lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Kerek
Transcription: manka nəxaxaun ?
Glosses: why IMP.3SG-go-3SG.S
Translation: Why does he have to go?
Language: Alutor
Transcription: ɣəttə taqətkən ?
Glosses: 2SG.ABS.SG what-IPFV[2SG.S]
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Koryak
Transcription: nɪya’qiɣi ?
Glosses: HAB-what-2SG
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Koryak
Transcription: nre’qiɣɪt ?
Glosses: HAB-what-2SG
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: nəreqiɣət ?
Glosses: HAB-what-2SG
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: raqetə nəwetgawegˀət ?
Glosses: what-DAT PRS-speak-2SG.S
Translation: Why do you speak?
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: nəraqə=wetgawegˀət ?
Glosses: PRS-what-E=speak-2SG.S
Translation: Why do you speak?
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: rˀaetə ŋətagˀət ?
Glosses: what-DAT come-2SG.S
Translation: Why did you come?
Language: Alutor
Transcription: ənŋin taqəlʔu qa paninalʔu ?
Glosses: well what-E-PTCP-ABS.PL EMPH ancestor-ABS.PL
Translation: Well, what did (our) ancestors do?
Language: Alutor
Transcription: mikineɣət ɣəttə unjunjujɣət ?
Glosses: who-POSS-2SG.PRED 2SG.ABS child-2SG.PRED
Translation: 'Whose child are you?
Language: Aleut
Transcription: qilagan piitrax̂ hlax̂ tugal saĝanax̂=ii ?
Glosses: yesterday PN-ABS.SG boy-ABS.SG hit-?CVB AUX-REM-SG=Q
Translation: Did Peter hit the boy yesterday?
Language: Aleut
Transcription: yaĝīm būdiŝ=min’a sūt’?
Glosses: 1SG-?REL.SG AUX-2SG=1SG.ACC take-INF
Translation: Will you take me with you?
Language: Aleut
Transcription: aqúx̂ ti āngicikāyusāiŝ ?
Glosses: what-ABS.SG 2SG think-TR-2SG
Translation: What are you thinking about?’ (: 103, 104)
Language: Yupik
Transcription: tekítùq≠qaa nuk’aq ?
Glosses: arrive-3SG.IND≠Q PN.ABS.SG
Language: Yupik
Transcription: nùk’àq≠qaa tekituq ?
Glosses: PN.ABS.SG≠Q arrive-3SG.IND
Language: Yupik
Transcription: enérpaŋqértuten , qaá/qáa ?
Glosses: house-big-have-2SG.IND Q
Translation: You have a big house, right?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: qayarpaliuq≠qaa wall’u≠ picuarmek ?
Glosses: kayak-big-make-3SG.IND≠Q or≠ thing-small-ABM.SG
Translation: Is he making a big kayak or a small one?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: kailliuten ?
Glosses: hungry-INF-2SG.IND
Language: Yupik
Transcription: kaigtuten=qaa ?
Glosses: hungry-2SG.IND=Q
Language: Yupik
Transcription: una=mi ?
Glosses: this-EX.ABS=Q
Translation: How about this?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: nauwa=mi aataka ?
Glosses: where=Q father-ABS.1SG.SG.POSS
Translation: (But) where is my father?’ (: 173, 171)
Language: Yupik
Transcription: qaillun=kiq taiga ?
Glosses: how=Q come-3SG.Q
Translation: How did he come over, I wonder?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: nùk’àq tekítùq .
Glosses: PN.ABS.SG arrive-3SG.IND
Language: Yupik
Transcription: kina tekítaØ ?
Glosses: who-ABS.SG arrive-3Q-3SG.Q
Translation: Who has arrived?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: camek neryugcit ?
Glosses: what-ABM.SG eat-DES-2SG.Q-2SG.INTR.Q
Translation: What (kind of food) do you want to eat?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: ca neryugciu ?
Glosses: what eat-DES-2SG.Q-2SG.TR.Q
Translation: What/which (specific) food do you want to eat?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: neghyugsin ?
Glosses: eat-DES-2SG.Q-2SG.Q
Translation: Do you want to eat (anything)?
Language: Yupik
Transcription: sameŋ neghyugsin ?
Glosses: what-ABM.SG eat-DES-2SG.Q-2SG.INTR.Q
Translation: What (kind of food) do you want to eat?
Language: Mongolic
Transcription: nidy šýma múr .mur ?
Glosses: 2SG-GEN what say
Translation: What are you saying?’ (: 37, 15)
Language: Taimyr Pidgin Russian
Transcription: tebja uruséto jest ?
Glosses: 2SG rifle-HL EX
Translation: Do you have a rifle?
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: maʃ tuχɯ χoran=o naji wi budo χoran=o ?
Glosses: 1PL chicken eat-1PL=Q NEG that beef eat-1PL=Q
Translation: Do we eat chicken or do we eat that beef?’ (: 65)
Language: Sarikoli
Transcription: tudʒik ziv ati wazond , rust=o ?
Glosses: PN language ? know.N.PST-3SG true=Q
Translation: (She) knows Sarikoli, right?’ (: 89)
Language: Indo-European
Transcription: búdu=ee ?
Glosses: understand.PFV-MSG=Q
Language: Japanese
Transcription: onamae wa nan desu ka ?
Glosses: HON-name TOP what COP Q
Translation: What is (your) name?’ (own knowledge)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: ashita wa gakkō ni ikimasu ka ?
Glosses: tomorrow TOP school to go-NPST.POL Q
Translation: Is it tomorrow that you are going to school?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: ashita , gakkō ni wa ikimasu ka ?
Glosses: tomorrow school to TOP go-NPST.POL Q
Translation: Is it to school that you are going to tomorrow?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: ta=ka tasare ?
Glosses: who=Q EMP?-go.away-EV
Translation: Who goes away?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: KÖ YÖPI=ka KYIMYINKA WANkari KYI[i]masamu ?
Glosses: this night=Q lord-POSS 1SG-DIR come-INF-HON-TENT-ATTR
Translation: Is it tonight that (my) lord will come to me?’ (Western; : 1220, 1225)
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: aNtö=ka aNka semu ?
Glosses: what=Q 1SG-POSS do-TENT-ATTR
Translation: What should I do?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: opusetamapo=ka ?
Glosses: assign.INF-HON-ATTR=Q
Translation: Has (the emperor) given (me) the order?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: yamani=ka nemu mwo / yaNtöri pa nasini ?
Glosses: mountain-LOC=Q sleep-TENT-ATTR FOC / lodge-N TOP not.exist-FIN-LOC
Translation: Shall (I) sleep in the mountains since there is no lodging (here)?’ (: 834, 835)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: keo wa no=ka siyorasiyo ?
Glosses: today TOP what=Q do-INF-exist-SUP
Translation: What would (they) do today?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: uwe kwonaNkyi / Nkaku kwopiymu tö=ya ?
Glosses: sow.INF dim-water-LOC-leeks / be.thus-INF long.for-tent-FIN think/say=Q
Translation: Do (you) think (I) love the sowed water leeks so much?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: asuyuri=ya / kayeNka muta nemu ?
Glosses: tomorrow-ABL=Q / reed-POSS together.with sleep-TENT-ATTR
Translation: From tomorrow shall (I) sleep together with the reeds?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: na pa kyikasu=ya ?
Glosses: 2SG TOP ask-HON-FIN=Q
Translation: Shall (I) ask you?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: kyimyi pa=ya nakyi ?
