lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Ese día , llovieron bombas del cielo .
Glosses: that day rained.3PL bombs of+the sky
Translation: On that day, bombs rained from the sky.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Llovía una lluvia monzónica .8
Glosses: rain.IPFV.3SG a rain monsoon
Translation: It was raining a monsoon rain.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Llovía una lluvia mansa pero persistente .9
Glosses: rained.IPFV.3SG a rain gentle but persistent . 
Translation: It was raining a gentle but persistent rain.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: ??Una lluvia fina/ mansa/ monzónica llovía (…).10
Glosses: a rain fine/ gentle/ monsoon rain.IPFV.3SG
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Les llovimos la portería a goles .
Glosses: CL.3PL.DAT rained.1PL the football goal to goals
Translation: We scored many goals against them.
Language: French
Transcription: Il essaie de pleuvoir aussi (…).
Glosses: EXPL tries of rain.INF too
Translation: It is trying to rain as well.
Language: French
Transcription: Il a donc décidé de pleuvoir aujourd’hui mercredi (…).
Glosses: EXPL has then decided.PTCP of rain.INF today Wednesday
Translation: Then it decided to rain today Wednesday.
Language: French
Transcription: À Dijon , y’a très souvent du soleil (…) sauf quand il décide de pleuvoir !
Glosses: in Dijon there-is very often of+ART.M.SG sun except when EXPL decides of rain.INF
Translation: In Dijon, it is sunny very often… except when it decides to rain!
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Y decidió llover a la hora de ir al gym .25
Glosses: and decided.3SG rain.INF at the hour of go.INF to+ART.M.SG gym
Translation: It decided to rain at the time to go to the gym.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: Hu nafal nefila kaša .
Glosses: he fell falling hard
Translation: He had a heavy fall.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: çiçak ubs-ma boş kotti ubes .
Glosses: flower fading-a very bad faded.3M
Translation: The flower faded a bad fading.
Language: Hopi
Transcription: Hak yòypu-t aayya-t aay-an-numa
Glosses: who cracked.ACC rattle.ACC rattle.CAUS.CIRCG
Translation: Someone’s going around shaking a cracked rattle.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Il a plu une petite pluie fine .
Glosses: EXPL rained.3SG a small rain fine
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Llovía una lluvia fina .
Glosses: rain.IPFV.3SG a rain fine
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Esa tarde , llovió aguanieve .
Glosses: this afternoon rained.3SG sleet
Translation: It rained sleet this afternoon.
Language: Turkish
Transcription: Yağmur yağ-iyor .
Glosses: rain rain.PROG.PRES.3SG
Translation: It is raining.
Language: Mwotlap
Transcription: Na-smal me-smal .
Glosses: ART.rain PFV.rain
Translation: It is raining.
Language: Bislama
Transcription: Ren bae i ren .
Glosses: rain FUT PRED rain
Translation: It is going to rain.
Language: French
Transcription: ?Une petite pluie fine a plu toute la journée .
Glosses: a small rain fine rained.3SG all the day
Language: French
Transcription: De grosses gouttes nous pleuvaient dessus .
Glosses: of big drops us.CL.1PL.DAT rain.IPFV.3PL upon
Translation: Big raindrops were raining on us.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: ?Unas gotas grandes (#de lluvia) nos llovieron encima .
Glosses: some drops big of rain us.CL.1PL.DAT rained.3PL upon
Translation: Big raindrops rained on us.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Llovía una lluviav muy fina .
Glosses: rain.IPFV.3SG a rain very fine
Translation: It was raining lightly.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Freddy asesinó a Bill otra vez .
Glosses: Freddy murder.PFV.3SG DOM Bill another time
Translation: Freddy murdered Bill again.’(Spanish)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #En Freddy assassinà en Bill un altre cop .
Glosses: the Freddy murder.PFV.3SG the Bill a another time
Translation: Freddy murdered Bill again.’(Catalan)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Freddy mató a Bill otra vez .
Glosses: Freddy kill.PFV.3SG DOM Bill another time
Translation: Freddy killed Bill again.’ (Spanish)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: En Freddy matà en Bill un altre cop .
Glosses: the Freddy kill.PFV.3SG the Bill a another time
Translation: Freddy killed Bill again.’ (Catalan)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ke-phehétsé mokété lijó
Glosses: 1SG-cooked feast food
Translation: I cooked food for the feast
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ke-phehétsé lijó mokété
Glosses: 1SG-cooked food feast
Translation: I cooked food for the feast
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ke-phehétsé ngoaná lijó
Glosses: 1SG-cooked child food
Translation: I cooked food for the child
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *ke-phehétsé lijó ngoaná
Glosses: 1SG-cooked food child
Translation: I cooked food for the child
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Anne donne [une part de gateau]DO [à son fils]IO
Glosses: Anne give.3SG a piece of cake to her son
Translation: Anne gives a piece of cake to her son
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Anne donne [à son fils]IO [une part de gateau]DO
Glosses: Anne give.3SG to her son a piece of cake
Translation: Anne gives her son a piece of cake
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Paul dit [à son fils]IO [qu’ il fera beau demain]DO
Glosses: Paul tells to his son that it do.FUT fine tomorrow
Translation: Paul tells his son that the weather will be fine tomorrow
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?Paul dit [qu’ il fera beau demain]DO [à son fils]IO .
Glosses: Paul tells that it do.FUT fine tomorrow to his son
Translation: Paul tells that the weather will be fine tomorrow to his son
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le clown fait [peur]DO [aux enfants]IO
Glosses: the clown make.3SG fear to.ART.PL child.PL
Translation: The clown frightens the children
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Le clown fait [aux enfants]IO [peur]DO
Glosses: the clown make.3SG to.ART.PL child.PL fear
Translation: The clown frightens the children
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le clown fait [une grande peur]DO [aux enfants]IO
Glosses: the clown make.3SG a big fear to.ART.PL child.PL
Translation: The clown gives a big fear to the children
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le clown fait [aux enfants]IO [une grande peur]DO
Glosses: the clown make.3SG to.ART.PL child.PL a big fear
Translation: The clown gives the children a big fear
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: […] offrir la mini-console tant désirée à leurs chers petits
Glosses: […] to-give the mini-console much desired to their dear little
Translation: […] to give the much desired mini-console to their dear little ones
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [il] avait mis des documents dans un coffre d’ une banque à l’ étranger
Glosses: [he] have.PST.3SG put.PCPT INDF.PL documents in a safe of a bank at the foreign
Translation: he had put documents in a safe of a bank abroad
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: […] montrer des armes à ces soldats américains .
