lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯŋga ra ɲɤtɕɤt tɕe iɕqʰa , [rgɤnmɯ kɯ tɯŋga nɯkɤmbi] nɯra ɲɤtɕɤt tɕe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-clothes PL IFR-take.off LNK FILLER old.woman ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM:PL IFR-take.off LNK
Translation: He took off his clothes, he took off the (magical) clothes that the old woman had given him.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: apɤro ɲɯtambi ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-present IPFV-1→2-give be:FACT
Translation: I am giving it to you as a present.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [apɤro nɯmbita] nɯ arɟit ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-present AOR-give-PST:TR-1SG DEM 1SG.POSS-child be:FACT
Translation: The one to whom I gave a present is my child.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤpɤro nɯmbita] tɤrɟit nɯ atɕɯ ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-present AOR-give-PST:TR-1SG INDEF.POSS-child DEM 1SG.POSS-son be:FACT
Translation: The child to whom I gave a present is my son.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [wuma ʑo rɟɤlpu ci kɯŋɤn] ci pjɤtu tɕe ,
Glosses: really EMPH king INDEF SBJ:PCP-be.evil INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: There was a very evil king.' (140511 1001 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯspoʁ ci tɤkʰɯ sɤznɯɬoʁ] ci ɲɯβze
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole INDEF INDEF.POSS-smoke OBL:PCP-AUTO-come.out INDEF IPFV-make[III]
Translation: [The potter] makes a hole which the smoke comes out from.' (30-kWrAfcAr)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɣɤtɕɯ ci kɯmpɕɯ~mpɕɤr ʑo] jɤɣe
Glosses: bird INDEF SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful EMPH AOR-come[II]
Translation: A beautiful bird came.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [nɯ kɯfse] ci qajɯ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF bug exist:SENS
Translation: There is a bug (invertebrate animal) that is like that.' (hist180421 haixing)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [iʑo ndɤre pɯχsuj] nɯ , tɯrdoʁ tɕʰi mɯpɯnnɯpe mɤxsi ma nɯnɯ nɯfse pjɤsi
Glosses: 1PL LNK AOR-feed-1PL DEM one-piece what NEG-PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.good NEG-GENR:know LNK DEM like.that IFR-die
Translation: Of the [tortoises] that we raised, one [of them] died just like that, I don't know what went wrong.' (140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [aʑo akɤsɯz] ɕku nɯ nɯra ŋu
Glosses: LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-know Allium DEM DEM:PL be:FACT
Translation: These are the [plants belonging to the gender] Allium that I know about.' (07-Cku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ [pɣɤrnoʁ kɤti] nɯnɯ tɤjmɤɣ tɤrca ɲɯŋu ɯmɤkɯŋuci ma
Glosses: DEM fungus.sp OBJ:PCP-say DEM mushroom together SENS-be PROB-PEG-be-PEG LNK
Translation: That [thing that] is called pɣɤrnoʁ is probably [to be classified] among the fungi.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯlɯz tʰɯkɯɣe tsa] nɯra tɕe , ʁdɯrɟɤt ɯskɤt tuβzea ɲɯtsonɯ ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-age AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] a.little DEM:PL LNK TOPO 3SG.POSS-language IPFV-make[II]-1SG SENS-understand-PL
Translation: Those who are a little older understand when I speak the [Japhug] language of Gdongbrgyad. (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯβri ɯtaʁ nɯra qandʐi kɯfse , aɣrɤɣrum kɯfse ma [kɯwɣrɯ~wɣrum ʑo sɯŋsɯŋ] maʁ
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-body 3SG.POSS-TOP DEM:PL be.dark:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like be.whitish:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-emph~be.white EMPH IDPH(II):pure.white not.be:FACT
Translation: The top part [of the mushroom called kuɣrummɤɣ `white mushroom'] is dark, whitish, it is not pure white.' (21-kuGrummAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [skɤmndʐi kɯjɯ~jaʁ], [stu kɯjaʁ ʑo] nɯ tuqɤrnɯ tɕe
Glosses: ox-skin SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.thick most SBJ:PCP-be.thick EMPH DEM IPFV-select-PL LNK
Translation: People select very thick ox skin, the thickest.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [smar kɯwxtɯ~wxti] ci ʑo pɯtu ɲɯŋu
Glosses: river SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big INDEF EMPH PST.IPFV-exist SENS-be
Translation: There was a huge river.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɯkɯsi] ɯɕa nɯ tundze ŋu ma .
Glosses: AOR-SBJ:PCP-die 3SG.POSS-flesh DEM IPFV-eat[III] be:FACT LNK
Translation: [Crows] eat the flesh of [animals] that have died.' (22-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤrme kɯ tɯŋga tʰɯkɤβzu] nɯra ʁɟa tundze ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-hair ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR-OBJ:PCP-make DEM:PL completely IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: It eats all of the clothes that are made of [animal] hair.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁndʐi kɯ tɯŋga cʰɯβzunɯ , paʁndʐi kɯ tɯxtsa tuβzunɯ ra ɲɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: pig-skin ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes IPFV-make-PL pig-skin ERG INDEF.POSS-shoes IPFV-make-PL PL SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: (Nowadays, unlike in former times), [people] make clothes and shoes from pig skin.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [atɕɯ kɯ tɯtɕʰa jɤkɤɣɯt] nɯ ɲɯpe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son ERG INDEF.POSS-news AOR-OBJ:PCP-bring DEM SENS-be.good
Translation: The information that my son has brought is pleasing.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯtsa pɯkɤβʁum ʑo ɲɯfse .
Glosses: bowl AOR-OBJ:PCP-turn.upside.down EMPH SENS-be.like
Translation: It looks like a bowl that has been turned upside down.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤpɤtso ci kɯ <yangma> ɯkɯnɯmbrɤpɯ] ci jɤɣe tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child INDEF ERG bicycle 3SG-SBJ.PCP-ride INDEF AOR-come[II] LNK
Translation: A boy who was riding a bicycle arrived.' (Pear story, Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme kɯ [tɤrɟit tɤkɯrqoʁ] tɯnɯ ɲɯjtsʰi] nɯ kɯfsɯ~fse ʑo ɲɯjtsʰi ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: person ERG INDEF.POSS-child AOR-SBJ:PCP-hug INDEF.POSS-breast IPFV-give.to.drink DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.like EMPH IPFV-give.to.drink SENS-be
Translation: [The monkey mother] nurses [her baby] in the same way as a human breastfeeds, hugging her child.' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ ɯtɤɲi nɯ katʰɯ] nɯ ɯtaʁ kɤnɯɬoʁndʑi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-staff DEM AOR:3→3:EAST-spread DEM 3SG.POSS-on AOR:EAST-AUTO-come.out-DU
Translation: They crossed [the river] on the staff that the boy had put across it as a bridge.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [rŋɯl kɯ qaʁ tʰɯkɤsɯβzu] nɯra kosɯɤʑirjanɯ .
