lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azarasi no koga kumani tukamATta . (ARta → ATta)
Glosses: seal ’s baby-NOM bear-by grab-AR-PAST 
Translation: A baby seal was caught by a bear.’ (AR here is a lexical passive in accordance to (2a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azarasi no koga kumani(yotte) tukamareta .
Glosses: seal ’s baby-NOM bear-by grab-PASSIVE-PAST
Translation: A baby seal was grabbed by a bear.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hutatu no hito .kagega Sue no kageo hasanda . (← hasamta)
Glosses: two ’s human.shadow-NOM S ’s shadow-ACC put.in.between-PAST
Translation: Two human shadows encroached upon Sue’s shadow from the sides.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sue no kagega hutatu no hitokageni(*yotte) hasamATta .
Glosses: S ’s shadow-NOM two ’s shadow-by put.in.between-AR-PAST
Translation: Sue’s shadow was encroached upon by two human shadows from the sides.’ (AR here is a lexical passive in accordance to (2a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sue no kagega hutatu no hitokageni(yotte) hasamareta .
Glosses: S ’s shadow-NOM two ’s shadow-by put.inbetween-PASSIVE-PAST
Translation: Sue’s shadow was encroached upon by two human shadows from the sides.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dokubariga kare no kubio sasita .
Glosses: poison.needle-NOM he ’s neck-ACC stick-PAST
Translation: A poisoned needle pierced his neck.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dokubariga kare no kubini sasATta .
Glosses: poison.needle-NOM he ’s neck-into stick-AR-PAST
Translation: A poisoned needle stuck into his neck.’ (AR here is an intransitivizer in accordance with (2b).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kare no kubiga dokubarini(yotte) sas{*AT , (r)are}ta . (sas(r)are → sasare)
Glosses: he ’s neck-NOM poison.needle-by stick-{*AR, PASSIVE}-PAST
Translation: His neck was pierced by a poisoned needle.’ (As marked, AR here is not a lexical passive since it does not follow (2a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karega uzukumaru Kansin no senakao mataida .
Glosses: he-NOM crouching K ’s back-ACC straddle-PAST
Translation: He straddled crouching Kansin’s back.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karega uzukumaru Kansin no senakani matagATta .
Glosses: he-NOM crouching K ’s back-onto straddle-AR-PAST
Translation: He straddled the back of crouching Kansin.’ (AR here is an intransitivizer in accordance to (2b).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Uzukumaru Kansin no senakaga kareni(yotte) matag{*AT , (r)are}ta .
Glosses: crouching K ’s back-NOM he-by stralddle-{AR, PASSIVE}-PAST
Translation: The back of crouching Kansin was straddled by him.’ (AR here is not a lexical passive, since it does not follow (2a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Kare , Yokisinakatta bakuhatu}ga sono sawagio osamEta .
Glosses: {he, expect-not-PAST explosion}-NOM that uproar-ACC suppress-E-PAST
Translation: {He, The unexpected explosion} suppressed that disturbance.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sono sawagiga {kare , yokisinakatta bakuhatu}niyotte osamATta .
Glosses: that uproar-NOM {he, expect-not-PAST explosion}-by suppress-AR-PAST
Translation: That disturbance was suppressed by {him, the unexpected explosion}.’ (AR here is lexical passive, satisfying (9a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *{Kare , Yokisinakatta bakuhatu}ga sono sawagini osamATta .
Glosses: {he, expect-not-PAST explosion}-NOM that uproar-in regulate-AR-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘{He, The unexpected explosion} was suppressed by that disturbance.’) (This sentence should have been fine if the AR here were an intransitivizer, satisfying (9b). The fact that it is illicit shows that this AR is a lexical passive.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Sono sawagiga {kare , yokisinakatta bakuhatu}niyotte osamareta .
Glosses: that uproar-NOM {he, expect-not-PAST explosion}-by pacify-PASSIVE-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘The disturbance was suppressed by {him, the unexpected explosion}.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sono sawagiga {kare , *yokisinakatta bakuhatu}niyotte osamErareta .
Glosses: that uproar-NOM he, expect-not-PAST explosion-by pacify-E-passive-PAST
Translation: The disturbance was suppressed by {him, *the unexpected explosion}.’ (The fact that (11d) with passive (r)are directly attached to R is illicit, while (11e) in which it is attached to [R-E] is felicitous, shows that in the context of Type (1C) the syntactically active passive (r)are cannot directly attach to an R).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Sumibi , Sue}ga soupo atatamEta .
Glosses: {charcoal.fire, Sue}-NOM soup-ACC warm-E-PAST
Translation: {Charcoal.fire, Sue} warmed the soup.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Soupga {sumibi , *Sue}niyotte atatamATta .
Glosses: soup-NOM {charcoal.fire, *Sue}-by warm-AR-PAST
Translation: The soup was warmed by {charcoal.fire, *Sue}.’ (AR here is a lexical passive, cannot be forced to behave as an intransitivizer.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *{Sumibi , Sue}ga suupuni atatamATta .14
Glosses: {charcoal.fire, Sue}-NOM soup-ACC warm-AR-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘{Charcoal.fire, Sue} warmed by the soup.’) (AR here is intended to be an intransitivizer.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Toppuu , Sue}ga kurumao kini butukEta .
Glosses: {gust.of.wind, Sue}-NOM car-ACC tree-to strike-E-PAST
Translation: {A.sudden.gust.of.wind, Sue} crashed the car into a tree
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kurumaga {toppuu , *Sue}niyotte kini butukATta .
Glosses: car-NOM {gust.of.wind, *Sue}-by tree-to strike-AR-PAST
Translation: A car struck a tree by {a.sudden.gust.of.wind, *Sue}.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *{Toppuu , Sue}ga kurumani kini butukATta .
