lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-rna nɯ [mbro ɣɯ] sɤz ɲɯ-wxti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ear DEM horse GEN COMP SENS-be.big
Translation: Its ears are bigger than those of the horse.' (20-tArka)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯ-pʰoŋbu nɯ mbro sɤz koŋla ʑo ɲɯ-wxti .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-body DEM horse COMP really EMPH SENS-be.big
Translation: Its body is bigger than [that of] a horse.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ɣli kɯ-dɤn ɯ-stu qandʐe nɯ kɯ ɲɯ-jpum .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-dung SBJ:PCP-be.many 3SG.POSS-place earthworm DEM ERG SENS-be.thick
Translation: The earthworms that are in places where there is a lot of dung (fertilizer) are fatter.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯ a-laz ɲɯ-sna
Glosses: 1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-karma SENS-be.good
Translation: I am luckier [than you].' (140515 huli he yelv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤru ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ sɤz ɲɯ-tɯ-rʑi !
Glosses: chieftain 3SG.POSS-son DEM COMP SENS-2-be.heavy
Translation: You are heavier than the prince!' (140506 woju guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: waŋtɕin sɤznɤ ʁnɯ-pɤrme ma mɤ-xtɕi
Glosses: ANTHR COMP [two-years apart.from] NEG-be.small:FACT
Translation: He is only two years younger than Dbangcan.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr sɤz jɯsŋi kɯ ɲɯ-mpja
Glosses: yesterday COMP today ERG SENS-be.warm
Translation: Today is warmer than yesterday.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ sɤznɤ [a-pɯ-si] kɯ ɲɯ-mna
Glosses: DEM comp IRR-PFV-die ERG SENS-be.better
Translation: It is better that he dies.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯ-mɤku cʰɯ-kɯ-tɯt nɯ ɲɯ-tɕur tsa
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.first IPFV-SBJ:PCP-ripen DEM SENS-be.sour a.little
Translation: The [variety of apple] that ripens earlier is a bit sourer.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁmɯrcɯ sɤz ɲɯ-wxti tsa
Glosses: Garrulax COMP SENS-be.big a.little
Translation: It is a bit bigger than the Garrulax sp.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕi ɯ-rdoʁ mɯ́j-ʑɯ jamar ɲɯ-wxti
Glosses: barley 3SG.POSS-grain NEG:SENS-just.be about SENS-be.big
Translation: It is a little bigger than a grain of barley.' (28-kWpAz,104)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ru nɯra tɯ-jaʁndzu mɤ-kɯ-ʑɯ ʑo ɲɯ-jpum cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM:PL INDEF.POSS-finger NEG-INF:STAT-just.be EMPH IPFV-be.thick can:FACT
Translation: Its stalk can grow thicker than a finger.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ci tɕe , βʑɯ ndɤre mɤ-ʑɯ . βʑɯ sɤz ndɤre wxti ŋu
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF LNK mouse ADVERS NEG-just.be:FACT mouse COMP ADVERS be.big:FACT be:FACT
Translation: [The weasel] is a small [animal], but bigger than a mouse. It is bigger than a mouse.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki kɯm ki mɤ-ʑɯ-a
Glosses: DEM.PROX door DEM.PROX NEG-just.be:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am bigger than this door.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tɯ-mbro ki kɯm ki mɤ-ʑɯ .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.high DEM.PROX door DEM.PROX NEG-just.be:FACT
Translation: I am bigger than this door.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qamtɕɯr nɯ ɯ-mtɕʰi nɯnɯ βʑɯ sɤznɤ mɤʑɯ ʑo amtɕoʁ
Glosses: shrew DEM 3SG.POSS-mouth DEM mouse COMP even.more EMPH be.pointy:FACT
Translation: The shrew's mouth is even sharper than that of the mouse.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯ-tɣa ɕaŋtaʁ] mɤ-zri .
Glosses: one-span up.from NEG-be.long:FACT
Translation: It is not longer than one handspan.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ru ra (...), [tɯ-jaʁndzu ɕaŋtaʁ] ɲɯ-jpum mɤ-cʰa ma
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk PL _ GENR.POSS-finger up.from IPFV-be.thick NEG-can:FACT LNK
Translation: Its stalk cannot grow/become thicker than a finger.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯβlama kɤ-ti ci tu tɕe , nɯ rca kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ci ʑo ɕti . zrɯɣ kɯnɤ me .
Glosses: bug OBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM UNEXP:DEG SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF EMPH be.AFF:FACT louse also not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is an [insect] called qajɯβlama, it is very small. It is not even as big as a louse.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: bird .sp DEM COMIT buzzard DU 3DU .POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be .big espace be .identical:FACT
Glosses: COMPAREE _ STD.MRK STANDARD _ PARAMETER espace PARAM.MRK
Translation: The qalekɯtsʰi bird is as big as the buzzard.' (literally: `The qalekɯtsʰi bird and the buzzard are identical in their degree of bigness.') (23-RmWrcWftsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qro nɯnɯ dɯdɯt cʰo ɯ-tɯ-wxti naχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: pigeon DEM dove COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big be.the.same:FACT
Translation: The pigeon is as big as a dove.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe dɯdɯt cʰo ndʑi-tɯ-wxti naχtɕɯɣ ʑo
Glosses: LNK dove COMIT 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big be.the.same:FACT EMPH
Translation: It is as big as a dove.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: eagle DEM 3SG .POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be .big DEM hawk COMIT espace be .identical:FACT a .little
Glosses: COMPAREE _ PARAMETER _ STANDARD STD.MRK espace PARAM.MRK PARAM.MRK
Translation: The eagle is about as big as the hawk.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: DEM again 3SG .POSS-father completely .like EMPH IFR .IPFV-be .like IFR .IPFV-be .ugly
Glosses: COMPAREE _ STANDARD PARAM.MRK _ STD.MRK PARAMETER
Translation: [The frog son] was as ugly as his father. ' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-qa nɯra li kɯmaʁ tɤjmɤɣ nɯra fsɯfse ʑo fse .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-root DEM:PL again other mushroom DEM:PL completely.identical EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: Its root is completely identical to that of other mushrooms.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tu-mbro tɕe , tɯrme ɯ-fsu jamar tu-βze cʰa .
