lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo ɯtɯnɯ<yan> ɯgrɤl mu pɯme
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM-strict 3SG.POSS-order at.all PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: He was extremely strict.' (phurpa 2010)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯrɯ<fuza> wo
Glosses: SENS-DENOM-complicated SFP
Translation: It looks complicated!' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤjxwi ɲɯɤsɯβzunɯ
Glosses: meeting SENS-PROG-make-PL
Translation: They were having a meeting.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤmbro cʰo nɤrŋɯl turkea tɕe kɯɣɯ<piaozi>fsoʁ jɤɕe tɕe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-horse COMIT 2SG.POSS-silver IPFV-put.in[III]-1SG LNK SBJ:PCP-DENOM-money-earn IMP-go LNK
Translation: I will give you a horse and some silver, go and earn some money.' (Lobzang 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ́wɣnɯzgrɯtɕʰɯa
Glosses: AOR-INV-DENOM-elbow-stab-1SG
Translation: He gave me a nudge.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ataʁ nɤzgrɯtɕʰɯ matɤtɯlɤt ma ɲɯmŋɤm
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-on 2SG.POSS-elbow-stab NEG-IMP-2-release LNK SENS-hurt
Translation: Don't give me a nudge, it hurts.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: manɯtɯmu tɕe aʑo mɤtanɯsnɯɲaʁ
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-be.afraid LNK 1SG NEG-1→2-DENOM-heart-black:FACT
Translation: Don't be afraid, I will not do any harm to you.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ra nɯsnɯɲaʁ ɲɯɤsɯβzu tɕe
Glosses: people PL 3PL.POSS-heart-black SENS-PROG-make LNK
Translation: It was harming people.' (150827 taisui)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯtɯnɯɲɤmkʰe
Glosses: SENS-2-DENOM-flesh-be.skinny
Translation: You are skinny.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤɲɤm ɲɯkʰe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-flesh SENS-be.skinny
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɕɯ ɲɯnɤrɕɤmŋama
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son SENS-DENOM-cherish(1)-cherish(2)-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɕɯ arɕa mŋɤm
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son 1SG.POSS-cherish(1) cherish(2):FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯtɯɤmɲaʁtsʰɯm
Glosses: SENS-2-DENOM-eye-be.thin
Translation: You are petty-minded.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: smɤt tɯmda rɟɤlpu nɯra ɣɯ nɯsakaβ tʂu nɯtɕu ɕkɤrɤʑi ɲɯŋu . lonɯkʰɤrŋgɯ kɯfse ndɤre
Glosses: pl.n pl.n king DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-well path DEM:LOC TRAL-AOR-stay SENS-be AOR-DENOM-house-lie.down SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK
Translation: He went to the water well of the king of Smad, and stayed there. He lay down on the ground in a casual way.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯtɕu tɕe qro nɯ ɯmɲaʁ ɯŋgɯ ra kuɕe , ɯmɲaʁ nɯ kumtsɯɣ nɤ tunɯrmbɯχtɕi nɯra tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC LNK ant DEM 3SG.POSS-eye 3SG.POSS-in PL IPFV:EAST-go 3SG.POSS-eye DEM IPFV-bite ADD IPFV-DENOM-urine-wash DEM:PL LNK
Translation: (When the bear comes to eat them), the ants go into its eyes, bite its eyes and spray acid on them.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa qaʑo nɯɲɤm kɯsɯ nɯra qʰe ɲɯnɯɣɯkrɤɣ , qaʑo kɯnɯɲɤmkʰe nɯra … mɯ́jnɯɣɯkrɤɣ .
Glosses: the.aforementioned sheep 3PL.POSS-flesh SBJ:PCP-be.plump DEM:PL LNK SENS-FACIL-shear sheep SBJ:PCP-DENOM-flesh-be.skinny DEM:PL _ NEG:SENS-FACIL-shear
Translation: Sheep that are plump are easy to shear, but sheep that are skinny are difficult to shear.' (160712 smAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka lukɯnɤpʰɯxtsɯ tɕe tɕe rcanɯ , tɤpʰɯ lúwɣxtsɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: at.all IPFV-GENR:S/O-DENOM-clod-pound LNK LNK UNEXP:DEG INDEF.POSS-clod IPFV-INV-pound LNK
Translation: When people break clods of earths, …' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cɯ nɯpʰɯtta
Glosses: stone AOR-take.out-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I cleared the stones [from the field].' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯ , tatpa tata ma qʰaru mucin ʑo mɯpalɤt nɤ tɤari ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG DEM faith AOR:3→3-put LNK look.back at.all EMPH NEG-AOR:3→3-release ADD AOR:UP-go[II] SENS-be
Translation: He kept faith and did not look back at all and went up (did not fall down and reached the heavens).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰoŋχpɯn nɤrɯβzaŋ ɯʑo mɯma ʑo pɯnɤqʰarunɯ ɲɯŋu , kɯ~kɯtu ʑo pɯatɤrnɯ ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: ANTHR ANTHR 3SG apart.from EMPH AOR-DENOM-BACK-look-PL SENS-be TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist EMPH AOR-fall-PL SENS-be
Translation: Apart from Tshong dpon Norbzang, they looked back, and all of them fell down.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʁrɯ nɯ ki tufse qʰe ɯqʰu ri luru ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-horn DEM DEM.PROX IPFV-be.like LNK 3SG.POSS-behind LOC IPFV:UPSTREAM-look
Translation: Its horn is turned towards its back like that.' (20-RmbroN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ loɕe tɕe si ɯqʰu nɯtɕu loru ri ,
Glosses: girl DEM IFR:UPSTREAM-go LNK tree 3SG.POSS-behind DEM:LOC IFR:UPSTREAM-look LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: joɕqʰlɤtndʑi tɕe , ndʑiqʰu joru ma nɯ ma ɯkɤpa pjɤme .
Glosses: IFR-disappear-DU LNK 3DU.POSS-behind IFR-look LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-manner IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: The two them disappeared, and the only thing she could do was looking at them from behind (at their back as they were going away).' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯmuj nɯra ʑɯrɯʑɤri cʰɤmtsʰɤt
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-feather DEM:PL progressively IFR:DOWNSTREAM-be.full
Translation: Progressively, the [little birds] became full of feathers.' (bailingniao he xiaoniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qandʐe nɯ xtɕi qʰe kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ma maŋe , taqaβ jamar ma maŋe tɕe ʑɯrɯʑɤri cʰɯwxti ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: earthworm DEM be.small:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small apart.from not.exist:SENS needle about apart.from not.exist:SENS LNK progressively IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.big SENS-be.AFF
Translation: The earthworm is small, only about as small as a needle, and then it grows progressively.' (25-akWzgumba) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003632#S110"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe cʰɯɣɯrni tɕe tʰɯɣɯrni tɕe tɕe cʰɯtɯt ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: progressively LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.red LNK AOR:DOWNSTREAM-be.red LNK LNK IPFV-be.ripe be:FACT LNK
Translation: It progressively becomes red, and after it has become red it ripens.' (16-RlWmsWsi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003520#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma tɤme tɕe ɲɯpʰɯtnɯ
Glosses: DEM apart.from AOR:UP-not.exist LNK IPFV-take.out-PL
Translation: When there is nothing other than than this, people cut it.' (140427 qamtsWrmdzu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤj ɯtɯ́sɯz ?
