lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ di˩ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ NEG EXIST
Translation: there was nothing to eat / there was no food left’ (FoodShortage2.4)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖɯ˧ ʑi˩b =ɻ̍˩ dʑo˥ zo˧bæ˩ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ dʑo˩b tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: one CLF.households ASSOCIATIVE TOP dumb_man one CLF.individual EXIST REP AFFIRM
Translation: It is said that, in a household, there was a dumb man.’ (Lake3.3)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: go˧mi˧ tʰi˧ ki˧a hĩ˥ ʈʂʰɯ˥ ʑi˩b
Glosses: younger_sister DUR to_give REL DEM.PROX CLF.households
Translation: the family to which the younger sister pledged herself… / the household which the woman entered upon marriage…’ (Sister3.18)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: Mùsó2pt"0300 tɛ́ yàn
Glosses: woman-ART NEG.be here
Translation: The woman is not here.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: Mu˩so˥2pt˩ tɛ˥ yan˩
Glosses: woman-ART NEG.be here
Translation: The woman is not here.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐæ˩˥ hwæ˧ ze˧
Glosses: leopard to_buy PFV
Translation: has bought leopards
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: bo˩˧ hwæ˧ ze˧
Glosses: leopard to_buy PFV
Translation: has bought pigs
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɲi˧zo˧ ɖɯ˩a hĩ˥
Glosses: fish large NMLZ
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pʰi˧ ʂɯ˧˥ hĩ˥
Glosses: linen_cloth new NMLZ
Translation: brand new linen cloth
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: tɕʰo˩˧ ʂɯ˧˥ hĩ˥
Glosses: ladle new NMLZ
Translation: new ladle
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: qʰwɤ˧˥ ʂɯ˧˥ hĩ˥
Glosses: bowl new NMLZ
Translation: new bowl
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧v̩˧˥ ɖɯ˩a hĩ˥
Glosses: uncle big NMLZ
Translation: mother's elder brother, elder maternal uncle
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧v̩˧˥ tɕi˩a hĩ˥
Glosses: uncle small NMLZ
Translation: mother's younger brother, younger maternal uncle' (Caravans.75, 76, 78, 79, 177–179, 196, 259, Elders3.23, 31, 32)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩zo˩ ɖɯ˩a hĩ˥ zo˧mv̩˥ ɖɯ˩a hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧ɭɯ˧ dʑo˩b tsɯ˧˥
Glosses: young_lady large NMLZ child large NMLZ one-CLF EXIST REP
Translation: It is said that [this couple] had a big girl, a big child (=a child who thought
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩zo˩ ɖɯ˩a hĩ˥ ki˧
Glosses: young_lady large NMLZ DAT
Translation: to his elder daughter, [the father
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lv̩˧mo˥ dʑɯ˩ le˧ qv̩˩a si˧mo˥ le˧ dze˩a kv̩˧˥ no˩ ə˧tse˧ le˧ ʂɯ˧a mɤ˧ tʰɑ˧˥ di˩a
Glosses: old.stones water ACCOMP to_carry_away old_wood ACCOMP to_cut ABILITIVE 2SG INTERROG.why ACCOMP to_die NEG PERMISSIVE EXIST.SPATIAL
Translation: Old stones are carried away by the stream; and old wood gets chopped down! And you, why won't you die?' (Field notes. Context: jeering an elderly person. Na tradition assigns human beings a lifespan of sixty years; people getting past seventy are considered to be well past their expected lifespan.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: zo˧bæ˩ ɖɯ˧v̩˧
Glosses: dumb_person one-CLF.individual
Language: Laze
Transcription: no˩bv̩˧ ʈʂʰɯ˥ dzi˧b le˧ ʑi˩b tʰi˧ mv̩˧a kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: given_name DEM.PROX CLF.sets/pairs ACCOMP to_bring_along DUR to_put_on CAUS
Translation: Nobbu brought that set [of clothes], and made [her] wear [the clothes].’ (BuriedAlive3.73)
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: ʂɯ˧hɑ̃˧˥ gv̩˧c ɖɯ˧ɲi$˥ ə˧mi˧ lɑ˧ mv̩˩˥ tʰi˧ to˧∼to˧ ŋv̩˩a ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: seven-CLF.nights to_elapse one-CLF.days mother and daughter DUR to_hug to_cry CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: On the eighth day (literally: the day after seven days had gone by), mother and daughter fell into each other's arms and wept!' (BuriedAlive3.129)
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɲi˩ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a ɻ̍˩ dʑo˥
Glosses: person INTERROG.who ACCOMP to_come to_turn_toward TOP
Translation: The first person who comes along… (literally: whoever comes along…)' (Renaming.14)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dʑɯ˧dv̩˧mi˩ ə˩ dʑo˩b
Glosses: female_earthworm INTERROG EXIST
Translation: Are there such things as female earthworms?/Do female earthworms exist?’ (Source: field notes.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩kʰv̩˧˥ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a dʑo˥ ɲi˧to˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ le˧tɑ˧˥ mɤ˩ ʂo˧~ʂo˩ tsɤ˧ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: evening ACCOMP to_come.PST TOP mouth here up_to animal_fat ABUNDANCE to_become REP AFFIRM
Translation: The story goes that in the evening, when [the dumb man] came back, [his] mouth was smeared with grease up to here, up to here!’ (Lake3.15)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ ki˧ ə… ʂe˥ ɲi˧zo#˥ ɖɯ˧kʰwɤ˥$ æ̃˩ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧kʰwɤ˥$ bo˩ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧kʰwɤ˥$ ʝi˧ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧kʰwɤ˥$ kʰv̩˩mi˩ ki˧ tʰv̩˧hɑ̃˩ dʑo˥ ʂe˥ ʂo˧~ʂo˩ tʰi˧ ki˧a kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: dog DAT hesitation meat fish one-CLF.piece chicken_meat one-CLF.piece pork one-CLF.piece beef one-CLF.piece dog DAT that_day TOP meat ABUNDANCE DUR to_give ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: To the dog, erm… [one would give] meat! A piece of fish, a piece of chicken, a piece of pork, a piece of beef… On that day [New Year's Eve], one would give the dog plenty of meat!' (Dog.35)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧ʝi˧ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ njɤ˩ =bv̩˧ ʐwæ˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ ŋwɤ˧ kv̩˧˥ ʈʂæ˧˥ po˧˥ hɯ˧c ɲi˩
Glosses: in_the_past 1SG POSS horse TOP five CLF to_rob to_take_away to_go.PST CERTITUDE
Translation: Once, long ago, five of my family’s horses were stolen!’ Literally: ‘Long ago, my horses (=my
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ mv̩˩˥ ə˧zɯ˩ ʂɯ˧ bi˧ ə˧mi˧ tʰi˧ ʂɯ˧ kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: 1SG daughter 1PL.INCL to_die IMM_FUT mother DUR to_die CAUS
Translation: My dear daughter… We are going to die [=we can’t avoid death, now that the tiger is
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ ɻ̍˩ʈʂʰe˧ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ dʑo˥ no˧sɯ˩kv̩˩ tʰv̩˧ɲi˧ lo˧ ʝi˧ hɯ˧c tsɯ˧˥
Glosses: 1SG given_name TOP TOP 2PL.EXCL that.day work to_do go.PST REP
Translation: As for my [daughter] Erchei Ddeema… that day, you (=the members of your
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: õ˧˥ ə˧mv̩˩ ɲi˩ ze˧
Glosses: self elder_sibling COP PFV
Translation: This is my own brother!’ (Sister.57; Sister3.58. Context: a young woman recognizes a ragged
