Diskussion:Library of Congress

message: Es sollte aus dem Artikel klarer hervorgehen, daß dich die LOC in Washington, DC befindet.
Ebenso wie weit sich die Gebäude tatsächlich auseinander befinden.
(weinige Meter oder mehrere hundert Meter).

message: Ist die LOC öffentlich zugänglich?

message: nationalen uramerikanischen und historischen Eintrichtung scheint mir ein Ausbau dringend nötig. Vielleicht kann jemand bei en: nachsehen und übersetzen?
Eine Institution, die fast 100 Millionen Objekte hortet, die zum Teil historisch sehr wertvoll sind (ich bin hierher über die historischen Fotografien des "Wilden Westens" gekommen), müßte ein bisschen mehr zu sagen sein. Für jede Million ein einziger Satz oder so wäre nach meiner Meinung schon das absolut das Mindeste. Vielleicht hilft, falls Ideen fehlen sollten, ein Seitenblick auf die Deutsche Bibliothek (F/L) oder die Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (M) oder Staatsbibliothek allgemein, was man daraus machen könnte...? Ich mag zwar Bücher, aber Fotos & Fotografen noch viel mehr und hoffe auf Unterstützung der Community, da müßte es doch den einen oder anderen USA-, Bibliotheks- und Historienfan geben, der sich der Sache annehmen mag... Dank & Gruß --FotoFux 10:57, 12. Jan 2006 (CET)
thread_title:  Ausbau nötig 

message: Hallo zusammen, ich verstehe das Wort "inoffizille" in Klammern nicht. Ist sie Nationalbibliothek? Viele Grüße --BangertNo 09:43, 20. Jan. 2009 (CET)
thread_title:  Inoffiziell 

message: Hier steht die Library of Congress sei nach Medienbestand die zweitgrößte Bibliothek der Welt. Im Artikel "Russische Staatsbibliothek" steht sie selbst sei die zweitgrößte Bibliothek und die Library of Congress die größte. Laut russischer Wikipedia ist die British Library die größte Bibliothek, die Library of Congress die zweitgrößte, die New York Public Library die drittgrößte und die Russische Staatsbibliothek die viertgrößte. Was ist richtig? (nicht signierter Beitrag von 87.175.199.246 (Diskussion) 18:13, 1. Mär. 2012 (CET)
replies: text: Ob man das rausfinden kann? -> :en:Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Humanities#Top5_Libraries_in_the_world_by_stock? -- Cherubino (Diskussion) 00:36, 2. Mär. 2012 (CET)
thread_title:  Widerspruch: größte/zweitgrößte Bibliothek der Welt? 

message: Na toll! Der Mann konnte doch kaum lesen. Das ist Gruseltourismus und gehört nicht in einen WP-Artikel. LG -- RTH (Diskussion) 18:15, 16. Nov. 2012 (CET)
thread_title:  Adolf Hitlers Buchsammlung 

