lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: German
Transcription: Magst du Tee oder Kaffee ?
Glosses: want.PRS.IND.2SG 2SG tea or coffee
Translation: Do you want tea or coffee?
Language: German
Transcription: Magst du Tee oder nicht ?
Glosses: want.PRS.IND.2SG 2SG tea or not
Translation: Do you want tea or not?
Language: German
Transcription: Du magst Kaffee , oder ?
Glosses: 2SG want.PRS.IND.2SG coffee or
Translation: You want coffee, right?
Language: German
Transcription: ous ät‘ siinə fryy kaun heilə
Glosses: if 1SG 3SG.GEN.F wife can.?IND.PRS.1SG cure.INF
Translation: whether I can cure his wife
Language: German
Transcription: (Ich frage mich ,) ob es wohl regnen wird .
Glosses: 1SG ask.PRS.IND.1SG 1SG.ACC if it perhaps rain.INF will.PRS.IND.3SG
Translation: I wonder whether it will rain.
Language: German
Transcription: (Ich frage mich ,) wer das wohl ist ?
Glosses: 1SG ask.PRS.IND.1SG 1SG.ACC who that perhaps is
Translation: I wonder who that will be.
Language: Russian
Transcription: otvétil=li studént na vsé voprósy ?
Glosses: answer.M.SG.PST=Q student to all questions
Translation: Did the student answer all the questions?
Language: Russian
Transcription: studént=li otvétil na vsé voprósy ?
Glosses: student=Q answer.M.SG.PST to all questions
Translation: Was it the student who answered all the questions?’ (: 359)
Language: Ukrainian
Transcription: čy zdoróvyj tý ?
Glosses: Q healthy 2SG
Language: Ukrainian
Transcription: cy ty tam buv ?
Glosses: Q 2SG there were
Translation: Were you there?
Language: Ukrainian
Transcription: ty buv tam ?
Glosses: 2SG were there
Translation: Were you there?
Language: Ukrainian
Transcription: buv ty tam ?
Glosses: were 2SG there
Translation: Were you there?
Language: Ukrainian
Transcription: tam ty buv ?
Glosses: there 2SG were
Translation: Were you there?
Language: Russian
Transcription: čto eto ?
Glosses: what this
Translation: What is this?
Language: Ukrainian
Transcription: de ty buv ?
Glosses: where 2SG were
Translation: Where were you?
Language: Ukrainian
Transcription: ty buv u teatri , čy v muzeji ?
Glosses: 2SG were at theater Q at museum
Translation: Were you at the theater or in the museum?
Language: Russian
Transcription: vy xotite čaj , ili kofe ?
Glosses: 2PL want tea or coffee
Translation: Do you want tea or coffee?
Language: Russian
Transcription: razve ty uezžaeš ?
Glosses: Q 2SG leave
Translation: Are you leaving?
Language: Chinese Pidgin Russian
Transcription: za vashe zh’onusheki mes’aca posidi esa ?
Glosses: TOP 2SG.GEN wife.?PL together sit REL
Translation: Do you sit together with your wives?
Language: Mongolic
Transcription: ni-dy šýma múr .mur ?
Glosses: 2SG-GEN what say
Translation: What are you saying?’ (: 37, 15)
Language: Taimyr Pidgin Russian
Transcription: tebja urusé-to jest ?
Glosses: 2SG rifle-HL EX
Translation: Do you have a rifle?
Language: Russian
Transcription: čego tebja nado menja čum mesto ?
Glosses: what 2SG DEON 1SG tent place
Translation: What do you want in my tent?
Language: Taimyr Pidgin Russian
Transcription: ty govorit , mama əmədja ne puskat budem , ili čego=li ?
Glosses: 2SG say.3SG mother hither NEG let.INF AUX.FUT or what=Q
Translation: Are you saying that we should not let mother come here or what?
Language: Saka
Transcription: uvāsānu saṃvāru paitṛyai pātanäya ?
Glosses: laywoman.GEN.PL regulations.ACC.SG can.2SG.PRS.IND keep.INF
Translation: Can you keep the regulations of the laywomen?’ (: 10f., 14)
Language: Saka
Transcription: cuuḍe bremä ?
Glosses: why weep.2SG.IND
Translation: Why are you weeping?
Language: Sogdian
Transcription: ə .ču .ti pnuukar tawa waanoo nee patγoošti ?
Glosses: Q Q.RHET by.you thus NEG heard.PRET
Translation: Have you never heard this?
Language: Sogdian
Transcription: ču .ti xa zaakt taδeeδ aγatant kataar .əti nee ?
Glosses: Q the children there came Q NEG
Translation: Have the children arrived at your place or not?
Language: Sogdian
Transcription: taγu peernamstar ču əktya kθaare ?
Glosses: 2SG before what deed do.PRET.2SG
Translation: What was it that you did before?
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: boʃa=af tag wand=o ?
Glosses: PN=2PL actually see.PST=Q
Translation: Have (you) actually seen Bosha?’ (: 62)
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: maʃ tuχɯ χor-an=o naji wi budo χor-an=o ?
Glosses: 1PL chicken eat-1PL=Q NEG that beef eat-1PL=Q
Translation: Do we eat chicken or do we eat that beef?’ (: 65)
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: tudʒik ziv ati wazon-d , rust=o ?
Glosses: PN language ? know.N.PST-3SG true=Q
Translation: (She) knows Sarikoli, right?’ (: 89)
Language: Indo-European
Transcription: búd-u=ee ?
Glosses: understand.PFV-MSG=Q
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: mɯ vrud tar ko ?
Glosses: 1SG.GEN brother EX where
Translation: Where is my brother?’ (: 86)
Language: Tokharian B
Transcription: ate kampāl yamaṣasta ?
Glosses: away coat.ACC do.PRET.2SG
Translation: Have you put (your) coat away?
Language: Tokharian A
Transcription: ynālek=te lo kälk aśśi ?
Glosses: elsewhere=Q away go.PRT.3SG Q
Translation: Has (s)he gone somewhere else?
Language: Tokharian B
Transcription: pañäkte=wat yopsa , nānde=wat ?
Glosses: PN.NOM=Q enter.PRET.3SG PN.NOM=Q
Language: Tokharian A
Transcription: cämpäl=te nasan cesäm wrasaśśi waste mäskatsi , mā=te cämpäl (na) sam ?
Glosses: be.able.GER2.NOM=Q COP.PRS.1SG this.GEN.PL being.GEN.PL refuge be.INF NEG=Q be.able.GER2.NOM (Q) COP.PRS.1SG
Translation: Am I able to provide refuge to the beings or am I not able?
Language: Tokharian A
Transcription: mā=(t)e nātäk cam brā(maṃ) e(pe) mā=(t)e was ?
Glosses: NEG=Q master this.ACC.SG PN or NEG=Q 1PL.ACC
Translation: Will the master not keep this Brahman or will he not keep us?
Language: German
Transcription: Wie/Was ist dein Name ?
Glosses: how/what is your.M.SG name
Translation: What is your name?
Language: German
Transcription: Bist du fertig oder wie/was ?
