lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɲikuku ʑo tɕe tɯmɯnɤmkʰa nɯtɕu , qro χsɯm pjɯɣinɯ
Glosses: every.day EMPH LNK heaven DEM:LOC pigeon three IPFV:DOWN-come-PL
Translation: Everyday, three pigeons came down from heaven.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <bazi> ɯŋgɯ ri tɤŋkea ma , kɯɤrqʰi kɤɕe mɯkucʰaa .
Glosses: yard 3SG.POSS-in LOC AOR-walk-1SG LNK SBJ:PCP-be.far INF-go NEG-PRS-can-1SG
Translation: I had a walk in the yard, I cannot go very far.' (conversation, 2017-09-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤmtsʰu ɯpɕoʁ tɕe jondʑaʁ tɕe joɕe .
Glosses: sea 3SG.POSS-side LOC IFR-swim LNK IFR-go
Translation: He swam towards the sea.' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟara ɯŋgɯ cʰɤrɟɯɣ ri ,
Glosses: yard 3SG.POSS-in IFR:DOWNSTREAM-run LNK
Translation: He ran out into the yard.' (140505 bulaimei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003911#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe joŋke joɕe tɕe tɕe , <changcheng> … ɯkɯβzu ra nɯɕki tɕe jozɣɯt .
Glosses: LNK IFR-walk IFR-go LNK LNK great.wall _ 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-make PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC IFR-arrive
Translation: She went [there] on foot and arrived where people were building the Great Wall.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006290#S145"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zgo tʰɤstɯɣ jannɯpɣaʁndʑi , tɯci tɕʰi jarma jannɯmɢlandʑi mɤxsi ma ,
Glosses: mountain how.many AOR:3→3-AUTO-turn.over-DU INDEF.POSS-water what about AOR:3→3-AUTO-cross-DU NEG-GENR:know LNK
Translation: It is not known how many mountains and rivers they crossed.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S50"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jikʰɯtsa sɤrku tsʰaŋ nɯnɯ , tanɤjoʁjoʁnɯ tanɯtʰajnɯ qʰe rcanɯ , <xuexiao> ɣɯ ɯ<caochang> ɯχcɤl ʑo natsɯmnɯ .
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-bowl OBL:PCP-put.in cupboard DEM AOR:3→3-lift.up.and.go.around-PL AOR:3→3-lift.up.and.carry-PL LNK UNEXP:DEG school GEN 3SG.POSS-playground 3SG.POSS-center EMPH AOR:3→3:EAST-take.away-PL
Translation: They lifted up the cupboard where we put our bowls, and carried it to the middle of the school playground.' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpɕi zɯ júwɣsco , sɤtɕʰa kɯɤrqʰi zɯ pjɯ́wɣlɤt mapɯ́wɣsat ra tukɯti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-outside LOC IPFV-INV-send place SBJ:PCP-be.far LOC IPFV:DOWN-INV-release NEG-IMP-INV-kill be.needed:FACT IPFV:DOWN-GENR:S/O-say SENS-be
Translation: One has to send [the snake] outside, to a place far away without killing it, people say.' (2010-11)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯwa kɯ ɣɯlɤ́wɣlɤti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-father ERG CISL-IFR:UPSTREAM-INV-release-1PL
Translation: His father give us a ride here (from Chengdu to Mbarkham).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rŋɯl rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tɤ́wɣsɯxɕe ɲɯŋu
Glosses: silver stairs 3SG.POSS-on IFR:UP-INV-CAUS-go SENS-be
Translation: They made her go up the silver stairs.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɤmtsɯr qʰe tɕendɤre ɯpʰɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu iɕqʰa nɯ , qajɣi ci ɲɤtɕɤt tɕe tonɯndza .
Glosses: IFR-be.hungry LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-fold.of.clothes DEM.LOC FILLER DEM bread INDEF IFR-take.out LNK IFR-AUTO-eat
Translation: He became hungry, took a piece of bread from the folds of his clothes and ate it.' (150830 san ge heshang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006416#S129"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤmtsʰu ɯmŋu zɯ jutɕɤtnɯ tɕe
Glosses: ocean 3SG.POSS-border LOC IPFV-take.out-PL LNK
Translation: [The whalers] take [the whale] to the shore.' (160703 jingyu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tʰɤjtɕu jamar nɤkʰa juɣia pe ?
Glosses: 1SG when about 2SG.POSS-house IPFV-come-1SG be.good:FACT
Translation: What time should I go to your house?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: arca jɤɣi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-following IMP-come
Translation: Come with me.' (several attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤrca tuɣia ra ma kutɕu aʑosti kurɤʑia mɯ́jcʰaa
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-following IPFV:UP-come-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK here 1SG-alone IPFV-stay-1SG NEG:SENS-can-1SG
Translation: I am going [to heaven] with you, I cannot stay here alone.' (02-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤrca tukɯtsɯma ra
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-following IPFV:UP-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: Take me with you [to heaven].' (31-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004077#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕekɯ zɯ rŋɯlkʰri ndi ɲɤɕtʰɯz , tɕendi zɯ kɯ koɕtʰɯz tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK east.DISTAL LOC silver-seat west IFR:WEST-turn.towards west.DISTAL LOC east IFR:EAST-turn.towards LNK
Translation: On the eastearn side, he turned the silver seat towards the west, and on the western side he turned [the other seat] towards the east.' (smAnmi2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ kʰɯtsa nɯ tuɕtʰɯznɯ , tɯmɲaʁ ɯpa ri tuɕtʰɯznɯ kɯfse tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM bowl DEM IPFV:UP-turn.towards-PL INDEF.POSS-eye 3SG.POSS-below LOC IPFV:UP-turn.towards-PL INF:STAT-be.like LNK
Translation: [The lamas] turn the bowl upwards below the eye [of the patient].' (27-tApGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯfsoʁ ɯjroʁ kɯfse ci jutʰi tɕe ,
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.bright 3SG.POSS-trace SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF IPFV:UNSPECIFIED-leave.trace[III] LNK
Translation: The shooting star leaves something like a bright trail.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤarmbat tɕe kurtoʁ tɕe , tɕeri ɯʑo ɯpi ʁnɯz nɯni pjɤŋundʑi .
Glosses: AOR-be.close LNK IPFV-look LNK LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling two DEM:DU IFR.IPFV-be-DU
Translation: As he moved closer, he saw that [the people about to be executed] were his brothers.' (140507 jinniao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003931#S318"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯjɤɲat ʑo mɤɕtʂa joɕe
Glosses: NEG-AOR-be.tired EMPH until IFR-go
Translation: He went [after them] until he became tired.' (160706 poucet6) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006109#S45"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alo nɤ lorɟɯɣ atʰi nɤ cʰɤrɟɯɣ
Glosses: upstream ADD IFR:UPSTREAM-run downstream ADD IFR:DOWNSTREAM-run
Translation: He ran upstream and downstream.' (160720 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯndɤcu tɕe , mtsʰu kɯwɣrum ci ɲɤkɤtɯɣci .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-west LOC lake SBJ:PCP-be.white INDEF IFR:WEST-PEG-meet-PEG
Translation: In the west from there, he came upon a white lake.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S97"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi nɯ ɣɯ ɯtaʁ tɤari ɲɯŋu
Glosses: tree.trunk.stairway DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-on AOR:UP-go[II] SENS-be
Translation: He went up the tree trunk stairway.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯɲɟɤt kɯ tɯci ɯŋgɯ pjɤmtsaʁ qʰe pjɤsi .