Glosses: lord TOP=Q NEG-ATTR
Translation: Don’t (you) have a lord?’ (: 1211, 1215)
Language: Japanese
Transcription: are ichinen deshita kke:?
Glosses: EXCL one-year COP.PST.POL Q
Translation: Wait, is (your visa valid) for one year?’ (: 2687, simplified)
Language: Ura
Transcription: wan=ga kakjuØn=ja ?
Glosses: 1SG=NOM write-IPFV-(NPST)-ADN=Q
Translation: Should I write?
Language: Ura
Transcription: an ʔcju=nkja=ja icu=raga kuma=nan uri=joo ?
Glosses: that person=APPR=TOP when=ABL here=LOC1 exist-NPST=Q
Translation: What time did those people get here?
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: uro=o koowan=na ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP buy-NEG=Q
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: uro=o koojumɨ ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP buy-IPFV=Q
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: kurɨ=ba tujumɨ ?
Glosses: this=ACC take-IPFV-Q
Translation: Will (you) take this?
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: nuu=ba=ga tujuru ?
Glosses: what=ACC=FOC take-IPFV-Q
Translation: What will (you) take?
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: kurɨ=ba=du tujurui ?
Glosses: this=ACC=FOC take-IPFV-Q
Translation: Will (you) take this?’ (: 76f.)
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: an ʔcjoo sjensjee=ja aran=daroo=ga(i)?
Glosses: that person.TOP teacher=TOP COP-NEG.NPST=SUPP=Q
Translation: (I) suppose that that person is not a teacher, is that right?
Language: Southern Amami-Oshima
Transcription: waŋ=ga ikjoo=jəə ?
Glosses: 1SG=NOM go-INT=Q
Translation: I will go, right?
Language: Oki-No-Erabu
Transcription: ʔatiaŋ=nja ?
Glosses: know-IND=Q
Translation: Do you know?
Language: Oki-No-Erabu
Transcription: kibati meero ?
Glosses: work.hard-MED exist.HON-DUB
Translation: Are you working hard?’ (a greeting) (: 357)
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ga maŋgo tʃukutan=naa ?
Glosses: PN=NOM mango grow-PST-IND=Q
Translation: Kmadee grew mangoes, didn’t he?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ga maŋgoo tʃukujumi ?
Glosses: PN=NOM mango grow-PRS-Q
Translation: Will Kamadee grow mangoes?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: taa=ga maŋgoo tʃukutaga ?
Glosses: who=NOM mango grow-PST-Q
Translation: Who grew mangoes?’ (: 393, 394)
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ga=du maŋgo tʃukujuru=ji ?
Glosses: PN=NOM=FOC mango grow-PRS-NIND=Q
Translation: Is it Kamadee who grows mangoes?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: waN=nee tigami kacaN ?
Glosses: 1SG=TOP letter write-PST-IND
Translation: I wrote a letter.
Language: Shuri
Transcription: ‘jaa=ja tigami kacii ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP letter write-Q
Language: Shuri
Transcription: nuu tʃiyuga ?
Glosses: what wear-PRS-Q
Translation: What do you wear?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: nuu=ga tʃiyura ?
Glosses: what=FOC wear-PRS-Q
Translation: What do you wear?’ (: 204)
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ga=ga maŋgoo tʃukujura jaa ?
Glosses: PN=NOM=FOC mango grow-PRS-Q Q
Translation: Is it Kamadee who will grow mangoes?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: kamadee=ja nuu tʃukujugajaa ?
Glosses: PN=NOM what grow-PRS-Q
Translation: Kamadee is going to grow what?
Language: Shuri
Transcription: ʔari=ga ʔiiʃe=e tʃikanka ?
Glosses: 3SG=NOM say-PRS-N-TOP ? listen-NEG-SGS
Translation: Shall we not listen to him?
Language: Central Okinawan
Transcription: ʔjaa=ga kakun .
Glosses: 2SG=NOM write-NPST-DECL
Translation: You will write.
Language: Central Okinawan
Transcription: ʔjaa=ga kakumi ?
Glosses: 2SG=NOM write-NPST-Q
Translation: Will you write?
Language: Central Okinawan
Transcription: kuruma=kara sisan=na ?
Glosses: car=ABL come-PST-DECL=Q
Translation: Did you come by car?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: nuu=ga sïtar ?
Glosses: what=?Q do-PST
Translation: What happened (with you)?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: husɨ=nu=du miirai ui=na ?
Glosses: star=NOM=FOC look-POT CONT.NPST=Q
Translation: Can you see the stars?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: nau=nu=du miirai ui=ga ?
Glosses: what=NOM=FOC look-POT CONT.NPST=Q
Translation: What can you see?’ (: 173)
Language: Miyako
Transcription: nauɾipa=tu kuutataɾɛɛ ?
Glosses: why=FOC come-PST.NEG-Q
Language: Miyako
Transcription: [nau=iu assipa=tu taukaɯ=ka] ssain ?
Glosses: what=ACC do-CIRC=FOC good-V=Q know-POT-NEG
Translation: I don’t know [what I should do].
Language: Miyako
Transcription: vva=a uri=u ažtar=ru ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP that=ACC say-PST=Q
Translation: Did you say that?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: vva=ga=ru uri=u ažtar=ru ?
Glosses: 2SG=NOM=FOC that=ACC say-PST=Q
Translation: Did you say that?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: vva=a nau=ju=ga ažtar=ga ?
Glosses: 2SG=TOP what=ACC=FOC say-PST=Q
Translation: What did you say?
Language: Miyako
Transcription: [ssibara=ru atar=ru maibara=ru atar=ru] mmja ssanØ=suga
Glosses: back=FOC COP-PST=Q front=FOC COP-PST=Q INTJ know-THM-NEG-NPST=but
Translation: But I’m not sure [whether (the house) was behind or in front].’ (: 132f.)
Language: Hateruma
Transcription: kuri=Ø=ja nu jaØ ?
Glosses: this=(CORE)=TOP what COP-NPST
Translation: What is this?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: kjuu=ja nuunu pii=ja ?
Glosses: today=TOP what-GEN day=Q
Translation: What day is it today?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: nuusi nattaa ?
Glosses: how become-PST
Translation: What happened?
Language: Hatoma
Transcription: waa acaN kii ffiruN ?
Glosses: 2SG tomorrow-also come-INF give.me-AFF
Translation: Will you come tomorrow, too?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: naoja=ja sinbun jumun ?
Glosses: PN=TOP newspaper read-PRS-IND
Translation: Will/does Naoya read the newspaper?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: naoja=ja sinbun=du jumu ?
Glosses: PN=TOP newspaper=FOC read-PRS
Translation: Will/does Naoya read the newspaper?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: naoja=ja noo=du jumu ?
Glosses: PN=TOP what=FOC read-PRS
Translation: What does/will Naoya read?’ (: 260)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: zïma=ge haru ?
Glosses: where=DIR go-PRS
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 261)
Language: Yonaguni
Transcription: khuruma muti bu=na ?
Glosses: car hold-MED IPFV=Q
Translation: Do (you) have a car?
Language: Yonaguni
Transcription: suuti khati=du buru=na ?
Glosses: book write-MED=FOC IPFV-PTCP=Q
Translation: (Are you) writing a book?
Language: Yonaguni
Transcription: nma=ŋa(=ba) dunanccima=ja ?
Glosses: where=NOM(=FOC) PN-island=Q
Translation: Where exactly is Yonaguni island?’ (: 468, 466, 469)
Language: Sonai
Transcription: numi=na ?