Glosses: 2SG QU-2-know:FACT
Translation: Do you know it?' (19 GzW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003536#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo , ɯkútɯpe , ɯɲɯ́tɯcʰa ?
Glosses: INTERJ QU-EGOPH-2-be.good QU-SENS-2-be.fine
Translation: Are you feeling well, are you fine?' (140425 shizi huli he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tundze ŋu
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III] be:FACT
Translation: S/he/it eats/is eating it.' (Periphrastic Imperfective)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tundze ɲɯŋu
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: S/he/it eats/is eating it.' (Periphrastic Sensory)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tundze pɯŋu
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III] PST.IPFV-be
Translation: S/he/it used to eat/was eating it.' (Periphrastic Past Imperfective)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tundze pjɤŋu
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: S/he/it used to eat/was eating it.' (Periphrastic Inferential Imperfective)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tundze apɯŋu
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III] IRR-IPFV-be
Translation: If s/he eats it…' (Periphrastic Irrealis)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmtʰɯm tundzea pɯŋu ri ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat IPFV-eat[III]-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: I was eating the meat.' (150909 qandZGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma lonba tɯtɯrca tumŋɤm pɯmaʁ .
Glosses: LNK all together IPFV-hurt PST.IPFV-not.be
Translation: [My whole head] was not hurting all at the same time.' (24-pGArtsAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kurtoʁ tɕendɤre sɲikuku ʑo qro χsɯm pjɯɣinɯ tɕe tɯmɯnɤmkʰa zɯ pjɯnɯɬoʁnɯ tɕe tɕe ɯtʰoʁ pɯazɣɯtnɯ tɕe , ci ɲɯʑɣɤsɤpʰɤrnɯ tɕe , tɕe qro ɯndʐi nɯ pjɯqaʁnɯ tɕe , ɯʑoz ɲɯtanɯ tɕe , ɯŋgɯ tɕʰeme kɯmpɕɯ~mpɕɤr ʑo χsɯm ntsɯ ɲɯnɯɬoʁ tɕe lunɤtsoʁnɯ tɕe , tɕe tɯrmɯkʰa tɕe li nɤkinɯ tɤtsoʁ nɯ tunɯndonɯ ʑara qro ɯndʐi ɯŋgɯ nɯ tunɯŋganɯ tɕe tɕe ɲɯʑɣɤsɤpʰɤrnɯ qʰe tɕe ci ɯqʰu ci ʑo tɯmɯnɤmkʰa nɯtɕu tuɕqʰlɤtnɯ ntsɯ pjɤŋu .
Glosses: IPFV-look LNK everyday EMPH pigeon three IPFV:DOWN-come-PL LNK heaven LOC IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-come.out-PL LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-ground AOR:DOWN-reach-PL LNK a.little IPFV-REFL-shake-PL LNK LNK pigeon 3SG.POSS-skin DEM IPFV-peel-PL LNK apart IPFV:WEST-put LNK 3SG.POSS-inside girl SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful EMPH three always IPFV:WEST-AUTO-come.out LNK IPFV-collect.Potentilla.anserina LNK LNK evening LOC again FILLER Potentilla.anserina DEM IPFV:UP-AUTO-take-PL 3PL pigeon 3SG.POSS-skin 3SG.POSS-in DEM IPFV-AUTO-wear-PL LNK LNK IPFV-REFL-shake-PL LNK LNK one 3SG.POSS-after one EMPH heaven DEM:LOC IPFV:UP-disappear-PL always IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He saw that everyday, three pigeons would come down from the heavens, and as they reached the ground, they would shake themselves, shed the pigeon skins and put them aside, and three beautiful girls would come out from [the skins], and they would collect Potentilla anserina, and in the evening, they would take the Potentilla, wrap themselves in their pigeon skin, shake themselves and disappear into the heavens one after the other.' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕturua ŋu tɕe , tɯrme ɲɯ~ɲɯŋu nɤ , aku , nɤki , tusɤŋoʁŋoʁa ŋu tɕe tɤɣi ,
Glosses: TRAL-IPFV:UP-look-1SG be:FACT LNK human COND~SENS-be ADD 1SG.POSS-head FILLER IPFV-nod-1SG be:FACT LNK IMP:UP-come
Translation: I am going to have a look, and if it is a human, I will nod and you can come (and eat him).' (2012 khu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo amu mapɯtɯʑɣɤsat tɕe aʑo pjɯnɯɣia ŋu
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-mother NEG-IMP-2-REFL-kill LNK 1SG IPFV:DOWN-VERT-come-1SG be:FACT
Translation: Mother, don't commit suicide, I am coming back.' (2003 kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki tɯtɕʰɤɣdɯ ki nɤʑo ɯpɯ tɤpe tɕe , aʑo jɤnɯɣea tɕe tɕe ɣɯjurea ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX one-jar DEM.PROX 2SG 3SG.POSS-safekeeping IMP-do[II] LNK 1SG AOR-VERT-come[II]-1SG LNK LNK CISL-IPFV-fetch[III]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: Keep this jar (of olives for me while I am gone), when I come back I will come and take it back.' (140516 yiguan ganlan-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ma nɯnɯ dɯdɯt nɯ kɯ tɕɣom kɯnɤ ɲɯndze . tɕɣom kɯnɤ ɲɯndze tɕe tundze ɲɯŋu , pjɯkre ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK LNK DEM dove DEM ERG xanthoxylum also SENS-eat[III] xanthoxylum also SENS-eat[III] LNK IPFV-eat SENS-be IPFV-cause.to.fall[III] SENS-be
Translation: The dove also eats xanthoxylum. It also eats xanthoxylum, and makes it fall (from the tree).' (22-CAGpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤpʰe tutia maʁ , pɤnmawombɤr ɯpʰe tutia ɕti
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-DAT IPFV-say-1SG not.be:FACT ANTHR 3SG.POSS-DAT IPFV-say-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I am not saying it to you, I am saying it to Padma 'Od'bar.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯfso lufsoʁ ɕɯŋgɯ qʰe li nɯra ɕtostu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-tomorrow IPFV-be.bright before LNK again DEM:PL TRAL-IFR-do.like
Translation: The next day, before the day broke, he went (there) and did like [she had said].' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯ kulɤt ɕɯŋgɯ nɯ ɯtɯsɤɕke pɯsaχaʁ ʑo
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky IPFV-release before DEM 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-burn PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: Before it rained, it was very hot.' (conversation, 17-09-2018)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo pjɯtasɯxɕɤt ɯkʰɯkʰa lutaʁa ŋu
Glosses: 1SG IPFV-1→-teach 3SG.POSS-while IPFV-weave be:FACT
Translation: I will teach you (how to weave) and weave at the same time.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qʰe ɯpɯ tɯnɯ ɲɯjtsʰi ɯkʰɯkʰa , ɯku kɯra tuste tɕe zrɯɣ ra pjɯre ɲɯŋu . tɕe zrɯɣ nɯra tundze ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-young INDEF.POSS-breast IPFV-give.to.drink 3SG.POSS-while 3SG.POSS-head DEM.PROX:PL IPFV-do.like[III] LNK louse PL IPFV-pick.off[III] SENS-be LNK louse DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: While [the monkey mother] nurses her baby, she does this to its head at the same time and picks lice off. Then she eats the lice.' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atu pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ pjɯ́wɣsat ɲɯra
Glosses: up.there bird DEM IPFV-INV-kill SENS-be.needed
Translation: We have to kill the bird upstairs.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɯtɯɣi mɤra
Glosses: IPFV:DOWN-2-come NEG-be.needed:FACT
Translation: You don't have to come down (with us).' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tukɯqura ɯ́jɤɣ
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-help-1SG QU-be.possible:FACT
Translation: Could you help me?' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qala kɯ nɯra kɯfse βlaβlu tuβze pjɤŋgrɤl .