Glosses: {gust.of.wind, Sue}-NOM car-ACC tree-to strike-AR-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘{A.sudden.gust.of.wind, Sue} crashed the car into a tree’) (AR here is a lexical passive.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ten’inga manbikio mitukEta
Glosses: clerk-NOM shop.lifting-ACC notice-E-PAST
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Manbikiga ten’inni(??yotte) mitukATta .
Glosses: shop.lifting-NOM clerk-by find-AR-PAST
Translation: Shoplifting was spotted by a clerk.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kenga Sueni kamerao azukEta .
Glosses: K-NOM S-DAT camera-ACC entrust-E-PAST
Translation: Ken entrusted a camera to Sue.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Suega Ken{ni , kara} kamerao azukATta .
Glosses: S-NOM K-{by, from} camera-ACC entrust-AR-PAST
Translation: Sue was entrusted a camera by Ken.’ (Note that the status of AR here is ambiguous: it is a lexical passive according to diagnostic test (9a), but “intransitivizer-like” according to (9b) in that Ken-{ni, kara} no longer has indirect object status.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kameraga Kenni Sueni azukATta .
Glosses: camera-NOM K-by S-to entrust-AR-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘The camera was entrusted to Sue by Ken.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kameraga Kenniyotte Sueni azukErareta .
Glosses: camera-NOM K-by S-to entrust-E-PASSIVE-PAST
Translation: The camera was entrusted to Sue by Ken.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {*Sumibi , Sue}ga suupuni(yotte) atatamATta .
Glosses: {charcoal.fire, Sue}-NOM soup-by warm-AR-PAST
Translation: {*Charcoal fire, Sue} was warmed by soup.’ (The status of AR is ambiguous: it is a lexical passive with respect to the diagnostic test (9a) but an intransitivizer according to (9b).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Suega kurumani(*yotte) butukATta .
Glosses: S-NOM car-to hit-AR-PAST
Translation: Sue was hit by a car.” (AR is a lexical passive with respect to the diagnostic test (9a), but is an intransitivizer according to (9b).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Senseiga seitoni eigoo osieta .
Glosses: teacher-NOM student-to English-ACC teach-PAST
Translation: the teacher taught the students English.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Seitoga senseini eigoo osowatta .
Glosses: student-NOM teacher-by English-ACC learn-PAST
Translation: Students learned English from the teacher.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?Ho , konnani ookiku .natta . Dore , dakATte miro .
Glosses: Wow like.this big.become-PAST well embrace-AR-and try-IMP
Translation: Wow, you’ve grown big. Well, let me hold you (lit. get yourself be held by me).’ (from Tayama Katai’s novel, Toki-wa Sugiyuku ‘Time passes by’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ho , konnani ookiku .natta . Dore , dakarete miro .
Glosses: Wow like.this big.become-PAST well embrace-PASSIVE-and try-IMP
Translation: Wow, you’ve grown big. Well, let me hold you (lit. get yourself be held by me).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ano kowa sakkikara hahaoya no syasino muneni dakituzuke .te iru .
Glosses: that kid-TOP a.while.ago-from mother ’s photo-ACC chest-to hold-continue.and be-PRES
Translation: That kid has been holding his mother’s photo to his chest for some time now.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karewa hitoban .zyuu sakeo nomituzuketa .
Glosses: he-TOP all.night.long rice.wine-ACC drink-continue-PAST
Translation: He just kept drinking sake all night long.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?*Manzyuuwa mada musARan no kai ?
Glosses: dumpling-TOP yet steam-PASS-not is.it Q
Translation: (Intended: ‘Are the dumplings not steam-cooked yet?’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hanakowa Taroo zibun no heyade nakASita .
Glosses: H-TOP T-ACC self ’s room-in weep-AS-PAST
Translation: Hanako made Taro cry in her room.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hanakowa Taroo zibun no heyade nakaseta .
Glosses: H-TOP T-ACC self ’s room-in weep-cause-PAST
Translation: Hanako made Taro cry in his/her (own) room.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Anpanmanga akatyanni karezisin  o tabesaseta .16
Glosses: Anpanman-NOM baby-DAT he.himself-ACC eat-cause-PAST
Translation: Anpanman gave his own body to feed the baby.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Kodomo , *Densya .no .sindoo}ga isio narabEta .
Glosses: {child, train’s.vibration}-NOM stone-ACC line.up-E-PAST
Translation: {Children, *The train’s vibration} made the stones line up.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Kodomo , Densya .no .sindoo}ga isio ugokASita .
Glosses: {Child, train’s.vibration}-NOM stone-ACC move-AS-PAST
Translation: {Children, The train’s vibration} made the stones move.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karewa sokoni anao ak{E , *ASi}ta .
Glosses: He-TOP there-DAT hole-ACC open-{E, *AS}-PAST
Translation: He opened a hole there.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kare no setumeiga doorio ak{*E , ASi}ta .
Glosses: he ’s explanation-NOM logic-ACC open-{*E, AS}-PAST
Translation: His explanation made the logic clear.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Suidookankara mizuga moru .
Glosses: water.pipe-from water-NOM leak-PRES
Translation: Water leaks from the water pipe.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Suidookankara mizuga morEu .
Glosses: water.pipe-from water-NOM leak-E-PRES
Translation: Water leaks from the water pipe.’ (Suga 1980: 35, (32A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kimituga tekini moru .
Glosses: secret-NOM enemy-DAT leak-PRES
Translation: (Intended: ‘The secret leaks to the enemy.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kimituga tekini morEru .
Glosses: secret-NOM enemy-DAT leak-E-PRES
Translation: The secret leaks out to the enemy.’ Suga (1980: 35, (34A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Meibokara watasi no namaega moru .
Glosses: register-from I ’s name-NOM escape-PRES
Translation: (Intended: ‘My name is not listed in the register.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Meibokara watasi no namaega morEru .
Glosses: register-from I ’s name-NOM escape-E-PRES
Translation: My name is not listed in the register.’ Suga (1980: 35, (35A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Asahiga teru .
