lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `manɯtɯɣɤwundʑi tɕe aʑo tuɕea tɕe atu ɕtutʰea tɕe , ndʑipa ndʑima ni ɯɲɯnɯjʁondʑi kɯ' ɯtɕʰa pjɯɣɯta
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-cry-DU LNK 1SG IPFV:UP-go-1SG LNK up TRAL-IPFV-ask[III]-1SG LNK 2DU.POSS-father 2DU.POSS-mother DU QU-IPFV-scold-DU QU 3SG.POSS-information IPFV:DOWN-bring-1SG
Translation: Don't cry, I will go up there, ask whether your parents will scold you and come back to tell you.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤmu ɣɯ tʰɯci turkea tɕe jutɯtsɯm tɕe nɯnɯ nɤmu ɣɯ ɯskɯrma jusɯɣɯta ŋu nɤmu kɯ atɤrke tɕe , ajɤtɯɣɯt tɕe , tɕe nɯnɯ li askɯrma jɤkɤsɯɣɯt ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother GEN something IPFV-put.in[III]-1SG LNK IPFV-2-take.away LNK DEM 2SG.POSS-mother GEN 3SG.POSS-present IPFV-CAUS-bring-1SG be:FACT 2SG.POSS-mother ERG IRR-PFV-put.in[III] LNK IRR-PFV-2-bring LNK LNK DEM again 1SG.POSS-present AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-bring be:FACT
Translation: When I prepare something for your mother and you take it to her, [I can say] `I sent a present to you mother', if your mother prepares something and you bring it [to me], it is `a present sent to me.” (def-skWrma)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɲɯ́wɣpʰɯt tɕe túwɣndza ŋgrɤl ri , wuma ʑo tɯmtɕʰi cʰo tɯɕɣa ra ɲɯsɯɣɲaʁ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-INV-take.out LNK IPFV-INV-eat be.usually.the.case:FACT but really EMPH GENR.POSS-mouth COMIT GENR.POSS-tooth PL IPFV-CAUS-be.black be:FACT
Translation: One can pluck it and eat it, but it causes one's mouth and teeth to become black.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo kuzo qʰe ɯqe kulɤt qʰe wuma ʑo tɯkʰa cʰo tɯlaχtɕʰa ra sɯɴqʰi .
Glosses: LNK everywhere EMPH IPFV-land LNK 3SG.POSS-feces IPFV-throw LNK really EMPH GENR.POSS-house COMIT GENR.POSS-thing PL CAUS-be.dirty:FACT
Translation: (Flies) land everywhere, shit and make one's houses and things dirty.' (25 akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɯfse tɕe tɯʑo tɯrɟit kɯnɤ ʑa mɤsci tutinɯ
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK GENR GENR.POSS-child also early NEG-FACT:be.born IPFV-say-PL
Translation: People say that in this way, one's child will be born late.' (27 qartshaz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrpɯ ɯrɟit ɯɕki tɕe tɕe “arpɯ aɬaʁ" tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-MB 3SG.POSS-offspring 3SG-DAT LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: One has to say `my maternal uncle, my maternal aunt to one's maternal uncle's sons and daughters.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɤrpɯ ɯrɟit apɯtɯŋu , tɕe tɕe aʑo kɯ `arpɯ' tutia kɯra .
Glosses: 2SG INDEF.POSS-uncle 3SG.POSS-offspring IRR-IPFV-2-be LNK LNK 1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-uncle IPFV-say-1SG SBJ:PCP-be.needed
Translation: If you are the maternal uncle's son, (and I am the nephew) I have to address [you] as `my uncle'.' (140425 kWmdza)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑo sɤz kɯmna , kɯɤʑɯχtso ra apɯŋu nɤ , tɯʑo tɯmtɕʰi maŋtaʁ nɯtɕu ɲɯɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: GENR COMP SBJ:PCP-be.better SBJ:PCP-be.clean PL IRR-IPFV-be LNK GENR GENR.POSS-mouth upper.side DEM:PL IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: If [one gets this disease after using the bowl of] someone who is cleaner than oneself, the [pimple] will appear on one's upper lip.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ɣɯ tɯɕa ɯmdoʁ tsa asɯndo kɯfse
Glosses: people GEN GENR.POSS-flesh 3SG.POSS-colour a.little PROG-take:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: It has a little the colour of human flesh.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma tɯɕki wuma ʑo ʑɣɤsɯɤrmbat tɕe núndʐa kʰe tutinɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK GENR-DAT really EMPH REFL-CAUS-be.near:FACT LNK for.this.reason stupid:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: It comes near humans a lot, so people call it `stupid'.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɤr tɤsno tʰanɯta ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: gold INDEF.POSS-saddle AOR:3→3-put SENS-be
Translation: He harnessed the golden saddle (on the horse).' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: arte , aχsɤr tɤrte ra kɯnɤ nɤʑɯɣ ɲɯkʰama jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-hat 1SG.POSS-gold INDEF.POSS-hat PL also 2SG:GEN IPFV-give[III]-1SG be.possible:FACT
Translation: I will even give you my hat, my golden hat.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤχsɤr kʰɯtsa nɯra kukɯsɯntɕʰoza
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-gold bowl DEM:PL IPFV-2→1-CAUS-use-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ akɯmtɕʰɯ , χsɤr akɯmtɕʰɯ nɯnɯ kɤɣɯt apɯtɯcʰa qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM 1SG.POSS-toy gold 1SG.POSS-toy DEM INF-bring IRR-IPFV-2-can LNK
Translation: If you can bring my toy, my golden toy back…' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmaʁ nɤslama ci tutɯndɤm jutɯɣɯt ɯ́ŋu
Glosses: other 2SG.POSS-student INDEF IPFV-2-take[III] IPFV-2-bring QU-be:FACT
Translation: So you are bringing other students of yours?' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora jipʰe kɤmɲɯ nɯtɕu <xiaoxue> <yinianji> <ernianji> pɯndɯna .
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-DAT TOPO DEM:LOC primary.school first.grade second.grade AOR-read-1SG
Translation: I studied the first and second grade of primary school at our place in Kamnyu.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu tɕe iʑora jikɯrɯlɤsɤr ŋu
Glosses: DEM:LOC LNK 1PL 1PL.POSS-Tibetan-new.year be:FACT
Translation: At that time, it is our Tibetan new year.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo jikɤmɲɯskɤt nɯnɯ <quanshijie> ʑo jutɯsɯɤzɣɯt ŋu
Glosses: 2SG 1PL.POSS-pl.n.-language DEM whole.world EMPH IPFV-2-CAUS-reach be:FACT
Translation: You are spreading our Kamnyu language to the whole world.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɯrɯrmi
Glosses: 2SG:POSS-Tibetan-name
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑɯɣ <faguo> nɤrmi
Glosses: 2SG:GEN France 2SG.POSS-name
Translation: Your French name.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo kɤmɲɯ ra kɯ tɕʰɯχpri tutij ŋu . rcaqo ra cʰo mɤŋi ra kɯ tɕʰɯχpɯχpri tutinɯ ŋu
Glosses: 1PL TOPO PL ERG salamander IPFV-say-1PL be:FACT TOPO PL COMIT TOPO PL ERG salamander IPFV-say-PL be:FACT
Translation: We Kamnyu people call it tɕʰɯχpri, and people from Rqakyo and Mangi call it tɕʰɯχpɯχpri.' (25-tChWXpri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pʰa ʁdɯrɟɤt nɯ ɯŋgɯ tɕe rqaco cʰo katɕa nɯ stu ɣɤndʐo
Glosses: whole TOPO DEM 3SG.POSS-inside LNK TOPO COMIT TOPO DEM most cold:FACT
Translation: In the whole of Gdongbrgyad, Rqakyo and Kacha are the coldest.' (140522 RdWrJAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awa nɯnɯ kupa ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father DEM Chinese be:FACT
Translation: My father is Chinese.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ʁnɯtɯpɯ nɯnɯ taʁrdo ŋu
Glosses: LNK two-household DEM TOPO be:FACT
Translation: These two households are Taqrdo.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: api kɯ tɤ́wɣndoa tɕe tɕe , mbarkʰom tʰɯ́wɣɣɯta ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling ERG AOR-INV-take-1SG LNK LNK TOPO AOR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring-1SG
Translation: My elder brother brought me to Mbarkham.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S27"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe kɤmɲɯ ɣɟɯ kɯɕnɯz pjɤtu .