Glosses: IPFV-be.high LNK man 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about IPFV-grow can:FACT
Translation: When it grows, it can grow about the size of a person.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mbro nɯ tɯ-mtʰɤɣ ɯ-fsu jamar ma tu-mbro mɤ-cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.high DEM GENR.POSS-waist 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about apart.from IPFV-be.high NEG-can:FACT
Translation: As for its size, it can grow only about as high as a person's waist.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmɕku ɯ-jwaʁ stʰɯci mɤ-rɟum
Glosses: garlic 3SG.POSS-leaf so.much NEG-be.broad
Translation: [Its leaves] are not as broad as garlic leaves.' (07-Cku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajdo ʁnɯz jamar wxti
Glosses: crow two about be.big:FACT
Translation: It is about as big as two crows.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mat ɣɯ ɯ-ru nɯ zri tɕe , tɕe tɯ-tɣa jamar , ki jamar tu tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit GEN 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM be.long:FACT LNK LNK one-span about DEM.PROX about exist:FACT LNK
Translation: The stalk of its fruit is long, about a handspan long, about this long.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mpɕɤr ɣɯ ɯ-fsu jamar ci ɲɯ-kʰe ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful GEN 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about INDEF SENS-be.stupid be.AFF:FACT
Translation: S/he_i is stupid to the extent of his/her_i beauty.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mpɕɤr cʰo ɯ-tɯ-kʰe nɯ ɲɯ-ɤfsuja ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.stupid DEM SENS-be.of.the.same.size be.AFF:FACT
Translation: His/her beauty and his/her stupidity are equal.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi jamar kɯ-mpɕɤr nɯ , nɯ jamar ci ɲɯ-kʰe ɕti
Glosses: what about SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful DEM DEM about INDEF SENS-be.stupid be.AFF:FACT
Translation: A much as s/he is beautiful, s/he is stupid.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ pri nɯ kɯ , nɤki , tɯrme ɲɯ-fse tɕe , nɤkinɯ iɕqʰa nɯ , tɤ-rɤku tɕi tu-ndze , ɕa tɕi tu-ndze , (...) ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM bear DEM ERG FILLER man SENS-be.like LNK FILLER FILLER DEM INDEF.POSS-crops also IPFV-eat meat also IPFV-eat _ SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The bear, like a man, eats grains and meat.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤ-ɤnɯɣro] kɯ-fse tú-wɣ-ndza ɕti ma
Glosses: INF-play INF:STAT-be.like IPFV-INV-eat be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: People eat it for fun (as if to play, not as part of a real meal).' (08-rasti)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɤrɯ-sɯjno nɯ !
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM:SIMILATIVE-grass SFP
Translation: [The princess cuts their head as easily/casually] as if it were grass.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤ-pʰɯt ɯ-tɯ-mbat kɯ ɲɯ-ɤrɯ-sɯjno ʑo
Glosses: INF-cut 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM:SIMILATIVE-easy ERG SENS-be.like.grass EMPH
Translation: It is as easy to cut as if it were grass.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ-ŋgɯz stu xtɕi low .
Glosses: DEM bird 3PL.POSS-among most be.small:FACT SFP
Translation: It is the smallest of all birds.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe <aizheng> kɤ-ti pɯ-me tɕe , kɤ-kɯ-nɤndza nɯ stu ʑo kɯ-ŋɤn kɤ-pa pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: long.ago LNK cancer OBJ:PCP-say PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK AOR-SBJ:PCP-have.leprosy DEM most EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.evil OBJ:PCP-consider PST.IPFV-be
Translation: In former times, nobody talked about cancer, and leprosy was considered to be the most terrible [of all diseases].' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ci ɯ-rkɯ tu-ɬoʁ tɕe , nɯ stu ɯ-kɤ-nɯ-rga ŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-side IPFV-come.out LNK DEM most 3SG.POSS-APPL-like be:FACT LNK
Translation: It grows near the water, it is what it likes the most.' (09-mi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [stu ʑo ɯ-kɤ-ndza] nɯnɯ tɯ-ŋga , tɤ-rme kɯ-fse , tɯ-ŋga nɯra ŋu .
Glosses: most EMPH 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat DEM INDEF.POSS-clothes INDEF.POSS-hair SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF.POSS-clothes DEM:PL be:FACT
Translation: What it eats most is clothes, clothes (made of animal fur).' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [stu ɯ-sɤ-dɤn] nɯ stɤmku nɯra ŋu-nɯ .
Glosses: most 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many DEM grassland DEM:PL be:FACT-PL
Translation: The place where it is most numerous is the grasslands.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [pɣa tʰamtɕɤt ɣɯ nɯ-kɯ-mpɕɤr] nɯ rmɤβja ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK bird all GEN 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful DEM peacock SENS-be
Translation: The peacock is the most beautiful of all birds.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ama , a-pi kʰu nɯ tɕʰindʐa ku-tɯ-nɤpʰɯpʰɣo tɕe [nɤʑo kɯ-fse] kɯ-sɤɣ-mu me
Glosses: SURPRISE 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling tiger DEM why PRS-2-DISTR:flee LNK 2SG SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-PROP-fear not.exist:FACT
Translation: Brother tiger, why are you running away like that, you are the most dreadful [animal].' (literally: `There is no one dreadful like you.') (2005 khu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [nɯ kɯ-fse] ʑo maka tu-tso-a me , tu-sɯz-a me
Glosses: 1SG DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like EMPH at.all IPFV:UP-understand-1SG not.exist:FACT IPFV:UP-know-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: This is what I know best.' (literally: `There is nothing that I understand, that I know like that.' 140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [nɯ kɯ-fse pjɯ-sɯz-a] me
Glosses: 1SG DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:DOWN-know-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I know of no such thing.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ɕaŋtaʁ kɯ-cʰa kɯ-rkaŋ me
Glosses: 1SG up.from SBJ:PCP-can SBJ:PCP-robust not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am the most able one, the most robust one.' (literally: `There is no one that is more robust/able than me') (140425 shizi huli he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-mu nɤ-wa ni
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother 2SG.POSS-father DU
Translation: Your parents.' (many occurrences)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-ʁɤri kɯ-nɤʁaʁ tɤ-mu nɯra kɯ nɯ-sɤz-nɯmbjɯm smi cʰɯ-nɯ-βlɯ-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-before SBJ:PCP-have.a.good.time INDEF.POSS-mother DEM:PL ERG 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-warm.by.fire fire IPFV-AUTO-burn-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The old women who were resting in front of the house were burning a fire to keep themselves warm.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ɲi ɯ-nmaʁ cʰondɤre tɯ-ɬaʁ ɯ-nmaʁ ra nɯ-ɕki tɕe tɕe li “a-βɣo" tu-kɯ-nɯ-ti ɕti ma nɯ ma ʑaka ɯ-rmi me . (...) tɯ-rpɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rʑaβ ɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-ɬaʁ" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu . tɯ-βɣo ɣɯ ɯ-rʑaβ ɯ-ɕki li “a-ɬaʁ" tu-kɯ-ti ɕti .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FZ 3SG.POSS-husband COMIT GENR.POSS-MZ 3SG.POSS-husband PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK LNK again 1SG.POSS-FB IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM apart.from each 3SG.POSS-name not.exist:FACT _ GENR.POSS-MB GEN 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT LNK 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be:FACT GENR.POSS-FB GEN 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT again 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT
