lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: eagle DEM 3SG .POSSNMLZ:DEGbe .big DEM hawk COMIT espace be .identical:FACT a .little
Glosses: COMPAREE _ PARAMETER _ STANDARD STD.MRK espace PARAM.MRK PARAM.MRK
Translation: The eagle is about as big as the hawk.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: DEM again 3SG .POSSfather completely .like EMPH IFR .IPFVbe .like IFR .IPFVbe .ugly
Glosses: COMPAREE _ STANDARD PARAM.MRK _ STD.MRK PARAMETER
Translation: [The frog son] was as ugly as his father. ' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯqa nɯra li kɯmaʁ tɤjmɤɣ nɯra fsɯfse ʑo fse .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-root DEM:PL again other mushroom DEM:PL completely.identical EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: Its root is completely identical to that of other mushrooms.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tumbro tɕe , tɯrme ɯfsu jamar tuβze cʰa .
Glosses: IPFV-be.high LNK man 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about IPFV-grow can:FACT
Translation: When it grows, it can grow about the size of a person.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯmbro nɯ tɯmtʰɤɣ ɯfsu jamar ma tumbro mɤcʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.high DEM GENR.POSS-waist 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about apart.from IPFV-be.high NEG-can:FACT
Translation: As for its size, it can grow only about as high as a person's waist.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmɕku ɯjwaʁ stʰɯci mɤrɟum
Glosses: garlic 3SG.POSS-leaf so.much NEG-be.broad
Translation: [Its leaves] are not as broad as garlic leaves.' (07-Cku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmat ɣɯ ɯru nɯ zri tɕe , tɕe tɯtɣa jamar , ki jamar tu tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit GEN 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM be.long:FACT LNK LNK one-span about DEM.PROX about exist:FACT LNK
Translation: The stalk of its fruit is long, about a handspan long, about this long.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯmpɕɤr ɣɯ ɯfsu jamar ci ɲɯkʰe ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful GEN 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about INDEF SENS-be.stupid be.AFF:FACT
Translation: S/he_i is stupid to the extent of his/her_i beauty.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯmpɕɤr cʰo ɯtɯkʰe nɯ ɲɯɤfsuja ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.stupid DEM SENS-be.of.the.same.size be.AFF:FACT
Translation: His/her beauty and his/her stupidity are equal.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi jamar kɯmpɕɤr nɯ , nɯ jamar ci ɲɯkʰe ɕti
Glosses: what about SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful DEM DEM about INDEF SENS-be.stupid be.AFF:FACT
Translation: A much as s/he is beautiful, s/he is stupid.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ pri nɯ kɯ , nɤki , tɯrme ɲɯfse tɕe , nɤkinɯ iɕqʰa nɯ , tɤrɤku tɕi tundze , ɕa tɕi tundze , (...) ɲɯŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM bear DEM ERG FILLER man SENS-be.like LNK FILLER FILLER DEM INDEF.POSS-crops also IPFV-eat meat also IPFV-eat _ SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The bear, like a man, eats grains and meat.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤɤnɯɣro] kɯfse túwɣndza ɕti ma
Glosses: INF-play INF:STAT-be.like IPFV-INV-eat be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: People eat it for fun (as if to play, not as part of a real meal).' (08-rasti)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯɤrɯsɯjno nɯ !
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM:SIMILATIVE-grass SFP
Translation: [The princess cuts their head as easily/casually] as if it were grass.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤpʰɯt ɯtɯmbat kɯ ɲɯɤrɯsɯjno ʑo
Glosses: INF-cut 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM:SIMILATIVE-easy ERG SENS-be.like.grass EMPH
Translation: It is as easy to cut as if it were grass.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ pɣɤtɕɯ nɯŋgɯz stu xtɕi low .
Glosses: DEM bird 3PL.POSS-among most be.small:FACT SFP
Translation: It is the smallest of all birds.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe <aizheng> kɤti pɯme tɕe , kɤkɯnɤndza nɯ stu ʑo kɯŋɤn kɤpa pɯŋu .
Glosses: long.ago LNK cancer OBJ:PCP-say PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK AOR-SBJ:PCP-have.leprosy DEM most EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.evil OBJ:PCP-consider PST.IPFV-be
Translation: In former times, nobody talked about cancer, and leprosy was considered to be the most terrible [of all diseases].' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯci ɯrkɯ tuɬoʁ tɕe , nɯ stu ɯkɤnɯrga ŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-side IPFV-come.out LNK DEM most 3SG.POSS-APPL-like be:FACT LNK
Translation: It grows near the water, it is what it likes the most.' (09-mi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [stu ʑo ɯkɤndza] nɯnɯ tɯŋga , tɤrme kɯfse , tɯŋga nɯra ŋu .
Glosses: most EMPH 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat DEM INDEF.POSS-clothes INDEF.POSS-hair SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF.POSS-clothes DEM:PL be:FACT
Translation: What it eats most is clothes, clothes (made of animal fur).' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [stu ɯsɤdɤn] nɯ stɤmku nɯra ŋunɯ .
