lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ qajɯ kɯ-sɤjlɯ~jloʁ nɯ jo-ɣi tɕe , [ɯʑo ri kɯ-wxti], [ɯʑo ri kɯ-sɤjlɯ~jloʁ] ci pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM bug SBJ:PCP-EMPH~disgusting DEM IFR-come LNK 3SG also SBJ:PCP-be.big 3SG also SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.disgusting INDEF IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The disgusting creature (the toad) came, it was big and disgusting.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯ-rɣi pɯ~pa-ɣɯt-ndʑi ʑo] nɯnɯ lo-ji-ndʑi .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-seed TOTAL~AOR:3→3:DOWN-bring-DU EMPH DEM IFR-plant-DU
Translation: They planted all the seeds that they had brought (down from heaven).' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo tɯ~tɤ-fse-a] nɯ tɤ-fse tɕe
Glosses: 1SG TOTAL~AOR-be.like-1SG DEM IMP-be.like LNK
Translation: Do everything like I do.' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh,18)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <zhengfu> kɯ [kɯ~kɯ-ngo], nɯnɯ [kɯ~kɤ-kɯ-nɤndza ʑo] nɯ , andi comuco tɕetu taʁ ri , nɤki tsʰupa ci tu tɕe , ɯnɯre to-sɯ-ɤwɯwum .
Glosses: government ERG TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-be.sick DEM TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-have.leprosy EMPH DEM west TOPO up.there up LOC FILLER village INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM:LOC IFR-CAUS-gather
Translation: In the west up there in Kyomkyo there is a village. The government gathered all the sick people, all the lepers, up there.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ [nɯ-nɯ-βde-t-a] nɯ ɯ́-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG:GEN AOR-AUTO-throw-PST:TR-1SG DEM QU-be:FACT
Translation: Is it the one that I lost?' (140427 bianfu jingji he shuiniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [atu tɯmɯkɤrŋi kɯ ɯ-jaʁ nɯ-kɤ-kʰo] nɯ , smɤnmimitoʁ nɯnɯ ɣɯ [nɯ-kɤ-kʰo] nɯnɯ , ko-ɕtʰɯz
Glosses: LNK up.there heavenly(god) ERG 3SG.POSS-hand AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM ANTHR DEM GEN AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM IFR:EAST-turn.towards
Translation: He turned [the magical object] that the god from heaven had given him, that Smanmi Metog had given him, [in the direction of the râkshâsas].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-zgo ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɯʑo [ɯ-kɤ-tsʰi] tu-nɯ-rke ɲɯ-kʰɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mountain 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC 3SG 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-drink IPFV-AUTO-put.in[III] SENS-be.possible
Translation: [The camel] can store the [water] that it drinks in its hump.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯʑo [stu ɯ-sɤtɕʰa ɯ-kɤ-nɯ-rga] nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG most 3SG.POSS-place 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-APPL-like DEM
Translation: The place that it likes most…' (20-xsar 10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯ-ŋga ra ɲɤ-tɕɤt tɕe iɕqʰa , [rgɤnmɯ kɯ tɯ-ŋga nɯ-kɤ-mbi] nɯra ɲɤ-tɕɤt tɕe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-clothes PL IFR-take.off LNK FILLER old.woman ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM:PL IFR-take.off LNK
Translation: He took off his clothes, he took off the (magical) clothes that the old woman had given him.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-pɤro ɲɯ-ta-mbi ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-present IPFV-1→2-give be:FACT
Translation: I am giving it to you as a present.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-pɤro nɯ-mbi-t-a] nɯ a-rɟit ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-present AOR-give-PST:TR-1SG DEM 1SG.POSS-child be:FACT
Translation: The one to whom I gave a present is my child.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-pɤro nɯ-mbi-t-a] tɤ-rɟit nɯ a-tɕɯ ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-present AOR-give-PST:TR-1SG INDEF.POSS-child DEM 1SG.POSS-son be:FACT
Translation: The child to whom I gave a present is my son.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [wuma ʑo rɟɤlpu ci kɯ-ŋɤn] ci pjɤ-tu tɕe ,
Glosses: really EMPH king INDEF SBJ:PCP-be.evil INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: There was a very evil king.' (140511 1001 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯ-spoʁ ci tɤ-kʰɯ sɤz-nɯ-ɬoʁ] ci ɲɯ-βze
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole INDEF INDEF.POSS-smoke OBL:PCP-AUTO-come.out INDEF IPFV-make[III]
Translation: [The potter] makes a hole which the smoke comes out from.' (30-kWrAfcAr)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɣɤtɕɯ ci kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr ʑo] jɤ-ɣe
Glosses: bird INDEF SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful EMPH AOR-come[II]
Translation: A beautiful bird came.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [nɯ kɯ-fse] ci qajɯ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF bug exist:SENS
Translation: There is a bug (invertebrate animal) that is like that.' (hist180421 haixing)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [iʑo ndɤre pɯ-χsu-j] nɯ , tɯ-rdoʁ tɕʰi mɯ-pɯ-nnɯ-pe mɤ-xsi ma nɯnɯ nɯfse pjɤ-si
Glosses: 1PL LNK AOR-feed-1PL DEM one-piece what NEG-PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.good NEG-GENR:know LNK DEM like.that IFR-die
Translation: Of the [tortoises] that we raised, one [of them] died just like that, I don't know what went wrong.' (140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [aʑo a-kɤ-sɯz] ɕku nɯ nɯra ŋu
Glosses: LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-know Allium DEM DEM:PL be:FACT
Translation: These are the [plants belonging to the gender] Allium that I know about.' (07-Cku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ [pɣɤrnoʁ kɤ-ti] nɯnɯ tɤjmɤɣ tɤrca ɲɯ-ŋu ɯmɤ-kɯ-ŋu-ci ma
Glosses: DEM fungus.sp OBJ:PCP-say DEM mushroom together SENS-be PROB-PEG-be-PEG LNK
Translation: That [thing that] is called pɣɤrnoʁ is probably [to be classified] among the fungi.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ-lɯz tʰɯ-kɯ-ɣe tsa] nɯra tɕe , ʁdɯrɟɤt ɯ-skɤt tu-βze-a ɲɯ-tso-nɯ ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-age AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] a.little DEM:PL LNK TOPO 3SG.POSS-language IPFV-make[II]-1SG SENS-understand-PL
Translation: Those who are a little older understand when I speak the [Japhug] language of Gdongbrgyad. (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-βri ɯ-taʁ nɯra qandʐi kɯ-fse , aɣrɤɣrum kɯ-fse ma [kɯ-wɣrɯ~wɣrum ʑo sɯŋsɯŋ] maʁ
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-body 3SG.POSS-TOP DEM:PL be.dark:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like be.whitish:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-emph~be.white EMPH IDPH(II):pure.white not.be:FACT
Translation: The top part [of the mushroom called kuɣrummɤɣ `white mushroom'] is dark, whitish, it is not pure white.' (21-kuGrummAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [skɤm-ndʐi kɯ-jɯ~jaʁ], [stu kɯ-jaʁ ʑo] nɯ tu-qɤr-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: ox-skin SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.thick most SBJ:PCP-be.thick EMPH DEM IPFV-select-PL LNK
Translation: People select very thick ox skin, the thickest.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [smar kɯ-wxtɯ~wxti] ci ʑo pɯ-tu ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: river SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big INDEF EMPH PST.IPFV-exist SENS-be
Translation: There was a huge river.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɯ-kɯ-si] ɯ-ɕa nɯ tu-ndze ŋu ma .