Translation: One calls one's father's sister's and one's mother's sister's husbands a-βɣo `my father's brother'. Apart from that they don't have their own term. One calls one's mother's brother's and one's father's brother's wives a-ɬaʁ `my mother's sister'.' (140425 kWmdza05) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003789"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-ʁi tɤ-tɕɯ kɯmŋu tu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling INDEF.POSS-son five exist:FACT LNK
Translation: I have five younger brothers.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S270"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-βɣo ɣɯ ɯ-tɕɯ cʰondɤre ɯ-me nɯra nɯ-ɕki tɕe , tɕe kɯ-wxti ra nɯ-ɕki “a-pi" tu-kɯ-ti , kɯ-xtɕi ra nɯ-ɕki “a-ʁi" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FB GEN 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.big PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say SBJ:PCP-be.big PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: As for one's father's brother's sons and daughters, one calls the elder ones a-pi `my elder sibling' and the younger ones a-ʁi `my younger sibling'.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ɬaʁ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯra tɕe tɤ-tɕɯ pɯ-nɯ-ŋu tɕʰeme pɯ-nɯ-ŋu tɯ-mɤtsa ŋu (...) tɯʑo kɯnɤ “a-mɤtsa" tu-kɯ-ti , ɯʑo kɯnɤ “a-mɤtsa" tu-ti
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FZ GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM:PL LNK INDEF.POSS-son PST.IPFV-AUTO-be girl PST.IPFV-AUTO-be GENR.POSS-MZCh be:FACT _ GENR also 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-GENR-say 3SG also 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-say
Translation: One's mother's sister's children, whether boy or girl, are one's maternal parallel cousins (tɯ-mɤtsa). (…) One calls [them] a-mɤtsa, and they also reply a-mɤtsa.' (140425 kWmdza04) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003788"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde tʰam tɕe “a-pi a-ʁi" tu-nɯ-ti-nɯ ŋu ma
Glosses: nowadays now LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-AUTO-say-PL be:FACT LNK
Translation: Nowadays [maternal parallel cousins] call [each other] a-pi `my elder sibling' and a-ʁi `my younger sibling'(casually).' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-rpɯ nɯ kɯnɤ “a-ftsa" tu-ti , tɤ-ɬaʁ nɯ kɯnɤ “a-ftsa" tu-ti
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-MB DEM also 1SG.POSS-ZCH IPFV-say INDEF.POSS-MZ DEM also 1SG.POSS-ZCH IPFV-say
Translation: Both the maternal uncle and the maternal aunt call [their sister's children] a-ftsa.' (140425 kWmdza04) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003788"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɕʰeme ɲɯ-ŋu-a tɕe a-sqʰaj ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯ-ɕki tɕe "a-ftsa" tu-ti-a ŋu . … a-wɤmɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ra nɯ-ɕki tɕe "a-ʁi" tu-ti-a kɯ-ra ŋu . ʑara kɯ a-ɕki "a-ɲi" tu-ti-nɯ tɕe , aʑo kɯ "a-ʁi" tu-ti-a ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG girl SENS-be-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-sister GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-FZCh IPFV-say-1SG be:FACT _ 1SG.POSS-brother GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG INF:STAT-be.needed be:FACT 3PL ERG 1SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-FZ IPFV-say-PL LNK 1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I am a woman, and so I call my sisters' children a-ftsa `my nephew', (…) and my brother's children_i a-ʁi `my younger sibling'. They_i call me a-ɲi `my father's sister' and I call them a-ʁi `my younger sibling' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɤ-tɕɯ a-pɯ-ŋu-a qʰe tɕe , a-xtɤɣ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯnɯra nɯ-ɕki a-mdɯ ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG INDEF.POSS-son IRR-IPFV-be-1SG LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-brother GEN 3SG.POSS-offpsring DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-BCh be:FACT
Translation: If I were a man, I would call my brother's children a-mdɯ `my parallel nephew'.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme tɕe tɕe tɯ-mdɯ me .
Glosses: girl LNK LNK GENR.POSS-BCh not.exist:FACT
Translation: Women do not have [any relative that can be called with the term] tɤ-mdɯ `parallel nephew'. (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯtɕu tɕe tɕe li “a-mdɯ" tu-tɯ-ti , woja , tɕʰeme ɯ-rɟit nɯ “a-ftsa" tu-tɯ-ti , tɯ-mu tɯ-mu kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ cʰo kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ ŋu .
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC LNK again 1SG.POSS-BCh IPFV-2-say INTERJ girl 3SG.POSS-child DEM 1SG.POSS-ZCh IPFV-2-say GENR.POSS-mother GENR.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.the.same COMIT SBJ:PCP-be.the.same be:FACT
Translation: (Question: How do ♂I address a-wa ɯ-xtɤɣ ɯ-ɣe ɯ-ɕki my father's brother's grandchildren? Response:) `In that case, ♂you say a-mdɯ `♂my brother's son'; in the case of a girl's child (FBDCh) you say a-ftsa `my sister's son', like [siblings sharing] the same parents.' (elicitation, 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo a-rɟit ra kɯ (...) aʑo a-sqʰaj ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ra nɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-mɤtsa" tu-ti-nɯ , nɯnɯra , ɣɯ nɯ-rɟit ra nɯ-ɕki qʰe li , “a-mɤtsa" tu-nɯ-ti-nɯ
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-offspring PL ERG (...) 1SG 1SG.POSS-sister GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MFZ IPFV-say-PL DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK again 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-AUTO-say-PL
Translation: My children (…) call my sister's children_i a-mɤtsa, and also called their_i children a-mɤtsa.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-rpɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-rpɯ" tu-kɯ-ti , ɯ-ɣe ɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-rpɯ" tu-kɯ-ti kɯ-ŋgrɤl ɲɯ-ŋu , iʑora kɯrɯ kɯ tɕe .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-MB GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-GENR-say 3SG.POSS-grandchild 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-GENR-say INF:STAT-be.usually.the.case SENS-be 1PL Tibetan ERG LNK
Translation: One calls one's maternal uncle's children and his grandchildren a-rpɯ `my maternal uncle', among us Tibetans.' (140425 kWmdza07) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003791"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-ɲi ɯ-rɟit ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯ ɯ-ɕki tɕe tɕe “a-ftsa" tu-tɯ-ti kɯ-ra .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-FZ 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-FZ IPFV-2-say INF:STAT-be.needed
Translation: You have to say a-ftsa `my sister's child' to the child of the child of your paternal cross-aunt.' (elicitation, 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯra tɕe tɯʑo sɤz a-pɯ-wxti-nɯ qʰe “a-pi" tu-kɯ-ti , tɯʑo sɤz a-pɯ-xtɕi-nɯ qʰe “a-ʁi" tu-kɯ-nɯ-ti ɕti . “a-xtɤɣ" ra tu-o<nɯ>mɯ-ti-nɯ ɕti .
Glosses: DEM:PL LNK GENR COMP IRR-IPFV-be.big-PL LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say GENR COMP IRR-IPFV-be.small-PL LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT 1SG.POSS-brother PL IPFV-<AUTO>RECIP-say-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Those (ego's husband's or wife's siblings), if they are elder than oneself, one calls them a-pi `my elder sibling'; if they are younger one calls them a-ʁi `my younger sibling'. They also call each other a-xtɤɣ`my brother' and the like.' (140425 kWmdza05) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003789"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑi-mɤtsa nɯni tɕe ci ku-pa-ndʑi kɯ-kʰɯ ɲɯ-ŋu , kɯ-ŋgrɤl ɲɯ-ŋu , mɤ-kɯ-ʁdɯɣ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: COLL-MZCh DEM:DU LNK one IPFV-make-DU INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be INF:STAT-be.usually.the.case SENS-be NEG-INF:STAT-be.harmful SENS-be
Translation: For two maternal parallel cousins, it is possible to get married, it is the custom, it is not wrong.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑi-wɤmɯ-snom ɯ-rɟit nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ , (...) ɯnɯni li ci ku-pa-ndʑi kɯ-kʰɯ ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕeri nɯnɯ ɲɯ-rkɯn .