Glosses: most 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many DEM grassland DEM:PL be:FACT-PL
Translation: The place where it is most numerous is the grasslands.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [pɣa tʰamtɕɤt ɣɯ nɯkɯmpɕɤr] nɯ rmɤβja ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK bird all GEN 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful DEM peacock SENS-be
Translation: The peacock is the most beautiful of all birds.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ama , api kʰu nɯ tɕʰindʐa kutɯnɤpʰɯpʰɣo tɕe [nɤʑo kɯfse] kɯsɤɣmu me
Glosses: SURPRISE 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling tiger DEM why PRS-2-DISTR:flee LNK 2SG SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-PROP-fear not.exist:FACT
Translation: Brother tiger, why are you running away like that, you are the most dreadful [animal].' (literally: `There is no one dreadful like you.') (2005 khu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [nɯ kɯfse] ʑo maka tutsoa me , tusɯza me
Glosses: 1SG DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like EMPH at.all IPFV:UP-understand-1SG not.exist:FACT IPFV:UP-know-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: This is what I know best.' (literally: `There is nothing that I understand, that I know like that.' 140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [nɯ kɯfse pjɯsɯza] me
Glosses: 1SG DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:DOWN-know-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I know of no such thing.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ɕaŋtaʁ kɯcʰa kɯrkaŋ me
Glosses: 1SG up.from SBJ:PCP-can SBJ:PCP-robust not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am the most able one, the most robust one.' (literally: `There is no one that is more robust/able than me') (140425 shizi huli he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤmu nɤwa ni
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother 2SG.POSS-father DU
Translation: Your parents.' (many occurrences)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɯʁɤri kɯnɤʁaʁ tɤmu nɯra kɯ nɯsɤznɯmbjɯm smi cʰɯnɯβlɯnɯ pjɤŋu
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-before SBJ:PCP-have.a.good.time INDEF.POSS-mother DEM:PL ERG 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-warm.by.fire fire IPFV-AUTO-burn-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The old women who were resting in front of the house were burning a fire to keep themselves warm.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɲi ɯnmaʁ cʰondɤre tɯɬaʁ ɯnmaʁ ra nɯɕki tɕe tɕe li “aβɣo" tukɯnɯti ɕti ma nɯ ma ʑaka ɯrmi me . (...) tɯrpɯ ɣɯ ɯrʑaβ ɯɕki tɕe “aɬaʁ" tukɯti ŋu . tɯβɣo ɣɯ ɯrʑaβ ɯɕki li “aɬaʁ" tukɯti ɕti .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FZ 3SG.POSS-husband COMIT GENR.POSS-MZ 3SG.POSS-husband PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK LNK again 1SG.POSS-FB IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM apart.from each 3SG.POSS-name not.exist:FACT _ GENR.POSS-MB GEN 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT LNK 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be:FACT GENR.POSS-FB GEN 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT again 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT
Translation: One calls one's father's sister's and one's mother's sister's husbands a-βɣo `my father's brother'. Apart from that they don't have their own term. One calls one's mother's brother's and one's father's brother's wives a-ɬaʁ `my mother's sister'.' (140425 kWmdza05) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003789"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁi tɤtɕɯ kɯmŋu tu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling INDEF.POSS-son five exist:FACT LNK
Translation: I have five younger brothers.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S270"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯβɣo ɣɯ ɯtɕɯ cʰondɤre ɯme nɯra nɯɕki tɕe , tɕe kɯwxti ra nɯɕki “api" tukɯti , kɯxtɕi ra nɯɕki “aʁi" tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FB GEN 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.big PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say SBJ:PCP-be.big PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: As for one's father's brother's sons and daughters, one calls the elder ones a-pi `my elder sibling' and the younger ones a-ʁi `my younger sibling'.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɬaʁ ɣɯ ɯrɟit nɯra tɕe tɤtɕɯ pɯnɯŋu tɕʰeme pɯnɯŋu tɯmɤtsa ŋu (...) tɯʑo kɯnɤ “amɤtsa" tukɯti , ɯʑo kɯnɤ “amɤtsa" tuti
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FZ GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM:PL LNK INDEF.POSS-son PST.IPFV-AUTO-be girl PST.IPFV-AUTO-be GENR.POSS-MZCh be:FACT _ GENR also 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-GENR-say 3SG also 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-say
Translation: One's mother's sister's children, whether boy or girl, are one's maternal parallel cousins (tɯ-mɤtsa). (…) One calls [them] a-mɤtsa, and they also reply a-mɤtsa.' (140425 kWmdza04) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003788"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde tʰam tɕe “api aʁi" tunɯtinɯ ŋu ma
Glosses: nowadays now LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-AUTO-say-PL be:FACT LNK
Translation: Nowadays [maternal parallel cousins] call [each other] a-pi `my elder sibling' and a-ʁi `my younger sibling'(casually).' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrpɯ nɯ kɯnɤ “aftsa" tuti , tɤɬaʁ nɯ kɯnɤ “aftsa" tuti
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-MB DEM also 1SG.POSS-ZCH IPFV-say INDEF.POSS-MZ DEM also 1SG.POSS-ZCH IPFV-say
Translation: Both the maternal uncle and the maternal aunt call [their sister's children] a-ftsa.' (140425 kWmdza04) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003788"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɕʰeme ɲɯŋua tɕe asqʰaj ɣɯ ɯrɟit nɯɕki tɕe "aftsa" tutia ŋu . … awɤmɯ ɣɯ ɯrɟit ra nɯɕki tɕe "aʁi" tutia kɯra ŋu . ʑara kɯ aɕki "aɲi" tutinɯ tɕe , aʑo kɯ "aʁi" tutia ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG girl SENS-be-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-sister GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-FZCh IPFV-say-1SG be:FACT _ 1SG.POSS-brother GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG INF:STAT-be.needed be:FACT 3PL ERG 1SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-FZ IPFV-say-PL LNK 1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I am a woman, and so I call my sisters' children a-ftsa `my nephew', (…) and my brother's children_i a-ʁi `my younger sibling'. They_i call me a-ɲi `my father's sister' and I call them a-ʁi `my younger sibling' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɤtɕɯ apɯŋua qʰe tɕe , axtɤɣ ɣɯ ɯrɟit nɯnɯra nɯɕki amdɯ ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG INDEF.POSS-son IRR-IPFV-be-1SG LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-brother GEN 3SG.POSS-offpsring DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-BCh be:FACT
Translation: If I were a man, I would call my brother's children a-mdɯ `my parallel nephew'.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme tɕe tɕe tɯmdɯ me .
Glosses: girl LNK LNK GENR.POSS-BCh not.exist:FACT
Translation: Women do not have [any relative that can be called with the term] tɤ-mdɯ `parallel nephew'. (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯtɕu tɕe tɕe li “amdɯ" tutɯti , woja , tɕʰeme ɯrɟit nɯ “aftsa" tutɯti , tɯmu tɯmu kɯnaχtɕɯɣ cʰo kɯnaχtɕɯɣ ŋu .
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC LNK again 1SG.POSS-BCh IPFV-2-say INTERJ girl 3SG.POSS-child DEM 1SG.POSS-ZCh IPFV-2-say GENR.POSS-mother GENR.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.the.same COMIT SBJ:PCP-be.the.same be:FACT
Translation: (Question: How do ♂I address a-wa ɯ-xtɤɣ ɯ-ɣe ɯ-ɕki my father's brother's grandchildren? Response:) `In that case, ♂you say a-mdɯ `♂my brother's son'; in the case of a girl's child (FBDCh) you say a-ftsa `my sister's son', like [siblings sharing] the same parents.' (elicitation, 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo arɟit ra kɯ (...) aʑo asqʰaj ɣɯ ɯrɟit ra nɯɕki tɕe “amɤtsa" tutinɯ , nɯnɯra , ɣɯ nɯrɟit ra nɯɕki qʰe li , “amɤtsa" tunɯtinɯ
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-offspring PL ERG (...) 1SG 1SG.POSS-sister GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MFZ IPFV-say-PL DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK again 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-AUTO-say-PL
Translation: My children (…) call my sister's children_i a-mɤtsa, and also called their_i children a-mɤtsa.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrpɯ ɣɯ ɯrɟit ɯɕki tɕe “arpɯ" tukɯti , ɯɣe ɯɕki tɕe “arpɯ" tukɯti kɯŋgrɤl ɲɯŋu , iʑora kɯrɯ kɯ tɕe .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-MB GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-GENR-say 3SG.POSS-grandchild 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-GENR-say INF:STAT-be.usually.the.case SENS-be 1PL Tibetan ERG LNK
Translation: One calls one's maternal uncle's children and his grandchildren a-rpɯ `my maternal uncle', among us Tibetans.' (140425 kWmdza07) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003791"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤɲi ɯrɟit ɣɯ ɯrɟit nɯ ɯɕki tɕe tɕe “aftsa" tutɯti kɯra .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-FZ 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-FZ IPFV-2-say INF:STAT-be.needed
Translation: You have to say a-ftsa `my sister's child' to the child of the child of your paternal cross-aunt.' (elicitation, 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯra tɕe tɯʑo sɤz apɯwxtinɯ qʰe “api" tukɯti , tɯʑo sɤz apɯxtɕinɯ qʰe “aʁi" tukɯnɯti ɕti . “axtɤɣ" ra tuo<nɯ>mɯtinɯ ɕti .