Glosses: hare ERG DEM:PL SBJ:PCP-be.like trick IPFV-do[ILI] IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The hare used to do tricks like that.' (31-qala)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯkrɤm mɯ́jspe qhe , tɕendɤre nɯnɯ ɯpɯ tɯrdoʁ nɯ kɯ … tunɯndɤm qʰe , ɯʑo stɯsti ʑo tunɯndze ɲɯŋu
Glosses: IPFV-share[III] NEG:SENS-be.able[III] LNK LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-young one-piece DEM ERG _ IPFV-AUTO-take[III] LNK 3SG alone EMPH IPFV-AUTO-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The mother cat] does not know how to share (the food she has brought for her kitten equally), one of the kitten takes [it all] and eats it alone (without giving anything to its mother or the other kittens).' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kuʑɣɤɕtʰɯza ma zdɯxpa
Glosses: IPFV-reveal.one's.true.nature-1SG LNK poor
Translation: Let me show him who I am, poor him.' (2003kandzwsqhaj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kukɯnɤjoa je
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-wait-1SG SFP
Translation: Wait for me!' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jukɯtsɯma wo , awi
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-take.away-1SG SFP 1SG.POSS-grandmother
Translation: Take me away with you, grandmother!' (140519 mai huochai de xiao nvhai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004036#S151"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯme ɲɯkɯmbianɯ ma aʑosti kɤnɯɕe mɤcʰaa
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-daughter IPFV-2→1-give-1SG-PL LNK 1SG-alone INF-VERT-go NEG-can:FACT-1SG
Translation: Give me your daughter, I cannot go back there alone.' (02-deluge2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯɲɯnɯkɯmaʁa nɤ ɲɯkɯsɯβzɟɯra
Glosses: QU-IPFV-make.a.mistake-1SG ADD IPFV-2→1-CAUS-correct-1SG
Translation: If I make a mistake (when speaking), correct me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯtɯt ri tɕe cʰɯwɣrum ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: AOR-be.ripe LNK LNK IPFV-be.white SENS-be
Translation: When it ripens, it becomes white.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɯnɤ cʰɯmɤɕindʑi mɯpjɤcʰandʑi
Glosses: DEM also IPFV-be.rich-DU NEG-IFR.IPFV-can-DU
Translation: Despite [their hard work], they could not become rich. (divination 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe tɕendɤre ɯskɤt nɯ tɯ~tumpɕɤr ʑo ŋu
Glosses: progressively LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-voice DEM INCR~IPFV-be.beautiful EMPH be:FACT
Translation: (As the rooster grows bigger), its voice progressively becomes more and more beautiful.' (22-kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯrom tɕe tɕe ɲɯɲaʁ ʑo ŋu
Glosses: AOR-be.dry LNK LNK IPFV-be.black EMPH be:FACT
Translation: When [the puffball mushroom] dries, it becomes black.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯjme nɯnɯ kɯ ɲɯɲaʁ
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-tail DEM ERG SENS-be.black
Translation: It tail is blacker.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯzda ra kɯ kurtoʁnɯ tɕe , [nɯnɯ rdɤstaʁ ɲɤkɤβzu rcanɯ], wuma ʑo pjɤɲɟɤtnɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion PL ERG IPFV-look-PL LNK DEM stone IFR-PEG-become-PEG UNEXP:DEG really EMPH IFR-regret-PL
Translation: His companion saw that he had been turned to stone, and regretted very much [not having trusted him].' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ kɯ ʁlɤwɯr ʑo kurtoʁ tɕe , kʰɯna ɣɯ ɯmke nɯtɕu ʁmazgrɯβ ci pjɤmto ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: wolf ERG suddenly EMPH IPFV-look LNK DOG GEN 3SG.POSS-neck DEM:LOC scar INDEF IFR-see SENS-be
Translation: The wolf suddenly saw [that there was] a scar on the dog's neck.' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awa kɯrɯjɤɣɤt ɲɤɕe ri , ɲɯsɤŋo tɕe , [ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu tɯrme ci ɲɤɣi]
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-go.to.toilets IFR:WEST-go LNK IPFV-listen LNK 3SG.POSS-up DEM:LOC man INDEF IFR:WEST-come
Translation: My father had gone to the bathroom, and heard someone coming upstairs.' (08-kWqhi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa kɯnɯɕɤlɤmbɯmbjom nɯ cʰɤsta , … tɕendɤre kurtoʁ tɕe , [ɯtɯci ri pjɤlwoʁ tɕe , tɕendɤre iɕqʰa nɯ , tɤɕime nɯ ri kɯɤrqʰɯ~rqʰi ʑo jonɯɕe ɕti] tɕe ,
Glosses: the.aforementioned SBJ:PCP-racing DEM IFR-wake.up _ LNK IPFV-look LNK 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water also IFR-spill LNK LNK FILLER DEM lady DEM also SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.far EMPH IFR-AUTO-go be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: The racer woke up, and saw that his water had been spilled, and that the princess had already gone far away.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯrtsɤɣ nɯnɯ ɯku nɯnɯ kúwɣrtoʁ tɕe , lɯlu tsa ɯtsʰɯɣa fse ,
Glosses: LNK leopard DEM 3SG.POSS-head DEM IPFV-INV-look LNK cat a.little 3SG.POSS-shape be.like:FACT
Translation: Looking at the leopard's head, it seems a bit like that of the cat.' (27-qartshAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ndɤre kurtoʁa ɲɯnaχtɕɯɣndʑi ɕti .
Glosses: 1SG LNK IPFV-look-1SG SENS-be.the.same-DU be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [When] I look at them (i.e. two species of birds), they look the same.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ŋɤqa kɤti ci tu tɕe , kɯɤrqʰi jukɯru tɕe , [salaboŋboŋ tsa fse].