Glosses: COLL-brother-sister 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM TOP _ DEM:DU again one IPFV-make-DU INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be LNK DEM SENS-be.rare
Translation: Cross-cousins (the children of siblings of different gender) can also get married, but it is rare.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑi-xtɤɣ ɯ-rɟit nɯ tɤ-ŋu tɕe tɕe , ci kú-wɣ-pa maka mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: COLL-brother 3SG.POSS-children DEM AOR-be LNK LNK one IPFV-INV-make at.all NEG-INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be
Translation: As for brothers' children, it is completely impossible for them to marry each other.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɯ praʁwɯ rɟitpa ŋu-a tɕe , a-rɟit ni praʁwɯ rɟitpa kɯnɤ kɯ-ɤ-rtsi ŋu-ndʑi ,
Glosses: 1SG DEM TOPO lineage be:FACT-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-offspring DU TOPO lineage also SBJ:PCP-PASS-count be:FACT-DU
Translation: I am (Tshendzin) from the lineage of Praqwu, and [therefore] my two children also count as being from the lineage of Praqwu.' (140426 rJitpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-mu pɕoʁ nɯ tɤ́-wɣ-rtsɯz tɕe , tɯ-mu pɕoʁ rɟitpa tu-kɯ-rtsi ŋu , tɯ-wa pɕoʁ pa-rtsɯz-nɯ tɕe , li tɯ-wa pɕoʁ rɟitpa nɯ pjɯ-rtsi-nɯ ɕti
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mother side DEM AOR:UP-INV-count LNK GENR.POSS-mother side lineage IPFV:UP-GENR:S/O-count be:FACT GENR.POSS-father side DEM AOR:DOWN-count-PL LNK GENR.POSS-mother side lineage DEM IPFV:DOWN-count-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: When one counts from one's mother's side, one is counted as being from the lineage on one's mother's side, when people count from one's father's side (downwards), they count as being from one's father lineage.' (140426 rJitpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯrme nɯ-kɯ-ɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɤ nɯ-kɯ-ɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɯ rɟitpa tu-kɯ-ti ŋu . a-pɯ-ŋu tɕe , taʁrdo ra ɣɯ nɯ-rɟit nɯnɯ , (...) tɤ-tɕɯ pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , tɕʰeme pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , tɯrme ɯ-kʰa z-jɤ-kɯ-mɤtɕɯ , jɤ-kɯ-mɤrʑaβ , nɯra ɣɯ nɯ-rɟit nɯ-rɟit nɯ-rɟit kɯ-fse nɯ-kɯ-ɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɯnɯra tɕe (taʁrdo) rɟitpa tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK people AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations ADD AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations DEM lineage IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT IRR-IPFV-be LNK TOPO PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring DEM _ INDEF.POSS-son PST.IPFV-AUTO-be girl PST.IPFV-AUTO-be people 3SG.POSS-house TRAL-AOR-SBJ:PCP-adopted.as.son AOR-SBJ:PCP-marry DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-offspring SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations DEM:PL LNK TOPO lineage IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be
Translation: People [related to each other] generation after generations are called a lineage. For instance, the children from Taqrdo, (…) male or female, whether they have left and been adopted as sons in someone else's household or have married away, their children's children's children, generation after generation, are called the lineage [of Taqrdo].' (140425 kWmdza08) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003792"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑo tɕʰeme ɣɯ tɯ-rɟit nɯnɯ kɯ tɕe tɕe tɯ-wɤmɯ ra nɯ-rɟit nɯ-ɕki tɕe li “a-rpɯ a-ɬaʁ" tu-ti-nɯ kɯ-ra .
Glosses: GENR girl GEN GENR.POSS-offspring DEM ERG LNK LNK GENR.POSS-brother PL 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK again 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-say-PL INF:STAT-be.needed
Translation: One's children (EGO being a woman) call one's brother's children a-rpɯ `my mother's brother' or a-ɬaʁ `my mother's sister'. (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-ɲi ɣɯ ɯ-ɣe kɯ tɕe tɕe , nɤj nɤ-ɕki “a-rpɯ" tu-ti kɯ-ra ɕti .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-FZ GEN 3SG.POSS-grandchild ERG LNK LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-say INF:STAT-be.needed be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Your father's sister's grandchildren have to call you `my mother's brother'.' (elicitation 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo ji-wi nɯnɯ tsʰapa nɯ-kɯ-ɣe pjɤ-ŋu . (...) aʑo tɤ-nɯkoŋtso-a ɯ-qʰu tɕe , tsʰapa ju-ɕe-a tɕe , tsʰapa nɯ ji-kɯmdza ʁɟa ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , (...) tɕe a-rpɯ a-ɬaʁ ntsɯ tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ra ma nɯ-<beifen> ɲɯ-mbro , (...) tɤ-pɤtso kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ra kɯ nɯ a-pʰe “a-ftsa a-ftsa" tu-ti-nɯ , “a-rpɯ a-ɬaʁ" kɤ-ti ɲɯ-ra , tɕendɤre tu-ti-a kɯ-zgɤt ɲɯ-ɕti ri nɯnɯ aʑo mɯ́j-nɤx-tʂaŋ-a
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-grandmother DEM TOPO AOR:WEST-SBJ:PCP-come[II] IFR.IPFV-be _ 1SG AOR-work-1SG 3SG.POSS-after LNK TOPO IPFV-go-1SG LNK TOPO DEM 1PL.POSS-relative completely SENS-be LNK _ LNK 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ always IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be.needed LNK 3PL.POSS-age.rank SENS-be.high _ INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small PL ERG DEM 1SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-ZCh 1SG.POSS-ZCh IPFV-say-PL 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ INF-say SENS-be.needed LNK IPFV-say-1SG INF:STAT-be.needed SENS-be.AFF LNK DEM 1SG NEG:SENS-TROP-be.fair-1SG
Translation: [One of] our grandmothers was from Tshapa (…) After I started working, when I went to Tshapa, everybody there is a relative of ours, (…) I had to call all of them `my mother's brother, my mother's sister', because they are of higher 辈分bèifenage rank, (…) [even] small children called me `my sister's son', and I had to call them `my mother's brother, my mother's sister'. Although this was what I had to say, I found it unfair.' (2010-06)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-wi ɣɯ ɯ-wi nɯnɯ tsʰapa nɯtɕu nɯ-kɯ-ɣe pjɤ-ŋu tɕe tɕe nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-wi ɣɯ ɯ-wɤmɯ nɯnɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit kɯ-fse nɯnɯra nɯ-ɕki tɕe tɕe “a-rpɯ nɤ a-ɬaʁ" ntsɯ tu-ti pjɤ-ra . (...) tʰam tɕe nɯra stʰɯci ɯ-kɯ-ti maŋe , tɕe kɯ-xtɕi nɯra kɯnɤ “a-ftsa" kɤ-ti ɲɯ-nɤzraʁ-nɯ qʰe “a-βɣo" ra tu-nɯ-ti-nɯ , “a-pi" ra tu-nɯ-ti-nɯ . tɕe tʰam tu-otʂoʁloʁ ɕti . kɯɕɯŋgɯ a-pɯ-ŋu tɕe nɯ tu-kɯ-ti kɯ-ra pjɤ-ɕti nɤ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-grandmother GEN 3SG.POSS-grandmother DEM TOPO DEM:LOC AOR:WEST-SBJ:PCP-come[III] IFR.IPFV-be LNK LNK DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-grandmother GEN 3SG.POSS-brother DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC LNK 1SG.POSS-MB ADD 1SG.POSS-MZ always IPFV-say IPFV.IFR-be.needed _ now LNK DEM:LOC so.much 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say not.exist:SENS LNK SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL also 1SG.POSS-ZCh INF-say SENS-be.ashamed-PL LNK 1SG.POSS-FB PL IPFV-AUTO-say-PL 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL IPFV-AUTO-say-PL LNK now IPFV-be.mixed be.AFF:FACT in.former.days IRR-IPFV-be LNK DEM IPFV-GENR-say INF:STAT-be.needed IFR.IPFV-be SFP