Glosses: morning.sun-NOM burst-PRES
Translation: The morning sun bursts forth.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Asahiga terEru .
Glosses: morning.sun-NOM burst-E-PRES
Translation: (Intended: ‘The morning sun bursts out.’) (Suga 1980:36, (40A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Hanamukoga tetta . (terta → tetta)
Glosses: groom-NOM flush-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘The (face of the) groom flushed.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hanamukoga terEta .
Glosses: groom-NOM flush-E-PAST
Translation: The groom blushed.’ (Suga 1980:36, (41A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Asagao no turuga ikegakini karanda .
Glosses: morning.glory ’s vine-NOM hedge-to entwine-PAST
Translation: The morning glory vine entwined around the hedge.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Suega asagao no turuo ikegakini karamEta .
Glosses: S-NOM morning.glory ’s vine-ACC hedge-to entwine-E-PAST
Translation: Sue made the morning glory vine entwine around the hedge.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Zibun no tumibukasaga Sueo kurusim{E , *AS , (s)ase}ta .
Glosses: self ’s sinfulness-NOM S-ACC suffer-{E, *AS, cause}-PAST
Translation: Her own sinfulness tormented Sue.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Suega zibun no tumibukasani kurusinda . (kurusimta → kurusinda)
Glosses: S-NOM self ’s sinfulness-DAT suffer-PAST 
Translation: Sue suffered of her own sinfulness.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kimituga tekini morEta .
Glosses: secret-NOM enemy-to leak-E-PAST
Translation: The secret leaked out to the enemy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yuube no taihuuga ki no edao otta . (orta → otta)
Glosses: last.night ’s typhoon-NOM tree ’s branch-ACC break-PAST 
Translation: Last night’s typhoon broke tree branches.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taihuude ki no edaga orEta .
Glosses: typhoon-by tree ’s branch-NOM break-E-PAST
Translation: A tree branch broke from a typhoon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yasyawa kodomoni zibuno tabesaseta .
Glosses: Yasya-TOP child-DAT self-ACC eat-cause-PAST
Translation: Yasya gave her own body to feed her children.’ (Yasya is a legendary figure who fed her children with her own flesh when their lives were threatened with starvation.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Satooo ireru to dare .de .mo oisiku nomeru .
Glosses: sugar-ACC put.in-PRES if anybody deliciously drink-be.able.to-PRES . 
Translation: If you put in sugar, anyone can drink it smoothly.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sioo kakeru to oisiku taberareru .
Glosses: salt-ACC sprinkle-PRES deliciously eat-be.able.to-PRES
Translation: If you sprinkle salt over it, you can enjoy eating it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kono kamiwa suite iru . (sukte → suite)
Glosses: this paper TOP spacious-and be-PRES 
Translation: (Intended: ‘This paper is transparent.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kono kamiwa sukEte iru .
Glosses: this paper-TOP spacious-E-and be-PRES
Translation: This paper is transparent.’ (See Suga 1980: 36, (39A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kono kamiwa suite mieru . (sukte → suite)
Glosses: this paper-TOP spacious-and look-PRES 
Translation: (Intended: ‘This paper looks transparent.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kono kamiwa sukEte mieru .
Glosses: this paper-TOP spacious-E-and look-PRES
Translation: This paper looks transparent.’ (Suga 1980: 36, (39A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bokuwa sono toki totemo [kurusin] da . (kurusimta → kurusinda)
Glosses: I-TOP that time very [suffer-m]-PAST 
Translation: I really suffered at that time.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bokumo [kurusiku] wa . aru .
Glosses: I-too . [am.in.pain-ku]-CONTRASTIVE be-PRES
Translation: I too am in pain.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bokuwa kono .yoona [kurusisa] o kanzita kotoga nai .
Glosses: I-TOP such.like-be [torment]-ACC feel-PASt that-NOM not.be-PRES
Translation: I’ve never felt this level of anguish.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ona pokupala štonibud i shla domoj .
Glosses: She bought.IMPERF what-INDEF and went.IMPERF home
Translation: She bought something and went home. (usually)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kažetsja , ktonibud’ približaetsja .
Glosses: seems who-INDEF approaches
Translation: Apparently someone is approaching. (The speaker is not sure).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: On skazal mne vziat’ / chtoby ja vzial štonibud .
Glosses: He tell.PAST me take.INF / that I take-PAST what-INDEF
Translation: He told me to take something (it didn’t matter what).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: On sprosil nas , vstretili li my kogonibud’ v parke .
Glosses: He ask-PAST us meet-PAST whether we who-INDEF in the park
Translation: He asked us whether we met anyone (someone non-specific) in the park.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ona pokupala štonibud/*štoto i shla domoj .
Glosses: She bought.IMPERF what-INDEF and went.IMPERF home
Translation: She bought something (non-specific) and went home. (usually)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ona kupila štoto/*štonibud i poshla domoj .
Glosses: she bought.PERF what-INDEF and went.PERF home
Translation: She bought something (specific) and went home (once).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Za stenoj *ktonibud/ktoto smejalsia .
Glosses: behind wall who-INDEF laugh-PAST
Translation: Someone was laughing behind the wall.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masha prigotovit *štonibud/štoto vkusnoje na uzhin .
Glosses: Masha cook-FUT what-INDEF delicious for dinner
Translation: Masha will cook something delicious for dinner (and she knows what it is going to be, but the speaker does not).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ty kupila *štoto/štonibud’ na uzhin ?
Glosses: You buy-PAST what-INDEF for dinner ? 
Translation: Did you buy anything (something non-specific) for dinner?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kažetsja , *ktoto/ktonibud’ približaetsja .
Glosses: seems who-INDEF approaches
Translation: Apparently someone is approaching. (The speaker is not sure).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: On skazal mne vziat’ / chtoby ja vzial *štoto/štonibud .