Glosses: DEM:PL LNK GENR COMP IRR-IPFV-be.big-PL LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say GENR COMP IRR-IPFV-be.small-PL LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT 1SG.POSS-brother PL IPFV-<AUTO>RECIP-say-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Those (ego's husband's or wife's siblings), if they are elder than oneself, one calls them a-pi `my elder sibling'; if they are younger one calls them a-ʁi `my younger sibling'. They also call each other a-xtɤɣ`my brother' and the like.' (140425 kWmdza05) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003789"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑimɤtsa nɯni tɕe ci kupandʑi kɯkʰɯ ɲɯŋu , kɯŋgrɤl ɲɯŋu , mɤkɯʁdɯɣ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: COLL-MZCh DEM:DU LNK one IPFV-make-DU INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be INF:STAT-be.usually.the.case SENS-be NEG-INF:STAT-be.harmful SENS-be
Translation: For two maternal parallel cousins, it is possible to get married, it is the custom, it is not wrong.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑiwɤmɯsnom ɯrɟit nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ , (...) ɯnɯni li ci kupandʑi kɯkʰɯ ɲɯŋu . tɕeri nɯnɯ ɲɯrkɯn .
Glosses: COLL-brother-sister 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM TOP _ DEM:DU again one IPFV-make-DU INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be LNK DEM SENS-be.rare
Translation: Cross-cousins (the children of siblings of different gender) can also get married, but it is rare.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑixtɤɣ ɯrɟit nɯ tɤŋu tɕe tɕe , ci kúwɣpa maka mɤkɯkʰɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: COLL-brother 3SG.POSS-children DEM AOR-be LNK LNK one IPFV-INV-make at.all NEG-INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be
Translation: As for brothers' children, it is completely impossible for them to marry each other.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɯ praʁwɯ rɟitpa ŋua tɕe , arɟit ni praʁwɯ rɟitpa kɯnɤ kɯɤrtsi ŋundʑi ,
Glosses: 1SG DEM TOPO lineage be:FACT-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-offspring DU TOPO lineage also SBJ:PCP-PASS-count be:FACT-DU
Translation: I am (Tshendzin) from the lineage of Praqwu, and [therefore] my two children also count as being from the lineage of Praqwu.' (140426 rJitpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmu pɕoʁ nɯ tɤ́wɣrtsɯz tɕe , tɯmu pɕoʁ rɟitpa tukɯrtsi ŋu , tɯwa pɕoʁ partsɯznɯ tɕe , li tɯwa pɕoʁ rɟitpa nɯ pjɯrtsinɯ ɕti
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mother side DEM AOR:UP-INV-count LNK GENR.POSS-mother side lineage IPFV:UP-GENR:S/O-count be:FACT GENR.POSS-father side DEM AOR:DOWN-count-PL LNK GENR.POSS-mother side lineage DEM IPFV:DOWN-count-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: When one counts from one's mother's side, one is counted as being from the lineage on one's mother's side, when people count from one's father's side (downwards), they count as being from one's father lineage.' (140426 rJitpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯrme nɯkɯɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɤ nɯkɯɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɯ rɟitpa tukɯti ŋu . apɯŋu tɕe , taʁrdo ra ɣɯ nɯrɟit nɯnɯ , (...) tɤtɕɯ pɯnɯŋu , tɕʰeme pɯnɯŋu , tɯrme ɯkʰa zjɤkɯmɤtɕɯ , jɤkɯmɤrʑaβ , nɯra ɣɯ nɯrɟit nɯrɟit nɯrɟit kɯfse nɯkɯɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɯnɯra tɕe (taʁrdo) rɟitpa tukɯti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK people AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations ADD AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations DEM lineage IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT IRR-IPFV-be LNK TOPO PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring DEM _ INDEF.POSS-son PST.IPFV-AUTO-be girl PST.IPFV-AUTO-be people 3SG.POSS-house TRAL-AOR-SBJ:PCP-adopted.as.son AOR-SBJ:PCP-marry DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-offspring SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations DEM:PL LNK TOPO lineage IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be
Translation: People [related to each other] generation after generations are called a lineage. For instance, the children from Taqrdo, (…) male or female, whether they have left and been adopted as sons in someone else's household or have married away, their children's children's children, generation after generation, are called the lineage [of Taqrdo].' (140425 kWmdza08) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003792"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑo tɕʰeme ɣɯ tɯrɟit nɯnɯ kɯ tɕe tɕe tɯwɤmɯ ra nɯrɟit nɯɕki tɕe li “arpɯ aɬaʁ" tutinɯ kɯra .