Glosses: LNK NMLZ:ACTION-regret ERG INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in IFR:DOWN-jump LNK IFR-die
Translation: (Desperate from) regret, he jumped into the water and died.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pot stʰɯci kɯɤrqʰi me ri , nɯtɕu tɤari ɕti tɕe
Glosses: Tibet such.as SBJ:PCP-be.far not.exist:FACT LNK DEM.LOC AOR:UP-go[II] be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: There is no [place] further away [from here] than Tibet, but he went there.' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟa pjɤɕe tɕe
Glosses: Chine IFR:DOWN-go LNK
Translation: He went to China.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “rqaco pjɯɕea" tukɯti , “smɯlju pɯaria" tutinɯ . tɕe ma nɯnɯ zgo nɯ tukɯɕe tɕe , akɯ tɕe pa pjɯkɯɕe ɲɯra loβ , tɕe núndʐa ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: TOPO IPFV:DOWN-go-1SG IPFV-GENR-say TOPO AOR:DOWN-go[II]-1SG IPFV-say-PL LNK LNK DEM mountain DEM IPFV:UP-GENR:S/O-go LNK east LOC down IPFV:DOWN-GENR:S/O-go SENS-be.needed SFP LNK for.this.reason SENS-be
Translation: People say `I will go (down) to Rqakyo', or `I went [down] to Smeliu', this is because one has to go up a mountain and back down its eastern side.' (150904 akW andi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006372#S15"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alo jitɯci cʰɯkɯɣi , <jiaomujiao> tɯci nɯ
Glosses: upstream 1PL.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-come pl.n INDEF.POSS-water DEM
Translation: Our river upstream [in Kamnyu], the Kyomkyo river…' (150820 ZNGWloR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕʰitʰɤn cʰɤɣi tɕendɤre <dianchang> cʰɤpʰɯt . <dianchang> cʰɤpʰɯt , nɯnɯ tɯɲɤt tʰɯɣe nɯ ɯrca nɯtɕu tɕe , nɯŋa pɯkɯnɯrɯ nɯ tɤrca cʰɤ́wɣɣɯt , tɯrdoʁ .
Glosses: LNK mudslide IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come LNK power.station IFR:DOWNSTREAM-take.out power.station IFR:DOWNSTREAM-take.out DEM landslide AOR:DOWNSTREAM-come[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-together DEM.LOC LOC cow PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-grazing DEM together IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring one.piece
Translation: The mudslide swept away the power station. It swept away the power station, and when the landslide occurred, it took away a cow that was grazing [there].' (160715 nWNa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki tɯci cʰɯkɯɣi kɯki túwɣnɯɴqʰu lukɯɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-water IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-come DEM.PROX IPFV-INV-follow IPFV:UPSTREAM-GENR:S/O-go LNK
Translation: [If] you follow this creek upstream…' (04-cuiniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰipʰɯɣ ɯpɕoʁ lukɯɕe nɯ tɕe “lo", tɕʰimtʰa ɯpɕoʁ cʰɯkɯɕe nɯ tɕe “tʰɯaria", “tʰi” túwɣnɯsɤrmi ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: source.of.the.river 3SG.POSS-side IPFV:UPSTREAM-gen:S/O-go DEM LNK upstream lower.reaches 3SG.POSS-side IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-GENR:S/O-go DEM LNK AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II]-1SG downstream IPFV-INV-AUTO-call SENS-be
Translation: One calls going towards the source of the river UPSTREAM, and going towards the lower reaches of the river `downstream.' (150904 akW andi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰuβdɯn kɯsɤsɯxɕɤt lɤaria .
Glosses: TOPO SBJ:PCP-APASS-teach AOR:UPSTREAM-go[II]-1SG
Translation: I went to Tshobdun to teach.' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S69"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟa sɤz kɯɤrqʰi me ri , nɯtɕu tʰɯari ɕti
Glosses: China COMIT SBJ:PCP-be.far.away not.exist:FACT LNK DEM:LOC AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: There is no [place] further away [from here] than China, but he went there.' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕɯχtsi kɤarij , kɯnɤmɲo
Glosses: TOPO AOR:EAST-go[II]-1PL SBJ:PCP-watch
Translation: We went to Cogtse, to visit.' (conversation, 2013-10-15)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤɣɤt ci cʰɯɕea
Glosses: toilet a.little IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go-1SG
Translation: I am going to the bathroom.' (heard several times in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤmɲɯ mɯlɤtsɯma
Glosses: TOPO NEG-AOR:UPSTREAM-take.away-1SG
Translation: I did not take [my mobile phone] to Kamnyu.' (said after having come back to Mbarkham, conversation, 16-02-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe mbarkʰom kɯrɤβzjoz tʰɯɣea ,
Glosses: LNK TOPO SBJ:PCP-APASS-study AOR:DOWNSTREAM-come[II]-1SG
Translation: I came to Mbarkham to study.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S48"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕlaʁ ʑo tɯci ɯŋgɯ cʰɤmtsʰaʁ tɕe pjɤʑɣɤsat .
Glosses: IDPH(I):immediately EMPH INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in IFR:DOWNSTREAM-jump LNK IFR-REFL-kill
Translation: He immediately jumped into the water to commit suicide and died.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S117"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βlama nɯra kɯ … tsʰɤtʰɤr lulɤtnɯ ɲɯŋu . tɕe tɯci ɯŋgɯ scʰɯlɤtnɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: lama DEM:PL ERG _ life.release IPFV-release-PL SENS-be LNK INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-release-PL LNK
Translation: The lamas perform life release and release [aquatic animals] into the water.' (140510 wugui) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003951#S14"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <wugui> nɯ tɯci ɯŋgɯ lonɯɬoʁ
Glosses: turtle DEM INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in IFR:UPSTREAM-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The turtle came out of the water.' (elicited, based on a text example)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrmɯkʰa ri tɕe tɕendi ri tɤŋe ɯsɤɕqʰlɤt pɕoʁ ri tu .
Glosses: dusk LOC LNK west LOC sun 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-disappear side LOC exist:FACT
Translation: [This star] is found in the west at dusk, at the place where the sun sets.' (29-mWBZi,76)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrdoʁ nɯnɯ , ɕɤrpɕoʁ koɕe , tɯrdoʁ nɯnɯ ʁmbɣi ɯsɤɕqʰlɤt nɯtɕu ɲɤɕqʰlɤt .