message: Die USA haben in Nordamerika und den USA Kriege geführt. Im Schwedischen Fernsehen (Fox.se) läuft die Sendung "Antiquitäten der Amerikanischen Kriegsgeschichte". Welche dieser Antiqitäten aus 4 Jahrhunderten (16. / 17. / 18. / 19./ Jahrhundert) gibt es in der Library of Congress? Nur Anhand der historischen Fundstücke kann die amerikanische Kriegsgeschichte belegt werden. Im englischen Artikel zur amerikanischen Militärgeschichte steht folgendes:
"
===Colonial wars (1620–1774)===
The beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers, armed for hunting and basic survival in the wilderness. These were organized into local militias for small military operations, mostly against Native American tribes but also to resist possible raids by the small military forces of neighboring European colonies. They relied on the British regular army and navy for any serious military operation.Spencer C. Tucker, James Arnold, and Roberta Wiener eds. The Encyclopedia of North American Colonial Conflicts to 1775: A Political, Social, and Military History (2008) excerpt and text search
In major operations outside the locality involved, the militia was not employed as a fighting force. Instead the colony asked for (and paid) volunteers, many of whom were also militia members.James Titus, The Old Dominion at War: Society, Politics and Warfare in Late Colonial Virginia (1991)
In the early years of the British colonization of North America, military action in the thirteen colonies that would become the United States were the result of conflicts with Native Americans, such as in the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War in 1675, the Yamasee War in 1715 and Father Rale's War in 1722.
Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War.Fred Anderson, The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (2006)
===War of Independence (1775–83)===
Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776.Don Higginbotham, The war of American independence: military attitudes, policies, and practice, 1763–1789 (1983)
The British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy, the British were able to capture coastal cities, but control of the countryside eluded them. A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga. With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben, the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force. France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US, ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war. The Netherlands later joined France, and the British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war, as they had no major allies apart from Indian tribes.
A shift in focus to the southern American states in 1779 resulted in a string of victories for the British, but General Nathanael Greene engaged in guerrilla warfare and prevented them from making strategic headway. The main British army was surrounded by Washington's American and French forces at Yorktown in 1781, as the French fleet blocked a rescue by the Royal Navy. The British then sued for peace.
===George Washington===
General George Washington (1732–99) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but never were well organized. As the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.Lesson Plan on "What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader?" NEH EDSITEMENTEdward G. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life (2007)
Patriots had a strong distrust of a permanent "standing army", so the Continental Army was quickly demobilized, with land grants to veterans. General Washington, who throughout the war deferred to elected officials, averted a potential coup d'état and resigned as commander-in-chief after the war, establishing a tradition of civil control of the U.S. military.
===Early national period (1783–1812)===
Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, navy, and marine corps. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power.Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (1975)
In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.William B. Kessel and Robert Wooster, eds. Encyclopedia of Native American wars and warfare (2005) pp 50, 123, 186, 280
When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793, the United States sought to remain neutral, but the Jay Treaty, which was favorable to Great Britain, angered the French government, which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance. French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels, which led to an undeclared "Quasi-War" between the two nations. Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800, the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean. George Washington was called out of retirement to head a "provisional army" in case of invasion by France, but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce, in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks.Michael A. Palmer, Stoddert's war: naval operations during the quasi-war with France (1999)
===Barbary Wars===
The Berbers along the Barbary Coast (modern day Libya) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom. The U.S. paid protection money until 1801, when  President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States, the First Barbary War followed. After the U.S.S. Philadelphia was captured in 1803, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid which successfully burned the captured ship, preventing Tripoli from using or selling it. In 1805, after William Eaton captured the city of Derna, Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty. The other Barbary states continued to raid U.S. shipping, until the Second Barbary War in 1815 ended the practice.Frank Lambert, The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World (2007)
===War of 1812===
By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812.J. C. A. Stagg, The War of 1812: Conflict for a Continent (2012) With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon's France, its policy was to block American  shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest, with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion. The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy, the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front (Tecumseh's War and the Creek War) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson, who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain.Walter R. Borneman, 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (2005) is an American perspective; Mark Zuehlke, For Honour's Sake: The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace (2006) provides a Canadian perspective.
===War with Mexico (1846–48)===
With the rapid expansion of the farming population, Democrats looked to the west for new lands, an idea which became known as "Manifest Destiny." In the Texas Revolution (1835–36), the settlers declared independence and defeated the Mexican army, but Mexico was determined to reconquer the lost province and threatened war with the U.S. if it annexed Texas. The U.S., much larger and more powerful, did annex Texas in 1845 and war broke out in 1846 over boundary issues.Robert W. Merry, A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent (2009)  excerpt and text searchJustin Harvey Smith, The War with Mexico, Vol 1. (2 vol 1919), full text online; Smith, The War with Mexico, Vol 2. (1919). full text online of Pulitzer prize winning history.
In the Mexican-American War 1846–48, the U.S. Army under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott and others, invaded and after a series of victorious battles (and no major defeats) seized New Mexico and California, and also blockaded the coast, invaded northern Mexico, and invaded central Mexico, capturing the national capital. The peace terms involved American purchase of the area from California to New Mexico for $10 million.K. Jack Bauer, The Mexican War, 1846–1848(1974); David S. Heidler, and Jeanne T. Heidler, The Mexican War. (2005)
===American Civil War (1861–1865)===
Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason–Dixon line and those south of it, primarily centered on the "peculiar institution" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides became progressively more violent. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (who southerners thought would work to end slavery) states in the South seceded from the United States, beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. On April 12, 1861, forces of the South (known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy) opened fire on Fort Sumter, whose garrison was loyal to the Union.Louis P. Masur, The Civil War: A Concise History (2011)
The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared. The Confederacy hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by wearing down the North's willingness to fight. The U.S. sought a quick victory focused on capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. The Confederates under Robert E. Lee tenaciously defended their capital until the very end. The war spilled across the continent, and even to the high seas. Most of the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered.
The American Civil War is sometimes called the "first modern war" due to the mobilization (and destruction) of the civilian base. It also is characterized by many technical innovations involving railroads, telegraphs, rifles, trench warfare, and  ironclad warships with turret guns.Benjamin Bacon, Sinews of War: How Technology, Industry, and Transportation Won the Civil War (1997)
===Post-Civil War era (1865–1917)===
===Indian Wars (1865–1891)===
After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891.Utley,  (1984)
===Spanish–American War (1898)===
thumb|left|200px|Charge by the Rough Riders
The Spanish–American War was a short decisive war marked by quick, overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain. The Navy was well-prepared and won laurels, even as politicians tried (and failed) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet.Jim Leeke, Manila And Santiago: The New Steel Navy in the Spanish-American War (2009) The Army performed well in combat in Cuba. However, it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well-prepared for an overseas conflict.Graham A. Cosmas, An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War (1998) It relied on volunteers and state militia units, which faced logistical, training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida.Richard W. Stewart, "Emergence to World Power 1898–1902" Ch. 15, in "American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917", (2004) The United States freed Cuba (after an occupation by the U.S. Army). By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii (which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898). The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and (with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal.William Braisted, United States Navy in the Pacific, 1897–1909 (2008)
===Philippine–American War (1899–1902)==="  192.121.232.253 15:01, 11. Nov. 2015 (CET)
thread_title: Amerikanische Kriege von 1600 bis 1900

message: thumb|left|200px|Charge by the Rough Riders
The Spanish–American War was a short decisive war marked by quick, overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain. The Navy was well-prepared and won laurels, even as politicians tried (and failed) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet.Jim Leeke, Manila And Santiago: The New Steel Navy in the Spanish-American War (2009) The Army performed well in combat in Cuba. However, it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well-prepared for an overseas conflict.Graham A. Cosmas, An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War (1998) It relied on volunteers and state militia units, which faced logistical, training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida.Richard W. Stewart, "Emergence to World Power 1898–1902" Ch. 15, in "American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917", (2004) The United States freed Cuba (after an occupation by the U.S. Army). By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii (which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898). The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and (with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal.William Braisted, United States Navy in the Pacific, 1897–1909 (2008)
===Philippine–American War (1899–1902)==="  192.121.232.253 15:01, 11. Nov. 2015 (CET)
thread_title: Spanish–American War ('''1898''')