lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: muħammad-ini deč' mi-m-iq'-adi bet'-a .
Glosses: Muħammad-ERG song NEGVOL-N-do:IPFV-PROH say:PFV-IMP.TR
Translation: Let Muhammad not sing a song.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: išbari muħammad-ini t'ult' b-aq'-a bet'-a .
Glosses: today Muhammad-ERG bread N-do:PFV-IMP.TR say:PFV-IMP.TR
Translation: Let Muhammad bake bread today.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: b-uh-es꞊u muħammad-ini k'amp'it' as-es ?
Glosses: N-become:PFV-INF꞊Q Muhammad-ERG sweet take:PFV-INF
Translation: – May Muhammad take a sweet?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: b-uh-es , as-a bet'-a .
Glosses: N-become:PFV-INF take:PFV-IMP.TR say:PFV-IMP.TR
Translation: – (He) may, let him take one.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rurž-e bet'-a ħarši .
Glosses: boil:IPFV-IMP say:PFV-IMP.TR soup
Translation: Let the soup boil.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-uh-e bet'-a dig-uj-s .
Glosses: F1-become:PFV-IMP say:PFV-IMP.TR love-PTCP.OBL-DAT
Translation: Let her get married with anyone (lit. become to whoever she wants).
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: it-ini as-a bet'-a k'amp'it'.
Glosses: that-ERG take:PFV-IMP.TR say:PFV-IMP.TR sweet
Translation: Let him take your sweet.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *nu-ni as-a bet'-a k'amp'it'.
Glosses: I-ERG take:PFV-IMP.TR say:PFV-IMP.TR sweet
Translation: Intended: `Let me take a sweet.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *ħu-ni as-a bet'-a k'amp'it'.
Glosses: you.sg-ERG take:PFV-IMP.TR say:PFV-IMP.TR sweet
Translation: Intended: `Let you take a sweet.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: uz-e bet'-a , saʁʷa-l꞊la miski-je uʔ-es-i it .
Glosses: M.work:IPFV-IMP say:PFV-IMP.TR how-ATR꞊ADD poor-ADVZ 1.be:IPFV-INF-ATR that
Translation: Let him work, he will still be poor (=Even if he works, he will still be poor)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-uʔ-e bet'-a хʷaldili amma quli-b ʜaˤnči ħa-b-iq'-an .
Glosses: F1-be:IPFV-IMP say:PFV-IMP.TR beautiful but home.IN-N(ESS) work NEG-N-do:IPFV-HAB
Translation: Let her be beautiful, but she does not do her work at home (Though
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ?aradeš ag-a bet'-a .
Glosses: health give:PFV-IMP.TR tell:IPFV-IMP.TR
Translation: ?Let [Allah] make [you] healthy.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: aradeš g-a-b !
Glosses: health give:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May [Allah] make [you] healthy!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-aq'-a bet'-a zab .
Glosses: NPL-do:PFV-IMP.TR say:PFV-IMP.TR rain
Translation: Let it rain (I don't care).
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-aq'-a-b zab !
Glosses: NPL-do:PFV-IRR-OPT rain
Translation: May it rain!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: kapul-le w-ebk'-a-b !
Glosses: pagan-ADVZ M-die:PFV-IRR-OPT
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: kapul-le w-ebk'!
Glosses: pagan-ADVZ M-die:PFV(OPT)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ħa-la abaj r-ebk'!
Glosses: you.sg.OBL-GEN mother F-die:PFV(OPT)
Translation: May your mother die!' (…can be uttered by a mother of a child,
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: maˤq'ʷ b-erʔʷ-a-b .
Glosses: root N-become.dry:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May the roots dry out.' (a bad wish, suggesting that the
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: maˤq'ʷ b-erʔʷ .
Glosses: root N-become.dry:PFV(OPT)
Translation: May the roots dry out.' (same as (ex:5:108))
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: maˤq'ʷ ha-b-le če-b-uq-a-b .
Glosses: root front-N-ADVZ PV-N-grow:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May it all grow roots up.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: maˤq'ʷ ha-b-le če-b-uq .
Glosses: root front-N-ADVZ PV-N-grow:PFV(OPT)
Translation: May it all grow roots up.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: qu b-alq-aq-ab !
Glosses: field N-grow:IPFV-CAUS-OPT
Translation: May the field grow!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: qu b-alq-aq !
Glosses: field N-grow:IPFV-CAUS(OPT)
Translation: May the field grow!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: qu b-alq-a-b !
Glosses: field N-grow:IPFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May the field grow!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hum-be ʡaˤχ d-uh-a-b !
Glosses: road-PL good NPL-become:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May you have a good trip!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hum-be ʡaˤχ d-uh-aq-a-b !
Glosses: way-PL good NPL-become:PFV-CAUS-IRR-OPT
Translation: May Allah give you a good trip!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: allah-li-ni hum-be ʡaˤχ d-uh-aq-ab !
Glosses: Allah-OBL-ERG way-PL good NPL-become:PFV-CAUS-OPT
Translation: May Allah give you a good trip!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: allah-li-ni qu b-alq-aq-ab !
Glosses: Allah-OBL-ERG field N-grow:IPFV-CAUS-OPT
Translation: May the field grow with the help of Allah!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *allah-li-ni hum-be ʡaˤχ d-uh-a-b !
Glosses: Allah-OBL-ERG way-PL good NPL-become:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: Intended: `May Allah give you a good trip!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *allah-li-ni qu b-alq-ab !
Glosses: Allah-OBL-ERG field N-grow:IPFV-OPT
Translation: Intended: `May the field grow with the help of Allah!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasul w-ebk'-a-b !
Glosses: Rasul M-die:PFV-IRR-OPT
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasul w-ebk'-aq-a-b !
Glosses: Rasul M-die:PFV-CAUS-IRR-OPT
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: pat'imat-ini rasul w-ebk'-aq-ab !
Glosses: Patimat-ERG Rasul M-die:PFV-CAUS-IRR-OPT
Translation: May Patimat make Rasul die!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: dursi d-arš-i-le kalʔ-a-b ħa-la .
Glosses: girl F1-be.beautiful:PFV-AOR-CVB stay:PFV-IRR-OPT you.sg.OBL-GEN
Translation: May your daughter be beautiful.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši q'uwat le-b-le kalʔ-a-b ħa-la .
Glosses: boy strength be-N-CVB stay:PFV-IRR-OPT you.sg.OBL-GEN
Translation: May your son be strong.' (lit. May your boy stay having strength)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-arš-ib-i kalʔ-a-b ħu .