Glosses: AOR-SBJ:PCP-die 3SG.POSS-flesh DEM IPFV-eat[III] be:FACT LNK
Translation: [Crows] eat the flesh of [animals] that have died.' (22-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-rme kɯ tɯ-ŋga tʰɯ-kɤ-βzu] nɯra ʁɟa tu-ndze ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-hair ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR-OBJ:PCP-make DEM:PL completely IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: It eats all of the clothes that are made of [animal] hair.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁ-ndʐi kɯ tɯ-ŋga cʰɯ-βzu-nɯ , paʁ-ndʐi kɯ tɯ-xtsa tu-βzu-nɯ ra ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: pig-skin ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes IPFV-make-PL pig-skin ERG INDEF.POSS-shoes IPFV-make-PL PL SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: (Nowadays, unlike in former times), [people] make clothes and shoes from pig skin.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-tɕɯ kɯ tɯ-tɕʰa jɤ-kɤ-ɣɯt] nɯ ɲɯ-pe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son ERG INDEF.POSS-news AOR-OBJ:PCP-bring DEM SENS-be.good
Translation: The information that my son has brought is pleasing.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯtsa pɯ-kɤ-βʁum ʑo ɲɯ-fse .
Glosses: bowl AOR-OBJ:PCP-turn.upside.down EMPH SENS-be.like
Translation: It looks like a bowl that has been turned upside down.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-pɤtso ci kɯ <yangma> ɯ-kɯ-nɯmbrɤpɯ] ci jɤ-ɣe tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child INDEF ERG bicycle 3SG-SBJ.PCP-ride INDEF AOR-come[II] LNK
Translation: A boy who was riding a bicycle arrived.' (Pear story, Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme kɯ [tɤ-rɟit tɤ-kɯ-rqoʁ] tɯ-nɯ ɲɯ-jtsʰi] nɯ kɯ-fsɯ~fse ʑo ɲɯ-jtsʰi ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: person ERG INDEF.POSS-child AOR-SBJ:PCP-hug INDEF.POSS-breast IPFV-give.to.drink DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.like EMPH IPFV-give.to.drink SENS-be
Translation: [The monkey mother] nurses [her baby] in the same way as a human breastfeeds, hugging her child.' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ ɯ-tɤɲi nɯ ka-tʰɯ] nɯ ɯ-taʁ kɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ-ndʑi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-staff DEM AOR:3→3:EAST-spread DEM 3SG.POSS-on AOR:EAST-AUTO-come.out-DU
Translation: They crossed [the river] on the staff that the boy had put across it as a bridge.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [rŋɯl kɯ qaʁ tʰɯ-kɤ-sɯ-βzu] nɯra ko-sɯ-ɤʑirja-nɯ .
Glosses: silver ERG hoe AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make DEM:PL IFR-CAUS-be.aligned-PL
Translation: They lined up the hoes that had been made from silver.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki [atʰi qaɕti kɤ-ntsɣe lu-kɤ-ɣɯt] nɯ cʰo naχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: DEM.PROX downstream peach INF-sell IPFV:UPSTREAM-OBJ:PCP-bring DEM COMIT be.the.same:FACT
Translation: [Wild peaches] are like those peaches that are brought from the areas downstream (i.e. the Sichuan plains) to be sold.' (08-qaCti)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-mu ci , [tɯ-sŋaʁ ra ɯ-kɯ-spa] ci pjɤ-tu tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother INDEF NMLZ:ACTION-cast.a.spell PL 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.able INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: There was an old woman who knew spells.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme ra [pɯ~pɯ-kɯ-mto]] kɯ “wo , nɯ ɯ-tɯ-pe nɯ" ntsɯ to-ti-nɯ .
Glosses: person PL TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-see ERG INTERJ DEM 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.good SFP always IFR-say-PL
Translation: All the people who saw it said `It is so nice!'.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-rʑaβ jɤ-kɯ-ɣe] nɯnɯ kʰro mɯ-pɯ-sna ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-wife AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM much NEG-PST.IPFV-be.good SENS-be
Translation: The wife who had come [to their house] (i.e. that they had married) was not nice.' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa [kɯ-mɤku tɕaχpa [kɯ-nɤrɯra] jɤ-kɯ-ɤri] nɯ ʁnɯz nɯ pjɤ-sat .
Glosses: the.aforementioned INF:STAT-be.before thief SBJ:PCP-look.around AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] DEM two DEM IFR-kill
Translation: He killed the two thieves who had gone scouting just before.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo sɤz rɯdaʁ kɯ-xtɕi] nɯra tu-ndze
Glosses: 3SG COMP animal SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III]
Translation: It eats the animals that are smaller than it is.'(20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɯdaʁ [ɯʑo sɤz kɯ-xtɕi], pɣa [ɯʑo sɤz kɯ-xtɕi] nɯra tu-ndze ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: animal 3SG COMP SBJ:PCP-be.small bird 3SG COMP SBJ:PCP-be.smal DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF
Translation: It eats the animals and the birds that are smaller than it is.'(24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo sɤz kɯ-xtɕi] qajɯ ra tu-ndze ŋgrɤl mɤ-ŋgrɤl mɤ-xsi ma
Glosses: 3SG COMP SBJ:PCP-be.small bug PL IPFV-eat[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT NEG-GENR:know LNK
Translation: I don't know whether it eats the bugs that are smaller than itself.' (26-kWrNukWGndZWr)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-nmaʁ nɯ kɯ ɯ-rʑaβ kɯ-ɤntɕʰɯ ɲɯ-kɯ-nɯ-ɕar], [aʁɤndɯndɤt tɤndɤɣri tu-kɯ-βzu] pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-husband DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-wife SBJ:PCP-be.several IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-search everywhere illegitimate.child IPFV-SBJ:PCP-make IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There were men who had several female companions, and had illegitimate children everywhere.' (140427 tAndAGri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme [pɯ~pɯ-kɯ-mto]] kɯ ɲɯ-nɤ-mpɕɤr-nɯ tɕe “ɲɯ-pe" tu-ti-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: person TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-see ERG SENS-TROP-be.beautiful-PL LNK SENS-be.good IPFV-say-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: All the people who saw it found it beautiful and said it was nice.' (140510 sanpian yumao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕʰeme pɯ-kɤ-sat] nɯ pɣɤtɕɯ ci to-sci qʰe ,
Glosses: girl AOR-SBJ:PCP-kill DEM bird INDEF IFR:UP-be.born LNK
Translation: The girl who had been killed was reborn as a bird.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ [qajɯ kɯ-ɲaʁ tu-ti-a] nɯ nɯ kɯ-fse ɲɯ-βze ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM worm SBJ:PCP-black IPFV-say-1SG DEM DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-grow SENS-be
Translation: The black worm that I am talking about grows like that.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo [iɕqʰa ndzrɯ tʰɯ-tɯ-fse-t] nɯ ci tɤ-nɯ-tsʰɤt tɕe
Glosses: 2SG just.before chisel AOR-2-whet-PST:TR DEM a.little IMP-AUTO-try LNK
Translation: Try the chisel that you have just whetted.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-tɕɯ kɯ pɯ-kɤ-mto] pɣa nɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-see bird DEM
Translation: The bird that my son saw' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ_i-mu kɯ ka-nɯpoʁ] tɤ-pɤtso_i nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother ERG AOR:3→3-kiss INDEF.POSS-child DEM
Translation: The child whose mother kissed him' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯpɯ nɯ kɯ [iɕqʰa mbala-do nɯ kɯ tɤ-kɤ-tɯt] nɯ to-sɯʁjit .