Glosses: silver ERG hoe AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make DEM:PL IFR-CAUS-be.aligned-PL
Translation: They lined up the hoes that had been made from silver.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki [atʰi qaɕti kɤntsɣe lukɤɣɯt] nɯ cʰo naχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: DEM.PROX downstream peach INF-sell IPFV:UPSTREAM-OBJ:PCP-bring DEM COMIT be.the.same:FACT
Translation: [Wild peaches] are like those peaches that are brought from the areas downstream (i.e. the Sichuan plains) to be sold.' (08-qaCti)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmu ci , [tɯsŋaʁ ra ɯkɯspa] ci pjɤtu tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother INDEF NMLZ:ACTION-cast.a.spell PL 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.able INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: There was an old woman who knew spells.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme ra [pɯ~pɯkɯmto]] kɯ “wo , nɯ ɯtɯpe nɯ" ntsɯ totinɯ .
Glosses: person PL TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-see ERG INTERJ DEM 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.good SFP always IFR-say-PL
Translation: All the people who saw it said `It is so nice!'.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤrʑaβ jɤkɯɣe] nɯnɯ kʰro mɯpɯsna ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-wife AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM much NEG-PST.IPFV-be.good SENS-be
Translation: The wife who had come [to their house] (i.e. that they had married) was not nice.' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa [kɯmɤku tɕaχpa [kɯnɤrɯra] jɤkɯɤri] nɯ ʁnɯz nɯ pjɤsat .
Glosses: the.aforementioned INF:STAT-be.before thief SBJ:PCP-look.around AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] DEM two DEM IFR-kill
Translation: He killed the two thieves who had gone scouting just before.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo sɤz rɯdaʁ kɯxtɕi] nɯra tundze
Glosses: 3SG COMP animal SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III]
Translation: It eats the animals that are smaller than it is.'(20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɯdaʁ [ɯʑo sɤz kɯxtɕi], pɣa [ɯʑo sɤz kɯxtɕi] nɯra tundze ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: animal 3SG COMP SBJ:PCP-be.small bird 3SG COMP SBJ:PCP-be.smal DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF
Translation: It eats the animals and the birds that are smaller than it is.'(24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo sɤz kɯxtɕi] qajɯ ra tundze ŋgrɤl mɤŋgrɤl mɤxsi ma
Glosses: 3SG COMP SBJ:PCP-be.small bug PL IPFV-eat[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT NEG-GENR:know LNK
Translation: I don't know whether it eats the bugs that are smaller than itself.' (26-kWrNukWGndZWr)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤnmaʁ nɯ kɯ ɯrʑaβ kɯɤntɕʰɯ ɲɯkɯnɯɕar], [aʁɤndɯndɤt tɤndɤɣri tukɯβzu] pjɤtu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-husband DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-wife SBJ:PCP-be.several IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-search everywhere illegitimate.child IPFV-SBJ:PCP-make IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There were men who had several female companions, and had illegitimate children everywhere.' (140427 tAndAGri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme [pɯ~pɯkɯmto]] kɯ ɲɯnɤmpɕɤrnɯ tɕe “ɲɯpe" tutinɯ pjɤŋu
Glosses: person TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-see ERG SENS-TROP-be.beautiful-PL LNK SENS-be.good IPFV-say-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: All the people who saw it found it beautiful and said it was nice.' (140510 sanpian yumao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕʰeme pɯkɤsat] nɯ pɣɤtɕɯ ci tosci qʰe ,
Glosses: girl AOR-SBJ:PCP-kill DEM bird INDEF IFR:UP-be.born LNK
Translation: The girl who had been killed was reborn as a bird.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ [qajɯ kɯɲaʁ tutia] nɯ nɯ kɯfse ɲɯβze ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM worm SBJ:PCP-black IPFV-say-1SG DEM DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-grow SENS-be
Translation: The black worm that I am talking about grows like that.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo [iɕqʰa ndzrɯ tʰɯtɯfset] nɯ ci tɤnɯtsʰɤt tɕe
Glosses: 2SG just.before chisel AOR-2-whet-PST:TR DEM a.little IMP-AUTO-try LNK
Translation: Try the chisel that you have just whetted.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [atɕɯ kɯ pɯkɤmto] pɣa nɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-see bird DEM
Translation: The bird that my son saw' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ_imu kɯ kanɯpoʁ] tɤpɤtso_i nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother ERG AOR:3→3-kiss INDEF.POSS-child DEM
Translation: The child whose mother kissed him' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯpɯ nɯ kɯ [iɕqʰa mbalado nɯ kɯ tɤkɤtɯt] nɯ tosɯʁjit .
Glosses: boy DEM ERG just.before ox-old DEM ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-say[II] DEM IFR-remember
Translation: The boy remembered [what] the old ox had told him.' (150828 niulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [mbala kɯ tatɯt] nɯ tostu
Glosses: LNK ox ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM IFR-do.like
Translation: He did it [the way that] the ox had said.' (150828 niulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤ́wɣznɤmɲo] nɯra kɯ~kɯfsɯ~fse ʑo toβzu pjɤcʰa .
Glosses: AOR-INV-CAUS-watch DEM:PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.like EMPH IFR-make IFR-can
Translation: [Luban]_i succeeded in recreating all [the objects] that [his teacher]_j had shown him_i exactly as they were [before].' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [mbalɤpɯ jɤkɯsɯɕɣaza] nɯ pamto tɕe
Glosses: ox-DIM AOR-2→1-CAUS-take.back-1SG DEM AOR:3→3-see LNK
Translation: She saw the calf that you had me take back home.' (140512 fushang he yaomo1-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯre ri tɕʰɯwɯr turke ŋu tɕe , tɕe [tɕʰɯwɯr tukɯrku] nɯnɯ cimbɤrom ŋu
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC blister IPFV-put.in[III] be:FACT LNK LNK [blister IPFV-SBJ:PCP-put.in] DEM phlycten be:FACT
Translation: (At the place where the skin is burnt), a blister forms there, the blister that forms is a phlycten.' (27-tWfCAl 122)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iɕqʰa mbrɤz ɣɯ [ɯmat kukɯtsʰoʁ] nɯ ɯtsʰɯɣa ɲɯfse
Glosses: LNK the.aforementioned rice GEN 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-SBJ:PCP-attach DEM 3SG.POSS-shape SENS-be.like
Translation: Its shape is a bit like that of grains of rice (growing on the stalk).' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɣa ra nɯkɤrga] nɯ qaj ntsɯ ŋu
Glosses: bird PL 3PL-OBJ:PCP-like DEM wheat always be:FACT
Translation: [The food] that birds like is always wheat (not barley).' (23 pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [laχtɕʰa pɯβɟata] nɯ kʰɯtsa pɯŋu
Glosses: thing AOR-obtain-1SG DEM bowl PST.IPFV-be
Translation: The thing that I obtained was a bowl.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo qaʑo aroa] nɯ kɯki ŋu
Glosses: 1SG SHEEP own:FACT-1SG DEM DEM.PROX be:FACT
Translation: The sheep that I own is this one.' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [sla kɯ , nɤki , kumpɣɤŋgɯm nɯ́wɣmbi] nɯ pjɤqrɯ
Glosses: moon ERG FILLER hen-egg AOR-INV-give DEM IFR-break
Translation: She broke the egg that the moon had given her.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ , saŋrɟɤz ra kɯ pɯ́wɣsɯxɕɤt] ɣɯ kʰɤndɯn nɯ ɯrʑaβ χsɯm nɯ pjɤsɯxɕɤt
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG buddha PL ERG AOR-INV-teach GEN mantra DEM 3SG.POSS-wife three DEM IFR-teach
Translation: He taught his three wives the mantra that the Buddhas had taught him.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [akɤsɯxɕɤt] nɯ ɬamu pɯŋu .