Glosses: one-piece DEM east IFR:EAST-go one-piece DEM sun 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-disappear DEM:LOC IFR:WEST-disappear
Translation: One [of the feathers] went to the east, another one disappeared in the direction where the sun sets.' (140510 sanpian yumao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003947#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤŋe ɲɤnɯɬoʁ
Glosses: sun IFR:WEST-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The sun rose (from the east, towards the west)'. (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora tɕe “sɤrndzu kɤaria" tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: 1PL LNK TOPO AOR:EAST-go[II]-1SG IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: We (in Kamnyu) say “I went (eastwards) to Sarndzu.' (150904 akW andi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006372#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <jinchuan> nɯazɣɯti ri
Glosses: TOPO AOR:WEST-arrive-1PL LNK
Translation: When we arrived in Jinchuan…' (2010-1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤrca aʑo kɯnɤ <faguo> ɲɯɣia .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-following 1SG also France IPFV:WEST-come-1SG
Translation: I am going with you to France.' (conversation, 2013)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ (<dianhua>) kulɤt ɕti ma , aʑo ɲɯlata mɤkʰɯ tɕe , andi kurɤʑi tɕe ɯ<dianhuahaoma> akɤti mɤkʰɯ
Glosses: 3SG ERG phone IPFV:WEST-release be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG IPFV:WEST-release-1SG NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK west IPFV-stay LNK 3SG.POSS-phone.number 1SG.POSS-INF-say NEG-be.possible:FACT
Translation: It is he who calls [me on the phone], I cannot call him, he lives in the west (in France), I cannot say his phone number.' (conversation, 16-12-28)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: andi smɤnmimitoʁkuɕana ɕɯnɤʁdana ra tɕe , ɲɯɕea tɕe , kɤɣea tɕe apɯŋu
Glosses: west ANTHR TRAL-invite:FACT-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK IPFV:WEST-go-1SG LNK AOR:EAST-come[II]-1SG LNK IRR-IPFV-be
Translation: I am going to the west to invite Smanmi Metog Koshana [to our realm], let us do [the wedding] when I come [back].' (smAnmi 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ rɟɤkɤr ɲɯɕe kɯra ,
Glosses: DEM India IPFV:WEST-go SBJ:PCP-be.needed
Translation: That [daughter] has to go to India.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ χwɤr kuɕe kɯra ɕti ,
Glosses: DEM TOPO IPFV:EAST-go SBJ:PCP-be.needed be.AFF:FACT
Translation: That [daughter] has to go to Hor.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qapri nɯ kɯ kɯcʰu pʰɤri li kɤ́wɣtɕɤt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: snake DEM ERG east-APPROX.LOC opposite.bank again AOR:EAST-INV-take.out SENS-be
Translation: The snake took him to the opposite bank.' (divination 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯcʰu pʰɤri nɯtɕu ɯwa kotsɯm tɕe ,
Glosses: east-APPROX.LOC opposite.bank DEM.LOC 3SG.POSS-father IFR:EAST-take.away LNK
Translation: He took his father to the opposite bank of the river.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ<beifen> kɯmbro nɯra lumaŋlonɯ ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-seniority SBJ:PCP-be.high DEM.PL IPFV:UPSTREAM-be.upstream-PL
Translation: The elders [sit] higher (i.e. upstream).' (31-khAjmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004079#S59"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ tɤftsa nɯ tɤrpɯ sɤz lukɯmaŋlo mɯpjɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-ZS DEM INDEF.POSS-MB COMP IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.upstream NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: (In former times) nephews (were not allowed to) be seated higher (i.e. upstream) than their maternal uncles.' (08-saCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003462#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo ɲɯtɯmaŋlo ɕti ma aʑo ɲɯmaŋtʰia ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG SENS-2-be.upstream be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG SENS-be.downstream-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: You are upstream and I am downstream.' (2014, lang he yang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯpa pɯari tɕe tɕe , awɤmɯ ɯɣe pɯnɯŋu , asqʰaj ɣɯ ɯɣe pɯnɯŋu tɕe aʑo tɤrcɯrca “aɣe" tutia ɕti .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-down AOR:DOWN-go[II] LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-brother 3SG.POSS-grandchild PST.IPFV-AUTO-be 1SG.POSS-sister GEN 3SG.POSS-grandchild PST.IPFV-AUTO-be LNK 1SG together 1SG.POSS-grandchild IPFV-say-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: In the [generation] below [that of my nephews], I say a-ɣe `my grandchild' (to all grandnephews), whether they are my brother's grandchildren or my sister's granchildren.' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯtɯsɤscit kɯ nɯ tɤrʑaʁ nɯari mɯpjɤtso .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-be.happy ERG DEM INDEF.POSS-time AOR:WEST-go[II] NEG-IFR-understand
Translation: It was so nice there that he did not realize that [a lot of] time had passed.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S273"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤntɕʰɯsla ɲɤɕqʰlɤt ri
Glosses: several-months IFR:WEST-disappear LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯxpa jɤtsuj ,
Glosses: three-year AOR:UNSPECIFIED-pass-1SG
Translation: We have been [together] for three years [now], and …' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: praʁkʰaŋ ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu loɕe ɲɯŋu tɕeri
Glosses: cave 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:UPSTREAM-go SENS-be LNK
Translation: He went into the cave.' (140425 shizi huli he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɯŋgɯ lɤɣindʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-in IMP:UPSTREAM-come-DU LNK
Translation: Come inside the house.' (140507 tangguowu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003933#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ kɯ kɯm lostʰoʁ tɕe , ɯŋgɯ loɕe .
Glosses: wolf DEM ERG door IFR:UPSTREAM-push LNK 3SG.POSS-in IFR:UPSTREAM-go
Translation: The wolf pushed the door open and went in.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɯpɕi cʰɤɬoʁ .
