lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Khezha Naga
Transcription: Cotsü nü coha eh meke-thru dah .
Glosses: black.ant NOM red.ant LOC bite-kill PART
Translation: A black ant has killed a red ant.
Language: Mao
Transcription: Nili-no Nisa-yi da pie .
Glosses: Nili-ERG Nisa-LOC beat give
Translation: Nili beats Nisa.
Language: Mao
Transcription: hihi a zhu-ko-e
Glosses: PRX 1SG name-ko-e
Translation: This is my name.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Pa=ye khaghi=no o=pütsa-ni pi u-va-e .
Glosses: 3SG=ye long.time=no 2SG=talk.to-pros say go-PRF-EMPH
Translation: She said a long time ago that she was going to see you and left.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Pa-puh=no a-ngu=no a-chequ qhi-ve .
Glosses: 3SG-father=no NRL-spear=no NRL-porcupine pierce-VM
Translation: His father impaled the porcupine with the spear.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: A-tsala a-küthü-ni-u a-lu=lo ilesü hu-ghi=no
Glosses: NRL-day NRL-three-ORD-DEF NRL-field=LOC return go.field-come=CONN
Translation: On the third day, they returned to the field
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Taroo ga sake o non-da koto
Glosses: Taroo NOM sake ACC drink-PST that
Translation: that Taroo drank sake
Language: Japanese
Transcription: sakura ga sai-ta koto
Glosses: cherry.blossom NOM bloom-PST that
Translation: that Cherry blossoms bloomed
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [wa ga sekwo ga yadwo]
Glosses: I GEN lover GEN house
Translation: my lover’s house
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [ayu no si ga pata]
Glosses: sweetfish GEN it GEN fin
Translation: sweetfish’s fins
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [wa ga sekwo ga motomu-ru] omo ni ika-masi mono wo
Glosses: I GEN lord AGT ask-ADN nurse DAT go-AUX thing EXCL
Translation: I would go as the wet nurse that my lord asks for.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [mizu no tama ni nita-ru] mimu
Glosses: water GEN pearl DAT resemble-ADN see
Translation: (I) see water resembles a pearl.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [pisaki ØS opu-ru] kiyoki kapara-ni
Glosses: catalpa _ grow-ADN clear riverbank-on
Translation: on the banks of the clear river where catalpas grow
Language: Hindi
Transcription: raam-ne lakdii kaatii
Glosses: Ram-ERG wood.NOM cut.PERF.F
Language: Hindi
Transcription: raam-ne nahaayaa
Glosses: Ram-ERG bath.PERF
Language: Hindi
Transcription: raam (*-ne) giraa
Glosses: Ram (*-ERG) fall.PERF
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [Saywopimye no kwo ga pire Ø puri-si] yama
Glosses: Sayohime GEN child AGT scarf _ wave-PST.ADN mountain
Translation: the mountain where the child Sayohime waved her scarf
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [wa ga yuku] miti ni
Glosses: 1P AGT go.ADN road LOC
Translation: …on the road I travel.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [pisakwi Ø opu-ru] kiywoki kapara
Glosses: catalpa _ grow-ADN clear riverbank
Translation: the banks of the clear river where catalpas grow
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [kimi ga yuk-u] miti no nagate
Glosses: Lord AGT go-ADN road GEN length
Translation: the length of the road my lord travels
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [wa ga naku] namita
Glosses: 1P AGT cry.ADN tear
Translation: the tears that I cry
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [papa ga kap-u] kwo
Glosses: mother AGT breed-ADN silkworm
Translation: the silkworms bred by my mother
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [asuka-gapa Ø yuku] se wo paya-mi
Glosses: Asuka-river _ go.ADN shallows OBJ fast-CONJ
Translation: since the shallows where the Asuka River flows are fast
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [pototogisu Ø naku] kope
Glosses: cuckoo (AGT) cry.ADN call
Translation: the call of the cuckoo crying
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [aki no nwo ni tuyu Ø opye-ru pagwi] wo ta-wora-zu
Glosses: fall GEN field LOC dew _ cover-ADN bush.clover OBJ hand-break-not
Translation: without breaking off the dew-laden bush clover in the fall meadow
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: ware wo yami ni ya imo ga kwopi-tutu aru ram-u ?
Glosses: I OBJ dark LOC Q wife AGT long.for-CONT be AUX-ADN
Translation: Would my wife be longing for me in the dark?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: kimi wo aga mat-an-akuni
Glosses: lord OBJ I.AGT wait-not-NMLZ
Translation: without me waiting for you
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: aga te wo tono no wakugwo ga torite nageka-mu
Glosses: my hand OBJ lord GEN child AGT take weep-AUX.ADN
Translation: Will my lord’s child take my hand and weep again tonight?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: Saywopimye no kwo ga pire Ø puri-si yama
Glosses: Sayohime GEN child AGT scarf _ wave-PST.ADN mount
Translation: the mountain where the child Sayohime waved a scarf/did scarf-waving
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: kanasiki kwo-ro ga ninwo Ø pos-aru kamo
Glosses: sad child-DIM AGT cloth _ hang.out-ADN Q
Translation: The sad child has hung out a piece of cloth.
Language: Basque
Transcription: Mikel-ek ni haserretu nau .
Glosses: Michael-ERG 1SG.NOM angry.PERF AUX
Translation: Michael angered me.
Language: Hindi
Transcription: tusaar-ne vah kahaanii yaad kii
Glosses: Tushar-ERG that story.NOM memory.NOM do.PERF
Translation: Tushar remembered that story.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: imo ga kopisiku wasura-ye-nu-kamo
Glosses: my.lover AGT miss forget-MID-NEG.ADN-Q
Translation: Did I miss my dear and cannot forget her?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: yama kopeni-si , kimi ga omop-yu-raku-ni
Glosses: mountain cross-PST you/lord AGT think-MID-NMLZ-LOC
Translation: when you came to my mind as I was crossing the mountains
Language: Assamese
Transcription: gan-tu-e xap-tu-k khogal korile
Glosses: song-class-ERG snake-CLASS-DAT anger made/did
Translation: The song angered the snake.
Language: Assamese
Transcription: boroxun-e Ram-ok xant korile
Glosses: rain-ERG Ram-DAT calm made/did
Translation: The rain calmed Ram.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [papa wo panarete yuku] ga kana-si sa
Glosses: mother OBJ part go.ADN AGT sad-do NMLZ
Translation: I am sad about parting from mother.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [tada pitorigo ni aru] ga kuru-si sa
Glosses: only one.child DAT be.ADN AGT painful-do NMLZ
Translation: I am pained that I am the only child…
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [u no pana no saku] tukwi tati-nu
Glosses: deutzia GEN flower GEN bloom month pass-PERF
Translation: it was the month when the deutzia flower blooms
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [okitu mo no pana Ø saki-tara]-ba ware ni tuge koso
Glosses: offing seaweed GEN flower _ bloom-PERF-if I DAT tell FOC
Translation: If seaweed flowers were to bloom in the offing, tell me. (But they would not bloom.)
Language: Turkish
Transcription: [(bir)ari-nin bugün cocug-u sok-tug-un]-u duy-du-m
Glosses: bee-GEN today child-ACC sting-F.NOM-3SG-ACC hear-PST-1SG
Translation: I heard that the bee/a bee (+specific) stung the child today.