Glosses: He tell-PAST me take-INF / that I take-PAST what-INDEF
Translation: He told me to take something (it didn’t matter what).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: On sprosil nas , vstretili li my *kogoto/kogonibud’ v parke .
Glosses: He ask-PAST us meet-PAST whether we who-INDEF in the park
Translation: He asked us whether we met anyone (someone non-specific) in the park.
Language: Some
Transcription: Každyj mal’čik budet rad esli vstretit kogonibud’/*kogoto iz svoix odnoklassnic .
Glosses: every boy be.FUT happy if meet.FUT who-INDEF from his girl-classmates
Translation: Every boy will be glad if [he] will-meet some (someone) of his girl-classmates (it does not matter which one).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kazhdyj prepodavatel’ slyshal , chto kogoto/*kogonibud’ iz moix studentov vsegda vyzyvajut k dekanu .
Glosses: every teacher hear-PAST that who-INDEF from my students always call-PRES-3RDPL(impers.) to dean
Translation: Every teacher heard that some (one) of my students is always called before the dean (the same specific person is called every time).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ja nashla koešto interesnoje v etoj knige .
Glosses: I found INDEF-what interesting in this book
Translation: I found something interesting in this book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ja tebe koešto prines . Smotri , kakaja dynia .
Glosses: I you-DAT INDEF-what brought . Look which melon . 
Translation: I brought you something. Look at this melon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Przyprowadź mi kogoś kto zna angielski .
Glosses: bring.IMPV I.DAT who.ACC-INDEF who.NOM knows English.ACC
Translation: Bring me someone(non-specific) who knows English.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ktoś jest w łazience .
Glosses: who.NOM-INDEF is in bathroom.LOC
Translation: Someone (specific unknown) is in the bathroom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ktoś dzwonił . Zgadnij kto .
Glosses: who.NOM-INDEF phoned guess.IMPV who.NOM
Translation: Someone (specific known) called. Guess who.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dareka ni kiite mimashou .
Glosses: who-INDEF DAT ask-CONV try-POL-HORT
Translation: Let’s ask somebody (non-specific).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dareka kare denwa atta kedo , dare kara da ka wakaranai
Glosses: who-INDEF from phone be.PAST though who from be.PRES Q know-Neg-PRES
Translation: Somebody (specific unknown) called, – I don’t know who.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dareka kare denwa atta kedo , dare kara da ka atete goran
Glosses: who-INDEF from phone be.PAST though who from be.PRES Q figure.out-CONV try-IMPV
Translation: Somebody (specific known) called, – Guess who.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Molumyen , nwukwunkaeykey mulela .
Glosses: ignorant-CONV who-INDEF-DAT ask-IMPV
Translation: If you don’t know, ask somebody (non-specific).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ku sonyenun muesinkalul poassta .
Glosses: this boy-NOM what-INDEF-ACC see-PAST-DECL
Translation: The boy saw something (specific unknown).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nwukwuinkaka kelessta .
Glosses: who-INDEF-NOM call-PAST-DECL
Translation: Somebody (specific known) called.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jei tu kąnors matai , pasakyk man .
Glosses: if you what-INDEF see tell-IMPV to:me
Translation: If you see anything (something non-specific), tell me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jei tu kažką matai , pasakyk man .
Glosses: if you INDEF-what see tell-IMPV to:me
Translation: If you see something (specific unknown), tell me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Turiu kaiką tiktai tau vienai pasakyti .
Glosses: I:have INDEF-what only to:you alone to:say
Translation: I’ve got something (specific-known) to say that’s for your ears alone.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Cydær mæ qygdæry .
Glosses: what-INDEF me bother-PRES.3SG
Translation: Something (specific unknown/known) bothers me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mænæm dær ma isty ratt .
Glosses: I:DAT also PT INDEF-what give(IMPV)
Translation: Give me something (non-specific), too.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kimere ejiexe kiire syld’ybyta .
Glosses: who-INDEF you-DAT enter-CONV go-PERF-3SG
Translation: Someone (specific unknown/known) has come to you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Xojut kimineneme tugueme yytyam .
Glosses: afterwards who-INSTR-INDEF what-ACC-INDEF send-FUT-1SG
Translation: Afterwards I’ll send something (non-specific) with someone (non-specific).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Es c’igni sadɣac višove .
Glosses: this book where-INDEF 1SG-found
Translation: I found this book somewhere (I could say where – specific known).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Movida viɣac rusi .
Glosses: came who-INDEF Russian
Translation: Some Russian person has come (I don’t know him/her – specific unknown).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dauaxet visme !
Glosses: call:IMPV:PL who-DAT-INDEF
Translation: Call somebody (non-specific)!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ujnuu žookči laŋ žičini .
Glosses: who-INDEF house-DIR near go-PAST-3SG
Translation: Someone (specific) went up to the house.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ñoambani xajlanuu bajtaltojči .
Glosses: they what-INDEF accuse-PRES-3PL
Translation: They are accusing him of something (specific).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Xajdaa osiidaa osižara .
Glosses: what-INDEF [?] happen-FUT.3SG
Translation: Something (non-specific) may happen.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sajna , xajdaa žaka očini bižere .
Glosses: probably what-INDEF thing happen-PAST-3SG apparently
Translation: Probably something (non-specific) has happened.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tetigit me aliquis .
Glosses: touched me INDEF-who
Translation: Somebody (specific unknown) hath touched me (for I perceive that virtue is gone out of me).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: At ille intendebat in eos , sperans se aliquid accepturum ab eis .
Glosses: but that gave.heed in them hoping self INDEF-what accept:FUT from them
Translation: And he gave heed unto them, expecting to receive something (non-specific) of them.
Language: Latin
Transcription: Magister , vidimus quemdam in nomine tuo ejicientem daemonia .
Glosses: Master we:saw who-INDEF in name your casting.out devils
Translation: Master, we saw someone (specific known) casting out devils in thy name.