Glosses: mushroom.sp OBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-be.far IPFV-GENR:S/O-look.at LNK puffball a.little be.like:FACT
Translation: There is [a mushroom] called ŋɤqa (cow's foot), when one looks at it from far away, it is a bit like a puffball.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯnɯ pɣɤtɕɯ nɯrca , kɯxtɕi ci zdoʁzdoʁ ŋu tɕe , ɯʑo xtɕi ri wuma ʑo ɕqraʁ tɕe ɯmɲaʁ ɯrkɯ nɯnɯ ra kɯɲaʁ kɯ túwɣfskɤr , nɯ ɯtaʁ ri , hanɯni , kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi kɯɣɯrni kɯfse tu , ɯxtɤpa nɯ ra , ɯrqopa pjɯʑe tɕe , nɯ ra , ɯjme mɯtʰɯnɯɬoʁ mɤɕtʂa nɯ wɣrum
Glosses: LNK sparrow DEM bird 3PL-among SBJ:PCP-be.small INDEF IDEO:STAT:small.and.cute be:FACT LNK 3SG be.small:FACT but really EMPH be.smart:FACT LNK 3SG:POSS-eye 3SG:POSS-border DEM PL SBJ:PCP-be.black ERG IPFV-INV-surround DEM 3SG-on LOC a.little SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SBJ:PCP-be.red SBJ:PCP-be.like exist:FACT 3SG:POSS-belly DEM PL 3SG:POSS-throat IPFV-begin[III] LNK DEM PL 3SG:POSS-tail NEG-AOR-AUTO-come.out until DEM be.white:FACT
Translation: Among the birds, the sparrow is tiny and cute. Although it is small it is very smart. Its eyes are surrounded by black [feathers], and above that there are some red [dots]. Its belly is white from the throat to the tail.' (22 kumpGatCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯku kɯmpɯ nɯ ɲɯ́wɣpʰɯt tɕe , nɯŋa ra kɯ ndzanɯ , paʁ kɯ mɤndze
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head SBJ:PCP-be.soft DEM IPFV-INV-pluck LNK cow PL ERG eat:FACT-PL pig ERG NEG-eat:FACT
Translation:  One plucks the [leaves] on the extremities, the soft ones, cows eat it, pigs don't.' (06 qaZmbri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ŋotɕu tɯɕe nɤqʰɯ~qʰu ɣia , nɤŋga nɤxtsa fkura
Glosses: where 2-go:FACT 2SG.POSS-EMPH~after come:FACT-1SG 2SG.POSS-clothes 2SG.POSS-shoes carry:FACT-1SG
Translation: Wherever you go, I will go after you, I will carry your clothes and your shoes.' (26-kWlAGpopo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbarkʰom tʰɤjtɕu tɯɣi ?
Glosses: Mbarkham when 2-come::FACT
Translation: When are you coming to Mbarkham?' (Conversation 2014)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sia ɲɤsɯso , tʰa ɣɯsata ɲɤsɯso
Glosses: die:FACT-1SG IFR-think in.a.moment INV-kill:FACT-1SG IFR-think
Translation: He thought “I will die", he thought “It will kill me".' (Buxiejiang gaizuo yisheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetʰa ɣi ɕti ma , sɲikuku ʑo juɣi ɲɯɕti tɕe nɯ ntsɯ tuti ɲɯɕti
Glosses: in.a.moment come:FACT be:AFF:FACT LNK every.day EMPH IPFV-come SENS-be:AFF LNK DEM always IPFV-say SENS-be:AFF
Translation: It will come soon: it comes everyday and each times says this.' (qaCpa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amu jɯɣmɯr tɕe tɕiscawa ɣe ma kʰu ɣi tʰaŋ nɤ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother today.evening LNK 1DU.POSS-poor SFP LNK tiger come:FACT SFP SFP
Translation: Mother, poor us, this evening the tiger is probably coming (for us).' (The tiger)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnaj ɯ́jɤɣ
Glosses: rest:FACT-1SG QU-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Could we rest?' (2003 qachGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003372#S138"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯkaβ ɕea ra
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-scoop go:FACT-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to go to scoop water.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `....' ti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: _ say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: S/he said: `…” (many examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣzɯtʰɯz ndɤre , sɯjno tɕi mɯɲɯɤrtsi , si tɕi mɯɲɯɤrtsi .
Glosses: Selaginella LNK grass also NEG-SENS-PASS-count tree also NEG-SENS-PASS-count
Translation: The Selaginella can be counted neither as a species of grass nor as a tree.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯ pɤjkʰu mɯɲɯɤsɯlɤt ri , qale ɲɯɤsɯβzu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky yet NEG-SENS-PROG-release LNK wind SENS-PROG-make
Translation: It is not yet raining, but there is wind.' (conversation, 15-06-05)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɬaʁ kɯ nɯ ɲɯɤstɯt
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-FZ ERG DEM SENS-PROG-say[II]
Translation: My aunt is saying [those things].' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tumbri tɕe ɯskɤt wuma ʑo ɲɯmpɕɤr
Glosses: IPFV-cry LNK 3SG.POSS-voice really EMPH SENS-be.beautiful
Translation: When it cries, its voice is very beautiful.' (04-cuiniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯ́wɣnɤmɤle tɕe ɲɯmpɯ .
Glosses: IPFV-INV-touch LNK SENS-be.soft
Translation: It is soft to the touch.' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tunɤmnɤmnɯ tɕe , cɤmtsʰo ɯdi , pɯ~pɯŋu nɤ , ɯdi ɲɯmnɤm , tɕe nɯnɯ tɕu ɯfsa tutanɯ ɲɯŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-smell-PL LNK musk 3SG.POSS-smell COND~PST.IPFV-be LNK 3SG.POSS-smell SENS-be.smell LNK DEM LOC 3SG.POSS-snare IPFV-put-PL SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: [The hunters] sniff [the places] (where they find deer hair). The smell of musk, it is very strong. They put the snare there.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: túwɣndza tɕe wuma ʑo ɲɯmɯm ɲɯti
Glosses: IPFV-INV-eat LNK really EMPH SENS-be.tasty SENS-say
Translation: She said: `[These ferns] (prepared this way) are very nice to eat'.' (said just after eating them; conversation 14.05.10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰam tɕe mɯ́jcʰaa , ami ɲɯmŋɤm .
Glosses: now LNK NEG:SENS-can-1SG 1SG.POSS-foot SENS-hurt
Translation: I can't now, my foot hurts.' (21-kuGrummAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmaqʰu qʰe tɯɕɣa ɲɯmŋɤm
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK GENR.POSS-tooth SENS-hurt
Translation: Afterwards our teeth hurt.' (27-tApGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯmci kɤrɤwum maka mɯ́jcʰanɯ tɕe nɯmci tuɣɤrɯβrɯβ ʑo ɲɯŋu . tɕe nɯrqo ɲɯmŋɤm rca ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-saliva INF-collect at.all NEG:SENS-can-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-saliva IPFV-flow.continuously EMPH SENS-be LNK 3PL.POSS-throat SENS-hurt SFP
Translation: They cannot keep the saliva in their mouths, and it flows continuously. Their throats hurt.' (27-kharwut)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕnɤsqi tʰɯazɣɯt ri , tɕe pɤjkʰu ɯmi ɲɯmŋɤm tɕe ri , nɯ kɯnɤ kʰa tsʰitsuku ɲɯnɤme ɕti .
