lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Nitoowatoo’p aipasstaam .
Glosses: 1-eat.TI-TH apple
Translation: Intended: ‘I ate one or more apples.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nitooyi aipasstaamistsi/ni’tawaakiiiksi .
Glosses: 1-eat.AI apple-PL/chicken-PL
Translation: I ate apples/chickens.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nitooyi aipasstaam/ni’tawaakii .
Glosses: 1-eat.AI apple/chicken
Translation: I ate one or more apples/chickens.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Nitooyi aipasstaamwa/ni’tawaakiiwa .
Glosses: 1-eat.AI apple-SG/chicken-SG
Translation: I ate an apple/a chicken.
Language: Siksika
Transcription: Nitooyi aipasstaamistsi .
Glosses: 1-eat.AI apple-PL
Translation: I ate apples.
Language: Siksika
Transcription: Nitooyi aipasstaam .
Glosses: 1-eat.AI apple
Translation: I ate [one or more than one] apple./*I ate one apple.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nhu Manel tem kes baka bunitu .
Glosses: mister Manel has the-PL cow beautiful
Translation: Mister Manel has those lovely cows.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Uns ómi tilifonam .
Glosses: a-PL man call-me
Translation: Some men called me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kel/uns ómi stába detádu na txon .
Glosses: the/a-PL man was lied in floor
Translation: The/a man was lying on the floor.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kel/uns tataruga poi óvu na area .
Glosses: the/a-PL turtle lay egg in sand
Translation: The turtle/a turtle/turtles laid eggs in the sand.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mininu(s) di gosi é só kabésa rixu .
Glosses: boy-PL of today is only head hard
Translation: Children nowadays are naughty.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sta mininu(s) pa tudu ladu na vila .
Glosses: is boy-PL by every side in village
Translation: There are children everywhere in the village.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: un cigáru uns cigáru *uns cigárus
Glosses: a cigarette a-PL cigarette
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kel cigáru kes cigáru *kes cigárus
Glosses: the cigarette the-PL cigarette  
Translation: the cigarette / those cigarettes
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Cigárus ta máta .
Glosses: cigarette-PL TMA kill
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *dos *três *kuátu tomátis kárus
Glosses: two three four tomato-PL car-PL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dos kilo (*kilos) di asúkra
Glosses: two kilo kilo-PL of sugar
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dos kudjer (*kudjers) di azeti mantega
Glosses: two spoon spoon-PL of oil butter
Translation: Two spoons of olive oil/butter
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Djon ta karega txeu (*txeus) livru
Glosses: Djon TMA kary many/much book
Translation: Djon carries many books.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kes gátu
Glosses: the-PL cat
Translation: the cats
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: María quiere un abogado [+animate , specific]
Glosses: Mary wants a lawyer 
Translation: Mary wants a lawyer (any lawyer)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Mamə t kiyewwe ] [ ē potə(y) ]
Glosses: [ I.NOM t read.E ] [ that book(-FOC) ]
Translation: It was that book that I read.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mamə ē potə(y) kiyewwe .
Glosses: I.NOM that book(-FOC) read.E
Translation: It was that book that I read.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: Tirebakoso itodo sakurawa medetakere .
Glosses: fall-COND the.more cherry-TOP wonderful-6
Translation: It is because they fall that cherry blossoms are so fine.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: Sisi husuto tare ka kono koto oomaeni maosu .
Glosses: beasts lie-QUOT who  this thing Emperor.DAT say.M
Translation: Who reported to the Emperor that beasts were lying?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: Imafa ikani semo ?
Glosses: now-TOP how do-SUPP.ADN
Translation: What should we do now?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: magayanno yati
Glosses: path-goers go
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kit Saṁboyā bad satapada yi .
Glosses: K . S . compose.PAST.PTCP quatrain PRES.3SG
Translation: [This] is the quatrain composed by Kit Saṁboyā.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hē gamaṭa yayi .
Glosses: he village.DAT go.PRES 
Translation: He goes to the village.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Otomō gamaṭa giyāya .
Glosses: she village.DAT go.PAST.FEM 
Translation: She went to the village.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ovuhu gamaṭa yati .
Glosses: they village.DAT go.PRES 
Translation: They go to the village.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mama gamaṭa yami .
Glosses: I village.DAT go.PRES 
Translation: I go to the village.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ovuhu goviyōya .
Glosses: they farmers.NOM 
Translation: They are farmers.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hetema goviyekya / goviyeki .
Glosses: he.NOM farmer.INDEF.NOM / farmer.INDEF.NOM 
Translation: He is a farmer.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ma sova niva æ meseyi duduḷaselaaḍadarihi visi ya yahaasaraṭa nu .
Glosses: my.GEN sorrow extinguish.ABS she.GEN this-manner fortress-rock-edge.LOC dwell .  happy-companionship.DATᶠᴼᶜ indeed
Translation: It is indeed for the sake of happy companionship that she, having extinguished my sorrow, dwelt in this manner at the edge of the fortress rock.’ (Lit. ‘Having extinguished my sorrow, there is her having dwelt in this manner at the edge of the fortress rock indeed for happy companionship.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Minihage pot livīmə/livillə ] hon̆də nǣ.
Glosses: [ man-GEN books write-GER ] good not
Translation: The man’s writing books is not good.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nēṟṟu iṅkē vantatu Kumārtāṉ.
Glosses: yesterday here come Kumar-EMPH
Translation: It was Kumar who came here yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kumār iṅkē vantatu tappu .
Glosses: Kumar here come mistake
Translation: Kumar’s having come here was a mistake.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mamə dānaya denne ovun san̆dahā (y).
Glosses: I alms give.PRES.E them for (FOC)
Translation: It is for them I am giving alms.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mamə goviyek .
Glosses: I.NOM farmer.NOM-INDEF
Translation: I am a farmer.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ē mahattəya guruwərəyek .
Glosses: that gentleman.NOM teacher.NOM-INDEF
Translation: That gentleman is a teacher.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mama goviyekmi .
Glosses: I.NOM farmer.NOM-INDEF 
Translation: I am a farmer.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hetema goviyekya/goviyeki .
Glosses: he.NOM farmer.NOM-INDEF 
Translation: He is a farmer.’17
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mama goviyek vemi .
Glosses: I.NOM farmer.NOM-INDEF be . 
Translation: I am a farmer.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hetema goviyek veyi .
Glosses: he.NOM farmer.NOM-INDEF be . 
Translation: He is a farmer.
Language: Tamil
Transcription: Kumār(tāṉ) nēṟṟu iṅkē vantatu .
Glosses: Kumar(-) yesterday here come.PAST.NOM
Translation: It was Kumar who came here yesterday.
Language: Tamil
Transcription: Nēṟṟu iṅkē vantatu Kumār(tāṉ).