Language: Turkish
Transcription: [cocug-u bugün (bir)ari sok-tug-un]-u duy-du-m
Glosses: child-ACC today bee sting-F.NOM-3SG-ACC hear-PST-1SG
Translation: I heard that today bees/a bee [-specific] stung the child.
Language: Turkish
Transcription: *[(bir)ari Ø cocug-u bugün sok-tug-un]-u duy-du-m
Glosses: bee _ child-ACC today sting-F.NOM-3SG-ACC hear-PST-1SG
Translation: I heard that today bees/a bee [-specific] stung the child.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: ipe pito no idura-to ware wo topa-ba ikani ipa-mu
Glosses: home someone GEN where-that I OBJ ask-if how say-AUX
Translation: How should (I) say if someone in your family asks me where (you) are?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: waga kosi wo pito Ø mike-mu kamo
Glosses: IP.AGT coming OBJ someone _ see-FUT.ADN Q
Translation: Would someone see me coming?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [ki no miti no takumi] no yorodu no mono wo tukuri idasu mo
Glosses: wood GEN tool GEN craftsman GEN various GEN thing OBJ make out EXCL
Translation: The craftsman invents various things.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: ano mono ga orusu o itase-ba
Glosses: that person NOM watch.house ACC do-if
Translation: if that person watches over the house…
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [kokorobape wo mi-ru] ga wokasi-u mo
Glosses: kindness ACC see-ADN AGT thankful-CONCL EXCL
Translation: Seeing (someone’s) kindness makes (me) thankful.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [kumo no usuku watare-ru] ga nibi iro na-ru wo
Glosses: cloud GEN shallow.pass away-ADN AGT red color become-ADN EXCL
Translation: the clouds passing thinly away become red
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Kupi-ssa on kahvi-a .
Glosses: cup-INE be.PRS.3SG coffee-PAR
Translation: There is coffee in the cup.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Leikkikentä-llä juokse-e laps-i-a .
Glosses: playground-ADE run-PRS.3SG child-PL-PAR
Translation: There are children running in the playground.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Pöydä-llä on kirja .
Glosses: table-ADE be.PRS.3SG book.NOM
Translation: There is a book on the table.
Language: Estonian
Transcription: Kirja on pöydä-llä .
Glosses: book.NOM be.PRS.3SG table-ADE
Translation: The book is on the table.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Use-i-ta sotila-i-ta sa-i surma-nsa taistelu-ssa .
Glosses: several-PL-PAR soldier-PL-PAR get-PST.3SG death-ACC.3POSS battle-INE
Translation: Several soldiers got killed (literally: ‘got their death’) in the battle.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Mon-i-a ihmis-i-ä odott-i satee-ssa bussi-a .
Glosses: many-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR wait-PST.3SG rain-INE bus-PAR
Translation: Many people were waiting for the bus in the rain.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Keitto-a seuras-i erilais-i-a liha-, kala ja vihannes-ruok-i-a .
Glosses: soup-PAR follow-PST.3SG differentd-PL-PAR meat fish and vegetable-dish-PL-PAR
Translation: The soup was followed by different dishes of meat, fish, and vegetables.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: tulirokko-a seura-a usein jälkitaute-j-a
Glosses: scarlet.fever-PAR follow-PRS.3SG often complication-PL-PAR
Translation: Scarlet fever is often followed by complications.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Jo-ta-in unkarilais-i-a esitt-i siellä kansa-n-tansse-j-a .
Glosses: some-PAR-CLIT Hungarian-PL-PAR perform-PST.3SG there folk-GEN-dance-PL-PAR
Translation: Some Hungarians were performing folk dances there.’ (from a private conversation; example courtesy of Jaakko Leino)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: korti-n on saa-nut henkilö-i-tä ,
Glosses: card-ACC have.PRS.3SG get-PTCP person-PL-PAR
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tuhans-i-a ihmis-i-ä seuras-i tapahtum-i-a ääneti .
Glosses: thousand-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG event-PL-PAR silently
Translation: Thousands of people were following / followed the events silently.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: ihmis-i-ä seuras-i puhe-tta esityspaika-n ulkopuole-lla-kin .
Glosses: person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG speech-PAR venue-GEN outside-ADE-also
Translation: (The venue was full, so that) there were people following the speech even outside the venue.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: si-tä seuras-i use-i-ta voimakka-i-ta räjähdyks-i-ä luol-i-ssa .
Glosses: it-PAR follow-PST.3SG several-PL-PAR powerful-PL-PAR explosion-PL-PAR cave-PL-INE
Translation: (First a minor explosion was heard and) it was followed by several powerful explosions in the caves.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Teoria-sta-si seura-a ongelm-i-a .
Glosses: theory-ELA-2SG.POSS follow-PRS.3SG problem-PL-PAR
Translation: Problems will follow from your theory.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tuhans-i-a kelkko-j-a palvele-e matkailu-a .
Glosses: thousand-PL-PAR sleigh-PL-PAR serve-PRS.3SG tourism-PAR
Translation: Thousands of sleighs serve tourism.’ (Newspaper headline, Helsingin Sanomat 9.12.2000, example courtesy of Jaakko Leino)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Sato-j-a-tuhans-i-a ihmis-i-ä jätt-i Suome-n .
Glosses: hundred-PL-PAR-thousand-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR leave-PST.3SG Finland-ACC
Translation: Hundreds of thousands of people left Finland.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Viera-i-ta ihmis-i-ä hak-i tavaro-i-ta piene-stä vaaleanpunaise-sta huonee-sta .
Glosses: strange-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR fetch-PST.3SG thing-PL-PAR small-ELA pink-ELA room-ELA
Translation: Strange people were fetching things from the small pink room.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Vasta .ranna-n möki-llä ihmis-i-ä viett-i ilta-a ja soittel-i kitara-a .
Glosses: opposite.shore-GEN cabin-ADE person-PL-PAR spend-PST.3SG night-PAR and play-PST.3SG guitar-PAR
Translation: At the cabin on the opposite shore there were people spending the night and playing the guitar.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: että tietty-j-ä historiallis-i-a muutoks-i-a seura-a välttämättä jo-ta-kin muu-ta
Glosses: that certain-PL-PAR historical-PL-PAR change-PL-PAR follow-PRS.3SG necessarily something<PAR> else-PAR
Translation: 'that certain historical changes are necessarily followed by something else
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Rakens-i-n talo-n~talo-a .
Glosses: build-PST-1SG house-ACC~PAR
Translation: I built [and completed] a/the house.’ [ACC] / ‘I was building a/the house ~ built a/the house a bit ~ did some house-building.’ [PAR] (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Löys-i-n kirja-n~kirja-t~kirjo-j-a~*kirja-a
Glosses: find-PST-1SG book-ACC~PL.NOM~PL-PAR~*SG.PAR
Translation: I found [a/the] book.’ [SG.ACC]
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Ihaile-n Kallu-a~*Kallu-n .
Glosses: admire-PRS-1SG Kallu-PAR~*ACC
Language: Finnish
Transcription: ja se-n on saa-nut tosi hieno-j-a kirjailijo-i-ta .