Glosses: boy DEM ERG just.before ox-old DEM ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-say[II] DEM IFR-remember
Translation: The boy remembered [what] the old ox had told him.' (150828 niulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [mbala kɯ ta-tɯt] nɯ to-stu
Glosses: LNK ox ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM IFR-do.like
Translation: He did it [the way that] the ox had said.' (150828 niulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ́-wɣ-z-nɤmɲo] nɯra kɯ~kɯ-fsɯ~fse ʑo to-βzu pjɤ-cʰa .
Glosses: AOR-INV-CAUS-watch DEM:PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.like EMPH IFR-make IFR-can
Translation: [Luban]_i succeeded in recreating all [the objects] that [his teacher]_j had shown him_i exactly as they were [before].' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [mbalɤ-pɯ jɤ-kɯ-sɯ-ɕɣaz-a] nɯ pa-mto tɕe
Glosses: ox-DIM AOR-2→1-CAUS-take.back-1SG DEM AOR:3→3-see LNK
Translation: She saw the calf that you had me take back home.' (140512 fushang he yaomo1-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯre ri tɕʰɯwɯr tu-rke ŋu tɕe , tɕe [tɕʰɯwɯr tu-kɯ-rku] nɯnɯ cimbɤrom ŋu
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC blister IPFV-put.in[III] be:FACT LNK LNK [blister IPFV-SBJ:PCP-put.in] DEM phlycten be:FACT
Translation: (At the place where the skin is burnt), a blister forms there, the blister that forms is a phlycten.' (27-tWfCAl 122)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iɕqʰa mbrɤz ɣɯ [ɯ-mat ku-kɯ-tsʰoʁ] nɯ ɯ-tsʰɯɣa ɲɯ-fse
Glosses: LNK the.aforementioned rice GEN 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-SBJ:PCP-attach DEM 3SG.POSS-shape SENS-be.like
Translation: Its shape is a bit like that of grains of rice (growing on the stalk).' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɣa ra nɯ-kɤ-rga] nɯ qaj ntsɯ ŋu
Glosses: bird PL 3PL-OBJ:PCP-like DEM wheat always be:FACT
Translation: [The food] that birds like is always wheat (not barley).' (23 pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [laχtɕʰa pɯ-βɟat-a] nɯ kʰɯtsa pɯ-ŋu
Glosses: thing AOR-obtain-1SG DEM bowl PST.IPFV-be
Translation: The thing that I obtained was a bowl.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo qaʑo aro-a] nɯ kɯki ŋu
Glosses: 1SG SHEEP own:FACT-1SG DEM DEM.PROX be:FACT
Translation: The sheep that I own is this one.' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [sla kɯ , nɤki , kumpɣɤ-ŋgɯm nɯ́-wɣ-mbi] nɯ pjɤ-qrɯ
Glosses: moon ERG FILLER hen-egg AOR-INV-give DEM IFR-break
Translation: She broke the egg that the moon had given her.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ , saŋrɟɤz ra kɯ pɯ́-wɣ-sɯxɕɤt] ɣɯ kʰɤndɯn nɯ ɯ-rʑaβ χsɯm nɯ pjɤ-sɯxɕɤt
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG buddha PL ERG AOR-INV-teach GEN mantra DEM 3SG.POSS-wife three DEM IFR-teach
Translation: He taught his three wives the mantra that the Buddhas had taught him.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-kɤ-sɯxɕɤt] nɯ ɬamu pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG-OBJ:PCP-teach DEM ANTHR PST.IPFV-be
Translation: The person whom I taught it to was Lhamo.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-kɤ-sɯxɕɤt] nɯ <shuxue> pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 2SG-OBJ:PCP-teach DEM mathematics PST.IPFV-be
Translation: The [subject] that I taught them/him/her was maths.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [rŋɯl nɯ-tɯ-mbi-t] nɯ ɕɯ pɯ-ŋu ?
Glosses: silver AOR-2-give-PST:TR DEM who PST.IPFV-be
Translation: To whom did you give money?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-tɕɯ tɤ-pɤro nɯ-mbi-t-a] nɯ kɯmtɕʰɯ pɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son INDEF.POSS-present AOR-give-PST:TR-1SG DEM toy PST.IPFV-be
Translation: The present I gave my son was a toy.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tɕɯ tɯ~tɯ-ŋu nɤ , [pɯ-ta-sɯxɕɤt] nɯ ci nɯ-ndɯn ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son COND~2-be:FACT ADD AOR-1→2-teach DEM a.little IMP-recite be.needed:FACT
Translation: If you are my son, recite [the mantra] that I have taught you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ʑara kɯ-lɤɣ ɲɯ-ɕe-nɯ] ɣɯ tʂu ci tu tɕe
Glosses: 3PL SBJ:PCP-herd IPFV:WEST-go-PL GEN path INDEF exist:FACT LNK
Translation: (At that place), there is a path which they take to go herd [cattle].' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ku-rɤʑi] nɯ kʰu ɯ-sta ɕti ndɤre
Glosses: IPFV-stay DEM tiger 3SG.POSS-place be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: The place where he is [now] is a tiger's lair.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰa jɤ́-wɣ-tsɯm-nɯ] nɯnɯ , [lonba ɕom kɯ nɯ-kɤ-sɯ-βzu] kʰa pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: house IFR-INV-take.away-PL DEM all iron ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make house IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The house where [the king] had taken them, it was a house completely made of iron' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [iɕqʰa qaɕpa kɯ ɯ-mɤ-kɤ-mto ʑo] jo-ɕe
Glosses: the.aforementioned frog ERG 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-see EMPH IFR-go
Translation: She went to [a place] where the frog would not find her.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ-rɤʑi] ɯ-stu ʑo nɯ kú-wɣ-sɯ-ɤsɯɣ .
