lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂʰa kɤ-nɯ-ta tɤ-ra , smi kɤ-βlɯ tɤ-ra pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , tʰamaka sko-nɯ pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ smi tu-sɯ-tɕɤt-nɯ .
Glosses: tea INF-AUTO-put AOR-be.needed fire AOR-burn AOR-be.needed PST.IPFV-AUTO-be tobacco smoke:FACT-PL PST.IPFV-AUTO-be LNK DEM ERG fire IPFV-CAUS-take.out-PL
Translation: When they need to boil tea, to make a fire or smoke tobacco, people light up the fire with it.' (15-babW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003512#S209"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki a-slama ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-student be:FACT
Translation: This a [former] student of mine.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki kɯ ta-βzu ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX ERG AOR:3→3-make
Translation: Did she make it?' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯ~mɤ-pɯ-jɤɣ tɕe mɤ-ɣi-tɕi ma kɯki nɯ fstɯn-tɕi ra ma tɕi-βɣe ɯ-ku tʰɯ-kɯ-ɣɤrndi
Glosses: COND~NEG-PST.IPFV-be.acceptable LNK NEG-come:FACT-1DU LNK DEM:PROX DEM serve:FACT-1DU be.needed:FACT LNK 1DU.POSS-orphan 3SG.POSS-head AOR-SBJ:PCP-support
Translation: If it is not possible [to take the old man with us] we will not come, as we have to serve him, he is the one who adopted us orphans when we were in dire straits.' (The old man is presumably present when this sentence is uttered) (2003nyima2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-mŋu nɯtɕu zɯ li , qapri , nɤki , kɯ-ɲaʁ nɯ kɯ kɯ-wɣrum nɯ ɯ-qiɯ ʑo cʰɤ-mqlaʁ tɕe nɯ pjɤ-rɤʑi-ndʑi .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-bank DEM:LOC LOC again snake FILLER SBJ:PCP-be.black DEM ERG SBJ:PCP-be.white DEM 3SG.POSS-half EMPH IFR-swallow LNK DEM IFR.IPFV-stay-DU
Translation: On the bank [of the lake], there was again a black snake that had swallowed half of a white snake, and they were staying [stuck] like that.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S99"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kutɕu ko-qanɯ pʰoʁpʰoʁ ʑo , nɤki nɯtɕu ɯ-kó-qanɯ ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC IFR-be.dark IDPH(II):completely EMPH DEM:MEDIAL DEM:LOC QU-IFR-be.dark
Translation: Here (in Mbarkhams) it is already dark, is it [also] dark at your place (in Paris)?' (phone conversation, 14.12.24, referring to the time lag between Paris and Mbarkham)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki kɯra ɲɯ-kʰam-a tɕe nɤki nɯ aʑɯɣ nɯ-kʰɤm je
Glosses: DEM:PROX DEM:PROX:PL IPFV-give-1SG LNK DEM:MEDIAL DEM 1SG:GEN IMP-give SFP
Translation: I give [you] these [toys], give me that one.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <luohan> nɯnɯ nɤki ɲɯ-ŋu loβ , skɯ ɲɯ-ŋu loβ
Glosses: Arhat DEM DEM:CATAPH SENS-be SFP statue SENS-be SFP
Translation: An Arhat is… it is Buddhist statue.' (150829 jidian)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɯ-ci ɣɯ ɯ-taʁ nɯnɯtɕu , nɤki ɲɤ-χtɤr , iɕqʰa <yujinxiang> kɤ-ti mɯntoʁ nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-jwaʁ nɯ ɲɤ-χtɤr .
Glosses: LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-water GEN 3SG-on DEM:LOC DEM:CATAPH IFR-spread the.aforementionned tulip OBJ:PCP-say flower DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM IFR-spread
Translation: She spilled on the water… she spilled the petals of the flower called “tulip”.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006334#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ-nɯŋa ra nɤki ŋu ɕi , tɕe ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤm qʰe , tɕe ʑara ku-n-nɯ-ɣi-nɯ ŋu ɕi ?
Glosses: LNK 2SG.POSS-cow PL DEM:CATAPH be:FACT QU LNK IPFV:WEST-2-chase[III] LNK LNK 3PL IPFV:EAST-AUTO-VERT-come-PL be:FACT QU
Translation: And your cows, are they (still) like that, you let them out of the pen (in the morning), and they come back home on their own (in the evening)?' (taRrdo conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰopi kɯ ɴqiazwɤr ci ɲɯ-mɯm rca ɲɯ-saχaʁ ʑo tɕe nɤki tu-stu-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ti , ɲɯ-pʰɯt-nɯ qʰe kɯ-zri ... ki jamar ʑo kɯ-zri ɲɯ-pʰɯt-nɯ qʰe nɤki , ɯ-ku ɯ-mtɯ kɯ-fse nɯtɕu kú-wɣ-ndo qʰe tɕe ɯ-pa nɯ , ɯ-jwaʁ nɯ cʰɯ-χɕoʁ-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu ...
Glosses: ANTHR ERG bitter.wormwood INDEF SENS-be.tasty UNEXPECT SENS-be.extremely EMPH LNK DEM:CATAPH IPFV-do.like-PL SENS-be SENS-say IPFV-take.out-PL LNK SBJ:PCP-be.long DEM:PROX about EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV-take.out-PL LNK DEM:CATAPH 3SG.POSS-head 3SG.POSS-crest SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:LOC IPFV-INV-take LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-under DEM 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-take.out-PL SENS-be
Translation: Kebei says that bitter wormwood is very tasty, and that they prepare it in the following way: they pluck (wormwoods) that are this big, take it by something that looks like a crest on the top, and prune away the leaves under it… (continued by several paragraphs)' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɤki nɯra , mkʰɤrmaŋ ra pjɤ-rɯsɯso-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:CATAPH DEM:PL people PL IFR-think-PL LNK
Translation: And these, the people thought about it.' (150829 jidian-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbrosta ci tu tɕe , nɯtɕu zɯ mbro nɯ a-ja .
Glosses: stable INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM:LOC LOC horse DEM PASS-keep.attached:FACT
Translation: There are stables (in this palace), and the horse is kept there.' (140507 jinniao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003931#S170"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo mɯ-pɯ-rɤʑi-a , kɯre pɯ-ɕti-a .
Glosses: 1SG NEG-PST.IPFV-stay DEM.PROX:LOC PST.IPFV-be.AFF-1SG
Translation: I was not present [there], I was here.' (conversation140510 )
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kukutɕu , <zhuanmen>, nɤkinɯ , tɯ-ɕɣa ɯ-kɯ-nɯsmɤn , tɕetʰi , ndɯcʰu kɯre ri rɤʑi ma , nɯnɯ wuma ʑo mkʰɤz tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM.PROX:LOC specially FILLER INDEF.POSS-tooth 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-treat downstream west:APPROX.LOC DEM.PROX:LOC LOC stay:FACT LNK DEM really EMPH be.expert:FACT LNK
Translation: Here (in Mbarkham), there is someone who specially treats teeth in the west (of Mbarkham).' (27-tApGi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003706#S130"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu ku-rɤʑi-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM:LOC IPFV-stay-PL SENS-be
Translation: They live there.' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo akɯ kɤntɕʰaʁ ri kɤ-ari-a tɕe , nɯ kóʁmɯz kɯre nɯ-nɯ-ɣe-a
Glosses: 1SG east street LOC AOR:EAST-go[II]-1SG LNK DEM only.after DEM.PROX:LOC AOR:WEST-VERT-come[II]-1SG
Translation: I went there on the street, I just came back here.' (conversation, 2013-12-02)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βɣɤtu nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-χcɤl ri spoʁ . … nɯnɯtɕu tɕe kɤ-ɣndʑɯr ɯ-spa nɯra pjɯ́-wɣ-lɤt .