Translation: His grandmother's grandmother had come from Tshapa, and he had to call all of his grandmother's brother's children's children's children's children (etc) `my mother's brother, my mother's sister' (including small children)'. (…) Now no one says this any more, the young ones are ashamed of calling [elders] `my sister's child' and instead say `my father's brother' or `my elder sibling'. Now it is all mixed up, but in former times, one had to speak like that.' (140425 kWmdza07) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003791"></fn>
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: “Bliju , soudruhu četaři ,” odpověděl jsem opíraje se rukou o zeď .
Glosses: puke.1.SG.PRS comrade.VOC sergeant.VOC reply.M.SG.PST.PTCP be.1SG.AUX lean.CONVERB.PS.IMPF.M.SG REFL hand.INSTR against wall.ACC
Translation: “I am puking, Comrade Sergeant,” I answered, leaning with one hand against the wall.' (Milan Kundera, Žert/The Joke, 1991/1969)
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [Màmbì [a dè-H [H-ma-ntúà
Glosses: [∅1.PN [1.PST1 eat-r [OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [a dè-H [H-ma-ntúà
Glosses: [1.PST1 eat-r [OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Translation: S/he ate mangoes.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [nyɛ̀-gà [a dè-H [H-ma-ntúà
Glosses: [1.SBJ-CONTR [1.PST1 eat-r [OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Translation: As for her/him, s/he ate mangoes.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H vúlɔ-H pɛ́mbɔ́ yî nà ntfúmò w-ã̂
Glosses: 1SG-PRS cut-R ∅7.bread 7.DEM.PROX COM ∅3.knife 3-POSS.1SG
Translation: I cut this bread with my knife.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ba-H dyúwɔ-H H-lɛ-kɛ́lɛ̀ [lé wɛ-H làwɔ
Glosses: 2-PRS understand-r OBJ.LINK-le5-language [5:ATT 2SG-PRS speak
Translation: They understand the language that you speak.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mi-mbgísì mí be-fùmbì
Glosses: mi4-freshness 4:ATT be8-orange
Translation: the freshness of the oranges
Language: Gyele
Transcription: vɛ̂ mɛ̀ sâ m-wánɔ̀ w-ɔ́ɔ̀ wà wɛ bùdɛ-H nû
Glosses: give.IMP 1SG.OBJ only N1-child 1-POSS.2SG 1:ATT 2SG have-r 1.DEM.PROX
Translation: Give me only your child that you have here.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ pɛ́-ɛ́ mɛ̀ɛ̀ lwɔ̃̂ nyá ndáwɔ̀
Glosses: LOC there-DIST 1SG.FUT build real ∅9.house
Translation: I will build a real house over there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bá nà b-wánɔ̀ b-áwɔ̀
Glosses: 2.SBJ COM ba2-child 2-POSS.3PL
Translation: they and/with their children
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yi-H ntɛ́gɛlɛ vɛ̀dáà mɛ-H sùmbɛlɛ-H bê
Glosses: 7-PRS disturb but[Bulu] 1SG-PRS greet[Kwasio]-r 2PL.OBJ
Translation: That disturbs, but I greet you.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ba-sɔ́ bá ba-tí
Glosses: ba2-friend 2:ATT ba2-in.law
Translation: the friends of the in-laws
Language: Gyele
Transcription: sɔ́ wà ba-tí
Glosses: ∅1.friend 1:ATT ba2-in.law
Translation: the friend of the in-laws
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H wúmbɛ-H dè ntúà
Glosses: 1SG-PRS want-r eat ∅7.mango
Translation: I want to eat a/the mango.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H wúmbɛ-H dè H-ma-ntúà
Glosses: 1SG-PRS want-r eat OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Translation: I want to eat (the) mangoes.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ kwê-H ma-fû má-báà
Glosses: 1SG.PST1 fall-PST ma6-day 6-two
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a-H dílɛsɛ-H H-be-síŋgí ma-bèlé
Glosses: 1-PRS feed-r OBJ.LINK-be8-squirrel ma6-kola.nut
Translation: S/he feeds the squirrels kola nuts.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyàgâ ŋga
Glosses: buy.IMP PL
Translation: Buy (pl.)!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyàgâ H-ŋga ma-ntúà
Glosses: buy.IMP OBJ.LINK-PL ma6-mango
Translation: Buy (pl.) mangoes!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: tí ŋga gyàga H-ma-ntúà
Glosses: NEG.r PL buy OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Translation: Don't (pl.) buy mangoes!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a swásɛlɛ-H H-ba-pándyɛ̀
Glosses: 1.PST1 dry-r OBJ.LINK-ba2-plate
Translation: S/he dried the plates.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H dè
Glosses: 1SG-PRS eat
Translation: I eat.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ dè-H
Glosses: 1SG.PST1 eat-PST
Translation: I ate.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H dè-H tɛ́ɛ̀
Glosses: 1SG-PRS eat-r now
Translation: I eat now.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H kwé-L
Glosses: 1SG-PRS fall-CF
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ kwé-H
Glosses: 1SG.PST1 fall-PST
Language: Gyele
Transcription: kwé-HL
Glosses: fall-IMP
Translation: Fall!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: j-ínɔ̀ ngá Námpùndì
Glosses: le5-name GEN ∅1.PN
Translation: the name of [the woman] Nampoundi
Language: Gyele
Transcription: j-ínɔ̀ lé Ngòló
Glosses: le5-name 5:ATT ∅7.PN
Translation: the name of [the village] Ngolo
Language: Gyele
Transcription: j-ínɔ̀ lé síngì
Glosses: le5-name 5:ATT ∅7.cat
Translation: the name of the cat
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yíì n-kɛ̀l-a
Glosses: 7.ID N-hang-NOM
Translation: It is hung up [lit. a hung-up person/thing].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Àdà nà Màmbì báà ba-ngɛ̀lɛ́nɛ̀
Glosses: ∅1.PN COM ∅1.PN 2.COP ba2-teacher
Translation: Ada and Mambi are teachers.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Àdà nà Màmbì báà m-bán-a
Glosses: ∅1.PN COM ∅1.PN 2.COP N-marry-NOM
Translation: Ada and Mambi are married [lit. are married ones].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ndáwɔ̀ nyíì m-búy-a (nà vìyɔ́)
Glosses: 9∅.house 9.COP N-destroy-NOM COM 8∅.fire
Translation: The house is destroyed (by fire).