Glosses: yesterday here come.PAST.NOM Kumar(-)
Translation: It was Kumar who came here yesterday.
Language: Tamil
Transcription: Kumār Maturaiyilā piṟantatu .
Glosses: Kumar Madurai.LOC-Q be-born.PAST.NOM
Translation: Was it in Madurai that Kumar was born?
Language: Tamil
Transcription: Kumār nēṟṟu Rājāvai aṭittāṉā ?
Glosses: Kumar yesterday Raja.ACC beat.PAST.3SM
Language: Tamil
Transcription: Yār nēṟṟu vantāṉ?
Glosses: who yesterday come.PAST.3SM
Translation: Who came yesterday?
Language: Malayalam
Transcription: Ārə āṇə [ niṉṉe talle(y)atə ]?
Glosses: who COPULA [ you.ACC beat . ]
Translation: Who was it that beat you?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kumārō Rājāvō varuvārkaḷ
Glosses: Kumar Raja come.FUT.3PL
Translation: Kumar or Raja will come.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nēṟṟu yārō uṅkaḷaik kūppiṭṭāṉ
Glosses: yesterday who you(pl).ACC call.PST.3SM
Translation: Someone called you yesterday.
Language: Malayalam
Transcription: John wannu(w)ō?
Glosses: John came 
Translation: Did John come?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Entukilō rājyattiṉṉu wanta upadrawam ?
Glosses: what-be-̄ kingdom-DAT came-RELATIVISER trouble
Translation: What is the trouble that has come to the kingdom?
Language: Aka
Transcription: Yāṉ eṉ ceykō?
Glosses: I what do.NONPAST.1SG 
Translation: What shall I do?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vēlaṉ … kēṇmai … aṟi .yumō …?
Glosses: priest … friendship … know.NPST.3S …
Translation: Does the priest know friendship?
Language: Malayalam
Transcription: Rāmanāṇə innale Krṣṇaṉṉə raṇṭə pustakam koṭuttatə .
Glosses: Raman-be . yesterday Krishnan-to two book.ACC give.PAST.3SG.NEU
Translation: It was Raman that gave two books to Krishnan yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Mamə t kiyewwe ] [ ē potə(y) ].
Glosses: [ I.NOM t read.E ] [ that book(-FOC) ]
Translation: It was that book that I read.
Language: Udi
Transcription: Azak’e xinärax gölöšpi .
Glosses: I.saw girl-DAT dance-PAST.PTCP
Translation: I saw the dancing girl’ OR ‘I saw the girl who danced.
Language: Hindi
Transcription: Uskehī jūte mere kamremeṁ paḍe the .
Glosses: his shoes my room-in lie.PAST.PTCP.MSC.PL be.PAST.MSC.PL
Translation: HIS shoes were lying in my room.
Language: Hindi
Transcription: Uske jūte merehī kamremeṁ paḍe the .
Glosses: his shoes my room-in lie.PAST.PTCP.MSC.PL be.PAST.MSC.PL
Translation: His shoes were lying in MY room.
Language: Hindi
Transcription: *Uskehī jūte merehī kamremeṁ paḍe the .
Glosses: his shoes my room-in lie.PAST.PTCP.MSC.PL be.PAST.MSC.PL
Translation: HIS shoes were lying in MY room.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ovuhu goviyō ya .
Glosses: they.NOM farmer-NOM.PL 
Translation: They are farmers.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Diyavāṇa SivalaMalunge Siridevu gī
Glosses: Diyavana.GEN Sivala Mala.GEN-of the house of Siridevu.GEN song
Translation: The song of Siridevu of the house of Sivala Mala of Diyavana
Language: Malayalam
Transcription: Niṉṉe ārə talli ?
Glosses: you.ACC who beat.PAST
Translation: Who beat you?
Language: Malayalam
Transcription: *Ārə niṉṉe talli ?
Glosses: who you.ACC beat.PAST
Language: Malayalam
Transcription: Ārə āṇə niṉṉe talle(y)atə ?
Glosses: who COPULA you.ACC beat.PAST-NOMINALISER
Language: Malayalam
Transcription: Niṉṉe ārə āṇə talle(y)atə ?
Glosses: you.ACC who COPULA beat.PAST-NOMINALISER
Language: Malayalam
Transcription: Talle(y)atə niṉṉe ārə āṇə ?
Glosses: you.ACC beat.PAST-NOMINALISER who COPULA
Language: Old Tamil
Transcription: Nī kaṇṭaṉai .yō kaṇṭār kēṭṭaṉai .yō ?
Glosses: you see-PAST-EUPH-2SG see-PAST-3PL hear-PAST-EUPH-2S 
Translation: Did you see [it] or have you heard [it] from those who have seen [it]?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: John wa hashitte imasu ka ?
Glosses: John Top running be-PRS.3SG Q
Translation: Is John running?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: John wa hashitte imasen ka ?
Glosses: John Top running be-PRS.3SG.NEG Q
Translation: Isn’t John running?
Language: Italian
Transcription: Gianni è venuto alla cena sociale ?
Glosses: Gianni be-PRS.3SG come-M.SG to-the dinner social
Translation: Did Gianni come to the social dinner?
Language: Italian
Transcription: Gianni non è venuto alla cena sociale ?