Glosses: are 2SG ready or how/what
Translation: Are you ready or what?
Language: German
Transcription: Du bist der Neue , wie/was ?
Glosses: you are the.M.SG new.one how/what
Translation: You are the new one, aren’t you?
Language: German
Transcription: Wie/(Was) du bist schwanger ?
Glosses: how/what you are pregnant
Language: German
Transcription: Was ist das für_ein Urlaub ?
Glosses: what is that kind holiday
Translation: What kind of holiday is this?
Language: Eastern Yiddish
Transcription: vos iz dos far_a yontev ?
Glosses: what is that kind holiday
Translation: What kind of holiday is this?’ (: 413)
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: tʃoj a=ta ðud ?
Glosses: who.NOM ACC-2SG.ACC hit.PST
Translation: Who hit you?
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: təw=at a=tɕi ðud ?
Glosses: 2SG.NOM=2SG.PST ACC-who.OBL hit.PST
Translation: Whom did you hit?
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: təw=at tɕi=ri ðud ?
Glosses: 2SG.NOM=2SG.PST who.OBL-DAT hit.PST
Translation: Whom did you give (it) to?’ (: 9)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: dare .ka ga kimashita ka ?
Glosses: someone NOM come.PST.POL Q
Translation: Did someone come here?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: sono hon wa omoshiroi desu ka tsumaranai desu ka ?
Glosses: that book TOP interesting COP Q boring COP Q
Translation: Is that book interesting or boring?’ (: 159f.)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: o-namae wa nan desu ka ?
Glosses: HON-name TOP what COP Q
Translation: What is (your) name?’ (own knowledge)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: ashita wa gakkō ni iki-masu ka ?
Glosses: tomorrow TOP school to go-NPST.POL Q
Translation: Is it tomorrow that you are going to school?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: ashita , gakkō ni wa iki-masu ka ?
Glosses: tomorrow school to TOP go-NPST.POL Q
Translation: Is it to school that you are going to tomorrow?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: anō , kyōdai wa ?
Glosses: uh siblings TOP
Translation: So, do you have any brothers or sisters?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: ta=ka ta-sar-e ?
Glosses: who=Q EMP?-go.away-EV
Translation: Who goes away?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: KÖ YÖPI=ka KYIMYI-NKA WA-Nkari K-YI-[i]mas-am-u ?
Glosses: this night=Q lord-POSS 1SG-DIR come-INF-HON-TENT-ATTR
Translation: Is it tonight that (my) lord will come to me?’ (Western; : 1220, 1225)
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: aNtö=ka a-Nka se-m-u ?
Glosses: what=Q 1SG-POSS do-TENT-ATTR
Translation: What should I do?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: opuse-tamap-o=ka ?
Glosses: assign.INF-HON-ATTR=Q
Translation: Has (the emperor) given (me) the order?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: yama-ni=ka ne-m-u mwo / yaNtör-i pa na-si-ni ?
Glosses: mountain-LOC=Q sleep-TENT-ATTR FOC / lodge-N TOP not.exist-FIN-LOC
Translation: Shall (I) sleep in the mountains since there is no lodging (here)?’ (: 834, 835)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: keo wa no=ka s-i-yor-asiyo ?
Glosses: today TOP what=Q do-INF-exist-SUP
Translation: What would (they) do today?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: doko e iku no (desu ka)?
Glosses: where ALL go N>Q COP Q
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Vernacular Atayalic Japanese
Transcription: kore ga nani ?
Glosses: this TOP what
Translation: What (is) this?
Language: Vernacular Atayalic Japanese
Transcription: anta kyolai aru ga ?
Glosses: 2SG sibling have Q
Translation: (Do) you have siblings?
Language: Atayal
Transcription: anta no hoyin ga qalux no ?
Glosses: 2SG GEN dog TOP black Q
Language: Atayal
Transcription: anta teykan ’suw ?
Glosses: 2SG chair heavy
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: uwe kwo-na-N-kyi / Nka-ku kwopiy-m-u tö=ya ?
Glosses: sow.INF dim-water-LOC-leeks / be.thus-INF long.for-tent-FIN think/say=Q
Translation: Do (you) think (I) love the sowed water leeks so much?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: asu-yuri=ya / kaye-Nka muta ne-m-u ?
Glosses: tomorrow-ABL=Q / reed-POSS together.with sleep-TENT-ATTR
Translation: From tomorrow shall (I) sleep together with the reeds?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: na pa kyik-as-u=ya ?
Glosses: 2SG TOP ask-HON-FIN=Q
Translation: Shall (I) ask you?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: kyimyi pa=ya na-kyi ?
Glosses: lord TOP=Q NEG-ATTR
Translation: Don’t (you) have a lord?’ (: 1211, 1215)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: are ichi-nen deshita kke:?
Glosses: EXCL one-year COP.PST.POL Q
Translation: Wait, is (your visa valid) for one year?’ (: 2687, simplified)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: dare deshita tte ?
Glosses: who COP.PST.POL QUOT>Q
Translation: Who did you say it was?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: ii tenki da na ?
Glosses: good weather COP Q
Translation: It is a fine day, isn’t it?
Language: Ura
Transcription: kuri=ja hon=na ?
Glosses: this=TOP book=Q ? 
Translation: Is this a book?
Language: Ura
Transcription: an ʔcju=ja taru=kai ?
Glosses: that person=TOP who=Q
Translation: Who is that person?
Language: Ura
Transcription: wan=ga kak-ju-Ø-n=ja ?
Glosses: 1SG=NOM write-IPFV-(NPST)-ADN=Q
Translation: Should I write?
Language: Ura
Transcription: an ʔcju=nkja=ja icu=raga kuma=nan ur-i=joo ?
Glosses: that person=APPR=TOP when=ABL here=LOC1 exist-NPST=Q
Translation: What time did those people get here?
Language: Ura
Transcription: nan=cjuu=no=kana ?
Glosses: what=QUOT=GEN=Q
Translation: How should (I) express this?’ (: 20, 23, 30)
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: uro=o koow-an=na ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP buy-NEG=Q
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: uro=o koo-ju-mɨ ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP buy-IPFV=Q
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: kurɨ=ba tu-ju-mɨ ?
Glosses: this=ACC take-IPFV-Q
Translation: Will (you) take this?
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: nuu=ba=ga tu-jur-u ?
Glosses: what=ACC=FOC take-IPFV-Q
Translation: What will (you) take?
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: kurɨ=ba=du tu-jur-ui ?
Glosses: this=ACC=FOC take-IPFV-Q
Translation: Will (you) take this?’ (: 76f.)
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: an ʔcjoo sjensjee=ja ar-an=daroo=ga(i)?
Glosses: that person.TOP teacher=TOP COP-NEG.NPST=SUPP=Q
Translation: (I) suppose that that person is not a teacher, is that right?
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: waŋ=ga ik-joo=jəə ?
Glosses: 1SG=NOM go-INT=Q
Translation: I will go, right?
Language: Oki-No-Erabu
Transcription: ʔatia-ŋ=nja ?
Glosses: know-IND=Q
Translation: Do you know?