Glosses: GENR girl GEN GENR.POSS-offspring DEM ERG LNK LNK GENR.POSS-brother PL 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK again 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-say-PL INF:STAT-be.needed
Translation: One's children (EGO being a woman) call one's brother's children a-rpɯ `my mother's brother' or a-ɬaʁ `my mother's sister'. (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤɲi ɣɯ ɯɣe kɯ tɕe tɕe , nɤj nɤɕki “arpɯ" tuti kɯra ɕti .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-FZ GEN 3SG.POSS-grandchild ERG LNK LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-say INF:STAT-be.needed be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Your father's sister's grandchildren have to call you `my mother's brother'.' (elicitation 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo jiwi nɯnɯ tsʰapa nɯkɯɣe pjɤŋu . (...) aʑo tɤnɯkoŋtsoa ɯqʰu tɕe , tsʰapa juɕea tɕe , tsʰapa nɯ jikɯmdza ʁɟa ɲɯŋu tɕe , (...) tɕe arpɯ aɬaʁ ntsɯ tukɯti ɲɯra ma nɯ<beifen> ɲɯmbro , (...) tɤpɤtso kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ra kɯ nɯ apʰe “aftsa aftsa" tutinɯ , “arpɯ aɬaʁ" kɤti ɲɯra , tɕendɤre tutia kɯzgɤt ɲɯɕti ri nɯnɯ aʑo mɯ́jnɤxtʂaŋa
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-grandmother DEM TOPO AOR:WEST-SBJ:PCP-come[II] IFR.IPFV-be _ 1SG AOR-work-1SG 3SG.POSS-after LNK TOPO IPFV-go-1SG LNK TOPO DEM 1PL.POSS-relative completely SENS-be LNK _ LNK 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ always IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be.needed LNK 3PL.POSS-age.rank SENS-be.high _ INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small PL ERG DEM 1SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-ZCh 1SG.POSS-ZCh IPFV-say-PL 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ INF-say SENS-be.needed LNK IPFV-say-1SG INF:STAT-be.needed SENS-be.AFF LNK DEM 1SG NEG:SENS-TROP-be.fair-1SG
Translation: [One of] our grandmothers was from Tshapa (…) After I started working, when I went to Tshapa, everybody there is a relative of ours, (…) I had to call all of them `my mother's brother, my mother's sister', because they are of higher 辈分bèifenage rank, (…) [even] small children called me `my sister's son', and I had to call them `my mother's brother, my mother's sister'. Although this was what I had to say, I found it unfair.' (2010-06)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯwi ɣɯ ɯwi nɯnɯ tsʰapa nɯtɕu nɯkɯɣe pjɤŋu tɕe tɕe nɯ ɣɯ ɯwi ɣɯ ɯwɤmɯ nɯnɯ ɣɯ ɯrɟit ɣɯ ɯrɟit ɣɯ ɯrɟit ɣɯ ɯrɟit kɯfse nɯnɯra nɯɕki tɕe tɕe “arpɯ nɤ aɬaʁ" ntsɯ tuti pjɤra . (...) tʰam tɕe nɯra stʰɯci ɯkɯti maŋe , tɕe kɯxtɕi nɯra kɯnɤ “aftsa" kɤti ɲɯnɤzraʁnɯ qʰe “aβɣo" ra tunɯtinɯ , “api" ra tunɯtinɯ . tɕe tʰam tuotʂoʁloʁ ɕti . kɯɕɯŋgɯ apɯŋu tɕe nɯ tukɯti kɯra pjɤɕti nɤ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-grandmother GEN 3SG.POSS-grandmother DEM TOPO DEM:LOC AOR:WEST-SBJ:PCP-come[III] IFR.IPFV-be LNK LNK DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-grandmother GEN 3SG.POSS-brother DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC LNK 1SG.POSS-MB ADD 1SG.POSS-MZ always IPFV-say IPFV.IFR-be.needed _ now LNK DEM:LOC so.much 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say not.exist:SENS LNK SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL also 1SG.POSS-ZCh INF-say SENS-be.ashamed-PL LNK 1SG.POSS-FB PL IPFV-AUTO-say-PL 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL IPFV-AUTO-say-PL LNK now IPFV-be.mixed be.AFF:FACT in.former.days IRR-IPFV-be LNK DEM IPFV-GENR-say INF:STAT-be.needed IFR.IPFV-be SFP
Translation: His grandmother's grandmother had come from Tshapa, and he had to call all of his grandmother's brother's children's children's children's children (etc) `my mother's brother, my mother's sister' (including small children)'. (…) Now no one says this any more, the young ones are ashamed of calling [elders] `my sister's child' and instead say `my father's brother' or `my elder sibling'. Now it is all mixed up, but in former times, one had to speak like that.' (140425 kWmdza07) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003791"></fn>
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [Màmbì [a dèH [Hmantúà
Glosses: [∅1.PN [1.PST1 eat-r [OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [a dèH [Hmantúà
Glosses: [1.PST1 eat-r [OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Translation: S/he ate mangoes.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [nyɛ̀gà [a dèH [Hmantúà
Glosses: [1.SBJ-CONTR [1.PST1 eat-r [OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Translation: As for her/him, s/he ate mangoes.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH vúlɔH pɛ́mbɔ́ yî nà ntfúmò wã̂
Glosses: 1SG-PRS cut-R ∅7.bread 7.DEM.PROX COM ∅3.knife 3-POSS.1SG
Translation: I cut this bread with my knife.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: baH dyúwɔH Hlɛkɛ́lɛ̀ [lé wɛH làwɔ
Glosses: 2-PRS understand-r OBJ.LINK-le5-language [5:ATT 2SG-PRS speak
Translation: They understand the language that you speak.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mimbgísì mí befùmbì
Glosses: mi4-freshness 4:ATT be8-orange
Translation: the freshness of the oranges
Language: Gyele
Transcription: vɛ̂ mɛ̀ sâ mwánɔ̀ wɔ́ɔ̀ wà wɛ bùdɛH nû
Glosses: give.IMP 1SG.OBJ only N1-child 1-POSS.2SG 1:ATT 2SG have-r 1.DEM.PROX
Translation: Give me only your child that you have here.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ pɛ́ɛ́ mɛ̀ɛ̀ lwɔ̃̂ nyá ndáwɔ̀
Glosses: LOC there-DIST 1SG.FUT build real ∅9.house
Translation: I will build a real house over there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bá nà bwánɔ̀ báwɔ̀
Glosses: 2.SBJ COM ba2-child 2-POSS.3PL
Translation: they and/with their children
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yiH ntɛ́gɛlɛ vɛ̀dáà mɛH sùmbɛlɛH bê
Glosses: 7-PRS disturb but[Bulu] 1SG-PRS greet[Kwasio]-r 2PL.OBJ
Translation: That disturbs, but I greet you.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: basɔ́ bá batí
Glosses: ba2-friend 2:ATT ba2-in.law
Translation: the friends of the in-laws
Language: Gyele
Transcription: sɔ́ wà batí
Glosses: ∅1.friend 1:ATT ba2-in.law
Translation: the friend of the in-laws
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH wúmbɛH dè ntúà
Glosses: 1SG-PRS want-r eat ∅7.mango
Translation: I want to eat a/the mango.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH wúmbɛH dè Hmantúà
Glosses: 1SG-PRS want-r eat OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Translation: I want to eat (the) mangoes.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ kwêH mafû mábáà
Glosses: 1SG.PST1 fall-PST ma6-day 6-two
Language: Gyele
Transcription: aH dílɛsɛH Hbesíŋgí mabèlé
Glosses: 1-PRS feed-r OBJ.LINK-be8-squirrel ma6-kola.nut
Translation: S/he feeds the squirrels kola nuts.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyàgâ Hŋga mantúà
Glosses: buy.IMP OBJ.LINK-PL ma6-mango
Translation: Buy (pl.) mangoes!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: tí ŋga gyàga Hmantúà
Glosses: NEG.r PL buy OBJ.LINK-ma6-mango
Translation: Don't (pl.) buy mangoes!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a swásɛlɛH Hbapándyɛ̀
Glosses: 1.PST1 dry-r OBJ.LINK-ba2-plate
Translation: S/he dried the plates.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH dè
Glosses: 1SG-PRS eat
Translation: I eat.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ dèH
Glosses: 1SG.PST1 eat-PST
Translation: I ate.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH dèH tɛ́ɛ̀
Glosses: 1SG-PRS eat-r now
Translation: I eat now.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH kwéL
Glosses: 1SG-PRS fall-CF
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ kwéH
Glosses: 1SG.PST1 fall-PST
Language: Gyele
Transcription: kwéHL
Glosses: fall-IMP
Translation: Fall!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: jínɔ̀ ngá Námpùndì
Glosses: le5-name GEN ∅1.PN
Translation: the name of [the woman] Nampoundi
Language: Gyele
Transcription: jínɔ̀ lé Ngòló
Glosses: le5-name 5:ATT ∅7.PN
Translation: the name of [the village] Ngolo
Language: Gyele
Transcription: jínɔ̀ lé síngì
Glosses: le5-name 5:ATT ∅7.cat
Translation: the name of the cat
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yíì nkɛ̀la
Glosses: 7.ID N-hang-NOM
Translation: It is hung up [lit. a hung-up person/thing].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Àdà nà Màmbì báà bangɛ̀lɛ́nɛ̀
Glosses: ∅1.PN COM ∅1.PN 2.COP ba2-teacher
Translation: Ada and Mambi are teachers.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Àdà nà Màmbì báà mbána
Glosses: ∅1.PN COM ∅1.PN 2.COP N-marry-NOM
Translation: Ada and Mambi are married [lit. are married ones].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ndáwɔ̀ nyíì mbúya (nà vìyɔ́)
Glosses: 9∅.house 9.COP N-destroy-NOM COM 8∅.fire
Translation: The house is destroyed (by fire).