Glosses: and it-ACC have.PRS.3SG get-PTCP really fine-PL-PAR writer-PL-PAR
Translation: (It is an old prize given to young writers,) and some really fine writers have won it.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: (?)Kirkko-a / *kirkon rakens-i kymmen-i-ä sukupolvi-a .
Glosses: church-PAR _ *ACC build-PST.3SG ten-PL-PAR generation-PL-PAR
Translation: Tens of generations built [participated in the building of] the church.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Sotila-i-ta seuras-i aina huolto .joukko-j-a ja kauppia-i-ta huolto .varmuude-n ylläpitämise-ksi .
Glosses: soldier-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG always maintenance.troop-PL-PAR and vendor-PL-PAR maintenance.certainty-GEN securing-TRA
Translation: Soldiers were always followed by maintenance troops and vendors to secure the maintenance.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tyttö-j-ä seuras-i poik-i-a .
Glosses: girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG boy-PL-PAR
Translation: [Some] girls followed [some/the] boys’ / ‘[Some/the] girls were followed by [some] boys.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Kymmen-i-ä , ell-ei sato-j-a sotila-i-ta seuras-i hän-tä .
Glosses: ten-PL-PAR if-NEG hundred-PL-PAR soldier-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG 3SG-PAR
Translation: Tens if not hundreds of soldiers followed him/her.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Turiste-j-a saapu-u ihastele-ma-an rakennus-ta .
Glosses: tourist-PL-PAR arrive-PRS.3SG admire-INF-ILL building-PAR
Translation: Tourists arrive to admire the building.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Ole-n luke-ma-ssa tä-tä raportti-a-si .
Glosses: be-PRS.1SG read-INF-INE this-PAR report-PAR-2SG.POSS
Translation: I am reading this report of yours.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Use-i-ta auto-j-a seiso-o piha-lla .
Glosses: several-PL-PAR car-PL-PAR stand-PRS.3SG yard-ADE
Translation: There are several cars standing in the yard.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Paljon auto-j-a seiso-o piha-lla .
Glosses: a.lot.of car-PL-PAR stand-PRS.3SG yard-ADE
Translation: There are a lot of cars standing in the yard.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Täysi torillinen ihmis-i-ä seuras-i Valoviikko-jen avajais-i-a Tamperee-lla .
Glosses: full market.place.full person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG ligh.week-PL.GEN opening-PL-PAR Tampere-ADE
Translation: A full market-place-full of people was following the openings of the Illuminations in Tampere.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Suuri joukko ihmis-i-ä seuras-i Schwarzeneggeri-n ja olympiatule-n yhteis-tä matka-a .
Glosses: big crowd person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG Schwarzenegger-GEN and olympic.fire-GEN joint-PAR journey-PAR
Translation: A big crowd of people followed the journey of Schwarzenegger and the Olympic Flame.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Runsaa-sti ihmis-i-ä seuras-i vappupuhe-i-ta aurinkoise-lla mutta tuulise .lla kauppatori-lla .
Glosses: abundant-ADV person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG 1st.of.May.speech-PL-PAR sunny-ADE but windy-ADE market.square-ADE
Translation: A lot of [lit. abundantly] people were following the 1st of May speeches on the sunny but windy market square.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: sama-n verra-n ihmis-i-ä seuras-i paika-n pää-llä häne-n hautajais-i-a-an .
Glosses: same-ACC amount-ACC person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG spot-GEN on-ADE 3SG-GEN funeral-PL-PAR-3POSS
Translation: (Elvis Presley’s death in 1977 immediately brought over 100 000 mourners to the gates of Graceland, and) the same amount of people followed his funeral on the spot.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: paljon ihmis-i-ä seuras-i hän-tä .
Glosses: a.lot.of person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG 3SG-PAR
Translation: (Wherever He [Christ] went), a lot of people followed Him.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: minu-a tuijott-i use-i-ta silmä .pare-j-a varjo-i-sta .
Glosses: 1SG-PAR stare-PST.3SG several-PL-PAR eye.pair-PL-PAR shadow-PL-ELA
Translation: (Then I noticed that) I was stared at by several pairs of eyes from the shadows.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: hundred-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR have .PRS .3SG read-PTCP message-ACC .2SG .POSS
Glosses: (niin harva kuitenkaan vaivautuu vastaamaan)
Translation: (Even though you see that) hundreds of people have read your message, (only few bother to answer you).
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Poim-i-n sien-i-ä tunni-n (*tunni-ssa).
Glosses: pick-PST.1SG mushroom-PL-PAR hour-ACC (*INE)
Translation: I picked mushrooms for (*in) an hour.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Poim-i-n siene-t tunni-ssa (*tunni-n).
Glosses: pick-PST.1SG mushroom-PL.NOM hour-INE (*ACC)
Translation: I picked the mushrooms in (*for) an hour.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Poim-i-n use-i-ta sien-i-ä tunni-ssa (*tunni-n).
Glosses: pick-PST.1SG several-PL-PAR mushroom-PL.NOM hour-INE (*ACC)
Translation: I picked several mushrooms in (*for) an hour.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Poim-i-n kymmen-i-ä sien-i-ä tunni-ssa (*tunni-n).
Glosses: pick-PST-1SG ten-PL-PAR mushroom-PL-PAR hour-INE (*ACC)
Translation: I picked tens of mushrooms in (*for) an hour.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tyttö-j-ä seuras-i use-i-ta poik-i-a .
Glosses: girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG several-PL-PAR boy-PL-PAR
Translation: The girls were followed by several boys’ / ?? ’[Some] girls followed several boys.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Kymmen-i-ä tyttö-j-ä seuras-i poik-ia .
Glosses: ten-PL-PAR girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG boy-PL-PAR
Translation: Tens of girls followed the boys’. / ??’Tens of girls were followed by boys.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tyttö-j-ä seuras-i paljon poik-i-a
Glosses: girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG a.lot.of boy-PL-PAR
Translation: The girls were followed by a lot of boys.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Kymmen-i-ä tyttö-j-ä seuras-i use-i-ta poik-i-a .
Glosses: ten-PL-PAR girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG several-PL-PAR boy-PL-PAR
Translation: Tens of girls were followed by several boys.’ / ’Tens of girls followed several boys.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Heikki rakasta-a kolme-a nais-ta .
Glosses: Heikki love-PRS.3SG three-PAR woman-SG.PAR
Translation: Heikki loves three women.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Viisi mies-tä saapu-i .
Glosses: five.NOM man-SG.PAR arrive-PST.3SG
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Viide-llä miehe-llä on flunssa .
Glosses: five-ADE man-SG.ADE is.PRS.3SG flu.NOM
Translation: Five men have the flu.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Mon-ta mies-tä saapu-i .
Glosses: many-PAR man-SG.PAR arrive-PST.3SG
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Viisi (*viit-tä) mies-tä saapu-i .
Glosses: five.NOM (*PAR) man-SG.PAR arrive-PST.3SG
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Ole-n luke-nut mon-ta~kaksi kirja-a .
Glosses: have-PRS.1SG read-PTCP many-PAR~two.NOM book-SG.PAR
Translation: I have read many ~ two books [completely].’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Ole-n luke-nut mon-ta-a~kah-ta kirja-a .