Language: Oki-No-Erabu
Transcription: ʔuda=gatʃi=joo ?
Glosses: where=DIR=Q
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 353)
Language: Oki-No-Erabu
Transcription: kiba-ti mee-ro ?
Glosses: work.hard-MED exist.HON-DUB
Translation: Are you working hard?’ (a greeting) (: 357)
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ga maŋgo tʃuku-ta-n=naa ?
Glosses: PN=NOM mango grow-PST-IND=Q
Translation: Kmadee grew mangoes, didn’t he?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ga maŋgoo tʃuku-ju-mi ?
Glosses: PN=NOM mango grow-PRS-Q
Translation: Will Kamadee grow mangoes?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: taa=ga maŋgoo tʃuku-ta-ga ?
Glosses: who=NOM mango grow-PST-Q
Translation: Who grew mangoes?’ (: 393, 394)
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ga=du maŋgo tʃuku-ju-ru=ji ?
Glosses: PN=NOM=FOC mango grow-PRS-NIND=Q
Translation: Is it Kamadee who grows mangoes?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: waN=nee tigami kac-a-N ?
Glosses: 1SG=TOP letter write-PST-IND
Translation: I wrote a letter.
Language: Shuri
Transcription: ‘jaa=ja tigami kac-ii ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP letter write-Q
Language: Shuri
Transcription: nuu tʃi-yu-ga ?
Glosses: what wear-PRS-Q
Translation: What do you wear?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: nuu=ga tʃi-yu-ra ?
Glosses: what=FOC wear-PRS-Q
Translation: What do you wear?’ (: 204)
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ga=ga maŋgoo tʃuku-ju-ra jaa ?
Glosses: PN=NOM=FOC mango grow-PRS-Q Q
Translation: Is it Kamadee who will grow mangoes?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ja nuu tʃuku-ju-gajaa ?
Glosses: PN=NOM what grow-PRS-Q
Translation: Kamadee is going to grow what?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: ʔari=ga ʔi-i-ʃe=e tʃik-an-ka ?
Glosses: 3SG=NOM say-PRS-N-TOP ? listen-NEG-SGS
Translation: Shall we not listen to him?
Language: Central Okinawan
Transcription: ʔjaa=ga kak-u-n .
Glosses: 2SG=NOM write-NPST-DECL
Translation: You will write.
Language: Central Okinawan
Transcription: ʔjaa=ga kak-u-mi ?
Glosses: 2SG=NOM write-NPST-Q
Translation: Will you write?
Language: Central Okinawan
Transcription: kuruma=kara si-sa-n=na ?
Glosses: car=ABL come-PST-DECL=Q
Translation: Did you come by car?
Language: Central Okinawan
Transcription: taa=ga sa=ga ?
Glosses: who=NOM do=Q
Language: Miyako
Transcription: kure=e kam=nu sïma=na ?
Glosses: this=TOP god=GEN island=Q
Translation: Is this an island of god?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: naa=ju=ba nuu=ti=ga ïï=ga ?
Glosses: name=ACC=TOP what=QUOT=FOC say=Q
Translation: What is your name?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: nuu=ga sï-tar ?
Glosses: what=?Q do-PST
Translation: What happened (with you)?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: husɨ=nu=du mii-rai ui=na ?
Glosses: star=NOM=FOC look-POT CONT.NPST=Q
Translation: Can you see the stars?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: nau=nu=du mii-rai ui=ga ?
Glosses: what=NOM=FOC look-POT CONT.NPST=Q
Translation: What can you see?’ (: 173)
Language: Miyako
Transcription: vva=a=da ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP=Q
Translation: How about you?’ (: 173, fn. 16)
Language: Miyako
Transcription: nauɾipa=tu kuu-tataɾ-ɛɛ ?
Glosses: why=FOC come-PST.NEG-Q
Language: Miyako
Transcription: [nau=iu as-sipa=tu tau-kaɯ=ka] ss-ai-n ?
Glosses: what=ACC do-CIRC=FOC good-V=Q know-POT-NEG
Translation: I don’t know [what I should do].
Language: Miyako
Transcription: vva=a pssnii=pa asi=tu ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP siesta=TOP.OBJ do=?Q
Translation: Have you taken a siesta?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: vva=a uri=u až-tar=ru ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP that=ACC say-PST=Q
Translation: Did you say that?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: vva=ga=ru uri=u až-tar=ru ?
Glosses: 2SG=NOM=FOC that=ACC say-PST=Q
Translation: Did you say that?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: vva=a nau=ju=ga až-tar=ga ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP what=ACC=FOC say-PST=Q
Translation: What did you say?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: [ssibara=ru a-tar=ru maibara=ru a-tar=ru] mmja s-sa-n-Ø=suga
Glosses: back=FOC COP-PST=Q front=FOC COP-PST=Q INTJ know-THM-NEG-NPST=but
Translation: But I’m not sure [whether (the house) was behind or in front].’ (: 132f.)
Language: Hateruma
Transcription: da=Ø sinsin=naa ?
Glosses: 2SG=(CORE) teacher=Q
Translation: Are you a teacher?
Language: Hateruma
Transcription: kuri=Ø=ja nu ja-Ø ?
Glosses: this=(CORE)=TOP what COP-NPST
Translation: What is this?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: nuNti kanaN=wa ?
Glosses: why write.NEG=Q
Translation: Why won’t wou write?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: kjuu=ja nuu-nu pii=ja ?
Glosses: today=TOP what-GEN day=Q
Translation: What day is it today?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: nuusi nat-taa ?
Glosses: how become-PST
Translation: What happened?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: waa aca-N k-ii ffir-uN ?
Glosses: 2SG tomorrow-also come-INF give.me-AFF
Translation: Will you come tomorrow, too?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: kuree turu kaburee ?
Glosses: this.TOP bird bat
Translation: Is this a bird or a bat?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: kuree turu=kajaa kaburee=kajaa ?
Glosses: this.TOP bird=Q bat=Q
Translation: (I wonder) is this a bird or a bat?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: naoja=ja sinbun jum-u-n ?
Glosses: PN=TOP newspaper read-PRS-IND
Translation: Will/does Naoya read the newspaper?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: naoja=ja sinbun=du jum-u ?
Glosses: PN=TOP newspaper=FOC read-PRS
Translation: Will/does Naoya read the newspaper?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: naoja=ja noo=du jum-u ?
Glosses: PN=TOP what=FOC read-PRS
Translation: What does/will Naoya read?’ (: 260)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: zïma=ge har-u ?
Glosses: where=DIR go-PRS
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 261)
Language: Yonaguni
Transcription: khuruma mut-i bu=na ?
Glosses: car hold-MED IPFV=Q
Translation: Do (you) have a car?
Language: Yonaguni
Transcription: suuti khat-i=du bu-ru=na ?
Glosses: book write-MED=FOC IPFV-PTCP=Q
Translation: (Are you) writing a book?
Language: Yonaguni
Transcription: nda=ja tharu=nki nu(=ba) thura=nga ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP PN=DIR what(=FOC) give=Q
Translation: What will you give to Taro?
Language: Yonaguni
Transcription: nma=ŋa(=ba) dunan-ccima=ja ?