Glosses: F1-be.beautiful:PFV-AOR-PTCP stay-IRR-OPT you.sg
Translation: May you be beautiful.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: q'uwat le-w-i kalʔ-a-b ħu .
Glosses: strong be-M-PTCP stay:PFV-IRR-OPT you.sg
Translation: May you be strong.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu r-ebk' / r-ebk'-ab !
Glosses: I F-die:PFV(OPT) / F-die:PFV-OPT
Translation: May I die [but not you – addressing the child]!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: muħammadi-s hum-be ʡaˤχ d-uh-aq-a-b !
Glosses: Muhammad-DAT way-PL good NPL-become:PFV-CAUS-IRR-OPT
Translation: May Muhammad have a good trip!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: muħammad-ini ʁačne ʡaˤχ-le d-ic-a-b .
Glosses: Muhammad-ERG calf.PL good-ADVZ NPL-sell:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May Muhammad sell calves with a profit.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ja-allah ħušab taliħ g-a-b !
Glosses: PTCL-Allah(NOM) you.pl.DAT luck give:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May [Allah] give [you] luck!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: allah-li ara-deš g-a-b !
Glosses: Allah-OBL(ERG) healthy-NMLZ give:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May [Allah] give [you] health!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: m-irq-ab ħu allah-li .
Glosses: NEGVOL-M.let.go:IPFV-OPT you.sg(NOM) Allah-OBL(ERG)
Translation: May Allah stay with you.' (= may Allah not let something bad happen to
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *allah-li ħu-ni b-iz-il t'ult' b-aq'-a-b .
Glosses: Allah-ERG you.sg-ERG N-tasty-ATR bread N-do:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: Intended: `May you make good bread with the help of Allah.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʔaq' lug-a-b , balhni g-a-b .
Glosses: intellect give:IPFV-IRR-OPT knowledge give:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May [Allah] give [you] intellect, may [Allah] give [you] knowledge.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-aq-il arc g-a-b .
Glosses: NPL-much-ATR money give:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May you be given [by Allah] a lot of money.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: w-ebk'-a-b nu !
Glosses: M-die-IRR-OPT I
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *dag w-ebk'-a-b nu !
Glosses: yesterday M-die-IRR-OPT I
Translation: Intended: `I wish I had died yesterday!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: q'uwat g-a-b !
Glosses: strength give:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May [Allah] give [you] strength!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: k'ʷabaq'ala g-a-b .
Glosses: god.help give:PFV-IRR-OPT
Translation: May you have enough strength [to do your work].
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: w-ebk'-a-b ħu !
Glosses: M-die:PFV-IRR-OPT you.sg
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ja-allah d-alq-aq-a-b !
Glosses: PTCL-Allah NPL-grow:IPFV-CAUS-IRR-OPT
Translation: May [it] grow! (wish formula addressed to the person who is
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ca di-la qali b-uʔ-ib-q'alle !
Glosses: PTCL I.OBL-GEN house N-become:PFV-AOR-CTRF
Translation: If only I had a house!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: di-la adami žaˤwal ʡaˤš-w-irq-ul-q'alle !
Glosses: I.OBL-GEN husband early PV-M-come.back:IPFV-ATR-CTRF
Translation: If only my husband came back soon!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu-ni čaj d-erž-es-q'alle !
Glosses: I-ERG tea NPL-drink:PFV-INF-CTRF
Translation: I wish I had some tea!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: dag w-ebk'-ib-q'alle nu !
Glosses: yesterday M-die:PFV-AOR-CTRF I
Translation: If only I had died yesterday!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *nu-ni dag čaj d-erž-es-q'alle !
Glosses: I-ERG yesterday tea NPL-drink:PFV-INF-CTRF
Translation: Intended: `I wish I had some tea yesterday!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *nu-ni čaj d-erž-a-k'a !
Glosses: I-ERG tea NPL-drink-IRR-COND
Translation: Intended: `I wish I had some tea yesterday!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu-ni čaj d-erž-a-k'a , ʡaˤχ-le b-uʔ-a-re .
Glosses: I-ERG tea NPL-drink-IRR-COND good-ADVZ N-become-IRR-PST
Translation: If I had some tea, it would be good.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: sinka-la k'a abzul-le ʁʷaˤn-ne d-elʔ-un-na wahaj-le꞊l ʁʷaˤn-ne luʔ-es w-aʔ-i-ra .
Glosses: bear-GEN PTCL all-ADVZ lie-PL NPL-tell:PFV-AOR-EGO very-ADVZ꞊EMPH lie-PL tell:IPFV-INF M-begin:PFV-AOR-EGO
Translation: As for the bear, I did actually tell fibs.' (Aspectual test 1, 1.89)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-arg-k'a il-di qulle di-ze d-arg-i-ra huni꞊ra b-arg-i-ra .
Glosses: NPL-find:PFV-PTCL this-PL house.PL I.OBL-INTER(LAT) NPL-find:PFV-AOR-EGO road꞊ADD N-find:PFV-AOR-EGO
Translation: As for getting there, I did reach those houses and found the street.' (Aspectual test 1, 1.164)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: luč'-ib-k'a il ʡaˤχ-le .
Glosses: learn:IPFV-IPFT-PTCL this good-ADVZ
Translation: As for studies, he did study well.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: luč'-an-k'a il ʡaˤχ-le amma abaj-s zahmat d-urh-an il d-aχ-as .
Glosses: learn:IPFV-HAB-PTCL this good-ADVZ but mother.OBL-DAT difficult F1-be:IPFV-HAB this F1-support-INF
Translation: As for studies, she makes good progress. But it is difficult for her
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: buč'꞊q'al buč'unni cab cik'al hankalgunnekːu .
Glosses: read:IPFV꞊PTCL read:IPFV.CVB COP nothing remember:IPFV.CVB+COP.NEG
Translation: As for reading, he reads (the book), but does not remember anything.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: buč'-ni-la q'alli buč'atːa cacajnaqːilla behelra…
Glosses: read:IPFV-NMLZ-GEN PTCL read.PRS.1SG sometimes however
Translation: As for reading, I read (books), but…
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu [di-la urši-li-ni xunul k-a-k'a] iχ-di-li-šu-r d-uʔ-es-i .
Glosses: I I.OBL-GEN boy-OBL-ERG wife bring:PFV-IRR-COND that-PL-OBL-AD-F(ESS) F1-be:PFV-INF-ATR
Translation: If my son gets married, I will live at their place.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu꞊ra [iχ w-ebk'-ib-q'alle] d-ubk'-a-re .
Glosses: I꞊ADD this M-die:PFV-AOR-CTRF F1-die:IPFV-IRR-PST
Translation: If he died, I would have also died.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hel deħ b-aq'-a-k'a sinka-li nuša k'ʷi-jal-la b-erg-es .