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ndáwɔ̀ nyi-H búy-a-H nà vìyɔ́
Glosses: 9∅.house 9-PRS destroy-PASS-r COM 8∅.fire
Translation: The house is being destroyed by fire.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdã̂ a-H gyɛ́sɔ-H H-be-déwɔ̀
Glosses: N1-woman 1-PRS look.for-r OBJ.LINK-be8-food
Translation: The woman looks for food.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdã̂ a-H dúù gyɛ́sɔ H-be-déwɔ̀
Glosses: N1-woman 1-PRS NEG.SBJV look.for OBJ.LINK-be8-food
Translation: The woman must not look for food.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [pámɔ tísɔ̀nì a-H súmɛlɛ-H b-ùdì
Glosses: [arrive ∅7.town 1-PRS greet-r ba2-people
Translation: Having arrived in town, he greets the people.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a múà nà bábɛ̀ [tí wúmbɛ wɛ̀
Glosses: 1 be COM ∅7.illness [NEG want-r die
Translation: He was sick, not wanting to die.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdã̂ a lɔ́ sìs-ɛlɛ n-ɔ́nɛ́gá [nâ nyɛ̂ nà kɔ́sɛ
Glosses: N1-woman 1.PST RETRO scare-APPL 1-other [COMP 1 COM cough
Translation: The woman scared the other by her coughing.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: jíwɔ yíì bíwɔ̀
Glosses: steal 7.COP bad
Translation: To steal is bad.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Màmbì a vìdɛ-H màtúà
Glosses: ∅1.PN 1.PST turn-r ∅1.car
Translation: Mambi turned the car.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màtúà a vìd-ɛga-H
Glosses: ∅1.car 1.PST turn-AUTOCAUS-PST
Translation: The car turned (around).
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màtúà a vìd-a-H nà Màmbì
Glosses: ∅1.car 1.PST turn-PASS-PST COM ∅1.PN
Translation: The car was turned (by Mambi).
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H kɛ̀-H tísɔ̀nì
Glosses: 1SG-PRS go-r ∅7.town
Translation: I go to town.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H kɛ̀
Glosses: 1SG-PRS go
Translation: I walk.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ ba-H téè-H kɛ̀ndɛ̀
Glosses: so 2-PRS start.walking-r ∅7.walk
Translation: So they go on a walk.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ yánɛ-H dyâ vâ kùgúù dẽ̀ ma-fú má-báà
Glosses: 1SG must-r lie.down here ∅7.evening today ma6-day 6-two
Translation: I had to sleep here in the evening two days ago [from today].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ dyâ-H vâ kùgúù dẽ̀ ma-fú má-báà
Glosses: 1SG.PST lie.down-r here ∅7.evening today ma6-day 6-two
Translation: I slept here in the evening two days ago [from today].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkɔ́lɔ̀ mpà
Glosses: ∅3.watch good
Translation: a/the good watch
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkɔ́lɔ̀ nɛ́nɛ̀
Glosses: ∅3.watch big
Translation: a/the big watch
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkɔ́lɔ̀ nábèbè
Glosses: ∅3.watch red
Translation: a/the red watch
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkɔ́lɔ̀ wá mpà
Glosses: ∅3.watch 3:ATT good
Translation: good watch
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkɔ́lɔ̀ wá nɛ́nɛ̀
Glosses: ∅3.watch 3:ATT big
Translation: big watch
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkɔ́lɔ̀ wá nábèbè
Glosses: ∅3.watch 3:ATT red
Translation: red watch
Language: Gyele
Transcription: sɔ́ wà nɛ́nɛ̀
Glosses: ∅1.friend 1:ATT big
Language: Gyele
Transcription: sɔ́ nɛ́nɛ̀
Glosses: ∅1.friend big
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nɛ́nɛ̀ yá sɔ́
Glosses: big 7:ATT friend
Translation: big size of the friend
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-wánɔ̀ (wà) bíwɔ̀
Glosses: N1-child 1:ATT bad
Translation: bad child
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bíwɔ̀ (yá) m-wánɔ̀
Glosses: bad 7:ATT N1-child
Translation: ugly child
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkwɛ̌ (wá) nkpámá
Glosses: ∅3.basket 3:ATT ∅3.newness
Translation: new basket
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkpámá (wá) nkwɛ̌
Glosses: ∅3.newness 3:ATT ∅3.basket
Translation: new basket
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdì (wà) nkángɛ̀
Glosses: N1-person 1:ATT ∅3.courage
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkángɛ̀ (wá) m-ùdì
Glosses: ∅3.courage 3:ATT N1-person
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-àmbɔ̀ máà mpà
Glosses: ma6-thing 6:COP good
Translation: Things are good.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mi-nsáyá mí bèya-H sâ mi-H bɛ́-lɛ́ mpà
Glosses: mi4-thing 4:ATT 2PL-PRS do 4-PRS be-NEG good
Translation: The things that you do are not good.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ma-lɛ́ndí máà vɛ̀ɛ̀ kwè H-mi-pìndí
Glosses: ma6-palm.nut 6.DEM.PROX only fall OBJ.LINK-mi4-unripeness
Translation: These palm nuts only fall when they are unripe.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-gà mɛ́ɛ̀ dyúwɔ-H nzã́ã̀ [d-úwɔ̀ lé tè
Glosses: 1SG-CONTR 1SG.PST2 feel-r ∅7.appetite [le5-day 5:ATT there
Translation: As for me, I had a craving [for meat] that day.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ Nzàmbí njî-H mpù bã̂ã̂ã̂ã̂ njì dígɛ̀ mpù
Glosses: so ∅1.PN.PRS come-r like.this IDEO:walking.far come look like.this
Translation: So Nzambi comes like this [depiction of walking a long distance], comes looking like this.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Màmá a ndáà gyà ntɛ̀ mpù Màmbì.