Glosses: […] to-show INDF.PL weapons to these soldiers americans
Translation: […] to show weapons to these American soldiers
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: affecter [un employé]DO [à une tâche]IO
Glosses: assign an employee to a task
Translation: to assign an employee to a task
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: assigner [à un employé]IO [une tâche]DO
Glosses: assign to an employee a task
Translation: to assign an employee a task
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le policier a trouvé le revolver  (Active)
Glosses: the policeman AUX found the revolver  
Translation: The policeman found the revolver
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le revolver a été trouvé par le policier  (Passive)
Glosses: the revolver AUX been found by the policeman  
Translation: The revolver was found by the policeman
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le chef du projet a confié un nouveau budget à un décorateur  (DO-IO order)
Glosses: the manager of.the project AUX entrusted a new budget to a decorator  
Translation: The project manager entrusted a new budget to a decorator
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le chef du projet a confié à un décorateur un nouveau budget  (IO-DO order)
Glosses: the manager of.the project AUX entrusted to a decorator a new budget  
Translation: The project manager entrusted to a decorator a new budget
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ce jeune homme a toujours fui les traîtres et les échecs  (NP1-NP2 order)
Glosses: this young man AUX always avoided the traitors and the failures  
Translation: This young man has always avoided traitors and failures
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ce jeune homme a toujours fui les échecs et les traîtres  (NP2-NP1 order)
Glosses: this young man AUX always avoided the failures and the traitors  
Translation: This young man has always avoided failures and traitors
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le policier a trouvé le voleur  (Active)
Glosses: the policeman AUX found the thief  
Translation: The policeman found the thief
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le voleur a été trouvé par le policier  (Passive)
Glosses: the thief AUX been found by the policeman  
Translation: The thief was found by the policeman
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa hàw jù .
Glosses: dog bark IPFV
Translation: Dogs are barking.’ indefinite ‘The dog(s) is/are barking.’ definite
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa hàw .
Glosses: dog bark
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa wɔt .wáaj .hǎaj kwàa jâw .
Glosses: dog disappear go finish
Translation: Dogs are extinct.’ kind
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Der Empfang wurde vom / #von dem Bürgermeister eröffnet .
Glosses: the reception was by-the / by the mayor opened
Translation: The reception was opened by the mayor.’ (Schwarz 2009: (42))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Das Buch , das du suchst , steht im / #in dem Glasschrank .
Glosses: the book that you look-for stands in-the / in the glass-cabinet
Translation: The book that you are looking for is in the glass-cabinet.’ (Schwarz 2009: (40))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hans hat einen Schriftsteller und einen Politiker interviewt . Er hat #vom / von dem Politiker keine interessanten Antworten bekommen .
Glosses: Hans has a writer and a politician interviewed He has from-the / from the politician no interesting answers gotten
Translation: Hans interviewed a writer and a politician. He didn’t get any interesting answers from the politician.’ (Schwarz 2009: (23))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gou yao guo malu .
Glosses: dog want cross road
Translation: The dog(s) want to cross the road.’ (Jenks 2018: (31), Cheng & Sybesma 1999)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa kamlaŋ hàw .
Glosses: dog PROG bark
Translation: The dog is barking.’ (Jenks 2015: (2))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jiaoshi li zuo-zhe yi ge nansheng he yi ge nüsheng ,
Glosses: classroom inside sit-PROG one CLF boy and one CLF girl
Translation: There are a boy and a girl sitting in the classroom…
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wo zuotian yudao #(na ge) nansheng
Glosses: I yesterday meet that CLF boy
Translation: I met the boy yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (na ge) nansheng kanqilai you er-shi sui zuoyou .
Glosses: that CLF boy look have two-ten year or-so
Translation: The boy looks twenty-years-old or so.’ (Jenks 2018: (15a, b, d))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mîwaan phǒm cəə kàp nákrian khon nɨŋ .
Glosses: yesterday 1ST meet with student CLF INDEF
Translation: Yesterday I met a student
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nákrian #(khon nán) chalàat mâak .
Glosses: student CLF that clever very
Translation: That student was very clever.’ (Jenks 2015: (17))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: chaawnaa thúk khon thîi mii khwaai tua nɨŋ tii khwaai tua nán
Glosses: farmer every CLF that have buffalo CLF INDEF hit buffalo CLF that
Translation: Every farmer that has a buffalo hits [that buffalo].’ (Jenks 2015: (23))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: háw hǎn mǎa
Glosses: 1 see dog
Translation: I see a dog/dogs.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tinaj mí mǎa
Glosses: here have dog
Translation: Here there is a dog/are dogs.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa nɯŋ *(tǒ)
Glosses: dog one CLF.ANML
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa sǎam *(tǒ)
Glosses: dog three CLF.ANML
Translation: three dogs
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nâm nɯŋ *(kɔ́k)
Glosses: water one cup
Translation: one cup of water
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nâm sǎam *(kɔ́k)
Glosses: water three cup
Translation: three cups of water
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *mǎa tǒ
Glosses: dog CLF.ANML
Translation: intended: ‘the dog
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tǒ mǎa
Glosses: CLF.ANML dog
Translation: dog body’, not ‘the dog
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa nân
Glosses: dog that
Translation: that dog/those dogs
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa tǒ nân
Glosses: dog CLF.ANML that
Translation: that dog
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa tsɤ́ nân
Glosses: dog CLF.PL that
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tsɤ́ mǎa
Glosses: CLF.PL dog
Translation: the group of dogs
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Náaŋ Lɤ̌n ʔàm tsaaŋ kwàa hǎa khúsɔ̌n (#kɔ̌ nân).