Glosses: where=NOM(=FOC) PN-island=Q
Translation: Where exactly is Yonaguni island?’ (: 468, 466, 469)
Language: Sonai
Transcription: num-i=na ?
Glosses: drink-IND=Q
Translation: Have you drunk it?
Language: Sonai
Transcription: Nma-Nki h-juN=ga ?
Glosses: where-ALL go-PFV=Q
Translation: Where has (she) gone?
Language: Sonai
Transcription: u=ja nu=ja ?
Glosses: this=TOP what=Q
Translation: What is this?
Language: Sonai
Transcription: nu=ba Nda munu=ja ?
Glosses: what-SEL 2SG.GEN thing=Q
Translation: Which is yours?
Language: Sonai
Transcription: Nda ici=ba s-uN=ga ?
Glosses: 2SG when=SEL come-PFV=Q
Translation: When did you come?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ta=ba=du tata-N=ga ?
Glosses: who=SEL=FOC make.stand-CONC=Q
Translation: Whom do you make stand?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nu=ba=du ut-iru=kaja ?
Glosses: what=SEL=FOC fall-CONC=Q
Translation: I wonder which one will fall down?’ (: 439, 419, 425, 444, 421)
Language: Miyako
Transcription: ba=a kuruma=u=du vv-tar .
Glosses: 1SG=TOP car-ACC=FOC sell-PST
Translation: I sold a car.
Language: Miyako
Transcription: *ba=a kuruma=u=du vv-tam .
Glosses: 1SG=TOP car-ACC=FOC sell-PST
Translation: I sold a car.
Language: Vernacular Atayalic Japanese
Transcription: anta no namae ga lare ?
Glosses: 2SG GEN name TOP who
Translation: What is your name?
Language: Vernacular Atayalic Japanese
Transcription: anata no namae wa nan desu ka ?
Glosses: 2SG GEN name TOP what COP Q
Translation: What is your name?’ (constructed in analogy to Yilan Creole)
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: nǐ de míngzi shì shéi ?
Glosses: 2SG GEN name COP who
Translation: What is your name?
Language: Atayal
Transcription: imaʔ aʔ raluʔ=suʔ ?
Glosses: who NOM.NRF name=2SG.BG
Translation: What is your name?
Language: Korean
Transcription: narssi-ka tʃoh-ta .
Glosses: weather-NOM good-DECL.PLAIN
Translation: The weather is good.
Language: Korean
Transcription: narssi-ka tʃoh-ni ?
Glosses: weather-NOM good-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Is the weather good?’ (: 57)
Language: Korean
Transcription: ka-nɯnka ?
Glosses: go-Q.FAM
Translation: Are (you) going?
Language: Korean
Transcription: k‘ɯ-nka ?
Glosses: big-Q.FAM
Language: Korean
Transcription: muɣəs-ɯr ha-nɯnka ?
Glosses: what-ACC do-Q.FAM
Translation: What are (you) doing?’ (: 42)
Language: Korean
Transcription: mues-ul ha-ni ?
Glosses: what-ACC do-Q.PLAIN
Translation: What are (you) doing?
Language: Korean
Transcription: kitʃ‘a-ka məntʃə o-r-ka , tʃatoŋtʃ‘a-ka o-r-ka ?
Glosses: train-NOM first arrive-PRS-Q.FAM car-NOM arrive-PRS-Q.FAM
Translation: Does the train or does the car arrive first?’ (: 94)
Language: Korean
Transcription: wuli-ka ka-l-kka .yo salam-ul ponay-l-kka .yo ?
Glosses: we-NOM go-PRS-Q.FAM person-ACC send-PRS-Q.FAM
Translation: Shall we go or shall (we) send someone?
Language: Korean
Transcription: yongho-ka te khu-ni , animyen nami-ka te khu-ni ?
Glosses: PN-NOM more big-Q.PLAIN or PN-NOM more big-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Is Yongho taller or Nami?
Language: Korean
Transcription: ka-l-kka ma-l-kka ?
Glosses: go-PRS-Q NEG-PRS-Q
Translation: whether to go or not
Language: Korean
Transcription: canton iss-ni eps-ni ?
Glosses: change COP-Q.PLAIN NEG-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Do you have change or not?’ (: 150)
Language: Korean
Transcription: hwuchwu mac-cyo ?
Glosses: black.pepper correct-COMM.POL
Translation: It is black pepper, right?
Language: Korean
Transcription: wenlay khu-canh-a .yo ?
Glosses: originally tall-COMM.NEG-POL
Translation: She has been tall since birth, right?
Language: Korean
Transcription: nayil hakkyo-ey ka-pnikka ?
Glosses: tomorrow school-DIR go-Q.DEF
Translation: Do (you) go to school tomorrow?
Language: Korean
Transcription: hakkyo-ey nayil ka-pnikka ?
Glosses: school-DIR tomorrow go-Q.DEF
Translation: Do (you) go to school tomorrow?
Language: Korean
Transcription: tangsin-un nayil hakkyo ka-pnikka ?
Glosses: 2SG-TOP tomorrow school go-Q.DEF
Translation: Do you go to school tomorrow?’ (elicited, slightly adjusted)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: eti ka-ni ?
Glosses: where go-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Where are you going?’ (L. : 47; : 264f.; : 158; : 8)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: etu ley ka-m-swu-kkwa ?
Glosses: where to go-IND-AH-Q.DEF
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 75, from Lee I.S.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ǒdi ka-ng wa-m-su-gwa ?
Glosses: where go-PST ?AUX-IND-AH-Q.DEF
Translation: Where did you go?’ (: 10, my tentative analysis)
Language: Korean
Transcription: ni pap mek-ess-nya ?
Glosses: 2SG meal eat-PST-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Did you have your meal?
Language: Korean
Transcription: ka-wu ?
Glosses: go-Q.FAM
Translation: Does (she) go?
Language: Korean
Transcription: etu .m ey ka-si-p-ney-kka ?
Glosses: where to go-SH-AH-IND-Q
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Korean
Transcription: ni pap muk-ess-nya ?
Glosses: 2SG meal eat-PST-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Did you have your meal?
Language: Korean
Transcription: moosoon băpi iss-um .mê ?
Glosses: what meal COP-Q.FAM
Translation: What food is there?’ (: 13)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: misi-ř ha-ja ?
Glosses: what-ACC do-Q.PLAIN
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ka-mdo ?
Glosses: go-Q.DEF
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ɔdi-ř ka-n .ga ?
Glosses: where-ACC go-Q.POL
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Korean
Transcription: ni etey ka-ss-no ?
Glosses: 2SG where go-PST-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Where did you go?
Language: Korean
Transcription: i ke nwu chayk i-ko ?
Glosses: this ?NOM who book COP-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Whose book is this?
Language: Korean
Transcription: pap mun-na ?
Glosses: meal eat-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Did you eat?
Language: Korean
Transcription: kuk i ni chayk i-ka ?
Glosses: that ?NOM 2SG book COP-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Is that your book?
Language: Middle Korean
Transcription: i twu salóm i cinsillo nej hangkes-ka ?