Glosses: former.days LNK TOPO watchtower seven IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: In former times, there were seven watchtowers in Kamnyu.' (140522 GJW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe alo tsʰuβdɯn ri pɯrɤʑij tɕe
Glosses: LNK upstream TOPO LOC PST.IPFV-stay-1SG LNK
Translation: We were living up there in Tshobdun.' (28-kWpAz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003714#S164"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯmɯ lɤt tɤkʰa tɕe , qaprɤŋar ɯstu ri ɲɯkɯru tɕe zdɯm ci tunɯɬoʁ ŋu . tʰam kɯnɤ zdɯm tunɯɬoʁ ŋu tɕe , nɯ maka qaprɤŋar kɯ zdɯm totɕɤt ra tutinɯ
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-weather release:FACT at.the.time LNK placename 3SG.POSS-direction LOC IPFV:WEST-GENR:S/O-look LNK cloud INDEF IPFV:UP-AUTO-come.out be:FACT now also cloud IPFV:UP-AUTO-come.out be:FACT LNK DEM at.all placename ERG cloud IFR-take.out PL IPFV-say-PL
Translation: And when it is about to rain, when one looks towards Qaprangar, a cloud comes out from it. Even now a cloud comes out, and [the elders] say `Qaprangar released a cloud.” (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S317"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmuj nɯra wuma ʑo mpɕɤr , kʰatoʁ ʑo tu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-feather DEM:PL really EMPH be.beautiful variegated EMPH exist:FACT
Translation: Its feathers are very beautiful and variegated.' (24-kWmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qambalɯla rcanɯ ɯmdoʁ ʑakastaka ʑo kɯŋu tu . … kɯqarŋe tu , ldʑaŋkɯ tu , kɯɤrŋi tu , kɯɲaʁ tu .
Glosses: butterfly UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-colour each EMPH SBJ:PCP-be exist:FACT … SBJ:PCP-be.yellow exist:FACT blue/green exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.green exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.black exist:FACT
Translation: There are butterflies with all kinds of colours, yellow, green, blue/green, black. (26-qambalWla)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤri kʰatoʁ nɯ kɯ tʰɯkɤsɯβzu nɯ snalŋaɕtʰɤβ tukɯti
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-thread variegated DEM ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make DEM multicolour.lace IPFV-GENR-say
Translation: [The laces] that are made of multicoloured thread are called snalŋaɕtʰɤβ.' (30-rkAsnom) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003754#S32"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯme tɯlɤt nɯ ɲɤmbinɯ
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-daughter second.sibling DEM IFR-give-PL
Translation: They gave him their second daughter.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯlɤɣ acɤβ nɯ kɯ , ɯpʰɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu qapɯtɯm ci narku ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-graze Askyabs DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-fold.of.clothes DEM:LOC pebble.from.flint INDEF AOR:3→3-put.in SENS-be
Translation: The shepherd Askyabs put a pebble in the folds of his clothes (to avoid forgetting what he had to told the king).' (Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe χpɯn ɯrmi nɯ , aʑo armi nɯ stɤnbiɲima tɤ́wɣsɤrmianɯ .
Glosses: LNK monk 3SG.POSS-name DEM 1SG 1SG.POSS-name DEM ANTHR AOR-INV-give.name-1SG-PL
Translation: They gave me the name Bstanpa'i nyima as my monk name.' (160721 XpWN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zrɤntɕɯ tɯrme ci pjɤtu , tɯpɕi kɯrmi ci pjɤtu , tɯrme nɯrmi ɲɯŋu nɤ
Glosses: mung.bean person INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist flax SBJ:PCP-call INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist people 3PL.POSS-name SENS-be SFP
Translation: There was [a lady] was was called `Mung bean', and [another one] called `Flax', these are names of people.' (zrAntCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: anmaʁ χpɤltɕin
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-husband ANTHR
Translation: My husband Dpalcan.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɤltɕin kɯmaʁ kɯnɯhɯɲi mɯjoɕe ɯ́ŋu .
Glosses: ANTHR other SBJ:PCP-do.work NEG-IFR-go QU-be:FACT
Translation: (Tshendzin): `Dpalcan did not go for another job, did he?
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɤltɕin , nɯʑo nɯχpɤltɕin nɯ
Glosses: ANTHR 2PL 2PL.POSS-ANTHR DEM
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲimawozɤr nɯ kɯ , srɯnmɯ nɯ pjɤftɯl ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG râkshasî DEM IFR-subdue
Translation: Nyima 'Odzer subdued the râkshasî.' (2011-4-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <dangshi> χpɤltɕin nɯnɯ snarndi lɤari
Glosses: at.that.time ANTHR DEM TOPO AOR:UPSTREAM-go[II]
Translation: At that time (the Wenchuan earthquake, in 2008), Dpalcan had gone to Snarndi.' (180420 waJW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: apɯŋu tɕe , χpɤltɕin ʁnɯz , nɯ maʁ nɤ χsɯm kɯfse kɯnaχtɕɯɣ tɯtɯrca apɯrɤʑinɯ tɕe , `χpɤltɕin ni , χpɤltɕin ra" nɯra tukɯti kʰɯ .
Glosses: IRR-IPFV-be LNK ANTHR two DEM not.be:FACT LNK three NMZL:S/A-be.like NMZL:S/A-be.identical together IRR-IPFV-stay-PL LNK ANTHR DU ANTHR PL DEM:PL IPFV-GENR-say be.possible:FACT
Translation: For instance, if two or three [people called] Dpalcan live together, one can say `the two Dpalcans', `the Dpalcans'. (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɤltɕin ɯkʰa nɯ taʁrdo rmi tɕe taʁrdo χpɤltɕin tukɯti .