Glosses: Ms . Lun NEG able go find teacher CLF.HUM that
Translation: Nang Lun cannot find the teacher.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kǎaŋwán (#hòj nân) lǒŋ hɤ sɔ̀ŋ .
Glosses: sun CLF.RND that very bright glitter
Translation: The sun is very bright.’ (Speaker comment on the demonstrative: there is more than one sun)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: phu-tsáaj kɔ̂ nɯŋ kwàa ti hâan khǎaj mǎa tàa sɯ̂ mǎa ʔɔ̀n tǒ nɯŋ pǎn lukjíŋ mán-tsáaj… phu-tsáaj (kɔ̂ nân) khɯ́n tɔ̀p waa ,
Glosses: person-man CLF.HUM one go at store sell dog for buy dog small CLF.ANML one give daughter 3-man person-man CLF.HUM that back respond that
Translation: A man went to a dog store to buy a puppy for his daughter… The/that man replied, …
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: jɔ̂n kɔ́k kɔ́fì mí nɤ̌ phɤ̌n mí hímtsǎm pâplik lɛ , háw laj ʔǎw kɔ́k kɔ́fì (nân) he sàj pâplik (nân)
Glosses: because cup coffee exist on desk exist near book and 1 get take cup coffee that spill in book that
Translation: Since a cup of coffee was on the table near a book, I spilled the/that coffee on the/that book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tsɔn tǒ nɯŋ máa mí nɤ̌ tonmâj ʔǎn mí hímtsǎm hɤ́n háw nân sě mɤnâj phǒn lóm haaŋ hâaj nàa lɛ hét haj kìŋ-mâj jàat tók njǎa tě phât njáa tsɔn (tǒ nân) páa jâw
Glosses: squirrel CLF.ANML one come exist on tree COMP exist near house 1 that and today rain wind appearance bad very and do cause branch-tree break fall almost IRR hit meet squirrel CLF.ANML that with finish
Translation: A squirrel was on the tree near my house. Then one day, a bad storm caused a branch to break and fall almost hitting the squirrel.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mɛ́w lɛ nǔ ʔàm mɛn kǎn . pɔ́ mɛ́w hǎn nǔ nǎj-tsɯ̌ŋ , mɛ́w lɯp lám tî njɔ́p nǔ tàasè
Glosses: cat and rat NEG right together if cat see rat then cat follow chase grab snatch rat always
Translation: Cats and rats don’t get along together. If a cat sees a rat, the cat chases and catches the rat always.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa nâj hǎn mɛ́w tǒ lǎj kɔ tě lɯp mɛ́w (tǒ nân) tàasè .
Glosses: dog this see cat CLF.ANML which PRT will follow cat CLF.ANML that always
Translation: Dogs, whichever cat they see they will always chase the/that cat
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mǎa ku tǒ nâj pɔ́ hǎn mɛ́w tǒ nɯŋ kój kɔ tě lɯp lám mɛ́w *(tǒ nân) tàasè .
Glosses: dog every CLF.ANML this if/when see cat CLF.ANML one only PRT will follow chase cat CLF.ANML that always
Translation: Every dog, if it sees only one cat, will always chase that cat.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Isidora Stojanović , … pronašla je novčanik pun para gde se nalazilo 4000 evra i 16 .000 dinara a Isidora se nije dvoumila šta treba da učini . Uzela je novčanik i otišla do MUP-a i predala novac…
Glosses: Isidora Stojanovic  found is wallet full money where refl . located 4000 euros and 16.000 dinars and Isidora self did-not think_twice what needs that do Took is wallet and left to police_station and turned_in money
Translation: Isidora Stojanović, …found a wallet full with money, which contained 4000 euros and 16.000 dinars. Isidora did not think twice what she needs to do. She took the wallet and went to the police station and turned in the money…”5
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Moj jednogodišnji sin ponekad radi neočekivane stavi . Recimo , svaki put kada vidi koficu i loptu , on pokuša da stavi koficu na loptu .
Glosses: My one-year-old son sometimes does unexpected things . For instance, every time when sees bucket and ball he tries to put bucket on ball . 
Translation: My one-year old son sometimes does unexpected things. For instance, every time he sees a bucket and a ball, he tries to put the bucket on the ball.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bengaloor-(i)na doDDa granthalaya-(d)alli halsinahaNN-(i)na bagge ondu pustaka ide . Monne naanu alli-ge hogiddaaga pustaka-(d)alli halsinahaNN-anna he:ge kariyadu anta noDide
Glosses: Bangalore-GEN big library-LOC jackfruit-GEN about one book COP Recently I-NOM there went book-LOC jackfuit-ACC how fry that saw
Translation: There is a book about jackfruit in the big library in Bangalore. Recently, when I was there, I looked in the book for instructions for frying jackfruit.’ (Srinivas & Rawlins 2020: (9))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: katte-annu uLLuva pratiyobba raitanuu katte-ge uuTa haakuttaane
Glosses: donkey-ACC having every farmer-EMPH donkey-DAT food puts
Translation: Every farmer who has a donkey feeds the donkey.’ (Srinivas & Rawlins 2020: (7), added emphasis)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Raita-na hattira katte iddare avanu katte-ge ooTa haakuttaane
Glosses: Farmer-GEN near donkey have.if he donkey-DAT food puts
Translation: If a farmer has a donkey, he feeds the donkey.’ (Srinivas & Rawlins 2020: (8), added emphasis)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tulewa-ss-ta . na-nun namca-lul chyetapwa-ss-ta .
Glosses: enter-past-decl I-top man-ACC stare-past-decl
Translation: namca-ka man-nom ‘A man entered. I stared at the man.’ (Ahn 2019: (24), added emphasis)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Enn garson ek enn tifi ti pe lager . Garson la ti paret an koler , tifi la ti res kalm .