Glosses: this smell N-do:PFV-IRR-COND bear-OBL(ERG) we two-CARD-ADD HPL-eat:PFV-INF
Translation: If the bear smells this, he will eat us both.' (Text M. A bear, a wolf
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: iti-s rasul hune-če w-ik-a-k'a-ra , it-ini beʁi-če waˤb-ʜaˤ-baˤt-ur .
Glosses: this.OBL-DAT Rasul way-SUPER(LAT) M-happen:PFV-IRR-COND-ADD this-ERG wedding.OBL-SUPER(LAT) call-NEG-LV:PFV-AOR
Translation: Although she met Rasul, she did not call him to the wedding.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hete-r hed-di malʔun-t-ini r-uc-es q'-oˤwe le-l-le k'ʷan , nu ca-ʁida ajʁaj r-uh-ub-q'alle .
Glosses: there-F(ESS) that.far.away-PL devil-PL-ERG F-catch:PFV-INF go:IPFV-CVB.IPFV AUX-NPL-CVB QUOT I(NOM) one-few tarry F-become:PFV-AOR-CTRF
Translation: If I would tarry there for just a minute, these devils would get to me
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ca di-la urši-li-ni xunul d-ik-ul-q'alle !
Glosses: PTCL I.OBL-GEN boy-OBL-ERG wife F1-bring:IPFV-PTCP-CTRF
Translation: If only my son got married!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: k'ala-li-ze-b le-b-re doˤʜi .
Glosses: Kala-OBL-INTER-N(ESS) be-N-PST snow
Translation: There was snow in Kala.' (Text 15, Lost Donkeys)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nab d-ig-ib-re čaj .
Glosses: I.DAT NPL-want:IPFV-IPFT-PST tea
Translation: I would like some tea.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ?tukaj-ħe-la si-k'al is-ib-re nu-ni꞊ra , arc d-uʔ-ib-q'alle .
Glosses: shop-IN-EL what-INDEF take:IPFV-IPFT-PST I-ERG꞊ADD money NPL-be:IPFV-AOR-CTRF
Translation: I would have bought something in the shop, if (I) had some money.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: iχ w-ebk'-ib-q'alle , nu꞊ra d-ubk'-a-re .
Glosses: this M-die:PFV-AOR-CTRF I꞊ADD F1-die:IPFV-IRR-PST
Translation: If he had died, I would have also died.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ni qu išq-aˤ-re dag , amma ʜaˤ-q'-un .
Glosses: Rasul-ERG field mow:IPFV-IRR-PST yesterday but NEG-M.go:PFV-AOR
Translation: Rasul could have mowed the field yesterday, but he didn't go.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši-li-ni xunul k-ib-q'alle , nu iχ-di-li-šu-r d-uʔ-a-re .
Glosses: boy-OBL-ERG wife take:PFV-AOR-CTRF I that-PL-OBL-AD-HPL(ESS) F1-become:PFV-IRR-PST
Translation: If my son had got married, I would have lived at their place.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: c'able w-ebk'-ib-q'alle , nu꞊ra d-ubk'-a-re .
Glosses: tomorrow M-die:PFV-AOR-CTRF I꞊ADD F1-die:IPFV-IRR-PST
Translation: If you should die tomorrow, I would also die.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: iχ dag ʡaˤš-w-aqˤ-ib-q'alle ʡaˤχ-le b-uʔ-a-re .
Glosses: this yesterday PV-M-come.back:PFV-AOR-CTRF good-ADVZ N-be:PFV-IRR-PST
Translation: If he had come yesterday, it would have been good.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: iχ išbari ʡaˤš-w-irq-ul-q'alle ʡaˤχ-le b-uʔ-a-re .
Glosses: this today PV-M-come.back:IPFV-PTCP-CTRF good-ADVZ N-be:PFV-IRR-PST
Translation: If he came today, it would be good.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu-ni čaj d-erž-es-q'alle nu wana urh-a-re .
Glosses: I-ERG tea NPL-drink:PFV-INF-CTRF I warm 1.become:IPFV-IRR-PST
Translation: If I had tea, I would get warm.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abaj d-ebk'-ib-q'alle , il eh-il urh-a-re .
Glosses: mother F1-die:PFV-AOR-CTRF this bad-ATR 1.become:IPFV-IRR-PST
Translation: If his mother had died, he would have become a bad person.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *abaj d-ebk'-es-q'alle , il eh-il urh-a-re .
Glosses: mother F1-die:PFV-INF-CTRF this bad-ATR 1.become:IPFV-IRR-PST
Translation: Intended: `If his mother had died, he would have become a bad person.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: iχ-ini b-arx-le b-urh-a-k'a , iχ w-atur aʔ-as-i .
Glosses: that-ERG N-be.right-CVB N-tell:IPFV-IRR-COND that(NOM) M-free drive:PFV-INF-ATR
Translation: If he tells the truth, they will let him go.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: het kung b-elč'-a-k'a nu-ni ħa-ze b-urh-iša hel-li-ja χabar .
Glosses: that book N-read:PFV-IRR-COND I-ERG you.sg.OBL-INTER(LAT) N-tell:IPFV-FUT.EGO this-OBL-GEN story
Translation: If you read this book, I will tell you his story.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-aq-il kung-ane luč'-a-k'a d-aq-il si-k'al nuša-ze d-alh-ul .
Glosses: NPL-much-ATR book-PL read:IPFV-IRR-COND NPL-much-ATR what-INDEF we-INTER(LAT) NPL-know:IPFV-PTCP
Translation: If we read many books, we know many things.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ili-s hune-če w-ik-i-le w-arg-a-k'a rasul , il-ini beʁi-če waˤb-aˤt-ur-i il .
Glosses: this-DAT way-SUPER(LAT) M-happen:PFV-AOR-CVB M-find:PFV-IRR-COND Rasul this-ERG wedding-SUPER(LAT) call-LV:PFV-AOR-PTCP this
Translation: If she met Rasul [according to what you know about it], she called
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: anwar w-ak'-i-le w-arg-a-k'a , abaj-šu uˤq'-es .
Glosses: Anwar M-come:PFV-CVB M-find:PFV-IRR-COND mother-AD(LAT) M.go:PFV-FUT
Translation: As [it turned out that] Anwar came, he will go to his mother.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ze arc kʷe d-ik-i-le d-arg-a-k'a , il-ini abaj-s sajʁat as-es .
Glosses: Rasul.OBL-INTER(LAT) money in.hands(LAT) NPL-happen:PFV-AOR-CVB NPL-find:PFV-IRR-COND this-ERG mother-DAT gift take:PFV-INF
Translation: As Rasul [as it turned out] has got the money, he will buy the gift
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: d-arʔ-a mura , zab d-aq'-a-la .