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pʰæ˧b ∼ =ɻ̍˩ ɲi˩ kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: to_tie/fasten RED ASSOCIATIVE COP ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: di˩˥ ɳɯ˧ ə˧sɯ˩kv̩˩ li˧a dʑo˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: earth A 1PL.INCL to_watch PROG CERTITUDE
Translation: The Earth is watching us!’ (Reward.145)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˥ ɳɯ˧ ki˧a di˩˥ ɳɯ˧ ki˧a pi˥ ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: sky A to_give earth A to_give to_say REP PROG AFFIRM
Translation: “It is a gift of the Heavens! It is a gift of the Earth!” he said.’ (Reward.121)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ bi˧c ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_go PFV
Translation: [she/he/they…] went
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ pv̩˧c ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_chant PFV
Translation: [she/he/they…] chanted
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ bi˧c dʑo˥ ʈʂʰwɤ˥ ɖɯ˧ mɤ˧ kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_go TOP dinner to_get NEG ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: If [the daughter] goes back [to her mother’s home after marriage, she] cannot have dinner
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lv̩˧mi˧ so˩ʈv̩˩ pɤ˧˥ ∼ le˧ bi˧c ze˧
Glosses: stone a_few to_carry ACTIVITY ACCOMP to_go PFV
Translation: Tonight, I’ll bring (back) a couple of stones! I’m going back!’ (Reward.77. Context: a man
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: æ .hi .hi pi˥ le˧ bi˧c zo˧ kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: INTJ to_say ACCOMP to_go OBLIGATIVE ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: [The mother, uncles, aunts and other relatives of the deceased wife’s family shout out a cry
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧tɑ˧˥ le˧ ʑi˧˥ ∼
Glosses: person all ACCOMP to_sleep ACTIVITY
Translation: Everyone was asleep.’ (BuriedAlive2.94)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧tɑ˧˥ le˧ ʑi˧˥ dʑo˧
Glosses: person all ACCOMP to_sleep PROG
Translation: Everyone was asleep.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁo˧dɑ˧ no˧bv̩˥tsʰɯ˩ɻ̍˩ lɑ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧=zɯ˩ fv̩˧ ∼ ɲi˩
Glosses: before proper_name and 3DU pleased RECP CERTITUDE
Translation: Before [my daughter married your son]… Nobbu Ci’er and [my daughter]… they used to like each other!’ (BuriedAlive2.136. Context: the unhappy wife's mother explains to the husband's mother what the matter is with her daughter.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ ??wɤ˩ ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_bypass PFV
Translation: [She/he/they] bypassed’ (elicited example; the question marks ‘??’ are intended as an indication of the problematic status of the monosyllabic verb form)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ʝi˥ gɤ˩ dɑ˧˥ mv̩˩ dɑ˧˥ ɖɯ˧so˩ ʂɯ˩ ʝi˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: thus upward to_strike downward to_strike several times to_do REP AFFIRM
Translation: He would give blows high and low (= hither and thither), again and again! / He would strike
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: gɤ˩ le˧ ʈʂʰo˥ se˩ dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥
Glosses: upward ACCOMP to_pray COMPLETION TOP then
Translation: after one has prayed [literally: prayed up (to the ancestors)]’ (Dog2.54)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: gɤ˩ se˥ ze˧
Glosses: UPWARD to_walk PFV
Translation: walked up(ward)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁo˧dɑ˧ bi˧c ze˧
Glosses: forward to_go PFV
Translation: to go forward
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁwæ˧gi˧ bi˧c ze˧
Glosses: leftward to_go PFV
Translation: to go to the left
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: gɤ˩tɕo˧ bi˧c ze˧
Glosses: upward to_go PFV
Translation: to go upward
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ ze˧b
Glosses: to_eat PFV
Translation: have eaten
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ bi˧a ze˧b
Glosses: to_eat IMM.FUT PFV
Translation: will eat
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ mɤ˧ bi˧a ze˧b
Glosses: to_eat NEG IMM.FUT PFV
Translation: will not eat
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧˥ hĩ˥
Glosses: to_strike RELATIVIZER/NOMINALIZER
Translation: who strikes
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧˥ bi˧
Glosses: to_strike IMM.FUT
Translation: is going to strike
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: tʰi˩˥ hĩ˥ =ɻæ˩ dʑo˥ wɤ˩˥ ʝi˧kʰv̩˥ dʑo˥ mv̩˥ pʰæ˧di˩
Glosses: then people PL TOP again some TOP to_understand it_seems_that
Translation: It seems that some people understood in the end!' (FoodShortage2.72)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩˥ ʈʂʰɯ˥ v̩˧ qʰwɤ˩a pʰæ˧di˩ dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥ kʰi˥ tʰi˧ tv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: daughter DEM CLF.individual clever it_seems_that TOP then door DUR to_support REP AFFIRM
Translation: That girl was clever, as it turned out: she propped herself against the door. / That girl reacted smartly: she immediately propped herself against the door [so as to keep the tiger out].' (Tiger.14)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ ʂɯ˧a le˧ nv̩˥ dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥ hĩ˥ ɬo˧tɑ˧ wɤ˩˥ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ ɳɯ˧ do˩b pʰæ˧di˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_die ACCOMP to_bury TOP then person to_the_side again one CLF.individual A to_see it_seems_that REP AFFIRM
Translation: When she died and was buried… apparently, someone close by had seen [what had really happened to her]!' (BuriedAlive2.24)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ lɑ˧ ɖʐv̩˧nɑ˥mi˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ dʑo˥ ɖɯ˧pi˧˥ tʰi˧ kv̩˧˥ pʰæ˧di˩ mæ˧
Glosses: dog also heron TOP TOP a_little skilful ABILITIVE it_seems_that OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: The Dog and the Heron were rather talented, it seems!' (Dog2.108)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pʰv̩˧˥ mɤ˧ tʰɑ˧˥ ɲi˩ ho˩ mæ˧
Glosses: to_take_off NEG PERMISSIVE CERTITUDE DESIDERATIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: [I] was not able to take off [the bracelets]!' (BuriedAlive2.88)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ ʂɯ˧ dʑo˧ dʑi˧hṽ̩˥$ mv̩˧ mɤ˧ kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: ACCOMP to_die PROG clothes to_put_on NEG CAUS
Translation: When someone dies, [we] do not clothe [the corpse]!’ (BuriedAlive3.58)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: so˩ɲi˩so˩hɑ̃˥ qæ˧˥ dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥ le˧ qæ˧˥ mv̩˩ mɤ˧ tʰɑ˧˥
Glosses: 3_days_and_nights to_burn TOP then ACCOMP to_burn to_consume/to_burn_up NEG possible
Translation: The corpse was burnt [on the pyre] for three days and three nights, but it was not possible
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʂæ˧ɖæ˧ di˩a tʰɑ˧˥ kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: differences_in_length EXIST PROHIB CAUS