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ndáwɔ̀ nyiH búyaH nà vìyɔ́
Glosses: 9∅.house 9-PRS destroy-PASS-r COM 8∅.fire
Translation: The house is being destroyed by fire.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdã̂ aH gyɛ́sɔH Hbedéwɔ̀
Glosses: N1-woman 1-PRS look.for-r OBJ.LINK-be8-food
Translation: The woman looks for food.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdã̂ aH dúù gyɛ́sɔ Hbedéwɔ̀
Glosses: N1-woman 1-PRS NEG.SBJV look.for OBJ.LINK-be8-food
Translation: The woman must not look for food.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [pámɔ tísɔ̀nì aH súmɛlɛH bùdì
Glosses: [arrive ∅7.town 1-PRS greet-r ba2-people
Translation: Having arrived in town, he greets the people.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdã̂ a lɔ́ sìsɛlɛ nɔ́nɛ́gá [nâ nyɛ̂ nà kɔ́sɛ
Glosses: N1-woman 1.PST RETRO scare-APPL 1-other [COMP 1 COM cough
Translation: The woman scared the other by her coughing.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Màmbì a vìdɛH màtúà
Glosses: ∅1.PN 1.PST turn-r ∅1.car
Translation: Mambi turned the car.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màtúà a vìdɛgaH
Glosses: ∅1.car 1.PST turn-AUTOCAUS-PST
Translation: The car turned (around).
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màtúà a vìdaH nà Màmbì
Glosses: ∅1.car 1.PST turn-PASS-PST COM ∅1.PN
Translation: The car was turned (by Mambi).
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH kɛ̀H tísɔ̀nì
Glosses: 1SG-PRS go-r ∅7.town
Translation: I go to town.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH kɛ̀
Glosses: 1SG-PRS go
Translation: I walk.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ baH téèH kɛ̀ndɛ̀
Glosses: so 2-PRS start.walking-r ∅7.walk
Translation: So they go on a walk.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ yánɛH dyâ vâ kùgúù dẽ̀ mafú mábáà
Glosses: 1SG must-r lie.down here ∅7.evening today ma6-day 6-two
Translation: I had to sleep here in the evening two days ago [from today].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ dyâH vâ kùgúù dẽ̀ mafú mábáà
Glosses: 1SG.PST lie.down-r here ∅7.evening today ma6-day 6-two
Translation: I slept here in the evening two days ago [from today].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mwánɔ̀ (wà) bíwɔ̀
Glosses: N1-child 1:ATT bad
Translation: bad child
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bíwɔ̀ (yá) mwánɔ̀
Glosses: bad 7:ATT N1-child
Translation: ugly child
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdì (wà) nkángɛ̀
Glosses: N1-person 1:ATT ∅3.courage
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nkángɛ̀ (wá) mùdì
Glosses: ∅3.courage 3:ATT N1-person
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màmbɔ̀ máà mpà
Glosses: ma6-thing 6:COP good
Translation: Things are good.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: minsáyá mí bèyaH sâ miH bɛ́lɛ́ mpà
Glosses: mi4-thing 4:ATT 2PL-PRS do 4-PRS be-NEG good
Translation: The things that you do are not good.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: malɛ́ndí máà vɛ̀ɛ̀ kwè Hmipìndí
Glosses: ma6-palm.nut 6.DEM.PROX only fall OBJ.LINK-mi4-unripeness
Translation: These palm nuts only fall when they are unripe.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛgà mɛ́ɛ̀ dyúwɔH nzã́ã̀ [dúwɔ̀ lé tè
Glosses: 1SG-CONTR 1SG.PST2 feel-r ∅7.appetite [le5-day 5:ATT there
Translation: As for me, I had a craving [for meat] that day.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ Nzàmbí njîH mpù bã̂ã̂ã̂ã̂ njì dígɛ̀ mpù
Glosses: so ∅1.PN.PRS come-r like.this IDEO:walking.far come look like.this
Translation: So Nzambi comes like this [depiction of walking a long distance], comes looking like this.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH bvûH nâ nkwálá wúù tfùndɛH mɛ̀ vâ
Glosses: 1SG-PRS think-r COMP ∅3.machete 3.PST2 miss-r 1SG here
Translation: I think that the machete missed [injured] me here.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH pã̂H ná kɛ̀ dígɛ mùdì wà nû ɛ́ pɛ́
Glosses: 1SG.PRS try-r again go see N1-person 1:ATT 1.DEM.PROX LOC there
Translation: I try again and go to see that person there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ vâ mɛ dyùwɔH nâ ɛ́ vâ yíì sílɛ̀ njì búlɛ
Glosses: LOC here 1SG.PST1 hear-r COMP LOC here 7.FUT finish.FUT come destroy
Translation: I heard that it [the road] will all come here to be destroyed [the plants].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ pɛ́ɛ́ mɛ̀ɛ̀ lwɔ̃̂ nyà ndáwɔ̀
Glosses: LOC there-DIST 1SG.FUT build real ∅9.house
Translation: Over there, I will build a real house.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ pɛ̀ ba sílɛH bî lwɔ̃̂ Hmandáwɔ̀ ɛ́ pɛ̀
Glosses: LOC there 2.PST1 finish-r 1PL.OBJ build OBJ.LINK-ma6-house LOC there
Translation: There, they have finished to build us houses.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ wû bèyá lwɔ̃̂H kwádɔ́ yã̂ ɛ́ wû
Glosses: LOC there 2PL[Kwasio] build-r ∅7.village 7-POSS.1SG LOC there
Translation: Over there, you (pl.) build my village over there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bã̂ yɔ́ɔ̀ yíì tè
Glosses: ∅7.word 7-2SG.POSS 7.ID there
Translation: You are understood [lit. your word is there].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ká baH kɛ̀H wɛ̂ vɛ̀ Hbebwúyà bébáà nà mawú mátánɛ̀ wɛH sâH tè ná
Glosses: if 2-PRS go-r 2SG.OBJ give OBJ.LINK-be8-hundred 8-two COM ma6-ten 6-five 2SG-PRS do-r there how
Translation: If they go to give you 250 (Francs), how do you manage there?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: lekfúdɛ̀ a nzí bíyɔ nlô pɛ́ɛ́
Glosses: le5-idiot 1 PROG.PST hit ∅3.head over.there-DIST
Translation: The idiot was hitting his head far over there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: báà tfùbɔ̀ báà tfùbɔ̀ mpàgó wá nùmbà wúú
Glosses: 2.FUT pierce 2.FUT pierce ∅3.road 3:ATT ∅1.logger there-DIST
Translation: They will cut, they will cut. The road of the loggers there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdì kí tàtɔ wúoH
Glosses: N1-person NEG scream there-VOC-DIST
Translation: Nobody scream over there!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bedéwɔ̀ bé dẽ̂
Glosses: be8-food 8:ATT today
Translation: food of today
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛH làwɔH tɛ́ɛ̀
Glosses: 2SG-PRS talk-r now
Translation: You speak now.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛ nzíìH bàlɛ mpà
Glosses: 2SG PROG.PRS-r keep good
Translation: You are remembering well [lit. your are keeping the words well].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛH ná báàlaH nà nyɛ̂H fī́ nà wɛH ndyándyaH ná sálɛH ɛ́ pɛ̂
Glosses: 2SG-PRS again repeat-r COM see-r different COM 2SG-PRS work-r again ∅7.work LOC there
Translation: You repeat [it] again and try something else and you work there again.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: aH sìmbɔH màtúà bíwɔ̀
Glosses: 1-PRS drive-r ∅1.car bad
Translation: He drives the car poorly.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ̀ɛ́ jílɛ́ wɛ̂ bvùbvù
Glosses: 1SG.PRS.NEG ask-NEG 2SG much
Translation: I don't ask you [for] much.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ̀ nzí dyá vâ kùgúù [dẽ̂ mafú mábáà.