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG.POSS-house DEM TOPO be.called:FACT LNK TOPO ANTHR IPFV-GENR-say
Translation: Dpalcan's house is called Taqrdo, so one [can] call him `Taqrdo Dpalcan'.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ maʁ nɤ , ndʑikʰa ɯrmi kɯnɤ apɯnaχtɕɯɣ tɕe , kʰa kundi , lotʰi kɯfse nɯra tɕe , maŋlo χpɤltɕin , maŋtʰi χpɤltɕin , maŋkɯ χpɤltɕin , maŋndi χpɤltɕin , nɯra tukɯti ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM not.be:FACT LNK 3DU.POSS-house 3SG.POSS-name also IRR-IPFV-be.identical LNK house east.west up.down.stream SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL LNK upstream ANTHR downstream ANTHR east ANTHR west ANTHR DEM:PL IPFV-GENR-say be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: Otherwise, if their house name is also the same, using the east-west or the upstream-downstream dimensions, one can say `Dpalcan from upstream, downstream, east or west.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre iɕqʰa ʁlaŋsaŋtɕʰin [χsɯm ma mɯtɤkɯrʑaʁ] nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK the.aforementioned Gesar three apart.from NEG-AOR-SBJ:PCP-pass.days DEM
Translation: Gesar, who was only three days old,' (Gesar 81)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ ɯnmaʁ pɯkɯŋu] tsʰɯraŋ nɯ pjɤmto
Glosses: DEM before 3SG.POSS-husband PST-SBJ:PCP-be ANTHR DEM IFR-see
Translation: See saw Tshering, who had been her husband before.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰi tɤmda tɕe nɯ ɯʑo ɯcʰɤmdɤru nɯ pjɯnɯrʁe tɕe pjɯnɯtsʰi , mɯnatsʰi tɕe tɕe li tunɯχɕoʁ tɕe ɯmtʰɤrɴɢɤβ cʰɯnɯrʁe
Glosses: drink:FACT AOR-be.the.time LNK DEM 3SG 3SG.POSS-drinking.straw DEM IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-insert LNK IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-drink NEG-AOR:3→3-drink LNK LNK again IPFV:UP-AUTO-take.out LNK 3SG.POSS-tuck IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-insert
Translation: When it is time to drink, he inserts his straw [into the jar] and drinks from it, and when he does not drink any more, he takes it out and tucks it back into his trousers.' (30-tChorzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtaʁ ɯmnɯ kɯnɤ kɯzri tuɬoʁ mɯ́jcʰa tɕe , nɯkɤʁndzɤr ʑo ɲɯfse tɕe nɯ ʑmbrɯkɤlu tukɯti ŋu . tɕe nɯ ɯku kɯme kɤti ɲɯŋu . kɤlu nɯ ɯku kɯme kɤti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG-on 3SG.POSS-new.twig also SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV:UP-come.out NEG:SENS-can LNK AOR-OBJ:PCP-cut EMPH SENS-be.like LNK DEM plant.name IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-head SBJ:PCP-not.exist INF-say SENS-be headless DEM 3SG.POSS-head SBJ:PCP-not.exist INF-say SENS-be
Translation: Its new twigs cannot grow very long, and look like they have been sawed short, therefore it is called `headless willow'. `Headless' means `without head'.' (07-Zmbri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ kʰɯlu nɯnɯ sɤndɤɣ . ɯlu tu tɕe , tɤlu kɯfse kɯwɣrɯ~wɣrum ŋu . koŋla ʑo , pjɯ́wɣqlɯt tɕe , nɯre ɯlu tu .
Glosses: LNK DEM Euphorbia.helioscopia DEM poisonous:FACT 3SG.POSS-milk exist:FACT LNK INDEF.POSS-milk SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.white be:FACT completely EMPH IPFV-INV-break LNK there 3SG.POSS-milk exist:FACT
Translation: The Euphorbia helioscopia is toxic, it has a juice white like milk, when it is broken, there is milk in [the stalk]. (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjwaʁ nɯra qapri ɯmdʑu ɯtsʰɯɣa nɯ fse
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM:PL snake 3SG.POSS-tongue 3SG.POSS-shape DEM be.like:FACT
Translation: The shape of its leaves look like that of a snake tongue.' (xsArW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003500#S66"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: joʁβzɯr tɤβzuta
Glosses: tidying.up AOR-do-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I did some tidying up.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βʁɤnŋo maŋendʑi
Glosses: winning.and.losing not.exist:SENS-DU
Translation: One cannot decide who [of the two of them] is winning and who is losing.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯxtɕi nɯ ɣɯ pjɤme tɕe , tɕendɤre rca kɯzɣɤɕar ʑo ɲɤβzunɯ ri pjɤme .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM GEN IFR.IPFV-not.exist LNK LNK UNEXP:DEG long.time-search EMPH IFR-do-PL LNK IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: The [pigeon skin] of the youngest girl was not there, there looked for it for a long time but it was not there.' (the flood 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤɲaʁ kɤti ci tu tɕe , nɯnɯ ʁo lɯski li nɯ pɣa ŋu , tɕeri mɤɲaʁ ma ɲɯmpɕɤr . ɯmuj nɯra wuma ʑo ɲɯmpɕɤr qʰe kɯtu ra ɲɯnɤmbju ʑo
Glosses: Pucrasia.macrolopha OBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM ADVERS of.course again DEM bird be:FACT but NEG-be.black:FACT LNK SENS-be.beautiful 3SG.POSS-feather DEM:PL really EMPH SENS-be.beautiful LNK SBJ:PCP-exist PL SENS-be.brilliant EMPH
Translation: The Pucrasia macrolopha is of course also a bird (like the previous ones we talked about), but it is not black, it is beautiful, its feathers are very beautiful and those that are there (visible) are iridescent.' (23-pGAYaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003626#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯngɯttɤrqʰɤɴɢaʁ ɯrmi kɯra nɯnɯ tɕendɤre , ɯrqʰu kɯdɯ~dɤn ʑo pjɯɴɢaʁ ɲɯŋu . nɯnɯ tɯmpɕar nɤ tɯmpɕar , tɯmpɕar nɤ tɯmpɕar , pɯɴɢaʁ qʰe ɯŋgɯ li mɤʑɯ ɲɯβze qʰe ,
Glosses: Lonicera 3SG.POSS-name DEM:PROX:PL DEM LNK 3SG.POSS-skin SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many EMPH IPFV-ACAUS:peel SENS-be DEM one-leaf LNK one-leaf one-leaf LNK one-leaf AOR-ACAUS:peel LNK 3SG.POSS-inside again yet IPFV-grow LNK
Translation: As for the name of the Lonicera sp., [it is because] it has a lot of skins that shed off, one after the other, and after one has shed off, another one grows again inside.' (14-sWNgWJu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003506#S66"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯtaʁ ri zrɯɣndza kɤndotɕi tɕe , … tɕendɤre zrɯɣ rcanɯ lɤŋɤtʂɤɣ jamar ʑo ɯɕki kɤtatɕi . tɕe kɯmɤku nɯra tɕe , tɕe zrɯɣ nɯ lonba ʑo cʰɯmqlaʁ tɕe tundze ɲɯŋu . tɕendɤre kɯmaqʰu tɕe nɤki ɲɯŋu , tɕendɤre kunɯni kɯfse qʰe , ɯŋgɯ nɯnɯ , ɯse nɯ lunɯtɕɤt qʰe cʰɯmqlaʁ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM 3SG-on LOC praying.mantis AOR-take-1DU LNK … LNK louse UNEXP:DEG five.or.six about EMPH 3SG-DAT AOR:EAST-put-1DU LNK SBJ:PCP-be.first DEM:PL LNK LNK louse DEM ALL EMPH IPFV-swallow LNK IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be LNK SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK DEM:CATAPH SENS-be LNK IPFV-suck[III] SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK 3SG.POSS-inside DEM 3SG.POSS-blood DEM IPFV:UPSTREAM-AUTO-take.out LNK IPFV-swallow SENS-be