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-outside IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come.out
Translation: She came out of the house.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S27"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɤmɯɣdɯ ɯlɤcu ɯmŋu ri qandʑi cʰɯrkunɯ
Glosses: musket 3SG.POSS-upstream 3SG.POSS-opening LOC bullet IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-put.in-PL
Translation: They load the bullet into the [barrel] of the musket from the opening [the muzzle]' (28-CAmWGdW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003712#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ mɯzi nɯ tunɯt tɕe tɕe qandʑi nɯ luβde tɕe juɕe ɲɯŋu
Glosses: DEM gunpowder DEM IPFV-burn LNK LNK bullet DEM IPFV:UPSTREAM-throw LNK IPFV:UNSPECIFIED-go SENS-be
Translation: The gunpowder flares and drives the bullet out (of the barrel of the muzzle).' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: scapa loχɕoʁ
Glosses: sword IFR:UPSTREAM-take.out
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre “tɤfkɯm ɯŋgɯ tɕe tʰɯɕe ɲɯntsʰi wo" toti . tɕendɤre <dongguoxiansheng> nɯ kɯ iɕqʰa tɤfkɯm ɯŋgɯ jɯɣi nɯra tsuku lotɕɤt , … spjaŋkɯ nɯ nɯ ɯŋgɯ cʰɤrku .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-bag 3SG.POSS-in LOC IMP:DOWNSTREAM-go SENS-be.better SFP IFR-say LNK ANTHR DEM ERG the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-bag 3SG.POSS-in book DEM:PL some IFR:UPSTREAM-take.out _ wolf DEM DEM 3SG.POSS-in IFR:DOWNSTREAM-put.in
Translation: Mr. Dongguo said: `Why don't you go into the bag [to hide]', took out some of the books from the bag, and put the wolf into it.' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <suoluomen> nɯ kɯ aʑo kɯki pʰoŋ ɯŋgɯ tɕe tʰɯ́wɣrkua ŋu ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG 1SG DEM.PROX bottle 3SG.POSS-in LOC AOR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-put.in-1SG be:FACT
Translation: Solomon put me in this bottle.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: marrgɤm ɯŋgɯ zɯ χwɤr ra ɣɯ nɯrɟɤβlun tʰamtɕɤt ɣɯ nɯku nɯ pjɤrku
Glosses: butter-box 3SG.POSS-in LOC TOPO PL GEN 3PL.POSS-ministers ALL GEN 3PL.POSS-head DEM TRAL-IFR:DOWN-put.in
Translation: He had put the heads of all the ministers of Hor in a butter box.' (gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯsloχpɯn nɯ kɯ rgɤm ɯŋgɯ zɯ , nɤkinɯ , χɕɤlmdoŋ ci totɕɤt tɕe ɲɤmbi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-teacher DEM ERG box 3SG.POSS-in LOC FILLER spyglass INDEF IFR:UP-take.out LNK IFR-give
Translation: His teacher took a spyglass from a box and gave it to him.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: taqaβ nɯ ɯrna ri spoʁ tɕe , tɕe nɯtɕu tɤri ɲɯ́wɣrʁe ,
Glosses: needle DEM 3SG.POSS-ear LOC have.a.hole:FACT LNK LNK DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-thread IPFV:WEST-INV-pass.through
Translation: The needle has an eye at its tip, and one passes the thread though it.' (12-kAtsxWb) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003486#S29"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯŋa ɯndʐi tʰɯkɤrɤɣdɯt ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu koɕe .
Glosses: cow 3SG.POSS-skin IPFV-OBJ:PCP-distend 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-go
Translation: He went into the distended hide of the cow.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɣɯ ɯrna ɯŋgɯ xɕelwi koɕe ɲɯŋu
Glosses: DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-ear 3SG.POSS-in tick IFR:EAST-go SENS-be
Translation: A tick went into his ear.' (kAndZislama 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɕa ɯŋgɯ kɤari qʰe , koŋla ɯŋgɯ ʑo kuɕe ɕti .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-flesh 3SG.POSS-in AOR:EAST-go[II] LNK completely 3SG.POSS-in EMPH IPFV:EAST-go be.AFF:FACT
Translation: When [its thorn] goes into the flesh, it penetrates completely.' (17-xCAj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯrme nɯ ɯpɕi ɲɤɕtʰɯz , ɯndʐi nɯ ɯŋgɯ koɕtʰɯz tɕe tɕe toŋga .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hair DEM 3SG.POSS-outside IFR:WEST-turn.towards 3SG.POSS-skin DEM 3SG.POSS-in IFR:EAST-turn.towards LNK LNK IFR-wear
Translation: He turned the fur [of the jacket]_i towards the outside, and the leather towards the inside and wore it_i.' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmbri ɯkʰɯkʰa ɯʁar nɯ kɯra ntsɯ tuste ŋu ma jɯkɯnɯqambɯmbjom tɤkɯrɤŋgat nɯ kɯfse , ɯʁar nɯ ɲɯqɤt nɤ kuwum … ŋu
Glosses: AOR-make.noise 3SG.POSS-while 3SG.POSS-wing DEM DEM.PROX:PL always IPFV-do.like[III] be:FACT LNK PROXM-SBJ:PCP-fly IPFV-SBJ:PCP-prepare DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like 3SG.POSS-wing DEM IPFV:WEST-separate ADD IPFV:EAST-gather _ be:FACT
Translation: When it sings, it does this with its wings, as if it is about to fly, it [repeatedly] spreads its wings and then folds them back.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɤɣɤrɤt tɕe ɯrɟit ra kɯ korɤɕinɯ ɲɤrɤɕinɯ ʑo ɲɯŋu
Glosses: IFR:DOWN-throw LNK 3SG.POSS-offspring PL ERG IFR:EAST-pull IFR:WEST-pull-PL EMPH SENS-be
Translation: She threw them_i down there, and her children tore them_i apart (pulled them_i right and left in a disorderly way).' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S349"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu nɯ kɯ ci komɟa , ci ɲomɟa tɕe
Glosses: cat DEM ERG one IFR:EAST-grab one IFR:WEST-grab LNK
Translation: The cat grabbed one from his left and one from his right.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɟiga ki kɯfse kuɕe nɤ ɲɯɣi , kuɕe nɤ ɲɯɣi ,
Glosses: zigzag DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:EAST-go ADD IPFV:WEST-come IPFV:EAST-go ADD IPFV:WEST-come
Translation: The zigzags go left and right.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤdi nɯnɯ tɕe atʰi tutinɯ . ɕaŋlo nɯ tɕe alo tutinɯ , kʰɤɕkʰɤr nɯ tɕe kutɕu pɕoʁ pɯnɯŋu , kutɕu pɕoʁ pɯnɯŋu , tɕekɯ tutinɯ . tɕe “nɤʑo tɕekɯ kɤnɯɕe" nɯra tutinɯ .