Glosses: NPL-gather:PFV-IMP.TR hay rain NPL-do:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: Collect the hay, it might rain.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: zab ħa-d-aq'-a-la hab , d-aˤq-a šin agarod-le-ħe .
Glosses: rain NEG-NPL-do:PFV-IRR-APPR ahead NPL-hit:PFV-IMP.TR water vegetable.garden-OBL-IN(LAT)
Translation: Turn on the water in the garden, [because/in case] it might not
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: q'eju , w-igʷ-a-la .
Glosses: slow M-burn:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: Be careful, beware not to get burnt.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: q'eju , ar-d-ik-a-la .
Glosses: slow down-F1-fall:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: Be careful, beware not to fall down.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ħu ʁanq' uh-a-la ʡaj .
Glosses: you.sg drown M.become:PFV-IRR-APPR PTCL
Translation: Beware not to drown.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu ʁanq' uh-a-la .
Glosses: I drown M.become:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: May I not drown.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hara nu ar-d-uk-a-la !
Glosses: PTCL I(NOM) away-F1-lead:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: Be careful, someone may abduct me!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: žanawal-li-ni maza ar-b-uk-a-la .
Glosses: wolf-OBL-ERG sheep away-N-lead:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: The wolf can steal the sheep.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši w-aq'-a-la ħu-ni d-aq'-a dursi !
Glosses: boy M-do:PFV-IRR-APPR you.sg-ERG F1-do:PFV-IMP.TR girl
Translation: [I am afraid that] you give birth to a boy, [better] give birth to a girl!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ara d-uh-a-la !
Glosses: healthy F1-become:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: [I am afraid that] I become healthy!
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu uruχ k'-uwe le-w-ra žanawal-li-ni maza ar-b-uk-a-la ile .
Glosses: I be.afraid LV:IPFV-CVB.IPFV be-M-EGO wolf-OBL-ERG sheep away-N-lead:PFV-IRR-APPR COMP
Translation: I am afraid that the wolf steals a sheep.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu uruχ k'-as ħu iz-es d-aʔ-a-la ile .
Glosses: I be.afraid LV:IPFV-HAB.EGO you.sg be.ill:IPFV-INF F1-begin:PFV-IRR-APPR COMP
Translation: I am afraid that you might fall ill.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: baba uruχ k'-uwe le-r χʷe q'ac' b-ik-a-la ile .
Glosses: granny be.afraid LV:IPFV-CVB.IPFV AUX-F dog bite N-LV:PFV-IRR-APPR COMP
Translation: My grandmother is afraid that the dog bites her.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: baba uruχ k'-uwe le-r , sa‹r›i ar-d-ik-a-la ile .
Glosses: granny be.afraid LV:IPFV-CVB.IPFV AUX-F self‹F› PV-F1-fall:PFV-IRR-APPR COMP
Translation: The grandmother is afraid of falling down.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *nu uruχ k'-as dag anwal-li-če χʷe q'ac' *b-ik-a-la .
Glosses: I be.afraid LV:IPFV-HAB.EGO yesterday Anwar-OBL-SUPER(LAT) dog bite N-LV:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: Intended: `I am afraid that the dog bit Anwar yesterday.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu uruχ k'-as dag-ʔʷanal anwal-li-če χʷe q'ac' b-ik-a-la ile .
Glosses: I be.afraid LV:IPFV-HAB.EGO yesterday-like Anwar-OBL-SUPER(LAT) dog bite N-happen:PFV-IRR-APPR COMP
Translation: I am afraid that the dog might bite Anwar as it happened yesterday.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: musa-ni mura d-arʔ-ib [dunijal ur-a-la ile].
Glosses: Musa-ERG hay NPL-gather:PFV-AOR world rain-IRR-APPR COMP
Translation: Musa collected the hay out of fear that rain starts.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: musa-ni [dunijal ur-a-la ile] mura d-arʔ-ib .
Glosses: Musa-ERG world rain-IRR-APPR COMP hay PL-gather:PFV-AOR
Translation: Musa collected the hay out of fear that rain starts.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: eli šula-le b-uc-a [ʁadara b-oˤrʡ-aq-a-la].
Glosses: child tight-ADVZ N-hold:PFV-IMP.TR dish N-break:PFV-CAUS-IRR-APPR
Translation: Hold the child tight, it might break the dish.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *eli [ʁadara b-oˤrʡ-aq-a-la] šula-le b-uc-a .
Glosses: child dish N-break-CAUS-IRR-APPR tight-ADVZ N-hold:PFV-IMP.TR
Translation: Intended: `Hold the child tight so that it does not break the dish.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: sumka b-uχ-a mataħ ar-d-uʔ-a-la .
Glosses: bag N-bring:PFV-IMP.TR money PV-NPL-lose:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: Take the bag not to lose the money.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *sumka [mataħ ar-d-uʔ-a-la] b-ux-a .
Glosses: bag money PV-NPL-lose:PFV-IRR-APPR N-bring:PFV-IMP.TR
Translation: Intended: `Take the bag not to lose the money.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: w-aˤld-e adaj-ni ħu dam w-aq'-a-la .
Glosses: M-hide:PFV-IMP father-ERG you.sg(NOM) beat M-do:PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: Hide, so that your father does not beat you.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: c'a-li-če ħule w-iz-e , b-uš-a-la .
Glosses: fire-OBL-SUPER(LAT) look M-LV:PFV-IMP N-die(of.fire):PFV-IRR-APPR
Translation: Watch the fire so that it does not go out.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: w-aˤld-e adaj-ni ħu dam ħa-q'-a-lis .
Glosses: M-hide:PFV-IMP father-ERG you.sg(NOM) beat NEG-M.do:PFV-IRR-PURP
Translation: Hide, so that your father does not beat you.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: c'a-li-če ħule w-iz-e ħa-b-uš-a-lis .
Glosses: fire-OBL-SUPER(LAT) look M-LV:PFV-IMP NEG-N-die(of.fire):PFV-IRR-PURP
Translation: Watch the fire so that it does not go out.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: it w-erχʷ ħa-rχʷ-a-la nu le-l-la uruχ k'-uwe .
Glosses: this M-enter:PFV NEG-M.enter:PFV-IRR-APPR I AUX-F-EGO be.afraid LV:IPFV-CVB.IPFV
Translation: I worry that he may not enter [the university].
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abaj-ni urši-li-ze kung b-aˤld-aˤq-ib .