Glosses: one boy and one girl PST PROG argue boy DEF PST appear in rage girl DEF PST stay calm
Translation: A boy and a girl were arguing. The boy seemed furious, the girl stayed calm.’ (Wespel 2008: 143)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kɔ́k hòj nâj pěn sǐ khǎaw . kɔ́k hòj nâj pěn sǐ lǎm .
Glosses: cup CLF.RND this be color white cup CLF.RND this be color black
Translation: This cup is white. This cup is black.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: dèk khon nán nɔɔn yùu tέɛ dèk khon nán mâi .dâi nɔɔn yùu .
Glosses: child CLF that sleep IPFV but child CLF that NEG sleep IPFV
Translation: That child is sleeping but that child is not sleeping.’ (cf. #the) (Jenks 2015: (3), citing Piriyawiboon 2010)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: lûuk-chaai wai nɯ̀ŋ khùap khɔ̌ŋ chǎn baaŋ kràŋ kɔ̂ tham nai sìŋ thî mâi khâatkhít . nai thúk thúk khráŋ thî khǎw hěn thǎŋ-nám lɛ lûukbɔn khǎw mák ca waaŋ thǎŋ-nám bon lûukbɔn .
Glosses: child-male aged one year POSS 1 some time PRT do in thing that NEG expect . in every every time that 3 see bucket-water and ball 3 often IRR put bucket-water on ball
Translation: My one-year old son sometimes does unexpected things. For instance, every time he sees a bucket and a ball, he usually puts the bucket on the ball.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: mɛw lɛ nǔ mâi khɔ̂ɔi ca thùuk kan . mɯ̂a-rài thî mɛw hěn nǔ , man mák ca lâi-càp nǔ
Glosses: cat and rat NEG quite IRR correct together when that cat see rat, 3 often IRR chase-catch rat
Translation: Cats and rats don’t get along. Whenever a cat sees a rat, it usually chases and catches the rat.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tsáaj Khám lɤk sɯ̂ mέw lǎm tǒ nân , kójkaa ʔàm laj lɤk mǎa khǎaw tǒ nân .
Glosses: Jai Kham choose buy cat black CLF.ANML that but NEG get choose dog white CLF.ANML that
Translation: Jai Kham chose and bought that black cat, but did not choose that white dog.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: jɔ̂n waa mέw láklɛ̌m nàa .
Glosses: because COMP cat clever very
Translation: because the cat is very smart.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: jɔ̂n waa mǎa ʔàm láklɛ̌m .
Glosses: because COMP dog NEG clever
Translation: because dogs aren’t smart.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Je veux que je parte .
Glosses: I want that I leave.SUBJ
Translation: I want for me to leave
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Azt akarom , hogy távozzam .
Glosses: it.ACC want.1SG that leave..1SG
Translation: I want for me to leave
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Azt akarom , hogy meg-látogassam Marit .
Glosses: it.ACC want.1SG that PFX-visit..1SG Mary.ACC
Translation: I want for me to visit Mary
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azt akarom , hogy jó jegyeket kapjak .
Glosses: it.ACC want.1SG that good grades.ACC get..1SG
Translation: I want for me to get good grades
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azt akarom , hogy egészséges legyek .
Glosses: it.ACC want.1SG that healthy be..1SG
Translation: I want for me to be healthy
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azt akarom , hogy ne essek le .
Glosses: it.ACC want.1SG that not fall..1SG down
Translation: I want for me not to fall
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azt szeretném , hogy (csak/ne) ÉN látogassam meg Marit .
Glosses: it.ACC like.COND.1SG that (only/not) I.NOM visit..1SG PFX Mary.ACC
Translation: I would like for it to be (only) me who visits Mary’ / ‘I would like for it (not) to be me who visits Mary
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Rekel si , da več telovadi .
Glosses: said.M are.2 that more exercise.IMP.(2)
Translation: intended ‘You said that you should exercise more
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Avrio na ksipniso stis 6:00am .
Glosses: tomorrow SUBJ wake.1SG at 6:00am
Translation: Tomorrow I should wake up at 6
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Azt mondtam , hogy) # Tornázzak többet ! (# RESP)
Glosses: it.ACC said.1SG that  exercise.SUBJ.1SG more 
Translation: intended: ‘(I said that) I should exercise more
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Aztán kapjam meg holnapra a pénzt ! (non-RESP)
Glosses: then get.SUBJ.1SG PFX by.tomorrow the money.ACC 
Translation: ca. ‘I get the money by tomorrow, understood?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Csak legyek megint egészséges ! (non-RESP)
Glosses: only be.SUBJ.1SG again healthy 
Translation: ca. ‘May I just be healthy again!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vakuljak meg / pusztuljak el , ha hazudtam ! (non-RESP)
Glosses: go.blind.SUBJ.1SG PFX / perish.SUBJ.1SG PFX if lied.1SG 
Translation: ca. ‘May I go blind/perish if I lied
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Shyam-a [wã: (s) nheba *tachyan-ā /tachyat-a dhakā:] dhāla .
Glosses: Shyam-ERG he.ERG toy break-PST.CONJ /break-PST.DISJ that said
Translation: Shyam₁ said that he₁ broke a toy
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Szeretném (csak) ÉN meg-látogatni Marit .
Glosses: like.COND.1SG (only)  PFX-visit . Mary.ACC
Translation: I would like for it to be (only) me who visits Mary
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azt szeretném , hogy (csak) ÉN látogassam meg Marit .
Glosses: it.ACC like.COND.1sg that (only)  visit..1SG PFX Mary.ACC
Translation: I would like for it to be (only) me who visits Mary
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Shyam-a [wa bwye wan-ā dhakā:] dhāla .
Glosses: Shyam-ERG (s)he.ABS run.away-PST.CONJ that said
Translation: Shyam₁ said that he ran away
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Rögtön ülj le ! (command , 2sg)
Glosses: right.away sit.SUBJ.2SG down 
Translation: Sit down right away
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nyugodtan ülj le ! (encouragement , 2sg)
Glosses: at.ease sit.SUBJ.2SG down 
Translation: Feel free to sit down
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Rögtön üljek le ! (#command , 1sg)
Glosses: right.away sit.SUBJ.1SG down
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Nyugodtan üljek le ! (#encouragement , 1sg)
Glosses: at.ease sit.SUBJ.1SG down
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elveheted / #el kell venned akár-melyik almát .