Glosses: drink-IND=Q
Translation: Have you drunk it?
Language: Sonai
Transcription: NmaNki hjuN=ga ?
Glosses: where-ALL go-PFV=Q
Translation: Where has (she) gone?
Language: Sonai
Transcription: Nda ici=ba suN=ga ?
Glosses: 2SG when=SEL come-PFV=Q
Translation: When did you come?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ta=ba=du tataN=ga ?
Glosses: who=SEL=FOC make.stand-CONC=Q
Translation: Whom do you make stand?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nu=ba=du utiru=kaja ?
Glosses: what=SEL=FOC fall-CONC=Q
Translation: I wonder which one will fall down?’ (: 439, 419, 425, 444, 421)
Language: Miyako
Transcription: ba=a kuruma=u=du vvtar .
Glosses: 1SG=TOP car-ACC=FOC sell-PST
Translation: I sold a car.
Language: Miyako
Transcription: *ba=a kuruma=u=du vvtam .
Glosses: 1SG=TOP car-ACC=FOC sell-PST
Translation: I sold a car.
Language: Korean
Transcription: narssika tʃohta .
Glosses: weather-NOM good-DECL.PLAIN
Translation: The weather is good.
Language: Korean
Transcription: narssika tʃohni ?
Glosses: weather-NOM good-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Is the weather good?’ (: 57)
Language: Korean
Transcription: kanɯnka ?
Glosses: go-Q.FAM
Translation: Are (you) going?
Language: Korean
Transcription: k‘ɯnka ?
Glosses: big-Q.FAM
Language: Korean
Transcription: muɣəsɯr hanɯnka ?
Glosses: what-ACC do-Q.FAM
Translation: What are (you) doing?’ (: 42)
Language: Korean
Transcription: muesul hani ?
Glosses: what-ACC do-Q.PLAIN
Translation: What are (you) doing?
Language: Korean
Transcription: kitʃ‘aka məntʃə orka , tʃatoŋtʃ‘aka orka ?
Glosses: train-NOM first arrive-PRS-Q.FAM car-NOM arrive-PRS-Q.FAM
Translation: Does the train or does the car arrive first?’ (: 94)
Language: Korean
Transcription: wulika kalkka .yo salamul ponaylkka .yo ?
Glosses: we-NOM go-PRS-Q.FAM person-ACC send-PRS-Q.FAM
Translation: Shall we go or shall (we) send someone?
Language: Korean
Transcription: yonghoka te khuni , animyen namika te khuni ?
Glosses: PN-NOM more big-Q.PLAIN or PN-NOM more big-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Is Yongho taller or Nami?
Language: Korean
Transcription: kalkka malkka ?
Glosses: go-PRS-Q NEG-PRS-Q
Translation: whether to go or not
Language: Korean
Transcription: canton issni epsni ?
Glosses: change COP-Q.PLAIN NEG-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Do you have change or not?’ (: 150)
Language: Korean
Transcription: hwuchwu maccyo ?
Glosses: black.pepper correct-COMM.POL
Translation: It is black pepper, right?
Language: Korean
Transcription: wenlay khucanha .yo ?
Glosses: originally tall-COMM.NEG-POL
Translation: She has been tall since birth, right?
Language: Korean
Transcription: nayil hakkyoey kapnikka ?
Glosses: tomorrow school-DIR go-Q.DEF
Translation: Do (you) go to school tomorrow?
Language: Korean
Transcription: hakkyoey nayil kapnikka ?
Glosses: school-DIR tomorrow go-Q.DEF
Translation: Do (you) go to school tomorrow?
Language: Korean
Transcription: tangsinun nayil hakkyo kapnikka ?
Glosses: 2SG-TOP tomorrow school go-Q.DEF
Translation: Do you go to school tomorrow?’ (elicited, slightly adjusted)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: eti kani ?
Glosses: where go-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Where are you going?’ (L. : 47; : 264f.; : 158; : 8)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: etu ley kamswukkwa ?
Glosses: where to go-IND-AH-Q.DEF
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 75, from Lee I.S.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ǒdi kang wamsugwa ?
Glosses: where go-PST ?AUX-IND-AH-Q.DEF
Translation: Where did you go?’ (: 10, my tentative analysis)
Language: Korean
Transcription: ni pap mekessnya ?
Glosses: 2SG meal eat-PST-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Did you have your meal?
Language: Korean
Transcription: kawu ?
Glosses: go-Q.FAM
Translation: Does (she) go?
Language: Korean
Transcription: etu .m ey kasipneykka ?
Glosses: where to go-SH-AH-IND-Q
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Korean
Transcription: ni pap mukessnya ?
Glosses: 2SG meal eat-PST-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Did you have your meal?
Language: Korean
Transcription: moosoon băpi issum .mê ?
Glosses: what meal COP-Q.FAM
Translation: What food is there?’ (: 13)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: misiř haja ?
Glosses: what-ACC do-Q.PLAIN
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kamdo ?
Glosses: go-Q.DEF
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ɔdiř kan .ga ?
Glosses: where-ACC go-Q.POL
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Korean
Transcription: ni etey kassno ?
Glosses: 2SG where go-PST-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Where did you go?
Language: Korean
Transcription: i ke nwu chayk iko ?
Glosses: this ?NOM who book COP-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Whose book is this?
Language: Korean
Transcription: pap munna ?
Glosses: meal eat-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Did you eat?
Language: Korean
Transcription: kuk i ni chayk ika ?
Glosses: that ?NOM 2SG book COP-Q.PLAIN
Translation: Is that your book?
Language: Middle Korean
Transcription: i twu salóm i cinsillo nej hangkeska ?
Glosses: this two person NOM truly 2SG.GEN master-Q
Translation: Are these two persons truly your masters?
Language: Middle Korean
Transcription: hjenljangón sto mjes salómko ?
Glosses: wise.person-TOP also how.many person-Q
Translation: Also, how many wise people were there?
Language: Middle Korean
Transcription: kutujnón enu cekuj tolaolta ?
Glosses: 2SG-TOP which time-LOC return-?PROS-Q
Translation: When will you return?’ (: 102, 103)
Language: Korean
Transcription: inón sangka pela ?
Glosses: this-TOP prize-Q punishment-Q
Translation: Is this a prize or a punishment?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: xugsʲintei oolzaa=g=sʲa ?
Glosses: old.woman-COM meet-P.IPFV=Q=2SG
Translation: Did you meet the old woman?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: xentei oolzaa=b=sʲa ?
Glosses: who-COM meet-P.IPFV=Q=2SG
Translation: Whom did you meet?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: sʲii namtai ɔsʲnɔ=ba ?
Glosses: 2SG 1SG.OBL-COM reach-PRS=Q
Translation: You go with me, don’t you?’ (: 170-171)
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: bii eneeguuree jabxa=g=bi , tereeguuree jabxa=g=bi ?
Glosses: 1SG.NOM this-E-INST-REFL go-P.FUT=Q=1SG that-E-INST-REFL go-P.FUT=Q=1SG
Translation: Should I go in this or in that direction?’ (: 153)
Language: Middle Mongol
Transcription: burutb=uu ?
Glosses: escape-TERM=Q
Language: Middle Mongol
Transcription: caq=u’u gürbe ?
Glosses: time=Q arrive-TERM
Translation: Has the time arrived?
Language: Middle Mongol
Transcription: jöb=ü’ü tab=u’u ügülerün ?