Glosses: upper.grindstone DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-middle LOC have.a.hole:FACT … DEM:LOC LNK OBJ:PCP-grind 3SG.POSS-material DEM:PL IPFV-INV-throw
Translation: There is a hole in the middle of the upper grindstone, into which one pours [the grains] that are to be ground.' (160705 khABGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <qidian> tɕe tɤ-mŋɤm ta-ʑa a-pɯ-ŋu tɕe , tɕe nɯnɯ tɯ-sŋi nɯ tu-mŋɤm , tɯ-rʑaʁ nɯ tu-mŋɤm tɕe , ɯ-fso <qidian> mɤɕtʂa nɯ mɯ́j-ʑi tɕe nɯtɕu tɕe kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi tɯ-ʑi ɲɯ-ʑe ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: seven.o'clock LNK AOR-hurt AOR:3→3-start IRR-IPFV-be LNK LNK DEM one-day DEM IPFV-hurt one-night DEM IPFV-hurt LNK 3SG.POSS-tomorrow seven.o'clock until DEM NEG:SENS-subside LNK DEM:LOC LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INF-subside IPFV-start[III] SENS-be LNK
Translation: (For instance), if [the headache] starts at seven o'clock, it hurts for one day and one night, and subsides only in the next day at seven, at that time it starts to subside a little.' (24-pGArtsAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu tɯrme nɯra pɤjkʰu pjɤ-me ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe .
Glosses: DEM:LOC people DEM:PL yet IFR.IPFV-not.exist SENS-be LNK
Translation: At that time (i.e. the time of the dinosaurs), humans did not exist yet.' (180421 bawanglong)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri nɯtɕu kɯnɤ tɕiʑo kɤndʑiβzaŋsa nɯ mɯ-pɯ-nɯ-qia-tɕi
Glosses: but DEM:LOC also 1DU COLL:friend DEM NEG-AOR-AUTO-tear.down-1DU
Translation: But even under those circumstances (i.e. working in different places, and meeting only once a year), we did not lose our friendship.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa nɤkinɯ <piqiu> nɯ ɯ-rmi kɤ-spa-t-a . nɤki , tsʰuβdɯn ra kɯ rgoŋlu tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu . iʑora , tɕe kutɕu tɕe nɯ tu-ti-a ŋu .
Glosses: FILLER FILLER ball DEM 3SG.POSS-name AOR-be.able-PST:TR-1SG FILLER TOPO PL ERG ball IPFV-say-PL SENS-be 1PL LNK DEM.PROX:LOC LNK DEM IPFV-say-1PL be:FACT
Translation: I have learned how to say “ball”, people from Tshobdun call it rgoŋlu, we [do not have this word in Japhug but] this is how I am going to say it here (in this story). (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯ-fse kɯ-ɤcʰɯcʰa ʑo ʁʑɯnɯ ɣurʑa kɯrcat ra
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.capable EMPH young.man hundred eight need:FACT
Translation: I need one hundred and eight able young men like me.' (Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯ-ri jamar ndɤre tu-nɯ ko , tɯ-tɯpʰu nɯ
Glosses: three-hundred about LNK exist:FACT-PL SFP one-hive DEM
Translation: There are about three hundred of them in one hive.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɴɢoɕna ɣɯ nɯ , ɯ-pɯ stoŋtsu tu tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu . qaɟɯ ɣɯ nɯ , kʰrɯtsu tu tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: spider GEN DEM 3SG.POSS-young thousand exist:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be fish GEN DEM ten.thousands exist:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: People say that spiders have a thousand offspring, and fishes ten thousands.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rŋɯl tɯ-xpa tɕe stoŋtsu kɯtʂɤɣ jarma ɲɯ-fsoʁ ɲɯ-cʰa
Glosses: money one-year LNK thousand six about IPFV-earn SENS-can
Translation: He can earn about six thousand [renminbi] per year.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S159"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stoŋtsu ci cʰo kɯtʂɤɣ-ri
Glosses: thousand one COMIT six-hundred
Translation: One thousand six hundred (1600).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stoŋtsu ci cʰondɤre kɯtʂɤɣ
Glosses: thousand one COMIT six-hundred
Translation: One thousand and six (1006).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-kɤ-nɯkon nɯnɯ , rɟɤlkʰɤβ kʰrɯtsu sqi pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-rule DEM country ten.thousands ten IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There were a hundred thousand countries under his rule.' (140518 jinyin chengbao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004028#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯ-mɤku tɯ-xpa nɯ ɲɯ-rɯmɯntoʁ ma , nɯ ma ɯ-mat me
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.first one-year DEM IPFV-have.flower LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-fruit not.exist:FACT
Translation: The first year, it has flowers, but no fruits.' (08-qaCti)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯ-mɤku nɯ a-pi kɯ pɯ́-wɣ-sat-a , nɯ ɯ-qʰu tɕe , pɣɤtɕɯ tɤ-sci-a ,
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.first DEM 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling ERG AOR-INV-kill-1SG DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK bird AOR-be.born-1SG
Translation: First, my elder sister killed me, and then I was reborn as a bird.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯ-mɤku ɯ-xpa
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.first 3SG.POSS-year
Translation: The first year' (elicitation based on ex:stu.kWmAku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯ-maqʰu ɯ-sŋi
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.after 3SG.POSS-day
Translation: The last day' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-rɟit stu kɯ-wxti nɯ rɯntɕʰɯn tʂoma rmi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child most SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM ANTHR ANTHR be.called:FACT
Translation: Her eldest child is called Rinchen Sgrolma.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯ-wxti cʰondɤre nɯ ɯ-pa nɯ tɯlɤt ni wuma ʑo pjɤ-ɕqraʁ-ndʑi . tɕe nɯ ndʑi-tɕɯ stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯnɯ , dɯxpa ma wuma ʑo pjɤ-kʰe .
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.big COMIT DEM 3SG.POSS-under DEM second.sibling DU really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.intelligent-DU LNK DEM 3DU.POSS-son most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM poor LNK really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.stupid
Translation: The eldest son and the one under him, the second one, were very intelligent. Their smallest son, poor him, was very stupid' (140430 jin e-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003893#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <sanyuefen> jamar zlawa χsɯmba jamar tɕe ci cʰɯ-rɤpɯ ,
Glosses: third.month about month third about LNK one IPFV-have.young
Translation: It bears young once in the third month.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rgɯpa jamar tɕe ci cʰɯ-rɤpɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: ninth about LNK one IPFV-have.young SENS-be
Translation: It bears young once in the ninth month.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pja mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ , χsɯmrɟatʂɯɣftɕɯ kɯ pɣɤmbri ɲcɣɤnɤɲcɣɤt ʑo to-lɤt-nɯ ,
Glosses: bird all.kinds 360 ERG bird.song IDPH.III:very.noisy EMPH IFR-throw-PL
Translation: Three hundred sixty birds of all kinds sung bird songs.' (2003 smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ʁdɯrɟɤt <quanxiang> nɯnɯ <sanqianduoren> ma maŋe .