Glosses: 3SG SBJ:PCP-stay 3SG.POSS-place EMPH DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.tight
Translation: One presses the place (in the cow's hide) where [the bug] is.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯnɯ tɯ-ɤntɤm lɤ-kɯ-ʑa] ɯ-stu nɯ ɯ-mpʰɯsku tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: DEM INF:II-be.flat AOR:UPSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-start 3SG.POSS-place DEM 3SG.POSS-rump IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: (When one goes upstream), the place where [the slope of the mountain] starts getting flatter (i.e. the point of inflection in the slope of the mountain) is called the `rump' (of the mountain).' (150908 Wmphsku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑara [nɯ-sɤ-ɤnbaʁ] ɯ-stu nɯtɕu jo-nɯ-ɬoʁ-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: 3PL 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-hide 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC IFR-AUTO-come.out-PL LNK
Translation: They came out of their hiding place.' (140426 luozi he qiangdao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɯ-nɤŋkɯŋke] ɯ-sta nɯra rcanɯ , tɯ-ɕnaβ pɯ-kɤ-βde ʑo fse
Glosses: PST.IPFV-DISTR:walk 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC UNEXP:DEG INDEF.POSS-snot AOR-OBJ:PCP-throw EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: The places where [the slug] has passed look like snot has been spilled [on them].' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɤ-ru ɯ-stu nɯtɕu
Glosses: AOR:UPSTREAM-look 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC
Translation: The direction (upwards) he looked.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɤ-ru ɯ-sta nɯtɕu
Glosses: AOR:UPSTREAM-look 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC
Translation: The place where/from which he looked upwards.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lo-ɕe tɕe tɕelo [tʰɯ-nɤqʰaru] ɯ-sta lɤ-azɣɯt nɤ li cʰɤ-nɤqʰaru .
Glosses: IFR:UPSTREAM-go LNK upstream AOR:DOWNSTREAM-look.back 3SG.POSS-place AOR-reach ADD again IFR:DOWNSTREAM-look.back
Translation: He went up there, and when he arrived at the place up there that he had looked back from, he looked back again.' (2003 kAndzwsqhaj.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ [qandʑi cʰɯ-sɤ-ɣnda] nɯ tʰoŋtʰɤr ɲɯ-rmi
Glosses: DEM bullet IPF-OBL:PCP-ram DEM ramrod SENS-be.called
Translation: What is used to ram a bullet [into the muzzle of the gun] is called a ramrod.' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ji ɯ-χcɤl tu-kɯ-ŋke mɤ-kʰɯ ma tɤ-rɤku tu tɕe tɕe , nɯ ɣɯ [tu-sɤ-ŋke] ɯ-spa , ɯ-tʂu <zhuanmen> ɯ-rkoz ɲɯ́-wɣ-βzu ŋgrɤl tɕe ɯnɯnɯ tʂu nɯ ftɕɤru tu-kɯ-ti ŋu
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-middle IPFV-GENR:S/O-walk NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK INDEF.POSS-crops exist:FACT LNK LNK DEM GEN IPFV-OBL:PCP-walk 3SG.POSS-material 3SG.POSS-path specially 3SG.POSS-special IPFV-INV-make be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK DEM path DEM summer.path IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: One cannot walk in the middle of the fields, because there are crops. To walk into it, one specially makes a path, and that path is call `summer path'.' (definition, 15-06-05)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri nɯnɯ [ɯ-kɯ-sɯ-mpʰɯl] nɯ li ɯ-zrɤm ɲɯ-ɕti ma ɯ-rɣi ɲɯ-maʁ .
Glosses: but DEM 3SG-SBJ:PCP-CAUS-reproduce DEM again 3SG.POSS-root SEVE-be.AFF LNK 3SG.POSS-seed SEVE-not.be
Translation: What it reproduces with is its root, not its seeds.' (11-paRzwamWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo ɯ-χti ɲɤ-me tɕe , ɲɯ-sɤzdɯxpa tɕe ɯ-sɤz-rɤkrɤz ri maŋe , ɯ-kɯ-qur ri maŋe
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-companion IFR-not.exist LNK SENS-be.pitiful LNK 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-discuss also not.exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-help also not.exist:SENS
Translation: Her husband passed away, poor her, she has nobody to talk with, and nobody to help her.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme [a-sɤ-ɤmɯmi] nɯ lɤβzaŋ ɲɯ-rmi .
Glosses: person 1SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.on.good.terms DEM ANTHR SENS-be.called
Translation: The person I am on good terms with is Lobzang.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [“a-ʁi" sɤ-ti] dɤn ma aʑo ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , a-ʁi , [tɕi-mu tɕi-wa kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ] a-ʁi , nɯnɯra nɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-ʁi" tu-ti-a , a-wɤmɯ ɯ-rɟit tɕe “a-ʁi" tu-ti-a .
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling OBL:PCP-say be.many:FACT LNK 1SG GEN FILLER 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling 1DU.POSS-mother 1DU.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.the.same 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG 1SG.POSS-brother 3SG.POSS-children LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG
Translation: There are many [people] to whom one says `my younger sibling'; those of my “younger siblings” whose parents I share, I say `my younger sibling' to them, and I (also) say `my younger sibling' to my brothers' children.' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-z-rɤ-tʰu] nɯ tsʰɯndzɯn <laoshi> ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBL:PCP DEM ANTHR teacher be:FACT
Translation: The [person] I ask is teacher Tshendzin. (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ-sɤ-pʰɯt] nɯ , ɯ-sŋi nɯ a-mɤ-pɯ-pe tɕe tɕe li tu-kɯ-ɕɯ-ngo ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-cut DEM 3SG.POSS-day DEM IRR-NEG-IPFV-be.good LNK LNK again IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-be.sick SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: If the day when [the tree] is cut is not auspicious, it makes people sick.' (24-kWqar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤjmɤɣ ɯ-sɤ-dɤn] ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu , tʰamtʰam .