Glosses: 1SG-OBJ:PCP-teach DEM ANTHR PST.IPFV-be
Translation: The person whom I taught it to was Lhamo.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [akɤsɯxɕɤt] nɯ <shuxue> pɯŋu .
Glosses: 2SG-OBJ:PCP-teach DEM mathematics PST.IPFV-be
Translation: The [subject] that I taught them/him/her was maths.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [rŋɯl nɯtɯmbit] nɯ ɕɯ pɯŋu ?
Glosses: silver AOR-2-give-PST:TR DEM who PST.IPFV-be
Translation: To whom did you give money?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [atɕɯ tɤpɤro nɯmbita] nɯ kɯmtɕʰɯ pɯŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son INDEF.POSS-present AOR-give-PST:TR-1SG DEM toy PST.IPFV-be
Translation: The present I gave my son was a toy.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɕɯ tɯ~tɯŋu nɤ , [pɯtasɯxɕɤt] nɯ ci nɯndɯn ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son COND~2-be:FACT ADD AOR-1→2-teach DEM a.little IMP-recite be.needed:FACT
Translation: If you are my son, recite [the mantra] that I have taught you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ʑara kɯlɤɣ ɲɯɕenɯ] ɣɯ tʂu ci tu tɕe
Glosses: 3PL SBJ:PCP-herd IPFV:WEST-go-PL GEN path INDEF exist:FACT LNK
Translation: (At that place), there is a path which they take to go herd [cattle].' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kurɤʑi] nɯ kʰu ɯsta ɕti ndɤre
Glosses: IPFV-stay DEM tiger 3SG.POSS-place be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: The place where he is [now] is a tiger's lair.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰa jɤ́wɣtsɯmnɯ] nɯnɯ , [lonba ɕom kɯ nɯkɤsɯβzu] kʰa pjɤŋu
Glosses: house IFR-INV-take.away-PL DEM all iron ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make house IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The house where [the king] had taken them, it was a house completely made of iron' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [iɕqʰa qaɕpa kɯ ɯmɤkɤmto ʑo] joɕe
Glosses: the.aforementioned frog ERG 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-see EMPH IFR-go
Translation: She went to [a place] where the frog would not find her.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯrɤʑi] ɯstu ʑo nɯ kúwɣsɯɤsɯɣ .
Glosses: 3SG SBJ:PCP-stay 3SG.POSS-place EMPH DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.tight
Translation: One presses the place (in the cow's hide) where [the bug] is.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯnɯ tɯɤntɤm lɤkɯʑa] ɯstu nɯ ɯmpʰɯsku tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: DEM INF:II-be.flat AOR:UPSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-start 3SG.POSS-place DEM 3SG.POSS-rump IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: (When one goes upstream), the place where [the slope of the mountain] starts getting flatter (i.e. the point of inflection in the slope of the mountain) is called the `rump' (of the mountain).' (150908 Wmphsku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑara [nɯsɤɤnbaʁ] ɯstu nɯtɕu jonɯɬoʁnɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: 3PL 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-hide 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC IFR-AUTO-come.out-PL LNK
Translation: They came out of their hiding place.' (140426 luozi he qiangdao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɯnɤŋkɯŋke] ɯsta nɯra rcanɯ , tɯɕnaβ pɯkɤβde ʑo fse
Glosses: PST.IPFV-DISTR:walk 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC UNEXP:DEG INDEF.POSS-snot AOR-OBJ:PCP-throw EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: The places where [the slug] has passed look like snot has been spilled [on them].' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɤru ɯstu nɯtɕu
Glosses: AOR:UPSTREAM-look 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC
Translation: The direction (upwards) he looked.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɤru ɯsta nɯtɕu
Glosses: AOR:UPSTREAM-look 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC
Translation: The place where/from which he looked upwards.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: loɕe tɕe tɕelo [tʰɯnɤqʰaru] ɯsta lɤazɣɯt nɤ li cʰɤnɤqʰaru .
Glosses: IFR:UPSTREAM-go LNK upstream AOR:DOWNSTREAM-look.back 3SG.POSS-place AOR-reach ADD again IFR:DOWNSTREAM-look.back
Translation: He went up there, and when he arrived at the place up there that he had looked back from, he looked back again.' (2003 kAndzwsqhaj.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ [qandʑi cʰɯsɤɣnda] nɯ tʰoŋtʰɤr ɲɯrmi
Glosses: DEM bullet IPF-OBL:PCP-ram DEM ramrod SENS-be.called
Translation: What is used to ram a bullet [into the muzzle of the gun] is called a ramrod.' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯji ɯχcɤl tukɯŋke mɤkʰɯ ma tɤrɤku tu tɕe tɕe , nɯ ɣɯ [tusɤŋke] ɯspa , ɯtʂu <zhuanmen> ɯrkoz ɲɯ́wɣβzu ŋgrɤl tɕe ɯnɯnɯ tʂu nɯ ftɕɤru tukɯti ŋu
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-middle IPFV-GENR:S/O-walk NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK INDEF.POSS-crops exist:FACT LNK LNK DEM GEN IPFV-OBL:PCP-walk 3SG.POSS-material 3SG.POSS-path specially 3SG.POSS-special IPFV-INV-make be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK DEM path DEM summer.path IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: One cannot walk in the middle of the fields, because there are crops. To walk into it, one specially makes a path, and that path is call `summer path'.' (definition, 15-06-05)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri nɯnɯ [ɯkɯsɯmpʰɯl] nɯ li ɯzrɤm ɲɯɕti ma ɯrɣi ɲɯmaʁ .