Translation: (When we were little, one of my classmate had a lot of lice, and) we took a praying mantis [and put it on his clothes], then put five or six lice near it; the first ones, it swallowed them whole, and the following ones, it did the following: it would kind of suck them, drink the blood inside them, swallow it (and then throw them away).' (26-zrWGndza)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯβraʁ tɕe , ɕɯ kɯ pamto nɯnɯ tɕe tɕe nɯ ɣɯ ɯʑɤɣ maʁ nɤ , ɯkʰa ɣɯ maʁ nɤ , ɯkɯmdza kɯfse ra ɣɯ , nɯtɕɯ maʁ nɤ nɯme tu tutinɯ ɲɯŋu . tɕe nɯ nɯkɯmdza kɯfse kɯɤrɕɤt ra , nɯskʰrɯ mɤkɯβdi apɯtu tɕe , “wo … ɯrɟit tɤtɕɯ sci ma tɤtɕɯβraʁ pɯmtota"
Glosses: burdock LNK who ERG AOR:3→3-see DEM LNK LNK DEM GEN 3SG:GEN not.be:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-house GEN not.be:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-relative SBJ:PCP-be.like PL GEN 3PL.POSS-son not.be:FACT LNK 3PL.POSS-daughter exist:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-relative SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.related PL 3PL.POSS-body NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.well IRR-IPFV-exist LNK INTERJ … 3SG.POSS-child INDEF.POSS-son LNK be.born:FACT burdock AOR-see-TR:PST-1SG
Translation: The burdock, whoever saw it will have a boy or a girl, him or someone from his house or among his relatives. If someone among his relatives is pregnant, he will say `her child will be a boy, as I saw a burdock.” (26-NalitCaRmbWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯmɤɕi kɯnɤ kɯrɤɕtʂat nɯ , qandʐe tʰɤlwɤɕtʂat tutinɯ .
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.rich also SBJ:PCP-APASS-spare DEM earthworm earth-sparing IPFV-say-PL
Translation: Someone who spares things (i.e., does not waste anything) even though he is rich, people call him an `earth-sparing earthworm'.' (25-akWzgumba) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003632#S125"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka ɲɯ́wɣɕɯɣmu mɯpjɤcʰa ma mɯpjɤmtsʰɤm matɕi ɯrna pjɤkɤstici .
Glosses: at.all IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.afraid NEG-IFR.IPFV-can LNK NEG-IFR-hear because 3SG.POSS-ear IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-block-PEG
Translation: The noise could not frighten him, as he did not hear it, because his ears were blocked.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003992#S191"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbala kɯ tɤ́wɣtɕʰɯa
Glosses: bull ERG AOR-INV-stab-1SG
Translation: The bull gored me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zgrɯtɕʰɯ tɤlata
Glosses: nudge AOR-throw-1SG
Translation: I nudged [him].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤŋaβdi ʑo ɲɯmnɤm
Glosses: be.unpleasant-smell EMPH SENS-smell
Translation: There is an unpleasant smell.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ndzɤpri kɤti nɯ tɕe tɯrme tukɯndza ɲɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK brown.bear INF-say DEM LNK people IPFV-GENR:S/O-eat SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The one called ndzɤpri (`the eating bear'), it eats people.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɤni ɣɯ ftsoʁ ʁrɯlu ci tarkunɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3DU GEN female.hybrid.yak hornless INDEF AOR:3→3-put.in-PL SENS-be
Translation: They gave them a hornless female yak (to take with them back to the husband's home.' (2005-stod)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯju jmɤlu nɯnɯ tɯrme ɲɯŋu , ɯjme kɯme nɯ tɕe , tɕe kɯju jmɤlu nɯnɯ ɲɯsɲu ɕti tɕe nɯ nɯsɲu tɕe tɕe iɕqʰa tɯrɣi cʰɯkɯχtɤr nɯ nɯkɯsɲu tusɤrminɯ .
Glosses: LNK animal tailless DEM man SENS-be 3SG.POSS-tail SBJ:PCP-not.exist DEM LNK LNK animal tailless DEM IPFV-be.crazy be:AFF:FACT LNK DEM AOR-be.crazy LNK LNK the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-seed IPFV-SBJ:PCP-spread DEM AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.crazy IPFV-call-PL
Translation: The `tailless animal' is the man, and `he becomes crazy', [when the crow says] that [people] became crazy, it means that they are sowing seeds.' (22-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa nɯ , tʰi nɯ , kɯki ɕnat maŋtʰi ki tɤjoʁa pɯŋu tɕe , tʰam tɕe maŋlo nɯra túwɣjoʁ ra
Glosses: just.before DEM downstream de DEM.PROX heddle downstream.one DEM.PROX AOR-lift-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK now LNK upstream.one DEM.PL IPFV-INV-lift be.needed:FACT
Translation: Just before, I had lifted the heddle on the lower (downstream) side [of the loom], now we have to lift the ones on the upper (upstream) side.' (video 20140429090403) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003776#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe srɯnloʁpɯ ci ɲɤkʰo tɕe
Glosses: LNK ring-DIM INDEF IFR-give LNK
Translation: He handed him a little ring.' (2011-4-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɬɤndʐipɯpɯ nɯra kɯ , ɯpʰoŋbu nɯra kosɤlɤɣɯnɯ ri ,
Glosses: demon-DIM-DIM DEM:PL ERG 3SG.POSS-body DEM:PL IFR-link-PL LNK
Translation: The little demonlings put back his body together, but…' (150909 xifangping-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006408#S89"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑixtɤɣ χsɯm pjɤtunɯ
Glosses: COLL-brother three IFR.IPFV-exist-PL
Translation: There were three brothers.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑiftsɯ~ftsoʁ χsɯm nɯ , tsʰɯntsʰɯn kɯpa kɤnɯɬoʁnɯ ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: COLL-female.yak.hybrid three DEM IDPH(II):in.order INF:STAT-AUX AOR:EAST-AUTO-come.out-PL SENS-be