Glosses: mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many EMPH SENS-be now
Translation: Now is a [period] when mushrooms are abundant.' (conversation, 16-08-11)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[slɤzɯn tu] cʰo] [ʁmbɣɯzɯn tu] ɯ-sŋi nɯnɯ , skɤrma mɤ-sna ra tu-ti-nɯ ŋu
Glosses: lunar.eclipse exist:FACT COMIT solar.eclipse exist:FACT 3SG.POSS-day DEM time NEG-be.good:FACT PL IPFV-say-PL be:FACT
Translation: They said that the day of a lunar or a solar eclipse is not auspicious.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [iʑora <maozhuxi> nɯ-me] ɯ-xpa nɯnɯ , skɤrtɕin maŋe tu-ti-nɯ pɯ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: 1PL chairman.Mao AOR-not.exist 3SG.POSS-year DEM Venus not.exist IPFV-say-PL PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: They say that the year when our Chairman Mao passed away, Venus did not appear.' (29-LAntshAm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ-mtɕʰi kɯ-dɤn] nɯra
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-mouth SBJ:PCP-be.many DEM:PL
Translation: Those who talk too much' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɯ zɯ [qapri ci ɯ-kɤχcɤl ɯ-ʁrɯ kɯ-tu] ci ɣɤʑu tɕe
Glosses: east LOC snake INDEF 3SG.POSS-top.of.head 3SG.POSS-horn SBJ:PCP-exist INDEF exist:SENS LNK
Translation: In the east, there is a snake with a horn on his head.' (2005, divinitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ-cu kɯ-tu] rɟɤɣi pjɤ-ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-additive SBJ:PCP-exist tsampa IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: It was tsampa mixed with broad beans.' (i.e. poor quality tsampa) (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ-mi kɯ-zɯ~zri ʑo] [rkaŋraŋ kɯ-rmi] ci pɯ-tu ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leg SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.long EMPH ANTHR SBJ:PCP-be.called INDEF PST.IPFV-exist SENS-be
Translation: There was someone called Rkangring who had long legs.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [a-χti kɯ-tu] ɲɯ-ŋu-a
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-companion SBJ:PCP-exist SENS-be-1SG
Translation: I am someone with a husband.' (i.e. whose husband is still alive, unlike hers) (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo nɤ-mu nɤ-wa kɯ-tsʰoz] ŋu/tɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-mother 2SG.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.complete be:FACT/2-be:FACT
Translation: You are someone both of whose parents are still alive.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕi-mu tɕi-wa kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ]
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-mother 1DU.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.the.same
Translation: Those whose parents are the same as mine.' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕi-mɲitɕʰɤz ra ɲɯ-naχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-temper PL SENS-be.the.same
Translation: We have the same temperament = She has the same temperament as I.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [maka tɕekɯ ku-kɯ-ru tɕe tɕendi smar [[ɯ-βzɯr tɕʰi kɯ-fse ŋu] kɯ-fse] mɤ-kɯ-sɤ-mto ʑo] scʰiz nɯ-azɣɯt ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: at.all east IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-look LNK west river 3SG.POSS-side what SBJ:PCP-be.like be:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like NEG-SBJ:PCP-PROP-see EMPH APPROX.LOC AOR:WEST-reach SENS-be
Translation: He arrived at a river where if one looked from one bank to the other, what was on the other side was not at all visible.' (Divination 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ-pɕi kɯ-rɤʑi] [ɯ-kɯ-χsu kɯ-me] lɯlu ɣɤʑu tɕe nɯnɯ kupa kɯ <yemao> tu-ti ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-outside SBJ:PCP-stay 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-feed NMZL:S/A-not.exist cat exist:SENS LNK DEM Chinese ERG wild.cat IPFV-say be:FACT
Translation: There are cats that live outside, that nobody feeds, Chinese people call them wild cats.' (21-lWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯnɤ [[tɯ-ɣjɤn cinɤ ʑo tɤ-kɯ-mbri] kɯ-me], nɯ to-ɣɤscɤscɤt ʑo to-mbri ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: bird DEM also one-time even.one EMPH AOR-SBJ:PCP-make.noise SBJ:PCP-not.exist DEM IFR-do.quickly EMPH IFR-make.noise SENS-be
Translation: Even the bird, which had not even sung once [since it had come to the palace], immediately started singing.' (2012 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa [pɣɤtɕɯ ɯ-sroʁ kɤ-kɤ-ri] nɯ to-tɕɤt tɕe
Glosses: the.aforementioned bird 3SG.POSS-life AOR-OBJ:PCP-save DEM IFR-take.out LNK
Translation: He took out (from his bag) the bird whose life he had saved.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [qro ta-fsraŋ] nɯnɯ , [ɯ-kʰo mɯ-tʰa-sɯ-pʰɯt] nɯnɯra ɣɯ nɯ-rɟɤlpu (nɯ) kɯ , qro rcanɯ , stoŋtsu kɯmŋu ʑo jo-ɣɯt .
Glosses: ant AOR:3→3-protect DEM 3SG.POSS-hive NEG-AOR:3→3-CAUS-take.off DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-king DEM ERG ant UNEXP:DEG thousand five EMPH IFR-bring
Translation: The queen (king) of the ants that he had saved, whose anthill he had saved from destruction (by his brothers), brought five thousand ants.' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe jisŋi [[tɯ-tʰe] kɯ-ra] ɯ́-tu ?
Glosses: LNK today 2-ask[III]:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.needed QU-exist:FACT
Translation: Is there anything you need to ask today?' (conversation 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤ-nɯtsɯ kɯ-ra] ra kɯnɤ tu-kɯ-nɯ-ti] nɯnɯra tɕaɣi tu-sɤrmi-nɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: [[[INF-hide] SBJ:PCP-be.needed] PL also IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-say DEM:PL parrot IPFV-call-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: People call `parrots' those who tell [everything], including things that should [remain] hidden.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-rɤku tu-kɯ-nɯ-ndza], [[tɯrme ntsɯ tɯ-nɤjo-nɯ] mɤ-kɯ-ra], [koŋla tɯrme kɯ-pɯ~pe ʑo] a-nɯ-tɯ-ɤβzu-nɯ smɯlɤm
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-crop IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-eat people always 2-wait:FACT-PL NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.needed really people SBJ:PCP-emph~be.good EMPH IRR-PFV-2-become-PL prayer
Translation: May you become nice people who eat crops and do not need to wait (i.e. ambush) for humans (to eat them).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɕe-a] kɯ-ra] nɯ alo ŋu
Glosses: go:FACT-1SG SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM upstream be:FACT
Translation: [The place] where I have to go is upstream.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[aʑo-sɯso ɲɯ-nɯ-pe-a] kɯ-kʰɯ] nɯtɕu nɯ-ɕe-a ŋu
Glosses: 1SG-as.wish IPFV-AUTO-do[III]-1SG SBJ:PCP-be.possible DEM:LOC VERT-go:FACT-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I am going back to a place where I can do as I like.' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [si [wuma tu-mbro] mɤ-kɯ-cʰa] ci ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: tree really IPFV-be.high NEG-SBJ:PCP-can INDEF be:FACT LNK
Translation: It is a tree that cannot grow very high.' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[qaliaʁ kɯ , nɤkinɯ , nɯɕimɯma kɯ-sɯsu cʰɯ-nɯ-tsɯm] ɯ-mɤ-kɤ-cʰa] nɯnɯra
Glosses: eagle ERG FILLER immediately SBJ:PCP-be.alive IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-take.away 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-can DEM:PL
Translation: Those (the animals) that the eagle is not able to carry away while they are still alive.' (150819 RarphAB)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣa [[kɤ-rɯɕmi] ɯ-kɯ-spa] ci
Glosses: bird INF-speak 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.able INDEF
Translation: A bird that is able to speak' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤ-ɕe] pɯ-kɯ-rɲo pjɤ-dɤn-nɯ ri
Glosses: INF-go AOR-SBJ:PCP-experience IFR.IPFV-be.many-PL LNK
Translation: Many people have gone there (those who have gone there were many).' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo [kɤ-mto] pɯ-rɲo-t-a] tɕʰemɤpɯ ci tu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG INF-see AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG girl INDEF exist:FACT LNK
Translation: There is a girl whom I saw before and….' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ʁmɤrɲɯɣ kɯ kɤ-mtsɯɣ] pɯ-kɤ-rɲo] tɯrme nɯ
Glosses: mosquito ERG INF-bite AOR-OBJ:PCP-experience person DEM
Translation: Someone who has been stung by mosquitoes before' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[smɤnkʰaŋ kɯ-ɕe] kɯ-ra] ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: hospital SBJ:PCP-go SBJ:PCP-be.needed exist:sens
Translation: There are people [with nosebleed] who have to go to the hospital.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[kɯki ɯ-ku-kɯ-ndɯn] kɯ-cʰa] ci ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-read SBJ:PCP-can INDEF be:FACT
Translation: She is someone who can read this.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [wuma ʑo [pɯ-kɯ-ɴɢlɯt] kɯ-tʰɯ] nɯra qʰe ndɤre , tɕʰaχɕaŋ tu-te qʰe tɕe tu-xtɕɤr ŋu .