Language: Russian
Transcription: On ochen’ obshitel’nyj chelovek , on (vsegda) priglashajet kakixto studentov , oni vmeste chitajut kakijeto knigi .
Glosses: He very sociable person, he (always) invite-PRES some(specific) student-PL, they together read-PRES some(specific) book-PL
Translation: He is a very sociable person, he (always) invites some students, and they read some books together.
Language: Turkish
Transcription: [[ _ geçen yaz adada beni gören ] kişiler ]
Glosses:  _ last summer island-LOC I-ACC see-(SPart) person-PL
Translation: the people who saw me on the island last summer
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ Taroga sarano ueni keekio oitano]o
Glosses:  [Taro-NOM plate-GEN on-LOC cake-ACC put-NM]-ACC
Translation: the piece of cake which Taro put on a plate
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [[ – geçen yaz adada [ beni gören]] kişiler ]
Glosses:  – last summer island-LOC  I-ACC see-(SPART) person-PL
Translation: the people who saw me on the island last summer
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [[ pro geçen yaz adada [ – gördügüm ]] kişiler ]
Glosses:  pro last summer island-LOC  – see-OPART-1.SG person-PL
Translation: the people who(m) I saw on the island last summer
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Yokowa [ Taroga sarano ueni keekio oitano]o tabeta .
Glosses: Yoko-Top [ Taro-NOM plate-GEN on-LOC cake-ACC put-NM]-ACC ate
Translation: Yoko ate the piece of cake which Taro put on a plate.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sto’oh mi esposa el coche .  Zapotec (VS)/Spanish (SV) (MacSwan 2004: 305)
Glosses: DEF-sell my wife the car  
Translation: My wife will definitely sell the car.
Language: Gujarati
Transcription: Svatie kagəL vãcyo .
Glosses: Svati(F)-ERG letter(M) read-PFV-M
Translation: Svati read a letter.
Language: Gujarati
Transcription: Rajue Svatine joyi .
Glosses: Raju(M)-ERG Svati(F)-DOM see-PFV-F
Translation: Raju saw Svati.
Language: Gujarati
Transcription: Kišor khub kašTaayo .
Glosses: Kišor(M) much be.pained-PFV-M
Translation: Kishor was greatly pained.
Language: Gujarati
Transcription: Kišorne khub kašTa thayũ .
Glosses: Kišor(M)-DAT much pain(N) happen-PFV-N
Translation: Kishor was greatly pained.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Reenane kutro gamtho .
Glosses: Reena(F)-DAT dog(M) like-IPFV-M
Translation: Reena used to like a/the dog.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Reenane kutro gamyo .
Glosses: Reena(F)-DAT dog(M) hit-PFV-M
Translation: Reena liked a/the dog.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hu chokra(ne) joya hais .
Glosses: I boys-DOM see-PFV-PL AUX-FUT.1SG
Translation: I will have seen the boys.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nik amonari umea pozik eraman diot .
Glosses: I-ERG grandmother-DAT child.ABS happy carry TM-(root)-DF-TSG.DAT-1SG.ERG
Translation: I have carried the child to the grandmother [happy].
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nik zuri pozik ikusi dotzut .
Glosses: I-ERG you-DOM happy see TM-root-DF-2.DAT-1SG.ERG
Translation: I have seen you happy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Zuk nei ekarri diazu .
Glosses: you-ERG I-DOM bring TM-(root)-DF-1SG.DAT-2.ERG
Translation: You have brought me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nik zuri ekarri dizut .
Glosses: I-ERG you-DOM bring TM-(root)-DF-2.DAT-1SG.ERG
Translation: I have brought you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Traidorik ni etsaiari saldu naute .
Glosses: traitor-ERG I.ABS enemy-DAT sell 1SG.ABS-EP-root-3PL
Translation: The traitors have sold me to the enemy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Traidorik zu etsaiari saldu zaitxuzte .
Glosses: traitor-ERG you.ABS enemy-DAT sell 2.ABS-EP-root-3PL
Translation: The traitors have sold you to the enemy.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: Herzliya veRaanana krovot .
Glosses: Herzliya and-Raanana near.F.PL
Translation: Herzliya and Raanana are near each other.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: Leon veRuti garim bearim krovot .
Glosses: Leon and-Ruti reside.M.PL in-cities near.F.PL
Translation: Leon and Ruti live in adjacent cities.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: #?Herzliya veRaanana (hen) axerot .
Glosses: Herzliya and-Raanana (are.F) different.F.PL
Translation: Herzliya and Raanana are different.’ Unavailable interpretation: Herzliya and Raanana are different from each other.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: kol yeled gar beir axeret .
Glosses: every boy resides.M.SG in-city different.F.SG
Translation: Every boy lives in a different city.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: #kol yeled gar beir krova .
Glosses: every boy resides.M.SG in-city near.F.SG
Translation: Every boy lives in a nearby city.’ Unavailable interpretation: for every two boys a,b, the city a lives in is near the city b lives in.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Var bor den bruna haren ? (triggers VPfocus)
Glosses: where lives the brown hare 
Translation: Where does the brown hare live?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vilket brunt djur bor i parken ? (triggers subjectfocus)
Glosses: which brown animal lives in park.the 
Translation: Which brown animal lives in the park?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Var bor den bruna haren med ungar ? (triggers VPfocus)
Glosses: where lives the brown hare with kids 
Translation: Where does the brown hare with kids live?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vilken brun hare bor i parken ? (triggers subjectfocus)
Glosses: which brown hare lives in park.the 
Translation: Which brown hare lives in the park?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Var bor den bruna haren med många ungar ? (triggers VPfocus)
Glosses: where lives the brown hare with many kids 
Translation: Where does the brown hare with many kids live?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Var bor den bruna haren med många söta ungar ? (triggers VPfocus)
Glosses: where lives the brown hare with many cute kids 
Translation: Where does the brown hare live?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Álggos olbmot amašedje su jurdaga .
