adapt. itself over hundreds or thousands of generations to the point where it could live on land unprotected. / But what force drove it to do so, in the absence of a deliberate decision to do so? / The tides. / Life spread outward into the rims of the ocean, where the | sea water rose up against the continental slopes and then fell back twice each day. And thousands of species of seaweed and worms and crustaceans and molluscs and fish rose and fell with those tides. Some were exposed on shore as the sea retreated, and of those a very few survived, because they happened, for some reason, to be the best able to withstand the nightmare of land existence until the healing, life-giving water returned.  / Species adapted to the temporary endurance of dry land - developed, and the continuing pressure of competition saw to it that there was survival value to be gained in developing the capacity to withstand dry-land conditions for longer and ever-longer periods. / The second crucial effect of the Moon came sometime in the Paleolithic period, when men were food-gathering pri- mates, perhaps not noticeably more successful than others of the order. Man’s primitive ancestors were already the brainiest land creatures that ever lived, but it is possible to argue that brains in themselves are not necessarily the best way of ensuring survival. The chimpanzee is not as success- ful in the evolutionary scheme of things as the rat, nor the elephant as the fly. / For man to become successful, for man to establish him- self as the ruler of the planet, it was necessary for him to use his brain as something more than a device to make the daily /  of getting _ efficient. Man had tro. is, to observe and generalise, and give birth And to sharpen his mind to that point, he had to number ~ and measure. Only by numbering and measuring could he ~ begin to grasp the notion of a universe that could be under- — - stood and manipulated. of Something was needed for a push towards numbering, as once something had been needed for a push towards dry — land. Oe Man would have to notice something orderly that he could grasp — something orderly enough to enable him to — predict the future and give him an appreciation of the power - of the intellect. ee One simple way of seeing order is to note some steady, — __ eyclic rhythm in nature. The simplest, most overbearing such cycle is clearly the alternation of day and night. The — ___ time must have come when some man (or manlike ancestor) began to have the conscious knowledge that the Sun would — certainly rise in the east after having set in the west. This - - would mean the consciousness of time, rather than the mere passive endurance of it. It would surely mean the beginning ~ of the measurement of time, perhaps the measurement of any- thing, when an event could be placed as so many sunrises — ago or as so many to come. ik Yet the day-night cycle lacks subtlety and is too over- _ whelming and black-and-white (literally) to call out the best in man, Of course if men observed very closely, they _ might notice that the day lengthened and shortened and that night shortened and lengthened in what we would today call a yearly cycle. They might associate this with the changing height of the midday Sun and with a cycle of seasons. ; Unfortunately such changes would be hard to*grasp, hard to follow, hard to measure. The length of the day and the position of the Sun would be hard to observe in primitive _ days; the seasons depend on many factors that tend to obscure their purely cyclic nature over the short run; and in the tropics, when man developed, all these changes are /  But there is the Moon — the most dramatic sight in the heavens. The Sun is glorious but cannot be looked at. The  tars are unchanging points of light. The Moon, however, is an object of soft and glowing light that changes its shape steadily. - 'There’is thus good reason to believe that man was first jolted into calculation and generalisation by the need to keep track of the Moon; that from the Moon came calendars — from them, mathematics and astronomy (and religion too) ;_ and from them, everything else. - oe As the Moon made man possible as a physical being through its tides, it made him an intellectual being through” its phases. i / And what else? I promised three crises; for the third, let us move still farther forward in time, to a point at which human civilisation was in full career. / By the third millennium s.c. the first great civilisation, _ that of the Sumerians in the downstream reaches of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, was at its peak. In that dry climate the night sky was uniformly and brilliantly visible, and there _ was a priestly caste that had the leisure to study the heavens" and the religious motivation to do so. bite It was they, in all likelihood, who first noticed that al- though most of the stars maintained their configurations for night after night indefinitely, five of the brighter ones shifted position steadily, night after night, relative to the rest. This represented the discovery of the planets, which they distin- guished by the names of gods, a habit we have kept to this day. They noted that the Sun and the Moon also shifted position steadily with reference to the stars, so they were considered planets too. / The Sumerians were the first (possibly) to begin to follow the motions of all the planets rather than of the Moon only, and to attempt the far more complicated task of generalising _and systematising planetary motion rather than lunar mo- tion. This was continued by the later civilisations inheriting their traditions, until the Chaldeans, who ruled the Tigris- Euphrates Valley in the sixth century B.c., had a well- - developed system of planetary astronomy. | Ag % The Greeks borrowed astronomy from the Chaldeans. and elaborated it further into a system, which Claudius Ptolemy ie
RousouR (بحث) ‏۱۸ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۳:۲۹ (UTC)
* ماه برفراز بابِل (ص۳۹ تا ۴۹)
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RousouR (بحث) ‏۲۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۰۹:۵۷ (UTC)
thread_title:  تراژدی ماه 

message: RousouR (بحث) ‏۲۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۰:۰۹ (UTC)
thread_title:  شرق نزدیک 

message: * در شماره ژوئن ۱۹۸۸ مجله «علمی-تخیلی آیزاک آسیموف»، رابرت سیلوربرگ داستانی به نام «گیلگمش در اوروک» دارد که در واقع رمانی‌ست (:en:Gilgamesh the King) که در سال ۱۹۸۴ منتشر شده است؛ دنباله‌ای :en:Gilgamesh in the Outback نیز دارد. دومین کتاب در شماره جولای ۱۹۸۶ مجله «علمی-تخیلی آیزاک آسیموف» که خود آسیموف سرمقاله‌ای با عنوان «نوشتن برای جوانان» دارد.
RousouR (بحث) ‏۱۲ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۱:۳۶ (UTC)
thread_title:  سایر