Glosses: mother-ERG boy-OBL-INTER(LAT) book N-hide:PFV-CAUS-AOR
Translation: Mother made her son hide a book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abaj-ni urši kung b-aˤld-es aʔib .
Glosses: mother.OBL-ERG boy book N-hide:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Mother made her son hide a book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni aʔ-ib maza ʡaˤjne .
Glosses: father-ERG drive:PFV-AOR ram yard.IN(LAT)
Translation: Father drove ram into the yard.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni b-aq-ib inc ustuj-če-b .
Glosses: father-ERG N-leave:PFV-AOR apple table.OBL-SUPER-N(ESS)
Translation: Father left an apple on the table.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni kung urši b-elč'-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG book boy N-read:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his son read the book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni kung urši luč'-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG book boy read:IPFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his son be reading the book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *adaj-ni kung urši b-elč'-un aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG book boy N-read:PFV-AOR drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his son read the book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *adaj-ni kung urši luč'-ib aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG book boy read:IPFV-IPFT drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his son be reading the book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *adaj-ni kung urši b-elč'-i-le aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG book boy N-read:PFV-AOR-CVB drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his son read the book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *abaj-ni rasul q'ar iˤšq-es har barħi iʔ-an .
Glosses: mother.OBL-ERG Rasul grass mow:IPFV-INF every day drive:IPFV-HAB
Translation: Mother makes Rasul mow the lawn every day.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni urši aʔ-ib har barħi mašina is-es .
Glosses: father-ERG boy drive:PFV-AOR every day car take:IPFV-INF
Translation: Every day the father made his son buy a car.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: pat'imat-ini anwar uˤq'-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: Patimat-ERG Anwar M.go:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Patimat made Anwar go away.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: sovet-ini direktur uškul q'-aˤbʡ-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: administration-ERG principal school PV-close:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Administration made the principal close the school.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *anwal-li-ni inc b-erħ-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: Anwar-OBL-ERG apple N-rotten:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Anwar made the apple rot.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: izaj-ni abaj-la beč' ulč'-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: illness.OBL-ERG mother.OBL-GEN head be.bald:IPFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: The illness made mother grow bald.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: izaj-ni anwar balnica-le-ħe uˤq'-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: illness.OBL-ERG Anwar hospital-OBL-IN(LAT) M.go:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: The illness caused Anwar to go to hospital.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: doˤʜi-li-ni ħark'ʷ χʷala b-aq'-as aʔ-ib .
Glosses: snow-OBL-ERG river big N-do:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Snow has made a river become [lit. to be done] bigger.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: doˤʜi-li-ni ħark'ʷ χʷala b-aq'-ib .
Glosses: snow-OBL-ERG river big N-do:PFV-AOR
Translation: Snow has made the river big.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ni adaj-la sune-če-l naˤʁ aq b-aq'-as aʔ-ib .
Glosses: Ali-ERG father-GEN self.OBL-SUPER(LAT)-EMPH(LAT) hand up N-do):PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Ali made his father raise a hand against him.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: sovet-ini direktur uškul q'-aˤbʡ-es w-aq-ib .
Glosses: administration-ERG principal school PV-close:PFV-INF M-leave:PFV-AOR
Translation: Administration let the principal close the school.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni dursi urši qum-art-es d-aq-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG girl boy forget-LV:PFV-INF F1-leave:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father let his daughter forget the boy.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: pat'imat-ini anwar w-aq-ib umma d-aq'-as .
Glosses: Patimat-ERG Anwar M-leave:PFV-AOR kiss NPL-do:PFV-INF
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ni šin rurq-es d-aq-ib .
Glosses: Rasul.OBL-ERG water flow:IPFV-INF NPL-do:PFV-AOR
Translation: Rasul let the water flow.’ (did not prevent this from happening)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ni uq'laha abx-es b-aq-ib .
Glosses: Rasul.OBL-ERG window open:PFV-INF N-leave:PFV-AOR
Translation: Rasul let the window open.' (did not prevent this from happening)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *anwal-li-ni k'ʷama b-ac'-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: Anwar-OBL-ERG butter N-melt:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Anwar melted butter.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: sovet-ini direktur-li-ze uškul q'-aˤbʡ-es b-aq-ib .
Glosses: administration-ERG principal-OBL-INTER(LAT) school PV-close-INF N-leave:PFV-AOR
Translation: The administration let the principal close the school.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: pat'imat-ini urši-li-ze d-aq-ib d-ix-es heš-di karawatu-ne caj-li quli .
Glosses: Patimat-ERG boy-OBL-INTER(LAT) NPL-leave:PFV-AOR NPL-put:PFV-INF (prox)-PL bed-PL one-OBL room.IN(LAT)
Translation: Patimat let the boy carry these beds to another room.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: musa zuba-l .
Glosses: Musa blind-ATR
Translation: Musa is blind.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: χaj-ni musa zuba w-aq'-ib .
Glosses: khan.OBL-ERG Musa blind M-do:PFV-AOR
Translation: Khan blinded Musa.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *χaj-ni musa zuba-l w-aq'-ib .
Glosses: khan.OBL-ERG Musa blind-ATR M-do:PFV-AOR
Translation: Khan blinded Musa.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: anwal-li-ni rasul abaj-ze b-arx-le b-urh-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: Anwar-OBL-ERG Rasul mother.OBL-INTER(LAT) N-be.right-CVB N-tell:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Anwar made Rasul tell mother the truth.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *rasuj-ni uzi-ni maza b-erhʷ-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: Rasul.OBL-ERG boy-ERG ram N-slaughter:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Rasul made his son slaughter the ram.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *adaj-ni urši kung b-elč'-es iʔ-uwe le-b .
Glosses: father-ERG boy book N-read:PFV-INF drive:IPFV-CVB.IPFV AUX-N
Translation: Father made his son read the book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: anwar duc' uq-un .
Glosses: Anwar run M.LV:PFV-AOR
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: učitej-ni anwar duc' uq-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: teacher.OBL-ERG Anwar run M.LV:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: The teacher made Anwar run.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: inc b-erħ-ib .
Glosses: apple N-rotten:PFV-AOR
Translation: The apple has rotten.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: anwal-li-ni inc b-erħ-es b-aq-ib .
Glosses: Anwar-OBL-ERG apple N-rotten:PFV-INF N-leave:PFV-AOR
Translation: Anwar let the apple rot.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: dursi-li-ze urši qum-art-ur .
Glosses: girl-OBL-INTER(LAT) boy forget-LV:PFV-AOR
Translation: The girl forgot the boy.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni dursi urši qum-art-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG girl boy forget-LV:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his daughter forget the boy.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *adaj-ni dursi-li-ze urši qum-art-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG girl-OBL-INTER(LAT) boy forget-LV:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his daughter forget the boy.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ze χabar arʁ-ib .