Glosses: appropriate=Q ?convenient=Q say-CVB
Translation: Saying: is it appropriate, is it convenient?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: cii xedzee yabsen bwai ?
Glosses: 2SG when depart-PST COP>Q
Language: Dagur
Transcription: ʃii aniʃi ?
Glosses: 2SG who-2SG
Translation: Who are you?’ (: 150; : 11)
Language: Dagur
Transcription: ənə warkəlii waasəŋ=jəə ?
Glosses: this clothes-ACC wash-PST=Q
Translation: Have (you) washed these clothes?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: xaanə itʃbəiʃii=jəə ?
Glosses: whither go-FUT-2SG=Q
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: daŋg oodʒ ul bolsəŋ baa ?
Glosses: tobacco drink-CVB.IPFV NEG can-PST Q
Translation: Smoking is prohibited here, right?’ (: 76)
Language: Dagur
Transcription: bii əidəə jawoosminʲ dʒuɣiɣu jum .oo ? tiidaa jawoosminʲ dʒuɣiɣu jum .oo ?
Glosses: 1SG this.way go-CVB.COND-1SG right-IPFV Q that.way go-CVB.COND-1SG right-IPFV Q
Translation: Will I go this way or that way?’ (: 18)
Language: Dagur
Transcription: ərgunšin xaǰirsəŋ=ja ?
Glosses: husband-2SG come.back-PST=Q
Translation: Did your husband come back?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: səəsšin xərəə , bəraan=ja očog=jo ?
Glosses: urine-2SG how.much much=Q little=Q
Translation: How much urine do you have? Is it a lot or a little?
Language: Dagur
Transcription: šii xəǰəə ənd irsəŋši=jə ?
Glosses: 2SG when here come-PST-2SG=Q
Translation: When did you come here?’ (: 85, 86)
Language: Dagur
Transcription: šii xaanaar irsəŋbši=jə ?
Glosses: 2SG where-ABL come-PST-COP-2SG=Q
Translation: Where did you come from?’ (: 86)
Language: Khamnigan Mongol
Transcription: ənə kobcaxon=cini tɔrgɔɔr ɔjɔgdɔɔ=gu , bisi=gu ?
Glosses: this clothes=2SG.POSS silk-INST sew-PASS-P.IPFV=Q NEG=Q
Translation: Are these clothes made of silk or not?
Language: Khamnigan Mongol
Transcription: bii karakudu=min tabiteeta ba ?
Glosses: 1SG.NOM see-P.FUT-DAT=1SG.POSS fifty-PROP-2PL Q
Translation: I guess you are about fifty years old, right?’ (: 132, 127)
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: yeshe müngetei hen=gü ?
Glosses: PN money-COM COP.PST=Q
Translation: Did Yeshe have money?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: shi xentei=b=shi ?
Glosses: 2SG who-COM=Q=2SG
Translation: Who are you with?
Language: Russia Buriat
Transcription: yabaxam=gü , baixam=gü ?
Glosses: go-P.FUT-1SG=Q stay-P.FUT-1SG=Q
Translation: Shall I go or stay?’ (: 120, 119)
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci surguulruug .aa yawj baig .aa youm=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG school-DIR-POSS.REFL depart-CVB.IPFV COP-P.IPFV COP=Q
Translation: Are you going to school?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci tzai uux=uu , eswel airag uux=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG tea drink-P.FUT=Q or kumis drink-P.FUT=Q
Translation: Do you drink tea or kumis?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci surguulruug .aa yawa .x=uu eswel yawa .xgüi=y .uu ?
Glosses: 2SG school-DIR-POSS.REFL depart-P.FUT=Q or depart-P.FUT-NEG=Q
Translation: Do you go to school or not?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci tzai uux youm=uu , eswel airag uux youm=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG tea drink-P.FUT COP=Q or kumis drink-P.FUT COP=Q
Translation: Do you drink tea or kumis?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci xedzee surguulruug .aa yawa .x=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG when school-DIR-POSS.REFL depart-P.FUT=Q
Translation: When are you going to school?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: xen tsai uusan be ?
Glosses: who tea drink-P.PFV Q
Translation: Who drank tea?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ci surguul ruug .aa yabna tee ?
Glosses: 2SG school DIR-POSS.REFL depart-DUR so
Translation: You are going to school, right?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: irsen biš=oo ?
Glosses: come-P.PFV NEG=Q
Translation: (S)he arrived, didn’t (s)he?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ax=cin õnõõdõr yawn=uu ?
Glosses: brother=2SG today depart-DUR=Q
Translation: Is your brother leaving today?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: bii ənuur jabaal taarn=ʊʊ , tiišəə jabaal taarn=ʊʊ ?
Glosses: 1SG here go-CVB.COND fit-prs=Q there-REFL go-CVB.COND fit-PRS=Q
Translation: Do I have to go in this or that direction?’ (: 282, 292)
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: tɛr xun jɛblɛɛ=j .ii ?
Glosses: that person depart-CONF=Q
Translation: Did that man go?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ən tɛxaa xənɛɛ jimɛɛ ?
Glosses: this chicken who-GEN COP.Q
Translation: Whose chicken is this?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: en taxyaa xenii(x) youm bwai ?
Glosses: this chicken who-GEN(-NOM) COP Q
Translation: Whose chicken is this?
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: zaqid yuu xii=me ?
Glosses: PN-DAT what do=Q
Translation: What are you going to do in Jarud?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: činii ax=čin' bas duč bɔlɔɔdue=ba ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN e.brother=2SG.POSS also forty become-NEG.IPFV=Q
Translation: Your elder brother is not yet forty, right?
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: xədən čag bɔlǰ=ji ? xɔjɔr čag=ʊʊ ? tiim=uu ?
Glosses: when hour become-CVB.IPFV=Q two hour=Q like.that=Q
Translation: What time is it? Two o’clock? Right?’ (: 283, 286)
Language: Mongolian
Transcription: ən udur ʃin tabən sariin nəgən ʃii ?
Glosses: this day new five month-GEN one Q
Translation: Is today not the first day of May?
Language: Ordos
Transcription: yabub=uu ?
Glosses: go-TERM=Q
Translation: Did he go?
Language: Ordos
Transcription: t‘e .re jɯɯ geDžēn ?
Glosses: 3SG what say-RES-3
Translation: What does he say?’ (: lix)
Language: Kalmyk
Transcription: ter irv=u ?
Glosses: 3SG come-PFV=Q
Translation: Did he come?
Language: Kalmyk
Transcription: al’daran yowjanac ?
Glosses: whither go-PROG-2SG
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Kalmyk
Transcription: ci manhdur shkold yowjanac ?
Glosses: 2SG tomorrow school-ALL go-PROG-2SG
Translation: Are you going to school tomorrow?
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: tʃə qutad largə ʃdadaɢ=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG PN speak able-HAB=Q
Translation: Can you speak Chinese?
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: tʃəmiin dʒa jimar dʉgedə ɔɔlsɔn bə ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN be what time-DAT get-PST Q
Translation: Which year were you born in?’ (: 8, 9f.)
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: tʃə .madə qudaʁa bii=j .u , uɣui=j .u ?
Glosses: 2SG.OBL-LOC knife EX=Q NEG=Q
Translation: Do you have a knife?
Language: East Yugur
Transcription: cimiin keendi ögk’uu ?
Glosses: 2SG.ACC who-DAT give-FUT.Q
Translation: To whom shall I give you?