Glosses: away.take.MAY.2SG  away must take.INF.2SG any-which apple.ACC
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Vegyem el akár-melyik almát ! (#imperative w/ FCI , 1sg)
Glosses: take.SUBJ.1SG away any-which apple.ACC
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Megint 10 éves akarok lenni .
Glosses: again 10 year.ADJ want.1SG be.INF
Translation: I want to be 10 years old again’ plain desire
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azt akarom , hogy megint 10 éves legyek .
Glosses: it.ACC want.1SG that again 10 year.ADJ be.SUBJ.1SG
Translation: I want for me to be 10 years old again’ desire that the wanter believes is realistic
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azt akarom , hogy a Föld lapos legyen .
Glosses: it.ACC want.1SG that the Earth flat be.SUBJ.3SG
Translation: I want for the Earth to be flat’ desire that the wanter believes is realistic
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Senki nem akart csak Ő le-ülni .
Glosses: nobody not wanted.3SG only 3SG.NOM down-sit . 
Translation: Nobody x wanted it to be the case that only x takes a seat’ Szabolcsi 2009: (1)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Senki nem akarta , hogy csak Ő üljön le .
Glosses: nobody not wanted.3SG that only 3SG.NOM sit..3SG down
Translation: Nobody x wanted it to be the case that only x takes a seat
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (#)Lakjak jól !
Glosses: be.sated.SUBJ.1SG well
Translation: ca. ‘It should be the case that I become sated
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (#)Legyek vidám !
Glosses: be.SUBJ.1SG merry
Translation: ca. ‘It should be the case that I am merry
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kaldíŋ ‘goat’ kalkaldíŋ ‘goats’
Glosses: púsa ‘cat’ puspúsa ‘cats’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nag-du∼duman siya bulan∼bulan
Glosses: BEG.AV-IPFV∼DEM.DIST 3.SG.AF PL∼month
Translation: s/he goes there every month
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ini an ha∼hanap∼hanap-on
Glosses: DEM.PROX PB IPFV∼PL∼look.for-UG
Translation: here (they are) continuously searching
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Pierre₁ veut [ que je₂ parte].
Glosses: Pierre wants  that I leave.SBJV
Translation: Pierre wants me to leave.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Je₁ veux que je₁ parte
Glosses: I want that I leave.SBJV
Translation: I want (for) me to leave.’ (Lit. ‘I want that I leave.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je₁ veux PRO₁ partir
Glosses: I want PRO.1SG leave.INF
Translation: I want to leave.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux que je sois autorisé à partir demain .
Glosses: I want that I am.SBJV authorized to leave.INF tomorrow
Translation: I want for me to be allowed to leave tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux que je sois enterré dans mon village natal .
Glosses: I want that I am.SBJV buried in my village native
Translation: I want for me to be buried in the village of my birth.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux être enterré dans mon village natal .
Glosses: I want be buried in my village native
Translation: I want to be buried in the village of my birth.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux (absolument) que je sois parti dans dix minutes .
Glosses: I want absolutely that I am.SBJV left in ten minutes
Translation: I want (absolutely) for me to be gone in ten minutes.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je ne veux pas que je rate une occasion pareille .
Glosses: I NEG want not that I miss.SBJV a chance same
Translation: I do not want for me to miss a chance like that.’ (Lit. ‘I do not want that I miss …’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux que je puisse partir dès demain .
Glosses: I want that I can.SBJV leave from tomorrow
Translation: I want for me to be able to leave (by) tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux pouvoir partir dès demain .
Glosses: I want can.INF leave from tomorrow
Translation: I want to be able to leave (by) tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux que j’amuse ces enfants .
Glosses: I want that I.amuse.SBJV these children
Translation: I want for me to amuse those children.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Je veux que je parte et que tu restes .
Glosses: I want that I leave.SBJV and that you stay.SBJV
Translation: I want for me to go and for you to stay.’ (Lit. ‘I want that I leave and that you stay.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux que tu partes et que je reste .
Glosses: I want that you leave.SBJV and that I stay.SBJV
Translation: I want for you to leave and for me to stay.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hier , je suis sorti de ma maison très vite .
Glosses: Yesterday I am.IND left of my house very fast
Translation: Yesterday, I got out of my house very quickly.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Je trouve être génial
Glosses: I find be.INF brilliant
Translation: I think I’m brilliant.’ (Lit. ‘I find to be brilliant.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux pouvoir attaquer à l’aube .
Glosses: I want can.INF attack to the.morning
Translation: I want to be able to attack at dawn.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux que tu puisses partir demain .
Glosses: I want that you can.SBJV leave tomorrow
Translation: I want for you to be able to leave tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Je veux que tu partes et que tu ne reviennes plus
Glosses: I want that you leave.SBJV and that you NEG come.back.SBJV anymore
Translation: I want you to leave and never come back.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas aušt-esn-is už Tomą .
Glosses: John.NOM tall-ER-NOM than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC
Translation: John is taller than Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas auštesnis negu (kad) Tomas .
Glosses: John.NOM taller.NOM than.CLAUSAL that Tom.NOM
Translation: John is taller than Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas auštesnis už Tomą <aukštas>.
Glosses: John.NOM taller.NOM than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC tall.NOM
Translation: John is taller than Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas pristatė Tomui savo brolį .
Glosses: John.NOM introduce.PST.3 Tom.DAT self.GEN brother.ACC
Translation: John introduced his brother to Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas bėga greičiau už savo brolį .
Glosses: John.NOM run.PRS.3 faster than.PHRASAL self.GEN brother.ACC
Translation: John runs faster than his brother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Jonas bėga greičiau negu savo brolis .
Glosses: John.NOM run.PRS.3 faster than.CLAUSAL self.GEN brother.NOM
Translation: John runs faster than his brother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas pristatė Tomui jo brolį .