Translation: [The tree trunks] must not be different lengths! / There must not be differences in length!’ (Housebuilding.19. Context: selecting trees that will be felled as lumber for building a house.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ ɳɯ˧ õ˩dv̩˧˥ dzɯ˥ ze˧b
Glosses: tiger A wolf to_eat PFV
Translation: The tiger ate the wolf.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: li˩˥ hwæ˧a ze˧b
Glosses: tea to_buy PFV
Translation: bought tea
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: æ̃˩˧ hwæ˧a ze˧b
Glosses: chicken to_buy PFV
Translation: bought chicken
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐæ˩˥ tɕʰi˧b ze˧
Glosses: leopard to_sell PFV
Translation: sold leopards
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˩ tɕʰi˧b ze˧b
Glosses: sheep to_sell PFV
Translation: has sold sheep
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: di˩˥ dv̩˥ ze˧b
Glosses: earth to_dig PFV
Translation: has dug earth
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ ɳɯ˧ tʰɑ˩˥ dzɯ˥ ze˧b
Glosses: tiger A buffalo to_eat PFV
Translation: (the
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐæ˩˥ dzɯ˥ ze˧b
Glosses: leopard to_eat PFV
Translation: has eaten leopards
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʑi˩˥ dzɯ˥ ze˧b
Glosses: monkey to_eat PFV
Translation: has eaten monkeys
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lwɤ˩˥ tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ tɕɤ˧˥ kv̩˧˥ mæ˧ ə˧ʝi˧ʂɯ˥ʝi˩
Glosses: ashes DUR to_put to_boil ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS in_the_old_times
Translation: One would add ashes and boil [linen thread], in the old times!’ (FoodShortage.71)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: bi˥ gi˥ ze˧b
Glosses: snow to_fall PFV
Translation: It has snowed.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hi˩˧ gi˥ ze˧b
Glosses: rain to_fall PFV
Translation: It has rained.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˧bæ#˥ tsʰɯ˩a ze˧b
Glosses: guest to_come.PST PFV
Translation: The guest has come. / The guests have come.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dɑ˧pɤ˧ tsʰɯ˩a ze˧b
Glosses: priest to_come.PST PFV
Translation: The priest has come. / The priests have come.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: bo˩˧ tsʰo˩b ze˧b
Glosses: pig to_jump PFV
Translation: The pig jumped.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˩ tsʰɯ˩a ze˧b
Glosses: sheep to_come.PST PFV
Translation: The sheep have come.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ tsʰɯ˩a ze˧b
Glosses: 3SG to_come.PST PFV
Translation: (S)he has come!
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ ti˩a ze˧b
Glosses: dog to_tap/to_hit_gently PFV
Translation: has hit a dog (gently)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mo˩kv̩#˥ tʰv̩˧a kv̩˧˥ ze˧b mo˩kv̩#˥
Glosses: meadow_mushroom to_grow ABILITIVE PFV meadow_mushroom
Translation: [Starting in the third month,] meadow mushrooms grow. Meadow mushrooms!’ (Mushrooms.149)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ʈʂe˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ le˧ ʁæ˩a ɲi˩ mæ˧
Glosses: earth TOP ACCOMP to_melt/to_fall_apart CERTITUDE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: The clods of earth fall apart / the clods of earth melt [into the water].’ (Agriculture.54)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐæ˩sɯ˩ dʑo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ʝi˥ tʰi˧ mv̩˧a kv̩˧˥ mæ˧
Glosses: felt TOP thus DUR to_put_on ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: This is how we used to wear felt.’ (Sister3.74)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hu˧mi˥$ ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ#˥ ʈʰɯ˩b le˧ qʰwɤ˧b ze˧b mæ˧
Glosses: stomach medicine to_drink ACCOMP to_heal PFV OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: [nowadays, the diseased person] drinks
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖɯ˧ dzɯ˥ ɻ̍˥ mo˩
Glosses: DELIMITATIVE to_eat INCHOATIVE DISC.PTCL:INVITATION
Translation: Please have some/please eat some [of it]!
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ tso˩a bi˧c zo˧ʝi˧
Glosses: 1SG to_build to_go to_have_to
Translation: I shall go and build [a bridge].’ (Renaming.13)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧mi˧ mv̩˩ ɲi˧kv̩˧˥
Glosses: mother daughter two-CLF.persons
Translation: the mother and the daughter, the two of them’ (Lake4.93)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ di mɤ˧ dʑo˧
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ NEG EXIST
Translation: there was no food’ (Seeds2.69)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzo˩ ɖɯ˧pɤ˩ tso˩a ə˩ bi˧
Glosses: bridge one-CLF to_build INTERROG IMM_FUT
Translation: will [you] build a bridge?’ (Renaming.10)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: tʰi˧ gv̩˩a se˩ dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥ no˧˥ wɤ˩˥ qwɤ˧ tʰi˧ gv̩˩a
Glosses: DUR to_make/to_build COMPLETION TOP then CNTR.TOP again/also fire_pit DUR to_make/to_build
Translation: After one has finished to build [the cupboard], well, one builds the fire pit!’ (Housebuilding.144)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˧mo˥=ɻæ˩ɳɯ˩ ɖɯ˧njɤ˧ ʐwɤ˩a kv̩˧˥ mæ˧
Glosses: elders=PL-A constantly to_say ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: The elders would always say…’ (Dog2.32)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hwɤ˧li˧˥ no˧˥ ʐv̩˧kʰv̩˩ ŋwɤ˧kʰv̩˩
Glosses: cat CNTR.TOP four.years five.years
Translation: As for the cat, [it has a lifespan of] four or five years.’ (Dog2.84. Context: the previous
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ di˩ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b ʈʰɯ˩b di˩ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ NEG EXIST to_drink NMLZ NEG EXIST
Translation: [Before mankind had learnt to grow crops], there was nothing to eat and nothing to drink!
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ di˩ dʑo˥ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ TOP NEG EXIST CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: As for food, it’s said that there was none!’ (Seeds2.68)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ di˩ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ NEG EXIST TOP so/then
Translation: As there was nothing to eat, …’ (the narrative moves on to: ‘there were some
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɬo˧pv̩˥ ti˩a kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: kow"=tow to_hit ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: It is said that [on that occasion, the whole family] will kow"=tow!’ (Sister3.138)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʂv̩˧∼ʂv̩˧˥ ɖɯ˧pʰæ˧˥
Glosses: paper one-CLF.flat_objects
Translation: a sheet of paper
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧mi˧ mv̩˩˥ ɲi˧kv̩˧˥
Glosses: mother daughter two-CLF.persons
Translation: the mother and her daughter’ Literally: ‘mother and
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧mi˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧v̩˧ lɑ˧ mv̩˩˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧v̩˧
Glosses: mother DEM-CLF.individual and daughter DEM-CLF
Translation: that mother and that daughter’ (Lake.52).