Glosses: at.first person-PL.NOM strange-SENS-PAST.3PL his/her thought.SG.ACC
Translation: At first people found his/her idea strange.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Niillas hejošii stuorradiggedieđáhusa .
Glosses: Niillas.NOM bad-SENS-PAST.3SG parliament-report.SG.ACC
Translation: Niillas found the parliamentary report no good.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Son jallaša earáid go eai ádde .
Glosses: s/he stupid-SENS-PRES.3SG other.PL.ACC as NEG.3PL understand
Translation: S/he finds others stupid, since they do not understand.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dábálaš norgalaš geahččá sullii seamma ollu TV go ovdal .
Glosses: ordinary Norwegian-person.NOM watch.PRES.3SG approximately same much TV as before
Translation: The average Norwegian watches approximately as much TV as before.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elle lea geahččame TVa .
Glosses: Elle is watch-PROG TV-ACC
Translation: Elle is watching TV.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elle diehtá juoidá .
Glosses: Elle know-PRES.3SG something.ACC
Translation: Elle knows something.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elle lea diehtime juoidá .
Glosses: Elle is know-PROG something.ACC
Translation: Elle must know something.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Son lea jallašeame dakkár olbmuid .
Glosses: s/he is stupid-SENS-PROG such person-PL.ACC
Translation: S/he must find people like that stupid.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Rievssatmuorjji lasttat ruoksájit čavčča eanaruškkis .
Glosses: bearberry.SG.GEN leaf.PL.NOM red-STAT-PRES.3PL autumn.SG.GEN ground-autumn.colour-LOC
Translation: The bearberry leaves stand out red on the autumn coloured ground.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Atnet min áibbas jallan .
Glosses: consider.PRES.3SG 1PL.ACC completely stupid-ESS
Translation: They consider us completely stupid.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Čáppa govat dagaše girjji somábun .
Glosses: beautiful picture.PL.NOM make-COND.3PL book.SG.ACC fun-COMP-ESS
Translation: Beautiful pictures would make the book more fun.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dákkár sániid giellageavaheaddjit eai láve amašit .
Glosses: such word.PL.ACC language-user.PL.NOM NEG.3PL tend.to strange-SENS-INF
Translation: The language users usually don’t find words like that strange.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lea deaŧalaš ahte sámi kultuvra ii amašuvvo .
Glosses: is important that Sámi culture.SG.NOM NEG.3SG strange-SENS-PASS.PRES.3SG
Translation: It is important that the Sámi culture is not seen as something strange.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elle lea ráhkisteame dien olbmo (go nie láhtte).
Glosses: Elle is love-PROG that.ACC person.SG.ACC when like.that behaves
Translation: Elle must love that person (when she behaves like that).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dál dovddat iežat ráhkistuvvon .
Glosses: now feel-PRES.2SG self-2SG love-PASS-PTC
Translation: Now you feel loved.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Marek ráhkistuvai badjeloivviid .
Glosses: Marek love-INCH-PAST.3SG above-head.PL.GEN
Translation: Marek fell in love head over heels.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hyttyset inhottavat Mikkoa .
Glosses: mosquito.PL.NOM find.disgusting-CAUS-3PL Mikko-PART
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Biret illuda go lea čovdosa gávdnan .
Glosses: Biret be.happy-PRES.3SG as be.PRES.3SG solution-SG.ACC find-PTC
Translation: Biret is happy since she has found a/the solution.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Doarjja man lean ožžon illudahttá mu .
Glosses: support.SG.NOM which.ACC be.PRES.1SG get-PTC be.happy-CAUS-PRES.3SG me.ACC
Translation: The support that I have received makes me happy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Káre ballá seavdnjadasas .
Glosses: Káre fear-PRES.3SG darkness-SG.LOC
Translation: Káre is afraid of the darkness.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dát dáhpáhus balddii mánáid .
Glosses: this.NOM incident.SG.NOM scare-PAST.3SG child-PL.ACC
Translation: This incident scared the children.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Olusat divrrašit dál bohccobierggu .
Glosses: many.people-PL.NOM expensive-SENS-PRES.3PL now reindeer-meat.SG.ACC
Translation: Many people find reindeer meat (too) expensive nowadays.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bohccobiergu divrrašuvvo dávja .
Glosses: reindeer-meat.SG.NOM expensive-SENS-PASS.PRES.3SG often
Translation: Reindeer meat is often found (too) expensive.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Makkár jallas gažaldat die lea ?
Glosses: what.kind.of stupid-ATTR question.SG.NOM that is
Translation: What kind of stupid question is that?
Language: Russian
Transcription: A chto tebe Sally sdalas’?
Glosses: PRT what you.DAT Sally.NOM PRV-GIVE-PST-FEM-REFL
Translation: Why do you give a toss about Sally?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ∅ Meysilul mannasstako↘
Glosses: pro Messi-ACC meet-PST-DECL-COMP
Translation: (I said) I met Messi!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ∅ Meysilul mannassnyako↘
Glosses: pro Messi-ACC meet-PST-INT-COMP
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: María le ha visto que pintaba . PRonly
Glosses: M . him has seen that painted
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dzisiaj po południu mogą wyjść na wolność , chyba żeby sąd zadecydował inaczej .
Glosses: today after midday.LOC can.3PL go:out.INF on freedom.ACC unless-COND court decide.l-PTCP.SG.M differently
Translation: They are allowed to be released from the prison today afternoon, unless the court would take a different decision.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dzisiaj po południu mogą wyjść na wolność , chyba że sąd (by) zadecydował(by)  inaczej .
Glosses: today after midday.LOC can.3PL go:out.INF on freedom.ACC unless court COND decide.l-PTCP.SG.M-COND  differently
Translation: They are allowed to be released from the prison today afternoon, unless the court would take a different decision.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gazem nie można się zatruć , chyba żeby była niesprawna wentylacja .