Language: Bonan
Transcription: dʐoma χala oto ?
Glosses: PN where go-PFV
Translation: Where did Droma go?
Language: Bonan
Transcription: tɕʰə nudə natʰəu ?
Glosses: 2SG today dance-Q
Language: Bonan
Transcription: odenu ?
Glosses: go-DUR.Q
Translation: Will he go?’ (: 343)
Language: Bonan
Transcription: tɕinda tɕa dawʑi wɵu ?
Glosses: 2SG-DAT tea leaf EXIST.Q
Translation: Do you have tea?
Language: Bonan
Transcription: χeɕaŋ jaŋgətɕə natʰə kʰərsi ?
Glosses: PN how dance be.required-Q
Translation: How should (one) dance Leru?
Language: Bonan
Transcription: pə [hkutə orəsi əsə orəsi] əsə medo .
Glosses: 1SG yesterday rain-Q NEG rain-Q NEG know-TERM
Translation: I don’t know [whether it rained or not yesterday].’ (: 99, 227)
Language: Bonan
Transcription: bə ensa ɵ .d kəsaŋ=wu , taŋsa ɵ .d karsaŋ ?
Glosses: 1SG this-ABL go be.required-P.PFV=Q that-ABL go be.required-P.PFV
Translation: Will I go this way or that way ?’ (: 15)
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: tʃi medana ba ?
Glosses: 2SG know-NFUT Q
Translation: You know, right?
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: ajɔ ! en .de magedʒi reva sa ?
Glosses: EXCL here how-V-CVB.IPFV come-PST Q
Translation: Oh! Why have you come here?
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: tʃini kʉn le ?
Glosses: 2SG-GEN person Q
Translation: What about your person?’ (: 215, 222, 217)
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: tʃi medenʉ ?
Glosses: 2SG know-NFUT.Q
Translation: Do you know?
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: te tʃinigʉ bʉ ?
Glosses: that 2SG-GEN-?N Q
Translation: Is that yours?
Language: Kangjia
Transcription: revʉ , se reva ?
Glosses: come-PST.Q NEG come-PST
Translation: Has (she) come or not?’ (: 71, 169, 217)
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: irenu ?
Glosses: come-DUR.Q
Translation: Will you come?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: kijiezhi wu ?
Glosses: sleep-CVB.IPFV COP.Q
Translation: Is (s)he sleeping?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: chi khala echine ?
Glosses: 2SG whither go-DUR
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 358)
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: ghoni=chini irewu ?
Glosses: sheep=2SG.GEN come-TERM.Q
Translation: Have your sheep come back?’ (: 284, modified transcription based on )
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: bi ənə mansa jawumu ha mansa jawunə ?
Glosses: 1SG this direction-ABL go-Q that direction-ABL go-DUR
Translation: Will I go this way or that way?’ (: 14)
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: hhe shi noghi wela ?
Glosses: that COP dog COP-?Q
Translation: Is that a dog?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: e .ne kun e .de irene ba ?
Glosses: this man here come-DUR Q
Translation: This man is coming, right?’ (: 295, modified transcription based on )
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: chi bazade echiwo wuye ?
Glosses: 2SG PN-LOC go-TERM NEG
Translation: Did you go to Linxia or not?
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: tȿɯni ada uainu , uwo ?
Glosses: 2SG-GEN father COP-Q NEG-TERM
Translation: Is your father alive or not?’ (: 105, simplified)
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: tɕɨ dʑiehunla=uu ?
Glosses: 2SG marry-V=Q
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: ɕge pɨsee sgedʑanuu tɕɨ ?
Glosses: big belt see-PERF-OBJ=Q 2SG
Translation: Have you seen a big belt?’ (: 221, 220)
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi anji xjigui ?
Glosses: 2SG where go-P.FUT-SUBJ
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 303, shortened)
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi Mongghul uguo mudienu ?
Glosses: 2SG PN language know-IPFV.Q
Translation: Do you know (how to speak) Mongghul?
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi wazar Minyuende souniu ?
Glosses: 2SG city PN-LOC sit-SUBJ.IPFV.Q
Translation: Do you live at Minyuan in the city?
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi laosi weiu ?
Glosses: 2SG teacher SUBJ.COP-Q
Translation: Are you a teacher?
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: nienu moxi shdagu .nanu ?
Glosses: this-ACC read can-OBJ.FUT-Q
Translation: Can you read this?
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: ngan Zhonggui kun nanu ?
Glosses: 3SG PN person OBJ.COP-Q
Translation: Is he Chinese?’ (: 14)
Language: Mongghul
Transcription: qi niudur xigu .niu , malang xigu .niu ?
Glosses: 2SG today go-FUT.SUBJ.Q tomorrow go-FUT.SUBJ.Q
Translation: Do you go today or tomorrow?’ (: 14)
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: bi rijinu ?
Glosses: 1SG come-PFV.OBJ.Q
Translation: Did I come?
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: qi ribu ?
Glosses: 2SG come-PFV.SUBJ.Q
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: gan rijinu ?
Glosses: 3SG come-PFV.OBJ.Q
Translation: Did (s)he come?
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: ta ghula qijige kerli=nu laikerli ?
Glosses: 2PL two flower want=Q NEG-want
Translation: Do you want two flowers or not?’ (: 437)
Language: Mangghuer
Transcription: tasi ang=jikuni bi ?
Glosses: 2PL where=DIR-IPFV-N COP.SUBJ
Translation: Where are (all of) you from?’ (: 16)
Language: Dongxiang
Transcription: tɕi ma .tu giewo ?
Glosses: 2SG how do-TERM
Translation: How are you doing?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: chīfàn le ma ?
Glosses: eat-food PFV Q
Translation: Have you eaten yet?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ chīfàn le ba ?
Glosses: 2SG eat-food PFV Q
Translation: You must have already eaten (I suppose)?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ chīfàn le , duì ba ?
Glosses: 2SG eat-food PFV right Q
Translation: You have already eaten, right?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: nǐ qùguò/le zhōngguó méi .yǒu ?
Glosses: ’2sg go-EXP/PFV PN NEG
Translation: Have you been to China or not?
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ni tʂuŋku ts‘ɿlia ma xaiʂʅ ʐɿpən ts‘ɿlia ?
Glosses: 2SG PN go-?POT Q or.Q PN go-?POT
Translation: Are you going to China or to Japan?
Language: Dungan
Transcription: [nimen ouzhou donggan ren duo ma ?]
Glosses: 2SG-PL PN PN person many Q
Translation: Are there many Dunggan in Europe?
Language: Dungan
Transcription: [zade ne ?]
Glosses: how-ATTR Q
Translation: How are you?’ (: 486, 515)
Language: Dungan
Transcription: ti san tua .r xua li .t’i feti sa ?
Glosses: ORD three CLF speech inside say-ADV what
Translation: What is said in the third sentence?’ (: 382)
Language: Uighur
Transcription: fatsɪxa kɛvɛ̃li=mu ?
Glosses: house-ACC build-finish-PFV=Q
Translation: Is the house built?
Language: Uighur
Transcription: ni thamxa ʃɪmala khuɛ̃tɛli ?
Glosses: 2SG 2PL-ACC what-INST wait-?-?INT
Translation: What would you serve them with?’ (: 866, 868)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: dʒə24gɤ "dʐũən41dzɪ xɛ̃42 , ɲi53 na14xa41la na14buxa41 ?