Glosses: John.NOM introduce.PST.3 Tom.DAT he.GEN brother.ACC
Translation: John introduced Tom to his brother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas bėga greičiau už jo brolį .
Glosses: John.NOM run.PRS.3 faster than.PHRASAL self.GEN brother.ACC
Translation: John runs faster than his brother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas bėga greičiau negu jo brolis .
Glosses: John.NOM run.PRS.3 faster than.CLAUSAL self.GEN brother.NOM
Translation: John runs faster than his brother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas auštesnis už Tomą / *Tomas .
Glosses: John.NOM taller.NOM than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC / Tom.NOM
Translation: John is taller than Tom.
Language: German
Transcription: Er mag dich mehr als ich .
Glosses: he.NOM like.PRS.3.SG you.ACC more than I.NOM
Translation: He likes you more than I (like you).
Language: German
Transcription: Er mag dich mehr als mich .
Glosses: he.NOM like.PRS.3.SG you.ACC more than I.ACC
Translation: He likes you more than (he likes) me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas balsavo už Grybauskaitę .
Glosses: John.NOM vote.PST.3 for Grybauskaite.ACC
Translation: John voted for Grybauskaite.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Taroo-ga Tokyo-de-yori Jiroo-ga Kyoto-de ooku-no hito-ni atta .
Glosses: Taro-NOM Tokyo-in-than.PHRASAL Jiro-NOM Kyoto-in many-GEN people-DAT met . 
Translation: Jiro met more people in Kyoto than Taro in Tokyo.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas perskaitė daugiau knygų už Mariją (*perskaitė).
Glosses: John.NOM read.PST.3 more book.GEN than.PHRASAL Maria.ACC read.PST.3
Translation: John read more books than Maria (read).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Šiandien Jonas perskaitė daugiau knygų už vakar .
Glosses: today John.NOM read.PST.3 more book.GEN than.PHRASAL yesterday
Translation: John read more books today than yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Jonas aukštesnis už du metrus .
Glosses: John.NOM taller.NOM than.PHRASAL two.ACC meter.ACC
Translation: Intended meaning: ‘John is taller than two meters.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas aukštesnis negu du metrai .
Glosses: John.NOM taller.NOM than.CLAUSAL two.NOM meter.NOM
Translation: John is taller than two meters.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Daugiau student lanko Čikagos universitetą už Northwesterną .
Glosses: more student.GEN attend.PST.3 Chicago.GEN univeristy.ACC than.PHRASAL Northwestern.ACC
Translation: Intended meaning: ‘More students attend the University of Chicago than Northwestern.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Daugiau student lanko Čikagos universitetą negu Northwesterno .
Glosses: more student.GEN attend.PST.3 Chicago.GEN univeristy.ACC than.CLAUSAL Northwestern.GEN
Translation: More students attend the University of Chicago than Northwestern.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Daugiau žmonių kas gyvena valstijoje , kurią valdo Obama , už Medvedeva .
Glosses: more people.GEN who.NOM live.PRS.3 state.LOC which.ACC govern.PRS.3 Obama.NOM than.PHRASAL Medvedev.ACC
Translation: More people live in the state that Obama governs than in the state that Medvedev governs.’ (Grinsell 2012: 41)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas suvalgė daugiau sausainių , kuriuos iškėpė Agnė negu Tomas .
Glosses: John.NOM eat.PST.3 more cookie.GEN which.ACC bake.PST.3 Agne.NOM than.CLAUSAL Tomas.NOM
Translation: John ate more cookies that Agne baked than Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas suvalgė daugiau sausainių , kuriuos iškėpė Agnė už Tomą .
Glosses: John.NOM eat.PST.3 more cookie.GEN which.ACC bake.PST.3 Agne.NOM than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC
Translation: John ate more cookies that Agne baked than Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas suvalgė daugiau spurgų už Tomą .
Glosses: John.NOM eat.PST.3 more doughnut.GEN than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC
Translation: John ate more doughnuts than Tom (ate).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Jonas suvalgė daugiau spurgų už sausainius .
Glosses: John.NOM eat.PST.3 more doughnut.GEN than.PHRASAL cookie.ACC
Translation: Intended meaning: ‘John ate more doughnuts than cookies.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas padovanojo Marijai daugiau dovanų už Tomą .
Glosses: John.NOM gift.PST.3 Maria.DAT more present.GEN than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC
Translation: John gave more presents to Maria than Tom (did).’ #‘John gave more presents to Maria than (he did to) Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas aukšt-esn-is [ už [ Tomą .]]
Glosses: John.NOM tall-ER-NOM  than.PHRASAL  Tom.ACC
Translation: John is taller than Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas už visus savo klasiokus aukštesnis .
Glosses: Jonas.NOM than.PHRASAL all.ACC self.GEN classmate.ACC.PL taller.NOM.SG
Translation: Jonas is taller than all of his classmates.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Visi Jono klasiokai už jį aukštesni .
Glosses: all.NOM John.GEN classmate.NOM.PL than.PHRASAL he.ACC taller.NOM.PL
Translation: All John’s classmates are taller than him.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas suvalgė daugiau obuolių už Tomą .
Glosses: John.NOM eat.PST.3 more apple.GEN than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC
Translation: John ate more apples than Tom.
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Watashi-wa John-yori neko-o aishiteiru .
Glosses: I-TOP John-than.PHRASAL cats-ACC love.NONPAST
Translation: I love cats more than John.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas padovanojo Tomui daugiau dovanų už Agnę .
Glosses: John.NOM gift.PST.3 Tom.DAT more gift.GEN than.PHRASAL Agne.ACC
Translation: John gave more presents to Tom than Agne.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kažkoks vyras pabučiavo kiekvieną merginą .
Glosses: some.NOM man.NOM kiss.PST.3 every.ACC woman.ACC
Translation: Some man kissed every woman.’ (some>every): One (specific) man kissed every woman. *(every>some): For every woman, she was kissed by some (potentially different) man.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas suvalgė daugiau už Tomą sausainių , kuriuos iškėpė Agnė .