Glosses: Gianni not be-PRS.3SG come-M.SG to-the dinner social
Translation: Did Gianni not come to the social dinner?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: apoggil pesara
Glosses: skipper-DET say-PST1-PRED
Translation: The skipper said.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: apoggillon pessna
Glosses: skipper-DET-TOP say-PST2-2/3SG-PRED
Translation: The skipper said.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tilla anna on tēukderta annasin taddōlo teeil douddre
Glosses: God-PRED 1SG-GEN and help-NMLZ-PRED 1SG-GEN-EMP 3SG-SUP-FOC hope exist-INTEN-PRS-1SG.PRED
Translation: My God and my helper, in him I will hope.’ (Ps. 90:2)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: eikkon [ eia tiddre]sin [ pro ŋokkor aidō auoutakokka t t ]
Glosses: 2SG-ACC-TOP  say-PRED give.2/3-INTEN-PRS-1SG.PRED-EMP  miracle 1SG-SUP do-PASS-PST1-DET-ACC 
Translation: And I will tell you of the miracle that happened to me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: teeirmenasō [ okkdirtingouka t ] on sourtingoukendeeion eikijmennasō [ t t ]
Glosses: hope-NEG-PRED-COMM  injustice.NMLZ-PL-PL-ACC  and grasping-PL-PL-ACC-CONJ-TOP be.near-PLACT-NEG-IMP.2/3PL.PRED-COMM 
Translation: Do not hope for injustices nor be eager for graspings.’ (Ps. 61:11)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kipta miššannon kaskaseldō [ t timmisana ]
Glosses: people-PRED all-TOP baptistery-DET-SUP  assemble-PST2-3PL-PRED 
Translation: All the people assembled in the baptistery.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: apoggillon [ t pessna ]
Glosses: skipper-DET-TOP   say-PST2-2/3SG-PRED 
Translation: And the skipper said.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kipta miššannon kaskaseldō [ t timmisana]
Glosses: people-PRED all-TOP baptistery-DET-SUP   assemble-PST2-3PL-PRED
Translation: All the people assembled in the baptistery.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: eiñittou ŋouktlō [ pro dieikon koalo enona ] seuattkon [ pro t konmennalō ]
Glosses: wealth.NMLZ glory.NMLZ-LOC  be.many-ACC-TOP have-PRED-FOC be-PST1-2/3SG-PRED  inherit-NMLZ-ACC-TOP    have-NEG-PRS.2/3SG-PRED-FOC 
Translation: In wealth and glory she possessed much, but an heir she did not have.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: aoukkon man dippin gaddō [ pro t kenoossana ]
Glosses: ship-ACC-TOP DEM.DIST village-GEN shore-SUP    place-ASP-PST2-3PL-PRED 
Translation: And they beached the ship on the shore of that village.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: koumpou [ ein tanna kips]il doumal doutrap añraŋa
Glosses: egg  DEM.PROX 3SG-GEN eat-PST2-DET suddenly fowl live-DET-INCH-PRED
Translation: this egg that he had eaten suddenly coming to life as a fowl
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: elon mustērou [ pro eikka egidrou]ka ouka pilligra deñjeso
Glosses: now-TOP mystery   2SG-ACC ask-PRS-1/2PL-ACC 1PL.EXCL-ACC shine-CAUS-PRED give.1-PLACT-IMP.2/3SG.PRED-COMM
Translation: And now reveal to us the mystery which we ask you.
Language: Zapotec
Transcription: Ùdàw réé=bííny gèhèht
Glosses: COMPL-eat PL-person tortilla
Translation: The people ate tortillas.
Language: Zapotec
Transcription: Ùdàw=réhby gèhèht
Glosses: COMPL-eat-3PL tortilla
Translation: They ate tortillas.
Language: Zapotec
Transcription: *Ùdàw=réhby réé=bííny gèhèht
Glosses: COMPL-eat-3PL PL-person tortilla
Translation: The people ate tortillas.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: sortollon doummija teddō silela tadde tan ogjilde tan ŋadde tan medjounigouldekekka pistarisna
Glosses: priest-DET-TOP take-PLACT-PRED 3PL-SUP pray-PRED 3SG-CONJ 3SG.GEN husband-DET-CONJ 3SG.GEN son.DET-CONJ 3SG.GEN servant-PL-PL-DET-CONJ-ACC splash-TR-PST2-2/3SG-PRED
Translation: And the priest took them, prayed for them, and baptized her, her husband, her son, and her servants.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ouellon pesimma mijirkil diarkalo ŋeknaa
Glosses: one-TOP say-AFF.PRS.3SG-PRED disobedience-DET die-PST1-DET-ACC-FOC produce-PRS.2/3SG-PRED-QUOT
Translation: And again he says: “Disobedience produces death.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: islo pina ioudaiosgoun ourouou ounnoutakol
Glosses: WH-LOC exist-PRS.2/3SG-PRED Jew-PL-GEN king bear-PASS-PST1-DET
Translation: Where is the born king of the Jews?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kuriaken oukour eininnon apoggil dippiddō keda kisna
Glosses: Sunday-GEN day be-PRS.2/3SG-TOP sailor-DET village-DET-SUP ascend-PRED come-PST2-2/3SG-PRED
Translation: And as it was Sunday, the sailor went up to the village.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: elondeeion dekkigirmendrelo ŋeeiou ein ounna aika ekidrouk
Glosses: now-CONJ-TOP conceal-CAUS-NEG-INTEN-PRS-1SG.PRED-FOC thing DEM.PROX 2PL-GEN 1SG-ACC ask-PRS-1/2PL-ACC
Translation: And now I will not conceal the thing that you asked me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ŋaeia ouk okijarre tikanegouema sena menennon korosegouema
Glosses: who-PRED 2PL-ACC call-PLACT-INTEN-PRS-1SG.PRED sheep-PL.PRED-PL.PRED-AFF WH-PRS.2/3SG-PRED and.not shepherd-PL.PRED-PL.PRED-AFF
Translation: What shall I call you, are you sheep and not shepherds?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: alesin ounre enennon khristianosaŋadimme
Glosses: true-EMP bear-PRS-1SG.PRED be-PRS.2/3SG-TOP Christian-INCH-INTEN-AFF.PRS-1SG.PRED
Translation: And if it be that I give birth, I will become a Christian.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: aiagille piseil dienketal añadimma
Glosses: 1SG-DAT-DIR-INT believe-DET die-PRS.2/3SG-also live-INTEN-AFF.PRS.3SG-PRED
Translation: Even if someone who believes in me dies, he will live.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: alesin pisteuen tillin ŋokka ŋaddralēa
Glosses: true-EMP believe-PRS.2/3SG God-GEN glory-ACC see-INTEN-PRS-PRED-AFF.2SG-QUOT
Translation: If you believe, you will see the glory of God.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: oukketal enetalke ourouein oein trika jelouejka
Glosses: 2PL-also take-COMPL-PRED-AFF.2PL each.other-GEN foot-GEN pair-ACC wash-PLACT-ACC
Translation: You also take up washing each other’s feet.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: jounjourtlo sallō douara sallon tillilalo douona
Glosses: go∼INT-NMLZ-LOC word-FOC exist-PST1-PRED word-DET-TOP God-DAT-FOC exist-PST1-2/3SG-PRED
Translation: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God.’ (Jn 1:1)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ eittou ouello dippou ouella douara ] alezandren šikgoula
Glosses:  woman one-FOC village one-DAT exist-PST1-PRED  Alexandria-GEN district-place-DAT
Translation: A woman lived in a village, in the district of Alexandria.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: man dippilaeion [ parthenosou ŋissou marian kissello t ŋonjara ]
Glosses: DEM.DIST village-DAT-TOP  virgin holy Mary-GEN church-DET-FOC  stand-PST1-PRED 
Translation: In that village stood the church of the Holy Virgin Mary.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mna oulgrimenake partakokka
Glosses: WH-PRED ear-TR-NEG-PRED-2PL write-PASS-PST1-DET-ACC
Translation: Don’t you hear what is written?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tan aeilla pesen iereosilotjō kimmissom ŋeimissoma
Glosses: 3SG.GEN heart-DAT say-PRS.2/3SG priest-LOC-with eat-NEG-PST2-1/2PL.PRED-AFF drink-NEG-PST2-1/2PL.PRED-AFF
Translation: If he says in his heart that we did not eat or drink together with the priest.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tillillō eddal pela doullaŋarra
Glosses: God-DET-FOC 1PL.EXCL-COM come.out-PRED exist-INCH-INTEN-PRS-PRED
Translation: God will be with us.