Glosses: but DEM 3SG-SBJ:PCP-CAUS-reproduce DEM again 3SG.POSS-root SEVE-be.AFF LNK 3SG.POSS-seed SEVE-not.be
Translation: What it reproduces with is its root, not its seeds.' (11-paRzwamWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo ɯχti ɲɤme tɕe , ɲɯsɤzdɯxpa tɕe ɯsɤzrɤkrɤz ri maŋe , ɯkɯqur ri maŋe
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-companion IFR-not.exist LNK SENS-be.pitiful LNK 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-discuss also not.exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-help also not.exist:SENS
Translation: Her husband passed away, poor her, she has nobody to talk with, and nobody to help her.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme [asɤɤmɯmi] nɯ lɤβzaŋ ɲɯrmi .
Glosses: person 1SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.on.good.terms DEM ANTHR SENS-be.called
Translation: The person I am on good terms with is Lobzang.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [“aʁi" sɤti] dɤn ma aʑo ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , aʁi , [tɕimu tɕiwa kɯnaχtɕɯɣ] aʁi , nɯnɯra nɯɕki tɕe “aʁi" tutia , awɤmɯ ɯrɟit tɕe “aʁi" tutia .
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling OBL:PCP-say be.many:FACT LNK 1SG GEN FILLER 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling 1DU.POSS-mother 1DU.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.the.same 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG 1SG.POSS-brother 3SG.POSS-children LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG
Translation: There are many [people] to whom one says `my younger sibling'; those of my “younger siblings” whose parents I share, I say `my younger sibling' to them, and I (also) say `my younger sibling' to my brothers' children.' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [azrɤtʰu] nɯ tsʰɯndzɯn <laoshi> ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBL:PCP DEM ANTHR teacher be:FACT
Translation: The [person] I ask is teacher Tshendzin. (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯsɤpʰɯt] nɯ , ɯsŋi nɯ amɤpɯpe tɕe tɕe li tukɯɕɯngo ɲɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-cut DEM 3SG.POSS-day DEM IRR-NEG-IPFV-be.good LNK LNK again IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-be.sick SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: If the day when [the tree] is cut is not auspicious, it makes people sick.' (24-kWqar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤjmɤɣ ɯsɤdɤn] ʑo ɲɯŋu , tʰamtʰam .
Glosses: mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many EMPH SENS-be now
Translation: Now is a [period] when mushrooms are abundant.' (conversation, 16-08-11)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[slɤzɯn tu] cʰo] [ʁmbɣɯzɯn tu] ɯsŋi nɯnɯ , skɤrma mɤsna ra tutinɯ ŋu
Glosses: lunar.eclipse exist:FACT COMIT solar.eclipse exist:FACT 3SG.POSS-day DEM time NEG-be.good:FACT PL IPFV-say-PL be:FACT
Translation: They said that the day of a lunar or a solar eclipse is not auspicious.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [iʑora <maozhuxi> nɯme] ɯxpa nɯnɯ , skɤrtɕin maŋe tutinɯ pɯŋgrɤl .
Glosses: 1PL chairman.Mao AOR-not.exist 3SG.POSS-year DEM Venus not.exist IPFV-say-PL PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: They say that the year when our Chairman Mao passed away, Venus did not appear.' (29-LAntshAm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯmtɕʰi kɯdɤn] nɯra
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-mouth SBJ:PCP-be.many DEM:PL
Translation: Those who talk too much' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɯ zɯ [qapri ci ɯkɤχcɤl ɯʁrɯ kɯtu] ci ɣɤʑu tɕe
Glosses: east LOC snake INDEF 3SG.POSS-top.of.head 3SG.POSS-horn SBJ:PCP-exist INDEF exist:SENS LNK
Translation: In the east, there is a snake with a horn on his head.' (2005, divinitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯcu kɯtu] rɟɤɣi pjɤɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-additive SBJ:PCP-exist tsampa IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: It was tsampa mixed with broad beans.' (i.e. poor quality tsampa) (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯmi kɯzɯ~zri ʑo] [rkaŋraŋ kɯrmi] ci pɯtu ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leg SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.long EMPH ANTHR SBJ:PCP-be.called INDEF PST.IPFV-exist SENS-be
Translation: There was someone called Rkangring who had long legs.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [aχti kɯtu] ɲɯŋua
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-companion SBJ:PCP-exist SENS-be-1SG
Translation: I am someone with a husband.' (i.e. whose husband is still alive, unlike hers) (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo nɤmu nɤwa kɯtsʰoz] ŋu/tɯŋu
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-mother 2SG.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.complete be:FACT/2-be:FACT
Translation: You are someone both of whose parents are still alive.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕimu tɕiwa kɯnaχtɕɯɣ]
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-mother 1DU.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.the.same
Translation: Those whose parents are the same as mine.' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕimɲitɕʰɤz ra ɲɯnaχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-temper PL SENS-be.the.same
Translation: We have the same temperament = She has the same temperament as I.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [maka tɕekɯ kukɯru tɕe tɕendi smar [[ɯβzɯr tɕʰi kɯfse ŋu] kɯfse] mɤkɯsɤmto ʑo] scʰiz nɯazɣɯt ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: at.all east IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-look LNK west river 3SG.POSS-side what SBJ:PCP-be.like be:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like NEG-SBJ:PCP-PROP-see EMPH APPROX.LOC AOR:WEST-reach SENS-be
Translation: He arrived at a river where if one looked from one bank to the other, what was on the other side was not at all visible.' (Divination 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯpɕi kɯrɤʑi] [ɯkɯχsu kɯme] lɯlu ɣɤʑu tɕe nɯnɯ kupa kɯ <yemao> tuti ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-outside SBJ:PCP-stay 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-feed NMZL:S/A-not.exist cat exist:SENS LNK DEM Chinese ERG wild.cat IPFV-say be:FACT
Translation: There are cats that live outside, that nobody feeds, Chinese people call them wild cats.' (21-lWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯnɤ [[tɯɣjɤn cinɤ ʑo tɤkɯmbri] kɯme], nɯ toɣɤscɤscɤt ʑo tombri ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: bird DEM also one-time even.one EMPH AOR-SBJ:PCP-make.noise SBJ:PCP-not.exist DEM IFR-do.quickly EMPH IFR-make.noise SENS-be
Translation: Even the bird, which had not even sung once [since it had come to the palace], immediately started singing.' (2012 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa [pɣɤtɕɯ ɯsroʁ kɤkɤri] nɯ totɕɤt tɕe
Glosses: the.aforementioned bird 3SG.POSS-life AOR-OBJ:PCP-save DEM IFR-take.out LNK
Translation: He took out (from his bag) the bird whose life he had saved.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [qro tafsraŋ] nɯnɯ , [ɯkʰo mɯtʰasɯpʰɯt] nɯnɯra ɣɯ nɯrɟɤlpu (nɯ) kɯ , qro rcanɯ , stoŋtsu kɯmŋu ʑo joɣɯt .