Glosses: have-PRS.1SG read-PRTC many-PAR-PAR~two-PAR book-SG.PAR
Translation: I have read many ~ two books [not completely]’; ‘I have been reading many ~ two books.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Eemeli rakasta-a mon-ta(-a) nais-ta .
Glosses: Eemeli love-PRS.3SG many-PAR(-PAR) woman-SG.PAR
Translation: Eemeli loves many women.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Eemeli rakasta-a kah-ta (*kaksi) nais-ta .
Glosses: Eemeli love-PRS.3SG two-PAR (*NOM) woman-SG.PAR
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Minu-a katsel-i mon-ta utelias-ta silmä-ä .
Glosses: 1SG-PAR watch-PST.3SG many-PAR curious-SG.PAR eye-SG.PAR
Translation: I was watched by many curious eyes.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Mon-ta ihmis-tä on rakenta-nut talo-n .
Glosses: many-PAR person-SG.PAR have.PRS.3SG build-PRTC house-ACC
Translation: Many people have built a house [each their own].
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Sata ihmis-tä on rakenta-nut talo-n .
Glosses: hundred person-SG.PAR have.PRS.3SG build-PRTC house-ACC
Translation: A hundred people have built a/the house [together or each their own].’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tä-ssä on mon-ta-a~viit-tä kahvi-a .
Glosses: here-INE be.PRS.3SG many-PAR-PAR~five-PAR coffee-SG.PAR
Translation: Here is coffee of many ~ five kinds.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tä-ssä on mon-ta~viisi kahvi-a .
Glosses: here-INE be.PRS.3SG many-PAR~five.NOM coffee-SG.PAR
Translation: Here are many ~ five [portions of] coffee.’ (C)
Language: South Saami
Transcription: Laara treavkah dorjeme .
Glosses: L . ski.PL(.NOM) make.PST.PTCP
Translation: Laara has made (a pair of) skis.
Language: South Saami
Transcription: Dejtie treavkide vööjnim .
Glosses: it.PL.ACC ski.PL.ACC see.PST.1SG
Translation: I saw the skis.
Language: North Saami
Transcription: Vástit gažaldaga~gažaldahkii !
Glosses: answer.IMP.2SG question.GENACC~question.ILL
Translation: Answer the question!
Language: North Saami
Transcription: Itgo liiko gažaldaga~gažaldahkii~gažaldagas ?
Glosses: NEG.2SG.Q like.CNG question.GENACC~question.ILL~question.LOC
Translation: Don’t you like the question?
Language: South Saami
Transcription: Gosse aktem gåmmam gaavnedigan akte dejstie guaktijste laejpieh öösti jih dejtie varki byöpmedi .
Glosses: when one.ACC woman.ACC find.PST.3DU one it.PL.ELA couple.PL.ELA bread.PL(.NOM) buy.PST.3SG and it.PL.ACC quickly eat.PST.3SG
Translation: When they (two) found a woman, one of them bought some loaves of bread and ate them quickly.
Language: South Saami
Transcription: Daelie die rïektes aaksjoem bøøkti jïh ålmese vedti .
Glosses: now then real axe.ACC bring.PST.3SG and man.ILL give.PST.3SG
Translation: Then he brought a real axe and gave it to the man.
Language: South Saami
Transcription: Månnoeh dutnjien jeehkimen , Læjsa .
Glosses: 1DU 2SG.ILL trust.1DU Læjsa
Language: South Saami
Transcription: Edtjem manne datneste bïlledh juktie im datnem lyjhkh ?
Glosses: shall.1SG 1SG 2SG.ELA fear.INF because NEG.1SG 2SG.ACC like.CNG
Translation: Am I supposed to fear you if I don’t like you?
Language: South Saami
Transcription: Im lyjhkh niejtide mah desnie .
Glosses: NEG.1SG like.CNG girl.PL.ACC REL.PL here
Translation: I don’t like the girls here.
Language: South Saami
Transcription: Dihte lyjhkoe åenehks mirhke ålmah , guktie månnoeh , Ajloe føørhkedi .
Glosses: 3SG like.3SG short dark man.PL.NOM like 1DU Ajloe laugh.PST.3SG
Translation: She likes short dark men, like the two of us, Ajloe laughed.
Language: Lule Saami
Transcription: Lijkku guolláj ? De ham de lijkku dáv gåvåv aj ?
Glosses: like.2SG fish.ILL then DPT then like.2SG this.ACC picture.ACC also
Translation: You like fish? Then you must like this picture too, right?
Language: North Saami
Transcription: Liikot guolis ? De han de liikot dán govas maid ?
Glosses: like.2SG fish.LOC then DPT then like.2SG this.GENACC picture.LOC also
Translation: You like fish? Then you must like this picture too, right?
Language: Norwegian
Transcription: Liker du fisk ?
Glosses: like.PRS 2SG fish
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Pidätkö kalasta ?
Glosses: like.2SG.Q fish.ELA
Translation: Do you like fish?
Language: North Saami
Transcription: Mun liikon dutnje~du~dus .
Glosses: 1SG like.1SG 2SG.ILL~2SG.GENACC~2SG.LOC
Translation: I like you.
Language: North Saami
Transcription: Mun in liiko guollái~guoli~guolis .
Glosses: 1SG NEG.1SG like.CNG fish.ILL~fish.GENACC~fish.LOC
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Amahân te mij puoh vissâsávt lijkkup kuálán já rähistep kyele , ko tom jyehi peeivi šiev puurrâmlustoin puurrâp
Glosses: I.guess DPT 1PL all surely like.1PL fish.ILL and love.1PL fish.ACC as it.ACC every day.GEN good appetite.COM eat.1PL
Translation: I guess we all really like fish and love fish, as we eat it every day with great pleasure (…)
Language: Greek
Transcription: Kreikkaliih iä lijkkum ennuv=gin syemmilijn .
Glosses: Greek.PL NEG.3PL like.PST.PTCP much=DPT Finn.PL.LOC
Translation: The Greeks did not like Finns that much.
Language: Skolt Saami
Transcription: Mon jiõm tõʹst tuʹǩǩääm ni vooʹps , dõõʹst .
Glosses: 1SG NEG.1SG it.LOC like.PST.PTCP not at.all it.LOC
Translation: I didn’t like that [work] at all.
Language: Skolt Saami
Transcription: (*)Tõʹn jie tuʹǩǩed .
Glosses: it.ACC NEG.3PL like.CNG
Translation: They don’t like it.
Language: Kildin Saami
Transcription: ja munn naadʹeda tedt lańń meellt tońńe .
Glosses: and 1SG believe.1SG this country please.3SG 2SG.ILL
Translation: and I believe that you will like this country.
Language: Kildin Saami
Transcription: Peennge meellt kuullʹ .
Glosses: dog.ILL please.3SG fish
Translation: The dog likes fish.’ (Lit. ‘Fish pleases the dog.’)
Language: Russian
Transcription: Ja nadejusʹ , čto tebe nravitʹsja eta strana .
Glosses: 1SG hope.1SG COMP 2SG.DAT please.3SG this.F country
Translation: I hope that you will like this country.