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ʂe˩ dzɯ˥ mɤ˧ ɖo˧a pi˥ zo
Glosses: dog"=meat to_eat NEG ought_to to_say ADVB
Translation: It’s said that one mustn’t eat dog meat! / It’s said that dog meat is something one must not
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧ʝi˧ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ dʑo˥ kʰv̩˥ ʈʂʰɯ˥ dʑo˥ dʑɤ˩˥ ə˩pʰo˩ kʰɯ˧˥ mɤ˧ kv̩˧˥
Glosses: in_the_past TOP dog TOP TOP INTS outside to_let NEG ABILITIVE
Translation: In the old times, one wouldn’t usually let dogs go outside! / In the old times, dogs weren’t usually allowed to leave the house!’ (Dog2.75)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖɯ˧v̩˧ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a ɲi˧kv̩˧˥ so˩kv̩˩
Glosses: one-CLF.individual ACCOMP to_come.PST two-CLF three-CLF
Translation: One person came, then two, then three.’ (Field notes: explanation proposed by
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jɤ˧ŋɤ˧ dʑo˥ ə˧ʝi˧ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ hæ̃˩bɑ˥lɑ˩ hæ̃˩bɑ˥lɑ˩bɑ˩lɑ˩ le˧ po˧˥ jo˩ kv̩˧˥ mæ˧
Glosses: Chengdu TOP in_the_past silk silk_clothes ACCOMP to_bring to_come ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: From Chengdu, in the past… Silk!! [The people who went on caravans] would bring back
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧ʑi˧˥ ɖɯ˩mɑ˧ɬɑ˩tsʰo˩ pi˥ hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ dʑo˧a ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: grandmother GIVEN_NAME to_say REL/NMLZ one CLF.individual EXIST CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: [Among] women elders, it is said that there was one by the
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzo˩ le˧ gv̩˩b tʰi˧ tɕɯ˥ tʰi˩˥ no˩ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a ɲi˩ ze˧b mæ˧ ə˩gi˩ hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ mɤ˧ tsʰɯ˩a no˩ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a ɲi˩ ze˧b mæ˧
Glosses: bridge ACCOMP to_build DUR to_put then 2SG ACCOMP to_come CERTITUDE PFV AFFIRM isn't_it person one CLF.individual NEG to_come 2SG ACCOMP to_come CERTITUDE PFV AFFIRM
Translation: After the bridge is built, and left there [=and the person who built it waits for someone to cross], you come along! [=someone comes along: you, for instance!] [For a long time] nobody comes, [but at last] you come along!’ (Renaming.17)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dʑɯ˩ ɖɯ˧qʰv̩˧tʰv̩#˥ tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: water one-CLF.hornful DUR to_put
Translation: [People who travel all day] put a hornful of water [in their bag, so as to have something to
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ tsɑ˧˥ kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥ le˧ lv̩˧˥
Glosses: ACCOMP to_row because ACCOMP to_escape
Translation: By rowing, rowing, rowing, they managed to escape!’ (Lake3.59)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lo˩dʑo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ʝi˥ mv̩˩tɕo˧ pʰv̩˧˥ kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥ ɳɯ qʰʰʰ…ə ! pi˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: bracelet thus downward to_take_off because TOP onomatopoeia:burp ! to_say REP AFFIRM
Translation: When [the man] took off [the buried woman’s bracelets], like this, [the corpse made
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mɤ˧ dʑɤ˩b ɲi˩ ə˩ sɯ˥ ə˧ʝi˧ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ ə˧mi˧ mv̩˩˥ ɲi˧kv̩˧˥ zo˩no˥ ɬi˧di˩di˩mi˩ qo˧ dzi˩a le˧wo˥le˧hɯ˩ zo ə˧ʑi˧˥ ə˧pʰv̩˧ ki˧ le˧ hɯ˧c dʑo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ʝi˥ ʐæ˩˥ ɳɯ˧ le˧ ʈʰæ˧˥ lɑ˧ ɳɯ˧ le˧ ʈʰæ˧˥ ɲi˩ pi˥ zo
Glosses: NEG good COP INTERROG to_know once_upon_a_time mother daughter two-CLF.persons well Yongning_plain inside to_dwell went_back ADVB grandmother grandmother’s_brother ALL ACCOMP to_go.PST TOP thus panther A ACCOMP to_bite tiger A ACCOMP to_bite CERTITUDE to_say ADVB
Translation: [Elders would tell stories about the tiger eating people,] saying: “That is very bad, you know! Once upon a time, a mother and her daughter who lived in the Yongning plain went to see the grandmother and her brothers; and they were actually attacked by the big cats!”’ Literally: ‘they were bitten by the panther, by the tiger’ (Tiger.51)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ʑi˧˥ dʑo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ gv̩˧c ɲi˩ tʰv̩˧ʑi˧˥
Glosses: DEM.PROX-CLF.households TOP thus to_take_place CERTITUDE DEM.DIST-CLF.households
Translation: This is what happened to this household! And this is what happened to that household!' (Elders3.44. Context: the narrator reports how her grandmother used to teach children the proper way to behave by taking real"=life examples from events that had occurred within the community.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ gv̩˧c ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: thus to_take_place CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: This is how it happened.’ (BuriedAlive.1)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ gv̩˧c kv̩˧˥
Glosses: thus to_take_place ABILITIVE
Translation: This is how it would happen.’ (Sister3.149, Tiger.2)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pʰo˩a hɯ˧c kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥lɑ˩ tʰi˩˥ go˧mi˧ ʈʂʰɯ˥ v̩˧ dʑo˥ le˧ ŋv̩˩ zo
Glosses: to_flee/to_rush to_go.PST after then younger_sister DEM.PROX CLF TOP ACCOMP to_cry ADVB
Translation: After he rushed away, [his] younger daughter cried her eyes out!’ (Sister3.68)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hæ˧ kʰv̩˩mi˩ʂe˩ dzɯ˥ kv̩˧˥
Glosses: Chinese dog_meat to_eat ABILITIVE
Translation: The Chinese (Han) eat dog meat!’ (Field notes, 2012)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: gɯ˩ʝi˥ dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥
Glosses: really TOP then
Translation: … in actual fact, …’ (Mountains.58)
Language: Eastern Gorkha Tamang
Transcription: tʰi˩˥ ə˧mv̩˧˥ ʝi˥ hĩ˥ dʑo˥ zo˥ ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: then elder_sibling to_do REL TOP boy/son COP REP AFFIRM
Translation: The elder [of the two siblings] was a boy.’ (Sister.5)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩zo˩ =ɻæ˩ lɑ˧ ə˧ʝi˧ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ tʰi˩˥ dʑɤ˩bv̩˥ ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: girl ASSOCIATIVE with long_ago so/then to_play CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: The story goes that at that time, long ago, he would have fun [i.e. flirt] with girls!’ (Caravans.231)