Glosses: ant AOR:3→3-protect DEM 3SG.POSS-hive NEG-AOR:3→3-CAUS-take.off DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-king DEM ERG ant UNEXP:DEG thousand five EMPH IFR-bring
Translation: The queen (king) of the ants that he had saved, whose anthill he had saved from destruction (by his brothers), brought five thousand ants.' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe jisŋi [[tɯtʰe] kɯra] ɯ́tu ?
Glosses: LNK today 2-ask[III]:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.needed QU-exist:FACT
Translation: Is there anything you need to ask today?' (conversation 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤnɯtsɯ kɯra] ra kɯnɤ tukɯnɯti] nɯnɯra tɕaɣi tusɤrminɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: [[[INF-hide] SBJ:PCP-be.needed] PL also IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-say DEM:PL parrot IPFV-call-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: People call `parrots' those who tell [everything], including things that should [remain] hidden.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤrɤku tukɯnɯndza], [[tɯrme ntsɯ tɯnɤjonɯ] mɤkɯra], [koŋla tɯrme kɯpɯ~pe ʑo] anɯtɯɤβzunɯ smɯlɤm
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-crop IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-eat people always 2-wait:FACT-PL NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.needed really people SBJ:PCP-emph~be.good EMPH IRR-PFV-2-become-PL prayer
Translation: May you become nice people who eat crops and do not need to wait (i.e. ambush) for humans (to eat them).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɕea] kɯra] nɯ alo ŋu
Glosses: go:FACT-1SG SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM upstream be:FACT
Translation: [The place] where I have to go is upstream.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[aʑosɯso ɲɯnɯpea] kɯkʰɯ] nɯtɕu nɯɕea ŋu
Glosses: 1SG-as.wish IPFV-AUTO-do[III]-1SG SBJ:PCP-be.possible DEM:LOC VERT-go:FACT-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I am going back to a place where I can do as I like.' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [si [wuma tumbro] mɤkɯcʰa] ci ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: tree really IPFV-be.high NEG-SBJ:PCP-can INDEF be:FACT LNK
Translation: It is a tree that cannot grow very high.' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[qaliaʁ kɯ , nɤkinɯ , nɯɕimɯma kɯsɯsu cʰɯnɯtsɯm] ɯmɤkɤcʰa] nɯnɯra
Glosses: eagle ERG FILLER immediately SBJ:PCP-be.alive IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-take.away 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-can DEM:PL
Translation: Those (the animals) that the eagle is not able to carry away while they are still alive.' (150819 RarphAB)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣa [[kɤrɯɕmi] ɯkɯspa] ci
Glosses: bird INF-speak 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.able INDEF
Translation: A bird that is able to speak' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤɕe] pɯkɯrɲo pjɤdɤnnɯ ri
Glosses: INF-go AOR-SBJ:PCP-experience IFR.IPFV-be.many-PL LNK
Translation: Many people have gone there (those who have gone there were many).' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo [kɤmto] pɯrɲota] tɕʰemɤpɯ ci tu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG INF-see AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG girl INDEF exist:FACT LNK
Translation: There is a girl whom I saw before and….' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ʁmɤrɲɯɣ kɯ kɤmtsɯɣ] pɯkɤrɲo] tɯrme nɯ
Glosses: mosquito ERG INF-bite AOR-OBJ:PCP-experience person DEM
Translation: Someone who has been stung by mosquitoes before' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[smɤnkʰaŋ kɯɕe] kɯra] ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: hospital SBJ:PCP-go SBJ:PCP-be.needed exist:sens
Translation: There are people [with nosebleed] who have to go to the hospital.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[kɯki ɯkukɯndɯn] kɯcʰa] ci ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-read SBJ:PCP-can INDEF be:FACT
Translation: She is someone who can read this.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [wuma ʑo [pɯkɯɴɢlɯt] kɯtʰɯ] nɯra qʰe ndɤre , tɕʰaχɕaŋ tute qʰe tɕe tuxtɕɤr ŋu .
Glosses: really EMPH AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:break SBJ:PCP-be.serious DEM:PL LNK LNK splinter IPFV-put[III] LNK LNK IPFV-attach be:FACT
Translation: As for the fractures that are serious, he puts a splinter on them and attaches it.' (140426 laxthab)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [stu kɯmɤku jɤkɯɣe] nɯ rɟɤlpu pjɤŋu .
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.before AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM king IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The one who came first was the king.' (140514 xizajiang he lifashi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɤndza nɯnɯ nɯ tɕe , tɯci ɯŋgɯ qajɯ nɯra ɲɯŋu rca ma
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat DEM DEM LNK INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-inside bugs DEM:PL SENS-be SFP LNK
Translation: What [the otter] eats is aquatic animals, probably.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo akɤnɯrga] nɯ nɤʑo tɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-APPL-like DEM 2SG 2-be:FACT LNK
Translation: The one whom I love is you.' (160708 riquet5)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯxtɤpa tukɯrqoʁ] nɯ pɤɕtʰɤβ ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-belly IPFV-SBJ:PCP-hug DEM belly.band be:FACT
Translation: [The thing that] is attached around (`hugs') its belly is the belly band.' (30-tAsno)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma [ɯsɤdɤn] nɯ tɕetu rɯŋgu ŋu .
Glosses: LNK 2SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many DEM up.there pasture be:FACT
Translation: The [place] where they are [most] numerous is up there on the pastures. (17-xCAj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tutɯmtsʰi] nɯnɯ , mbalɤpɯ ɲɯmaʁ
Glosses: IPFV-2-lead DEM ox-DIM SENS-not.be
Translation: What you are leading is not a calf, (but rather….)' (140512 fushang he yaomo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɤɣɤwu matɕi tɕendɤre nɯ [stu ʑo ɯkɤnɯzdɯɣ] nɯ pjɤɕti tɕe
Glosses: IFR-cry because LNK DEM most EMPH 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-worry DEM IFR.IPFV-be.ADD LNK
Translation: He cried because it was what he was most worried about.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [mɤkɯnaχtɕɯɣ] tɕe , [ɯndzrɯ ɣɤʑu].