Translation: [The girl, her husband] and their female hybrid yak crossed [the large river] without damage.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɤmu nɯ kɯ ɯpɯ nɯnɯ juɕpʰɣɤm tɕe , ʑara kɤtsa ra stɯsti ʁɟa ʑo ɕenɯ ɲɯra .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-young DEM IPFV-flee.with[III] LNK 3PL parents.and.children PL alone completely EMPH go:FACT-PL SENS-be.needed
Translation: And the mother (i.e. lioness) flees with her cubs, and they (i.e. mother and children) have to go alone (without the father).' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmu kɤtsa ci pjɤtundʑi tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother parents.and.children INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist-DU LNK
Translation: There was a mother and her son.' (tWJo 2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aχsɯ~χsɤr ra , arŋɯ~rŋɯl ra mɤra kɯ ɕom rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tuɕea ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-COLL~gold PL 1SG.POSS-COLL~silver PL NEG-be.needed:FACT ERG iron stairs 3SG.POSS-on IPFV:UP-go-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I don't need things in gold or silver, I will go up the iron stairs.' (not the golden or silver stairs, 2005-Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: znɤrɣama nɯ mtʰa ɯkɤcu ŋu . tɕe nɯnɯtɕu tɯji ɯntɕʰantɕʰɯr pɯdɤn , jinde kʰro ɲɤsqapɯnɯ ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ANTHR 3SG.POSS-east be:FACT LNK DEM:PL INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-fragment:COLL PST.IPFV-be:many now much IFR-CAUS-be.fallow-PL
Translation: Znargama (`The place where one calls the rain') is on the east of Mtha, there used to be many little fragments of fields, but now people have left them become fallow.' (150903 kAmYW tWji3)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɤɕi nɯ túwɣχtɕi tɕʰɣaʁtɕʰɣaʁ ʑo tɕe , rdardɯl nɯra ɲɯ́wɣɣɤme tɕe
Glosses: LNK barley DEM IPFV-INV-wash IDPH(II):completely.clean EMPH LNK dush:COLL DEM:PL IPFV-INV-CAUS-not.exist LNK
Translation: Then one washes the barley very thoroughly, one removes all the dirt.' (2002 tWsqar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rgargɯn ni kɤfstɯn pɯra
Glosses: old.person DU INF-serve PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: She had to take care of two old people.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S33"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯsta nɯ lɤtɕʰom nɯ ɲɯ́wɣʁɟo ʑo kʰrɯŋkʰrɯŋ ʑo qʰe tɕe ɯkɤlɤjme pjɯ́wɣɕtʰɯz qʰe , ɯmŋu nɯ pa pjɯ́wɣɕtʰɯz
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-place DEM churning.bucket DEM IPFV-INV-rinse EMPH IDPF:II:completely.clean EMPH LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-head.upside.down IPFV:DOWN-INV-turn.towards LNK 3SG.POSS-opening DEM down IPFV:DOWN-INV-turn.towards
Translation: One rinses the churning bucket very clean, and put it upside down at its place, the opening down.' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora kɯmɤlɤxso ɲɯtɯɕtinɯ ma tɯnɤmanɯ maŋe !
Glosses: 2PL in.vain SENS-2-be.AFF LNK 2-work:FACT-PL not.exist:SENS
Translation: You are useless, you don't do any work.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑi<zuoye> pɯβzundʑi ra ma kɯmɤlɤxso kutɯrɤʑindʑi mɤjɤɣ
Glosses: 2DU.POSS-homework IMP-make-DU be.needed:FACT LNK in.vain IPFV-2-stay-DU NEG-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Do your homework, don't stay there doing nothing.' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jipɤrtʰɤβ lɤqʰɤtɤmbɤt tu
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-between several.mountains exist:FACT
Translation: There is a distance of several mountain ranges between us.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤmtsʰu ɯqaɕɯqa pjɯɕe tɕe , nɯnɯ ɯkɤnɤmɯm nɯra ɕtunɯtɕɤt ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: ocean 3SG.POSS-bottom:SUPER IPFV:DOWN-go LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-TROP-be.tasty DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-AUTO-take.out SENS-be
Translation: [The sperm whale] goes to the lowest depths of the ocean and catches the things it likes to eat.' (160703 jingyu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006169#S24"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnmaʁ pɯkɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-husband PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be
Translation: Her ex-husband (the one who used to be her husband).' (several attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯɤɣɯmdzu saχaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-PROP:DENOM-thorn be.extremely:FACT
Translation: It is very thorny (its degree of having thorns is extreme).' (18-NGolo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003530#S70"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤɣɯrtɯ~rte ʑo kʰa ɯŋgɯ lɤtɯɣe
Glosses: COMIT-hat EMPH house 3SG-inside AOR-2-come[II]
Translation: You came inside the house wearing your hat.' (You were expected to take it off before coming in, elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laχtɕʰa kɤɣɯtɤrtɯ~rte ʑo tando
Glosses: thing COMIT-INDEF.POSS-hat EMPH AOR:3→3-take
Translation: He took the hat along with the other objects.' (Not wearing it, elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂʰa kɤ́tɤlɯ~lu
Glosses: tea COMIT-INDEF.POSS-milk
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤsno kɤ́jɯ~jaʁ nɯ lutanɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-saddle COMIT-hand DEM IPFV-put-PL
Translation: (Then), they put the saddle with its handles.' (30-tAsno) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003758#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤ́snɯ~sno ʑo kɤrŋgɯ
Glosses: COMIT-saddle EMPH AOR-lie.down
Translation: [The horse] slept with its saddle.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤ́tʰɤlwɯ~lwa ɯzrɤm ra kɯnɤ cʰɯ́wɣɣɯt pjɯ́wɣji ri maka tuɬoʁ mɯ́jcʰa
Glosses: COMIT-earth 3SG.POSS-root PL also IPFV-INV-bring IPFV-INV-plant but at.all IPFV-come.out NEG:SENS-can
Translation: Even if one takes its root with earth [around it] and plant it, it cannot grow.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu kɤ́rɟɯ~rɟit ra kɯ ʑo βʑɯ tondzanɯ .
Glosses: cat COMIT-offspring PL ERG EMPH mouse IFR-eat-PL
Translation: The cat and its young ate the mouse.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤkʰɯ nɯ ɯku nɯnɯ lɯlu tsa ɲɯfse , ɯmtsioʁ ɣɤʑu ma kɤ́rnɯ~rna lɯlu ɯtɯfse ɲɯsɤre ʑo .