Language: English
Transcription: pʰv̩˩tɕæ˩ɻæ˥ gv̩˧ kv̩˧˥ ze˧b mæ˧
Glosses: very_white to_become ABILITIVE PFV AFFIRM
Translation: [after boiling, linen thread] can become really white!’ (FoodShortage.73)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˥ ki˧ ɖɯ˧kʰwɤ˥$ mɤ˧ pi˥
Glosses: person DAT 1-CLF.pieces NEG to_say
Translation: (S)he did not say anything to the people present! / (S)he did not greet anyone!’ (Field
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: no˩ njɤ˩ ki˧ ɖɯ˧sɑ˥$ hwæ˧a mɤ˧ zo˧a
Glosses: 2SG 1ST DAT 1-CLF.things to_buy NEG OBLIG
Translation: You don't need to give me anything! / There is no need to buy any presents for me!’ (Trader.34)
Language: Naxi
Transcription: ə˧dzɤ˧∼dzɤ˥ F dzɯ˥
Glosses: slowly FOCALIZATION to_eat
Translation: Eat slowly!/Take your time!’ (Polite invitation to eat.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ mo˩a njɤ˩ɭɯ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ʝi˥ gv̩˧c hĩ˥ li˧a F mɤ˧ ʁo˧
Glosses: ACCOMP old eye thus to_occur person to_look_at FOCALIZATION NEG to_be_able_to/to_manage
Translation: [The dog] got older and older; and so, its eyes could not even look at people anymore / it could not even see people anymore!’ (Dog2.80)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: zo˥ F ə˧mi˧ ɳɯ˧ mv̩˩˥ ki˧ ʐwɤ˩b
Glosses: son/man FOCALIZATION mother A daughter/girl DAT to_speak
Translation: The young man's mother talked to the young woman.’ (BuriedAlive3.161)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: no˩ mv̩˩˥ dɤ !tʰv̩˧qo˧ dʑo˩b
Glosses: 2SG daughter DEM.EXTRA_DISTAL EXIST.animated_beings
Translation: Your daughter is [in a place that I know,] way over there.’ (BuriedAlive3.105)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: no˩ ɳɯ˧ V zo˧a ho˩
Glosses: 2SG A V OBLIG FUT
Translation: you must now V / you will now have to V.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁæ˧bæ˧ qo˧ ɳɯ˧ ʁæ˧bæ˧ ɖɯ˧ ɭɯ˧b qo˧ ɳɯ˧ ɖɯ˧ ʁæ˩bæ˩
Glosses: wooden_plate inside ABL/TOP wooden_plate one CLF inside ABL/TOP one CLF.platefuls
Translation: [The sweets used to be presented] on a plate! [They were placed] on a plate; [one used to prepare] a plateful!’ (Funeral.216)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ mv̩˩pʰæ˧˥ ze˧b
Glosses: ACCOMP to_forget PFV
Translation: [I/you…] have forgotten’ (Source: field notes. Also found in Dog.4)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ ɳɯ˧ hwæ˧a bi˧a ze˧b
Glosses: 1SG A to_buy IMM.FUT PFV
Translation: I’m paying for it! / I’m the one who’s buying [it]!
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ se˥ ze˧b
Glosses: tiger to_walk PFV
Translation: the tiger walked’ (input tones: M on noun and H on verb)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ ʂɯ˧a ze˧b
Glosses: tiger to_die PFV
Translation: the tiger died’ (input tones: M on noun and M on verb)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hwɤ˧mi˥$ tsʰo˧b ze˧b
Glosses: she_cat to_jump PFV
Translation: the she-cat jumped’ (input tones: H$ on noun and Mb on verb)
Language: Naxi
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ni˧˥ gwɤ˩ ɲi˩ mæ˧
Glosses: in_this_way to_sing CERTITUDE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: This is how [people] used to sing!’ (Caravans.51, 53, 57)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧˥ ʝi˥ gwɤ˩ ɲi˩ mæ˧
Glosses: in_this_way to_do to_sing CERTITUDE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: This is how [people] used to sing!’ (Caravans.51, 53, 57)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖwæ˧˥ fv̩˧ hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: very happy REL one CLF.individual COP
Translation: (S)he is really happy!’ (Source: field notes.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˧ʁo˥$ dze˩a hĩ˥ dʑo˥ kɤ˩nɑ˧mi˧ di˧qo˧ se˥ dʑo˥ ə˧v̩˧˥
Glosses: heavens to_fly NMLZ TOP eagle plain to_walk TOP maternal_uncle
Translation: As the Eagle is greatest of all that fly in the sky, so the Uncle is greatest of all that walk the earth.
Language: Thai
Transcription: (Nó) mưa bâygiờ đấy .
Glosses: NÓ rain now PRT
Translation: It is about to rain now.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nó sẽ mưa bâygiờ đấy .
Glosses: NÓ FUT rain now PRT
Translation: It will rain now.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Sẽ nó mưa bâygiờ đấy .
Glosses: FUT NÓ rain now PRT
Translation: It will rain now.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Nó thằng Nam/tao/mày sẽ gạp Hòa ngàymai .
Glosses: NÓ CLF Nam/I/you FUT meet Hòa tomorrow
Translation: Nam/I/you will meet Hòa tomorrow.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Umama unike abantwana incwadi .
Glosses: 1a-mama 1SM-give-PFV 2-children 9-book
Translation: Mama gave the children a book.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Umama ubanike incwadi (abantwana).
Glosses: 1a-mama 1SM-2OM-give-PFV 9-book 2-children
Translation: Mama gave them a book (the children).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Umama uyinike abantwana (incwadi).
Glosses: 1a-mama 1SM-9OM-give-PFV 2-children 9-book
Translation: Mama gave the children it (a book).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Incwadi yafundelwa abantwana .
Glosses: 9-book 9SM-REM.PST-read-APPL-PASS-FV 2-children
Translation: The book was read (for) the children.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Abantwana bafundelwa incwadi .
Glosses: 2-children 2SM-REM.PST-read-APPL-PASS-FV 9-book
Translation: The children were read a book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Amíná onrúwá eshimá .
Glosses: 1.Amina 1SM-PRES.CJ-stir 9.shima
Translation: Amina prepares shima.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Amíná onaárúwél’ éshimá anámwáne .
Glosses: 1.Amina 1SM-PRES.CJ-2OM-stir-APPL.FV 9.shima 2.children
Translation: Amina prepares shima for the children.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ál’ átthw’ áálá aawárá eshaphéyu .
Glosses: 2.DEM 2.people 2.DEM 2SM.PERF.DJ-wear 10.hats
Translation: These people wear hats.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Oḿwáríhá mwalápw’ ááwé ekúwó .
Glosses: 1SM.PERF.DJ-1OM-wear-CAUS-FV 1.dog 1.POSS.1 9.cloth
Translation: She dressed her dog in a cloth.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: UJohn unika abantwana imali .