Language: Nobiin
Transcription: tangiin aska faedi
Glosses: his-uncle-GEN daughter-ACC FUT-marry-PRS.3SG
Translation: He will marry his uncle’s daughter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: asalgi bijuuri
Glosses: tomorrow FUT-go-NEUT-1SG
Translation: I will go tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: akouparrasin kiptougouka ougille
Glosses: sit-fall-TR-PRS-PRED-EMP people-PL-ACC 1PL.EXCL-DIR-INT
Translation: He is overturning peoples for us.
Language: Nobiin
Transcription: aademiri tandooro aagjigginani
Glosses: people-PL he-about HAB-laugh-PRS.3PL
Translation: The people are laughing about him.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: iskarticci saayg aniira
Glosses: guest-PL tea-ACC PROG-drink-NEUT-3PL
Translation: The guests are drinking tea.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dauti mataraŋa pesen kellō tillil amiskada alekatta tōekkatta aleskatta tan ŋakterkon oukoun dourtallō osa derra minnalō
Glosses: David witness-INCH-PRED say-PRS.2/3SG as God-DET judge-PRED true-ADJ-PRED power-ADJ-PRED be.patient-ADJ-PRED 3SG.GEN anger-ACC-TOP day-GEN each-LOC take.out-PRED apply-NEUT-PRED not.be-PRS.2/3SG-PRED-FOC
Translation: As David, bearing witness, says, God is a judge, truthful, powerful, patient. And he does not apply his anger each day.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: marattooɖa elai
Glosses: tree-OBL-SOC leaf
Translation: the leaf of the tree
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: marattØ elai
Glosses: tree-OBL.STEM-GEN leaf
Translation: the leaf of the tree
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *maramØ elai
Glosses: tree-NOM.STEM-GEN leaf
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: hest i n um
Glosses: horse DAT DEF DAT.SG.M
Translation: to the horse
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ranjit [Chitra aawa dənæddə kiyəla] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra came.A whether that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked whether Chitra came.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ranjit [Chitra aawa dənæddə (kiyəla)] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra came.A whether that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked if Chitra came.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [Chitra aawa dənæddə *(kiyəla)], Ranjit æhuwa .
Glosses: Chitra came.A whether that Ranjit asked.A
Translation: Whether Chitra came, Ranjit asked.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ??Oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa dənæddə kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you Chitra  read.A whether that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know whether Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ??Ee potə oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa dənæddə kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you Chitra  read.A whether that know.A
Translation: That book, you know whether Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Oyaa [[Chitra t dunnə] potə] kieuwe Ranjitʈə .
Glosses: you Chitra  gave book read.E Ranjit-DAT
Translation: It was to Ranjit that you read the book that Chitra gave t.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Oyaa [[Chitra Ranjitʈə tamay dunnə] potə] kieuwe .
Glosses: you Chitra Ranjit-DAT FOC gave book read.E
Translation: It was to Ranjit that you read the book that Chitra gave t.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Oyaa [[Chitra Ranjitʈə dunnə] potə] tamay kieuwe .
Glosses: you Chitra Ranjit-DAT gave book FOC read.E
Translation: It was the book that Chitra gave to Ranjit that you read.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Oyaa [[Chitra kaaʈə də dunnə] potə] kieuwe ?
Glosses: you Chitra who-DAT Q gave book read.E
Translation: To whom did you read the book that Chitra gave t?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Oyaa [[Chitra kaaʈə dunnə] potə] də kieuwe ?
Glosses: you Chitra who-DAT gave book Q read.E
Translation: You read the book that Chitra gave to who?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Oyaa [[Chitra Ramʈə də dunnə] potə] kieuwe ?
Glosses: you Chitra Ram-DAT Q gave book read.E
Translation: Was it to Ram that you read the book that Chitra gave t?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Oyaa [[Chitra Ramʈə dunnə] ] potə] də kieuwe ?
Glosses: you Chitra Ram-DAT gave  book Q read.E
Translation: Was it the book that Chitra gave to Ram that you read?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kaurut [mamə tamay monəwa də yawanne kiyəla] hoyanne .
Glosses: everyone I FOC what Q send.E that search.E
Translation: It is me that everyone looks for what is sent.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kaurut [mamə tamay monəwa yawənəwa də kiyəla] hoyanne .
Glosses: everyone I FOC what send.A Q that search.E
Translation: It is me that everyone looks for what is sent.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kaurut [mamə tamay potə də yawanne kiyəla] hoyanne .
Glosses: everyone I FOC book Q send.E that search.E
Translation: It is me that everyone looks for whether the book is sent.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Ranjit [Chitra dənæddə aawe kiyəla] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra whether came.E that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked whether Chitra came.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kaurut [mamə tamay potə yawənəwa də kiyəla] hoyanne .
Glosses: everyone I FOC book send.A Q that search.E
Translation: It is me that everyone looks for whether the book is sent.
Language: Czech
Transcription: nás naš     e (=nasje)
Glosses: we.GEN we.GEN-POSS
Language: Lezgian
Transcription: inal aburun wilik
Glosses: here 3PL-ERG-GEN in.front
Translation: Here in front of them
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: yılan(dan) ve köpekten korkuyorum .
Glosses: snake(-ABL) and dog-ABL I.fear
Translation: I fear snakes and dogs.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: sɐrmɐt(mɐ) ɐvi uruzmɐgmɐ ʣurdtaj ?
Glosses: Sarmat(-ALL) or.Q Uruzmag-ALL you.called
Translation: Did you call Sarmat or Uruzmag?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: adɐjmag kʷəd fɐžənd ? arvə c’ɐχ(ɐj) ɐvi šəʤətɐj rajgʷərd ?
Glosses: human how appeared sky-OBL blue-ABL or.Q clay-ABL was.born
Translation: How did the humans appear? Were they born from the sky blue or from clay?