Glosses: this two person NOM truly 2SG.GEN master-Q
Translation: Are these two persons truly your masters?
Language: Middle Korean
Transcription: hjenljang-ón sto mjes salóm-ko ?
Glosses: wise.person-TOP also how.many person-Q
Translation: Also, how many wise people were there?
Language: Middle Korean
Transcription: kutuj-nón enu cek-uj tolao-l-ta ?
Glosses: 2SG-TOP which time-LOC return-?PROS-Q
Translation: When will you return?’ (: 102, 103)
Language: Korean
Transcription: i-nón sang-ka pel-a ?
Glosses: this-TOP prize-Q punishment-Q
Translation: Is this a prize or a punishment?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ta sayin=uu ?
Glosses: 2PL good=Q
Translation: Are you well?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ta ken bui ?
Glosses: 2PL who COP>Q
Translation: Who are you?’ (, transcription changed)
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: xugsʲin-tei oolz-aa=g=sʲa ?
Glosses: old.woman-COM meet-P.IPFV=Q=2SG
Translation: Did you meet the old woman?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: xen-tei oolz-aa=b=sʲa ?
Glosses: who-COM meet-P.IPFV=Q=2SG
Translation: Whom did you meet?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: sʲii nam-tai ɔsʲ-nɔ=ba ?
Glosses: 2SG 1SG.OBL-COM reach-PRS=Q
Translation: You go with me, don’t you?’ (: 170-171)
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: bii enee-g-uur-ee jab-xa=g=bi , teree-g-uur-ee jab-xa=g=bi ?
Glosses: 1SG.NOM this-E-INST-REFL go-P.FUT=Q=1SG that-E-INST-REFL go-P.FUT=Q=1SG
Translation: Should I go in this or in that direction?’ (: 153)
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: sʲinii xubuun=sʲe alin=be ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN boy.NOM=2SG.POSS which=Q
Translation: Where is your boy?’ (: 116, shortened)
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: alʲan=in hain=be ?
Glosses: which=3SG.POSS good=Q
Translation: Which one is good?
Language: Middle Mongol
Transcription: burut-b=uu ?
Glosses: escape-TERM=Q
Language: Middle Mongol
Transcription: caq=u’u gür-be ?
Glosses: time=Q arrive-TERM
Translation: Has the time arrived?
Language: Middle Mongol
Transcription: jöb=ü’ü tab=u’u ügüle-rün ?
Glosses: appropriate=Q ?convenient=Q say-CVB
Translation: Saying: is it appropriate, is it convenient?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: cii xedzee yab-sen bwai ?
Glosses: 2SG when depart-PST COP>Q
Language: Dagur
Transcription: en bitig=yee ?
Glosses: this book=Q
Translation: Is this a book?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: ʃii ani-ʃi ?
Glosses: 2SG who-2SG
Translation: Who are you?’ (: 150; : 11)
Language: Dagur
Transcription: ənə warkəl-ii waa-səŋ=jəə ?
Glosses: this clothes-ACC wash-PST=Q
Translation: Have (you) washed these clothes?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: xaanə itʃ-bəi-ʃii=jəə ?
Glosses: whither go-FUT-2SG=Q
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: daŋg oo-dʒ ul bol-səŋ baa ?
Glosses: tobacco drink-CVB.IPFV NEG can-PST Q
Translation: Smoking is prohibited here, right?’ (: 76)
Language: Dagur
Transcription: bii əidəə jaw-oos-minʲ dʒuɣi-ɣu jum .oo ? tiidaa jaw-oos-minʲ dʒuɣi-ɣu jum .oo ?
Glosses: 1SG this.way go-CVB.COND-1SG right-IPFV Q that.way go-CVB.COND-1SG right-IPFV Q
Translation: Will I go this way or that way?’ (: 18)
Language: Dagur
Transcription: ərgun-šin xaǰir-səŋ=ja ?
Glosses: husband-2SG come.back-PST=Q
Translation: Did your husband come back?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: səəs-šin xərəə , bəraan=ja očog=jo ?
Glosses: urine-2SG how.much much=Q little=Q
Translation: How much urine do you have? Is it a lot or a little?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: šii xəǰəə ənd ir-səŋ-ši=jə ?
Glosses: 2SG when here come-PST-2SG=Q
Translation: When did you come here?’ (: 85, 86)
Language: Dagur
Transcription: šii xaan-aar ir-səŋ-b-ši=jə ?
Glosses: 2SG where-ABL come-PST-COP-2SG=Q
Translation: Where did you come from?’ (: 86)
Language: Khamnigan Mongol
Transcription: hain=gu ?
Glosses: good=Q
Translation: Is it good?
Language: Khamnigan Mongol
Transcription: tere ken bei ?
Glosses: 3SG who Q
Translation: Who is he?
Language: Khamnigan Mongol
Transcription: ənə kobcaxon=cini tɔrg-ɔɔr ɔjɔ-gd-ɔɔ=gu , bisi=gu ?
Glosses: this clothes=2SG.POSS silk-INST sew-PASS-P.IPFV=Q NEG=Q
Translation: Are these clothes made of silk or not?
Language: Khamnigan Mongol
Transcription: bii kara-ku-du=min tabi-tee-ta ba ?
Glosses: 1SG.NOM see-P.FUT-DAT=1SG.POSS fifty-PROP-2PL Q
Translation: I guess you are about fifty years old, right?’ (: 132, 127)
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: yeshe münge-tei hen=gü ?
Glosses: PN money-COM COP.PST=Q
Translation: Did Yeshe have money?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: shi xen-tei=b=shi ?
Glosses: 2SG who-COM=Q=2SG
Translation: Who are you with?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: yaba-xa-m=gü , bai-xa-m=gü ?
Glosses: go-P.FUT-1SG=Q stay-P.FUT-1SG=Q
Translation: Shall I go or stay?’ (: 120, 119)
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci surguul-ruu-g .aa yaw-j bai-g .aa youm=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG school-DIR-POSS.REFL depart-CVB.IPFV COP-P.IPFV COP=Q
Translation: Are you going to school?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci tzai uu-x=uu , eswel airag uu-x=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG tea drink-P.FUT=Q or kumis drink-P.FUT=Q
Translation: Do you drink tea or kumis?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci surguul-ruu-g .aa yaw-a .x=uu eswel yaw-a .x-güi=y .uu ?
Glosses: 2SG school-DIR-POSS.REFL depart-P.FUT=Q or depart-P.FUT-NEG=Q
Translation: Do you go to school or not?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci tzai uu-x youm=uu , eswel airag uu-x youm=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG tea drink-P.FUT COP=Q or kumis drink-P.FUT COP=Q
Translation: Do you drink tea or kumis?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci xedzee surguul-ruu-g .aa yaw-a .x=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG when school-DIR-POSS.REFL depart-P.FUT=Q
Translation: When are you going to school?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: xen tsai uu-san be ?
Glosses: who tea drink-P.PFV Q
Translation: Who drank tea?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci surguul ruu-g .aa yab-na tee ?