Glosses: 1SG PROG.PST1 lie.down here ∅7.evening [today ma6-day 6-two
Translation: I was here in the evening two days ago.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ mùdã̂ dígɛH mísì ndẽ́ẽ́ẽ́
Glosses: so N1-woman watch-r ma6-eye IDEO:staring
Translation: So the woman looks with her eyes [depiction of staring].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: baH kɛH ndáà nà tɛ́lɛH Hmakùndù má kùrã̂ kɛ́kɛ́kɛ́kɛ́kɛ́
Glosses: 2-PRS go-r also COM put-r OBJ.LINK-ma6-clay.house 6:ATT ∅7.electricity IDEO:repeated.placement
Translation: They also go and put up electricity poles for clay houses [depiction of putting the electricity poles along the road].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Nzàmbí mabɔ́ɔ̀ nkwɛ́ɛ̀ dé nâ vɔ́sì
Glosses: ∅1.PN ma6-breadfruit ∅3.basket LOC COMP IDEO:pouring
Translation: Nzambi pours the breadfruit into the basket.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gbĩ́gbĩ̀gbĩ́gbĩ̀gbĩ́ a múà nà bábɛ̀ tí wúmbɛH wɛ̀
Glosses: IDEO:roaming 1SG.PST1 PROSP COM ∅7.illness NEG want-r die
Translation: [depiction of disease roaming in his body] He was about to be sick, not wanting to die.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛH dyúwɔH mpù bamìntùlɛ̀ bɔ́gá baH tsígɛ̀ tsùktsùktsùk
Glosses: 2SG-PRS hear-r like.this ba2-mouse 2-other 2-PRS take.off IDEO:rustling
Translation: You hear like this the other mice take off [depiction of noise made by mice].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: dɔ̃̀ bí yaH táálɛH bê yàlanɛ àà
Glosses: so[French] 1PL.SBJ 1PL-PRS begin-r 2PL respond[Bulu] EXCL
Translation: So we start to respond to you, mhm.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ah mbúmbù wɛ wɛH tɛ́lɛH núndɛ̀
Glosses: EXCL ∅1.namesake 2SG.SBJ 2SG-PRS stand-r 1-ANA
Translation: Ah namesake, is it you who is standing there?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyí bí yaH tfúga yaH tfúgaH nà gyí
Glosses: what 1PL.SBJ 1PL-PRS suffer 1PL-PRS suffer-r COM what
Translation: What do we suffer, we suffer from what?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ Nzàmbí nyɛgà a kɛ̃́ɛ̃̀ dígɛ mísì
Glosses: so ∅1.PN 1.SBJ-CONTR 1.PST1 go.COMPL watch ma6-eye
Translation: So this Nzambi has gone and was thinking very hard [lit. he watched with his eyes].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bí bɔ́ɔ̀ yaH bígɛH mpá'à wá vɛ́
Glosses: 1PL.SBJ 2-other 1PL-PRS develop-r ∅3.side 3:ATT which
Translation: How will we others [in contrast to other Gyeli villages] make progress?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ̀sɛ́ béé ndáà bèyaH làwɔH fàlà
Glosses: is.it[French] 2PL.SBJ also 2PL[Kwasio]-PRS speak-r ∅1.French
Translation: Isn't it, you (pl.), you also speak French.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bwáaH lãH bɔ̂
Glosses: 2PL-PRS tell-r 2-OBJ
Translation: You tell them!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: byɔ̂ beH vɛ̀H bíì mapè'è
Glosses: 8.OBJ 8-PRS give-r 1PL.OBJ ma6-wisdom
Translation: They give us wisdom.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ mɛH wúmbɛH wû
Glosses: 7.OBJ 1SG-PRS want-r there
Translation: That is what I want there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bvúlɛ̀ baH ntɛ́gɛlɛH ndáà bíyɛ̀
Glosses: ba2.Bulu 2-PRS bother-r also 1PL.OBJ
Translation: The Bulu bother us, too.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: aH nyùlɛnyulɛH kɔ̀fí nà yɔ̂
Glosses: 1-PRS drink-HAB-r ∅7.coffee COM 7-OBJ
Translation: He usually drinks coffee with it
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ngùndyá tè nyɔ̂ bɛ̀H nyî
Glosses: ∅9.raffia there 9.OBJ be-r 9.DEM.PROX
Translation: The raffia there, IT is that.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [mùdũ̂ a nyɛ̂H mùdã̂
Glosses: [N1-man 1.PST1 see-r N1-woman
Translation: The/a man saw the/a woman.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nzá a nyɛ̂H mùdã̂
Glosses: who 1.PST1 see-r N1-woman
Translation: Who saw the/a woman?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdũ̂ aH nyùlɛH [Hmajíwɔ́
Glosses: N1-man 1-PRS drink-r [OBJ.LINK-ma6-water
Translation: The/a man drinks water.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyí mùdũ̂ aH nyùlɛ
Glosses: what N1-man 1-PRS drink
Translation: What does the man drink?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H màkítì [nà Àdà
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [COM ∅1.PN
Translation: The/a man went to the market with Ada.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nà nzá mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H màkítì
Glosses: COM who N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market
Translation: With whom did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H màkítì [nà tṹũ̀
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [COM ∅7.axe
Translation: The/a man went to the market with an axe.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nà gyí mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H màkítì
Glosses: COM what N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market
Translation: With what did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H màkítì [nà Àdà nà Màmbì
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [COM ∅1.PN COM ∅1.PN
Translation: The/a man went to the market with Ada and Mambi.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nà bànzá mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H màkítì
Glosses: COM 2-who ba1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market
Translation: With whom did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdì wɔ̂
Glosses: N1-man 1-POSS.2SG
Translation: your (SG) man
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mìnkwɛ́ myáwɔ́
Glosses: mi4-basket 4-POSS.3PL
Translation: their baskets
Language: Gyele
Transcription: gyà yísí
Glosses: 7.music 7-POSS.1PL
Translation: our music
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mwánɔ̀ wùsí
Glosses: N1-child 1-POSS.1PL
Translation: our child
Language: Gyele