Glosses: DEM ANTHR the.whole.township DEM three.thousand.people apart.from not:exist:SENS
Translation: There are only a little more than three thousand people in the township of Gdong-brgyad.' (140522 RdWrJAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤmɲɯ nɯ <lianggexiaodui> ma maŋe
Glosses: Kamnyu DEM two.groups apart.from not.exist:SENS
Translation: In Kamnyu there are only two xiaodui.' (140522 RdWrJAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004061#S111"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe βʑɯ nɯ kɯ <diyiming> tɕe stu kɯ-mɤku pjɤ-mɟa .
Glosses: LNK mouse DEM ERG first LNK most SBJ:PCP-be.first IFR-take
Translation: The mouse obtained the first place.' (150826 shier shengxiao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-rɟit kɯngɯt tɤ-tu ri , kɯtʂɤɣ nɯ-si
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child nine AOR-exist LNK six AOR-die
Translation: She had nine children, but six [of them] died.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <cai> χsɯm tu-sɯ-lɤt-i tɕe tɕe kɯβde nɯ kɯ χsɯm tu-ndza-j kɯ-fse .
Glosses: dish three IPFV-CAUS-throw-1PL LNK LNK four DEM ERG three IPFV-eat-1PL SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: We used to order three dishes, and the four of us would eat [the] three [of them].' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iʑo kɯβde nɯ tɯtɯrca ku-rɤʑi-j tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 1PL four DEM together IPFV-stay-1PL LNK
Translation: The four of us were living together.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S84"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-kʰɤl nɯtɕu ʁnɯz , χsɯm kɯβde jamar ku-ndzoʁ .
Glosses: one-place DEM:LOC two three four about IPFV-ANTICAUS:attach
Translation: In each place [the flowers] are attached in [groups] of about two, three or four.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <zhanghan> kɤ-ti nɯnɯ kɯ ʁmaʁmi lɤ-kʰrɯtsu-sqi jamar ʑo to-ndo .
Glosses: ANTHR OBJ:PCP-say DEM ERG soldier about-10000-ten about EMPH IFR-take
Translation: The [general] called Zhang Han took several hundred thousand soldiers.' (hist160721 pofuchenzhou-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯnɯ ɕnɤcat ci tɤ-kɤ-sɯpa jamar ʑo qarma wxti ri ,
Glosses: 3SG DEM seven.or.eight one AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-do about EMPH crossoptilon be.big:FACT but
Translation: Although the crossoptilon is as big as about seven or eight of them (weasels) put together.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɣnɤsqi jamar tɯtɯrca ju-ɣi-nɯ ŋgrɤl
Glosses: about.twenty about together IPFV-come-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: They come in groups of about twenty individuals.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003608#S98"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ɣurʑa , χsɯ-ri jamar ndɤre tu-nɯ ko , tɯ-tɯpʰu nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hundred three-hundred about TOP.ADVERS exist:FACT-PL SFP one-hive DEM
Translation: There are about several hundreds, about three hundred of them in one hive.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ŋga tɯ-rdoʁ nɯ ɯ-stoŋtsu ɯ-pʰɯ kɯ-fse ŋu ma
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes one-piece DEM 3SG.POSS-thousand 3SG.POSS-price SBJ:PCP-be.like be:FACT LNK
Translation: One piece of clothes [made from it], its price is several thousand [renminbi].' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S72"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯ-xpa
Glosses: three-year
Translation: Three years
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro χsɯm
Glosses: horse three
Translation: Three horses
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma ɯ-me kɯnɤ ɣnɤsqamnɯz-pɤrme tʰɯ-azɣɯt .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter also twenty.two-year.old AOR-reach
Translation: Even his daughter is now twenty-two.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-pʰɯ nɯ tɕe rcanɯ , li , fsɯsqi-ldʑa jamar , kɯβdɤsqɯ-ldʑa jamar tu .
Glosses: one-tree DEM LNK UNEXP:DEG again thirty-long.object about forty-long.object about exist:FACT
Translation: On one tree, there are about thirty or forty [branches].' (14-sWNgWJu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003506#S186"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɣnɤsqaptɯɣ-rʑaʁ tu-tsu ɲɯ-ra . “tɕe ɣnɤsqaptɯ-rʑaʁ tu-tsu tɕe ɲɯ-ʁaʁ ŋu" ɲɯ-ti-nɯ ri , aʑɯɣ nɯ ɣnɤsqamnɯz tɤ-rʑaʁ mɤɕtʂa mɯ-nɯ-ʁaʁ .
Glosses: LNK DEM twenty.one-night IPFV-pass SENS-be.needed LNK twenty.one-night IPFV-pass LNK IPFV-hatch be:FACT SENS-say-PL LNK 1SG:GEN DEM twenty.two one-night until NEG-AOR-hatch
Translation: [Eggs] need twenty-two days to hatch; people say `They hatch in twenty-two days' but mine only hatch after twenty two days.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰɤt qaʑo nɯnɯ tɕe laʁnɯ-xpa ma cʰɯ-mdɯ mɯ́j-ŋgrɤl ma tɕe cʰɯ-rgɤz ɕti
Glosses: goat sheep DEM LNK a.few-year apart.from IPFV-live.up.to NEG:SENS-be.usually.the.case LNK LNK IPFV-be.old be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Goats and sheep only live for a few years, and then become old.' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S128"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ χsɯ-zɯm kɯβde-zɯm jamar kɯ-xtɕʰɯt tu .
Glosses: LNK DEM three-bucket four-bucket about SBJ:PCP-contain exist:FACT
Translation: There are [jars] that can contain about three or four buckets [of water].' (26-tChWra)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <tuolaji> tɯ-ɣjɤn ju-ɣɯt nɯ rcanɯ , ɣnɤsqi fsɯsqi-fkur jamar ju-sɯ-ɤzɣɯt cʰa .