Glosses: 2SG school DIR-POSS.REFL depart-DUR so
Translation: You are going to school, right?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ir-sen biš=oo ?
Glosses: come-P.PFV NEG=Q
Translation: (S)he arrived, didn’t (s)he?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ax=cin õnõõdõr yaw-n=uu ?
Glosses: brother=2SG today depart-DUR=Q
Translation: Is your brother leaving today?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: e .n yamar yum=béé ?
Glosses: this what thing=Q
Translation: What kind of thing is this?’ (: 182, 107)
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ənə bɔl nɔm=ʊʊ ?
Glosses: this TOP book=Q
Translation: Is this a book?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: bii ənuur jab-aal taar-n=ʊʊ , tiiš-əə jab-aal taar-n=ʊʊ ?
Glosses: 1SG here go-CVB.COND fit-prs=Q there-REFL go-CVB.COND fit-PRS=Q
Translation: Do I have to go in this or that direction?’ (: 282, 292)
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: tɛr xun jɛb-lɛɛ=j .ii ?
Glosses: that person depart-CONF=Q
Translation: Did that man go?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: čii xən=ji ?
Glosses: 2PL who=Q
Translation: Who are you?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: činii aab=čin’ xaa bii ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN father=2SG.POSS where COP
Translation: Where is your father?’ (: 282, 284)
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ən tɛxaa xən-ɛɛ jimɛɛ ?
Glosses: this chicken who-GEN COP.Q
Translation: Whose chicken is this?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: en taxyaa xen-ii(-x) youm bwai ?
Glosses: this chicken who-GEN(-NOM) COP Q
Translation: Whose chicken is this?
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: zaqi-d yuu xii=me ?
Glosses: PN-DAT what do=Q
Translation: What are you going to do in Jarud?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: činii ax=čin' bas duč bɔl-ɔɔdue=ba ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN e.brother=2SG.POSS also forty become-NEG.IPFV=Q
Translation: Your elder brother is not yet forty, right?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: tərə xun baxš bišə , tiim=ba ?
Glosses: that person teacher NEG like.that=Q
Translation: That person is not a teacher, right?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: xədən čag bɔl-ǰ=ji ? xɔjɔr čag=ʊʊ ? tiim=uu ?
Glosses: when hour become-CVB.IPFV=Q two hour=Q like.that=Q
Translation: What time is it? Two o’clock? Right?’ (: 283, 286)
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ən udur ʃin tabən sar-iin nəgən ʃii ?
Glosses: this day new five month-GEN one Q
Translation: Is today not the first day of May?
Language: Ordos
Transcription: yabu-b=uu ?
Glosses: go-TERM=Q
Translation: Did he go?
Language: Ordos
Transcription: t‘e .re jɯɯ ge-Džē-n ?
Glosses: 3SG what say-RES-3
Translation: What does he say?’ (: lix)
Language: Kalmyk
Transcription: ter ir-v=u ?
Glosses: 3SG come-PFV=Q
Translation: Did he come?
Language: Kalmyk
Transcription: endr yamaran ödr ? sän ödr=iy mu ödr=iy ?
Glosses: today which day good day=Q bad day=Q
Translation: What kind of day is it today, (is it) a good day or a bad day?’ (: 42f.)
Language: Kalmyk
Transcription: al’daran yow-jana-c ?
Glosses: whither go-PROG-2SG
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Kalmyk
Transcription: ci manhdur shkol-d yow-jana-c ?
Glosses: 2SG tomorrow school-ALL go-PROG-2SG
Translation: Are you going to school tomorrow?
Language: Oirad-Kalmyk-Darkhat
Transcription: sään bään=uu ?
Glosses: good COP=Q
Translation: Are you well?
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: tʃə qutad largə ʃda-daɢ=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG PN speak able-HAB=Q
Translation: Can you speak Chinese?
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: tʃəmiin dʒa jimar dʉge-də ɔɔl-sɔn bə ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN be what time-DAT get-PST Q
Translation: Which year were you born in?’ (: 8, 9f.)
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: tʃə .ma-də qudaʁa bii=j .u , uɣui=j .u ?
Glosses: 2SG.OBL-LOC knife EX=Q NEG=Q
Translation: Do you have a knife?
Language: East Yugur
Transcription: cimiin keen-di ög-k’uu ?
Glosses: 2SG.ACC who-DAT give-FUT.Q
Translation: To whom shall I give you?
Language: Bonan
Transcription: dʐoma χala o-to ?
Glosses: PN where go-PFV
Translation: Where did Droma go?
Language: Bonan
Transcription: tɕʰə nudə natʰə-u ?
Glosses: 2SG today dance-Q
Language: Bonan
Transcription: ode-nu ?
Glosses: go-DUR.Q
Translation: Will he go?’ (: 343)
Language: Bonan
Transcription: tɕin-da tɕa dawʑi wɵu ?
Glosses: 2SG-DAT tea leaf EXIST.Q
Translation: Do you have tea?
Language: Bonan
Transcription: tə .rə aagɵ da ɬɵma mbɵu ?
Glosses: that girl also student COP.EMPH.Q
Translation: Is that woman also a student?’ (: 8, 6)
Language: Bonan
Transcription: χeɕaŋ jaŋgətɕə natʰə kʰər-si ?
Glosses: PN how dance be.required-Q
Translation: How should (one) dance Leru?
Language: Bonan
Transcription: pə [hkutə orə-si əsə orə-si] əsə med-o .
Glosses: 1SG yesterday rain-Q NEG rain-Q NEG know-TERM
Translation: I don’t know [whether it rained or not yesterday].’ (: 99, 227)
Language: Bonan
Transcription: bə en-sa ɵ .d kə-saŋ=wu , taŋ-sa ɵ .d kar-saŋ ?
Glosses: 1SG this-ABL go be.required-P.PFV=Q that-ABL go be.required-P.PFV
Translation: Will I go this way or that way ?’ (: 15)
Language: Bonan
Transcription: dedə ‘gudə sə edəro ba ?
Glosses: old.man.VOC yesterday NEG ?tired Q
Translation: Grandpa, you weren’t too tired yesterday, right?’ (: 59)
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: tʃi meda-na ba ?
Glosses: 2SG know-NFUT Q
Translation: You know, right?
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: ajɔ ! en .de ma-ge-dʒi re-va sa ?
Glosses: EXCL here how-V-CVB.IPFV come-PST Q
Translation: Oh! Why have you come here?
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: tʃi-ni kʉn le ?
Glosses: 2SG-GEN person Q
Translation: What about your person?’ (: 215, 222, 217)
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: tʃi mede-nʉ ?
Glosses: 2SG know-NFUT.Q
Translation: Do you know?
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: te tʃi-ni-gʉ bʉ ?
Glosses: that 2SG-GEN-?N Q
Translation: Is that yours?
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: re-vʉ , se re-va ?
Glosses: come-PST.Q NEG come-PST
Translation: Has (she) come or not?’ (: 71, 169, 217)
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: te kʉn lausɯ mari , ere ?
Glosses: that person teacher NEG Q
Translation: That person isn’t a teacher, right?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: ire-nu ?