Transcription: èé lûngà yá sã́ wɛ̂ yɔ́ɔ̀ yíì
Glosses: EXCL ∅7.grave 7:ATT ∅1.father 1-POSS.3SG 7-OBJ 7.COP
Translation: Right, his father's grave is over there.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH nyɛ̂H mɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 1SG-PRS see-r 1SG.OBJ self
Translation: I see myself.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛH nyɛ̂H wɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 2SG-PRS see-r 2SG.OBJ self
Translation: You (sg.) see yourself.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: aH nyɛ̂H nyɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 1-PRS see-r 1SG.OBJ self
Translation: S/he sees her/himself.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yaH nyɛ̂H bî mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 1PL-PRS see-r 1PL.OBJ self
Translation: We see ourselves.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bwaH nyɛ̂H bê mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 2PL-PRS see-r 2PL.OBJ self
Translation: You (pl.) see yourselves.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: baH nyɛ̂H bɔ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: 2-PRS see-r 2-OBJ self
Translation: They see themselves.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bímbú lɛ́ mambòngò mâ wɛ̀ mɛ́dɛ́ dígɛ̂ mɛ́dɛ́
Glosses: ∅5.amount 5:ATT ma6-plant 6.DEM.PROX 2SG.SBJ self look.IMP self
Translation: The amount of these plants, yourself, look yourself,
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a múà mɛ́dɛ́ nyá mùdì
Glosses: 1 be.almost self real N1-person
Translation: He was himself a real (old) man.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H makítì [nàkùgúù
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [SIM-∅7.evening
Translation: The/a man went to the market yesterday.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: líní mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H makítì
Glosses: when N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market
Translation: When did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H makítì líní
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market when
Translation: When did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ ná mwánɔ̀ nùù vɛ́
Glosses: LOC how N1-child 1.COP where
Translation: What! Where is the child?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: kó mbúmbù nyɛ nzí lèmbo dyùù bɔ̂ fàmíì bá bùdì ná
Glosses: EXCL ∅1.namesake 1.SBJ PROG.PST know kill 2-OBJ ∅1.family 2:ATT ba2-person how
Translation: Oh namesake, how could he kill them, the family of people?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H [makítì
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r [ma6-market
Translation: The/a man went to the market.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ vɛ́ mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H
Glosses: LOC where N1-man 1.PST1 go-PST
Translation: Where did the man go?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: vɛ́ mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H
Glosses: where N1-man 1.PST1 go-PST
Translation: Where did the man go?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H makítì [nà màtúà
Glosses: N1-man 1.PST1 go-r ma6-market [COM ∅1.car
Translation: The/a man went to the market by car.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ɛ́ ná mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H makítì
Glosses: LOC how N1-man 1.PRS go-r ma6-market
Translation: How did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: [ná mùdũ̂ a kɛ̀H makítì
Glosses: [how N1-man 1.PRS go-r ma6-market
Translation: How did the man go to the market?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: lefû lé vɛ́
Glosses: le5-day 5:ATT which
Translation: Which day?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mafû má níyɛ̀
Glosses: ma6-day 6:ATT how.may
Translation: How many days?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bwánɔ̀ mpù
Glosses: ba2-child like.this
Translation: that many children [gesture showing 2].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH sùmɛlɛH bê ndɛ̀náà
Glosses: 1SG-PRS greet-r 2PL.OBJ like.that
Translation: I greet you like this.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bon pílì yiH báàlaH nà bɛ̀ ndɛ̀náà ndɛ̀náà ndáà ná
Glosses: good[French] when 7-PRS repeat-r COM be like.that like.that also still
Translation: So, when it continues and is still like this and like that.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛH dyúwɔH mpù bamìntùlɛ̀ bɔ́gá baH tsígɛ tsùktsùktsùk
Glosses: 2SG-PRS hear-r like.this ba2-mouse 2-other 2-PRS take.off IDEO:rustling
Translation: You hear like this the other mice take off [depiction of noise of mice].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yɔ́ɔ̀ Nzàmbí dígɛH mísì ɛ́ mpù
Glosses: so ∅1.PN look-r ma6-eye LOC like.this
Translation: So Nzambi looks with the eyes like this.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ngáà wɛH nyɛ̂H mpù
Glosses: Q(tag) 2SG-PRS see-r like.this
Translation: Right, you see that?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛH nyɛ̂H mpù ngáà
Glosses: 2SG-PRS see-r like.this Q(tag)
Translation: You see that, don't you?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: wɛ̀ɛ́ nyɛ̂lɛ mpù ngáà
Glosses: 2SG.NEG.PRS see-NEG like.this Q(tag)
Translation: You don't see that, do you?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: síngì yɛ́sɛ̀
Glosses: ∅7.cat 7-all
Translation: all (the parts of) the cat
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bedéwò bíndɛ̀ byɔ̂ mɛH lɔ́ njì lɛ́bɛlɛ Hbedéwò bà wɛ̀
Glosses: be8-food 8-ANA 8.OBJ 1-PRS RETRO come follow be8-food AP 2SG.OBJ
Translation: That (aforementioned) food, I have come to look for the food at your place.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdì wà núndɛ̀ dígɛH mísì
Glosses: N1-person 1:ATT 1-ANA look-r ma6-eye
Translation: That (aforementioned) person thinks very hard [lit. looks with his eyes].