Glosses: tractor one-time IPFV-bring DEM UNEXP:DEG twenty thirty-burden about IPFV-CAUS-reach can:FACT
Translation: Each time the tractor brings [firewood], it can move about twenty or thirty loads (the size a person can carry on his back).' (140430 tWfkur)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre χsɯ-ri-xpa tɤ-tsu tɕe , li kɯjŋu pɯ-ta-t-a tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK three-hundred-year AOR-pass LNK again oath AOR-put-TR:PST-1SG LNK
Translation: Three hundred years passed, and I made another oath.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕommbri ɣurʑa kɯrcɤ-ɟom , … ɕomtsʰoʁ ɣurʑa kɯrcɤ-ldʑa ra
Glosses: iron.chain hundred eight-length.of.two.outstretched.arms … iron.nails hundred eight-long.object be.needed:FACT
Translation: [I] need a chain of one hundred and eight fathoms, and one hundred and eight nails.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣurʑa kɯrcɤ-ɣdɤt qapri nɯ a-tɤ-ɕe ra
Glosses: hundred eight-section snake DEM IRR-PFV:UP-go be.needed:FACT
Translation: May the snake be cut into hundred and eight sections!' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ kɤntɕʰɯ-tɯpɯ ɣɯ nɯ-tɯrsa ɯ-sta ɲɯ-ŋu ma
Glosses: LNK dem many-household DEM 3PL.POSS-grave 3SG.POSS-place SENS-be LNK
Translation: It is the grave-place of many families.' (140522 kAmYW tWji)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁnɤ-rʑaʁ jamar , χsɤ-rʑaʁ jamar to-tsu tɕe tɕendɤre cʰa ɯ-di tu-mnɤm ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: two-night about three-night about IFR-pass LNK LNK alcohol 3SG.POSS-smell IPFV-have.a.smell SENS-be
Translation: After two or three nights, one can smell the smell of alcohol.' (160703 araR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe qarma nɯ , tɯ-rʑaʁ tɕe kɯβde kɯmŋu jamar pjɯ-sat-nɯ , tɯ-rdoʁ , tɯrme tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ
Glosses: LNK crossoptilon DEM one-night LNK four five about IPFV-kill-PL, one-piece person one-piece ERG
Translation: Crossoptilons, in one night, each of [the hunters] can kill four or five of them.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003608#S146"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-rʑaʁ tɤ-rɲɟi tɕe , nɯ-ji ra kɯ-dɯ~dɤn kɯ-jɯ~jom lo-pɣaʁ-nɯ , ɕoŋtɕa kɯ-dɯ~dɤn pjɤ-pʰɯt-nɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-time AOR-be.long LNK 3PL.POSS-field PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.broad IFR-turn.over-PL timber SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many IFR-remove-PL
Translation: After some time/as time went on, [those people] had ploughed many broad fields for them, and chopped a lot of timber.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ χsɤ-tɣa kɯβde-tɣa jamar tu-rɲɟi cʰa .
Glosses: DEM three-span four-span about IPFV-be.long can:FACT
Translation: It can grow three or four spans long.' (14-sWNgWJu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003506#S181"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-zda ɣɯ kɯ-fse ʁɲɯ-zloʁ nɯ tu-ndze-a ɲɯ-tʂaŋ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-companion GEN SBJ:PCP-be.like two-times DEM IPFV-eat[III]-1SG SENS-be.fair
Translation: It would be fair if I had two times as much to eat as the other one.' (140426 lv he luozi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri qʰe , tɕe tɯ-tɯ-rdoʁ nɯ ɲɯ-ʑɣɤ-qɤr-nɯ qʰe
Glosses: progressively LNK LNK one-one-piece DEM IPFV-get.separated-PL LNK
Translation: Progressively, some of them get separated [from the herd].' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S55"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-tɯ-xpa tɕe a-pɯ-pe tɕe , kʰrɯtsu ɯ-ro jamar ɲɯ-fsoʁ ɲɯ-cʰa
Glosses: one-one-year LNK IRR-IPFV-be.good LNK ten.thousand 3SG.POSS-excess about IPFV-earn SENS-can
Translation: Some years if [his income] is good, he can earn more than ten thousands [renminbi].' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zgoku kɯ-mbro tɕe , ɕkrɤz kɯ-wxti ra nɯ ɯ-rcʰɤβ ri ɯ-pʰɯ~pʰɯ ʑo tu tɕe
Glosses: mountain NMZL:S/A-be.tall LNK oak NMZL:S/A-be.big PL DEM 3SG.POSS-between LOC 3SG.POSS-PART~tree EMPH exist:FACT LNK
Translation: On high mountains, among big oaks, there are some [of these little trees].' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ʁnɯz pjɤ-tu tɕe , tɯrme tɯ-rdoʁ nɯ rcanɯ , ɯ-stɤrju ʁɟa ʑo tu-βze tɕe ,
Glosses: people two IFR.IPFV-exist LNK people one-piece DEM UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-truth completely EMPH IPFV-do[III] LNK
Translation: There were two persons, one of them always told the truth (and the other one was a liar).' (140427 yuanhou-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɕɯ kɯβde pɯ-tu ri , ɯʑo kɯ-fse kɯ-ɕqraʁ tɯ-rdoʁ cinɤ pɯ-me ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-son four PST.IPFV-exist but 3SG SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.intelligent one-piece even PST.IPFV-not.exist SENS-be
Translation: He had four sons, but not even one of them was smart like him.' (2005 tAwa kWcqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pakuku ʑo paʁɕa tɯ-rdoʁ , qʰe tɕe tɕe stoʁ cʰɯ-ɣɯt ,
Glosses: every.year EMPH pork one-piece LNK LNK LNK broad.bean IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-bring
Translation: Every year, he would bring a piece of pork and broad beans.' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕe tɯrme tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ kʰɯna ʁnɯz χsɯm jamar tu-ndo-nɯ
Glosses: LNK LNK person one-piece ERG dog two three about IPFV-take-PL
Translation: Each [of the hunters] takes two or three dogs.' (150829 KAGWcAno)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ cʰɤmdɤru tɯ-ldʑa tu-nɯ-ndɤm
Glosses: people one-piece ERG drinking.straw one-CL IPFV-AUTO-take[III]
Translation: Each person takes one straw.' (30-tChorzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-tɯpɯ tɕe , ɯ-qaʑo kɯβdɤsqi , kɯmŋɤsqi jamar pɯ-tu .
Glosses: LNK one-household LNK 3SG.POSS-sheep forty fifty about PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: Each household used to have about forty or fifty sheep.' (160712 smAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-sŋi tɕe tɯ-kʰɯtsa jamar tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ pjɯ-tsʰi ɲɯ-cʰa .
Glosses: one-day LNK one-bowl about one-CL ERG IPFV-drink SENS-can
Translation: One [cat] can drink about one bowl of milk per day.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-tɯpɯ raŋri ɣɯ , nɯ-mbro pjɤ-tu ...
Glosses: one-household each GEN 3PL.POSS-horse IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: Each household used to have horses etc.' (150820 kAnWCkat)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕʰeme ra kɯ nɯ-χpɯm tɯ-ntsi ka-ta-nɯ , tɤ-tɕɯ ra kɯ nɯ-χpɯm ʁnɯz ka-ta-nɯ ri ,
Glosses: LNK girl PL ERG 3PL.POSS-knee one-of.a.pair AOR:3→3-put-PL INDEF.POSS-son PL ERG 3PL.POSS-knee two AOR:3→3-put-PL LNK
Translation: [Each of] the girls (in their group) put one of their knees, the boys put their two knees [as a support for the tea kettle].' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤsɤmu nɯ tɕe tɯɲcɣa tú-wɣ-lɤt tɕe , … tɯ-ldʑa tɯ-ldʑa ɲɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ li tɯ-spra tɯ-spra tú-wɣ-xtɕɤr .
Glosses: hemp DEM LNK sickle IPFV-INV-throw LNK _ one-long.object one-long.object IPFV-INV-pluck LNK LNK DEM again one-handful one-handful IPFV-INV-tie
Translation: As for hemp, one uses a sickle and cuts [the stalks] one by one and then ties them into bundles.' (14-tasa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-xpa tɯ-xpa tu-ɬoʁ qʰe tɕe qartsɯ tɕe pjɯ-kʰrɯ ɕti .