Glosses: owl DEM 3SG.POSS-head DEM cat a.little SENS-be.like 3SG.POSS-beak exist:SENS a.part.from COMIT-ear cat 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.like SENS-be.extremely/be.funny EMPH
Translation: The owl's head looks a little like that of a cat, apart from the fact that it has a beak, it looks very much like a cat with its ears.' (22-pGAkhW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li βʑɯ kɤ́mtɕʰɯ~mtɕʰi ci nɯ ɲɯfse
Glosses: again mouse COMIT-mouth INDEF DEM SENS-be.like
Translation: [The bat's] mouth is like that of a mouse.' (literally `It looks like a mouse with its mouth.' 25-qarmWrwa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003648#S11"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe jlɤkrɯ ci kɤ́rɯ~ri ci ɲɤrŋo ,
Glosses: LNK rake INDEF COMIT-thread INDEF IFR-borrow
Translation: He borrowed a rake with a thread.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003852#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu kɤɣɯŋkʰɯ~ŋkʰor kɯ~kɯŋɤn ʑo tondo tɕe , tɕendɤre kɯmɤku nɯ sɤtɕʰa kɯ~kɯsɤscit ʑo jotsɯm ɲɯŋu ri kɯmaqʰu tɕe , kɯ~kɯsɤɣmu ʑo jotsɯm tɕe
Glosses: king COMIT-subjects TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-be.bad EMPH IFR-take LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.before DEM place TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-PROP-be.happy EMPH IFR-take.away SENS-be LNK SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-PROP-fear EMPH IFR-take.away LNK
Translation: She took the king and his subjects, all the evil ones, in the beginning she took them to nice places, but later she took them to fearful places.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S341"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰa ra tʂɯ~tʂu kúwɣnɯtsʰi tɕe
Glosses: alcohol PL path~PERLATIVE IPFV-INV-AUTO-drink LNK
Translation: One drinks alcohol along the way [back home].' (2010-histoire10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amu tɕetʰa tɕiʑo kɯnɤ ɕetɕi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother later 1DU also go:FACT-1DU
Translation: Mother, you and I will go too.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora ɣɯ nɯɕɤmɯɣdɯ cʰo kɯfse nɯ ɯtsʰɤt nɯ , tɕiʑo ɣɯ tɕitɤɲi tɯldʑa pɯtu tɕe , nɯ kɤnɯtʰɯtɕi ɕti wo
Glosses: 2PL GEN 2PL.POSS-gun COMIT SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM 3SG-instead DEM 1DU GEN 1DU.POSS-staff one-long.object PST.IPFV-exist LNK DEM AOR-AUTO-spread-1DU be:AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: Instead of guns and other things like you, we_DU.EXCL only had a staff, and we_DU.EXCL used it as a bridge (to cross the river).' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe rŋgɯ nɯ tokɤmɯrpundʑici tɕe , tɕendɤre ʑɤni pjɤnɯɴɢrɯndʑi
Glosses: LNK boulder DEM IFR-PEG-RECIP-bump.into-DU-PEG LNK LNK 3DU IFR-AUTO-ACAUS:shatter-DU
Translation: The boulders bumped into each other and they were pulverized.' (smanmi4.82-83)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɯ [amu kɯme] ŋua tɕe tɕe
Glosses: 1SG DEM 1SG.POSS-mother SBJ:PCP-exist be:FACT-1SG LNK LNK
Translation: I am someone who does not have a mother.' (2003Nyimawodzer2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo qaɕpa nɤrʑaβ ɕɯ kɯ tɯ́wɣmbi
Glosses: 2SG frog 2SG.POSS-wife who ERG 2-INV-give:FACT
Translation: Who will give you a wife, you frog.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora <tuhanzu> ra kɯ , <qingyang> tutinɯ ŋu .
Glosses: 1PL local.Chinese PL ERG bharal IPFV-say-PL be:FACT
Translation: The local Chinese among us call it “qingyang”.' (20-xsar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɤz nɯʑo tɕʰi ɯrɯɣ tɯŋunɯ ?
Glosses: actually 2PL what 3SG.POSS-race 2-be:FACT-PL
Translation: Actually, which type of being are you?' (2003 smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: azda ra ʑarasɯso tunɯnɤŋkɯŋkenɯ ɲɯkʰɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-companion PL 3PL-as.wish IPFV-AUTO-go.here.and.there-PL SENS-be.possible
Translation: The other [snakes] can go here and there as they wish.' (The divination 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wortɕʰi nɤʑɤβra atɤtɯti ra
Glosses: please 2SG.POSS-turn IRR-PFV-2-say be.needed:FACT
Translation: It is your turn to say it.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯzda pjɯ́wɣzɣɤtɕa , tɯʑo ntsɯ pjɯkɯʑɣɤɣɤŋgi tɕe , pɯkɯnɯɣɤtɕa kɯ́nɤ pjɯkɯʑɣɤɣɤŋgi tɕe , ɯmbrɤzɯ kɯtu me tukɯti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-companion IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.wrong oneself always IPFV-GENR:S/O-REFL-be.right LNK AOR-GENR:S/O-AUTO-be.wrong also IPFV-GENR:S/O-REFL-be.right LNK 3SG.POSS-result SBJ:PCP-have not.exist:FACT IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be
Translation: If one considers that one's companion is wrong, and always considers himself to be right even if one is wrong, there is can be no good result.' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯʑo tɯskɤt ʑara ɣɯsɯxɕɤt ɲɯra , ʑara nɯskɤt tɯʑo kɯsɯxɕɤt ɲɯra
Glosses: LNK GENR GENR.POSS-language 3PL INV-teach:FACT SENS-be.needed 3PL 3PL.POSS-language GENR GENR:S/O-teach:FACT SENS-be.needed
Translation: One has to teach them one's language, and they have to teach you their language.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑo kɯ tɯχti ɲɯ́wɣnɯɕar kɯmaʁ kɯ , tɯpʰama ra kɯ tɯχti ɲɯɕarnɯ
Glosses: GENR ERG GENR.POSS-spouse IPFV-INV-AUTO-search INF:STAT-not.be ERG GENR.POSS-parent PL ERG GENR.POSS-spouse IPFV-search-PL
Translation: One could not choose one's spouse, one's parents chose one's spouse.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑo kɯ tɯʑo tukɯnɯʑɣɤβri ra kɤti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: GENR ERG GENR IPFV-GENR:S/O-AUTO-REFL-protect be.needed:FACT INF-say SENS-be
Translation: One has to protect oneself.' (04-qala1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme kɯnɤ túwɣndza sna .
Glosses: people also IPFV-INV-eat be.good:FACT
Translation: It is also good for people to eat.' (12-Zmbroko) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003490#S29"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme tɯfsu ɕaŋtaʁ tumbro mɤcʰa .
Glosses: people GENR.POSS-equal.to until IPFV-be.big NEG-FACT:can
Translation: It cannot grow bigger than a person.' (`as oneself') (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯmbro nɯnɯ tɯʑo tɯfsu jamar tuzɣɯt cʰa .
Glosses: 3SG-NMLZ:DEG-be.high DEM GENR GENR-equal.to about IPFV:UP-reach can:FACT
Translation: As for its size, it can reach one's (`a person's') size.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ɯfsu jamar tuβze cʰa .
Glosses: people 3SG-equal.to about IPFV-do[III] can:FACT
Translation: It can grow about the size of a person.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ ndʐa ŋu ɕi , nɤʑɯɣ ndʐa ŋu , aj mɯ́jtsoa
Glosses: 1SG:GEN reason be:FACT QU 2SG:GEN reason be:FACT 1SG NEG:SENS-understand-1SG
Translation: I don't know if it is because of me, or because of you.' (that the phone line is not working well) (phone conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “tɕe ɣnɤsqaptɯrʑaʁ tutsu tɕe ɲɯʁaʁ ŋu" ɲɯtinɯ ri , aʑɯɣ nɯ ɣnɤsqamnɯz tɤrʑaʁ mɤɕtʂa mɯnɯʁaʁ .
Glosses: LNK twenty.one-night IPFV-pass LNK IPFV-hatch be:FACT SENS-say-PL LNK 1SG:GEN DEM twenty.two one-night until NEG-AOR-hatch
Translation: People say that [chicken eggs] hatch after twenty-one days, mine took twenty-two days to hatch.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑɤɣ nɯra tunɯɣɤβdi tɕe , ɕɯsɤsqɤr mɤra
Glosses: 3SG:GEN DEM:PL IPFV-AUTO-CAUS-be.well LNK TRAL-APASS-hire:FACT NEG-be.needed:FACT
Translation: He repairs his own [machines] by himself, he does not need to ask other people.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S153"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ɯʑo ʑo kɤmto mɯpɯrɲota .