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: ači ustur beltɐbɐl
Glosses: this big spade-PL-SUP
Translation: on these big spades
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: karʧǝ ajk
Glosses: chicken-GEN egg
Translation: chicken’s egg
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: parʧǝ bǝru
Glosses: park-GEN fence
Translation: the fence of the park
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: asǝ karʧǝ raždɐr nɐ=fedton
Glosses: this chicken-ACC earlier NEG=I.saw
Translation: I haven’t seen this chicken begore.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: parʧǝ mɐ=lǝmanǝ fedton
Glosses: park-LOC 1SG=friend-ACC I.saw
Translation: I saw my friend in the park.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: rɐšuʁd čǝžʤǝtɐ ɐmɐ tǝχʤǝn lɐpputɐ
Glosses: beautiful girl-PL and strong boy-PL
Translation: beautiful girls and strong boys
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nɐ kʷǝjtɐj nɐ kɐlmǝtɐj tɐršǝ .
Glosses: NEG dog-PL-ABL NEG snake-PL-ABL fears
Translation: S/he fears neither dogs nor snakes.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: χʷarzɐj=dɐr fudɐj=dɐr či fɐwwidton
Glosses: good-ABL=EMP bad-ABL=EMP what PRV-see.PST-PST.1SG
Translation: What I have seen of the good and of the bad
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nɐ=dɐr kʷǝjtɐj nɐ=dɐr kɐlmǝtɐj tɐršǝ .
Glosses: NEG=EMP dog-PL-ABL NEG=EMP snake-PL-ABL fears
Translation: S/he fears neither dogs nor snakes.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: də=mɐm ɐsɐg zurəš ɐvi/*kɐnɐ=mɐ mɐ=quštɐ šajənc ?
Glosses: you=ALL.2SG real talk or.Q/or=ACC.1SG my=ear-PL deceive
Translation: Are you really talking to me or do my ears deceive me?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kɐlmǝtɐj tɐršǝš ɐvi kʷǝjtɐj ?
Glosses: snake-PL-ABL you.fear or.Q dog-PL-ABL
Translation: Do you fear snakes or dogs?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kɐlmǝtɐj ɐvi kʷǝjtɐj tɐršǝš ?
Glosses: snake-PL-ABL or.Q dog-PL-ABL you.fear
Translation: Do you fear snakes or dogs?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: alanɐn jɐ=mad fəččən škodta ɐvi=ta kartofʤən ?
Glosses: Alan-DAT his=mother meat.pie made or.Q=again potato.pie
Translation: Did Alan’s mother cook him a meat pie or [did she again cook him a potato pie]?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: asə kʷəz šošlanəl [ɐvi=ta χetɐgəl fɐχɐsədi]?
Glosses: this dog Soslan-SUP or.Q=again Khetag-SUP bit
Translation: Did this dog bite Soslan or [did it again bite Khetag]?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: alanɐn=ta jɐ=mad fəččən škodta ɐvi kartofʤən ?
Glosses: Alan-DAT=again his=mother meat.pie made or.Q potato.pie
Translation: Reading 1: ‘What happened again: did Alan’s mother cook him a meat pie or a potato pie?’ Reading 2: ‘[Did Alan’s mother cook him a meat pie again] or did she cook him a potato pie (this time)]?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: asə kʷəz=ta šošlanəl [ɐvi χetɐgəl fɐχɐsədi]?
Glosses: this dog=again Soslan-SUP or.Q Khetag-SUP bit
Translation: Reading 1: ‘What happened again: Did this dog bite Soslan or Khetag?’ Reading 2: ‘Did this dog again bite Soslan or (this time) Khetag?
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: alanɐn ɐ=madɐ fidgun ɐvi=babɐj kartofgun iskodta ?
Glosses: Alan-DAT his=mother meat.pie or.Q=again potato.pie made
Translation: Did Alan’s mother cook him a meat pie or again a potato pie?
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: alanɐn ɐ=madɐ fidgun iskodta ɐvi=babɐj kartofgun iskodta ?
Glosses: Alan-DAT his=mother meat.pie made or.Q=again potato.pie made
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kɐlmǝtɐj tɐršǝš ɐvi kʷǝjtɐj tɐršǝš ?
Glosses: snake-PL-ABL you.fear or.Q dog-PL-ABL you.fear
Translation: Do you fear snakes or dogs?
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: fedtaj mɐdini sk’olaj ɐvi soslani ʁɐwungɐbɐl ?
Glosses: you.saw Madina-ACC school-INESS or.Q Soslan-ACC street-SUP
Translation: Did you see Madina in the school or Soslan in the street?
Language: Polish
Transcription: Zosia coś ugotowała , ale nie wiem , (czy) ryż czy kaszę gryczaną .
Glosses: Zosia something she.cooked but NEG I.know whether rice whether porridge-ACC of.buckwheat-ACC
Translation: Zosia cooked something, but I don’t know whether (she cooked) rice or buckwheat.’ (Stanisław Dunin-Horkawicz, p.c.)
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: ʁɐdtɐ(mɐ) ɐma χʷɐnχtɐmɐ sɐ=χe rajstoncɐ .
Glosses: wood-PL(-ALL) and mountain-PL-ALL 3PL=REFL they.took
Translation: They took themselves to woods and mountains.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nɐ kʷǝjtɐ(ɐj) nɐ kɐlmǝtɐj tɐršǝ .
Glosses: NEG dog-PL-ABL NEG snake-PL-ABL fears
Translation: S/he fears neither dogs nor snakes.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: widag(əl) kɐnɐ [mɐlʣəʤə gubakk]əl dɐ=k’aχ ma šk’ʷər .
Glosses: root-SUP or ant-OBL hill-SUP 2SG=leg NEG.MOD stumble.IMP.2SG
Translation: Don’t stumble upon a root or an anthill!
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: alan(ɐn) ɐma soslanɐn sɐ=madɐ
Glosses: Alan-DAT and Soslan-DAT 3PL=mother
Translation: Alan and Soslan’s mother
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *alanɐn ɐma soslanɐn sɐ=madɐ
Glosses: Alan-DAT and Soslan-DAT 3PL=mother
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: šošlan(ǝ) ɐmɐ alanǝ mad
Glosses: Soslan(-GEN) and Alan-GEN mother
Translation: Soslan and Alan’s mother
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: šošlan(mɐ) ɐmɐ alanmɐ ɐnqɐlmɐ kɐšɐm .
Glosses: Soslan(-ALL) and Alan-ALL waiting we.wait
Translation: We are waiting for Soslan and Alan.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: ači kiwunugutɐ balχɐdton mɐsku(j) ɐma bostoni .
Glosses: this book.PL I.bought Moscow(-LOC) and Boston-LOC
Translation: I bought these books in Moscow and Boston.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: dɐw(bɐl) ɐma mɐdinɐbɐl isɐmbalttɐn .
Glosses: you.OBL-SUP and M-NOM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met you and Madina.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: *du ɐma mɐdinɐbɐl isɐmbalttɐn .
Glosses: you.NOM and M-NOM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met you and Madina.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?nɐ=dəwɐ gɐdəjə kɐrɐzi ɐmɐ nɐ=kwəzɐj tɐršync .