Glosses: come-DUR.Q
Translation: Will you come?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: kijie-zhi wu ?
Glosses: sleep-CVB.IPFV COP.Q
Translation: Is (s)he sleeping?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: chi khala echi-ne ?
Glosses: 2SG whither go-DUR
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 358)
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: ghoni=chini ire-wu ?
Glosses: sheep=2SG.GEN come-TERM.Q
Translation: Have your sheep come back?’ (: 284, modified transcription based on )
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: bi ənə man-sa jawu-mu ha man-sa jawu-nə ?
Glosses: 1SG this direction-ABL go-Q that direction-ABL go-DUR
Translation: Will I go this way or that way?’ (: 14)
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: hhe shi noghi we-la ?
Glosses: that COP dog COP-?Q
Translation: Is that a dog?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: e .ne kun e .de ire-ne ba ?
Glosses: this man here come-DUR Q
Translation: This man is coming, right?’ (: 295, modified transcription based on )
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: imani mədʑiə=nu uliə ?
Glosses: faith know=Q NEG
Translation: Do you know the faith or not?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: chi baza-de echi-wo wuye ?
Glosses: 2SG PN-LOC go-TERM NEG
Translation: Did you go to Linxia or not?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: tȿɯ-ni ada uai-nu , u-wo ?
Glosses: 2SG-GEN father COP-Q NEG-TERM
Translation: Is your father alive or not?’ (: 105, simplified)
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: tɕɨ dʑiehun-la=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG marry-V=Q
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: ɕge pɨsee sge-dʑ-a-nuu tɕɨ ?
Glosses: big belt see-PERF-OBJ=Q 2SG
Translation: Have you seen a big belt?’ (: 221, 220)
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi anji xji-gu-i ?
Glosses: 2SG where go-P.FUT-SUBJ
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 303, shortened)
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi Mongghul uguo mudie-nu ?
Glosses: 2SG PN language know-IPFV.Q
Translation: Do you know (how to speak) Mongghul?
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi wazar Minyuen-de sou-niu ?
Glosses: 2SG city PN-LOC sit-SUBJ.IPFV.Q
Translation: Do you live at Minyuan in the city?
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi laosi wei-u ?
Glosses: 2SG teacher SUBJ.COP-Q
Translation: Are you a teacher?
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: nie-nu moxi shda-gu .na-nu ?
Glosses: this-ACC read can-OBJ.FUT-Q
Translation: Can you read this?
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: ngan Zhonggui kun na-nu ?
Glosses: 3SG PN person OBJ.COP-Q
Translation: Is he Chinese?’ (: 14)
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi niudur xi-gu .niu , malang xi-gu .niu ?
Glosses: 2SG today go-FUT.SUBJ.Q tomorrow go-FUT.SUBJ.Q
Translation: Do you go today or tomorrow?’ (: 14)
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: bi ri-jinu ?
Glosses: 1SG come-PFV.OBJ.Q
Translation: Did I come?
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: qi ri-bu ?
Glosses: 2SG come-PFV.SUBJ.Q
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: gan ri-jinu ?
Glosses: 3SG come-PFV.OBJ.Q
Translation: Did (s)he come?
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: ta ghula qijige kerli=nu lai-kerli ?
Glosses: 2PL two flower want=Q NEG-want
Translation: Do you want two flowers or not?’ (: 437)
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: bi laoshi meinu ?
Glosses: 1SG teacher COP.OBJ.Q
Translation: Am I a teacher?
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: qi laoshi biu ?
Glosses: 2SG teacher COP.SUBJ.Q
Translation: Are you a teacher?
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: gan laoshi meinu ?
Glosses: 3SG teacher COP.OBJ.Q
Translation: Is (s)he a teacher?
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: tasi ang=ji-ku-ni bi ?
Glosses: 2PL where=DIR-IPFV-N COP.SUBJ
Translation: Where are (all of) you from?’ (: 16)
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: tɕi ma .tu gie-wo ?
Glosses: 2SG how do-TERM
Translation: How are you doing?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: ən .udu .ku tɕientɕi ma .tu .kaŋ wo ?
Glosses: today weather how COP
Translation: How is the weather today?’ (: 17)
Language: Old Chinese
Transcription: [xian zhe yi le ci hu]
Glosses: virtuous N also enjoy this Q
Translation: Does a man of virtue also enjoy such (things)?
Language: Old Chinese
Transcription: [he bi yue li]
Glosses: why must say profit
Translation: Why must you say ‘profit’’?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: chī-fàn le ma ?
Glosses: eat-food PFV Q
Translation: Have you eaten yet?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ jiào shénme ?
Glosses: 2SG call what
Translation: What is your name?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ chī-fàn le ba ?
Glosses: 2SG eat-food PFV Q
Translation: You must have already eaten (I suppose)?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ chī-fàn le , duì ba ?
Glosses: 2SG eat-food PFV right Q
Translation: You have already eaten, right?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ bāng wǒ mǎi .dōngxī , hǎo ba ?
Glosses: 2SG help 1SG shop good Q
Translation: You are going shopping for me, right?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù bu qù zhōngguó ne ?
Glosses: 2SG go NEG go PN Q
Translation: Are you (actually) going to China?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nà nǐ qù nǎli ne ?
Glosses: that 2SG go where Q
Translation: Well, where are you going then?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù zhōngguó , shì ma ?
Glosses: 2SG go PN COP Q
Translation: You are going to China, are you?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ shì qù zhōngguó ma ?
Glosses: 2SG COP go PN Q
Translation: Is it China that you are going to?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: shì nǐ qù zhōngguó ma ?
Glosses: COP 2SG go PN Q
Translation: Is it you who is going to China?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù zhōngguó , shìbushì ?
Glosses: 2SG go PN Q
Translation: You are going to China, aren’t you?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ shìbushì qù zhōngguó ?
Glosses: 2SG Q go PN
Translation: Is it China that you are going to?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: shìbushì nǐ qù zhōngguó ?
Glosses: Q 2SG go PN
Translation: Is it you who is going to China?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: zhēn .de Ø jiǎ .de ?
Glosses: true (or) false
Translation: Is that true or false?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù zhōngguó háishì rìběn ?
Glosses: 2SG go PN or.Q Japan
Translation: Are you going to China or Japan?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù zhōngguó (háishì) bú qù zhōngguó ?
Glosses: 2SG go PN or.Q NEG go PN
Translation: Are you going to China or are you not going to China?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù zhōngguó bu ?
Glosses: 2SG go PN NEG
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù zhōngguó ma ?
Glosses: 2SG go PN Q
Translation: Are you going to China?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù-guò/le zhōngguó méi .yǒu ?
Glosses: ’2sg go-EXP/PFV PN NEG
Translation: Have you been to China or not?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qù zhōngguó háishi nǎ .r ?
Glosses: 2SG go PN or.Q where
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: tʂəŋ24 .ti21 ma21 ?
Glosses: real Q
Translation: Really?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ȵi52 ʂã44 nɐr24 tɕ‘y44 ?
Glosses: 2SG DIR where go
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: sei24 tɕiɤu44 ʋɤ52 nə21 ?