Glosses: 1SG 3SG EMPH INF-see NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I never saw it itself.' (24-kWmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe lunɯrɤjinɯ tɕe , nɯkɤndza nɯra ʑara pjɯnɯtɕɤtnɯ pjɤŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK IPFV-AUTO-plant.crops-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-OBJ.PCP-eat DEM:PL 3PL IPFV-AUTO-take.out-PL IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: They were working in the fields, and earning their own food by themselves.' (about lepers, who were settled in the special place by the government, 25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo raŋ ʑo juɕea ra
Glosses: 1SG oneself EMPH IPFV-go-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to go there myself.' (150830 afanti-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe mɤʑɯ tɕʰi pɯŋu ?
Glosses: LNK yet what PST.IPFV-be
Translation: What was there [after this one]?' (12-ndZiNgri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003488#S92"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo tɕʰi kɯŋu nɯ kotsonɯ tɕe tɕe cʰɤ́wɣtɕɤt
Glosses: 3SG what SBJ:PCP-be DEM IFR-understand-PL LNK LNK IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-take.out
Translation: They understood what he was, and expelled him (from their group).' (140427 hanya yu gezi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpʰoŋbu tɕʰi kɯfse nɯ , ŋotɕu ɯsɤzrɤʑi nɯnɯ ɣɯ kɯnɯtsa kɯfse ɲɯɕti tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body what SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM where 3SG-OBL:PCP-remain DEM GEN SBJ:PCP-fit SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be:AFF LNK
Translation: The way its body is like is well-adapted to the place where it lives.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕom ɣɟɯ kɯmbɯ~mbro ʑo , ɯɣmbaj zɯ tɕʰi tukɯndɯ ci pɯtu ɲɯŋu
Glosses: iron tower SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.high EMPH 3SG.POSS-side LOC treetrunk.stairs IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:spread INDEF PST.IPFV-be SENS-be
Translation: There was a huge iron tower, with a tree-trunk stairs on its side.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤmbro nɯ tɕʰi ŋu
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-horse DEM what be:FACT
Translation: Who is your horse?' (about a sentient horse) (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi tɯrmi ?
Glosses: what 2-be.called:FACT
Translation: What is your name?' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤsmɤn tɤsɯβzuta ri maka mɯ́jpʰɤn , tɕe tɕʰi ʑo túwɣstu pʰɤn
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-medicine AOR-CAUS-make-PST:TR-1SG but at.all NEG:SENS-be.efficient LNK what EMPH IPFV-INV-do.like be.efficient:FACT
Translation: I had medicine made for you but it does not work, how should we do for it to work?' (nyima wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁi , ki kɯfse tɤjpɣom kɯwxti nɯtɕu , kɤɕe tɕʰi tɤtɯfsendʑi ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling this SBJ:PCP-be.like ice SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM:LOC INF-go what AOR-2-be.like-DU
Translation: Sister, how did you cross such a big block of ice?' (Kunbzang 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɕʰi apɯŋua ?
Glosses: 1SG what IRR-IPFV-be-1SG
Translation: How can it be me?' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɤɕime , tɕʰi ɲɯtɯnɤre ŋu ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lady what SENS-2-laugh be:FACT
Translation: My lady, why are you laughing?' (Not `what are you laughing at?', 2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕʰi ɯspa pɯŋu mɤxsi ma tɕe nɯ kɯfse pjɤtu
Glosses: LNK what 3SG.POSS-material PST.IPFV-be NEG-GENR:know LNK LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: It is not known what it was for, but there was something like that.' (hist140522 GJW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰindʐa ɲɯtɯɣɤwu ŋu ?
Glosses: why SENS-2-cry be:FACT
Translation: Why are you crying?' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕʰi kɯ tusɯβze ŋu mɤxsi ma nɯ kɯfse nɯ , sɯku ri kundzoʁ ŋu
Glosses: LNK what ERG IPFV-CAUS-make[III] be:FACT NEG-GENR-know LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM top.of.trees LOC IPFV-ACAUS:attach be:FACT
Translation: I don't what [the wasp] uses to make [its nest_i], it_i is attached on trees like that.' (26-ndzWrnaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003678#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tuɕtʂama tɕe tɕʰi jamar ʑo ɣɤʑu kɯ ?
Glosses: IPFV-measure[III]-1SG LNK what about EMPH exist:SENS SFP
Translation: I will measure it with a scoop to see how much [gold] there is.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯtsa ɯŋgɯ tɯci turkunɯ tɕe , nɯnɯtɕu tɤŋe nɯ pjɯsɯntɕʰɤrnɯ tɕe , tɕe tɕʰi jamar kondza nɯnɯ , nɯnɯ ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu pjɯrunɯ tɕe , nɯnɯ turtoʁnɯ pjɤŋgrɤl .
Glosses: bowl 3SG-inside INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-put.in-PL LNK DEM:LOC sun DEM IPFV-CAUS-illuminate-PL LNK LNK what about IFR-eat DEM DEM 3SG-inside DEM:LOC IPFV:DOWN-look.at-PL LNK DEM IPFV-see-PL IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: They used to put water in a bowl and let the sunlight reflect into it; they could see how much [of the sun] had been occulted (`eaten' by the eclipse).' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu ɣɯ tɕe ɯʑo ɯpʰoŋbu tɕʰi kɯzri jamar ɯjme nɯ kɯnɤ zri ri
Glosses: cat GEN LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-body what SBJ:PCP-be.long about 3SG.POSS-tail DEM also be.longFACT but
Translation: The cat, its body is about as long as its tail, but…' (27-qartshAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrɟit tɕʰi tɤkɯsci nɯ ʑo ɣɯtɕɤt kɯra pjɤɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child what AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.born DEM EMPH INV-take.out:FACT INF:STAT-be.needed IPFV.IFR-be:AFF LNK
Translation: However many children were born, one had to raise them.' (tApAtso kAnWBdaR I)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrɟit tɕʰi tosci
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child what IFR-be.born
Translation: Was it a boy or a girl?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi nɯjpum ki ɕaŋtaʁ ɲɯjpum mɯ́jcʰa
Glosses: what AOR-be.thick DEM.PROX above IPFV-be.thick NEG:SENS-can
Translation: As for how thick it can grow, it cannot grow thicker than this.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi tɤmbro , ʁnɯrtsɤɣ ɕaŋtaʁ tumbro mɯ́jcʰa .
Glosses: what AOR-be.tall two-stairs above IPFV-be.tall NEG:SENS-can
Translation: As for how tall it can grow, it cannot grow taller than two stairs.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: matɯnɯqaɟy ma ɕɯ tɯŋu mɤxsi
Glosses: NEG:IMP-2-fish LNK who 2-be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: Don't fish, I don't who you are.' (gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤtambi nɤʑo qaɕpa ɕɯ kɯ tɯ́wɣmbi
Glosses: NEG-1→2-give:FACT 2SG frog who ERG 2-INV-give:FACT
Translation: We won't give her to you, who would give her to you, a frog?' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɯ ɣɯ ʑo ɲɯkʰama ra kɯɣe ?