Glosses: our=two cat-OBL each.other and our=dog-ABL fear.PRS.3PL
Translation: Two our cats are afraid of each other and of our dog.’ Digor Ossetic
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *nɐ=duwɐ tikiši kɐrɐʤe ɐma nɐ=kujɐj tɐrsuncɐ .
Glosses: our=two cat-OBL each.other and our=dog-ABL fear.PRS.3PL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nɐ=duwɐ tikiši kɐrɐʤejɐ ɐma nɐ=kujɐj tɐrsuncɐ .
Glosses: POSS.1PL=two cat-OBL each.other-ABL and POSS.1PL=dog-ABL fear.PRS.3PL
Translation: Idem
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *wəm ɐmɐ mɐdinɐjɐn didinʤətɐ ratta .
Glosses: there and M-DAT flowers gave
Translation: S/he gave flowers to her and Madina.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wəmɐn ɐmɐ mɐdinɐjɐn didinʤətɐ ratta .
Glosses: s/he-DAT and M-DAT flowers gave
Translation: S/he gave flowers to her and Madina.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: *dɐw ɐma mɐnbɐl isɐmbalttɐncɐ .
Glosses: you.OBL-SUP and I-SUP they.met
Translation: They met you and me.’ (intended)
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: dɐwbɐl ɐma mɐnbɐl isɐmbalttɐncɐ .
Glosses: you.OBL-SUP and I-SUP they.met
Translation: They met you and me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *kʷǝjtɐ=dɐr ɐmɐ kɐlmǝtɐj=dɐr tɐršǝ .
Glosses: dog-PL=EMP and snake-PL-ABL=EMP fears
Translation: S/he fears dogs and snakes.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kʷǝjtɐj=dɐr ɐmɐ kɐlmǝtɐj=dɐr tɐršǝ .
Glosses: dog-PL-ABL=EMP and snake-PL-ABL=EMP fears
Translation: S/he fears dogs and snakes.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *nɐ=dɐr kʷǝjtɐ nɐ=dɐr kɐlmǝtɐj tɐršǝ .
Glosses: NEG=EMP dog-PL NEG=EMP snake-PL-ABL fears
Translation: S/he fears neither dogs nor snakes.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: asə gɐdə kʷəz(ɐj) ɐvi wərəjɐ tɐršə ?
Glosses: this cat dog-ABL or.Q rat-ABL fears
Translation: Is this cat afraid of a dog or a rat?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: zəwuʤəqɐw(ə) ɐvi čermenə sɐrəš ?
Glosses: Vladikavkaz-OBL or.Q Chermen-OBL you.live
Translation: Do you live in Vladikavkaz or in Chermen?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: šošlan(ɐj) ɐvi χetɐgɐj ?
Glosses: Soslan-ABL or.Q Khetag-ABL
Translation: Of Soslan or of Khetag?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ɐsɐgdɐr šɐ=χɐzarə sə i kʷəvd(ə) fəng ɐvi žianə fəng ?
Glosses: really their=house-OBL what exists feast-OBL table or funeral-OBL table
Translation: What is really in their house: a feast or a wake?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kɐmɐj tɐršəš alan(ɐj) ɐvi šošlanɐj ?
Glosses: who.ABL you.fear Alan-ABL or.Q Soslan-ABL
Translation: Who are you afraid of, Alan or Soslan?
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: soslan kɐmidɐr digorgomi cardɐj fal nɐ=ʁudi kɐnun mɐcutɐ(j) ɐvi ʤinaʁaj .
Glosses: Soslan somewhere Digor.Valley-OBL s/he.lived but NEG=thought I.do Matsuta-OBL or.Q Dzinagha-OBL
Translation: Soslan lived somewhere in the Digor Valley, but I don’t remember whether (he lived) in Matsuta or in Dzinagha.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: nɐ=zonun mɐdinɐ(mɐ) ɐvi fatimɐmɐ ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐsuj soslan , fal wonɐj kɐmɐdɐr ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐsuj .
Glosses: NEG=I.know Madina-ALL or.Q Fatima-ALL waiting looks Soslan but they.ABL someone.ALL waiting looks
Translation: I don’t know, whether Soslan is waiting for Madina or for Fatima, but he’s waiting for some one of them.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: šošlan kɐjdɐr waržə fɐlɐ nɐ=žonən mɐdinɐ(jə) ɐvi fatimɐjə .
Glosses: Soslan someone.OBL loves but NEG=I.know Madina-OBL or.Q Fatima-OBL
Translation: Soslan loves someone, but I don’t know whether (he loves) Madina or Fatima.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: šošlan kɐmɐdɐr zərdta fɐlɐ=jɐ nɐ=qʷədə kɐnən šɐrmɐt(mɐ) ɐvi wərəžmɐgmɐ .
Glosses: Soslan someone.ALL talked but=ACC.3SG NEG=thought I.do Sarmat-ALL or.Q Uruzmag-ALL
Translation: Soslan talked to someone, but I don’t remember whether (he talked to) Sarmat or Uruzmag.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: dɐw(bɐl)/*du ɐma mɐdinɐbɐl isɐmbalttɐn .
Glosses: you.OBL-sup/you.NOM and M-NOM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met you and Madina.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: park park .NOM parʧǝ parkOBL
Glosses: wǝng street.NOM wǝnʤ-ǝ street-OBL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: park ɐmɐ wǝnʤǝ
Glosses: park and street-OBL
Translation: in/of the street and the park
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: soslan leškeni cɐruj ɐma mɐdinɐ=dɐr .
Glosses: Soslan Lesken-OBL lives and Madina=EMP
Translation: Soslan lives in Lesken, and Madina too.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: *mɐdinɐ=dɐr ɐma soslan leškeni cɐruj .
Glosses: Madina=EMP and Soslan Lesken-OBL lives
Translation: *‘Madina too and Soslan lives in Lesken.
Language: Polish
Transcription: Jan prze a Piotr podpisał list do prezydenta .
Glosses: Jan PRV CTR Peter PRV-wrote letter to president
Translation: Jan copied and Peter signed the letter to the president.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *šošlan nǝ χetɐg=ta rafǝšta pišmo prezidentmɐ .