Glosses: lady.seating.place DEM LNK downstream IPFV-say-PL elder.lady.seating.place DEM LNK upstream IPFV-say-PL man.seating.place DEM LNK here side PST.IPFV-AUTO-be here side PST.IPFV-AUTO-be eastwards IPFV-say-PL LNK 1SG eastwards IMP:EAST-AUTO-go DEM:PL IPFV-say-PL
Translation: For the seating of the ladies, they say DOWNSTREAM, for that of the elder ladies they say UPSTREAM, for that of the men, whether it is here or here, they say EASTWARDS, they say `go over there EASTWARDS'. (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ pɯnɯxtɕinɯ pɯnɯwxtinɯ tɕe kʰɤɕkʰɤr tɕu kuɕenɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.small-PL PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.big-PL LNK men.seating.place LOC IPFV:EAST-go-PL
Translation: Men, whether they are young or older, go to the men's EASTWARD seating place.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: saŋdi nɯtɕu si ɲɯtanɯ
Glosses: seating.place DEM:LOC wood IPFV:WEST-put-PL
Translation: They put the firewood on the WESTWARD seating place (that is opposite the men's EASTWARD seating place).' (31-khAjmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004079#S36"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯsqar nɯ tʰɯari tɕe tɕe , nɤki , kɯki túwɣstu tɕe cʰɯ́wɣɣnda .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-intersection.of.warp.threads DEM AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II] LNK LNK FILLER DEM.PROX IPFV-INV-do.like LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-tamp
Translation: As the intersection of the [upper and lower] warp threads goes down, one does this to tamp it down.' (vid-20140429090403) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003776#S57"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtaʁ cʰo ɯpa ɣɯ ɯʁjar ni pjɯɤqɤtʂʰandʑi , nɯtɕu tɯjlɤβ ɲɯ́wɣrʁe tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-top COMIT 3SG.POSS-bottom GEN 3SG.POSS-warp DU IPFV-be.crossed-DU DEM.LOC INDEF.POSS-weft IPFV:WEST-INV-insert LNK
Translation: The upper and lower warp threads are crossed, and at [the crossing place] one inserts the weft.' (additional explanation provided while transcribing the video from which fig:loom1 is taken).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕnat kɯ tɤri ra tɕe nɯ kɯ túwɣsɯjoʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: heddle ERG INDEF.POSS-thread PL LNK DEM ERG IPFV:UP-INV-CAUS-raise LNK
Translation: One lifts the [warp] threads with the heddles.' (2011-06-thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qartsɯ tɕe kucɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: winter LOC IPFV-hibernate SENS-be
Translation: In winter, [the bear] hibernates.' (21-pri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003580#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe qartsɯ tɕe nɯnɯ si kʰoŋrɤl tɤkɯɤri nɯ ɯŋgɯ nɯmaʁ tucɯ , nɯmaʁnɤ , praʁpa ɯŋgɯ luɕe tɕe lucɯ .
Glosses: LNK winter LOC DEM wood hollow.tree AOR:UP-SBJ:PCP-go[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-in otherwise IPFV:UP-hibernate otherwise cave 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:UPSTREAM-go LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-hibernate
Translation: In winter, it either hibernates in a hollow tree, or goes into a cave and hibernates (there).' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si ɯngɯ tɤkɯso , ɯŋgɯ tɤkɯrom , nɯnɯ pjɯsaχsi tɕe , nɯ ɯŋgɯ ɕtucɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: wood 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-be.hollow 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-be.dried DEM IPFV-do.completely LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in TRAL-IPFV:UP-hibernate SENS-be
Translation: Trees whose inside is hollow, whose inside is dried out, [the bear] hollows it completely, goes up [the hole] and hibernates there.' (21-pri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003580#S53"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤmɲɯ tɕe tɕe mɯŋi kɤɕe tɤra tɕe , “mɯŋi ɲɯɕea" tukɯti ŋu . tɕe mɯŋi tɕe kɤmɲɯ nɯ tɕe tɕe , nɤki , “kɤmɲɯ kɤɣea , kɤmɲɯ kuɕea ŋu" nɯra tutinɯ .
Glosses: TOPO LOC LNK TOPO INF-go AOR-be.needed LNK TOPO IPFV:WEST-go-1SG IPFV-GENR:S/O-say be:FACT LNK TOPO LOC TOPO DEM LNK LNK FILLER TOPO AOR:EAST-come[II]-1SG pl.n IPFV:EAST-go-1SG be:FACT DEM:PL IPFV-say-PL
Translation: When one has to go from Kamnyu to Mengi, one says `I am going (westwards) to Mengi, and from Mengi to Kamnyu, people say `I came (eastwards) to Kamnyu, I am going (eastwards) to Kamnyu.' (150904 akW andi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯŋi ɲɯsɤxɕe tʂu nɯnɯre ri ,
Glosses: TOPO IPFV:WEST-OBL:PCP-go path DEM:LOC LOC
Translation: On the road (from Kamnyu) towards Mengi…' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɤmɲɯ tɕe tɕe <erchacun> ɲɯkɯ ... kukɯɕe tɕe tɕe , nɯnɯ “kuɕea" tukɯti ŋu . <erchacun> tɕe kɤmɲɯ anɯɣinɯ tɕe nɯ `kɤmɲɯ nɯaria , kɤmɲɯ nɯɣea" nɯra tutinɯ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK TOPO LOC LNK TOPO _ IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-go LNK LNK DEM IPFV:EAST-go-1SG IPFV-GENR:S/O-say be:FACT TOPO LOC TOPO IRR-PFV:WEST-come-PL LNK DEM TOPO AOR:WEST-go[II]-1SG TOPO AOR:WEST-come[II]-1SG DEM:PL IPFV-say-PL be:FACT
Translation: When one goes from Kamnyu to Erchacun, one says `I go (eastwards)', and when people come to Kamnyu from Erchacun, they says `I went, I came (westwards).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯrtsɤɣ nɯ kɯ , nɤki , tɯrme ra ɣɯ nɯfsapaʁ nɯ cʰɯndze , … qaʑo tsʰɤt nɯ cʰɯndze pjɤŋu ,
Glosses: leopard DEM ERG FILLER people PL GEN 3PL.POSS-animal DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-eat[III] _ sheep goat DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-eat[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The snow leopard was eating farm animals, eating …., sheep and goats.' (qala kWCqraR 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri qandʐe kɯ tʰɤlwa ʁɟa cʰɯndze ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: LNK earthworm ERG earth completely IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF
Translation: The earthworm only eats earth.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrkɯ kɯfse kuʑe tɕe , mɯkɤarɕo mɤɕtʂa kundze ɣɤʑu ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-side SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:EAST-being[III] LNK NEG-AOR:EAST-be.finished until IPFV:EAST-eat[III] exist:SENS
Translation: Sometimes [the eclipse] starts on one side, and `eats' [the moon] until it [disappears] completely.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯŋa qʰe qaʑo tsʰɤt nɯra pjɤdɤnnɯ tɕe , nɯtɕu ɲɯnɯrɯnɯ tɕe sɯjno tundzanɯ pjɤŋu ,
Glosses: cow LNK sheep goat DEM:PL IFR.IPFV-be.many-PL LNK DEM:LOC IPFV:WEST-eat.grass-PL LNK grass IPFV:UP-eat-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: There were many cows, sheep and goats, and they were eating grass there.' (150819 woniu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯci konɯkʰɯɣ ʑo kotsʰi .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water IFR:EAST-gulp EMPH IFR:EAST-drink
Translation: He gulped the water.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯci kɯnɤ cʰɯɕe mɯɲɤkʰɯ . tɯci cʰɯtsʰi mɯɲɤkʰɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water also IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go NEG-IFR-be.possible INDEF.POSS-water IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-drink NEG-IFR-be.possible
Translation: Even water could not go [down his throat], he could not drink anymore.' (of a person suffering from throat cancer) (27-tWfCAl) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003710#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯwa nɯ kɯ cʰa ntsɯ cʰɯtsʰi qʰe , ɯme mɯ́jnɯβdaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-father DEM ERG alcohol always IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-drink LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter NEG:SENS-take.care
Translation: Her father was drinking alcohol all the time, and did not take care of his daughter.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯsŋɯro luχɤβ ʑo tɕe nɯ βɣɤza nɯ ɯkɯr ɯŋgɯ lunɯɕe ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-breath IPFV:UPSTREAM-suck EMPH DEM LNK fly DEM 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:UPSTREAM-AUTO-go be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [The frog]_i breathes in and the fly goes into its_i mouth by itself.' (27-qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki ɯʁɤri sɯstaʁ ʑo ɯɕɣa anɯxtɕi ra
Glosses: DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-before COMP EMPH 3SG.POSS-age IRR-PFV:WEST-small be.needed:FACT
Translation: May she become younger than before!' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤʑɯ ʑo ɯkʰa ra towxti tɕe ,
Glosses: even.more EMPH 3SG.POSS-house PL IFR:UP-be.big LNK
Translation: His house had become even bigger.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯtɕɯ nɯ ʑɯrɯʑɤri cʰɤwxti
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-son DEM progressively IFR:DOWNSTREAM-be.big
Translation: His son progressively grew up.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe <yimi> jamar ma turɲɟi mɤcʰa ma
Glosses: LNK one.meter about apart.from IPFV:UP-be.long NEG-can:FACT LNK
Translation: It cannot grow longer than about one meter.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrgi ɣɯ ɯmat lurɲɟi tsa ŋu tɕe , nɤki jima popo tsa fse .