Glosses: who save 1SG Q
Translation: Who will save me (then)?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ȵi52 nəŋ24 pu21 nəŋ24 lɛ24 ?
Glosses: 2SG be.able NEG be.able come
Translation: Are you able to come?’ (: 222, 219, 206, 217)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ȵi52 sɿ21 tʂ‘ɤu24jæ̃21 ȵi44 xɛ24sɿ21 xɤ21 ts‘a24 ?
Glosses: 2SG COP smoke Q or drink tea
Translation: Do you (want to) smoke or drink tea?’ (: 221)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ni52 ta44 ȵi21 ma21 ʋɤ52 ta44 ?
Glosses: 2SG big Q Q 1SG big
Translation: Are you older or I?’ (: 211)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: fei2421 ia4453 ?
Glosses: who RF
Translation: Who (is it)?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: lɔ53 sɿ21321 lɛ53 ?
Glosses: HON four Q
Translation: What about Laosi (the fourth brother)?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: tɕia44 xa35 mɔ35 fɔ44 uã3521 mɔ53 ?
Glosses: 3SG yet NEG speak finish Q
Translation: Has (s)he still not finished speaking?’ (: 300)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ȵi53 fã213 tʂ‘ʅ44 liɔ1 mɔ24 ?
Glosses: 2SG meal eat PFV NEG
Translation: Have you eaten?’ (: 301)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ni tʂuŋku ts‘ɿ-lia ma xaiʂʅ ʐɿpən ts‘ɿ-lia ?
Glosses: 2SG PN go-?POT Q or.Q PN go-?POT
Translation: Are you going to China or to Japan?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: tʂuŋku tɕ‘y tʂuɔtsɿ ʂʅ ni sa ?
Glosses: PN go ?N COP 2SG Q
Translation: Is it you who is going to China?
Language: Dungan
Transcription: [ni-men ouzhou donggan ren duo ma ?]
Glosses: 2SG-PL PN PN person many Q
Translation: Are there many Dunggan in Europe?
Language: Dungan
Transcription: [za-de ne ?]
Glosses: how-ATTR Q
Translation: How are you?’ (: 486, 515)
Language: Dungan
Transcription: ti san tua .r xua li .t’i fe-ti sa ?
Glosses: ORD three CLF speech inside say-ADV what
Translation: What is said in the third sentence?’ (: 382)
Language: Uighur
Transcription: fatsɪ-xa kɛ-vɛ̃-li=mu ?
Glosses: house-ACC build-finish-PFV=Q
Translation: Is the house built?
Language: Uighur
Transcription: ni tham-xa ʃɪma-la khuɛ̃-tɛ-li ?
Glosses: 2SG 2PL-ACC what-INST wait-?-?INT
Translation: What would you serve them with?’ (: 866, 868)
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: ɲi53 ʂə13ma41kə mai53 liɔ ?
Glosses: 2SG what buy PFV
Translation: What did you buy?’ (: 158, 162)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: dʒə24-gɤ "dʐũən41-dzɪ xɛ̃42 , ɲi53 na14-xa41-la na14-bu-xa41 ?
Glosses: this-CLF heavy-EXT very 2SG carry-RES-Q carry-NEG.POT-RES
Translation: This is very heavy, can you carry it or not?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: je ni-de huaiqi hai-li=a ?
Glosses: this 2SG-GEN book EQU-SEN.INF=Q
Translation: Is this your book?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: sama qe-lio=mu ?
Glosses: food eat-PFV=Q
Translation: Have you eaten the food?’ : 99, 100)
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ni ma-ge nian-di-yek ?
Glosses: 2SG what-CLF read-PROGR-EGO
Translation: What are you reading?’ (: 98)
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ni xaitangwa hai-yek=mu ggaigan hai-yek ?
Glosses: 2SG student EQU-EGO=Q teacher EQU-EGO
Translation: Are you a student or a teacher?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: zang jja-la-gu-la waiqai yek , mi-yek ?
Glosses: PN visit-INCOMPL-COMP-COND hardship EX NEG.EX-?EGO
Translation: If you visited Tibet, would there be any hardships?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ni yan za-de yek ya ?
Glosses: 2SG tobacco smoke-N EX Q
Translation: You are a smoker, aren’t you?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: nia-ha dun-li=a ?
Glosses: 2SG.OBL-TOP cold-SEN.INF=Q
Translation: And how about you, are you feeling cold?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ngu-de minze-li dongzhek sho-yek .
Glosses: 1SG-GEN name-LOC PN say-EGO
Translation: My name is Dongzhou.
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ni-de minze-li ma sho-yek .
Glosses: 2SG-GEN name-LOC what say-EGO
Translation: What is your name?’ (: 294f.)
Language: Tangwang
Transcription: ȵi nə tsuə=mu ?
Glosses: 2SG be.able ?live=Q
Language: Tangwang
Transcription: ȵi-m tɕia .tsu tɕi xuə jəu-lɪ , mə-jəu ?
Glosses: 2SG-PL family GEN life EX-?IPFV NEG-?EX
Translation: Does your family have a life (worth living) or not?
Language: Tangwang
Transcription: tʂʅ31-ʃie31 ʂu24-xa a24ṃ mɛ31-li ?
Glosses: this-PL book-?TOP how sell-IPFV
Translation: How does one sell these books?
Language: Gangou
Transcription: aijie amen mei-lai shuo ?
Glosses: 3SG how NEG-come HS
Translation: Why didn’t he come?
Language: Gangou
Transcription: ni liang .ge huaer yao-li ma , bu-yao ?
Glosses: 2SG two flower want-FUT Q neg-want
Translation: Do you two want a flower or not?’ (: 447, 437)
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo wə joŋ=ni ?
Glosses: 2SG go.out.PRF come=Q
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰəzəka ma-joŋ=ni ?
Glosses: why NEG-come=Q
Translation: Why did (you) not come?
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo sʰə jən ?
Glosses: 2SG who COP.CJ
Translation: Who are you?
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo demo jən=na ?
Glosses: 2SG fine COP.CJ=Q
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo wol ə-jən ?
Glosses: 2SG PN Q-COP.CJ
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: norbə joŋ=dʑi ə-re ?
Glosses: PN come=N Q-COP.DJ
Translation: Will Norbu come?
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo: χwiɕʰa ə-jol ?
Glosses: 2SG.DAT book Q-COP.CJ
Translation: Do you have a book?
Language: Amdo Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo tsʰuŋwa ə-jən ?
Glosses: 2SG merchant Q-COP.CJ
Language: Amdo Tibetan
Transcription: bdəʂtɕəl ə-tʰa ?
Glosses: PN Q-go.PFV.DJ
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: mi de dgra yin=nam ?
Glosses: person that enemy COP=Q
Translation: Is that man an enemy?
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: kyod kyis glang brnyas=sam ?
Glosses: 2SG ERG ox borrow=Q
Translation: Did you borrow (his) ox?
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: nga-s khyod kyi khyo ci .ltar sbyin ?
Glosses: 1SG-ERG 2SG GEN husband how give
Translation: How can I give you back your husband?’ (: 262, 267)