Glosses: this-CLF heavy-EXT very 2SG carry-RES-Q carry-NEG.POT-RES
Translation: This is very heavy, can you carry it or not?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: je nide huaiqi haili=a ?
Glosses: this 2SG-GEN book EQU-SEN.INF=Q
Translation: Is this your book?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: sama qelio=mu ?
Glosses: food eat-PFV=Q
Translation: Have you eaten the food?’ : 99, 100)
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ni mage niandiyek ?
Glosses: 2SG what-CLF read-PROGR-EGO
Translation: What are you reading?’ (: 98)
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ni xaitangwa haiyek=mu ggaigan haiyek ?
Glosses: 2SG student EQU-EGO=Q teacher EQU-EGO
Translation: Are you a student or a teacher?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: zang jjalagula waiqai yek , miyek ?
Glosses: PN visit-INCOMPL-COMP-COND hardship EX NEG.EX-?EGO
Translation: If you visited Tibet, would there be any hardships?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ni yan zade yek ya ?
Glosses: 2SG tobacco smoke-N EX Q
Translation: You are a smoker, aren’t you?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: niaha dunli=a ?
Glosses: 2SG.OBL-TOP cold-SEN.INF=Q
Translation: And how about you, are you feeling cold?
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: ngude minzeli dongzhek shoyek .
Glosses: 1SG-GEN name-LOC PN say-EGO
Translation: My name is Dongzhou.
Language: Wutunhua
Transcription: nide minzeli ma shoyek .
Glosses: 2SG-GEN name-LOC what say-EGO
Translation: What is your name?’ (: 294f.)
Language: Tangwang
Transcription: ȵim tɕia .tsu tɕi xuə jəulɪ , məjəu ?
Glosses: 2SG-PL family GEN life EX-?IPFV NEG-?EX
Translation: Does your family have a life (worth living) or not?
Language: Tangwang
Transcription: tʂʅ31ʃie31 ʂu24xa a24ṃ mɛ31li ?
Glosses: this-PL book-?TOP how sell-IPFV
Translation: How does one sell these books?
Language: Gangou
Transcription: aijie amen meilai shuo ?
Glosses: 3SG how NEG-come HS
Translation: Why didn’t he come?
Language: Gangou
Transcription: ni liang .ge huaer yaoli ma , buyao ?
Glosses: 2SG two flower want-FUT Q neg-want
Translation: Do you two want a flower or not?’ (: 447, 437)
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰəzəka majoŋ=ni ?
Glosses: why NEG-come=Q
Translation: Why did (you) not come?
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo wol əjən ?
Glosses: 2SG PN Q-COP.CJ
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: norbə joŋ=dʑi əre ?
Glosses: PN come=N Q-COP.DJ
Translation: Will Norbu come?
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo: χwiɕʰa əjol ?
Glosses: 2SG.DAT book Q-COP.CJ
Translation: Do you have a book?
Language: Amdo Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo tsʰuŋwa əjən ?
Glosses: 2SG merchant Q-COP.CJ
Language: Amdo Tibetan
Transcription: bdəʂtɕəl ətʰa ?
Glosses: PN Q-go.PFV.DJ
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: ngas khyod kyi khyo ci .ltar sbyin ?
Glosses: 1SG-ERG 2SG GEN husband how give
Translation: How can I give you back your husband?’ (: 262, 267)
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: ɐsəkə ?
Glosses: Q-sour-MIR
Translation: Is it sour?
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tsʰo(sɐ) gomo tʃʰatsə ndərə ?
Glosses: 2SG(-DAT) money how.much EX
Translation: How much money do you have?’ (: 826)
Language: Baima
Transcription: tɕho13ko53 ŋge13re35 e53ndʑi53 i53 ?
Glosses: 2PL PN Q-go ?PROGR
Translation: Are you going to Baima?
Language: Qiangic
Transcription: mə1 ˑjij1 ɣu1 ˑjatɕhjɨ1dju1 ?
Glosses: sky GEN head Q-?POT-have
Translation: Does the sky have a head?
Language: Qiangic
Transcription: nɐȷiʔ nɐlŋaʔ ə́toʔ ?
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-child Q-exist
Translation: Do you have children?’ (: 498)
Language: Qiangic
Transcription: no tʃha wutə ətəmutw ?
Glosses: 2SG tea this Q-2-drink-2SG
Translation: Will you drink this tea?
Language: Guiqiong
Transcription: zo gutɕhiɐŋ ɛdʐi ?
Glosses: 3SG PN Q-COP
Translation: Is he a Guiqiong?’ (: 304)
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: tɕʰo xabda əsʰoŋ ?
Glosses: 2SG deer.chase Q-go.COM
Language: Middle Old Tibetan
Transcription: martsɔ hətsʰolə rdʒəvɯa χtsəve ə́ɣ́ɔ́?́
Glosses: originally 2PL.family-DAT louse one-except Q-COP
Translation: So there was just one single ‘louse’ in your home?’ (: 125)
Language: Min Dong Chinese
Transcription: [ni kexiang .xin]
Glosses: 2SG Q-believe
Translation: Do you believe (that)?’ (: 12)
Language: Evenki
Transcription: nuŋartyn motyva vaareØ .
Glosses: 3PL elk-ACC kill-NON.FUT-(3PL)
Translation: They killed the elk./Did they kill the elk?’ (: 4f.)
Language: Evenki
Transcription: si ulleve d’epches=ku ?
Glosses: 2SG meat-ACC eat-PST-2SG=Q
Translation: Have you eaten the meat?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: si ulleve=gu d’epches ?
Glosses: 2SG meat-ACC=Q eat-PST-2SG
Translation: Did you eat meat/the meat?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: tar asatkan soŋod’oron=ŋu , in’ekted’eren=ŋu ?
Glosses: that girl cry-PRS-3SG=Q laugh-PRS-3SG=Q
Translation: Is that girl crying or laughing?’ (: 136, 7)
Language: Evenki
Transcription: emed’en=ŋu e .le ta .r asi , eten=ŋu ?
Glosses: come-FUT-3SG-Q here that woman NEG-FUT-3SG-Q
Translation: I wonder if that woman will come here or not.
Language: Evenki
Transcription: ekunduk emeches ?
Glosses: what-ABL come-PST-2SG
Translation: Where did you come from?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: si [er dukuvunma] gachas ?
Glosses: 2SG this book-ACC buy-PST-2SG
Translation: Did you buy this book?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: [er dukuvunma] si gachas ?
Glosses: this book-ACC 2SG buy-PST-2SG
Translation: Did you buy this book?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: kilivliil , saaras eeras=kuu ?
Glosses: girl know-AOR-2PL NEG-AOR-2PL=Q
Translation: Girls, have you noticed?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: ileve=guu echees xenure ?
Glosses: man-ACC=Q NEG-PST-2SG notice-CN
Translation: Haven’t you noticed the man?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: ŋeneŋeetyvun=ŋuu eŋeetyvun=ŋuu ?
Glosses: go-DEB-E-1PL.EX=Q NEG-DEB-E-1PL.EX=Q
Translation: Should we go or not?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: eedaa ekeendeekleevun emenni ?
Glosses: why dancing.place-LOC-1PL.EX.POSS come-2SG
Translation: Why have you come to our dancing place?’ (: 64, 72, 19, 12)
Language: Evenki
Transcription: ta .rgachiin bejeŋelii kuxiiŋeetyc=too ?
Glosses: that-EVAL man-COM fight-DEB-E-2SG=Q
Translation: You are supposed to fight with such a man?’ (: 19)
Language: Evenki
Transcription: aya bisindi=gv ?