Glosses: Ali-INTER(LAT) tale hear:PFV-AOR
Translation: Ali heard a tale.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: pat'imat-ini ʡali-ze χabar arʁ-aq-ib .
Glosses: Patimat-ERG Ali-INTER(LAT) tale hear:PFV-CAUS-AOR
Translation: Patimat told Ali a tale.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: uzi-li-ni maza b-erh-un .
Glosses: boy-OBL-ERG ram N-slaughter:PFV-AOR
Translation: The son slaughtered the ram.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši-li-ni abaj-ze arc g-ib .
Glosses: boy-OBL-ERG mother-INTER(LAT) money give:PFV-AOR
Translation: The boy gave his mother the money
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: anwal-li-ni urši abaj-ze arc g-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: Anwar-OBL-ERG boy mother-INTER(LAT) money give:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Anwar made his son give his mother the money.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abaj-ni rasul q'ar iˤšq-es aʔ-ib har barħi .
Glosses: mother-ERG Rasul grass mow:IPFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR every day
Translation: Mother made Rasul mow the lawn every day.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *abaj-ni rasul q'ar ʜaˤ-šq-es ħa-ʔ-ib har barħi .
Glosses: mother-ERG Rasul grass NEG-mow:IPFV-INF NEG-drive:PFV-AOR every day
Translation: Mother did not make Rasul mow the lawn every day.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: učitel-t-ini nuša meħʷe-la mezi-sum b-uʜ-aˤq'-as ħ-aʔ-ib .
Glosses: teacher-PL-ERG we in.Mehweb-GEN language-REPL HPL-talk-LV:IPFV-INF NEG-drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Teachers do not make us speak Mehweb [at school].
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *učitel-t-ini nuša meħʷe-la mezi-sum ħa-b-uʜ-aˤq'-as aʔ-ib .
Glosses: teacher-PL-ERG we in.Mehweb-GEN language-REPL NEG-hpl-talk-LV:IPFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: The teachers make us not speak Mehweb [at school].
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni urši zul kak ħa-b-iq'-es w-aq-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG boy in.the.morning pray NEG-N-do:IPFV-INF M-leave:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father let his son not to do the morning prayers.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni urši zul kak b-iq'-es ħa-q-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG boy in.the.morning pray N-do:IPFV-INF NEG-M.leave:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father did not let his son do the morning pray.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abaj-ni urši ħa-q-ib uškuj-ħe w-aš-es .
Glosses: mother.OBL-ERG boy NEG-M.leave:PFV-AOR school.OBL-IN(LAT) M-go:IPFV-INF
Translation: Mother did not let her son go to school.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abaj-ni urši w-aq-ib uškuj-ħe ħa-š-es .
Glosses: mother.OBL-ERG boy M-leave:PFV-AOR school.OBL-IN(LAT) NEG-M.go:IPFV-INF
Translation: Mother let her son not to go to school.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni urši kung b-elč'-aq-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG boy book N-read:PFV-CAUS-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his son read a book
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ni urši kung b-elč'-es aʔ-ib .
Glosses: father-ERG boy book N-read:PFV-INF drive:PFV-AOR
Translation: Father made his son read a book.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: anwal-li-ni inc b-erħ-aq-as b-aq-ib .
Glosses: Anwar-OBL-ERG apple N-rotten:PFV-CAUS-INF N-let:PFV-AOR
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: sinka-ni ʡali uc-ib .
Glosses: bear-ERG Ali(ABS) (M)catch:PF-AOR
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ini sinka b-aˤbʡ-ib .
Glosses: Ali-ERG bear(ABS) N-kill:PF-AOR
Translation: Ali killed a bear.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: sune-la-l urši madina-če ħule w-iz-ur .
Glosses: self-GEN-EMPH son(ABS) Madina-SUPER(LAT) look M-LV:PF-AOR
Translation: Heri son looked at Madinai (a woman's
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: čija ħule d-iz-ur-a sune-la-l urši-li-če ?
Glosses: who(ABS) look F1-LV:PF-AOR-Q self-GEN-EMPH son-OBL-SUPER(LAT)
Translation: Whoi looked at heri son?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *sune-la-l urši hi-če ħule w-iz-ur-a ?
Glosses: self-GEN-EMPH son(ABS) who-SUPER(LAT) look M-LV:PF-AOR-Q
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *hi-če sune-la-l urši ħule w-iz-ur-a ?
Glosses: who-SUPER(LAT) self-GEN-EMPH son(ABS) look M-LV:PF-AOR-Q
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hinija haraq'e ihʷ-es-a sune-la-l urši ?
Glosses: who(ERG) forward throw:PF-FUT-Q self-GEN-EMPH son(ABS)
Translation: Whoi will deceive hisi son?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *sune-la-l urši-li-ni čija haraq'e ihʷ-es-a ?
Glosses: self-GEN-EMPH son-OBL-ERG who(ABS) forward throw:PF-FUT-Q
Translation: Whoi will hisi son deceive?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hinija sune-la-l urši-li-s kumak b-aq'-ib-a ?
Glosses: who(ERG) self-GEN-EMPH son-OBL-DAT help(ABS) N-do:PF-AOR-Q
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *sune-la-l urši-li-ni hi-sa kumak b-aq'-ib-a ?
Glosses: self-GEN-EMPH son-OBL-ERG who-DAT help(ABS) N-do:PF-AOR-Q
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʁʷaˤl-li-ni ʁut'-be šiš d-uk'-aq-uwe le-r .
Glosses: wind-OBL-ERG tree-PL(ABS) move NPL-LV:IPF-CAUS-CVB.IPFV AUX-NPL
Translation: The wind is shaking the trees.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: c'a-li-ni qul-le ig-uwe le-r .
Glosses: fire-OBL-ERG house-PL(ABS) burn:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-NPL
Translation: Fire is burning the houses.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: it-ini q'ʷaˤj-če (derxa) b-aˤq-ib .
Glosses: this-ERG cow+OBL-SUPER(LAT) stick(ABS) N-hit:PF-AOR
Translation: She hit the cow (with a stick).
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ni (χunk') unza-li-ze b-aʔ-aq-ib .
Glosses: Ali-ERG fist(ABS) door-OBL-INTER(LAT) N-hit-LV:PF-AOR
Translation: Ali hit the door with his fist (lit. his fist into the door).
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ni unza-li-ze d-aʔ-aq-ib .
Glosses: Ali-ERG door-OBL-INTER(LAT) NPL-hit-LV:PF-AOR
Translation: Ali hit the door (with his fists).