Language: North Saami
Transcription: Nuorran diggejin Beatles joavkku .
Glosses: young.ESS dig.PST.1SG Beatles group.GENACC
Translation: When I was young, I dug the Beatles.
Language: North Saami
Transcription: Sii ballet guliin~guliid !
Glosses: 3PL fear.3PL fish.PL.LOC~fish.PL.GENACC
Translation: They are afraid of fish!
Language: Norwegian
Transcription: De frykter fisk !
Glosses: 3PL fear.3PL fish
Translation: They are afraid of fish!
Language: Finnish
Transcription: He pelkäävät kaloja !
Glosses: 3PL fear.3PL fish.PL.PTV
Translation: They are afraid of fish!
Language: Fore
Transcription: Yaga:-wama wá aegúye .
Glosses: pig-ERG man 3SG.OBJ.hit.3SG.SU.IND
Translation: The pig attacks the man.
Language: Fore
Transcription: Yaga: wá aegúye .
Glosses: pig man 3SG.OBJ.hit.3SG.SU.IND
Translation: The man kills the pig.
Language: Warlpiri
Transcription: Tyarntu wiri-ngki=tyu yarlki-rnu .
Glosses: dog big-ERG=1.SG.OBJ bite-PST
Translation: The big dog bit me.
Language: Warlpiri
Transcription: Tyarntu-ngku=tyu yarlki-rnu wiri-ngki .
Glosses: dog-ERG=1.SG.OBJ bite-PST big-ERG
Translation: The big dog bit me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: leludor inideta rurutis nulotos leludor
Glosses: leludor inideta nulotoser nulotos.V leludor
Translation: Leludor is nulotosed by inideta.' (AFTF/AFTFTC)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: omad atilomi-ri lematim
Glosses: 3A atilomi-U lematim.V
Translation: It lematims atilomi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: omad isosisi lematim
Glosses: 3A isosisi lematim.V
Translation: It lematims isosisi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: udeloto dosotum-un rodones
Glosses: udeloto dosotum-U rodones.V
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dadesad dosotum rodones
Glosses: dadesad dosotum rodones.V
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: sú duká ˀanehˀį ?
Glosses: Q like.this 2SG.do
Translation: Do you do it this way?’ (: 1123)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: duká nį ˀanehˀį ?
Glosses: like.this Q 2SG.do
Translation: Is this the way that you do it?’ (: 1133)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: łegǫ́hlįnį gots’ę́ ˀawǫdee gúshį kǫ́é ˀawǫt’é ?
Glosses: PN area.to 2SG.OPT.go or home 2SG.OPT.be
Translation: Are you going to Norman Wells or staying home?’ (: 1139)
Language: South Slavey
Transcription: ˀamíi ˀayį́lá ?
Glosses: who 3.affected.4
Translation: Who did it?
Language: Nyulnyulan
Transcription: gooyarr=arda aarli mi-n-Ø-nya-gal ?
Glosses: two=Q fish 2-TR-[PST]-catch-REC.PST
Translation: Was it two fish that you caught?
Language: Nyulnyulan
Transcription: ngay=arda nga .n .k .iid .a broome-ngan , gardi joo=warda ?
Glosses: 1MIN=Q go PN-ALL or 2MIN=Q
Translation: Will I go to Broome today or will it be you?
Language: Urarina
Transcription: hanone mẽsahe auna-i=ɲa ?
Glosses: morning message hear-2=Q
Translation: Did you hear the message in the morning?
Language: Urarina
Transcription: ta kure kwitʉkʉ-i=ɲe ?
Glosses: Q price know-2=NEG
Translation: Don’t you know the price?’ (: 832, 834)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nĭ yào bu yào hē chá ?
Glosses: 2SG want NEG want drink tea
Translation: Do you want to drink tea?
Language: Sheko
Transcription: n̩=māāk-ā-m .
Glosses: 1SG=tell-put-IRR
Translation: I will tell.
Language: Sheko
Transcription: n̩=māāk-ā ?
Glosses: 1SG=tell-put
Translation: Shall I tell?
Language: Yele
Transcription: yi kópu dê d:uu ./?
Glosses: that.ANAPH thing 3.IMM.PST.PL make.PL
Translation: He made it./?
Language: Sabanê
Transcription: iney-i-ntal-i .
Glosses: fall-V-PRET.NEUT-DECL
Translation: (S)he fell.
Language: Sabanê
Transcription: iney-i-ntal-a ?
Glosses: fall-V-PRET.NEUT-Q
Translation: Did (s)he fall?’ (: 205)
Language: Indo-Iranian
Transcription: tumi take cenô .
Glosses: 2SG 3SG.OBJ know.2.PR.S
Translation: You know him.
Language: Indo-Iranian
Transcription: tumi ki take cenô .
Glosses: 2SG Q 3SG.OBJ know.2.PR.S
Translation: Do you know him?
Language: Uralic
Transcription: sä tuu-t .
Glosses: 2SG come-2SG
Language: Uralic
Transcription: tuu-t sä ?
Glosses: come-2SG 2SG
Language: Uralic
Transcription: tule-t=ko sinä ?
Glosses: come-2SG=Q 2SG
Language: Austronesian
Transcription: ma-tayal kísu ma-fúti ?
Glosses: AG.FOC-work 2SG.NOM AG.FOC-sleep
Translation: Are you going to work or sleep?’ (: 651)
Language: Austroasiatic
Transcription: klɜŋ hùˀ klɜŋ ?
Glosses: come NEG come
Translation: Are (you) coming (or not)?
Language: Austronesian
Transcription: niʃo ʔam ŋyaw a ʔam ʔahœʔ ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN want cat or want dog
Translation: Do you want a cat or do you want a dog?’ (: 652)
Language: Guiqiong
Transcription: zo gutɕhiɐŋ dʐi lɐ , mɛ-dʐi ?
Glosses: 3SG PN COP Q NEG-COP
Translation: Is (s)he a Guiqiong or not?’ (: 305)
Language: Indo-European
Transcription: tu the phedíl-u , ki na ?
Glosses: 2SG.NOM to arrive.PFV-SG.M ?Q NEG
Translation: Did you receive it or not?
Language: Tsezic
Transcription: me ya ło-k n-eq-še ya lac’á-k l-i-še ?
Glosses: 2SG.ERG or water(IV)-Q IV-bring-PRS or food(IV)-Q IV-do-PRS
Translation: Will you bring water or make the meal?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ser-ga rengan tang-pe mo , shing-ga rengan tang-pe ya ?
Glosses: gold-LOC ladder bridge-INF Q wood-LOC ladder bridge-INF Q
Translation: Should I put up a silver ladder or a wooden ladder?
Language: Khoe
Transcription: uri ra ari-b .a tama-s ga i-o !gû ra ari-b .a ?
Glosses: jump PROG dog-3SG.M NEG-3SG.F POT STAT-if walk PROG dog-3SG.M
Translation: Does the dog jump or does the dog walk?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: no matukar ikiw-i-nan=i dylup=i e sarang ?
Glosses: 2SG PN go-N.PST-FUT.2SG=Q PN=Q or PN
Translation: Will you go to Matukar, Dylup, or Sarang?’ (: 310)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: matukar ikiw-i-nan=i e dylup ikiw-i-nan=i ?