Glosses: John.NOM eat.PST.3 more than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC biscuit.GEN which.ACC bake.PST.3 Agne.NOM
Translation: John ate more biscuits that Agne baked than Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Daugiau žmonių gerė vyną už alų .
Glosses: more people.GEN drink.PST.3 wine.ACC than.PHRASAL beer.ACC
Translation: More people drank wine than beer.
Language: Bulgarian
Transcription: *Poveče turisti posetixa Sofia ot Varna .
Glosses: more tourists visited Sofia than.PHRASAL Varna
Translation: More tourists visited Sofia than Varna.
Language: Bulgarian
Transcription: Poveče turisti posetixa Sofia otkolkoto Varna .
Glosses: more tourists visited Sofia than.CLAUSAL Varna
Translation: More tourists visited Sofia than Varna.’ (Pancheva 2009: 2)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas nusiuntė Agnei daugiau laiškų už Tomą .
Glosses: John.NOM send.PST.3 Agne.DAT more letters.GEN than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC
Translation: John sent more letters to Agne than Tom (did).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas aukštesnis už Tomą <yra aukštas .>
Glosses: John.NOM taller.NOM than.PHRASAL Tom.ACC be.PRS.3 tall.NOM
Translation: John is taller than Tom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Daugiau žmonių gyvena valstybėje , kurią valdo Obama , už Medvedevą .
Glosses: more people.GEN live.PRS.3 state.LOC which.ACC govern.PRS.3 Obama.NOM than.PHRASAL Medvedev.ACC
Translation: More people live in the state that Obama governs than in the state that Medvedev governs.’ (adapted from Grinsell 2012: 41)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Daugiau žmonių kas gyvena valstijoje , kurią valdo Obama , negu Medvedevas .
Glosses: more people.GEN who.NOM live.PRS.3 state.LOC which.ACC govern.PRS.3 Obama.NOM than.CLAUSAL Medvedev.NOM
Translation: More people live in the state that Obama governs than in the state that Medvedev governs.’ (Grinsell 2012: 41)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Jonas auštesnis už du metrus <aukštas>.
Glosses: John.NOM taller.NOM than.PHRASAL two.ACC meter.ACC tall
Translation: John is taller than two meters.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Daugiau žmonių perskaitė Altorių Šešėly už Baltą Drobulę .
Glosses: more people.GEN read.PST.3 altar.GEN shadow.LOC than white.ACC cloth.ACC
Translation: More people read the novel Altoriu Sesely than Balta Drobule.
Language: Modern Greek
Transcription: Kanenas δen ine psiloteros apo ton eafto tu .
Glosses: n-person NEG is taller than.PHRASAL the self his
Translation: No one is taller than himself.
Language: Modern Greek
Transcription: I Maria pezi kiθara kalitera apo ton Gianni .
Glosses: the Maria.NOM plays guitar better than.PHRASAL the Giannis.ACC
Translation: Maria plays the guitar better than Giannis.
Language: Modern Greek
Transcription: *Perisoteri anθropi menun sto kratos pu kivernai o Putin apo ton Bush .
Glosses: more people live in.the state that governs the Putin than.PHRASAL the Bush.ACC
Translation: More people live in the country that Putin governs than live in the country that Bush governs.
Language: Bulgarian
Transcription: Poseštavam Sofia po-često ot Varna .
Glosses: visit.1SG Sofia more-often than.PHRASAL Varna
Translation: I visit Sofia more often than (I do) Varna.
Language: Modern Greek
Transcription: *Perisoteri anθropi θrelun na maθrun anglika apo germanika .
Glosses: more people want.3P SUBJ learn.3P English than.PHRASAL German
Translation: More people want to learn English than German.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas perskaitė daugiau knygų negu Marija perskaitė .
Glosses: John.NOM read.PST.3 more book.GEN than.CLAUSAL Maria.NOM read.PST.3
Translation: John read more books than Maria.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Šiandien Jonas perskaitė daugiau knygų negu vakar .
Glosses: today John.NOM read.PST.3 more book.GEN than.CLAUSAL yesterday
Translation: John read more books today than yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jonas suvalgė daugiau negu Tomas sausainių , kuriuos iškėpė Agnė .
Glosses: John.NOM eat.PST.3 more than.CLAUSAL Tom.NOM cookie.GEN which.ACC bake.PST.3 Agne.NOM
Translation: John ate more cookies that Agne baked than Tom (ate).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?Jonui patinka savo naujas švarkas .
Glosses: John please.PRS.3 self.GEN new.NOM jacket.NOM
Translation: John likes his new jacket.’ (adapted from Holvoet 2013: 266))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Man spurgos patinka labiau už Joną .
Glosses: I.DAT doughnut.NOM like.PRS.3 more than John.ACC
Translation: I like doughnuts more than I like John.’ #‘I like doughnuts more than John likes doughnuts.
Language: French
Transcription: Le facteur a rencontré le balayeur avant qu’ il rentre à la maison .
Glosses: The postman met the streetsweeper before he went home .
Language: German
Transcription: Der Briefträger hat den Straßenfeger getroffen bevor er nach Hause ging .
Glosses: The postman has the streetsweeper met before he home went .
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Le facteur a rencontré le balayeur avant de PRO rentrer à la maison .
Glosses: The postman met the streetsweeper before PRO go.INF home .
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kuma-ga azarasi no ko-o tukam-ta . (tukam-ta → tukan-da)
Glosses: bear-NOM seal ’s baby-ACC grab-PAST 
Translation: A bear grabbed a baby seal.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azarasi no ko-ga kuma-ni tukam-AT-ta . (AR-ta → AT-ta)
Glosses: seal ’s baby-NOM bear-by grab-AR-PAST 
Translation: A baby seal was caught by a bear.’ (AR here is a lexical passive in accordance to (2a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Azarasi no ko-ga kuma-ni(yotte) tukam-are-ta .