Glosses: who GEN EMPH IPFV-give:III-1SG be.needed:FACT SFP
Translation: Whom should I give [her] to (in marriage)?' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ nɤku ɯtɯrɲɟi nɯ , aki ɕetɕi tɕe , mbro ɯjme cʰonɤ túwɣsɤfsu , ɕɯ kɯ ɲɯzrindʑi kɯ
Glosses: DEM 2SG.POSS-head 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.long SFP down go:FACT-1DU LNK horse 3SG.POSS-tail COMIT IPFV-INV-compare who ERG SENS-be.long-DU SFP
Translation: Your hair is very long, let us go downstairs, and compare it with a horse's tail.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tʰɤstɯɣ tɯkʰɤm ?
Glosses: you how.much 2-give[III]:FACT
Translation: How much [money] do you give [for it]?' (Bargaining)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰupa tʰɤstɯɣ tɯtunɯ ŋu ?
Glosses: village how.much 2-exist:FACT-PL be:FACT
Translation: How many [people] are you in the village?' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤxtsa nɯ tʰɤstɯmaʁ tutɯŋge ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-shoe DEM how.many-size IPFV-2-wear[III] be:FACT
Translation: What is the size of your shoes?' (Conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɤrʑaʁ tʰɤstɯɣ jamar tɤtsu tɕe kɤtɯspat ?
Glosses: you INDEF.POSS-time how.many about AOR-pass LNK AOR-2-be.able-PST:TR
Translation: How long did it take you to learn it?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrʑaʁ tʰɤstɯɣ kozɣɯt ?
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-time how.many IFR-reach
Translation: What is the time?' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɤjtɕu lɤtɯnɯɣe pɯŋu ra nɤ ?
Glosses: when AOR-2-come.back[II] PST.IPFV-be PL SFP
Translation: When did you come back home?' (taRrdo conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <jipiao> nɯ , tʰɤjtɕu ɣɯ tɤtɯχtɯt ?
Glosses: plane.ticket DEM when GEN AOR-2-buy-PST:TR
Translation: Your plane ticket, for what date did you buy it?' (conversation, 2014.03.19)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤwɯ kɯrɤrɟit jɤari kɯ ɕi , tɤtɕɯ cʰɯkɯrɤrɟit tʰɤjtɕu pjɤŋgrɤl ?
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-grandfather SBJ:PCP-have.a.child AOR-go[II] SFP QU INDEF.POSS-son IPFV-SBJ:PCP-have.a.child when IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: [You say] that your father-in-law went away to give birth to a child, but since when can a man bear children?' (tAwa kWCqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤmkʰa ɕɯstɤɟom kunɯtu kɯɣe ?
Glosses: sky how.many-fathom DUBIT-AUTO-exist SFP
Translation: How many fathoms [high] is the sky?' (tAwa kWCqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ŋotɕu kutɯrɤʑi ?
Glosses: where PRES.EGOPH-2-stay
Translation: Where are you?' (Conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ŋotɕu tɯɕe ?
Glosses: where 2-go:FACT
Translation: Where are you going to?' (Common greeting used when one meets someone on the road)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qala ŋoj nɯari ?
Glosses: rabbit where AOR:WEST-go[II]
Translation: Where did the rabbit go?' (qala2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑɤra ŋotɕu jɤtɯɣenɯ ? ŋotɕu ɕpɯtɯtunɯ ?
Glosses: 2PL where AOR-2-come[II]-PL where TRAL-PST.IPFV-2-exist-PL
Translation: Where are you from? Where have you been?' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ŋotɕu nɤjaʁ nɯɣe ŋu , ŋotɕu jɤtɯɣɯt ?
Glosses: DEM where 2SG.POSS-hand AOR-come[II] be:FACT where AOR-2-bring
Translation: Where did you get it from, from where did you bring it?' (150831 renshen wawa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa raŋri ɣɯ ʑo ɯftaʁ pjɤtu ɕti ma , tɕe ŋotɕu nɯ ŋu , ŋotɕu nɯ maʁ mɯpjɤsaχsɤl .
Glosses: house each GEN EMPH 3SG.POSS-mark IFR.IPFV-exist be.AFF:FACT LNK LNK where DEM be:FACT where DEM be:FACT NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.clear
Translation: There was a mark on each of the houses, and one could not tell which [house] was [Alibaba's] and which was not.' (140512 alibaba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S183"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaprɤftsa nɯnɯ , cici jɤari tɕe ɯku juzmɤke , cici tɕe ɯjme juzmɤke ɲɯɕti tɕe ŋotɕu nɯ ɯku ŋu , ŋotɕu ɯjme ŋu , mɯ́jsaχsɤl
Glosses: centipede DEM sometimes AOR-go LNK 3SG.POSS-head IPFV-CAUS-be.first[III] sometimes LNK 3SG.POSS-tail IPFV-CAUS-be.first[III] SENS-be:AFF LNK where DEM 3SG.POSS-head be:FACT where 3SG.POSS-head be:FACT NEG.SENS-be.clear
Translation: The centipede, when it moves, sometimes its head goes first, sometimes its tail goes first, it is not each to tell which is its head and which is its tail.' (21-qaprAftsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ŋotɕu tɯrme tɯŋu ?
Glosses: where person 2-be:FACT
Translation: Where are you from?' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo awa nɯ ŋotɕu ʑo nɯ ŋu kɯ ?
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-father DEM where EMPH DEM be:FACT SFP
Translation: Which one is my father?' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤʑɯ ŋotɕu nɯ ʑo sɤndɤɣ mɤxsi ma
Glosses: more where DEM EMPH be.poisonous:FACT NEG-know:GENR LNK
Translation: (Apart from this one), I don't which other [mushrooms] are poisonous.' (23-grWBgrWBftsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003602#S29"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯme nɯra qʰe me , ŋotɕu kɯtu nɯ qʰe kɯdɯ~dɤn tuɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-not.exist DEM:PL LNK not.exist:FACT where SBJ:PCP-exist DEM LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: In [places] where it is not found, there is none, but in [places] where it is found, it grows in great number.' (21-jmAGni) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003572#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki ŋotɕu ɲɯŋgrɤl ?
Glosses: this where IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: How could this be possible?' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S32"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯlɤcu nɯtɕu qaʑo kɤtsa ci , ci kɯ kɤntsɣe tʰaɣɯt ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-upstream DEM:LOC sheep parent.and.child INDEF one ERG OBJ:PCP-sell AOR:3→3-bring SENS-be
Translation: Upstream from there, [there was] a ewe and her young, that someone had brought them to sell.' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯxpa tɕe ci kɯ tɯrdoʁ pjɤsat .
Glosses: one-year LNK one ERG one-piece IFR-kill
Translation: One year, someone killed one [wild goose].' (22-qomndroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003598#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tunɯsmana jɤɣ ri , mɤʑɯ ɯftɕaka tsuku pjɯtu ra wo , tɕe tʰɯtʰɤci ʑo pjɯtu ra
Glosses: IPFV-treat-1SG be.possible:FACT but yet 3SG.POSS-manner some IPFV-exist be.needed:FACT SFP LNK something EMPH IPFV-exist be.needed:FACT
Translation: I can treat [your illness], but yet another method is needed, something [else] is needed.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAg) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003852#S44"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ nɯrte nɯ tɕʰi ŋu ma tʰɯci ci “ʑa" tuti ŋu , χsɤrʑa !
Glosses: LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-hat DEM what be:FACT LNK something INDEF … IPFV-say be:FACT golden.hat