Glosses: PN go-N.PST-FUT.2SG=Q or PN go-N.PST-FUT.2SG=Q
Translation: Will you go to Matukar or Dylup (or perhaps neither)?’ (: 311)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nĭ qù _ (háishì) bú qù zhōngguó ?
Glosses: 2SG go (China) or.Q NEG go China
Translation: Are you going to China or are you not going to China?’ (elicited, own knowledge, cf. )
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kaa ii diinate mass-i-t-aa-tto-lla-yyo-nni ?
Glosses: 2SG.VOC 1SG.GEN money.ACC take-E-2SG-PRS.PFV-2SG-CONF-NEG-Q
Translation: You have taken my money, haven’t you?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: am-khe ham-si tɨ-khar-a-ʔo ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN-lice swap-SUP 2AS-GO-PST-Q
Translation: Did you go to swap lice?’ (i.e. ‘Did you go to have sex?’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Òsàrọ́ bọ́ òwá rà Òsàrọ́ rhìé òkhùò ?
Glosses: PN build house or PN take woman
Translation: Did Osaro build a house or did he marry a woman?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Òsàrọ́ bọ́ òwá rà ?
Glosses: PN build house Q
Translation: Did Osaro build a house?’ (: 22, 23)
Language: Indo-European
Transcription: so gúum ga ?
Glosses: 3SG.NOM go.PFV.SG.M what
Translation: He left, didn’t he?
Language: Yauyos Quechua
Transcription: wasi-y-maŋ hamu-ŋki=chu ?
Glosses: house-1-DAT come-2=Q.FOC
Translation: Do you come to my house?
Language: Yauyos Quechua
Transcription: wasi-y-maŋ=chu hamu-ŋki ?
Glosses: house-1-DAT=Q.FOC come-2
Translation: Do you come to my house?
Language: Qiang
Transcription: ʔũ ʐme ŋuə-n-a ?
Glosses: 2SG PN COP-2SG-Q
Language: Qiang
Transcription: the: ʐme ŋuə-Ø-ŋua ?
Glosses: 3SG PN COP-(3SG)-Q
Translation: Is (s)he a Qiang?’ (: 180)
Language: Arawan
Transcription: osonaa=ko ?
Glosses: PN=Q.M
Translation: Is he a Kashinawa?
Language: Arawan
Transcription: osonaa=ki ?
Glosses: PN=Q.F
Translation: Is she a Kashinawa?
Language: Kusunda
Transcription: nəti na ?
Glosses: INT this.AN
Translation: Who is this?
Language: Kusunda
Transcription: nəti ta ?
Glosses: INT this.INAN
Translation: What is this?
Language: Timor-Alor-Pantar
Transcription: a-ne nala ?
Glosses: 2SG.INAL-name what
Translation: What is your name?
Language: Timor-Alor-Pantar
Transcription: a-ne maa ?
Glosses: 2SG.INAL-name who
Translation: What is your name?’ (: 129)
Language: Tungusic
Transcription: si i:-le ŋene-d’e-nni , [d’u-la-vi=gu , tatkit-tula=gu]?
Glosses: 2SG which-ALL go-PRS-2SG home-ALL-REFL.POSS=Q school-ALL=Q
Translation: Where are you going, [home or to school]?
Language: Mongolic
Transcription: čii jaa .x-sə=ji , [tɔlgɔ=čin’ ubud-ǰææ-n=ʊʊ]?
Glosses: 2SG do.what-P.PFV=Q head=2SG.POSS hurt-PROG-PRS=Q
Translation: What’s up, [is your head aching]?
Language: Tungusic
Transcription: i:-le una-za-i [amä:-za-la=nu zulie-ze-le=nu]?
Glosses: which-LOC travel-SUBJ-2SG back-N-LOC=Q front-N-LOC=Q
Translation: Where will you travel, [in the front or in the back]?’ (: 812)
Language: Timor-Alor-Pantar
Transcription: amidan la qau , [tii’ le karian]?
Glosses: what FOC good sleep or work
Translation: What is better, [sleeping or working]?
Language: Austronesian
Transcription: cima ku ta .tayra namu i taypak , [ci ɬuŋi ci áki]?
Glosses: who NOM go 2PL.GEN PREP PN NOM PN NOM PN
Translation: Which one of you is going to Taipei, [Lungi or Aki]?’ (: 650)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nali-ak assik-siu , [kuuvviaq wall’u saayuq]?
Glosses: which-ABS.3DU.SG like-2SG.3SG.Q coffee.ABS.SG or tea.ABS.SG
Translation: Which do you want, [coffee or tea]?
Language: Barbacoan
Transcription: (i-ya) pipe-yu .
Glosses: 1-TOP bathe-EGO
Language: Barbacoan
Transcription: (ñu/ya) pipe-we .
Glosses: 2/3 bathe-N.EGO
Translation: You/(s)he bathed.
Language: Barbacoan
Transcription: (ñu-ya) pipe-yu ?
Glosses: 2-FOC bathe-EGO
Language: Barbacoan
Transcription: (ya-a) pipe-n ?
Glosses: 3-FOC bathe-N.EGO.Q
Translation: Did (s)he bathe?’ (: 136-137)
Language: Ainu
Transcription: nisatta nupurpet or un e=arpa ya ?
Glosses: tomorrow PN place ALL 2SG.S=go.PL Q
Translation: Will you go to Noboribetsu tomorrow?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: ku=ye itak e=raman ?
Glosses: 1SG.A=say language 2SG.A=know
Translation: Do you understand what I am saying?’
Language: Ainu
Transcription: hunna ek ?
Glosses: who come
Translation: Who came?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: hemanta e=e rusuy ya ?
Glosses: what 2SG.S=COP want Q
Translation: What would you like to eat?’ (: 235, 236)
Language: Ainu
Transcription: ek ya , somo ya ?
Glosses: come Q NEG Q
Translation: Are (you) coming or not?’
Language: Ainu
Transcription: matci=he e=kor rusuy tampaku=he e=kor rusuy ?
Glosses: match=Q 2SG.S=have want cigarette=Q 2SG.S=have want
Translation: Do you want the matches or the cigarettes?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: toan pe ekte .
Glosses: that thing hand.over
Translation: Give that to me.
Language: Ainu
Transcription: tan pe=he ?
Glosses: this thing=Q
Translation: This one?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: te ta=he , hunak ta ?
Glosses: here LOC=Q where LOC
Translation: Here or where?’
Language: Ainu
Transcription: yosiku e=ne ruwe ?
Glosses: PN 2SG.S=COP Q
Translation: Are you Yoshiko?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: na tuyma ruwe , hanke ruwe ?
Glosses: still far Q be.close Q
Translation: Is it far or near?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: makanak pak-no sir-tuyma ruwe ?
Glosses: what till-ADV appearance-be.far Q
Translation: How far is it?’
Language: Ainu
Transcription: e=sinki ruwe somo ne (ya)?
Glosses: 2SG.S=be.tired INF.EV NEG COP Q
Language: Ainu
Transcription: núman hunna ek ruwe an ?