Glosses: LNK one-year one-year IPFV-come.out LNK LNK winter LNK IPFV-be.dry be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It grows every year (i.e. it is an annual plant), and dies in winter.' (140512 tAzraj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯŋa ndɤre ɯ-pɯ nɯ tɯ-rdoʁ nɤ tɯ-rdoʁ ma me tɯ-xpa tɯ-ɣjɤn ma ɲɯ-rɤpɯ mɤ-cʰa
Glosses: LNK cow TOP.ADVERS 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM one-piece ADD one-piece apart.from not.exist:FACT one-year one-time apart.from IPFV-bear.young NEG-can:FACT
Translation: As for cows, they [have] their young only one by one, and can only bear young once a year.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ mɯrmɯmbju nɯ tɯ-tɕʰa nɤ tɯ-tɕʰa ntsɯ tɯtɯrca ntsɯ ku-rɤʑi-nɯ ŋu tɕe
Glosses: DEM swallow DEM one-pair ADD one-pair always together always IPFV-stay-PL be:FACT LNK
Translation: Swallows are always in pairs.' (03-mWrmWmbjW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003382#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-rdoʁ tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ-fse tu-ɬoʁ ŋu ma mɤ-arɤkʰɯmkʰɤl .
Glosses: one-piece one-piece SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-come.out be:FACT LNK NEG-be.heterogeneously.distributed:FACT
Translation: It grows in scattered fashion, not in clusters here and there.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰam tɯrme tɯ-rdoʁ ma me
Glosses: now people one-piece apart.from not.exist:FACT
Translation: Now there is only one person [in that place].' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qartsɯ tɕe ɯ-jwaʁ tɯ-mpɕar cinɤ ɯ-ku kɯ-ndzoʁ me .
Glosses: winter LNK 3SG.POSS-leaf one-leaf not.even 3SG.POSS-head SBJ:PCP-ANTICAUS:attach exist:FACT
Translation: In winter, not even one leaf [remains] on it.' (11-mYAm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ʁnɯ-rdoʁ ma maŋe-tɕi tɕe , kɤ-ɤnɯndzɤqɯqɤr mɤ-nɯ-cʰa-tɕi ,
Glosses: people two-piece apart.from not.exist:SENS-1DU LNK INF-RECIP:eat.on.one's.own NEG-AUTO-can:FACT-1DU
Translation: There are only two of us, we cannot eat on our own [without sharing with each other].' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiʑo ʁnɯz ma maŋe-tɕi tɕe , ʑaka kɤ-nɯ-βzu mɤ-rtaʁ-tɕi
Glosses: 1DU two apart.from not.exist:SENS-1DU LNK each INF-AUTO-make NEG-be.enough:FACT-1DU
Translation: There are only two of us, there are not enough of us to each act on our own.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme tɯ-rdoʁ ɯ-ndʐa nɯ ʑo to-stu-nɯ ɕti ri ,
Glosses: people one-piece 3SG.POSS-reason DEM EMPH IFR-do.like-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: They did all that because of one person.' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rdɤstaʁ tɯ-ldʑa , tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ-ŋu kɯ ɣɟɯ χsɯ-ldʑa rɟɤlsa ɯ-ʁɤri kutɕu a-pɯ-tu ,
Glosses: stone one-long.object one-piece SBJ:PCP-be ERG watchtower three-long.object palace 3SG.POSS-front here IRR-IPFV-exist
Translation: If from one monolith (a stone which is in one piece), three towers were made here in front of the palace, (I would feel much better).' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaʁ kɤntɕʰɯ-tɤtɕʰɯ to-lɤt
Glosses: hoe several-hitting.with.the.hoe IFR-release
Translation: He hit several times with the hoe.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁnɯ-tɤxɯr to-lɤt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: two-turn IFR-throw SENS-be
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χcʰa pɕoʁ laʁnɯ-tɤxɯr ku-mtɕɯr , ʁe pɕoʁ laʁnɯ-tɤxɯr ku-mtɕɯr ŋu .
Glosses: right side a.few-turn IPFV-turn left side a.few-turn IPFV-turn be:FACT
Translation: It turns several times on the right, and several times one the left.' (150826 qro kWnWkhABGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso ra tɯ-mu ɯ-xɕɤt kɯ tɯ-tɯ-kɯr cinɤ ʑo kɤ-rɯndzɤtsʰi mɯ-pjɤ-cʰa-nɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child PL NMLZ:action-be.afraid 3SG.POSS-strength ERG one-INDEF.POSS-mouth even EMPH INF-eat NEG-IFR.IPFV-can-PL
Translation: The children were so afraid that they could not even eat one mouthful.' (160704 poucet4-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laʁnɯ-ŋka rɯɕmi-tɕi
Glosses: few-word speak:FACT-1DU
Translation: Let us speak a few words.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰam taʁrdo ʁnɯ-tɯpɯ tu-nɯ
Glosses: now placename two-household exist-PL
Translation: Now there are two households in Tarrdo.' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ tɤɲi ci na-ɕar xɕɤndʑu χsɯ-ldʑa , qapi χsɯm kʰɤzɟi ɯ-ŋgɯ pa-rku ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-son dem ERG staff one AOR:3→3-search twig three-long.object white.stone three feedbag 3SG.POSS-inside AOR:3→3-put.in SENS-be
Translation: The boy looked for a staff, and put three twigs and three stones in the (horse's) feedbag.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯtɕu tɕe tʂu ɯ-rkɯ zɯ si tɯ-pʰɯ pjɤ-tu ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC LNK path 3SG.POSS-side LOC tree one-tree IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There, on the side of the road, there was a tree.' (The divination 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɟy tɯ-ldʑa cʰondɤre qacʰɣa ci pjɤ-mto ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: fish one-long.object COMIT fox one IFR-see SENS-be
Translation: He saw a fish and a fox.' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa cʰɤ-zɣɯt tɕe tɯ-kri tɯ-kʰɯtsa nɯ ko-ɕkɯt .