Glosses: 1a.John 1SM-give-FV 2.children 9.money
Translation: John is giving the children money.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: UJohn ubanika imali (abantwana).
Glosses: 1a.John 1SM-2OM-give-FV 9.money 2.children
Translation: John is giving them money (the children).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: UJohn uyinika abantwana (imali).
Glosses: 1a.John 1SM-9OM-give-FV 2.children 9.money
Translation: John is giving it to the children (the money).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ULanga uphekela umama inyama .
Glosses: 1a.Langa 1SM-cook-APPL-FV 1a.mother 9.meat
Translation: Langa is cooking meat for mother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ULanga umphekela inyama (umama).
Glosses: 1a.Langa 1SM-1OM-cook-APPL-FV 9.meat 1a.mother
Translation: Langa is cooking meat for her (mother).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ULanga uyiphekela umama (inyama).
Glosses: 1a.Langa 1SM-9OM-cook-APPL-FV 1.mother 9.meat
Translation: Langa is cooking it for mother (the meat).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ULanga uphekisa umama ukudla .
Glosses: 1a.Langa 1SM-cook-CAUS-FV 1a.mother 15.food
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ULanga umphekisa ukudla (umama).
Glosses: 1a.Langa 1SM-1OM-cook-CAUS-FV 15.food 1a.mother
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ULanga ukuphekisa umama (ukudla).
Glosses: 1a.Langa 1SM-15OM-cook-CAUS-FV 1a.mother 15.food
Translation: Langa makes mother cook it (the food).
Language: Southern Sotho
Transcription: Banana baphehela ´me nama .
Glosses: 2.girls 2SM-cook-APPL-FV 1.mother 9.meat
Translation: The girls are cooking meat for my mother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Banana bamophehela nama .
Glosses: 2.girls 2SM-cook-APPL-FV 9.meat
Translation: The girls are cooking meat for her.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Banana baephehela ´me .
Glosses: 2.girls 2SM-9OM-cook-APPL-FV 1.mother
Translation: The girls are cooking it for my mother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ntate obalisa bana buka .
Glosses: 1.father 1SM-read-CAUS-FV 2.children 9.book
Translation: My father makes the children read the book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ntate obabalisa buka .
Glosses: 1.father 1SM-2OM-read-CAUS-FV 9.book
Translation: My father makes them read the book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ntate oebalisa bana .
Glosses: 1.father 1SM-9OM-read-CAUS-FV 2.children
Translation: int. ‘My father makes the children read it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mávé vè tjángéré òmbàpírà .
Glosses: PRES-2SM 2OM write-APPL-FV 9-letter
Translation: They are writing them a letter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mává ì tjángéré òvànâtjé .
Glosses: pres-2SM 9OM write-APPL-FV 2-children
Translation: They are writing the children it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mave ve tjangisa ombapira .
Glosses: PRES-2SM 2OM write-CAUS-FV 9-letter
Translation: They make them write a letter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mave i tjangisa ovanatje .
Glosses: PRES-2SM 9OM write-CAUS-FV 2-children
Translation: They make the children write it.
Language: Luguru
Transcription: Chibua kopfeng’a iwana ipfitabu .
Glosses: 1.Chibua 1SM-8OM-give-FV 2.children 8.books
Translation: Chibua is giving children books.
Language: Luguru
Transcription: Mayi kowambikila iwana ipfidyo .
Glosses: 1.mother 1SM-2OM-cook-APPL-FV 2.children 7.food
Translation: Mother is cooking food for the children.
Language: Luguru
Transcription: Mayi kopfambikila ipfidyo iwana .
Glosses: 1.mother 1SM-7OM-cook-APPL-FV 7.food 2.children
Translation: int. ‘Mother is cooking food for the children.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wanzehe wamwambikitsa Chuma ipfidyo .
Glosses: 2.elders 2SM-1OM-cook-CAUS-FV 1.Chuma 8.food
Translation: The elders made Chuma cook food.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wanzehe wapfambikitsa ipfidyo Chuma .
Glosses: 2.elders 2SM-8OM-cook-CAUS-FV 8.food 1.Chuma
Translation: The elders made Chuma cook food.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Alimpa kitabu .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-1OM-give 7.book
Translation: She gave him a book.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Alikipa Juma .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-7OM-give 1.Juma
Translation: She gave it to Juma.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Alimnunulia kitabu .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-1OM-buy-APPL-FV 7.book
Translation: She bought him a book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Alikinunulia Juma .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-7OM-buy-APPL-FV 1.Juma
Translation: She bought it for Juma.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Alimkatisha kamba .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-1OM-cut-CAUS-FV 9.rope
Translation: She made him cut the rope.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Aliikatisha Juma .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-9OM-cut-CAUS-FV 1.Juma
Translation: She made Juma cut it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maama awadde taata ssente .
Glosses: 1.mother 1SM-give-PFV 1.father 10.money
Translation: Mother has given father money.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maama amuwadde ssente .
Glosses: 1.mother 1SM-1OM-give-PFV 10.money . 
Translation: Mother has given him money.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maama aziwadde taata .
Glosses: 1.mother 1SM-10OM-give-PFV 1.father
Translation: Mother has given it father.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maama awereddwa ssente .
Glosses: 1.mother 1SM-give-PASS-FV money
Translation: Mother has been given money.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ssente ziwereddwa maama .
Glosses: 10.money 10SM-give-PASS-FV 1.mother
Translation: The money has been given to mother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: * Maama awadde ssente taata .
Glosses: _ 1.mother 1SM-give-PFV 10.money 1.father
Translation: int. ‘Mother gave father money.
Language: Italian
Transcription: Umugoré aranahakizibakunsomeesheesherereza .
Glosses: 1woman SM1-DJ-ALSO-OM16-OM7-OM10-OM2-OM2SG-OM1SG-read.CAUS.CAUS.APPL.APPL
Translation: The woman is also making us read it (book) with them (glasses) to you for me there (in the house).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Ngiyamthengela ubisi uSipho .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PRES.DJ-1OM-buy-APPL-FV 11-milk 1a-Sipho
Translation: I am buying milk for Sipho.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Ngiyaluthengela ubisi uSipho .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PRES.DJ-11OM-buy-APPL-FV 11-milk 1a-Sipho
Translation: int. ‘I am buying milk for Sipho.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lorato o tlaa apeela bana motogo .
Glosses: 1.Lorato 1SM FUT cook-APPL-FV 2.children 3.porridge
Translation: Lorato will cook the porridge for the children.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lorato o tlaa apeela motogo mo pitseng .
Glosses: 1.Lorato 1SM FUT cook-APPL-FV 3.porridge PREP 9.pot-LOC
Translation: Lorato will cook the porridge in the pot.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lorato o apeela mo jarateng .
Glosses: 1.Lorato 1SM cook-APPL-FV PREP 9.yard-LOC
Translation: Lorato does the cooking in the yard.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Usipho umfundisela abafundi Zulu (uLanga).