Glosses: but NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.similar LNK 3SG.POSS-claw exist:SENS
Translation: What is different [between the footprints of the bear and those of a small child] is that [the former] has claws.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[nɤkɤtʰu] tɕʰi kɯtu] tɤtʰe jɤɣo
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-ask what SBJ:PCP-exist IMP-ask[III] be.possible:FACT-SFP
Translation: Ask any/whatever question you [may] have.' (conversation, 17-09-06)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: azda ra kɯ~kɯtu ʑo atɤbɯɣnɯ smɯlɤm
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-companion PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist EMPH IRR-PFV-miss.home-PL prayer
Translation: May all of my companions miss home!' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora kɯ~kɯtu ʑo lɤnɯjɣɤtnɯ
Glosses: 2PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist EMPH IMP:UPSTREAM-VERT-turn.back
Translation: Turn back and go to your homes.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a<dianhua> ɯkɯlɤt] ɣɤʑu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-phone 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-release exist:SENS
Translation: There is someone calling me on the phone!' (conversation, 22-08-2018)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɯŋgɯ si ɯmat apɯdɤn tɕe , nɯ ɯxpa nɯ ɲɯrkɯn ma kʰro kɤmto mɯ́jɣi ma [ɯkɤndza] ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: forest tree 3SG.POSS-fruit IRR-IPFV-be.many LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-year DEM SENS-be.few LNK much OBJ:PCP-see NEG:SENS-come LNK 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat exist:SENS
Translation: In years when there are many fruits on the trees in the forest, there are fewer Garrulax sp. (ʁmɯrcɯ) because they do not come [where they can be] seen, as they have things to eat (in the forest).' (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa [tɯrme kɯngo] ɣɤʑu tɕe , ɯkɯrtoʁ jɤaria wo !
Glosses: just.before person SBJ:PCP-be.ill exist:SENS LNK 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see AOR-go[II]-1SG SFP
Translation: There is someone who is sick, I went to see him/her.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɟy cʰo qajɯ ɯŋgɯz kɯnɤ , [ɯkɤndza] ɣɤʑu , [ɯmɤkɤndza] ɣɤʑu . [ɯkɤnɤmɯm], [ɯmɤkɤnɤmɯm] ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: fish COMIT bugs 3SG.POSS-inside:LOC also 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-eat exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-TROP-be.tasty 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-TROP-be.tasty exist:SENS
Translation: Among fishes and other marine animals, there are some that [whales]_i eat and some that they_i don't eat, some that they_i find tasty and some that they_i don't find tasty.' (160703 jingyu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɯnɯɣmu me
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-APPL-be.afraid not.exist:FACT
Translation: Nobody is afraid of you!' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [nɯra [ɯɕɯkɯpʰɯt] ra kɯtu] me ma
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-TRAL-SBJ:PCP-take.off PL SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT LNK
Translation: But nobody goes and picks [wild strawberries].' (because nobody likes to eat them) (11-paRzwamWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ ʁnɯz ni kɯ nɯnɯ nɤki , [mbrɯtɕɯ latɕɤt] nɯ pamtondʑi tɕe , wuma ʑo ɲɤmundʑi .
Glosses: wolf two DU ERG DEM FILLER knife AOR:3→3-take.out DEM AOR:3→3-see-DU LNK really EMPH IFR-be.afraid-DU
Translation: The two wolves, seeing that he had unsheathed his knife (or: seeing the knife that he had unsheathed), were very afraid. (150902 liaozhai lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯxtɕi nɯ kɯ nɯra [tɯ~tɤamɯtindʑi] nɯ pjɤmtsʰɤm .
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM ERG DEM:PL tOTAL~AOR-RECIP-say-DU DEM IFR-hear
Translation: The youngest [boy] heard all the things that they had said to each other.' (160630 poucet1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo si tɤmda kóʁmɯz nɤ nɯ [mɯpjɤpe] nɯ kotso ri ɲɤmaqʰu ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK 3SG die:FACT AOR-be.the.time only.then ADD DEM NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.good DEM IFR-understand LNK IFR-be.late SENS-be
Translation: Just before dying, he understood that [what he had done] was not good, but it was too late.' (aesop nongfu yu she-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ [tuɣɤwu] nɯ ɯmtsʰɤm pɯrɲota ma
Glosses: DEM IPFV-cry DEM 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:hear AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯra [pɯ~pɯkɯfse] nɯra , [<yazi> tɤkɤmɯrkɯ , tɤkɤndza], qʰe ɕɤr tɕe [ɯβri tɤkɯrɤʑa] qʰe , [ɯβri tɕe iɕqʰa , <yazi> ɣɯ ɯmuj nɯkɯɬoʁ], nɯra pjɤfɕɤt .
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL TOTAL~PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL duck AOR-OBJ:PCP-steal AOR-OBJ:PCP-eat LNK evening LOC 3SG.POSS-body AOR-SBJ:PCP-itch LNK 3SG.POSS-body LOC the.aforementioned duck GEN 3SG.POSS-feather AOR-SBJ:PCP-come.out DEM:PL IFR-tell
Translation: He told [the old man] everything that had happened, about the duck that he had stolen and eaten, and his body itching, and the duck feathers that had grown on it.' (150904 maya-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯngo] toʑɣɤpa tɕe
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.sick IFR-pretend LNK
Translation: She pretended to be sick.' (Nyima Wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɕpa tonɯɕpɯz , qaɕpa ɯrqʰu toŋga ,
Glosses: frog IFR-pretend frog 3SG.POSS-skin IFR-wear
Translation: He dressed up as a frog, he wore a frog's skin.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤpɤtso kɯɣɤwu] ʑo kɤnɯɕpɯz mɤspea ma nɯ mɯma spea
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-cry EMPH INF-imitate NEG-be.able[III]:FACT-1SG LNK DEM apart.from be.able[III]:FACT-1SG
Translation: I cannot imitate a child crying, but apart from that I can imitate [anything].' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [ɯmi kɯmŋɤm] tonɯɕpɯz
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-leg SBJ:PCP-hurt IFR-pretend
Translation: He pretended to feel pain in his leg.' (140426 lang yisheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [sŋaʁspa kɯ tɯ~tatɯt] nɯ tostu
Glosses: LNK sorcerer ERG TOTAL~AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM IFR-do.like
Translation: He did it everything the way that the sorcerer had said.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[“nɯ atɤfse ɲɯra"] tɤtɯtɯt] nɯ tɤstuta ŋu
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV-be.like SENS-be.needed AOR-2-say[II] DEM AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I did it [the way that] you said should be done.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `[[`tɯrme nɯ konɯrŋu”] kɤti] mɯpɯmtsʰama
Glosses: person DEM IFR-have.pig.disease SBJ:PCP-say NEG-AOR-hear-1SG
Translation: I have never heard of people getting the pig disease.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤɕime nɯ kɯ nɯra kɤstu] pjɤcʰa
Glosses: princess DEM ERG DEM:PL INF-do.like.this IFR-can
Translation: The princess succeeded in doing it.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯmat nɯ kɤndza] sna , [tɯrme kɤndza] sna
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM INF-eat be.good:FACT people INF-eat be.good:FACT
Translation: Its fruit is nice to eat, it is nice for people to eat.' (09-stoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯnɯ tɯrme kɯ kɤndza] sna
Glosses: DEM people ERG INF-eat be.good:FACT