Glosses: house IFR:DOWNSTREAM-reach LNK INDEF.POSS-oil one-bowl DEM IFR-drink.completely
Translation: He arrived at the house and drank the bowl of oil.' (140501 mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si tɯ-pʰɯ nɯ ɯ-pʰaʁ ɯ-ntsi nɯ pjɤ-rom ʑo , ɯ-pʰaʁ ɯ-ntsi nɯ pjɤ-k-ɤrŋi-ci ʑo ,
Glosses: tree one-tree DEM 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM IFR.IPFV-be.dry EMPH 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-be.green-PEG EMPH
Translation: One half of that tree was dead and the other half was green.' (The divination 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕi-xɕɤndʑu χsɯ-ldʑa pɯ-tu tɕe
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-twig three-long.object PST.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: We had three twigs.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-jwaʁ nɯ ʁnɯ-mpɕar ma me tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM two-leaf apart.from not.exist:FACT LNK
Translation: It only has two leaves.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li nɯ jamar ki a-jɤ-tɯ-ɕe tɕe , tɕendɤre nɯtɕu tɕe , mɤʑɯ mbro tɯ-ɟɯɣ tu tɕe ,
Glosses: again DEM about DEM:PROX IRR-PFV-2-go LNK LNK DEM:LOC LNK more horse one-herd exist:FACT LNK
Translation: Continue going again for about that distance, and there will be a pack of horse.' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rŋgɯkɤta nɯ li zgo ʁnɯ-ldʑa tu tɕe ,
Glosses: TOPO DEM again mountain two-long.object exist:FACT LNK
Translation: [As for the placename] Rngukata, there are also two mountain ranges.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka rdɤstaʁ cʰo si rcanɯ tɯ-ldʑa cinɤ ʑo kɯ-me scʰiz kɤ-azɣɯt-ndʑi ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: completely stone COMIT tree UNEXP:DEG one-long.object even.one EMPH SBJ:PCP-not.exist INDEF.LOC AOR:EAST-reach-DU SENS-be
Translation: They arrived at a place where there was no stones and not even one tree.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe paʁ tɯ-ɣjɤn pjɯ́-wɣ-ntɕʰa nɯ nɯ tʰamtɕɤt ɯ-tɯpʰu ɲɯ-ɬoʁ ra
Glosses: LNK pig one-time IPFV-INV-butcher DEM DEM all 3SG.POSS-type IPFV-come.out be.needed:FACT
Translation: Each time one kills a pig, one will get that many types [of foodstuff from it].' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣurʑa ɯ-ro ʑo ɯ-tɯpɯ tu-j
Glosses: hundred 3SG.POSS-excess EMPH 3SG.POSS-household exist:FACT-1PL
Translation: There are more than one hundred households of us.' (22-kumpGatCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ nɯ , ɯ-tɯpɯ pjɤ-k-ɤntɕʰɯ-ci nɤ ,
Glosses: former.time DEM 3SG.POSS-household IFR.IPFV-PEG-be.many-PEG SFP
Translation: In former times, the households [there] were many.' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-xpa nɯ taχpa wuma pjɤ-pe
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-year DEM harvest really IFR.IPFV-be.good
Translation: On that year, the harvest was really good.' (02-montagnes-kamnyu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [arɕo pɯ-ŋu] ɯ-sŋi nɯtɕu tɕe
Glosses: be.finished.up:FACT PST.IPFV-be 3SG.POSS-day DEM:LOC LOC
Translation: The day when [the appointed time] was about to be finished,' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯ tɯ-sŋi nɯnɯ mɯ-pjɤ-ko
Glosses: LNK DEM one-day DEM NEG-IFR-defeat
Translation: On that day, he failed in his attempt [to force her to take him with her].' (02-deluge2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯ-zri nɯra , tɯ-tɣa ma kɯki ɕaŋtaʁ mɤ-zri , aʑo a-tɣa jamar ci ma me .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.long DEM:PL one-span apart.from DEM.PROX up.from NEG-be.long:FACT 1SG 1SG.POSS-span about one apart.from not.exist:FACT
Translation: As for its length, it is at most one handspan, only the length of my handspan.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ʁdɯxpanaχpu ɣɯ ɯ-me ɣɯ nɯ , tɯ-ci tɯ-tɤ-ste , tɤrcoʁ sɯrna ci to-rku-nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-daughter GEN DEM INDEF.POSS-water one-INDEF.POSS-bladder clay figurine INDEF IFR-put.in-PL
Translation: They gave to Gdugpa Nagpo's daughter a bladder full of water and a clay figurine (to take with her on the road, as her dowry).' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri kɤntɕʰɯ-tɯpʰu , kɤntɕʰɯ-mdoʁ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: but many-types many-colour exist:SENS
Translation: There are many types [of the mushrooms called tɯqejmɤɣ], and with many colours.' (24-zwArqhAjmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-kri tɯ-kʰɯtsa pjɤ-tu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-oil one-bowl IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: They had one bowl [full] of oil.' (140501 mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pʰoŋ kɯβde ɣɤʑu
Glosses: bottle four exist:SENS
Translation: There are four bottles.' (elicited; can refer for instance to empty bottles)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰa kɯβde-pʰoŋ pjɤ-k-ɤ-ta-ci .
Glosses: alcohol four-bottle IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-put-PEG
Translation: There were four bottles [full] of alcohol.' (140510 sanpian sheye-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro tɯ-co kɯ-fse , qaʑo tɯ-co kɯ-fse nɯ , fsapaʁ rmɯrmi ʑo nɯ tɯ-co nɤ tɯ-co ʑo pɯ-tu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: horse one-valley SBJ:PCP-be.like sheep one-valley SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM animal all.kinds EMPH DEM one-valley LNK one-valley EMPH PST.IPFV-exist SENS-be
Translation: There was one valley entirely for each species of animals, like one valley full of horses, one valley full of sheep.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ iɕqʰa rŋɯl kɯ tɯ-ŋga tʰɯ-kɤ-βzu ci tɯ-tsʰoz pjɤ-βde .
Glosses: DEM ERG the.aforementioned silver ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR-OBJ:PCP-make INDEF one-complete.set IFR-throw.down
Translation: [The bird] threw her a complete set of clothes that had been made in silver.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯ-tɤrtsɯɣ to-βzu-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: bone DEM two-pile IFR-make-DU LNK
Translation: They had make two piles from the bones.' (2002nyimavodzer)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaʁ tɯ-tɤtɕʰɯ ta-lɤt
Glosses: hoe one-hitting.with.hoe AOR:3→3-throw
Translation: He used the hoe one time.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa na-βde nɯ sqamnɯz to-pa tɕe
Glosses: house AOR:3→3-leave DEM twelve IFR-pass.X.years LNK
Translation: Twelve years had passed since she had left home.' (150828 huamulan-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li tɯfsɤkʰa tɕe tɯ-ɬɯm pjɤ-nɯʑɯβ tɕe li ɯ-jmŋo ko-ntɕʰɤr tɕe
Glosses: again dawn LNK one-sleep IFR-sleep LNK again 3SG.POSS-dream IFR-appear LNK
Translation: (The mother was so worried she could not sleep all night.) At dawn, she had a little sleep and had again a dream.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku tɕe tɕe tɯ-ɟom kɯnɤ tu-zri mɯ́j-cʰa , tɯ-ʁar jamar , tɯ-ʁar tɕe tɕe kɯki jamar , kɯki jamar tu-zri ɲɯ-cʰa .