Glosses: seventy AOR-reach but LNK already 3SG.POSS-foot SENS-hurt LNK but DEM also house some.things SENS-work[III] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: He is seventy, his foot hurts already, but even so he does all sorts of work at home.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “ɯqa nɯtɕu χsɤr tɯtaɴɢoʁ ɲɯɤrku tɕe , nɯ atɤsɯtɕɤt tɕe ɲɯpʰɤn” ɲɯti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-root DEM:LOC gold one-basket SENS-PASS-be.put.in LNK DEM IRR-PFV-CAUS-take.out LNK SENS-be.efficient SENS-say
Translation: (After performing the divination), [the lama] said `There is one basketful of gold (buried) at the root [of the tree]_i, if [the tree]_i asks someone to take it out, that will solve its_i problems). ' (2003 divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amaŋ , nɯstʰɯci ɲɯmbro
Glosses: INTERJECTION:SURPRISE so.much SENS-be.high
Translation: It is so high!' (150826 liyu tiao longmen-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006266#S73"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amaŋ , nɯ ɯtɯsɤre , mtsʰɤri , ɯtɯsɤmtsʰɤr nɯ
Glosses: INTERJECTION:SURPRISE DEM 3SG-NMLZ:DEG-be.funny how.strange 3SG-NMLZ:DEG-be.surprising SFP
Translation: It is so funny, so surprising!' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ŋgoŋpu ɴɢoɕna kɤti ci tu tɕe , nɯnɯ wxti nɯ stoʁ jamar tu . kúwɣrtoʁ tɕe sɤɣmu .
Glosses: disaster spider OBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM be.big:FACT DEM bean about exist:FACT IPFV-INV-look.at LNK PROP-be.afraid:FACT
Translation: There is one that is called `disaster spider', it is big, like the size of a bean. It is terrifying to look at it.' (26 mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯmɯntoʁ nɯ mpɕɤr .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-flower DEM be.beautiful:FACT
Translation: It has a beautiful flower.' (15-babW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003512#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɯŋgi nɯ ɲɯsɤɣmu .
Glosses: lion DEM SENS-PROP-be.afraid
Translation: Lions are terrifying.' (20 sWNgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003562#S64"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <jiaoma> nɯ ɲɯmpɕɤr
Glosses: gnu DEM SENS-be.beautiful
Translation: Gnus are beautiful.' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S126"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: slɤzɯn kɯ ɲɯdɤn , tɕe tɯxpa tɕe ʁnɯɣjɤn jamar ɣɤʑu , ʁmbɣɯzɯn ɲɯrkɯn ɕti .
Glosses: lunar.eclipse ERG SENS-be.many LNK one-year LOC two-times about exist:SENS solar.eclipse SENS-be.few be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Lunar eclipses are more numerous, they occur about twice a year, while solar eclipses are rarer.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrna nɯ mbro ɣɯ sɤz ɲɯwxti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ear DEM horse GEN COMP SENS-be.big
Translation: Its ears are bigger than those of the horse.' (20-tArka)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯtɯmkʰɤz
Glosses: SENS-2-be.expert
Translation: You are good.' (heard in several conversations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo stu ʑo tɯmkʰɤz tɕe , tɕe nɤʑo ɕtɤnɤme
Glosses: 2SG most EMPH 2-be.expert:FACT LNK LNK 2SG TRAL-IMP-do[III]
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtɕɯ tɤsci tɕe ɲɯpe tɕe papa , aʑo ɲɯrgaa
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-child AOR-born LNK SENS-good LNK good 1SG SENS-be.happy-1SG
Translation: It is nice that you now have a son, I am happy.' (conversation 2013)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ndɤre ɲɯsɤjloʁa tɕe , tɤrʁaʁkɕi kɯnɤ ʑo kúwɣmtsɯɣa mɯ́jsɯsɤm
Glosses: 1SG on.the.other.hand SENS-be.ugly-1SG LNK hunting.dog also EMPH IPFV-INV-bite-1SG NEG:SENS-think[III]
Translation: I am [so] ugly that even a hunting dog does not want to bite me.' (140519 chou xiaoya-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo apʰe “nɤʑo jutɯɕe ra" ɲɯtinɯ .
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-DAT 2SG IPFV-2-go be.needed:FACT SENS-say-PL
Translation: They said to me: `You have to go.” (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ tɤŋu tɕe tɕe , si lúwɣɣɤjɯ , smi atɤwxti tɕe ɲɯpʰɤn
Glosses: DEM AOR-be LNK LNK wood IPFV-INV-add fire IRR-PFV-be.big LNK SENS-be.efficient
Translation: (He thought:) `In this case, if [I] add more firewood, and the fire gets bigger, it should work.' (150827 taisui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aki ɕpɯsɤŋo ma … “ndzaʁlaŋ tɯrme joɣi tɕe , tɯci kɤkɯnɯχtɕɤn ɯŋgɯ ɕpjɯ́wɣβde ɲɯra" ɯkɯti ci ɣɤʑu tɕe , ɯɲɯ́ŋu kɯ ?
Glosses: down.there TRAL-IMP:DOWN-listen LNK _ Jambudvîpa man IFR-come LNK INDEF.POSS-water AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.fierce 3SG.POSS-inside TRAL-IPFV:DOWN-INV-throw SENS-be.needed 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:SENS LNK QU-SENS-be QU
Translation: Go and listen down there to [see whether] there is someone saying `A man from Jambudvîpa has come, let us throw him into the fierce water.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯre kurɤʑia
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC PRS-stay-1SG
Translation: I am here.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kutɕu kurɤʑia ɲɯɬoʁ
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC IPFV-stay-1SG SENS-be.needed
Translation: I had better (have no choice but to) stay here.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɤrqʰi kɤɕe mɯkucʰaa
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.far INF-go NEG-PRS-can-1SG
Translation: I cannot go very far.' (for now, due to an accident; conversation 17-09-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯre aʁa kume tɯmgo kuosɯβzua ɕti
Glosses: 1SG here 1SG.POSS-free.time PRS-not.exist INDEF.POSS-food PRS-PROG-make-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I don't have time, I am making food.' (Rkangrgyal) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003943#S72"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕa ʁɟa ʑo kuo<nɯ>sɯndzaj ma fsapaʁ ɯtɯsi ɯgrɤl maŋe .
Glosses: meat completely EMPH PRS-PROG<AUTO>-eat-1PL LNK animal 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-die 3SG.POSS-order not.exist:SENS
Translation: (These days) we are eating only meat, as (farm) animals have been dying in great numbers (due to a disease).' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯre kunɯnaj
Glosses: here EGOP-rest-1PL
Translation: (Today, on the National Holiday), we are resting here.' (conversation, 16-10-01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <kuabao> ɯspa ci kutaʁa
Glosses: satchel 3SG.POSS-material INDEF PRS-weave-1SG
Translation: I am weaving a satchel.' (conversation, 14-11-25)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯre kutanɤjo
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC PRS-1→2-wait
Translation: I am right here waiting for you.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkútɯscitnɯ ?