Glosses: really EMPH AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:break SBJ:PCP-be.serious DEM:PL LNK LNK splinter IPFV-put[III] LNK LNK IPFV-attach be:FACT
Translation: As for the fractures that are serious, he puts a splinter on them and attaches it.' (140426 laxthab)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [stu kɯ-mɤku jɤ-kɯ-ɣe] nɯ rɟɤlpu pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.before AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM king IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The one who came first was the king.' (140514 xizajiang he lifashi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-kɤ-ndza nɯnɯ nɯ tɕe , tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ qajɯ nɯra ɲɯ-ŋu rca ma
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat DEM DEM LNK INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-inside bugs DEM:PL SENS-be SFP LNK
Translation: What [the otter] eats is aquatic animals, probably.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo a-kɤ-nɯ-rga] nɯ nɤʑo tɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-APPL-like DEM 2SG 2-be:FACT LNK
Translation: The one whom I love is you.' (160708 riquet5)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ-xtɤpa tu-kɯ-rqoʁ] nɯ pɤɕtʰɤβ ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-belly IPFV-SBJ:PCP-hug DEM belly.band be:FACT
Translation: [The thing that] is attached around (`hugs') its belly is the belly band.' (30-tAsno)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma [ɯ-sɤ-dɤn] nɯ tɕetu rɯŋgu ŋu .
Glosses: LNK 2SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many DEM up.there pasture be:FACT
Translation: The [place] where they are [most] numerous is up there on the pastures. (17-xCAj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tu-tɯ-mtsʰi] nɯnɯ , mbalɤ-pɯ ɲɯ-maʁ
Glosses: IPFV-2-lead DEM ox-DIM SENS-not.be
Translation: What you are leading is not a calf, (but rather….)' (140512 fushang he yaomo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɤ-ɣɤwu matɕi tɕendɤre nɯ [stu ʑo ɯ-kɤ-nɯzdɯɣ] nɯ pjɤ-ɕti tɕe
Glosses: IFR-cry because LNK DEM most EMPH 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-worry DEM IFR.IPFV-be.ADD LNK
Translation: He cried because it was what he was most worried about.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [mɤ-kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ] tɕe , [ɯ-ndzrɯ ɣɤʑu].
Glosses: but NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.similar LNK 3SG.POSS-claw exist:SENS
Translation: What is different [between the footprints of the bear and those of a small child] is that [the former] has claws.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[nɤ-kɤ-tʰu] tɕʰi kɯ-tu] tɤ-tʰe jɤɣ-o
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-ask what SBJ:PCP-exist IMP-ask[III] be.possible:FACT-SFP
Translation: Ask any/whatever question you [may] have.' (conversation, 17-09-06)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-zda ra kɯ~kɯ-tu ʑo a-tɤ-bɯɣ-nɯ smɯlɤm
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-companion PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist EMPH IRR-PFV-miss.home-PL prayer
Translation: May all of my companions miss home!' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora kɯ~kɯ-tu ʑo lɤ-nɯ-jɣɤt-nɯ
Glosses: 2PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist EMPH IMP:UPSTREAM-VERT-turn.back
Translation: Turn back and go to your homes.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-<dianhua> ɯ-kɯ-lɤt] ɣɤʑu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-phone 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-release exist:SENS
Translation: There is someone calling me on the phone!' (conversation, 22-08-2018)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɯŋgɯ si ɯ-mat a-pɯ-dɤn tɕe , nɯ ɯ-xpa nɯ ɲɯ-rkɯn ma kʰro kɤ-mto mɯ́j-ɣi ma [ɯ-kɤ-ndza] ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: forest tree 3SG.POSS-fruit IRR-IPFV-be.many LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-year DEM SENS-be.few LNK much OBJ:PCP-see NEG:SENS-come LNK 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat exist:SENS
Translation: In years when there are many fruits on the trees in the forest, there are fewer Garrulax sp. (ʁmɯrcɯ) because they do not come [where they can be] seen, as they have things to eat (in the forest).' (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa [tɯrme kɯ-ngo] ɣɤʑu tɕe , ɯ-kɯ-rtoʁ jɤ-ari-a wo !
Glosses: just.before person SBJ:PCP-be.ill exist:SENS LNK 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see AOR-go[II]-1SG SFP
Translation: There is someone who is sick, I went to see him/her.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɟy cʰo qajɯ ɯ-ŋgɯz kɯnɤ , [ɯ-kɤ-ndza] ɣɤʑu , [ɯ-mɤ-kɤ-ndza] ɣɤʑu . [ɯ-kɤ-nɤ-mɯm], [ɯ-mɤ-kɤ-nɤ-mɯm] ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: fish COMIT bugs 3SG.POSS-inside:LOC also 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-eat exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-TROP-be.tasty 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-TROP-be.tasty exist:SENS
Translation: Among fishes and other marine animals, there are some that [whales]_i eat and some that they_i don't eat, some that they_i find tasty and some that they_i don't find tasty.' (160703 jingyu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-kɯ-nɯɣ-mu me
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-APPL-be.afraid not.exist:FACT
Translation: Nobody is afraid of you!' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [nɯra [ɯ-ɕɯ-kɯ-pʰɯt] ra kɯ-tu] me ma
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-TRAL-SBJ:PCP-take.off PL SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT LNK
Translation: But nobody goes and picks [wild strawberries].' (because nobody likes to eat them) (11-paRzwamWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ ʁnɯz ni kɯ nɯnɯ nɤki , [mbrɯtɕɯ la-tɕɤt] nɯ pa-mto-ndʑi tɕe , wuma ʑo ɲɤ-mu-ndʑi .
Glosses: wolf two DU ERG DEM FILLER knife AOR:3→3-take.out DEM AOR:3→3-see-DU LNK really EMPH IFR-be.afraid-DU
Translation: The two wolves, seeing that he had unsheathed his knife (or: seeing the knife that he had unsheathed), were very afraid. (150902 liaozhai lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯ kɯ nɯra [tɯ~tɤ-amɯ-ti-ndʑi] nɯ pjɤ-mtsʰɤm .
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM ERG DEM:PL tOTAL~AOR-RECIP-say-DU DEM IFR-hear
Translation: The youngest [boy] heard all the things that they had said to each other.' (160630 poucet1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo si tɤ-mda kóʁmɯz nɤ nɯ [mɯ-pjɤ-pe] nɯ ko-tso ri ɲɤ-maqʰu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK 3SG die:FACT AOR-be.the.time only.then ADD DEM NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.good DEM IFR-understand LNK IFR-be.late SENS-be
Translation: Just before dying, he understood that [what he had done] was not good, but it was too late.' (aesop nongfu yu she-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ [tu-ɣɤwu] nɯ ɯ-mtsʰɤm pɯ-rɲo-t-a ma
Glosses: DEM IPFV-cry DEM 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:hear AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯra [pɯ~pɯ-kɯ-fse] nɯra , [<yazi> tɤ-kɤ-mɯrkɯ , tɤ-kɤ-ndza], qʰe ɕɤr tɕe [ɯ-βri tɤ-kɯ-rɤʑa] qʰe , [ɯ-βri tɕe iɕqʰa , <yazi> ɣɯ ɯ-muj nɯ-kɯ-ɬoʁ], nɯra pjɤ-fɕɤt .