Glosses: gas.INS NEG can.PRED REFL poison.INF unless-COND be.l-PTCP.SG.FEM out:of:order ventilation
Translation: One cannot get poisoned by gas unless the air ventilation would be out of order.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Belgijski chłop (…) nie poradziłby sobie , chyba że byłby zamożny .
Glosses: Belgian peasant (…) NEG cope:with.l-PTCP.SG.M.COND REFL.DAT unless be.l-PTCP.SG.M-COND rich
Translation: A Belgian peasant wouldn’t cope with (this issue), unless he would be rich.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: do jesieni mnie wytrwać niepodobna , chyba żeby inną na się wziąć naturę
Glosses: till autumn me.ACC preserve.INF unlikely chyba that-COND another on REFL take.INF nature.ACC
Translation: it is not likely that I will survive till autumn, unless I would adopt a different nature
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: chyba na Boże Wstąpienie , nigdzie wyjechać niemoże
Glosses: chyba on God Ascension NEG go.INF NEG-can.3SG
Translation: except for the Feast of the Ascension of Jesus Christ, [he] cannot move anywhere
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nie przechodź przed temi którymeś respekt winien , chyba że tego ciężka potrzeba przymusza
Glosses: NEG go:by.IMPER before those whom-2SG respect own chyba that his heavy need force.3SG
Translation: don’t go to those whom you have to respect, unless you are forced by a need
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: chyba żeby sama (…) powiedzieć raczyła
Glosses: chyba that-COND alone (…) say.INF stoop.l-PTCP.3SG.FEM
Translation: unless she would stoop to say
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bo się takich plotek mężom swym nie zwykły małżonki sprawować , chyba gdyby jeszcze młode i głupie były .
Glosses: because REFL such rumors husbands.DAT their NEG use.l-PTCP.PL.N.VIR wives behave.INF chyba if/when-COND still young and stupid be.l-PTCP.PL.N-VIR
Translation: Because wives usually don’t behave to their husbands this way, unless they are still young and stupid.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wſzákoż niechcę / áby do tákowey poiedynkiem bitwy był chćiwy / chybá gdzieby mu  ſzło o pocżćiwość .
Glosses: but NEG-want.1SG / that to such duel battle be.l-PTCP.SG.M greedy / chyba where-COND him.DAT  go.l-PTCP.SG.N about kind-heartedness
Translation: But I don’t want him to fight, unless the issue concerns kind-heartedness.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Dzisiaj po południu mogą wyjść na wolność , chyba gdy(by) / jeśli(by) / gdzie(by) sąd zdecyduje / zdecydował inaczej .
Glosses: today afternoon may.3PL go:out.INF on freedom chyba if / when-COND / if-COND / where-COND court decide.3SG / decide.l-PTCP.SG.M differently
Translation: Intended meaning: ‘They are allowed to be released from the prison today afternoon, unless the court will take a different decision.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ale z nim na plac jeszcze nie wyjeżdżają , ten cale u dam polskich nie ma  estymacji , [chybaby [ u starych]]
Glosses: but with him on square yet NEG go:out.3PL this altogether at ladies Polish NEG have.3SG  estimation.GEN chyba-COND  at old
Translation: they don’t go with him to the square yet, he is not appreciated by Polish ladies, except for the old ones
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Nie chodzę na imprezy , chybaby do Anny .
Glosses: NEG go.1SG on parties chyba-COND to Anna
Translation: Intended meaning: ‘I don’t go to parties, except for Anna’s parties.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nie chodzę na imprezy , chybabym oszalał .
Glosses: NEG go.1SG on parties chyba-COND-1SG get:crazy.l-PTCP.SG.M
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Dzisiaj po południu mogą wyjść na wolność , chybaby sąd zdecyduje / zdecydował inaczej .
Glosses: today afternoon may.3PL go:out.INF on freedom chyba-COND court decide.3SG / decide.l-PTCP.SG.M differently
Translation: Intended meaning: ‘They are allowed to be released from the prison today afternoon, unless the court will take a different decision.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a dziś po cóż grać , chyba żeby uśpić słuchaczy
Glosses: and today for what purpose play.INF chyba that-COND put:down.INF listeners.ACC
Translation: and today, what is the purpose of playing? unless you want to put down listeners
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: schną chyba [tego] [iżby były pokrapiane]
Glosses: dry.3PL chyba this.GEN that-COND be.l-PTCP sprinkled
Translation: [they] are drying off unless one would sprinkle them
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: chybá gdzieby mu ſzło o pocżćiwość
Glosses: chyba where-COND him.DAT go.l-PTCP.SG.N about kind-heartedness
Translation: unless the issue concerns kind-heartedness
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: chyba żeby się tak źle miał na zdrowiu
Glosses: chyba that-COND REFL so badly have.l-PTCP.SG.M on health.LOC
Translation: unless he would be so sick
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Powiedział , że żeście tam poszli .
Glosses: say.l-PTCP.SG.M COMP FOC.PTCL-2PL there go.l-PTCP.PL.VIR
Translation: He said you had gone there.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge maie húni̋ tsi ǁgane ám̋ tama .
Glosses: man decl pap stir and meat grill neg.nf
Translation: The man didn’t stir the pap or grill the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge maie húni̋ tsi ǁgane go àm .
Glosses: man decl pap stir and meat pst grill
Translation: The man stirred the pap and grilled the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge maie go hùni tsi ǁgane àm .
Glosses: man decl pap pst stir and meat grill
Translation: The man stirred the pap and grilled the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁNa tarasa go taee am ?
Glosses: that woman pst what grill
Translation: What did that woman grill?
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁNa tarasa taee am tama ?
Glosses: that woman what grill neg.nf
Translation: What didn’t that woman grill?