Glosses: 1aSipho 1SM-1OM-learn-CAUS-APPL-FV 2.student 7.Zulu 1a.Langa
Translation: Sipho is teaching the students Zulu for him (Langa).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Usipho ubafundisela uLanga Zulu (abafundi).
Glosses: 1aSipho 1SM-2OM-learn-CAUS-APPL-FV 1a.Langa 7.Zulu 2.student
Translation: Sipho is teaching them Zulu for Langa (the students).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Usipho usifundisela uLanga abafundi (Zulu).
Glosses: 1aSipho 1SM-7OM-learn-CAUS-APPL-FV 1a.Langa 2.student 7.Zulu
Translation: Sipho is teaching it to the students for Langa (Zulu).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maria akûmîtûmîra John .
Glosses: 1.Maria 1SM-T-9OM-send-APPL-FV 1.John
Translation: Maria has sent it to John.’ (a letter)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maria akûmûtûmîra barûa .
Glosses: 1.Maria 1SM-T-1OM-send-APPL-FV 9.letter
Translation: Maria has sent him/her a letter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Muborisi akûmînyuithia mûûragani .
Glosses: 1-police 1SM-T-9OM-drink-CRC-FV 1-murderer
Translation: The policeman has coerced the murderer to drink it.’ (the poison)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Muborisi akûmûnyuithia cûmû .
Glosses: 1.-police 1SM-T-1OM-drink-CRC-FV 9-poison
Translation: The policeman has coerced him/her to take the poison.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ibarakathambithîîrie Maria nyomba .
Glosses: FOC-2SM-PSTY-12OM-wash-CRC-APPL-PFV-IC-FV 1.Maria 9.house
Translation: They coerced Maria to wash the house for it (e.g the cat).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Narabathambithîîrie kabaka nyomba .
Glosses: FOC-1SM-PSTY-2OM-wash-CRC-APPL-PFV-IC-FV 12-cat 9.house
Translation: He/she coerced them to wash the house for the cat.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ibaramîthambithîîrie Maria kabaka .
Glosses: F-2SM-PSTY-9OM-wash-CRC-APPL-PFV-IC-FV 1.Maria 12-cat
Translation: They coerced Maria to wash it for the cat.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Umusore yahiingiye umugore umurima .
Glosses: 1.young.man 1SM-PST-plough-APPL-ASP 1.woman 3.field
Translation: The young man ploughed the field for the woman.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Umugore yawuhiingiwe n’ umusore .
Glosses: 1.woman 1SM-PST-3OM-plough-APPL-PASS-ASP by 1.young.man
Translation: lit. ‘The woman was it ploughed for by the young man.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Umurima wamuhiingiwe n’ umusore .
Glosses: 3.field 3SM-PST-1OM-plough-APPL-PASS-ASP by 1.young.man
Translation: The field was ploughed (for) her by the young man.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Omwana yaziwewa luli essente .
Glosses: AUG-1-child 1SM-PST-9aOM-give-PASS the.other.day AUG-9a.money
Translation: The child was given it the other day, the money.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Essente zaamuwewa luli omwana .
Glosses: AUG-9a.money 9aSM-PST-1OM-give-PASS the.other.day AUG-1-child
Translation: The money was given to him/her the other day, the child.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Baasooreri baachieebwa (chikhaafu).
Glosses: 2.boys 2SM-PAST-10OM-give-PASS-FV 10-cows
Translation: The boys were given them (cows).
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Chikaafu chaabaeebwa (baasooreri).
Glosses: 10-cows 10SM-PST-2OM-give-PASS-FV 2-boys
Translation: Cows were given to them (the boys).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Abantwana bayayifundelwa (incwadi).
Glosses: 2-child 2SM-PRES.DJ-9OM-read-APPL-PASS-FV 9-book
Translation: The children are being read it (the book).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: Incwadi iyabafundelwa (abantwana).
Glosses: 9-book 9SM-PRES.DJ-2OM-read-APPL-PASS-FV 2-children
Translation: int. ‘The book is being read to them (the children).
Language: Greek
Transcription: grafo , grafis , grafi , grafume , grafete , grafun
Glosses: write.1SG, write.2SG, write.3SG, write.1PL, write.2PL, write.3PL
Translation: I write, you write, he/she/it writes, we, you, they write
Language: Greek
Transcription: Fenete oti tha vreksi .
Glosses: Seem.3SG that FUT rain.3SG
Translation: It seems that it will rain.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: štaraytu samakatan kabiiratan
Glosses: bought-I fish-UNIT-ACC big-FEM-ACC
Translation: I bought a big fish.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: štaraytu samakan kabiiran
Glosses: bought-I fish-ACC big-ACC
Translation: I bought big fish.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ssaakinatu ḥtajjat
Glosses: the-inhabitant-FEM-NOM protested-FEM
Translation: The inhabitants (as a group) protested.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: raqaṣa raqṣan
Glosses: danced dance-ACC
Translation: He danced some dancing.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: raqaṣa raqṣatan; raqṣatayn
Glosses: danced dance-UNIT-ACC dance-UNIT-DUAL
Translation: He danced a dance; two dances.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: suhuulatun kabiiratun
Glosses: easy-FEM-NOM big-FEM-NOM
Translation: A great easiness.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔakaltu tamratan
Glosses: ate-I date-UNIT-ACC
Translation: I ate a date.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔakaltu tamratayn
Glosses: ate-I date-UNIT-DUAL.ACC
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔakaltu tamran
Glosses: ate-I date-ACC
Translation: I ate (one or more) dates.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔakaltu tamaraatin
Glosses: ate-I date-UNIT.PLURAL-ACC
Translation: I ate (many) dates.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: štaraytu ʔasmaakan mulawwanatan
Glosses: bought-I fish.PL-ACC coloured-FEM-ACC
Translation: I bought (many) coloured fish.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: štaraytu samakan mulawwanan
Glosses: bought-I fish-ACC coloured-ACC
Translation: I bought (one or more) coloured fish.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: alfursu warrumu štarakataa fii ḥarbin ḍidda lʕarabi
Glosses: the-Persians and-the-Romans participated-FEM-DUAL in war-GEN against the-Arabs
Translation: Persians and Romans participated together (as a group) in a war against Arabs.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: alfursu warrumu štarakuu fii ḥarbin ḍidda lʕarabi
Glosses: the-Persians and-the-Romans participated-PL.MASC in war-GEN against the-Arabs
Translation: Persians and Romans participated together in a war against Arabs.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: almuʕtazilatu walʔašʕariyyatu tawaḥḥadataa fii haaḏaa
Glosses: the-Mutazilite-FEM-NOM and-the-Asharite-FEM-NOM unified-FEM-DUAL in this
Translation: Mutazilites and Asharites have unified (their view) on this.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ssaakinatu ḥtajjuu
Glosses: the-inhabitant-FEM protested-PL.MASC
Translation: The inhabitants protested.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ššiiʕatu tantaqidu baʕḍahaa baʕḍan
Glosses: the-Shiite-FEM-NOM FEM-criticize some-her some-ACC-HER
Translation: The Shiites criticize each other.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: takaṯṯalat ššiiʕatu ḍidda daaiša
Glosses: united-FEM the-Shiites against Daesh-ACC
Translation: The Shiites made a coalition against ISIS.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: yaa ʔabati !