Translation: It is nice for people to eat.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku tɕe [kɤnɯrɤɣo] wuma ʑo rganɯ tɕe
Glosses: some LNK INF-sing really EMPH like:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: Some people like to sing.' (26-kWrNukWGndZWr) (S=S)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [qajɯ nɯra kɤnɤrtoχpjɤt] pɯrgaa tɕe
Glosses: 1SG bugs DEM:PL INF-observe PST.IPFV-like-1SG LNK
Translation: I liked to observe bugs.' (26-quspunmbro) (A=S)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka [tukɤnɤjoʁjoʁ], [tukɤfstɤt] nɯ ɲɯrganɯ
Glosses: at.all IPFV-INF-flatter IPFV-INF-praise DEM IPFV-like-PL
Translation: They like to be flattered or praised.' (140427 yuanhou-zh) (P=S)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤjkʰu pjɯsi ɕɯŋgɯ ʑo [ɯɕa ɯndza] tuʑanɯ ɕti
Glosses: still IPFV-die before EMPH 3SG.POSS-flesh 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:eat IPFV-start-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [The lions] start eating its flesh before it dies (i.e. while it is still alive).' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo aku (amɤtsa), tɯmŋɤm] taʑa
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-head 1SG.POSS-MZCh INF:II-hurt AOR:3→3-start
Translation: My head_i, cousin, when it_i starts hurting…' (TaRrdo 2003 conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɯntoʁ nɯ pɯŋgra tɕe [ɯŋgɯ ɯmat tɯβzu] naʑa ri tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower DEM AOR-ACAUS:cause.to.fall LNK 3SG.POSS-inside 3SG.POSS-fruit INF:II-make AOR:3→3-start LOC LNK
Translation: When its flower has fallen, and its fruit has started growing inside…' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ kɤnɤkʰu] pɯrɲota
Glosses: 3SG ERG INF-invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have been to his house as a guest.' (= `He invited me to come to his house as a guest and I came.') (P=A)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɤnɤkʰu] pɯrɲota
Glosses: 3SG INF-invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: He has been to my house as a guest.' (= `I have invited him to come to my house as a guest and he came.') (A=A)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [anɤkʰu] parɲo
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-BARE.INF:invite AOR:3→3-experience
Translation: I have been to his house as a guest.' (= `He invited me to come to his house as a guest and I came.')
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo ɯnɤkʰu] pɯrɲota
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: He has been to my house as a guest.' (= `I invited him to come to my house as a guest and he came.')
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯra ɯti] tojɤɣ tɕe
Glosses: DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say IFR-finish LNK
Translation: After saying that, (they went to the park)' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo aŋga ra tunɯŋgea , jɤɣɤt junɯɕea] ra tɤcʰaa
Glosses: 1SG 1SG-clothes PL IPFV-AUTO-wear[III]-1SG toilet IPFV-AUTO-go-1SG PL AOR-can-1SG
Translation: I am able now to get dressed by myself and use the bathroom by myself (again, after an accident).' (conversation, 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndɤre [kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi amɤpɯ́wɣnɯɕlɯɣ] ɲɯra ma rca nɯ ɲɯndoʁ qʰe ɕlaʁ ʑo pjɯɴɢrɯ ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: LNK INF:STAT~be.small IRR-NEG-PFV:DOWN-INV-AUTO-drop SENS-be.needed because UNEXP:DEG DEM SENS-be.brittle LNK at.once EMPH IPFV-ACAUS:break SENS-be:AFF
Translation: However, one should not let it drop at all, otherwise, as it is very brittle, it would break at once.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯxtɕɯxtɕi tɤnɤŋkɯŋkea] tɤcʰaa .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small AOR-walk.around-1SG AOR-can-1SG
Translation: I am now able to walk around a little bit (again, after an accident).' (conversation, 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯnɯ akɤɣɯt] apɯcʰa tɕe nɯnɯ pʰɤn
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV:EAST-bring IRR-PFV-can LNK DEM be.efficient:FACT
Translation: If he succeeds in bringing him here, it will be efficient [to cure my disease].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤɕqʰe smɤn kutɯndze] ɯkúra ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-cough medicine PRS-2-eat[III] QU-PRS-be.needed
Translation: Do you have to take medicine for your cough (now)?' (conversation 2019-08-16)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [<weixin> tulata] nɯra mɯ́jspea .
Glosses: Wechat IPFV-release-1SG DEM:PL NEG:SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I am not able to use Wechat.' (conversation, 17-03-27)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ kunɯtaj] wuma ʑo rgaj
Glosses: DEM IPFV-AUTO-put-1PL really EMPH like:FACT-1SG
Translation: We like to put it (in the tea kettle to make tea).' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɯ tukɯnɤjoʁjoʁa] nɯra rgaa
Glosses: 2SG ERG IPFV-2→1-flatter-1SG DEM:PL like:FACT-1SG
Translation: I like it when you flatter me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo mɤlɤn ʑo pjɯtɯsi] ntsʰi
Glosses: 2SG absolutely EMPH IPFV-2-die be.better:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajdo nɯ kɯ [tɯci kotsʰi] pjɤcʰa .
Glosses: crow DEM ERG INDEF.POSS-water IFR-drink IFR-can
Translation: The crow succeeded in drinking water.' (aesop kouke de wuya-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [“ɣa" nɤ “ɣa" nɯ totinɯ] pjɤra .
Glosses: yes ADD yes DEM IFR-say-PL IFR.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: They had no other choice but to say `yes'.' (140518 jinyin chengbao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [jɯxɕo tɕʰi tɤtɯnɤmat tɤtɯʑat] ʑo nɯ , ɕɤr mɤɕtʂa ɯʑo tɤnɤme ra
Glosses: this.morning what AOR-2-do-PST:TR AOR-2-start-PST:TR EMPH DEM night until 3SG IMP-do[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: That which you have started doing this morning, do it until night.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma jumtsaʁ ʁɟa ʑo ma nɯ ma [[ɯmi pjɯsɯɤtse] [tuŋke]] mɯ́jcʰa
Glosses: LNK IPFV-jump completely EMPH LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-foot IPFV-CAUS-be.inserted[III] IPFV-walk NEG:SENS-can
Translation: It only jumps, as it is not able to walk with its feet (by taking steps).' (28-qaCpa2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤnɯrtsɯ] [kɤŋke] ra tɤcʰa
Glosses: INF-crawl INF-walk PL AOR-can
Translation: When [the baby] is able to crawl and walk, …' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[kɤndza] kɤɣɤndɯβ] mɯ́jkʰɯ tɕe lúwɣsɯqioʁ ɲɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: INF-chew INF-CAUS-be.minute NEG:SENS-be.possible LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-vomit SENS-be LNK
Translation: [Dogs]_i cannot chew [pɤŋɤxɕaj]_j (a type of grass) into fine parts, and it_j makes them vomit.' (140505 panaxCAj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɯngra pe] [mɤpe]] nɯ , [[kɤnɤma pe] [mɤpe]] arɤtɕʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-salary good:FACT NEG-be.good:FACT DEM INF-work good:FACT NEG-be.good:FACT be.determined.from:FACT
Translation: Whether his salary is good or not is determined by/depends on whether his work is good or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɯspa rtaʁ] [mɤrtaʁ]] tɤzrɤtɕʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-material be.enough:FACT NEG-be.enough:FACT IMP-CAUS-be.determined.from[III]
Translation: Determine [the quantity of clothes that you are going to make] based on whether the [quantity of] cloth is sufficient.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “ja , tʰɯnɯmbjɯmnɯ je" toti .