Glosses: seal ’s baby-NOM bear-by grab-PASSIVE-PAST
Translation: A baby seal was grabbed by a bear.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hutatu no hito .kage-ga Sue no kage-o hasan-da . (← hasam-ta)
Glosses: two ’s human.shadow-NOM S ’s shadow-ACC put.in.between-PAST
Translation: Two human shadows encroached upon Sue’s shadow from the sides.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sue no kage-ga hutatu no hitokage-ni(*yotte) hasam-AT-ta .
Glosses: S ’s shadow-NOM two ’s shadow-by put.in.between-AR-PAST
Translation: Sue’s shadow was encroached upon by two human shadows from the sides.’ (AR here is a lexical passive in accordance to (2a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sue no kage-ga hutatu no hitokage-ni(yotte) hasam-are-ta .
Glosses: S ’s shadow-NOM two ’s shadow-by put.inbetween-PASSIVE-PAST
Translation: Sue’s shadow was encroached upon by two human shadows from the sides.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dokubari-ga kare no kubi-o sasi-ta .
Glosses: poison.needle-NOM he ’s neck-ACC stick-PAST
Translation: A poisoned needle pierced his neck.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dokubari-ga kare no kubi-ni sas-AT-ta .
Glosses: poison.needle-NOM he ’s neck-into stick-AR-PAST
Translation: A poisoned needle stuck into his neck.’ (AR here is an intransitivizer in accordance with (2b).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kare no kubi-ga dokubari-ni(yotte) sas-{*AT , (r)are}-ta . (sas-(r)are → sas-are)
Glosses: he ’s neck-NOM poison.needle-by stick-{*AR, PASSIVE}-PAST
Translation: His neck was pierced by a poisoned needle.’ (As marked, AR here is not a lexical passive since it does not follow (2a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kare-ga uzukumaru Kansin no senaka-o matai-da .
Glosses: he-NOM crouching K ’s back-ACC straddle-PAST
Translation: He straddled crouching Kansin’s back.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kare-ga uzukumaru Kansin no senaka-ni matag-AT-ta .
Glosses: he-NOM crouching K ’s back-onto straddle-AR-PAST
Translation: He straddled the back of crouching Kansin.’ (AR here is an intransitivizer in accordance to (2b).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Uzukumaru Kansin no senaka-ga kare-ni(yotte) matag-{*AT , (r)are}-ta .
Glosses: crouching K ’s back-NOM he-by stralddle-{AR, PASSIVE}-PAST
Translation: The back of crouching Kansin was straddled by him.’ (AR here is not a lexical passive, since it does not follow (2a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Kare , Yokisi-na-katta bakuhatu}-ga sono sawagi-o osam-E-ta .
Glosses: {he, expect-not-PAST explosion}-NOM that uproar-ACC suppress-E-PAST
Translation: {He, The unexpected explosion} suppressed that disturbance.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sono sawagi-ga {kare , yokisi-na-katta bakuhatu}-niyotte osam-AT-ta .
Glosses: that uproar-NOM {he, expect-not-PAST explosion}-by suppress-AR-PAST
Translation: That disturbance was suppressed by {him, the unexpected explosion}.’ (AR here is lexical passive, satisfying (9a).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *{Kare , Yokisi-na-katta bakuhatu}-ga sono sawagi-ni osam-AT-ta .
Glosses: {he, expect-not-PAST explosion}-NOM that uproar-in regulate-AR-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘{He, The unexpected explosion} was suppressed by that disturbance.’) (This sentence should have been fine if the AR here were an intransitivizer, satisfying (9b). The fact that it is illicit shows that this AR is a lexical passive.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Sono sawagi-ga {kare , yokisi-na-katta bakuhatu}-niyotte osam-are-ta .
Glosses: that uproar-NOM {he, expect-not-PAST explosion}-by pacify-PASSIVE-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘The disturbance was suppressed by {him, the unexpected explosion}.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sono sawagi-ga {kare , *yokisi-na-katta bakuhatu}-niyotte osam-E-rare-ta .
Glosses: that uproar-NOM he, expect-not-PAST explosion-by pacify-E-passive-PAST
Translation: The disturbance was suppressed by {him, *the unexpected explosion}.’ (The fact that (11d) with passive (r)are directly attached to R is illicit, while (11e) in which it is attached to [R-E] is felicitous, shows that in the context of Type (1C) the syntactically active passive (r)are cannot directly attach to an R).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Sumibi , Sue}-ga soup-o atatam-E-ta .
Glosses: {charcoal.fire, Sue}-NOM soup-ACC warm-E-PAST
Translation: {Charcoal.fire, Sue} warmed the soup.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Soup-ga {sumibi , *Sue}-niyotte atatam-AT-ta .
Glosses: soup-NOM {charcoal.fire, *Sue}-by warm-AR-PAST
Translation: The soup was warmed by {charcoal.fire, *Sue}.’ (AR here is a lexical passive, cannot be forced to behave as an intransitivizer.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *{Sumibi , Sue}-ga suupu-ni atatam-AT-ta .14
Glosses: {charcoal.fire, Sue}-NOM soup-ACC warm-AR-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘{Charcoal.fire, Sue} warmed by the soup.’) (AR here is intended to be an intransitivizer.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Toppuu , Sue}-ga kuruma-o ki-ni butuk-E-ta .
Glosses: {gust.of.wind, Sue}-NOM car-ACC tree-to strike-E-PAST
Translation: {A.sudden.gust.of.wind, Sue} crashed the car into a tree
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kuruma-ga {toppuu , *Sue}-niyotte ki-ni butuk-AT-ta .
Glosses: car-NOM {gust.of.wind, *Sue}-by tree-to strike-AR-PAST
Translation: A car struck a tree by {a.sudden.gust.of.wind, *Sue}.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *{Toppuu , Sue}-ga kuruma-ni ki-ni butuk-AT-ta .
Glosses: {gust.of.wind, Sue}-NOM car-ACC tree-to strike-AR-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘{A.sudden.gust.of.wind, Sue} crashed the car into a tree’) (AR here is a lexical passive.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ten’in-ga manbiki-o mituk-E-ta
Glosses: clerk-NOM shop.lifting-ACC notice-E-PAST