Glosses: yesterday who come.SG INF.EV COP.Q
Translation: Who came yesterday?’ (: 497; : 237)
Language: Ainu
Transcription: ooho pet an , ohak pet an ?
Glosses: be.deep river COP.Q be.shallow river COP.Q
Translation: Is it a deep or a shallow river?’
Language: Ainu
Transcription: tan kur aynu itak eraman kur=he an ?
Glosses: this person PN language know person=Q COP.Q
Translation: Does this person understand Ainu?’
Language: Ainu
Transcription: tan-to e=nepki humi pirka a ya ?
Glosses: this-day 2SG.S=work EV.N be.good PFV.PL Q
Translation: Did you work well today?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: eani hunna e=ko-ysoytak ?
Glosses: 2SG who 2SG.S=to.APPL-talk
Translation: Who are you talking to?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: seta=he ne ya , kamuy=he ne ya ?
Glosses: dog=Q COP Q god=Q COP Q
Translation: Is it a dog or a god?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: numan ekasi nep kar ya ?
Glosses: yestderday old.man what do Q
Translation: What did the old man do yesterday?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: nep tap eci-ki sir okay ya ?
Glosses: what EMPH 2PL.A-do EV.N COP Q
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: oupeka ekaci e=cakoko a ru etap an ?
Glosses: straight child 2SG.A=teach PFV.PL EV.N EMPH COP.Q
Translation: Did you teach the children correctly?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: e=cikir-i arka ru=he ?
Glosses: 2SG.S=foot-POSS hurt EV.N=Q
Language: Ainu
Transcription: nen tap apusta kik hum an a ?
Glosses: who EMPH door knock EV.N COP.Q Q
Translation: Who knocked on the door?’ (: 131)
Language: Ainu
Transcription: arki rok a ?
Glosses: come.PL PFV.PL Q
Translation: Have they come?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: pirika a ?
Glosses: be.good Q
Translation: Is it alright?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: tam-pe ne ya ?
Glosses: this-thing COP Q
Translation: Is it this thing?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: e=nu=he ?
Glosses: 2SG.A=hear=Q
Language: Ainu
Transcription: nie-bie-gor ?
Glosses: what-thing-have
Translation: What thing is there?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi ra-l(o)?
Glosses: 2SG drink-FIN.Q
Translation: Did you drink?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: if pʰrɨ-l(o)?
Glosses: 3SG come-Q
Translation: Did (s)he come?’ (: 116)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi ra-d=la ?
Glosses: 2SG drink-FIN=Q
Translation: Did you drink?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi ra-d=lu ?
Glosses: 2SG drink-FIN=Q
Translation: Did you drink?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: ɨtɨk pʰrɨ-dʒ=la ?
Glosses: father come-IND=Q
Translation: Has father come?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: ɨtɨk=la pʰrɨ-dʒ ?
Glosses: father=Q come-IND
Translation: Is it father who has come?’ (: 124)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰin tʰamdʒi pʰ-vo-ux tʰamdʒi ŋa turʰ-pɨrʰk ɲi-tʰa-d-ɣun ?
Glosses: 2PL what.kind REFL-village-LOC what.kind animal meat-?only eat-HAB-IND-PL
Translation: What kinds of animal meat do you eat in your village?’ (: 132)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi tʰa .k-toχ vi-d=ŋa ?
Glosses: 2SG where-DAT go-IND=Q
Translation: Where are you going (roughly)?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: aŋ pʰrɨ-dʒ=at ?
Glosses: who come-IND=Q
Translation: Who came?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi sidʒ=ŋa j-ɨsru-dʒ ?
Glosses: 2SG what=Q OBJ-pursue-IND
Translation: Whom do you pursue?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: sidʒ ɲivɣ=ŋa jiv-dʒ ?
Glosses: what person=Q have-IND
Translation: What (kind of) man is (here)?’ (: 124)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: [tu-nɨ-dʒ-lu qa-nɨ-dʒ-lu] pʰanpʰara-r hum-dʒ .
Glosses: go.upstream-FUT-N-DUB go.downstream-FUT-N-DUB not.know-CVB.NAR.3SG be-IND
Translation: He does not know [whether to go upstream or downstream].’ (: 209)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: if pʰrɨ-rla ?
Glosses: 3SG come-Q
Translation: Did (s)he really come?’ (: 116)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: [jagut imŋ pʰrɨ-dʒ-lu] if pʰanpʰara-dʒ .
Glosses: how.3PL 3PL come-IND-DUB 3SG not.know-IND
Translation: He does not understand [how they came there].
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: [jagur pʰrɨ-dʒ-lu] pʰanpʰara-dʒ .
Glosses: how.3SG come-IND-DUB not.know-IND
Translation: (He) does not understand [how (he) came (there)].’ (: 220)
Language: Alutor
Transcription: matka ta-lɣu-ŋi ?
Glosses: Q POT-kill.wild.reindeer-POT.PFV[3SG.S]
Translation: Will he kill a wild reindeer?
Language: Alutor
Transcription: miɣɣa iv-i ?
Glosses: who.ABS.SG say-3SG.S[PFV]
Translation: Who said (that)?’ (: 293, 294)
Language: Koryak
Transcription: met’ke jenny e-jem-ke ?
Glosses: Q maybe NEG-come-CIRC
Language: Koryak
Transcription: meki ib-i ?
Glosses: who.ABS.SG say-3SG.S[PFV]
Translation: Who said (that)?
Language: Kerek
Transcription: milˀej jallaju-ŋi-n ?
Glosses: gun take-PRF-3SG.O
Translation: Will you take this gun?
Language: Kerek
Transcription: maki jatč-i ?
Glosses: who.ABS.SG come-PRF
Translation: Who came?’ (: 156, 157)
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: koolo enmec ɣe-ɣjew-iɣǝt ?
Glosses: INTJ already PF-awaken-2SG
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: tite ŋan ŋotqen n-ǝ-qit-ǝ-qin ?
Glosses: when DEICT DEM.3SG.ABS HAB-E-freeze-E-3SG
Translation: When does it freeze there?’ (: 86, 72)
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: anə kəkel , ətlon iˀam , req-ə-lˀet-ə-rko:n ?
Glosses: so INTJ Q why what-E-DUR-E-PROG.VOC
Translation: Oh my! Why, what on earth are you doing?
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: kni-n qitkineŋ çi-ze-n ?
Glosses: PP.2SG-POSS brother be.available-PRS-3SG
Translation: Do you have a brother?’ (: 214)
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: k’e ç‘eˀļ-en k’oļ-ki ?
Glosses: who COM.V-2SG.3SG come-INF.V
Translation: With whom have you come?
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: manke-s kǝmma-n mniļ k-meç-knen ?
Glosses: where-Q PP.1SG-POSS all INF.III-disappear-CIRC
Translation: Where have all my (people?) gone?’ (: 134, 214)
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: isx-enk n-zǝl-aɬ-in kza kǝma-nk ?
Glosses: father-LOC IMPRS-give-FUT-2SG.OBJ.O you me-DAT
Translation: Will father give you to me?
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: isx-enk n-zǝl-aɬ-um kza kǝma-nk ?
Glosses: father-LOC IMPRS-give-FUT-1SG.OBJ.IO you me-DAT
Translation: Will father give you to me?’ (: 3)
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: myn-le-rkyn ?