Glosses: good be-PRS-2SG=Q
Translation: Are you well?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: e .rsi nii bei ?
Glosses: this-2SG.POSS who Q
Translation: Who is this (one of yours)?
Language: Evenki
Transcription: sii nii bisindi ?
Glosses: 2SG who be-PRS-2SG
Translation: Who are you?
Language: Even
Transcription: id’im=gu ?
Glosses: enter-FUT-1SG=Q
Translation: Shall I come in?
Language: Even
Transcription: tiniv=gu emrin ?
Glosses: yesterday=Q come-PST-3SG
Translation: Did he come yesterday?’ (Andrej Malchukov p.c. 2013)
Language: Even
Transcription: ulikiw=gu buris , hulicam=gu ?
Glosses: squirrel-ACC=Q give-PST-2SG fox-ACC=Q
Translation: Did you give (him/her) a squirrel or a fox?
Language: Even
Transcription: etiken ile hörren ?
Glosses: old.man which-ALL go-NON.FUT-3SG
Translation: Where has the old man gone?
Language: Even
Transcription: ta .wa .r iɛ .k bid’in ?
Glosses: that what COP-FUT-3SG
Translation: What is it?’ (said in riddles)
Language: Even
Transcription: oldoɯ oldomis=gɯ ?
Glosses: fish-ACC fish-V-2SG=Q
Translation: Do you catch fish?’ (: 30, 28, simplified)
Language: Even
Transcription: koscideku ?
Glosses: fetch-FUT.IMP-1SG
Translation: Shall I fetch (the reindeer)?
Language: Even
Transcription: adʒịt=ta , tala ịhhap ehep ?
Glosses: truth=?and that-ALL arrive-NFUT-1PL NEG-NFUT-1PL
Translation: And indeed, we have arrived there, haven’t we?’ (: 171)
Language: Even
Transcription: hii=kke ehendi e .re .k kụŋaaw čọrdandị ?
Glosses: 2SG=CONTR NEG-NFUT-2SG this child-ACC beat-2SG
Translation: You beat up this child, didn’t you?’ (: 172)
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: tari naan nammuŋi bəi=ŋee ?
Glosses: 3SG also PN-GEN man=Q
Translation: Is (s)he also from Nanmu?
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: ɔlɔjɔ pixin=Ni ?
Glosses: fish-PART COP-PRS-3SG=Q
Translation: Is there any fish?’ (: 307)
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: ʃii ɪkʊn dʒaalɪn ə .ləə əmətʃəj ?
Glosses: 2SG what reason here come-PST-2SG
Translation: Why did you come here?’ (: 148)
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: tari jabʊtʃaa=oo ?
Glosses: 3SG go-PST=Q
Translation: Is (s)he going?’ (: 157)
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: əri bəjə ʊnaadʒɪtʃi jɔɔmaa .gʊʊ , utətʃi jooməə .guu ?
Glosses: this person girl-POSS Q boy-POSS Q
Translation: Does he (this man) have a girl or a boy?’ (: 158)
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: yabuʃa haʃi yəʃa ?
Glosses: walk-PST or what-PST
Translation: Did you go or what?’ (: 56)
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: nɔɔnin tɔrɔki=jɔ waatɕa aaki gujtɕən=jə ?
Glosses: 3SG boar=Q kill-PST or roe.deer=Q
Translation: Did (s)he kill a boar or a roe deer?
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: ɕii i .rə ŋənəni=jE ?
Glosses: 2SG where go-2SG=Q
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Oroqen
Transcription: bii umun .nə ŋənətɕəw , unti ?
Glosses: 1SG.NOM once go-PST-1SG right
Translation: I have been there once, right?’ (: 123, 126, 131)
Language: Solon
Transcription: ʃi .ni bəjʃi aja=gi , ərʉ=gi ?
Glosses: 2SG.OBL-GEN body-2SG.POSS good=Q bad=Q
Language: Solon
Transcription: sii ii .lee tegejindi ?
Glosses: 2SG where live-PRS.2SG
Translation: Where do you live?
Language: Solon
Transcription: ta .ri ülisee baa ?
Glosses: 3SG go-PST Q
Translation: He went, didn’t he?
Language: Solon
Transcription: ʃii mʊrınʃı bəjə=guu , aaʃın=gʊʊ ?
Glosses: 2SG horse-2SG.POSS man=Q NEG=Q
Translation: Do you have horses or not?’
Language: Solon
Transcription: ə̬r uktu ulur uktu=ii ?
Glosses: this road walk-PTCP road=Q
Translation: Is this road the road (usually) travelled?
Language: Solon
Transcription: baxuudže=uu edže=uu ?
Glosses: find-PST=Q NEG-PST=Q
Translation: Was it found or not?
Language: Solon
Transcription: jam iśindii ?
Glosses: which.one see-PRS.2SG
Translation: What do you see?’ (: 8, 9, modified transcription)
Language: Solon
Transcription: ši .ni enin šamine žude bisiɳ=gi ?
Glosses: 2SG.OBL-GEN mother ?father house-LOC COP-PRS-3=Q
Translation: Are your parents at home (still alive)?
Language: Solon
Transcription: jemu gerbiči ?
Glosses: which name-2SG.POSS
Translation: What is your name?’ (: 1)
Language: Nanai
Transcription: noŋan naa .bəjəni=ŋuu , naanɪ=ʊʊ ?
Glosses: 3SG PN-3SG.POSS=Q PN-3SG.POSS=Q
Translation: Is he a Negidal or a Nanai?
Language: Nanai
Transcription: sii saas ?
Glosses: 2SG know-2SG
Translation: Do you know?’ (: 80, 65)
Language: Negidal
Transcription: iiǰəm=i ?
Glosses: enter-FUT.Q-1SG.Q=Q
Translation: Shall I come in?
Language: Negidal
Transcription: eeva icheǯam ?
Glosses: what see-FUT.Q-1SG.Q
Translation: What will I see?
Language: Negidal
Transcription: oǯava icheǯeev .
Glosses: track-ACC see-FUT-1SG
Translation: I will see the tracks.’ (: 10)
Language: Negidal
Transcription: mozhet bolotkı biǰəm=ŋu eeǰam=ŋu ?
Glosses: maybe autumn be-FUT.Q-1SG=Q what-FUT.Q-1SG=Q
Translation: Is it perhaps already autumn or what?
Language: Udihe
Transcription: uti nii ŋənəəni bi bagdəəmi buala ?
Glosses: that man go.PST-3SG 1SG.NOM born.PST-1SG place-LOC
Translation: Has he (the man) gone to my birthplace.
Language: Udihe
Transcription: Iwana zugdidu bis’e=nu ?
Glosses: Ivan house-LOC COP-PFV=Q
Translation: Is Ivan at home?
Language: Udihe
Transcription: si bagääza=nu bis’ei ?
Glosses: 2SG other.side-N-Q COP-PFV-2SG
Translation: Were you on the other side of the river?
Language: Udihe
Transcription: j’ele ñansulei ?
Glosses: which-LOC study-2SG
Translation: Where do you study?’ (: 801)
Language: Udihe
Transcription: ei=ne j’e .u bäsani ?
Glosses: this=Q what river-3SG
Translation: And what is this river called?’ (: 808)
Language: Udihe
Transcription: j’ewe xoktoni , käŋaas ogböös ?
Glosses: what-ACC footstep-3SG.POSS deer-Q elk-Q
Translation: Whose footsteps are these, a deer’s or an elk’s?