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bùdã̂ bábáà
Glosses: ba2-woman 2-two
Translation: two women
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bùdã̂ bánã̂
Glosses: ba2-woman 2-four
Translation: four women
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bùdã̂ bátánɛ̀
Glosses: ba2-woman 2-five
Translation: five women
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mawúmɔ̀ mábáà
Glosses: ma6-ten 6-two
Translation: twenty
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mawúmɔ̀ máláálɛ̀
Glosses: ma6-ten 6-three
Translation: thirty
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bibwúyà bínã̂
Glosses: bi8-hundred 2-four
Language: Gyele
Transcription: batɔ́dyínì bátánɛ̀
Glosses: ba2-thousand 2-five
Translation: five thousand
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ndáwɔ̀ nyà mbvùlè
Glosses: ∅9.house 9:ATT N1-Bulu
Translation: the Bulu man's house
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màndáwɔ̀ mángá Àdà
Glosses: ma6-∅9.house 6-GEN ∅1.PN
Translation: Ada's houses
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màndáwɔ̀ má mbvùlè
Glosses: ma6-house 6:ATT N1-Bulu
Translation: the Bulu man's houses
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdì nû
Glosses: N1-man 1.DEM.PROX
Translation: this man
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mùdì núú
Glosses: N1-man 1.DEM.DIST
Translation: that man
Language: Gyele
Transcription: lèlɔ̂ lé síngì
Glosses: le5-ear 5:ATT ∅7.cat
Translation: the cat's ear
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ̀ɛ́ nyɛ́lɛ́ [tɔ̀ mùdì]
Glosses: 1SG.PRS.NEG see-NEG [any N1-person
Translation: I don't see anyone.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ̀ɛ́ nyɛ́lɛ́ [tɔ̀ bùdì]
Glosses: 1SG.PRS.NEG see-NEG [any ba2-person
Translation: I don't see any people.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ̀ɛ́ nyɛ́lɛ́ mùdì
Glosses: 1SG.PRS.NEG see-NEG N1-person
Translation: I don't see the person.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: èè mɛ̀ jínɔ̀ ná Màmà
Glosses: yes 1SG le5-name SIM ∅1.PN
Translation: Yes, my name is Mama.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bà mínɔ̀ ná Màmà nà Màmbì
Glosses: 2 ma6-name SIM ∅1.PN CONJ ∅1.PN
Translation: Their names are Mama and Mambi.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bùdã̂ ntùɔ́
Glosses: ba2-woman six
Translation: six women
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bùdã̂ lɔ̀mbì
Glosses: ba2-woman eight
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bùdã̂ rèbvùá
Glosses: ba2-woman nine
Translation: nine women
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bùdì bvùbvù
Glosses: ba2-people many
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màjíwɔ́ bvùbvù
Glosses: ma6-water much
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bvúbvù nyà bùdì
Glosses: ∅9.multitude 9:ATT ba2-people
Language: Gyele
Transcription: bèsíngì mànjìmɔ
Glosses: be8-cat whole
Translation: the entire cats
Language: Gyele
Transcription: màtàngɔ̀ mànjìmɔ̀
Glosses: ma6-palm.wine whole
Translation: the whole palm wine
Language: Gyele
Transcription: púsí (yá) mávúdɔ̀ mànjìmɔ̀
Glosses: ∅7.bottle [7:ATT ma6-oil whole
Translation: a whole bottle of oil
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mìndísì mànjìmɔ̀
Glosses: mi4-rice whole
Translation: the whole rice
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a njiH a dyùmɔH bùdì a dyùmɔH bùdì a dyùmɔH bùdì
Glosses: 1.PST1 come-r 1.PST1 heal-r ba2-person 1.PST1 heal-r ba2-person 1.PST1 heal-r ba2-person
Translation: He came, he was healing people.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Màmbì aH kwè
Glosses: ∅1.PN 1-PRS fall
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Màmbì a kwèH
Glosses: ∅1.PN 1.PST1 fall-PST
Language: Gyele
Transcription: Bìyã́ aH sàga
Glosses: ∅1.PN 1-PRS frighten
Translation: Biyang is frightened.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: kálɛ́ nuH kwè
Glosses: ∅1.sister 1-PRS fall
Translation: The sister falls.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: kálɛ́ núù kwèH
Glosses: ∅1.sister 1.PST2 fall-PST
Translation: The sister fell (a long time ago).
Language: Gyele
Transcription: lendzólɛ̀ leH kwè
Glosses: le5-tear 5-PRS fall
Translation: The tear falls.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mandzólɛ̀ maH kwè
Glosses: ma6-tear 6-PRS fall
Translation: The tears fall.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: jáwɛ̀ leH kwè
Glosses: le5-goliath.frog 5-PRS fall
Translation: The goliath frog falls.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: máwɛ̀ maH kwè
Glosses: ma6-goliath.frog 6-PRS fall
Translation: The goliath frogs fall.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nyɛ nâ [sɔ́ wɔ́ɔ̀ nɔ̀ɔ̀H mɔ̀ mwánɔ̀
Glosses: 1 COMP [∅1.friend 1-POSS.2SG take-r PRF 1-child
Translation: She [says] `Your friend has taken the child.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛH dyúwɔH nâ [mpàgó wá pɔ́dɛ̀ lã̀H vâ
Glosses: 1SG-PRS hear-r COMP [∅3.street 3:ATT ∅1.port pass-r here
Translation: I hear that the road to the port passes [will pass] here.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: a kɛ̃́ɛ̃̀ nyî pɛ̀ dyúwɔ̀ a dígɛ́ɛ̀ a dígɛ́ɛ̀ a dígɛ́ɛ̀ kì nâ nzá nyɛ̂H mɛ̂
Glosses: 1.PST1 go.PRF enter there on.top 1.PST1 watch.PRF 1.PST1 watch.PRF 1.PST1 watch.PRF say COMP who see-r 1SG.OBJ
Translation: He went inside there on top and watched and watched and watched. [He] says: “Who sees me?.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ba kwɛ̀lɔH mɔ̀ yɔ̂
Glosses: 2.PST1 cut-r COMPL 7-OBJ
Translation: They have (already) cut it.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: ba kwɛ̀lɔ̃́ɔ̃̀ yɔ̂
Glosses: 2.PST1 cut:COMPL.r 7-OBJ
Translation: They have (already) cut it.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ̀ lámbɔH mɔ̀ kù
Glosses: 1SG trap-r COMPL ∅1.rat
Translation: I have (already) trapped the rat.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ lùngaH mɔ̀ bvùbvù
Glosses: 1SG grow-r COMPL lots
Translation: I have (already) grown lots.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: nà wɛ làdtɔH mɔ̀ nà ngã̀
Glosses: Q 2SG.PST1 meet-r COMPL COM ∅1.healer
Translation: Have you ever/already met the healer?
Language: Gyele
Transcription: yaH tí nga gyàga Hbekálàdè
Glosses: 1PL-PRS NEG.r PL buy OBJ.LINk-be8-book
Translation: Let's not buy books!
Language: Gyele
Transcription: tí ngaH dè wámíyɛ̀
Glosses: NEG PL-OBJ.LINK eat fast
Translation: Don't (2PL) eat fast.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ́ kɛ̀Hɛ́? mã̂
Glosses: 1SG.PRS go-r-LOC ? ma6.sea
Translation: I go to town.
Language: Gyele
Transcription: mɛ́ kɛ̀Hɛ́ mankɛ̃̂
Glosses: 1SG.PRS go-r-LOC ? ma6-field
Translation: I go to the fields.