Glosses: Soslan PRV Khetag=CTR PRV-wrote letter president-all
Translation: Soslan wrote and Khetag copied, the letter to the president.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: sǝd*(tɐn) ɐmɐ kʷǝdtɐn
Glosses: go.PST-PST.1SG and cry.PST-PST.1SG
Translation: I was walking and crying
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: cɐw*(gɐ) =ma kɐwgɐ
Glosses: go.PRS-CVB and cry-PRS.CVB
Translation: walking and crying
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dəwɐ bɐχə
Glosses: two horse-NUM
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: *dəwɐ bɐχtɐ/tə
Glosses: two horse-PL/-PL.NUM
Translation: Digor Ossetic
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: duwɐ bɐχi
Glosses: two horse-NUM
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: *duwɐ bɐχtɐ/ti
Glosses: two horse-PL/-PL.NUM
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dəwɐ bɐχɐj
Glosses: two horse-ABL
Translation: from two horses
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dəwɐ bɐχɐn
Glosses: two horse-DAT
Translation: for two horses
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dəwɐ bɐχaw
Glosses: two horse-EQU
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: ɐrtɐ kižgi/?kizgɐ ɐma duwɐ biččewebɐl isɐmbaldtɐn .
Glosses: three girl-NUM/girl.NOM and two boy-NUM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met three girls and two boys.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: ɐnɐ cuppar bɐχi/ ?bɐχ/ bɐχemɐj ɐma galɐj .
Glosses: without four horse-NUM horse/ horse-NUM-ABL and bull-ABL
Translation: without four horses and a bull.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: asə kʷəz faron ɐrtɐ lɐppu/jə/jəl ɐmɐ čəžgəl fɐχasədi .
Glosses: this dog last.year three boy/-NUM/-SUP and girl-SUP bit
Translation: This dog last year bit three boys and a girl.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: ɐrtɐ kižgebɐl ɐma duwɐ biččewebɐl
Glosses: three girl-NUM-SUP and two boy-NUM-SUP
Translation: on three girls and two boys
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: ?ɐrtɐ kizgɐ ɐma duwɐ biččewebɐl
Glosses: three girl and two boy-NUM-SUP
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: ɐrtɐ kižgi ɐma duwɐ biččewebɐl
Glosses: three girl-NUM and two boy-NUM-SUP
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: dɐw ɐma mɐdinɐbɐl isɐmbalttɐn .
Glosses: you.OBL-sup and M-NOM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met you and Madina.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: zɐrdɐ (ɐ)ma wodi
Glosses: heart and soul-OBL
Translation: in the soul and the heart
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kižgitɐ (ɐ)ma biččewtɐn
Glosses: girl-PL and boy-PL-DAT
Translation: for girls and boys
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: k’oʁotɐ (ɐ)mɐ žok’otǝl
Glosses: mosquito-PL and mushroom-PL-SUP
Translation: about mosquitoes and mushrooms
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: zɐrdɐi (ɐ)ma wodi
Glosses: heart-OBL and soul-OBL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?mɐ=χi(sɐj) ɐmɐ šošlanɐj rappɐlǝdtɐn .
Glosses: 1SG=REFL.ABL and Soslan-ABL I.praised
Translation: I praised myself and Soslan.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?ɐrmɐšt mɐ=χi(wǝl) ɐmɐ šošlanǝl ɐwwɐndǝn .
Glosses: only 1SG=REFL.SUP and Soslan-SUP I.believe
Translation: I only trust myself and Soslan.
Language: Turkish
Transcription: doǧum yeri
Glosses: birth place-POSS.3SG
Translation: birth place
Language: Turkish
Transcription: (sizin) doǧum yeriniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place
Language: Turkish
Transcription: (sizin) doǧum yeriniz ve tarihiniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place-POSS.2PL and date-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place and date’, Kharytonava (2012: 175)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (sizin) doǧum yeri ve tarihiniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place-POSS.3SG and date-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place and date
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (sizin) doǧum yer ve tarihiniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place and date-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place and date
Language: Turkish
Transcription: *(sizin) doǧumin yer ve tarihiniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place and date-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place and date’ (intended)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Tomga tyokoreeto Mikega keekio tabeta .
Glosses: Tom-NOM chocolate Mike-NOM cake-ACC ate
Translation: Tom ate some chocolate and Mike ate some cake.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Tomga tyokoreetoga tabeta Mikega keekio tabeta .
Glosses: Tom-NOM chocolate-ACC ate Mike-NOM cake-ACC ate
Translation: Tom ate some chocolate and Mike ate some cake.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mɐdinɐ jɐ=moj*(mɐ) ɐnqɐlmɐ kɐšə šošlan=ta jɐ=wušmɐ ɐnqɐlmɐ kɐšə .
Glosses: Madina 3SG=husband-ALL waiting looks Soslan=CTR 3SG=wife-ALL waiting looks
Translation: Madina (is waiting) for her husband, while Soslan is waiting for his wife.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: mɐdinɐ gorɐtmɐ fɐccɐwuj fatimɐ=ba ʁɐdɐ*(mɐ) fɐccɐwuj .
Glosses: Madina city-ALL leaves Fatima=CTR forest-ALL leaves
Translation: Madina is leaving for the city, and Fatima is leaving for the forest.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: nijjerɐgi ječi dzurdtɐ rafunχtontsɐ alani mast .
Glosses: parent-OBL that word-PL they.boiled Alan-OBL ire
Translation: Those words of the parent’s boiled up Alan’s ire.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *qɐwumɐ šošlan ɐmɐ=ta mɐdinɐ ɐrbasǝdǝštǝ .
Glosses: village-ALL Soslan and=again Madina they.arrived
Translation: To the village Soslan arrived and, again, Madina.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ɐž ɐmɐ dɐwɐn
Glosses: I.NOM and you-DAT
Translation: for me and you
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: woj ɐma Alanɐn sɐ=χɐdzarɐ ɐgɐr mink’ij ɐj .
Glosses: s/he.OBL and Alan-DAT their=house too small is
Translation: Their house is too small for him and Alan.
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: mɐn*(mɐ) ɐvi uruzmɐgmɐ ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐši ?
Glosses: I.OBL-ALL or.Q Uruzmag-ALL waiting you.look
Translation: Are you waiting for me or for Uruzmag?
Language: Modern Ossetic
Transcription: mɐn(mɐ) ɐma uruzmɐgmɐ ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐši ?
Glosses: I.OBL-ALL and Uruzmag-ALL waiting you.look
Translation: You are waiting for me and Uruzmag?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ dareka ] ga hashitta .
Glosses:  who-KA  -NOM ran
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ darega hashittaka ] oshiete .
Glosses:  who-NOM ran-KA  tell
Translation: Tell me who ran.’ (Wh-Question)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ Hanakoka Jiroka]ga hashitta .
Glosses:  Hanako-KA Jiro-KA-NOM ran . 
Translation: Either Hanako or Jiro ran.’ (declarative disjunction)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ [Hanakoga hashittaka] [Jiroga hashittaka]] oshiete .
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA tell
Translation: Tell me which is true: It seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran?’ (AltQ)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ Dareka ] ga hashitta .
Glosses:  who-KA  -NOM ran
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ Darega hashittaka ] (oshiete).