Glosses: some LNK LNK one-length.of.two.outstretched.arms even IPFV-be.long NEG:SENS-can one-arm.length about one-arm.length LNK LNK DEM:PROX about DEM:PROX about IPFV-be.long SENS-can
Translation: Some of them cannot even grow up to the length of one fathom, they can only grow up to the length of one arm, this much.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-pi tɕʰeme nɯnɯ mbarkhom ɯ-rkɯ <xiaoshuigou> <sangongli> nɯtɕu tʰɯ-ɣe .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling girl DEM Mbarkham 3SG.POSS-side ANTHR three.kilometers DEM:LOC AOR:DOWNSTREAM-come[II]
Translation: My elder sister came to Xiaoshuigou, three kilometers from Mbarkham.' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-sŋi χpaχtsʰɤt kɯngɯt ɲɯ-tɯ́-wɣ-tsɯm cʰa
Glosses: one-day yojana nine IPFV:WEST-2-INV-take.away can:FACT
Translation: [This horse] can carry you (west) nine yojanas in one day.' (2003 smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤʑɯ tɯ-rkoŋɕɤl jamar tɕe kɤ-ɕlu lu-jɤɣ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: more one-unit.of.field.surface about LNK INF-plow IPFV:UPSTREAM-finish SENS-be
Translation: One more unit and the plowing will be finished.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sqɯ-χtsiɯ tɕe tɕe nɯ ɕpɣo ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕe tɯ-ɕpɣo ɲɯ-ŋu . ɕpɣo nɯnɯ tɕe tɕe , mɤʑɯ fsɯsqɯ-χtsiɯ a-tɤ-ɤpɯpa tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ tɯ-ɣna . tɕe nɯ tɯ-ɣna pjɤ-ŋu tɕe tɕe nɯ ɕaŋtaʁ ɯ-sɤ-ɕtʂo pjɤ-me tɕe ,
Glosses: ten-bushel LNK LNK DEM ten.bushels SENS-be SENS-be ten.bushels SENS-be ten.bushels DEM LNK LNK even.more thirty-bushel IRR-PFV-accumulate LNK LNK DEM one-thirty.bushels LNK dem one-thirty.bushels IFR.IPFV-be LNK LNK DEM up.from 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCPblique-measure IFR.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: Ten bushels was a ɕpɣo, after the ɕpɣo, thirty bushels put together was a tɯ-ɣna. After that, there was no container used to measure [grains].' (140515 rJama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ rɟama ɯ-taʁ tɕe , kɯrcɤ-sraŋ tɕe rɟɤpɕɤt , sqaprɤ-sraŋ tɕe tɯ-tɯrpa pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: in.former.times weighing.scales 3SG.POSS-on LNK eight-pound LNK half.pound sixteen-ounce LNK one-pound IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: In former times, on the scales, one half pound was eight ounces, and one pound was sixteen ounces.' (140515 rJama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯ-sŋi χsɤ-rʑaʁ ʑo pjɤ-rɤʑi
Glosses: three-day three-night EMPH IFR.IPFV-stay
Translation: He stayed there for three days and three nights.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɣɤ-wxti pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo tɯ-sŋi tɤ-tsu tɕe , χsɯ-sŋi tɤ-kɯ-tsu to-fse . χsɯ-sŋi tɤ-tsu tɕe , tɯ-sla tɤ-kɯ-tsu to-fse . tɯ-sla tɤ-tsu tɕe , tɯ-xpa tɤ-kɯ-tsu to-fse .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-FACIL-be.big IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH one-day AOR-pass LNK three-days AOR-SBJ:PCP-pass IFR-be.like three-day AOR-pass LNK one-month AOR-SBJ:PCP-pass IFR-be.like one-month AOR-pass LNK one-year AOR-SBJ:PCP-pass IFR-be.like
Translation: He grew extremely fast, one day after [he was born] he looked like [an infant] who was three days old, after three days he looked like a [baby] who was one month old, after one month he looked like a [toddler] who was one year old.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰorzi ɯ-ŋgɯ cʰɯ-kɯ-rku-a , χsɤ-rʑaʁ tɤ-tsu-a tɕe ci a-tɤ-kɯ-rtoʁ-a ,
Glosses: jar 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-2→1-put.in-1SG three-days AOR-pass-1SG LNK once IRR-PFV-2→1-look-1SG
Translation: Put me in a jar, and three days later have a look at me.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯngɯsqɯ-xpa ɕɯŋgɯ nɯra tɕʰeme ra wuma ʑo kɯ-taʁ pɯ-dɤn
Glosses: nine.ten-years before DEM:PL girl PL really EMPH SBJ:PCP-weave PST.IPFV-be.many
Translation: Nine or ten years ago, there were many weavers among women.' (thaXtsa2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβdɤ-xpa ɯ-qʰu tɕe kukutɕu tu-kɤ-ɤwɯwum to-nɯ-pa-nɯ .
Glosses: four-year 3SG.POSS-after LNK here IPFV-INF-RECIP:gather IFR-AUTO-make-PL
Translation: They agreed to meet again at this place in four years.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣɯjpa tɯ-xpa ɲɯ-ɤrɕo ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , <lunwen> kɤ-rɤt pjɯ-jɤɣ ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: this.year one-year IPFV-be.finished before LNK dissertation INF-write IPFV-finish SENS-be.needed
Translation: He has to finish writing his dissertation before the end of this year.' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lu χsɯ-xpa pɯ-ŋke-j pɯ-ra ri ,
Glosses: year three-year PST.IPFV-walk-1SG PST.IPFV-be.needed LNK
Translation: We had to walk for three years.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ kɤrɤ-xpa ʑo pɯ-a-nɯ-rku kɯnɤ , pjɯ-tsɣi mɤ-cʰa .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-inside several-years EMPH PST.IPFV-PASS-AUTO-put.in also IPFV-rot NEG-can:FACT
Translation: Even if it remains in [the ground of] the field for several years, it does not rot.' (08-qaJAGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤrɤ-sla ʑo tɯ-ŋga ra ma-nɯ́-wɣ-χtɕi qʰe tɕe zrɯɣ ku-βze ɕti .
Glosses: several-months EMPH INDEF.POSS-clothes PL NEG:IRR-PFV-INV-wash LNK LNK louse IPFV-grow be.AFF:FACT
Translation: If one does not wash clothes for several months, lice will grow in it.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma kɯ-dɤn japa mɯ-tɤ-χtɯ-t-a . japandʐi alo , ɬaltɕɤm kɯ z-ɲɤ-ɕar tɕendɤre
Glosses: DEM apart.from SBJ:PCP-be.many last.year NEG-AOR-buy-TR:PST-1SG two.years.ago upstream ANTHR ERG TRAL-IFR-search LNK
Translation: Last year, it did not buy a lot [of edible fern]. The year before, up there (in Kamnyu), Lhalcam collected some.' (conversation, 14.05.10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯfɕɯndʐi pɯ-tɯ-χɕu-ndʑi ma , a-ŋga lɤ-tɯ-sɯ-ɣɯt-ndʑi nɯ , a-xtsa nɯ wuma ɲɯ-pe tɕe nɯ ku-nɯ-ŋge-a , a-tsa wuma ɲɯ-βze
Glosses: last.days AOR-2-be.strong-DU LNK 1SG.POSS-clothes AOR-2-CAUS-bring-DU DEM 1SG.POSS-shoe DEM really SENS-be.good LNK DEM PRS-AUTO-wear[III]-1SG 1SG.POSS-adapted really SENS-make[III]
Translation: Thank you both for the other day, the clothes that you have sent me, the shoes are very nice, I wear them, they are my size.' (conversation, 15.04.18)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: japa dal ri , ftɕar ri ʁmbɣɯzɯn ɣɤʑu ɲɯ-ti-nɯ ma
Glosses: last.year early LOC summer LOC solar.eclipse exist:SENS SENS-say-PL SFP
Translation: A few years ago, they said there was a solar eclipse during summer.' (29-RmGWzWn2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯfɕɯndʐi-mɯr nɤ-pi kɯ-wxti ɯ-taʁ ko-ɴqoʁ-a ri mɯ-tɤ́-wɣ-tsɯm-a , jɯfɕɯr tɯrmɯ tɕe nɤ-pi tɯlɤt nɯ ɯ-taʁ ko-ɴqoʁ-a ri mɯ-tɤ́-wɣ-tsɯm-a tɕe , jɯɣmɯr ndɤre nɤʑo tu-kɯ-tsɯm-a ra