Glosses: INTERJ IMP-warm.by.fire-PL SFP IFR-say
Translation: She said: `Come, get warm by the fire!' (160703 poucet3-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ “nɯ mɤnɤtsa loβ" toti , kʰro mɯtokʰɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG DEM NEG-be.appropriate:FACT SFP IFR-say much NEG-IFR-agree
Translation: The boy said `This is inappropriate' and did not agree [to marry her]. (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma nɤwa kɯ [nɤʑo nɯɣi] kɤsɯso kɯ kʰa ɯrkɯ tɕe ʁmaʁ χsɯtɤxɯr pasɯlɤt ɕti tɕe
Glosses: LNK 2SG.POSS-father ERG 2SG come.back:FACT INF-think ERG house 3SG.POSS-side LNK soldier three-circle ARO:3→3-CAUS-release be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Direct: `Your father, thinking `He is coming back', put three rings of soldiers around the house.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ kɯ “ɯtɕɯ nɯ anɯɤtɯɣa" ɲɤsɯso ɕti
Glosses: old.man DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-son DEM IRR-PFV-meet-1SG IFR-think be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Direct: `The old man thought “I wish I could meet my son".
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre taʁi nɯ kɯ [ɯpi ɣɯ ɯsci tunɤmea ra] ɲɤsɯso tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-younger.sibling DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 3SG.POSS-revenge IPFV-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT IFR-think LNK
Translation: Direct: `The [younger] sister thought “I have to get revenge on my brother".
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɕɯ nɯ anɯɤtɯɣa (ra)
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son DEM IRR-PFV-meet-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I wish I could meet my son.' (elicitation based on ex:WtCW.anAtWGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: api ɣɯ ɯsci tunɤmea ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 3SG.POSS-revenge IPFV-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to get revenge on my brother.' (elicitation based on ex:tunAmea)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕime nɯ kɯ pjɯtɯmtsʰɤm tɕe , [nɯnɯ ɯkɯmtɕʰɯ nɯ juɣɯta ŋu] ɯkɯti pjɤtu ndɤre ,
Glosses: girl DEM ERG IPFV-CONV:IMM-hear LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-toy DEM IPFV-bring-1SG be:FACT 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: Direct: `As soon as the girl heard that there was someone saying “I will bring your toy".
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “ɯʑo χsɯsŋi χsɤrʑaʁ ma mɯpɯrɤʑia" ɲɯnɯsɯsɤm pjɤŋu
Glosses: 3SG three-day three-night apart.from NEG-PST.IPFV-stay-1SG IPFV-AUTO-think[III] PST.IPFV-be
Translation: Direct: `He was thinking “I have only stayed for three days and three nights".
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atʂɯnlɤn ɲɯnɯfsɯɣa ɯɲɯtɯsɯsɤm nɤ , nɯ tɤste ti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-favour IPFV-AUTO-pay.back-1SG Q-IPFV-2-think[III] LNK DEM IMP-do.this.way[III] say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: Direct: `If you think “I will return the favour (which I received from you)", do like that.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi tutɯste ŋu , [kɤsɤfstɯn]
Glosses: what IPFV-2-do.like[III] be:FACT INF-APASS-serve
Translation: How do you treat people?' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɤɕɯnŋo] aʑo mɯɲɯcʰaa
Glosses: 2SG INF-CAUS-be.defeated 1SG NEG-IPFV-can-1SG
Translation: I cannot defeat you anymore.' (140513 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [lɯlu kɯ aʑo ʁnɯz ʑo kando] pɯmtota
Glosses: cat ERG 1SG two EMPH AOR:3→3-take AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I saw a cat catching two of them.' (22-kumpGatCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsapaʁ ra [kɤndza] wuma rganɯ
Glosses: animals PL INF-eat very like:FACT-PL
Translation: Farm animals like to eat it.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [paʁ ra kɯ kɤndza] wuma ʑo rganɯ
Glosses: pig PL ERG INF-eat very EMPH like:FACT-PL
Translation: Pigs like to eat it.' (12 ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [<xinbada> nɯ tɕe li tɯŋke] toʑa
Glosses: Sinbad DEM LNK again INF-walk IFR-begin
Translation: Sinbad started to walk again.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ [nɯɕimɯma ʑo tɯnɯrɤɣo] cʰɤʑa
Glosses: bird DEM ERG immediately EMPH INF-sing IFR-begin
Translation: The bird immediately started to sing.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [mɤkɤɕe] nɯ mɤkʰɯ ri
Glosses: NEG-INF-go DEM NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK
Translation: [I] have no choice but to go.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa nɯ jurɤtɣe kɯfse qʰe , tuŋke ma nɯ ma [ɲɯnɯqambɯmbjom] ra mɯ́jspe
Glosses: ground DEM IPFV-measure.by.span INF:STAT-be.like LNK IPFV-walk LNK DEM apart.from IPFV-fly PL NEG:SENS-be.able[III]
Translation: The [inchworm] moves as if it were measuring the ground span by span, it is not able fly.' (26-qambalWla)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra [tɕʰeme jɤɣɯta] ra mɯtoti .
Glosses: DEM.PL girl AOR-bring-1SG PL NEG-IFR-say
Translation: He did not say that he had brought a girl home (and the related events).' (150909 hua pi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɣɤtɕɯ ra tɯmbri] ra taʑanɯ pɯtsu
Glosses: bird PL INF:II-cry PL AOR:3→3-start-PL PST.IPFV-have.time.to
Translation: [The solar eclipse] lasted long enough for the birds to start singing (as if night had come).' (29-RmGWzWn)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤnɯβlɯ] kɯnɤ mɤsna
Glosses: INF-AUTO-burn also NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: It is not even good for burning (as firewood).' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤmtsʰɤm] ma nɯ ma mɯpɯrɲota
Glosses: INF-hear LNK DEM apart.from NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I only heard about it.' (I did not see it and do not even claim that it exists, of a mythological animal) (20-RmbroN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmna toʑa tɕe
Glosses: INF:II-be.better IFR:UP-start LNK
Translation: He started getting better.' (150907 yingning-zh)