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ħu-ni sija i-ra ?
Glosses: you.sg-ERG what(ABS) say:PF+AOR-EGO+Q
Translation: What did you say?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu-ni b-urh-iša ca χabar .
Glosses: I-ERG N-tell:PF-FUT.EGO one story(ABS)
Translation: I will tell (you) one story.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ni abzulaj-ze b-urh-ib murad-li mašina as-ib ile .
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-ERG all+OBL-INTER(LAT) N-tell:PF-AOR Murad-ERG car(ABS) take:PF-AOR COMP
Translation: Rasul told everyone that Murat had bought a car.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu-ni di-la꞊l urši-li-s kumak b-aq'-i-ra .
Glosses: I-ERG I.OBL-GEN꞊EMPH son-OBL-DAT help(ABS) N-do:PF-AOR-EGO
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ze it dehʷ arʁ-ib .
Glosses: Ali-INTER(LAT) this word(ABS) hear/understand:PF-AOR
Translation: Ali heard/understood this word.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ze ʡali w-alh-an .
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-INTER(LAT) Ali(ABS) M-know:IPF-HAB
Translation: Rasul knows Ali.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ze arc d-arg-ib .
Glosses: Ali-INTER(LAT) money(ABS) NPL-find:PF-AOR
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ze ʡali g-ub .
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-INTER(LAT) Ali(ABS) see:PF-AOR
Translation: Rasul saw Ali.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: madina-s rasul w-ig-an .
Glosses: Madina-DAT Rasul(ABS) M-love:IPF-HAB
Translation: Madina loves Rasul.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-s ʡaˤχ-il q'immat b-ik-ib .
Glosses: Ali-DAT good-ATR grade(ABS) N-happen:PF-AOR
Translation: Ali got a good grade.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: madina-s rasul eba uh-ub .
Glosses: Madina-DAT Rasul(ABS) bore (M)become:PF-AOR
Translation: Madina got bored with Rasul.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: madina-s ʡali urče-w le-w .
Glosses: Madina-DAT Ali(ABS) in.heart-M(ESS) be-M
Translation: Madina remembers Ali.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-s hel dehʷ urče b-ak'-ib .
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-DAT this word(ABS) in.heart(LAT) N-come:PF-AOR
Translation: Rasul recalled that word.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: {ʡali-ze / ʡali-s} deč' qum-art-ur .
Glosses: Ali-INTER(LAT) / Ali-DAT song(ABS) forget-LV:PF-AOR
Translation: Ali forgot the song.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hi-ze g-ub-a sune-la-l urši ?
Glosses: who-INTER(LAT) see:PF-AOR-Q self-GEN-EMPH son(ABS)
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *sune-la-l urši-li-ze čija g-ub-a ?
Glosses: self-GEN-EMPH son-OBL-INTER(LAT) who(ABS) see:PF-AOR-Q
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: hi-sa ħa-d-ig-ul sune-la-l abaj ?
Glosses: who-DAT NEG-F1-love:IPF-PTCP self-GEN-EMPH mother(ABS)
Translation: Whoi does not love hisi mother?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: *sune-la-l abaj-s čija ħa-d-ig-ul ?
Glosses: self-GEN-EMPH mother-DAT who(ABS) NEG-F1-love:IPF-PTCP
Translation: Whoi does hisi mother not love?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ze arʁ-ib [abaj iz-uwe le-r ile].
Glosses: Ali-INTER(LAT) hear:PF-AOR mother(ABS) be.sick:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-F COMP
Translation: Ali heard that mother was sick.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-s dig-uwe le-b [anži-li uˤq'-es].
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-DAT want:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-N Makhachkala-IN(LAT) (M)go:PF-INF
Translation: Rasul wants to go to Makhachkala.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abzulaj-s b-ik-ib [ʡali w-ebk'-i-le ile].
Glosses: everyone+OBL-DAT N-happen:PF-AOR Ali(ABS) M-die:PF-AOR-CVB COMP
Translation: Everyone thought (lit. it occurred to everyone) that Ali was dead.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ze-la ajz-es ħa-b-urh-an .
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-INTER-EL (M)rise:PF-INF NEG-N-manage:IPF-HAB
Translation: Rasul cannot stand up.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ze-la ħa-b-uh-ub ʁarʁa aq b-aq'-as .
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-INTER-EL NEG-N-manage:PF-AOR stone(ABS) up N-do:PF-INF
Translation: Rasul did not manage to lift the stone.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši-li-ni kaʁar-t d-elk'-un .
Glosses: boy-OBL-ERG letter-PL(ABS) NPL-write:PF-AOR
Translation: The boy wrote letters.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši-li-ni kaʁar-t luk'-an .
Glosses: boy-OBL-ERG letter-PL(ABS) write:IPF-HAB
Translation: The boy writes letters (every day).
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši-li-ni kaʁar-t luk'-uwe le-r .
Glosses: boy-OBL-ERG letter-PL(ABS) write:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-NPL
Translation: The boy is writing letters.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši w-ak'-ib .
Glosses: boy(ABS) M-come:PF-AOR
Translation: The boy came.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: dursi d-ak'-ib .
Glosses: girl(ABS) F1-come:PF-AOR
Translation: The girl came.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: sinka-li ʡali w-aˤbʡ-ib .
Glosses: bear-ERG Ali(ABS) M-kill:PF-AOR
Translation: A bear killed Ali.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abaj-ze urši w-arg-ib .
Glosses: mother-INTER(LAT) boy(ABS) M-find:PF-AOR
Translation: Mother found her son.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adaj-ze dursi d-arg-ib .
Glosses: father-INTER(LAT) girl(ABS) F1-find:PF-AOR
Translation: Father found his daughter.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: madina-s ʡali w-ig-ib .
Glosses: Madina-DAT Ali(ABS) M-love:IPF-IPFT
Translation: Madina loved Ali.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-s madina d-ig-ib .
Glosses: Ali-DAT Madina(ABS) F1-love:IPF-IPFT
Translation: Ali loved Madina.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši iz-uwe le-w .
Glosses: boy(ABS) be.sick:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-M
Translation: The boy is sick.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: dursi iz-uwe le-r .
Glosses: girl(ABS) be.sick:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-F
Translation: The girl is sick.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: madina-ze rasul w-alh-uwe le-w .
Glosses: Madina-INTER(LAT) Rasul(ABS) M-know:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-M
Translation: Madina knows Ali.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ze madina d-alh-uwe le-r .
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-INTER(LAT) Madina(ABS) F1-know:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-F
Translation: Rasul knows Madina.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: madina-s rasul w-ig-uwe le-w .