Glosses: fir GEN 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV:UPSTREAM-be.long a.little be:FACT LNK FILLER maize cob a.little be.like:FACT
Translation: The fir cone is elongated, a bit like the corncob (07-tAtho)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɤr nɯ cʰɯrɲɟi , sŋi nɯ cʰɯxtɯt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: night DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.long day DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.short SENS-be
Translation: The nights are becoming longer, and the days shorter.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯkɯxtɕi tɕe , nɯnɯ ʑŋgri nɯ nɯmɤrʑaβ ɯraŋ tɕe , tɯkɤrme cʰɯ́wɣrɤɕi tɕe , cʰɯrɲɟi ŋu totinɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.small LNK DEM star DEM AOR-marry 3SG.POSS-time LNK GENR.POSS-hair IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-pull LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.long be:FACT IFR-say-PL LNK
Translation: When we were young, people said that when there is a shooting star, if you pull your hair, it will grow longer.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɤɣ nɯ li kɯmbɯ~mbro tuβze cʰa
Glosses: juniper DEM again SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.high IPFV:UP-make[III] can:FACT
Translation: The juniper grows very high.' (08-CAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003442#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrgi laŋlaŋ nɯnɯ , laβzu ɕimɯma nɯ ɲɯɤrŋi ,
Glosses: fir cone DEM AOR:UPSTREAM:3→3-make immediately DEM SENS-be.green
Translation: The fir cone is green when it has just come out.' (08-tWrgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003464#S67"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯru ra kɯxtsʰɯ~xtsʰɯm ŋu ri , kɯzɯ~zri ʑo cʰɯβze qʰe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.thin be:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.long EMPH IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-make[III] LNK
Translation: Although its stalk is very thin, it grows very long.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɯŋgɯpɤjka nɯ ɯmat nɯnɯ pɤjka kɯfse cʰɯβze ,
Glosses: wild.squash DEM 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM squash SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-make[III]
Translation: Wild squash grows fruits like those of the [cultivated] squash.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤpɤtso cʰondzɤt
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child IFR:DOWNSTREAM-grow
Translation: The child grew up.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰam tɕe mɤʑɯ tɤdɤnnɯ
Glosses: now LNK even.more AOR:UP-be.many-PL
Translation: Now they are even more numerous than before.' (140522 tshupa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004053#S84"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑitɕɯ ci totu
Glosses: 3du.POSS-son INDEF IFR:UP-exist
Translation: They had one son.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɕɯ tosci ɕi , ɯme tosci ?
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-son IFR-be.born QU 3SG.POSS-girl IFR-be.born
Translation: Did she have a boy or a girl?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora nɯɕki ɣɯtomkʰroŋ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 2PL 2PL.POSS-DAT CISL-IFR:UP-be.born SENS-be
Translation: He had come to be born in their [family].' (150825 nezha naohai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006272#S35"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰɤt nɯ tʰɯrɤpɯ tɕe , ʁnɯz ntsɯ cʰɯlɤt ŋgrɤl
Glosses: goat DEM AOR:DOWNSTREAM-have.young LNK two always IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-release be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: When goats have young, they give birth to two [kids] at a time.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯji ɯŋgɯ nɯra cʰɯrɤŋgɯm ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in DEM:PL IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-lay.eggs be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It lays eggs in the fields.' (24-kWmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003618#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɯr ɯŋgɯ tɯci pɯaʁea tɕe , asroʁ totu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in INDEF.POSS-water AOR:DOWN-be.needed.eat-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-life IFR:UP-exist
Translation: I have water in my mouth to drink, my life is back.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯrte ra ɲɤnɯβde tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hat PL IFR:WEST-AUTO-lose LNK
Translation: [The boy] lost his hat' (Pear story 2010, Tshendzin, 12)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mtsʰu nɯ cʰɯmcʰɯm ʑo , tɕe , tɯskɤm pjɤsɤʑa tɕe mtsʰu nɯ ɲɤme tɕe
Glosses: lake DEM IDPH(II):slowly EMPH LNK INF:II-dry.up IFR:DOWN-start LNK lake DEM IFR:WEST-not.exist LNK
Translation: The level of the lake started to go down slowly and the lake disappeared.' (nyima2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zgoku nɯtɕu si nɯ ʑɯrɯʑɤri ɲɯ~ɲɤrkɯn ʑo
Glosses: mountain DEM:LOC tree DEM progressively INCR~IFR:WEST-be.few EMPH
Translation: There were fewer and fewer trees on the mountain.' (04-xiaocunzhuang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003394#S24"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤŋe nɯ ɲɯɕqʰlɤt kunɤjɤm ra kʰi ma tɤŋe nɯ wuma ʑo nɯɣme kʰi .