Glosses: two.days.ago-evening 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling SBJ:PCP-be.big 3SG.POSS-on IFR-hang-1SG LNK NEG-AOR:UP-INV-take.away-1SG yesterday dusk LNK 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling second.sibling DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-hang-1SG LNK NEG-AOR:UP-INV-take.away-1SG LNK this.evening TOP.ADVERS 2SG IPFV:UP-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: Two days ago, during the evening, I clung onto your eldest sister but she did not take me away (to heaven), yesterday at dusk I clung onto your second eldest sister but she did not take me away, this evening take me away.' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsɤndi tɕe li kɯmaʁ ji-kɤ-nɤma ɣɤʑu
Glosses: in.two.days LNK again other 1PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-work exist:SENS
Translation: After tomorrow we have something else to do.' (conversation, 2012.12)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: japa ri tɕe , <hongyuan> <caizhengju> ri pɯ-cʰa , <kaoshi> pɯ-cʰa
Glosses: last.year LOC LNK ANTHR finance.office LOC AOR-can exam AOR-can
Translation: Last year, he passed the exam for the finance office in Hongyuan.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-fso-sŋi tɕe tɕe li pjɤ-nɤtsoʁ-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-tomorrow-day LNK LNK again IFR-dig.up.silverweed-PL LNK
Translation: The next day, they dug up again silverweed roots.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S46"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ tɯ-rʑaʁ nɯ a-pɯ-nɯ-fse tɕe , ɯ-fso-soz tɕe ɯ-ci ʑo ɲɯ-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: DEM one-night DEM IRR-IPFV-AUTO-be.like LNK 3SG.POSS-tomorrow-morning LNK 3SG.POSS-water EMPH IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: If you leave it one night, the next day in the morning the juice comes out.' (conversation 14.05.10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ pjɯ-nɯ-ɕe tɕe , ɯ-fsaqʰe tɕe li tu-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-go LNK 3SG.POSS-next.year LNK again IPFV:UP-come.out SENS-be LNK
Translation: [Its seed] goes into [the soil of] the field, and it grows again the next year.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯrkɯrku ʑo kɤntɕʰaʁ a-pi ɯ-pʰe kɯ-nɤpɤri ɲɯ-ɣi-a , … pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: every.evening EMPH street 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 3SG.POSS-DAT SBJ:PCP-have.supper … … PST.IPFV-be
Translation: Every evening, if would go in the town at my elder brother's home to have supper and…' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɤr tɯtsʰot sqamnɯz ʑo tɕe a-jɤ-tɯ-z-nɤtɯɣ tɕe ,
Glosses: night hour twelve EMPH LNK IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-happen.to.be.at LNK
Translation: You will have to make sure to be there at midnight.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ci ta-ɕɯ-mŋɤm nɯnɯ tɯtsʰot tɯ-rdoʁ jamar mɤɕtʂa mɤ-ʑi .
Glosses: LNK DEM one AOR:3→3-caus-hurt DEM hour one-piece about until NEG-subside:FACT
Translation: When [nettles] start causing pain, it won't stop for about one hour.' (11-mtshalu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003472#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtsʰot sqamŋu-skɤrma , ɣnɤsqi-skɤrma jamar tɤ-tsu tɕe ku-smi ɕti .
Glosses: time fifteen-minute twenty-minute about AOR-pass LNK IPFV-be.cooked be.AFF:FACT
Translation: After fifteen or twenty minutes, it is cooked.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤki nɯ tɯtsʰot tʰɤstɯɣ ko-zɣɯt ?
Glosses: DEM:DISTAL DEM hour how.many IFR-reach
Translation: At your place, what time is it?' (conversation, 14.12.24 – the question refers to the time lag between Paris and Mbarkham)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰamaka tɯ-tɕɯlɤβ kɤ-sko ɯ-raŋ jamar ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: tobacco one-tobacco.unit INF-smoke 3SG.POSS-time about SENS-be.needed
Translation: One needs about the time of a tobacco smoke.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmŋu ɯ-taʁ tɯ-rdoʁ pjɯ́-wɣ-ta tɕe kɯtʂɤɣ tu-βze ŋu .
Glosses: five 3SG-on one-piece IPFV:DOWN-INV-put LNK six IPFV-do[III] be:FACT
Translation: Five plus one equals six.' (gram140505 math, elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯɕnɯ-kɯrcat nɯ pɯpɯŋu nɤ , kɯɕnɯz ɯ-taʁ kɯrcat pjɯ́-wɣ-ta tɕe sqamŋu ɲɯ-ŋu sqamŋu tɕe ju-tɯ-nɯ-ɕe ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG seven-eight DEM as.for LNK seven 3SG-on eight IPFV:DOWN-INV-put LNK fifteen SENS-be fifteen LNK IPFV-2-VERT-go SENS-be LNK
Translation: As for the expression `seven eight' [that your father in law has told] you, seven plus eight equals fifteen, [it means that] you go back [to your husband's home] in fifteen days.' (2005 tAwa kWcqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmŋu ɯ-ŋgɯ tɯ-rdoʁ cʰɯ́-wɣ-tɕɤt tɕe kɯβde ma ɲɯ-me ŋu
Glosses: five 3SG-inside one-piece IPFV-INV-take.out LNK four apart.from IPFV-not.exist be:FACT
Translation: If one takes out one from five, only four remain = five minus one equals four' (gram140505 math, elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯngɯt nɯ χsɯm ɣɯ χsɯ-zloʁ ŋu
Glosses: nine DEM three GEN three-time be:FACT
Translation: Nine is three times three.' (gram140505 math, elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ɟom ɣɯ ɯ-qiɯ jamar ɲɯ-rɲɟi
Glosses: one-length.of.two.outstretched.arms GEN 3SG.POSS-half about SENS-be.long
Translation: [Its tail] is about half a fathom (i.e. one arm) long.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɯ-xpa ɣɯ ɯ-qiɯ nɯ ɲɤ-ɕqʰlɤt .
Glosses: DEM one-year GEN 3SG.POSS-half DEM IFR-disappear
Translation: Half a year passed.' (150907 laoshandaoshi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-sla ɲɤ-nɤqiɯ
Glosses: one-month IFR-pass.half
Translation: Half a month passed.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki kɯ-fse tɯ-ɟom cʰo ɯ-qiɯ jamar kɯ-zri ra
Glosses: DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like one-length.of.two.outstretched.arms COMIT 3SG.POSS-half about SBJ:PCP-be.long be.needed:FACT
Translation: They need [a piece of leather] long like one fathom and a half.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-pɤrtʰɤβ tɕe , tɯ-pɤrme tɯ-qiɯ jamar , ʁnɯ-pɤrme jamar ma kɯ-me ʁɟa .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-between LNK one-year one-half about, two-year about apart.from SBJ:PCP-not.exist completely
Translation: (Some women had thirteen or fifteen children) Between each of them, there was only one year and a half or two years.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR, 89; see the preceding sentence in example ex:tsuku.tWrme.tWrdoR in §sec:tsuku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmŋu-tɯcɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ χsɯ-tɯcɯr
Glosses: five-part 3SG-inside three-part
Translation: 35 = `Three parts among five parts.' (elicited)