Language: Udihe
Transcription: iwana sindu kusigewe buge , esini buoos(i)?
Glosses: PN 2SG.OBL-DAT knife-ACC give-PFV neg-PST-3SG give-PST-Q
Translation: Has Ivan given you the knife or not?’ (: 811, 255)
Language: Udihe
Transcription: em’ei , j’e .u ?
Glosses: come.PFV-2SG what
Language: Udihe
Transcription: su xuliseeu=nu jaau=nu ?
Glosses: 2PL go.PST-2PL=Q what.-2PL=Q
Translation: Did you go, or what?’ (: 811)
Language: Kilen
Transcription: su ənəxəi=nə jaxəi=nə ?
Glosses: 2PL go-PERF=Q what-PERF=Q
Translation: Did you go or what?’ (: 158)
Language: Oroch
Transcription: agdučizai=nu jaazai=nu ?
Glosses: tell-FUT-1SG=Q what-FUT-1SG=Q
Translation: Should I tell or what?’ (: 98, from Avrorin)
Language: Oroch
Transcription: sii čihalaisi ?
Glosses: 2SG agree-PRS-2SG
Translation: Do you agree?
Language: Oroch
Transcription: sii jaava xuanaisi ?
Glosses: 2SG what-acc argue-PRS-2SG
Translation: What do you argue about?
Language: Oroch
Transcription: sii amba bisi=nu ?
Glosses: 2SG evil.spirit COP-PRS=Q
Translation: Are you an evil spirit (the devil)?’ (: 184)
Language: Jurchen
Transcription: xali dʑidʑuiɕi ?
Glosses: when come-REGR-PRS-2SG
Translation: When do you come back?
Language: Jurchen
Transcription: xaoɕi enəiɕi ?
Glosses: where.to go-PRS-2SG
Translation: Where do you go?’ (: 82)
Language: Kilen
Transcription: ali emətuiɕi ?
Glosses: when come-REGR-PRS-2SG
Translation: When do you come back?
Language: Kilen
Transcription: yale eneiɕi ?
Glosses: which-ALL go-PRS-2SG
Translation: Where do you go?’ (: 82)
Language: Kilen
Transcription: ɕi arkiwə ɔmimi biɕi=a ?
Glosses: 2SG alcohol-ACC drink-CVB COP-2SG=Q
Translation: Are you drinking alcohol?
Language: Kilen
Transcription: ialə ənəjiɕi=a ?
Glosses: which-ALL go-PRS-2SG=Q
Translation: Where are you going?’ (: 87f.)
Language: Kilen
Transcription: ɕi əiwə xəɕi tiwə gələjiɕi=a ?
Glosses: 2SG this-ACC or.Q that-ACC ?want-PRS-2SG=Q
Translation: Do you want this or that?’ (: 45, simplified)
Language: Nanai
Transcription: swə ajaso=nu ?
Glosses: 2PL good-2PL.POSS=Q
Translation: Are you all well?
Language: Nanai
Transcription: swə sogdatawa wandamari maŋboci=nu namoci=nu ənəisu ?
Glosses: 2PL fish-ACC take-CVB.PL river-ALL=Q sea-ALL=Q go-PRS-2PL
Translation: Do you go to the river or sea to catch fish?
Language: Nanai
Transcription: si xali əusi ɟ̇icisi ?
Glosses: 2SG when here come-PST-2SG
Translation: When did you come here?’ (: 155, 68, 52)
Language: Russian
Transcription: xasu aňan=nʊʊ , nadan aňan=nʊʊ ňuŋgun aňan=nʊʊ bičini ?
Glosses: how.many year=Q seven year=Q six year=Q COP-PST-?3SG
Translation: How many years has it been, seven years (or) six years?’ (: 79, 86)
Language: Russian
Transcription: saaŋxai , xai .mi soŋgi ?
Glosses: PN why cry-?PRS
Translation: Sanghai, why are you crying?’ (: 235f.)
Language: Orok
Transcription: ŋui sindaxani=ga ?
Glosses: who come-PST-3SG=Q
Translation: Who came?
Language: Russian
Transcription: khoni bisi sii ?
Glosses: how COP-PRS 2SG
Translation: How are you?
Language: Orok
Transcription: haiwö gadesi=ṅö ?
Glosses: what-ACC buy-2SG=Q
Translation: What do you (want to) buy?
Language: Russian
Transcription: xooni toličee ?
Glosses: how do-P.FUT-3PL.Q
Translation: How are they doing?’ (: 192)
Language: Orok
Transcription: sii xootai ŋəɲɲeesi , oskoolatai yyuu , dukutakki yyuu ?
Glosses: 2SG which-DIR go.PRS-2SG school-DIR Q house-DIR.REFL.POSS Q
Translation: Where are you going, are you going to school or to your house?‘
Language: Orok
Transcription: sii oskoolatai ŋəɲɲeesi=yi , dukutakki yyuu ?
Glosses: 2SG school-DIR go.PRS-2SG=Q house-DIR.REFL.POSS Q
Translation: Are you going to school? Or to your house?‘
Language: Orok
Transcription: xaiwa dəptulissee , sundattaa , ulissəə yyuu ?
Glosses: what-ACC eat-FUT-2SG.Q fish.ACC meat.ACC Q
Translation: What will you eat, fish or meat?‘
Language: Manchu
Transcription: wakararakū=na ?
Glosses: mistake-V-P.IPFV.NEG=Q
Translation: Will (you) not blame (me) then?
Language: Manchu
Transcription: generakū=ne ?
Glosses: go-P.IPFV.NEG=Q
Translation: Will (you) not go?
Language: Manchu
Transcription: o .jorakū=no ?
Glosses: become-P.IPFV.NEG=Q
Translation: Will it not do?
Language: Manchu
Transcription: gisurerakū=nu ?
Glosses: word-V-P.IPFV.NEG=Q
Translation: Will (you) not speak?’ (: 171)
Language: Manchu
Transcription: si ere bithe=be holaki sembi=o ?
Glosses: 2SG this book=ACC read-OPT say-IPFV=Q
Translation: Do you want to read this book?
Language: Manchu
Transcription: geren niyalmai dorgi falaci acarangge webe=o ?
Glosses: all person-GEN inside punish-COND meet-IPFV-N who-ACC=Q
Translation: Who among all men is to be punished?’ (: 131, 133, 140)
Language: Manchu
Transcription: si minde bumbi=o burakū .n ?
Glosses: 2SG 1SG.OBL-DAT give-IPFV=Q give-IPFV.NEG.Q
Translation: Are you going to give it to me, or not?’ (: 67, from the Jinpingmei)
Language: Manchu
Transcription: gebu ali .buha=o akūn ?
Glosses: name submit-P.PVF=Q NEG.Q
Translation: Have (you) enrolled (for the exam) or not?’ (: 28)
Language: Manchu
Transcription: ere kemuni tolhin waka=o seme=o ?
Glosses: this still dream NEG=Q say-CVB.IPFV=Q
Translation: This isn’t a dream or is it?’ (: 87, 104, 131)
Language: Sibe
Transcription: ʂi guldʐaji nan=na ?
Glosses: 2SG PN-GEN person=Q
Translation: Are you from Yining?
Language: Sibe
Transcription: tʂəhsə avqaji arvun evʂi ?
Glosses: yesterday sky-GEN form how
Translation: How was the weather yesterday?’ (: 207, 280, 277)