Glosses: sun DEM IPFV:WEST-disappear IPFV-wait[III] be.needed:FACT hearsay LNK sun DEM really EMPH APPL-be.afraid[III]:FACT hearsay
Translation: [The yeti] waits for the sun to disappear [before eating the man he has caught], because he fears the sun, it is said.' (140510 mYWrgAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma si tɤme tɕe li nɯ ɲɯpʰɯtnɯ
Glosses: DEM apart.from wood AOR:UP-not.exist LNK again DEM IPFV-take.out-PL
Translation: When there is no other wood than this, people cut it.' (07-Zmbri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo ɯχti ɲɤme tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-companion IFR:WEST-not.exist LNK
Translation: Her husband passed away.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S111"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βdaʁmu nɯ tongo tɕe ɲɤsi .
Glosses: lady DEM IFR-be.ill LNK IFR:WEST-die
Translation: The lady became ill and died.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jima ɯrɣi nɯplɯti
Glosses: maize 3SG.POSS-grain AOR:WEST-destroy-1PL
Translation: We have used up all the maize grains.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetu ʑara nɯɴɢarmɯ nɯ pjɤsi kʰi tɕe ,
Glosses: up.there 3PL 3PL.POSS-hybrid.cow DEM IFR:DOWN-die hearsay LNK
Translation: Those up there, their cow died, it is said.' (Tagrdo conversation, 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atu pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ ɕpɯsatnɯ ra
Glosses: up.there bird DEM TRAL-IMP:DOWN-kill-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Go and kill the bird up there.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯŋa pjɤnɯntɕʰanɯ
Glosses: LNK 3PL.POSS-cow IFR:DOWN-AUTO-butcher-PL
Translation: They killed their cow (for themselves to eat).' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsapaʁ ɯŋgru pɯnɯŋu , rɯdaʁ ɯŋgru pɯnɯŋu , nɯnɯ nantɕʰanɯ tɕe tutɕɤtnɯ tɕe tɕe tusɯɣromnɯ .
Glosses: farm.animals 3SG.POSS-sinew PST.IPFV-AUTO-be 3SG.POSS-sinew wild.animals PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM AOR:WEST:3→3-butcher-PL LNK IPFV:UP-take.out-PL LNK LNK IPFV-CAUS-be.dry-PL
Translation: Whether it is sinew_i from a farm or a wild animal,_j after they butcher them,_j they take it_i out and dry it_i.' (150906 tWNgru) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006304#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ pasatnɯ tɕe tɕe junɯɣɯtnɯ tɕe ɲɯntɕʰanɯ
Glosses: DEM AOR:DOWN:3→3-kill-PL LNK LNK IPFV-VERT-bring-PL LNK IPFV:WEST-butcher-PL
Translation: After [the hunters] have killed [the animals]_i, they bring them_i home and butcher them_i.' (150829 KAGWcAno) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006420#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qartsʰi nɯ sŋi tɕe cʰɯnɯrɤɣo nɤ cʰɯnɯrɤɣo ŋu tɕe
Glosses: cicada DEM day LOC IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-sing ADD IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-sing be:FACT LNK
Translation: The cicada [was] singing all day long. (26-NalitCaRmbWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ rɤɣo cʰɯtɯʑa qʰe , tɤrcɯrca ʑo cʰɯtinɯ tocʰanɯ .
Glosses: DEM song IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CONV:IMM-start LNK together EMPH IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-say IFR-can-PL
Translation: They became able to sing along as soon as it started its song.' (140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɟuli nɯ cʰɤlɤt .
Glosses: flute DEM IFR:DOWNSTREAM-release
Translation: He played the flute' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003977#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯra kɯ rkɤdɯt cʰɯʑmbrinɯ pjɤmtsʰɤm .
Glosses: DEM:PL ERG horn IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-make.noise-PL IFR-hear
Translation: She heard [the hunters] blowing the horn.' (140520 ye tiane-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004044#S234"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯlɤcu cʰɯ́wɣɣɤmɯt tɕe tɯrtsʰɤz nɯ ɲɯfka ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-upstream IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-blow LNK INDEF.POSS-lung DEM SENS-be.full be:FACT
Translation: One blows [into the pig's trachea] and its lungs fill up.' (20-kAPjAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003556#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯmɯnmu nɤ ɲɯmɯnmu tɕe tɕe , nɯ ɯŋgɯ ɴɢoɕna kɯrɤʑi nɯ kɯ pjɯmtsʰɤm tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-move ADD IPFV-move LNK LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in spider SBJ:PCP-stay DEM ERG IPFV:DOWN-feel LNK
Translation: [The fly that has been caught in the spider's web] moves and moves, and the spider inside feels it.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯkɯmpɕi kɯ pɯ́wɣmbia ŋu
Glosses: heaven ERG AOR:DOWN-INV-give be:FACT
Translation: The heavens gave it to me.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laʁjɯɣ nɯ ɯtaʁ nɯ ɯpʰe tokʰo tɕe ,
Glosses: staff DEM 3SG.POSS-on DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR:UP-give LNK
Translation: He gave the staff to the [thief] who was on [the tiger].' (khu2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: taʁ kɯ , <piaozi> pɯ́wɣmbij .
Glosses: up ERG money AOR:DOWN-INV-give-1PL
Translation: The ones above (i.e. the government) gave us money.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu zɯ laftaʁ cʰɤtɯkʰonɯ tɕe , nɯnɯ nɯjɯm nɯ ɕɯɕari ra
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC token IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-2-give-PL LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-wife.of.lama DEM TRAL-look.for:FACT-1PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: [Since] you have given her a token, we will go and look for (this woman, who is to be) your wife.' (sras 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ma nɯnɯ kumpɣa nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , pɯnɯʑɯβ tɕe ɯmɲaʁ kusɤwi ɲɯŋu . tɕeri ɯmɲaʁ ɯrqʰu nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , pjɯɣi tɕe ɯmɲaʁrdu nɯ pjɯfkaβ kɯfse ɲɯŋu ma
Glosses: LNK LNK DEM hen DEM FILLER AOR-sleep LNK 3SG.POSS-eye IPFV-close SENS-be LNK 3SG.POSS-eye 3SG.POSS-husk DEM FILLER IPFV:DOWN-come LNK 3SG.POSS-eyeball DEM IPFV:DOWN-cover SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be LNK
Translation: When the hen falls asleep, it closes its eyes. Its nictitating membrane (literally: `eye husk') comes down and covers its eyeball.' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S46"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka kʰa ntsɯ kukɯrɤʑi kukɯlkɯɣ mɯ́jsɤscit .