Glosses: IMP.1PL-go-IPFV
Translation: Let us fly!
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: minky .ty myn-le-rkyn ?
Glosses: over.where IMP.1PL-go-IPFV
Translation: Over what place shall we fly?’ (: 325)
Language: Kerek
Transcription: manka nə-xaxau-n ?
Glosses: why IMP.3SG-go-3SG.S
Translation: Why does he have to go?
Language: Alutor
Transcription: ɣəttə taq-ətkən ?
Glosses: 2SG.ABS.SG what-IPFV[2SG.S]
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Koryak
Transcription: nɪ-ya’q-iɣi ?
Glosses: HAB-what-2SG
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Koryak
Transcription: n-re’q-iɣɪt ?
Glosses: HAB-what-2SG
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: nə-req-iɣət ?
Glosses: HAB-what-2SG
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: raq-etə nə-wetgawe-gˀət ?
Glosses: what-DAT PRS-speak-2SG.S
Translation: Why do you speak?
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: nə-raq-ə=wetgawe-gˀət ?
Glosses: PRS-what-E=speak-2SG.S
Translation: Why do you speak?
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: rˀa-etə ŋəta-gˀət ?
Glosses: what-DAT come-2SG.S
Translation: Why did you come?
Language: Alutor
Transcription: ənŋin taq-ə-lʔ-u qa paninalʔ-u ?
Glosses: well what-E-PTCP-ABS.PL EMPH ancestor-ABS.PL
Translation: Well, what did (our) ancestors do?
Language: Alutor
Transcription: mik-ine-ɣət ɣəttə unjunju-jɣət ?
Glosses: who-POSS-2SG.PRED 2SG.ABS child-2SG.PRED
Translation: 'Whose child are you?
Language: Aleut
Transcription: qilagan piitra-x̂ hla-x̂ tuga-l saĝa-na-x̂=ii ?
Glosses: yesterday PN-ABS.SG boy-ABS.SG hit-?CVB AUX-REM-SG=Q
Translation: Did Peter hit the boy yesterday?
Language: Aleut
Transcription: ting asxuunulax txin satxax̂ taĝaaĝan ax̂s ?
Glosses: 1SG or 2SG gill.net check.? be.?
Translation: Am I or are you going to check the gill net?’ (: 83, passim)
Language: Aleut
Transcription: ya-ĝīm būd-iŝ=min’a sū-t’?
Glosses: 1SG-?REL.SG AUX-2SG=1SG.ACC take-INF
Translation: Will you take me with you?
Language: Aleut
Transcription: aqú-x̂ ti āngicikāy-usā-iŝ ?
Glosses: what-ABS.SG 2SG think-TR-2SG
Translation: What are you thinking about?’ (: 103, 104)
Language: Yupik
Transcription: mam , ya èto quuv .a=y .u , ya èto niv .a=y .u ?
Glosses: mom 1SG this pour.out=1SG 1SG this pour.into=1SG
Translation: Mom, shall I pour this out or shall I pour this (into something)?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: ladno , quuv=a .y .
Glosses: alright pour.out=IMP
Language: Yupik
Transcription: tekít-ùq≠qaa nuk’aq ?
Glosses: arrive-3SG.IND≠Q PN.ABS.SG
Language: Yupik
Transcription: nùk’àq≠qaa tekit-uq ?
Glosses: PN.ABS.SG≠Q arrive-3SG.IND
Language: Yupik
Transcription: enér-pa-ŋqér-tuten , qaá/qáa ?
Glosses: house-big-have-2SG.IND Q
Translation: You have a big house, right?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: qayar-pa-li-uq≠qaa wall’u≠ pi-cuar-mek ?
Glosses: kayak-big-make-3SG.IND≠Q or≠ thing-small-ABM.SG
Translation: Is he making a big kayak or a small one?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: kai-lli-uten ?
Glosses: hungry-INF-2SG.IND
Language: Yupik
Transcription: kaig-tuten=qaa ?
Glosses: hungry-2SG.IND=Q
Language: Yupik
Transcription: u-na=mi ?
Glosses: this-EX.ABS=Q
Translation: How about this?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: nauwa=mi aata-ka ?
Glosses: where=Q father-ABS.1SG.SG.POSS
Translation: (But) where is my father?’ (: 173, 171)
Language: Yupik
Transcription: qaillun=kiq tai-ga ?
Glosses: how=Q come-3SG.Q
Translation: How did he come over, I wonder?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: nùk’àq tekít-ùq .
Glosses: PN.ABS.SG arrive-3SG.IND
Language: Yupik
Transcription: ki-na tekít-a-Ø ?
Glosses: who-ABS.SG arrive-3Q-3SG.Q
Translation: Who has arrived?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: ca-mek ner-yug-ci-t ?
Glosses: what-ABM.SG eat-DES-2SG.Q-2SG.INTR.Q
Translation: What (kind of food) do you want to eat?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: ca ner-yug-ci-u ?
Glosses: what eat-DES-2SG.Q-2SG.TR.Q
Translation: What/which (specific) food do you want to eat?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: negh-yug-si-n ?
Glosses: eat-DES-2SG.Q-2SG.Q
Translation: Do you want to eat (anything)?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: sa-meŋ negh-yug-si-n ?
Glosses: what-ABM.SG eat-DES-2SG.Q-2SG.INTR.Q
Translation: What (kind of food) do you want to eat?
Language: English
Transcription: Peter hat einen Hund gekauft .
Glosses: PN has a.ACC.M dog bought
Translation: Peter bought a dog.
Language: English
Transcription: Hat Peter einen Hund gekauft ?
Glosses: has PN a.ACC.M dog bought
Translation: Did Peter buy a dog?
Language: German
Transcription: väitst dyy vaut diinə fryy feelə deed ?
Glosses: know.PRS.2SG 2SG what 2SG.GEN.F wife miss.INF do.PRS.3SG
Translation: Do you know what problem your wife has?
Language: Eastern Yiddish
Transcription: mojše hot gekojft a hunt .
Glosses: PN has bought a dog
Translation: Moses bought a dog.
Language: Eastern Yiddish
Transcription: ci hot mojše gekojft a hunt ?
Glosses: Q has PN bought a dog
Translation: Did Moses buy a dog?’ (: 181)
Language: Eastern Yiddish
Transcription: bist du meshuge ?
Glosses: be.PRS.IND.2SG 2SG crazy
Language: German
Transcription: Bist du verrückt ?
Glosses: be.PRS.IND.2SG 2SG crazy
Language: German
Transcription: Gehst du zur Schule ?
Glosses: go.PRS.2SG 2SG to.the.F.SG.DAT school
Translation: Are you going to school?
Language: German
Transcription: Wo is(t) der Mensch ?
Glosses: where is the.M.NOM person
Translation: Where is the person?
Language: German
Transcription: Na , und warum ?
Glosses: well and why
Translation: Well, why then?
Language: Eastern Yiddish
Transcription: vu iz der mentsh ?
Glosses: where is the.M.NOM person
Translation: Where is the person?’ (: 408)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: na , on vu:rǫm ?
Glosses: well and why
Translation: Well, why then?