Glosses: QU-PRS-2-be.happy-PL
Translation: Are you (and your family) happy?' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awi cʰo awa ni nɤʑo nɤndʐa kɯ wuma ʑo kunɯsɯmɯzdɯɣndʑi tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandmother COMIT 1SG.POSS-father DU 2SG 2SG.POSS-reason ERG really EMPH PRS-worry-DU LNK
Translation: Grandmother and Father are very worried because of you.' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤma ɯkúdɤn ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-work QU-PRS-be.many
Translation: Do you have a lot of work?' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ama kudɤn
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-work PRS-be.many
Translation: I have a lot of work.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɤltɕin kɯ ama ra kuoznɤma
Glosses: ANTHR ERG 1SG.POSS-work PL PRS-PROG-do
Translation: Dpalcan is doing my housework (in my stead).' (conversation, 16-04-12)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ `wuma ʑo kusciti , rɟɤlpu ri ataʁ wuma kusna , ʁjoʁ ra ri wuma ʑo kupenɯ' toti
Glosses: girl DEM ERG really EMPH PRS-be.happy-1PL king also 1SG-on really PRS-be.kind servant PL also really EMPH PRS-be.good IFR-say
Translation: The girl said: `We are very happy, the king is very kind to me, the servants are very nice.” (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alan nɤki , ʁdɯrɟɤt ri <shangban> kuosɯβzu
Glosses: ANTHR FILLER TOPO LOC office.work PRS-PROG-do
Translation: Alan, she is doing office work in Gdongbrgyad (these days).' (conversation, 2014-12-24)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯngo wuma ʑo rkɯn , <abazhou> … pɯnɯmɯ~me ɕti qʰe , pɤjkʰu kunɯme .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.sick really EMPH be.few:FACT Rngaba _ PST.IPFV-AUTO-EMPH~not.exist be.AFF:FACT LNK still PRS-AUTO-not.exist
Translation: There are few people sick (from Covid), (here) in Rngaba district there never was anyone, and even now there is not (a single) one.' (conversation 2020-07-31)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `tʰam kɯnɤ me' kɤti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: now also not.exist:FACT INF-say SENS-be
Translation: It means `not even now.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi kutɯnɤme ?
Glosses: what PRS-2-do[III]
Translation: What are you doing (now, these days)?' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alan kɯ jipɤri kuosɯβzu .
Glosses: ANTHR ERG 1PL.POSS-dinner PRS-PROG-make
Translation: Alan is preparing the dinner for us (right now).' (conversation, 15-01-02)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤjkʰu kɯnɤ ɯʑo kɯ kuoznɤma ɕti ma pɤjkʰu mɯkucʰaa wo .
Glosses: still also 3SG ERG PRS-PROG-do be.AFF:FACT LNK still NEG-PRS-can-1SG SFP
Translation: Even now, he is still doing [the housework], as I am still unable [to do it] (due to an accident).' (conversation, 17-09-01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tham apɯŋu , tundzea maka mɤcʰaa
Glosses: now IRR-IPFV-be IPFV-eat[III]-1SG at.all NEG-can:FACT-1SG
Translation: Now, I cannot eat [the fruit of the Ribes stenocarpum] at all (anymore, because it is too sour, unlike when the speaker was a child and did not mind about the sourness).' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ajɤtɯɣɯt tɕe , aʑo cʰo … tɤɕime nɯ kɯ nɯnɯ kɤntɕʰaʁ ɣɯ ɯpɕi nɯtɕu kutanɤjo .
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-bring LNK 1SG COMIT _ princess DEM ERG DEM town GEN 3SG.POSS-outside DEM:LOC IPFV-1→2-wait
Translation: When you bring [the bird], the princess and I will be waiting for you outside of the town.' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯkuotɯɣa
Glosses: NEG-PRS-meet-1SG
Translation: I have not been meeting him (these days).' (conversation 16-03-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kusciti
Glosses: PRS-be.happy-1PL
Translation: We are happy.' (conversation, in a response to a new years' greeting)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu ɲɯscita ɕti li tɕe tɕe azda ri ɲɯpenɯ ,
Glosses: DEM:LOC SENS-be.happy-1SG be.AFF:FACT again LNK LNK 1SG-companion also SENS-be.good-PL
Translation: I am very happy there, the people with me are very nice.' (140501 jingli) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S149"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ tɤŋu tɕe , aʑo ndɤre , ʁloŋbutɕʰi sɤz ndɤre ɲɯscita tɕe akʰi ɲɯŋgɯ
Glosses: DEM AOR-be LNK 1SG on.the.other.hand elephant COMP on.the.other.hand SENS-be.happy-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-luck SENS-be.lucky
Translation: Things being as they are, I am happier than the elephant, I am luckier than him.' (140425 shizi puluomixiusi he daxiang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯxpa jɤtsuj , nɯstʰɯci ʑo sciti , amɯmij
Glosses: three-year AOR-pass-1SG so.much EMPH be.happy:FACT-1PL be.on.good.terms:FACT-1PL
Translation: We have been together for three years now, we are so happy together.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a^6tɤ^3ndze
Glosses: IRR-PFV-eat[III]
Translation: Let it/him/her eat/ if s/he/it eats
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a^6pɯ^3me
Glosses: IRR-IPFV-not.exist
Translation: If it does not exist
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a^6nɯ^3me
Glosses: IRR-PFV-not.exist
Translation: If it disappears
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ci anɯɤpaa kɯ
Glosses: human INDEF IRR-PFV-become-1SG SFP
Translation: If only I could become a human!' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atʰɯɣi , atʰɯɣi
Glosses: IRR-PFV:DOWNSTREAM-come IRR-PFV:DOWNSTREAM-come
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯɲɯ́wɣsata nɤ apɯ́wɣnɯsata ma mɤpʰɣotɕi
Glosses: QU-SENS-INV-kill-1SG add IRR-PFV-INV-AUTO-kill-1SG LNK NEG-flee-1DU
Translation: If she is to kill me let her kill me, we will not flee.' (2002nyimavodzer)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤjkʰu atɤtɯmna , mɤʑɯ kɤrɤʑi
Glosses: still IRR-PFV-2-be.better yet IMP-stay
Translation: [Wait till] you get better, stay a little more.' (said to a convalescent person who wants to leave the place where she is taken care of.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S97"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amɤtɤtɯnɯtɕʰomba ra ma tɕe nɤɕqʰe ɲɯtʰɯ ɲɯŋu wo
Glosses: IRR-NEG-PFV-2-have.a.cold be.needed:FACT LNK LNK 2SG.POSS-cough SENS-be.serious SENS-be SFP
Translation: Don't catch a cold, otherwise your cough will be become even more serious.' (conversation 17-09-01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: andi ki stʰɯci smar kɯwxti iʑo kɤsɯβzɯr tɕʰi atɤstuj ?