Glosses: oh father-END-mine
Translation: Oh my beloved father!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: waa ʔummataah !
Glosses: oh mother-END-EXCLAM-his
Translation: Oh my beloved mother!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: yaa waylati !
Glosses: oh misery-distress-mine
Translation: Oh my terrible woe!
Language: Arabic
Transcription: waa saʕdati !
Glosses: oh chance-END-mine
Translation: Oh my great chance!
Language: Arabic
Transcription: najaa ʔabii mina lġaraqi
Glosses: escaped father-mine from the-drowning-GEN
Translation: My father escaped from drowning.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: yaa ʔummataak !
Glosses: oh mother-END-EXCLAM-your
Translation: Intended: 'Oh your beloved mother!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: yaa ʔabataak !
Glosses: oh father-END-EXCLAM-your
Translation: Intended: `Oh your beloved father!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ṭmaʔinnii !
Glosses: reassure-FEM
Translation: Be reassured!' (for a single female)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ṭmaʔinnuu !
Glosses: reassure-PL
Translation: Be reassured!' (for a plurality of males)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: yaa ʔummataahu ṭmaʔinnii !
Glosses: oh mother-END-EXCLAM-his reassure-FEM
Translation: Oh beloved mother, be reassured!
Language: Icelandic
Transcription: Ég sannfærði þá um [að Haraldur hefði unnið].
Glosses: I convinced them P that Harald-NOM had won
Translation: I convinced them that Harald had won.
Language: Icelandic
Transcription: Haraldi virðist María vera þreytt .
Glosses: Harald-DAT seems Maria.NOM be.INF tired
Translation: Maria seems to Harald to be tired.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: Yujlasu hunaa waqta listiraahati .
Glosses: 3-PASS-sit-IND here time-ACC the-brake-GEN
Translation: One sits here at brake time.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: Wayuxraju lahu yawma lqiyaamati kitaaban .
Glosses: and-3-PASS-bring-IND to-him day-ACC the-resurrection-GEN book-ACC
Translation: And someone will bring to him a book the day of the resurrection.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: Yuģtasalu hunaa .
Glosses: 3-PASS-ref-wash-IND here
Translation: One washes oneself here.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: Maða ištarat Hindun ?
Glosses: what bought.3FS Hind-NOM
Translation: What did Hind buy?
Language: Arabic
Transcription: Kitaaban .
Glosses: book-ACC
Translation: A book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maʕa man ðahabat Hindun ?
Glosses: with whom went.3FS Hind-NOM
Translation: With whom did Hind go?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maʕa Zayden .
Glosses: with Zayd-GEN
Translation: With Zayd.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maða faʕalat Hindun bssayyarati ?
Glosses: what did.3FS Hind-NOM with-the-car-GEN
Translation: What did Hind with the car?
Language: Arabic
Transcription: šariba zaydun ŠAYAN .
Glosses: drank.3MS zayd-NOM tea-ACC
Language: Arabic
Transcription: ŠAYAN šariba zaydun .
Glosses: tea-ACC drank.3MS zayd-NOM
Translation: It was tea that Zayd drank.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ištarat Hindun kitaaban .
Glosses: bought.3FS Hind-NOM book-ACC
Translation: a book
Language: Arabic
Transcription: maʕa man taḥadaθat Hindun ?
Glosses: with who talked.3FS Hind-NOM
Translation: With whom did Hind talk?
Language: Arabic
Transcription: Hal ʔatat liʔanaka lam tadʕu Hindan ?
Glosses: Q came.3FS because-you NEG invited.2MS Hind-ACC
Translation: Did she come because you didn’t invite Hind?
Language: Arabic
Transcription: la , ʔatat liʔanaka lam tadʕu Omaran .
Glosses: no came.3FS because-you NEG invited.2MS Omar-ACC
Translation: No, she came because you didn’t invite Omar.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: hal istalamat alressalata allati katabaha liZaynab ?
Glosses: Q received.3FS the-letter-ACC that wrote.3MS-it to-Zaynab
Translation: Did she receive the letter that he wrote to Zaynab?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: la , istalamat alressalata allati katabaha liZayden .
Glosses: no received.3FS the-letter-acc that wrote.3MS-it to-Zayd-GEN
Translation: No, she received that the letter that he wrote to Zayd.
Language: Maasina Fulfulde
Transcription: ɛlɛ ndana ɛgɛ na nɛ a Kʷɔʃɛwa
Glosses: thing DEM 3S-do-CL PSP 1S at Kossewa,
Translation: [When] this thing happened, I was [living] at Kossewa.
Language: Moloko
Transcription: al=ala na gʷɔgʷɔlvaŋ na ɔ̀lɔ=alaj
Glosses: 3S-go=to PSP snake PSP 3S+PFV-go=away
Translation: Some time later, the snake went.
Language: Moloko
Transcription: àtsar a haj kɪrɛ ava fɔ_fɔ_fɔ
Glosses: 3S-climb at house wood in sound_of_snake
Translation: It climbed into the beams in the roof of the house fo fo fo.
Language: Moloko
Transcription: ʃɛŋ=ala na ɔkʷfɔm àdəɗ=ala ɓav
Glosses: go=to PSP mouse 3S+PFV-fall=to sound_of_falling
Translation: And walking, a mouse fell ɓav!
Language: Moloko
Transcription: nɛ awij alma amədəv=ala ɔkʷfɔm nɛhɛ maj
Glosses: 1S said what DEP-fall=to mouse DEM what
Translation: [I woke up] I said [to myself], “What made that mouse fall?”
Language: Moloko
Transcription: mbaɗala ɛhɛ na nàbaj ɔkʷɔ
Glosses: then here PSP 1S+PFV-light-CL fire
Translation: Then, I turned on a light,
Language: Moloko
Transcription: nàzaɗ=ala tijstəlam=uwla
Glosses: 1S+PFV-take=to torch=1S.POSS
Translation: I took my flashlight.
Language: Moloko
Transcription: nàbaj tsəɮar
Glosses: 1S+PFV-light-CL shining_the_flashlight_up
Translation: I shone it up cəzlar.
Language: Moloko
Transcription: nábaj na
Glosses: 1S-light-CL PSP
Translation: [As] I shone [it],
Language: Moloko
Transcription: námənzar na mbadzak_mbadzak_mbadzak gʷɔgʷɔlvaŋ
Glosses: 1S+IFV-see PSP something_big_and_reflective snake
Translation: I was seeing it, something big and reflective, a snake!
Language: Moloko
Transcription: kàluw nàzaɗ=ala ɛɮɛrɛ=uwla
Glosses: take_quickly 1S+PFV-take=to spear=1S.POSS
Translation: [and] quickly took my spear.
Language: Moloko
Transcription: mɛtʃɛɬɛ mbəraɓ
Glosses: NOM-penetrate-CL penetrate