Glosses: at.all house always IPFV-GENR:S/O-stay IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.stiff NEG:SENS-PROP-be.happy
Translation: Staying at home all the time, one feels stiff, it is not nice.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɯkɯfkaβ ʑo kɯfse
Glosses: IPFV:DOWN-GENR:S/O-cover EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: One feels like one is covered (oppressed).' (conversation, 14-05-01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: staχpɯ tɤrɲɟi tɕe stoʁ nɯ cʰɯfkaβ
Glosses: pea AOR:UP-be.long LNK broad.bean DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-cover
Translation: When the pea has grown, it covers the broad bean.' (25-sthoRthAB)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ra cʰɤfkaβndʑi
Glosses: house PL IFR-cover-DU
Translation: They built a house.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S121"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cizcʰiz ri ɲɯtanɯ tɕe tɕe , nɤki , pjɯfkaβnɯ . pjɯfkaβnɯ tɕe tɕe , ɯtaʁ tɕe tɯŋga kutanɯ , soʁma ra kutanɯ tɕe
Glosses: somewhere LOC IPFV:WEST-put-PL LNK LNK FILLER IPFV:DOWN-cover-PL IPFV:DOWN-cover-PL LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-on LOC INDEF.POSS-clothes IPFV:EAST-put-PL hay PL IPFV:EAST-put-PL LNK
Translation: They put [the pot] somewhere and cover it. They cover it, put clothes or hay on it.' (160703 araR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕkɤbɯ ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu kúwɣmpʰɯr ŋu .
Glosses: onion.bun 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IPFV:EAST-INV-wrap be:FACT
Translation: People wrap it inside onion buns.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯrmɯmbju ɣɯ ɯtɯɣmaz ra tompʰɯr .
Glosses: swallow GEN 3SG.POSS-wound PL IPFV:UP-wrap
Translation: She bound up the wound of the swallow.' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe βzɯr ri tɕe cʰɯ́wɣmpʰɯr cʰɯ́wɣʑa tɕe mɤpɕoʁ cʰu βzɯr nɯ ɯɕki mɤɕtʂa cʰɯ́wɣmpʰɯr .
Glosses: LNK angle LOC LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-wrap IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-start LNK opposite.side APPROX.LOC angle DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT until IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-wrap
Translation: One starts wrapping [the square piece of cloth] at one of the angles until the opposite angle [on the diagonal].' (30-mboR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯci ɣɯpjɯnɯtsʰinɯ
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water CISL-IPFV-AUTO-drink-PL
Translation: [The wild yaks] come and drink water.' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S43"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯci ɕpjɤnɯtsʰi .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IFR-AUTO-drink
Translation: She went [there] and drank water.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003880#S66"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɕetu zgo kɯmbɯ~mbro mɤɕtʂa toɕe , tonɯrʁɯrʁa .
Glosses: LNK up.there mountain SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.high until IFR:UP-go IFR:UP-climb
Translation: He went up there, climbing the very high mountain.' (150825 huluwa-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006346#S151"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: praʁpa ɯŋgɯ luɕe tɕe lucɯ .
Glosses: cave 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:UPSTREAM-go LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-hibernate
Translation: (Otherwise), [the bear] goes into a cave and hibernates [there].' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕtɤruta
Glosses: TRANSL-AOR:UP-bring-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I fetched it.' (Japhug)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rəɕɐrôŋ
Glosses: AOR:UP-TRANSL-bring[II]-1SG
Translation: I fetched it.' (Situ)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯ ra tundze ma tɤrɤku ɣɯtundze mɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: bugs PL IPFV-eat[III] LNK INDEF.POSS-crops CISL-IPFV-eat[III] NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It eats bugs, and it does not come and eat the crops.' (24-ZmbrWpGa) (Japhug)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo nɯ ɲɤnɯpʰɣo matɕi tɕe , nɯmaʁnɤ ɣɯ́ndza pjɤŋu .
Glosses: LNK 3SG DEM IFR-AUTO-flee LNK LNK otherwise INV-eat:FACT IFR-be
Translation: [The rabbit], he had fled, otherwise he would have been eaten.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003852#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrɤku kɯfse ɣɯndze mɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-crop SBJ:PCP-be.like CISL-eat[III]:FACT NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It does not come and eat crops.' (23-pGAYaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003606#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰu ajɤɤzɣɯt ndɤ ɣɯ́wɣndza ɲɯŋu
Glosses: tiger IRR-PFV-arrive LNK CISL-INV-eat:FACT SENS-be
Translation: If the tiger comes, it will eat him [the man].' (kandZislama 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯpɯ ra nɯndza ʑnaɕar
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-young PL 3PL.POSS-food TRAL-AOR:3→3-search
Translation: The [cat mother] went to look for food for her [kitten].' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ʑakastaka kɯtu nɯnɯ ɣɯ nɯ<gongfen> ra ʑɲɯlata ɕtukʰata pɯra .
Glosses: DEM each SBJ:PCP-exist DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-work.point PL TRAL-IPFV-throw-1SG TRAL-IPFV-do.everywhere-1SG PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: I had to go everywhere to count work points for every single person.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯtɕu ɕɯkɤrɤŋgɯm ndɤre kumpɣɤtɕɯ mɯ́jnɤz
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC TRAL-INF-lay.eggs LNK sparrow NEG:SENS-dare
Translation: The sparrow does not dare to lay eggs there (on the ground).' (22-kumpGatCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003590#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maɕɯtɯnɤtɯti
Glosses: NEG-TRAL-2-tell.everywhere
Translation: Do not go around talking about it.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ndʑiŋga ɕɯte pjɤra
Glosses: LNK 3DU.POSS-clothes TRAL-put[III]:FACT PST.IFR-be.needed
Translation: She had to make their beds (cover them with a quilt)'. (2003 kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aki ɕpɯsɤŋo
Glosses: down TRAL-IMP-listen
Translation: Go down there and listen' (many attestations).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pʰaʁrgot ci tu tɕe , nɯ ɕpɯsat ra
Glosses: boar INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM TRAL-IMP-kill be.needed:FACT
Translation: There is a boar, go and kill it.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003886#S214"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetʰa nɯ ɬɤndʐi tɤmu nɯnɯ ɣi tɕe nɤʑo ɣɯtɯ́wɣnɯsnɯɲaʁ ɕti
Glosses: later DEM ghost INDEF.POSS-mother DEM come:FACT LNK 2SG CISL-2-INV-do.harm be.AFF:FACT
Translation: The ghost woman will come and cause you harm.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯre rɤʑia , tɕe ɣɯpjɯkɯmɟaa wo
Glosses: 1SG here stay:FACT-1SG LNK CISL-IPFV-2→1-take-1SG SFP
Translation: I am here, come and take me!' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kupacʰu nɯra atʰi pɕoʁ nɯra , ɯpɕi nɯra kɯ kɯre ri ɣɯcʰɯsɯχtɯnɯ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK Chinese-LOC DEM:PL downstream direction DEM:PL 3SG-outside DEM:PL ERG here LOC CISL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-buy-PL be:FACT
Translation: People from the Chinese areas downstream, outsiders, send people here to buy [matsutake].' (20 grWBgrWB 58) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003554#S57"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯscun pjɤtu tɕe , … kutɕu ɣɯpjɤ́wɣlɤt pjɤŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fault PST:IPFV-exist LNK _ here CISL-IFR:DOWN-INV-release PST:IPFV-exist
Translation: He had broken the law, … and had been sent (down) here [to earth, as punishment].' (180501 xiyouji 08-zh)