Glosses: ∅1.PN 1.have also ∅7.length ∅3.size like ∅1.PN
Translation: Mama is as tall as Mambi.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H bvû-H nâ nkwálá wúù tfùndɛ-H mɛ̀ vâ
Glosses: 1SG-PRS think-r COMP ∅3.machete 3.PST2 miss-r 1SG here
Translation: I think that the machete missed [injured] me here.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H pã̂-H ná kɛ̀ dígɛ m-ùdì wà nû ɛ́ pɛ́
Glosses: 1SG.PRS try-r again go see N1-person 1:ATT 1.DEM.PROX LOC there
Translation: I try again and go to see that person there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ vâ mɛ dyùwɔ-H nâ ɛ́ vâ yíì sílɛ̀ njì búlɛ
Glosses: LOC here 1SG.PST1 hear-r COMP LOC here 7.FUT finish.FUT come destroy
Translation: I heard that it [the road] will all come here to be destroyed [the plants].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ pɛ́-ɛ́ mɛ̀ɛ̀ lwɔ̃̂ nyà ndáwɔ̀
Glosses: LOC there-DIST 1SG.FUT build real ∅9.house
Translation: Over there, I will build a real house.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ pɛ̀ ba sílɛ-H bî lwɔ̃̂ H-ma-ndáwɔ̀ ɛ́ pɛ̀
Glosses: LOC there 2.PST1 finish-r 1PL.OBJ build OBJ.LINK-ma6-house LOC there
Translation: There, they have finished to build us houses.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ wû bèyá lwɔ̃̂-H kwádɔ́ y-ã̂ ɛ́ wû
Glosses: LOC there 2PL[Kwasio] build-r ∅7.village 7-POSS.1SG LOC there
Translation: Over there, you (pl.) build my village over there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bã̂ y-ɔ́ɔ̀ yíì tè
Glosses: ∅7.word 7-2SG.POSS 7.ID there
Translation: You are understood [lit. your word is there].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ká ba-H kɛ̀-H wɛ̂ vɛ̀ H-be-bwúyà bé-báà nà ma-wú má-tánɛ̀ wɛ-H sâ-H tè ná
Glosses: if 2-PRS go-r 2SG.OBJ give OBJ.LINK-be8-hundred 8-two COM ma6-ten 6-five 2SG-PRS do-r there how
Translation: If they go to give you 250 (Francs), how do you manage there?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: tè mɛ̀ɛ̀ jíbi kɛ̀ lwɔ̃̂ tè
Glosses: there 1SG.FUT start go build there
Translation: There, I will first go to build there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: le-kfúdɛ̀ a nzí bíyɔ nlô pɛ́-ɛ́
Glosses: le5-idiot 1 PROG.PST hit ∅3.head over.there-DIST
Translation: The idiot was hitting his head far over there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: báà tfùbɔ̀ báà tfùbɔ̀ mpàgó wá nùmbà wú-ú
Glosses: 2.FUT pierce 2.FUT pierce ∅3.road 3:ATT ∅1.logger there-DIST
Translation: They will cut, they will cut. The road of the loggers there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdì kí tàtɔ wú-o-H
Glosses: N1-person NEG scream there-VOC-DIST
Translation: Nobody scream over there!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: be-déwɔ̀ bé dẽ̂
Glosses: be8-food 8:ATT today
Translation: food of today
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nlã̂ wá nàkùgúù
Glosses: ∅3.story 3:ATT yesterday
Translation: yesterday's story
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛ-H làwɔ-H tɛ́ɛ̀
Glosses: 2SG-PRS talk-r now
Translation: You speak now.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nyɛ náà à múà wɛ̀ bíyɔ̀ dẽ̂
Glosses: 1 COMP 1 PROSP 2SG.OBJ hit today
Translation: He [says] that he is about to beat you today.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ nzí kɛ̀ jí nàkùgúù
Glosses: 1SG PROG.PST go ∅7.forest yesterday
Translation: I was going to the forest yesterday.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: àà nàmɛ́nɔ́ bwáà dè nàmɛ́nɔ́
Glosses: EXCL tomorrow 2PL.FUT eat tomorrow
Translation: Ah, tomorrow you will eat, tomorrow.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛ nzíì-H bàlɛ mpà
Glosses: 2SG PROG.PRS-r keep good
Translation: You are remembering well [lit. your are keeping the words well].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛ-H ná báàla-H nà nyɛ̂-H fī́ nà wɛ-H ndyándya-H ná sálɛ-H ɛ́ pɛ̂
Glosses: 2SG-PRS again repeat-r COM see-r different COM 2SG-PRS work-r again ∅7.work LOC there
Translation: You repeat [it] again and try something else and you work there again.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a-H sìmbɔ-H màtúà bíwɔ̀
Glosses: 1-PRS drive-r ∅1.car bad
Translation: He drives the car poorly.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ̀ɛ́ jí-lɛ́ wɛ̂ bvùbvù
Glosses: 1SG.PRS.NEG ask-NEG 2SG much
Translation: I don't ask you [for] much.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: pílì bèyá lɔ́ njì ɛ̀ vá tɛ́ɛ̀ dé
Glosses: when 2PL RETRO come LOC here now today
Translation: When you just arrived here now today,…
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ̀ nzí dyá vâ kùgúù [dẽ̂ ma-fú má-báà.