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL TOTAL~PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL duck AOR-OBJ:PCP-steal AOR-OBJ:PCP-eat LNK evening LOC 3SG.POSS-body AOR-SBJ:PCP-itch LNK 3SG.POSS-body LOC the.aforementioned duck GEN 3SG.POSS-feather AOR-SBJ:PCP-come.out DEM:PL IFR-tell
Translation: He told [the old man] everything that had happened, about the duck that he had stolen and eaten, and his body itching, and the duck feathers that had grown on it.' (150904 maya-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯ-ngo] to-ʑɣɤpa tɕe
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.sick IFR-pretend LNK
Translation: She pretended to be sick.' (Nyima Wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɕpa to-nɯɕpɯz , qaɕpa ɯ-rqʰu to-ŋga ,
Glosses: frog IFR-pretend frog 3SG.POSS-skin IFR-wear
Translation: He dressed up as a frog, he wore a frog's skin.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ-pɤtso kɯ-ɣɤwu] ʑo kɤ-nɯɕpɯz mɤ-spe-a ma nɯ mɯma spe-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-cry EMPH INF-imitate NEG-be.able[III]:FACT-1SG LNK DEM apart.from be.able[III]:FACT-1SG
Translation: I cannot imitate a child crying, but apart from that I can imitate [anything].' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [ɯ-mi kɯ-mŋɤm] to-nɯɕpɯz
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-leg SBJ:PCP-hurt IFR-pretend
Translation: He pretended to feel pain in his leg.' (140426 lang yisheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [sŋaʁspa kɯ tɯ~ta-tɯt] nɯ to-stu
Glosses: LNK sorcerer ERG TOTAL~AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM IFR-do.like
Translation: He did it everything the way that the sorcerer had said.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[“nɯ a-tɤ-fse ɲɯ-ra"] tɤ-tɯ-tɯt] nɯ tɤ-stu-t-a ŋu
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV-be.like SENS-be.needed AOR-2-say[II] DEM AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I did it [the way that] you said should be done.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `[[`tɯrme nɯ ko-nɯrŋu”] kɤ-ti] mɯ-pɯ-mtsʰam-a
Glosses: person DEM IFR-have.pig.disease SBJ:PCP-say NEG-AOR-hear-1SG
Translation: I have never heard of people getting the pig disease.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤɕime nɯ kɯ nɯra kɤ-stu] pjɤ-cʰa
Glosses: princess DEM ERG DEM:PL INF-do.like.this IFR-can
Translation: The princess succeeded in doing it.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ-mat nɯ kɤ-ndza] sna , [tɯrme kɤ-ndza] sna
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM INF-eat be.good:FACT people INF-eat be.good:FACT
Translation: Its fruit is nice to eat, it is nice for people to eat.' (09-stoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯnɯ tɯrme kɯ kɤ-ndza] sna
Glosses: DEM people ERG INF-eat be.good:FACT
Translation: It is nice for people to eat.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku tɕe [kɤ-nɯrɤɣo] wuma ʑo rga-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: some LNK INF-sing really EMPH like:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: Some people like to sing.' (26-kWrNukWGndZWr) (S=S)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [qajɯ nɯra kɤ-nɤrtoχpjɤt] pɯ-rga-a tɕe
Glosses: 1SG bugs DEM:PL INF-observe PST.IPFV-like-1SG LNK
Translation: I liked to observe bugs.' (26-quspunmbro) (A=S)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka [tu-kɤ-nɤjoʁjoʁ], [tu-kɤ-fstɤt] nɯ ɲɯ-rga-nɯ
Glosses: at.all IPFV-INF-flatter IPFV-INF-praise DEM IPFV-like-PL
Translation: They like to be flattered or praised.' (140427 yuanhou-zh) (P=S)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤjkʰu pjɯ-si ɕɯŋgɯ ʑo [ɯ-ɕa ɯ-ndza] tu-ʑa-nɯ ɕti
Glosses: still IPFV-die before EMPH 3SG.POSS-flesh 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:eat IPFV-start-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [The lions] start eating its flesh before it dies (i.e. while it is still alive).' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo a-ku (a-mɤtsa), tɯ-mŋɤm] ta-ʑa
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-head 1SG.POSS-MZCh INF:II-hurt AOR:3→3-start
Translation: My head_i, cousin, when it_i starts hurting…' (TaRrdo 2003 conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mɯntoʁ nɯ pɯ-ŋgra tɕe [ɯ-ŋgɯ ɯ-mat tɯ-βzu] na-ʑa ri tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower DEM AOR-ACAUS:cause.to.fall LNK 3SG.POSS-inside 3SG.POSS-fruit INF:II-make AOR:3→3-start LOC LNK
Translation: When its flower has fallen, and its fruit has started growing inside…' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ kɤ-nɤkʰu] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 3SG ERG INF-invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have been to his house as a guest.' (= `He invited me to come to his house as a guest and I came.') (P=A)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɤ-nɤkʰu] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 3SG INF-invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: He has been to my house as a guest.' (= `I have invited him to come to my house as a guest and he came.') (A=A)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-nɤkʰu] pa-rɲo
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-BARE.INF:invite AOR:3→3-experience
Translation: I have been to his house as a guest.' (= `He invited me to come to his house as a guest and I came.')
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo ɯ-nɤkʰu] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: He has been to my house as a guest.' (= `I invited him to come to my house as a guest and he came.')
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯra ɯ-ti] to-jɤɣ tɕe
Glosses: DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say IFR-finish LNK
Translation: After saying that, (they went to the park)' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo a-ŋga ra tu-nɯ-ŋge-a , jɤɣɤt ju-nɯ-ɕe-a] ra tɤ-cʰa-a
Glosses: 1SG 1SG-clothes PL IPFV-AUTO-wear[III]-1SG toilet IPFV-AUTO-go-1SG PL AOR-can-1SG
Translation: I am able now to get dressed by myself and use the bathroom by myself (again, after an accident).' (conversation, 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndɤre [kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi a-mɤ-pɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-ɕlɯɣ] ɲɯ-ra ma rca nɯ ɲɯ-ndoʁ qʰe ɕlaʁ ʑo pjɯ-ɴɢrɯ ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: LNK INF:STAT~be.small IRR-NEG-PFV:DOWN-INV-AUTO-drop SENS-be.needed because UNEXP:DEG DEM SENS-be.brittle LNK at.once EMPH IPFV-ACAUS:break SENS-be:AFF
Translation: However, one should not let it drop at all, otherwise, as it is very brittle, it would break at once.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯ-xtɕɯ-xtɕi tɤ-nɤŋkɯŋke-a] tɤ-cʰa-a .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small AOR-walk.around-1SG AOR-can-1SG
Translation: I am now able to walk around a little bit (again, after an accident).' (conversation, 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯnɯ a-kɤ-ɣɯt] a-pɯ-cʰa tɕe nɯnɯ pʰɤn
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV:EAST-bring IRR-PFV-can LNK DEM be.efficient:FACT
Translation: If he succeeds in bringing him here, it will be efficient [to cure my disease].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤ-ɕqʰe smɤn ku-tɯ-ndze] ɯ-kú-ra ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-cough medicine PRS-2-eat[III] QU-PRS-be.needed
Translation: Do you have to take medicine for your cough (now)?' (conversation 2019-08-16)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [<weixin> tu-lat-a] nɯra mɯ́j-spe-a .