Glosses: west DEM.PROX so.much river SBJ:PCP-be.big 1PL INF-CAUS-move what IRR-PFV-do.like-1PL
Translation: How can we move such a huge river? (2005 tAwakWcqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰa kɤmto jɤtɯazɣɯt] tɕe qʰihihi χsɯŋka atɤtɯti ra
Glosses: house INF-see AOR-2-arrive LNK INTERJ three-word IRR-PFV-2-say be.needed:FACT
Translation: When you arrive within seeing distance from the house, say qʰihihi three times.' (qachGa 2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004087#S160"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɯarmbatndʑi tɕe , nɤmbro ɯjme zɯ pʰuɲi akɤtɯβraʁ , nɤʑo tɤmuj stʰɯci atɤtɯʑɣɤɣɤʑo , nɤmbro qale stʰɯci anɯʑɣɤɣɤmbjom
Glosses: AOR:WEST-2-be.near-DU LNK 2SG.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-tail EMPH potentilla.fruticosa IRR-PFV-2-attach 2SG INDEF.POSS-feather so.much IRR-PFV-2-REFL-CAUS-be.light 2SG.POSS-horse wind so.much IRR-PFV-REFL-CAUS-be.quick
Translation: When you approach [the boulders], attach a branch of Potentilla fruticosa to the tail of your horse, make yourself as light as a feather, and may your horse be as quick as the wind.' (Smanmi2003.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɯ , qale jamar ʑo tuʑɣɤɣɤmbjoma nɤʑo nɯ tɤmuj jamar tɤʑɣɤɣɤʑo
Glosses: 1SG DEM wind about EMPH IPFV-REFL-CAUS-be.quick-1SG 2SG DEM INDEF.POSS-feather about IMP-REFL-CAUS-be.light
Translation: I will make myself as quick as the wind, make yourself as light as a feather.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S111"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: … ntsɯ kɤtɯpe ri , maka ɯjaʁ akɤtɯndɤm , akɤtɯsɤtɕitʂi ʑo alɤtɯɣɯt ma ɯskɤt amɤkɤtɯsɤŋɤm
Glosses: _ always tell:FACT LNK completely 3SG.POSS-hand IRR-PFV-2-take[III] IRR-PFV-2-continue EMPH IRR-PFV:UPSTREAM-2-bring LNK 3SG.POSS-word IRR-NEG-2-listen[III]
Translation: She will not stop saying `…', but don't release your grasp on her hand, and directly bring her (here), and don't listen to her words.' (qachGa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ wuma ʑo tundzea] ɲɯsɯsama
Glosses: DEM really EMPH IPFV-eat[III]-1SG SENS-think[III]-1SG
Translation: I want to eat it very much.' (140506 woju guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χawo ʑo kɯdɯ~dɤn kɯ akɤnɯtsʰɤβnɯ tɕe atɤtɕʰɯnɯ tɕe , apɯsatnɯ kɯ ɲɯsɯsama ri
Glosses: INTERJ EMPH SBJ:PCP-EMPH~ ERG IRR-PFV-attack.in.pack-PL LNK IRR-PFV-gore-PL LNK IRR-PFV-kill-PL SFP SENS-think[III]-1SG LNK
Translation: I am thinking that if only they attacked in a pack and gored [the lion], they would probably kill it.' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “nɯnɯ tɕe kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ci tutɕata tɕe nɯ atɤndze" ɲɤsɯso
Glosses: DEM LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF IPFV-take.out-1SG LNK DEM IRR-PFV-eat[III] IFR-think
Translation: He thought: `I will take a few (olives from the jar) so that she [can] eat some.' (140516 yiguan ganlan-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “ami nɯnɯ atɤmna” ɲɯsɯsama tɕe , nɯra kuznɯsmana ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-leg DEM IRR-PFV-be.better SENS-think[III]-1SG LNK DEM PRS-CAUS-treat-1SG be:FACT
Translation: In order for my leg to get better, I am treating it (with footbaths).' (conversation 2013-11-12)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awɯ cʰo aʁi ni cʰɯɣindʑi ra ma ʑɤnisti kɤrɤʑi mɤcʰandʑi tɕe , [atʰɯɣindʑi] ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandfather COMIT 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DU IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come-DU be.needed:FACT LNK 3DU-alone INF-stay NEG-can:FACT-DU LNK IRR-PFV:DOWNSTREAM-come-DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: My grandfather and younger brother have to come (with me), as they cannot stay on their own, let them come.' (2011-05-nyima 208-209)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki ɲɯsɤɕke tɕe , [anɯɤfɕu] ɲɯntsʰi
Glosses: DEM.PROX SENS-PROP-burn LNK IRR-PFV-cool.down SENS-be.better
Translation: This [tea] is too hot, let it cool down.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ajɤɕe tɕe tɕetʰa kɤzɣɯt mɤcʰa tɕe si ɕti tɕe
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV-go LNK soon INF-arrive NEG-can:FACT LNK die:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Should he go there, he would not be able to reach [his goal], and would die.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiʑɤɣ nɯ kɯfse ci apɯtu ndɤre , kɯra kɯfse mɯpɯnɤŋkɯŋketɕi wo
Glosses: 1DU:GEN DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF IRR-IPFV-exist LNK DEM.PROX:PL SBJ:PCP-be.like NEG-PST.IPFV-DISTR:walk-1DU SFP
Translation: If we had that (much cattle and fields), we would not be wandering around like this.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤxtu ɕɯnɤʁaʁtɕi tɕe , [nɤkɤrme atɤzbaʁ]
Glosses: rooftop TRAL-have.fun:FACT-1DU LNK 2SG.POSS-hair IRR-PFV-be.dry
Translation: Let us go to the rooftop platform to rest, so that your hair can dry (after bathing).' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ tɕʰi atɤfse] tɕe ɲɯpʰɤn
Glosses: DEM what IRR-PFV-be.like LNK SENS-be.efficient
Translation: How [should he do] to solve [this problem]?' (Divination 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯŋgɯ pjɯkɯɕe tɕe tɯku ci pjɯ́wɣnɯsɤɕɤt , pjɯ́wɣnɯχtɕi] apɯŋu ndɤre , wuma ʑo sɤscit tʰaŋ nɤ !
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:DOWN-GENR:S/O-go LNK GENR.POSS-head a.little IPFV-INV-AUTO-comb IPFV-INV-AUTO-wash IRR-IPFV-be LNK really EMPH PROP-be.happy:FACT SFP SFP
Translation: If one were to dive (in the water), comb and wash one's hair, it would be very nice!' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤɕe !
Glosses: IMP-go
Translation: Go away!' (many examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: toʁde tɕe jɤlɤt je ma a<dianhua> ɯkɯlɤt ɣɤʑu
Glosses: a.moment LNK IMP-release SFP LNK 1SG.POSS-phone 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-release exist:SENS
Translation: Call me in a moment, there is someone calling me on the phone!' (conversation, 22-08-2018)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <guazi> tɤndzandʑi
Glosses: melon.seed IMP-eat-DU
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “awi smi tʰɯsɤtɕɤt" tɤtɯta tɕe lɤrɤɕi , “awi smi lɤrɤɕi" tɤtɯta tɕe tʰɯsɤtɕɤt ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandmother fire IMP-add.firewood AOR-say[II]-1SG LNK IMP:UPSTREAM-pull 1SG.POSS-grandmother fire IMP:UPSTREAM-pull AOR-say[II]-1SG LNK IMP-add.firewood be.needed:FACT
Translation: When I say `grandmother, add firewood', remove the firewood, and when I say `grandmother, remove the firewood', add firewood.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɕɤr tɕe tumbri tɕe “coʁcoʁcóʁcoʁcoʁ coʁcoʁcóʁcoʁcoʁ" tuti ŋu tɕe , “tɯsŋi tɯrtsɤɣ tɤmbro , tɯsŋi tɯrtsɤɣ tɤmbro" tuti ŋu tutinɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK DEM night LOC IPFV-sing LNK IDPH(X):cry IDPH(X):cry IPFV-say be:FACT LNK one-day ONE-node IMP-be.high one-day ONE-node IMP-be.high IPFV-say be:FACT IPFV-say-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: (In June, when crops are about to grow), [the tacoʁcoʁ bird]_i sings in the night, making the sound coʁcoʁcóʁcoʁcoʁ, people say that it_i tells (the crops) `Grow by one node everyday!'.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laʁjɯɣ nɤʑo tɤnɯndɤm je tɕe , aʑo jɤɣɤt ci luɕea nɤ
Glosses: staff 2SG IMP-AUTO-take[III] SFP LNK 1SG toilet INDEF IPFV:UPSTREAM-go-1SG SFP
Translation: Take the staff, I am going to the toilet.' (2005 khu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯnɤre ma nɤʑo qaɕpa nɤrʑaβ nɤkɯmbi kɯtu me
Glosses: IMP-AUTO-laugh LNK 2SG frog 2SG.POSS-wife 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-give SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: Laugh as you wish, nobody will give you a wife, you frog.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤnɤβdi je awɯ tɯɟo , aqe kɯsɤɕkɯ~ɕke ci tɤnɯndze
Glosses: farewell SFP 1SG.POSS-grandfather demon 1SG.POSS-shit SBJ:PCP-PROP-EMPH~burn INDEF IMP-AUTO-eat[III]
Translation: Farewell, old demon, eat my hot shit!' (2005 tWJo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo tɤnɯndɤm] jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG IMP-AUTO-take[III] be.possible:FACT
Translation: Please take it.' (divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɤtʰu ɯɣɤʑu nɤ , [tɤtʰe] jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-ask QU-exist:SENS ADD IMP-ask[III] be.possible:FACT
Translation: If you have a question, please ask.' (conversation, 14-11-08)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕtɤtʰe ra
Glosses: TRAL-IMP-ask[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: Go and ask him about it.' (divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕtɤre ra ma ɕɯkɤru mɯ~mɤpɯtɯcʰa ŋu nɤ nɤsrɤm nɤsroʁ lɤti
Glosses: TRAL-IMP-bring[III] be.needed:FACT LNK TRAL-INF-bring COND~NEG-AOR-2-can be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-root 1SG.POSS-life throw:FACT-1PL
Translation: Go and bring it here; if you do not succeed in going and bringing it here, we will destroy your root and your life.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmbɣom ʑo tɤɕe ra
Glosses: IMP-be.in.a.hurry EMPH IMP:UP-go be.needed:FACT
Translation: Hurry up and go upstairs!' (160706 poucet6) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006109#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki tʂu ki manɯtɯβde ʑo jɤɕe
Glosses: DEM.PROX path DEM.PROX NEG-IMP-2-throw EMPH IMP-go
Translation: Go along this path without leaving it!' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu manɯtɯte ma tɤpɤtso ra nɯsta ɕti
Glosses: DEM:LOC NEG-IMP-2-put[III] LNK INDEF.POSS-child PL 3PL.POSS-place be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Don't put her there, it is the place for the children.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: matɤkɯndzaa tɕetʰa nɤχpi pjɯfɕata
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2→1-eat-1SG later 2SG.POSS-story IPFV-tell-1SG
Translation: Don't eat me, and I will tell you a story.' (tWJo 2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004089#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑa matɤnɯnatɕi qʰe
Glosses: soon NEG-IMP-rest-1DU LNK
Translation: (In order to catch up with the wasted time), let us not stop (working) early (today).' (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kʰramba matɤβzea ra ma
Glosses: DEM lie NEG-IMP-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT SFP
Translation: I musn't tell lies.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯmdʑu ɯtaʁ manɯɤtɕaʁ ra ma tɯmdʑu tusɤzoŋzoŋ ʑo qʰe cʰɯnɯɣmbɤβ ɕti .
Glosses: LNK GENR.POSS-tongue 3SG.POSS-on NEG-IMP-stain be.needed:FACT LNK GENR.POSS-tongue IPFV-make.numb EMPH LNK IPFV-swell be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [The Arisaema consanguineum]_i mustn't get on one's tongue_j, as it_i makes it_j numb and swell up.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: matɤtɯraʁle , tɤʑɣɤɕɯfka je
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-be.polite IMP-REFL-CAUS-be.full SFP
Translation: Please eat your fill!' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetu tɤaritɕi tɕe , ɯtɯɣɤndʐo saχaʁ ʑo ri , “ɯtɕʰɯtɕʰɯ" matɯti
Glosses: up.there AOR:UP-go[II]-1DU LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.cold be.extremely:FACT EMPH LNK INTERJ NEG:IMP-2-say
Translation: When we go up there (in the sky, near the moon), it will be extremely cold, but don't say `brrr'.' (07-deluge-64) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S62"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa rɯdaʁ ra kɯ tatɯt nɯra , tɯrme ɯɕki amɤtɤtɯti ma
Glosses: the.aforementioned animal PL ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM:PL people 3SG.POSS-DAT IRR-NEG-PFV-2-say LNK
Translation: You will have to avoid telling humans what the animals say.' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kuɕea ɕi makɤɕea kɯ
Glosses: IPFV:EAST-go-1SG SFP NEG-IMP-go-1SG SFP
Translation: [I wonder] whether to go or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa kɯɤrqʰi zɯ pjɯ́wɣlɤt mapɯ́wɣsat ra
Glosses: place SBJ:PCP-be.far LOC IPFV:DOWN-INV-release NEG-IMP-INV-kill be.needed:FACT
Translation: One has to take it far away (from the house) without killing it.' (2010-11)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmtʰɯm kɯnɤ kɤkɤsqa nɯra ʑatsa matɤ́wɣnɯβdaʁ qʰe , ɯtaʁ ri kɯwɣrum kute
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat also AOR-OBJ:PCP-cook DEM:PL soon NEG-IMP-INV-take.care LNK 3SG.POSS-top LOC SBJ:PCP-be.white IPFV-put[III]
Translation: In the case of meat also, if one fails to take care of cooked [meat] in time, white stuff will appear on it.' (20-sWrna,60)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ sɤznɤ , nɤʑo kɯ matɤkɯsɯɕqraʁa kɯ pjɤmna !
Glosses: DEM COMP 2SG ERG NEG-IMP-2→1-CAUS-be.intelligent-1SG ERG PST.IFR-be.better
Translation: It would have been better if you had not made me smart!' (160711 riquet8-v2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006201#S18"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe lukɤnɯji nɯ kɯ ʑru tutinɯ ɲɯŋu tɕe mɤxsi . kunnɯʑru ɕi kɯma .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-plant DEM ERG be.strong:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be LNK NEG-GENR:know:FACT DUB-AUTO-be.strong QU SFP
Translation: The cultivated [variety of Angelica] is better (than the wild one), they say, I don't know, maybe it is better.' (17-ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kunɯpʰɤn mɯkunɯpʰɤn mɤxsi ma
Glosses: DUB-AUTO-be.efficient NEG-DUB-AUTO-be.efficient NEG-GENR:know:FACT SFP
Translation: I don't know whether it is efficient or not (as medicine).' (19-GzW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003536#S100"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo , nɯ ɕɯ ci kunɯŋu kɯ ?
Glosses: INTERJ DEM who INDEF DUB-AUTO-be QU
Translation: Who on earth is it [who does all] that?' (2014-kWLAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɣej
Glosses: AOR:UP-come[II]-1PL
Translation: We came up.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tatɯt
Glosses: AOR:3→3-say[II]
Translation: S/he said it.' (many attestations)