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge maie go huni tsi ǁgane am .
Glosses: man decl pap pst stir and meat grill
Translation: The man stirred the pap and grilled the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge maie huni tsi ǁgane go am .
Glosses: man decl pap stir and meat pst grill
Translation: The man stirred the pap and grilled the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge maie huni tsi ǁgane am tama .
Glosses: man decl pap stir and meat grill neg.nf
Translation: The man didn’t stir the pap or grill the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge maie go huni tsi ǁgame am .
Glosses: man decl pap pst stir and meat grill
Translation: The man stirred the pap and grilled meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Khoeb ge oms ǀkha go ro oa .
Glosses: man decl home to pst -imp return
Translation: The man was returning home.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǀGôab ge maie go huni .
Glosses: boy decl pap pst stir
Translation: The boy stirred the pap.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǀGôab ge maie go ro huni .
Glosses: boy decl pap pst -imp stir
Translation: The boy was stirring the pap.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǀGôab ge maie huni tama .
Glosses: boy decl pap stir neg.nf
Translation: The boy didn’t stir the pap.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǀGôab ge maie huni hâ.
Glosses: boy decl pap stir perf
Translation: The boy has stirred the pap.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Mî ta ge ra [ Dandagob go oms ǀkha oa sa . ]
Glosses: say I decl imp  D . pst home to return -comp 
Translation: I am saying that Dandago returned home.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Mî ta ge ra [ Dandagob oms ǀkha oa tama sa . ]
Glosses: say I decl imp  D . home to return neg.nf -comp 
Translation: I am saying that Dandago didn’t return home.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Mî ta ge ra [ ǀgôab go maie huni sa . ]
Glosses: say I decl imp  boy pst pap stir -comp 
Translation: I am saying that the boy stirred the pap.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Mî ta ge ra [ ǀgôab maie huni tama sa . ]
Glosses: say I decl imp  boy pap stir tama -comp 
Translation: I am saying that the boy didn’t stir the pap.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge [ maie huni ] tsi [ ǁgane go am . ]
Glosses: man decl  pap stir  and  meat pst grill 
Translation: The man stirred the pap and grilled the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge [ maie go huni ] tsi [ ǁgane am . ]
Glosses: man decl  pap pst stir  and  meat grill 
Translation: The man stirred the pap and grilled the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Aob ge [ maie huni ] tsi [ ǁgane am tama . ]
Glosses: man decl  pap stir  and  meat grill neg.nf 
Translation: The man didn’t stir the pap or grill the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Khoedages ge [ omsa om ] tsi [ ǁgame go ā . ]
Glosses: K . decl  house build  and  water pst drink 
Translation: Khoedage built the house and drank water.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Khoedages ge [ omsa go om ] tsi [ ǁgame ā . ]
Glosses: K . decl  house pst build  and  water drink 
Translation: Khoedage built the house and drank water.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Khoedages ge [ omsa om ] tsi [ ǁgame ā tama . ]
Glosses: K . decl  house build  and  water drink neg.nf 
Translation: Khoedage didn’t build the house and drink water.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: [ Maie go ro huni ] ǀgôab ge .
Glosses:  pap pst -imp huni  boy decl
Translation: It was the boy who stirred the pap.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: [ Maie huni hâ ] ǀgôab ge .
Glosses:  pap huni perf  boy decl
Translation: It is the boy who has stirred the pap.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Mî ta ge ra [ ne khoes ge ǁgane go am ti . ]
Glosses: say I decl imp  this woman decl meat pst grill c.quot 
Translation: I am saying that this woman grilled the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Mî ta ge ra [ ne khoes ge ǁgane am hâ ti . ]
Glosses: say I decl imp  this woman decl meat grill perf c.quot 
Translation: I am saying that this woman has grilled the meat.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁNa ǀgôaba go ro taee ā ?
Glosses: that boy pst -imp what drink
Translation: What did that boy drink?
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁNa ǀgôaba taee ā hâ?
Glosses: that boy what drink perf
Translation: What has that boy drunk?
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁNaba =s ge tarasa ǃgâise go ro ǁnae .
Glosses: there =3fs decl woman well pst -imp sing
Translation: The woman was singing well there.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁNabas ge ǃgâise tarasa go ro ǁnae . 
Glosses: there =3fs decl well woman pst -imp sing
Translation: The woman was singing well there.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Dandagob ge ǂkhanisa ǁîb ǀgôasa khomai ba hâ.
Glosses: D . decl book his daughter read -appl perf
Translation: Dandago has read the book to his daughter.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Dandagob ge ǁîb ǀgôasa ǂkhanisa khomai ba hâ.
Glosses: D . decl his daughter book read -appl perf
Translation: Dandago has read the book to his daughter.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Khoedages ge ǁgauǃnaaoba ǁnaba ra ǃhoau .
Glosses: K . decl teacher there imp talk.to
Translation: Khoedage is talking to the teacher over there.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: Khoedages ge ǁnaba ǁgauǃnaaoba ra ǃhoau .
Glosses: K . decl there teacher imp talk.to
Translation: Khoedage is talking to the teacher over there.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁNa ǀgôai ge khoee ǂanebegase nâ tama .
Glosses: that child decl someone on.purpose bite neg.nf
Translation: That child bit someone on purpose.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁNa ǀgôai ge ǂanebegase khoee nâ tama .
Glosses: that child decl on.purpose someone bite neg.nf
Translation: That child bit someone on purpose.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁGauǃnaaos ge ne axaba netsē ǃhoau tide .
Glosses: teacher decl this boy today talk.to neg.fut
Translation: The teacher didn’t talk to this boy today.
Language: Nama (Namibia)
Transcription: ǁGauǃnaaos ge netsē ne axaba ǃhoau tide .
Glosses: teacher decl today this boy talk.to neg.fut
Translation: The teacher didn’t talk to this boy today.