Glosses: Wechat IPFV-release-1SG DEM:PL NEG:SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I am not able to use Wechat.' (conversation, 17-03-27)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ ku-nɯ-ta-j] wuma ʑo rga-j
Glosses: DEM IPFV-AUTO-put-1PL really EMPH like:FACT-1SG
Translation: We like to put it (in the tea kettle to make tea).' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɯ tu-kɯ-nɤjoʁjoʁ-a] nɯra rga-a
Glosses: 2SG ERG IPFV-2→1-flatter-1SG DEM:PL like:FACT-1SG
Translation: I like it when you flatter me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo mɤlɤn ʑo pjɯ-tɯ-si] ntsʰi
Glosses: 2SG absolutely EMPH IPFV-2-die be.better:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajdo nɯ kɯ [tɯ-ci ko-tsʰi] pjɤ-cʰa .
Glosses: crow DEM ERG INDEF.POSS-water IFR-drink IFR-can
Translation: The crow succeeded in drinking water.' (aesop kouke de wuya-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [“ɣa" nɤ “ɣa" nɯ to-ti-nɯ] pjɤ-ra .
Glosses: yes ADD yes DEM IFR-say-PL IFR.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: They had no other choice but to say `yes'.' (140518 jinyin chengbao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [jɯxɕo tɕʰi tɤ-tɯ-nɤma-t tɤ-tɯ-ʑa-t] ʑo nɯ , ɕɤr mɤɕtʂa ɯʑo tɤ-nɤme ra
Glosses: this.morning what AOR-2-do-PST:TR AOR-2-start-PST:TR EMPH DEM night until 3SG IMP-do[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: That which you have started doing this morning, do it until night.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma ju-mtsaʁ ʁɟa ʑo ma nɯ ma [[ɯ-mi pjɯ-sɯ-ɤtse] [tu-ŋke]] mɯ́j-cʰa
Glosses: LNK IPFV-jump completely EMPH LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-foot IPFV-CAUS-be.inserted[III] IPFV-walk NEG:SENS-can
Translation: It only jumps, as it is not able to walk with its feet (by taking steps).' (28-qaCpa2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤ-nɯrtsɯ] [kɤ-ŋke] ra tɤ-cʰa
Glosses: INF-crawl INF-walk PL AOR-can
Translation: When [the baby] is able to crawl and walk, …' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[kɤ-ndza] kɤ-ɣɤ-ndɯβ] mɯ́j-kʰɯ tɕe lú-wɣ-sɯ-qioʁ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: INF-chew INF-CAUS-be.minute NEG:SENS-be.possible LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-vomit SENS-be LNK
Translation: [Dogs]_i cannot chew [pɤŋɤxɕaj]_j (a type of grass) into fine parts, and it_j makes them vomit.' (140505 panaxCAj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɯ-ngra pe] [mɤ-pe]] nɯ , [[kɤ-nɤma pe] [mɤ-pe]] arɤtɕʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-salary good:FACT NEG-be.good:FACT DEM INF-work good:FACT NEG-be.good:FACT be.determined.from:FACT
Translation: Whether his salary is good or not is determined by/depends on whether his work is good or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɯ-spa rtaʁ] [mɤ-rtaʁ]] tɤ-z-rɤtɕʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-material be.enough:FACT NEG-be.enough:FACT IMP-CAUS-be.determined.from[III]
Translation: Determine [the quantity of clothes that you are going to make] based on whether the [quantity of] cloth is sufficient.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “ja , tʰɯ-nɯmbjɯm-nɯ je" to-ti .
Glosses: INTERJ IMP-warm.by.fire-PL SFP IFR-say
Translation: She said: `Come, get warm by the fire!' (160703 poucet3-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ “nɯ mɤ-nɤtsa loβ" to-ti , kʰro mɯ-to-kʰɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG DEM NEG-be.appropriate:FACT SFP IFR-say much NEG-IFR-agree
Translation: The boy said `This is inappropriate' and did not agree [to marry her]. (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma nɤ-wa kɯ [nɤʑo nɯɣi] kɤ-sɯso kɯ kʰa ɯ-rkɯ tɕe ʁmaʁ χsɯ-tɤxɯr pa-sɯ-lɤt ɕti tɕe
Glosses: LNK 2SG.POSS-father ERG 2SG come.back:FACT INF-think ERG house 3SG.POSS-side LNK soldier three-circle ARO:3→3-CAUS-release be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Direct: `Your father, thinking `He is coming back', put three rings of soldiers around the house.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ kɯ “ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ a-nɯ-ɤtɯɣ-a" ɲɤ-sɯso ɕti
Glosses: old.man DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-son DEM IRR-PFV-meet-1SG IFR-think be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Direct: `The old man thought “I wish I could meet my son".
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ta-ʁi nɯ kɯ [ɯ-pi ɣɯ ɯ-sci tu-nɤme-a ra] ɲɤ-sɯso tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-younger.sibling DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 3SG.POSS-revenge IPFV-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT IFR-think LNK
Translation: Direct: `The [younger] sister thought “I have to get revenge on my brother".
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tɕɯ nɯ a-nɯ-ɤtɯɣ-a (ra)
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son DEM IRR-PFV-meet-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I wish I could meet my son.' (elicitation based on ex:WtCW.anAtWGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-pi ɣɯ ɯ-sci tu-nɤme-a ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 3SG.POSS-revenge IPFV-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to get revenge on my brother.' (elicitation based on ex:tunAmea)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕime nɯ kɯ pjɯ-tɯ-mtsʰɤm tɕe , [nɯnɯ ɯ-kɯmtɕʰɯ nɯ ju-ɣɯt-a ŋu] ɯ-kɯ-ti pjɤ-tu ndɤre ,
Glosses: girl DEM ERG IPFV-CONV:IMM-hear LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-toy DEM IPFV-bring-1SG be:FACT 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: Direct: `As soon as the girl heard that there was someone saying “I will bring your toy".
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “ɯʑo χsɯ-sŋi χsɤ-rʑaʁ ma mɯ-pɯ-rɤʑi-a" ɲɯ-nɯ-sɯsɤm pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG three-day three-night apart.from NEG-PST.IPFV-stay-1SG IPFV-AUTO-think[III] PST.IPFV-be
Translation: Direct: `He was thinking “I have only stayed for three days and three nights".