Glosses:  who-NOM ran-KA  tell
Translation: (Tell me) who ran.’ (Wh-Question)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Taroga [ nanika ] o mita .
Glosses: Taro-NOM  what-KA  -ACC saw
Translation: Taro saw something.’ (∃-statement)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ Taroga nanio mitaka ] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Taro-NOM what-ACC saw-KA  tell
Translation: (Tell me) who ran?’ (Wh-Question)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ Dareo hihanshita gakusei ] kaga taihosareta .
Glosses:  who-ACC criticized student  -KA-NOM be.arrested
Translation: A student or other who had criticize someone was arrested.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Darekaga hashittara oshiemasu .
Glosses: who-KA-NOM ran-COND tell-POL
Translation: I will tell you if anyone runs.’ *‘I will tell you if someone runs but I don’t know who.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Darekaga hashitta . Sorede , bokuwa sorega daredaka shitteiru .
Glosses: who-KA-NOM ran . And, I-TOP it-NOM who-COP-KA know
Translation: Someone ran, and I know who that is.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Darekaga hashitta . Sorede , bokuwa sorega daredaka shiranai .
Glosses: who-KA-NOM ran . And, I-TO it-NOM who-COP-KA know-NEG
Translation: Someone ran, and I don’t know who that is.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Taroga [ Hanakoka (matawa) Jiroka]o mita .
Glosses: Taro-NOM  Hanako-KA or Jiro-KA-ACC saw
Translation: Taro saw Hanako or Jiro.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ [Hanakoga hashittaka] [Jiroga hashittaka]] mitaida .
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA seem-COP
Translation: It seems that Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (✓∨-statement) *‘Which seems to be true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran?’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ [Hanakoga hashittaka] [Jiroga hashittaka]] daroo .
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA may.well.be
Translation: It might well be that Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (✓∨-statement) *‘Which might well be true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran?’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ [Hanakoga hashittamitaika] [Jiroga hashittamitaika]] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-seem-KA Jiro-NOM ran-seem-KA tell
Translation: (Tell me) which is true: It seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran?’ (✓AltQ) *‘(Tell me) it seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran.’ (*∨-statement)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ [Hanakoga hashittadarooka] [Jiroga hashittadarooka]] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-may.well.be-KA Jiro-NOM ran-may.well.be-KA tell
Translation: (Tell me) which is true: Hanako might well have run or Jiro might well have run.’ (✓AltQ) *‘(Tell me) Hanako might well have run or Jiro might well have run.’ (*∨-statement)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [[ Hanakoka Jiroka]ga hashittaka] oshiete .
Glosses:  Hanako-KA Jiro-KA-NOM ran-KA tell . 
Translation: Tell me whether or not Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (✓YNQ) *‘Tell me which is true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [[ [Hanakoga hashittaka] [Jiroga hashittaka]] mitaika] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA seem-KA tell
Translation: Tell me whether or not it seems to be that Hanako or Jiro ran.’ (✓YNQ) *‘Tell me which is true: Taro saw Hanako or he saw Jiro.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Watashiwa [[ Hanakoka Jiroka]ga hashittaka] shiranai .
Glosses: I-TOP  Hanako-KA Jiro-KA-NOM ran-KA know-NEG
Translation: I don’t know whether or not either Hanako or Jiro ran.’ (✓ YNQ) ‘I don’t know which is true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Watashiwa [ [Hanakoga hashittaka] [Jiroga hashittaka]] mitaika] shiranai .
Glosses: I-TOP  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA seem-KA know-NEG
Translation: I don’t know whether or not it seems that either Hanako or Jiro ran.’ (✓YNQ) ‘I don’t know which seems to be true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Watashiwa [Taroga [ dareka]o mitaka] shiranai .
Glosses: I-TOP Taro-NOM  who-KA-ACC saw-KA know-NEG
Translation: I don’t know whether Taro saw someone.’ (✓ YNQ) ‘I don’t know whom Taro saw.’ (*whQ)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Watashiwa [ [Hanakoga hashittamitainanoka] [Jiroga hashittamitainanoka]] shitteiru .
Glosses: I-TOP  Hanako-NOM ran-seem-COP-GEN-KA Jiro-NOM ran-seem-COP-GEN-KA know
Translation: I know which is true: it seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran.’ (✓AltQ) ‘I know that it seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran.’ (*∨-statement)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [Sono paatiewa [Hanakoga ________ ittamitainanoka] [Jiroga ________ ittamitainanoka]] (oshiete).
Glosses: the party-to-TOP Hanako-NOM  went-seem-COP-GEN-KA Jiro-NOM  went-seem-COP-GEN-KA tell
Translation: Tell me which is true: it seems that Hanako went to the party or it seems that Jiro went to the party.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [Sono paatiewa [Hanakoga ________ ittadarooka] [Jiroga ________ ittadarooka]] (watashiniwa wakaranai).
Glosses: the party-to-TOP Hanako-NOM  went-may.well.be-KA Jiro-NOM  went-may.well.be-KA I-DAT-TOP know-NEG
Translation: I don’t know which is true: Hanako may well have gone to the party or Jiro may well have gone to the party.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Taroga [ Hanakoka {matawa/*soretomo/soreka/∅} Jiroka o mita .
Glosses: Taro-NOM  Hanako-KA or Jiro-KA -ACC saw . 
Translation: Taro saw Hanako or Jiro.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ [ Hanakoga hashittaka ] {matawa/*soretomo/soreka/∅} [Jiroga hashittaka] ] mitaida .
Glosses:   Hanako-NOM ran-KA or Jiro-NOM ran-KA seem-COP
Translation: It seems that Hanako ran or Jiro ran.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ [ Hanakoga hashittamitaika ] {*matawa/soretomo/soreka/∅} [ Jiroga hashittamitaika ]].
Glosses:   Hanako-NOM ran-seem-KA or Jiro-NOM ran-seem-KA
Translation: Which is true: It seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [[ Hanakoga hashittamitaika] matawa [ Jiroga hashittamitaika] da].
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-seem-KA or  Jiro-NOM ran-seem-KA COP
Translation: It seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran.’ (∨-statement)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ dareka]ga hashitta .
Glosses:  who-KA-NOM ran . 
Translation: Taro saw someone.’ (∃-statement)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ darega hashittaka].
Glosses:  who-NOM ran-KA
Translation: (Tell me) who ran?’ (Wh-Question)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Hanakoga hashittaka ?
Glosses: Hanako-NOM ran-KA
Language: Japanese
Transcription: *Hanakowa [ darega hashittaka (da) to ] shinjiteiru .
Glosses: Hanako-TOP  who-NOM ran-KA COP C  believe
Translation: Intended: ‘Hanako believes that someone ran.