Glosses: Madina-DAT Rasul(ABS) M-love:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-M
Translation: Madina loves Rasul.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-s madina d-ig-uwe le-r .
Glosses: Rasul+OBL-DAT Madina(ABS) F1-love:IPF-CVB.IPFV AUX-F
Translation: Rasul loves Madina.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: urši-li-ni i-le le-b …
Glosses: boy-OBL-ERG say:PF+AOR-CVB AUX-N …
Translation: The boy said that …
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adam-ule-ni huni b-aˤʡu b-aq'-ib .
Glosses: man-PL-ERG road(ABS) N-wide N-do:PF-AOR
Translation: Men widened the road.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: adam-ule-ni hun-be d-aˤʡu d-aq'-ib .
Glosses: man-PL-ERG road-PL(ABS) NPL-wide NPL-do:PF-AOR
Translation: Men widened the roads.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nuša-jni qali b-aq'-i-ra .
Glosses: we-ERG house(ABS) N-do:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: We built a house.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: di-ze sinka g-ub-ra .
Glosses: I-INTER(LAT) bear(ABS) see:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: I saw a bear.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: Q: ħu dag kuda {w-aˤq'-un-na / *w-aˤq'-un-a}?
Glosses: _ you.sg(ABS) yesterday where M-go:PF-AOR-EGO+Q / M-go:PF-AOR-Q
Translation: Where did you go yesterday?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: A: nu anži-li {w-aˤq'-un-na / *w-aˤq'-un}.
Glosses: _ I(ABS) Makhachkala-IN(LAT) M-go:PF-AOR-EGO / M-go:PF-AOR
Translation: I went to Makhachkala.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: Q: dag nu-ni sija {b-aq'-ib-a / *b-aq'-i-ra}?
Glosses: _ yesterday I-ERG what(ABS) N-do:PF-AOR-Q / N-do:PF-AOR-EGO+Q
Translation: What did I do yesterday?
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: A: ħu-ni poˤroˤm {b-uˤrʡ-aq-ib / *b-uˤrʡ-aq-i-ra}.
Glosses: _ you.sg-ERG glass(ABS) N-break:PF-CAUS-AOR / N-break:PF-CAUS-AOR-EGO
Translation: You broke a window.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: di-ze urx-ne {d-arg-i-ra / d-arg-ib}.
Glosses: I-INTER(LAT) key-PL(ABS) NPL-find:PF-AOR-EGO / NPL-find:PF-AOR
Translation: I found the keys.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: di-ze rasu-wa t'ama {arʁ-i-ra / arʁ-ib}.
Glosses: I-INTER(LAT) Rasul+OBL-GEN sound(ABS) hear:PF-AOR-EGO / hear:PF-AOR
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: di-ze rasul {w-alh-as / w-alh-an}.
Glosses: I-INTER(LAT) Rasul(ABS) M-know:IPF-HAB.EGO / M-know:IPF-HAB
Translation: I know Rasul.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: di-ze-la ajz-es {ħa-b-urh-an / ħa-b-urh-as}.
Glosses: I-INTER-EL (M)rise:PF-INF NEG-N-manage:IPF-HAB / NEG-N-manage:IPF-HAB.EGO
Translation: I cannot stand up.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: di-ze-la ħa-b-uh-ub(-ra) ʁarʁa aq b-aq'-as .
Glosses: I-INTER-EL NEG-N-manage:PF-AOR-EGO stone(ABS) up N-do:PF-INF
Translation: I did not manage to lift the stone.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: ʡali-ini nu {w-it-ib / *w-it-i-ra}.
Glosses: Ali-ERG I(ABS) M-beat:PF-AOR / M-beat:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: Ali beat me up.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: madina-ze nu {g-ub / *g-ub-ra}.
Glosses: Madina-INTER(LAT) I(ABS) see:PF-AOR / see:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: Madina saw me.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: rasuj-ni di-ze ca χabar {b-urh-ib / *b-urh-i-ra}.
Glosses: Rasul-ERG I-INTER(LAT) one story(ABS) N-tell:PF-AOR / N-tell:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: Rasul told me a story.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: abaj-ni di-ze ʁadur-me {d-az-aq-ib / *d-az-aq-i-ra}.
Glosses: mother-ERG I-INTER(LAT) dish-PL(ABS) NPL-wash:PF-CAUS-AOR / NPL-wash:PF-CAUS-AOR-EGO
Translation: Mother made me wash the dishes.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: di-ze-la guruška b-uˤrʡ-uˤb(-*ra).
Glosses: I-INTER-EL cup(ABS) N-break:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: A cup broke on me.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu quli-w w-aˤld-un-na .
Glosses: I(ABS) house-M(ESS) M-hide:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: I hid in the house.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nu quli-w w-aˤld-un .
Glosses: I(ABS) house-M(ESS) M-hide:PF-AOR
Translation: They hid me in the house.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nab rasul {w-ig-an / *w-ig-as}.
Glosses: I(DAT) Rasul(ABS) M-love:IPF-HAB / M-love:IPF-HAB.EGO
Translation: I love Rasul.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nab ʡaˤχ-il q'immat {b-ik-ib / *b-ik-i-ra}.
Glosses: I(DAT) good-ATR grade(ABS) N-happen:PF-AOR / N-happen:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: I got a good grade.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nab rasul eba {uh-ub / *uh-ub-ra}.
Glosses: I(DAT) Rasul(ABS) bore (M)become:PF-AOR / (M)become:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: I got bored with Rasul.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nab ʡali urče-w {le-w / *le-w-ra}.
Glosses: I(DAT) Ali(ABS) in.heart-M(ESS) be-M / be-M-EGO
Translation: I remember Ali.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nab hel dehʷ urče {b-ak'-ib / *b-ak'-i-ra}.
Glosses: I(DAT) this word(ABS) in.heart(LAT) N-come:PF-AOR / N-come:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: Rasul recalled that word.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nab {b-ik-ib / *b-ik-i-ra} ʡali w-ebk'-i-le ile .
Glosses: I(DAT) N-happen:PF-AOR / N-happen:PF-AOR-EGO Ali(ABS) M-die:PF-AOR-CVB COMP
Translation: I thought (it occurred to me) that Ali was dead.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: nab ʡali qum-art-ur(-*ra).
Glosses: I(DAT) Ali(ABS) forget-LV:PF-AOR-EGO
Translation: I forgot Ali.
Language: North-Central Dargwa
Transcription: madina-s nu {w-ig-an / *w-ig-as}.
Glosses: Madina-DAT I(ABS) M-love:IPF-HAB / M-love:IPF-HAB.EGO