Glosses: 1SG PROG.PST1 lie.down here ∅7.evening [today ma6-day 6-two
Translation: I was here in the evening two days ago.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ m-ùdã̂ dígɛ-H m-ísì ndẽ́ẽ́ẽ́
Glosses: so N1-woman watch-r ma6-eye IDEO:staring
Translation: So the woman looks with her eyes [depiction of staring].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ba-H kɛ-H ndáà nà tɛ́lɛ-H H-ma-kùndù má kùrã̂ kɛ́-kɛ́-kɛ́-kɛ́-kɛ́
Glosses: 2-PRS go-r also COM put-r OBJ.LINK-ma6-clay.house 6:ATT ∅7.electricity IDEO:repeated.placement
Translation: They also go and put up electricity poles for clay houses [depiction of putting the electricity poles along the road].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Nzàmbí ma-bɔ́ɔ̀ nkwɛ́ɛ̀ dé nâ vɔ́sì
Glosses: ∅1.PN ma6-breadfruit ∅3.basket LOC COMP IDEO:pouring
Translation: Nzambi pours the breadfruit into the basket.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gbĩ́-gbĩ̀-gbĩ́-gbĩ̀-gbĩ́ a múà nà bábɛ̀ tí wúmbɛ-H wɛ̀
Glosses: IDEO:roaming 1SG.PST1 PROSP COM ∅7.illness NEG want-r die
Translation: [depiction of disease roaming in his body] He was about to be sick, not wanting to die.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛ-H dyúwɔ-H mpù ba-mìntùlɛ̀ bɔ́-gá ba-H tsígɛ̀ tsùk-tsùk-tsùk
Glosses: 2SG-PRS hear-r like.this ba2-mouse 2-other 2-PRS take.off IDEO:rustling
Translation: You hear like this the other mice take off [depiction of noise made by mice].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: dɔ̃̀ bí ya-H táálɛ-H bê yàlanɛ àà
Glosses: so[French] 1PL.SBJ 1PL-PRS begin-r 2PL respond[Bulu] EXCL
Translation: So we start to respond to you, mhm.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ah mbúmbù wɛ wɛ-H tɛ́lɛ-H nú-ndɛ̀
Glosses: EXCL ∅1.namesake 2SG.SBJ 2SG-PRS stand-r 1-ANA
Translation: Ah namesake, is it you who is standing there?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bá báà bù mpàgó
Glosses: 2.SBJ 2.FUT break ∅3.road
Translation: THEY will build a road.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyí bí ya-H tfúga ya-H tfúga-H nà gyí
Glosses: what 1PL.SBJ 1PL-PRS suffer 1PL-PRS suffer-r COM what
Translation: What do we suffer, we suffer from what?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ Nzàmbí nyɛ-gà a kɛ̃́ɛ̃̀ dígɛ m-ísì
Glosses: so ∅1.PN 1.SBJ-CONTR 1.PST1 go.COMPL watch ma6-eye
Translation: So this Nzambi has gone and was thinking very hard [lit. he watched with his eyes].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bí b-ɔ́ɔ̀ ya-H bígɛ-H mpá'à wá vɛ́
Glosses: 1PL.SBJ 2-other 1PL-PRS develop-r ∅3.side 3:ATT which
Translation: How will we others [in contrast to other Gyeli villages] make progress?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ̀sɛ́ béé ndáà bèya-H làwɔ-H fàlà
Glosses: is.it[French] 2PL.SBJ also 2PL[Kwasio]-PRS speak-r ∅1.French
Translation: Isn't it, you (pl.), you also speak French.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bwáa-H lã-H b-ɔ̂
Glosses: 2PL-PRS tell-r 2-OBJ
Translation: You tell them!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: byɔ̂ be-H vɛ̀-H bíì ma-pè'è
Glosses: 8.OBJ 8-PRS give-r 1PL.OBJ ma6-wisdom
Translation: They give us wisdom.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ mɛ-H wúmbɛ-H wû
Glosses: 7.OBJ 1SG-PRS want-r there
Translation: That is what I want there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bvúlɛ̀ ba-H ntɛ́gɛlɛ-H ndáà bíyɛ̀
Glosses: ba2.Bulu 2-PRS bother-r also 1PL.OBJ
Translation: The Bulu bother us, too.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a-H nyùlɛ-nyulɛ-H kɔ̀fí nà y-ɔ̂
Glosses: 1-PRS drink-HAB-r ∅7.coffee COM 7-OBJ
Translation: He usually drinks coffee with it
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ngùndyá tè nyɔ̂ bɛ̀-H nyî
Glosses: ∅9.raffia there 9.OBJ be-r 9.DEM.PROX
Translation: The raffia there, IT is that.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [m-ùdũ̂ a nyɛ̂-H m-ùdã̂
Glosses: [N1-man 1.PST1 see-r N1-woman
Translation: The/a man saw the/a woman.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nzá a nyɛ̂-H m-ùdã̂
Glosses: who 1.PST1 see-r N1-woman
Translation: Who saw the/a woman?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdũ̂ a-H nyùlɛ-H [H-ma-jíwɔ́
Glosses: N1-man 1-PRS drink-r [OBJ.LINK-ma6-water
Translation: The/a man drinks water.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyí m-ùdũ̂ a-H nyùlɛ
Glosses: what N1-man 1-PRS drink
Translation: What does the man drink?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H m-àkítì [nà Àdà
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [COM ∅1.PN
Translation: The/a man went to the market with Ada.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nà nzá m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H m-àkítì
Glosses: COM who N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market
Translation: With whom did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H m-àkítì [nà tṹũ̀
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [COM ∅7.axe
Translation: The/a man went to the market with an axe.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nà gyí m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H m-àkítì
Glosses: COM what N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market
Translation: With what did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H m-àkítì [nà Àdà nà Màmbì
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [COM ∅1.PN COM ∅1.PN
Translation: The/a man went to the market with Ada and Mambi.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nà bà-nzá m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H m-àkítì
Glosses: COM 2-who ba1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market
Translation: With whom did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdì w-ɔ̂
Glosses: N1-man 1-POSS.2SG
Translation: your (SG) man
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mì-nkwɛ́ my-áwɔ́
Glosses: mi4-basket 4-POSS.3PL
Translation: their baskets
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyà y-ísí
Glosses: 7.music 7-POSS.1PL
Translation: our music
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-wánɔ̀ w-ùsí
Glosses: N1-child 1-POSS.1PL
Translation: our child
Language: Gyele
Transcription: èé lûngà yá sã́ w-ɛ̂ y-ɔ́ɔ̀ yíì
Glosses: EXCL ∅7.grave 7:ATT ∅1.father 1-POSS.3SG 7-OBJ 7.COP
Translation: Right, his father's grave is over there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ-H nyɛ̂-H mɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 1SG-PRS see-r 1SG.OBJ self
Translation: I see myself.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛ-H nyɛ̂-H wɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 2SG-PRS see-r 2SG.OBJ self
Translation: You (sg.) see yourself.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a-H nyɛ̂-H nyɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 1-PRS see-r 1SG.OBJ self
Translation: S/he sees her/himself.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ya-H nyɛ̂-H bî mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 1PL-PRS see-r 1PL.OBJ self
Translation: We see ourselves.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bwa-H nyɛ̂-H bê mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 2PL-PRS see-r 2PL.OBJ self
Translation: You (pl.) see yourselves.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ba-H nyɛ̂-H b-ɔ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 2-PRS see-r 2-OBJ self
Translation: They see themselves.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ nzí sâ yî púù yá mɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 1SG PROG.PST do 7.DEM.PROX ∅7.reason 7:ATT 1SG self
Translation: I was doing this for myself.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bímbú lɛ́ ma-mbòngò mâ wɛ̀ mɛ́dɛ́ dígɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: ∅5.amount 5:ATT ma6-plant 6.DEM.PROX 2SG.SBJ self look.IMP self
Translation: The amount of these plants, yourself, look yourself,
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a múà mɛ́dɛ́ nyá m-ùdì
Glosses: 1 be.almost self real N1-person
Translation: He was himself a real (old) man.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: sá mɛ́dɛ́ mɛ nzí sâ yî
Glosses: ∅7.thing self 1SG PROG.PST do 7.DEM.PROX
Translation: The thing itself, I was doing this.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H ma-kítì [nà-kùgúù
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [SIM-∅7.evening
Translation: The/a man went to the market yesterday.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: líní m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H ma-kítì
Glosses: when N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market
Translation: When did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H ma-kítì líní
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market when
Translation: When did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ ná m-wánɔ̀ nùù vɛ́
Glosses: LOC how N1-child 1.COP where
Translation: What! Where is the child?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: kó mbúmbù nyɛ nzí lèmbo dyùù b-ɔ̂ fàmíì bá b-ùdì ná
Glosses: EXCL ∅1.namesake 1.SBJ PROG.PST know kill 2-OBJ ∅1.family 2:ATT ba2-person how
Translation: Oh namesake, how could he kill them, the family of people?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: m-ùdũ̂ a kɛ̀-H [ma-kítì
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r [ma6-market
Translation: The/a man went to the market.