lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tukɯti kɯnɤ ɕɲɯɣ ʑo tuti tumŋɤm ŋu
Glosses: IPFV-GENR:S/O-say also IDPH(I):intense.pain EMPH IPFV-say IPFV-hurt be:FACT
Translation: (When suffering from this disease), one feels intense pain even when one talks.' (29-RzAr)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯsŋɯro lulɤt tɕe ɬɯɣnɤɬɯɣ , ɬɯɣnɤɬɯɣ tuste ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-breath IPFV-release LNK IDPH(III):breathing.movement IDPH(III):breathing.movement IPFV-do.like[III] SENS-be
Translation: When [the frog]_i breathes, it_i expands and retracts [its whole body] with each breath.' (27-qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjaʁ tutsɯm tɕe , ɯku ra pjɯnɯχtɕi tɕe ɯku ra rloʁnɤrloʁ tuste ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hand IPFV:UP-take.away LNK 3SG.POSS-head PL IPFV-AUTO-wash LNK 3SG.POSS-head PL IDPH(III):round IPFV-do.like[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The fly] stretches up its forelegs to clean its head (and the area around it), making (at the same time) a rhythmic rolling motion [with its head, round and minute].' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spɣi ɲɯnɯte ndɤre , nɤki rɟɤlpu tuɕe rcanɯ , turɤjoʁβzɯr kɯfse rcanɯ , nɤki , χtsʰɤχtsʰɤt ʑo tuʑɣɤstu tɕe , kurɤʑi pɯŋu , βdaʁmu tuɕe rcanɯ , pʰɤtɕʰɯχtɤr ʑo pjɯte tɕe , qɯqlɯ ʑo tuʑɣɤstu tɕe kurɤʑi pɯŋu ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: attic 3SG-inside IPFV:EAST-AUTO-put[III] LNK king IPFV:UP-go UNEXP:DEG IPFV-clean.up INF:STAT-be.like UNEXP:DEG FILLER IDPH(II):lively.small EMPH IPFV-REFL-do.like LNK IPFV-stay PST.IPFV-be lady IPFV:UP-go UNEXP:DEG mess EMPH IPFV-put[III] LNK IDPH(II):hangdog.look EMPH IPFV-REFL-do.like LNK IPFV-stay PST.IPFV-be SENS-be
Translation: [The king]_i put [the bird]_j in the attic. When the king_i would go up there, it_j would clean everything up and would be lively; when the queen would go up there, it_j would make a mess and have a hangdog look.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ʑo ɲɯ́wɣmbi tɕe ma ɕŋɤβ ʑo tuʑɣɤstu tɕe junɯmɟe tɕe tundze ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small EMPH IPFV-INV-give LNK LNK IDPH(I):snapping EMPH IPFV-REFL-do.like LNK IPFV-AUTO-take[III] LNK IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: We would give [our turtle]_i a little piece_j [of meat], and it_i would grab it_j with a snapping noise and eat it_j.' (140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɲaʁ wuma nɯ ɣɯ ɯrkɯ nɯra ɲɯɣɯrni , ɲɯɣɯrni tsɣaʁtsɣaʁ ʑo
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-eye really DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-side DEM:PL SENS-be.red SENS-be.red IDPH(II):brilliant.red EMPH
Translation: The sides of its eye proper are red, brilliant red.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003608#S47"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯɣɯrni ʑo tsɣaʁtsɣaʁ] ci ŋu tɕe
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.red EMPH IDPH(II):brilliant.red INDEF be:FACT LNK
Translation: [This species of millipede] is brilliant red.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rtɕʰɯʁjɯ ɣɯ ɯrme nɯ kɯ ɲɯkɯzrɤʑa . nɯ tɯɕa amɤnɯɤtɯɣ ra ma tɤndɤr brɯɣbrɯɣ ʑo tutɕɤt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: caterpillar GEN 3SG.POSS-hair DEM ERG IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-itch DEM GENR.POSS-flesh IRR-NEG-PFV-touch be.needed:FACT LNK pimple IDPH(II):little.pimples EMPH IPFV-take.out SENS-be
Translation: The caterpillar's hair itches people, it should not touch one's flesh, otherwise it will cause a lot of little pimples to appear.' (25-rtchWRjW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma nɯnɯ ɕawurambɯm tutinɯ tɕe nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , [[tɯrdoʁ ʑo zɟɤɣzɟɤɣ] ma] kɯme ɲɯŋu kʰi
Glosses: LNK DEM Shwa.ba.rwa.mbum IPFV-say-PL LNK DEM FILLER one-piece EMPH IDPH(II):short.and.thick apart.from SBJ:PCP-not.exist SENS-be HEARSAY
Translation: People call it `Shwaba rwa'bum', it is [a kind of deer antler] with only one [branch], short and thick.' (27-qartshaz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003702#S72"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <donglang> ɯʑosti nɯnɯ , [tɤtɕɯ tɯrdoʁ ndzɤrndzɤr] ma nɯ ma kɯtu pjɤme .
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG-alone DEM INDEF.POSS-son one-piece IDPH(II):alone LNK DEM apart.from SBJ:PCP-exist IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: There remained only Donglang, the boy, all alone (on earth after his family had been taken away).' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra tɤstuta tɕe , sɯŋgɯnaχtɕɯn ndɤrndɤr ʑo nɯstuta , ɯtaʁ , pɣa ɲcɣɤnɤɲcɣɤt ʑo ɲɯmbri tɕe
Glosses: DEM:PL AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG LNK deep.forest IDPH(II):huge EMPH AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG 3SG-on birds IDPH(III):loud EMPH SENS-call LNK
Translation: I acted this way, I created a huge and deep forest on the top of whose trees birds are tweeting and chirping and flying around.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɣɤndʐo tɕe `ɯtɕʰɯtɕʰɯ' matɯti , tɤsɤɕke tɕe (nɤkinɯ) `atsatsa' matɯti , kɯmŋɤm tɤtu tɕe `atsatsa' matɯti ra
Glosses: AOR-be.cold LNK INTERJ:cold NEG:IMP-2-say AOR-PROP-burn LNK FILLER INTERJ:pain NEG:IMP-2-say SBJ:PCP-hurt AOR-exist LNK INTERJ:pain NEG:IMP-2-say be.needed:FACT
Translation: When you feel cold, don't say “Ah”, when you feel hot, don't say “ouch”, when you feel pain, don't say “ouch”.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S64"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: srɯtpʰu srɯnmɯ kɯfse kɯsɤɣmɯ~ɣmu ʑo ɲɤkɤtɯɣndʑici ri , `wudzɯdzi' mɯtoti .
Glosses: râkshasa râkshasî SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-PROP-EMPH~fear EMPH IFR-PEG-meet-DU-PEG LNK INTERJ:fear NEG-IFR-say
Translation: They met fearsome râkshasas and râkshasîs, but he did not say `how frightful!'.' (31-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004077#S114"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɕi ! ɲɯtɯɣɤŋgi .
Glosses: INTERJ:correction SENS-2-be.right
Translation: Of course (I take back what I have said)! You are right.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo amu akɯm ɣɯtɤci
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-door CISL-IMP-open[III]
Translation: Mother, come and open the door for me!' (2012 tWJo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004089#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯtɯfse nɤ tsatsatsa , mɯ́jtɯfse nɤ tsatsatsa
Glosses: SENS-2-be.like ADD INTERJ NEG:SENS-2-be.like ADD INTERJ
Translation: One can say that you look like her, but one can also say that you don't.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ “wortɕʰi nɤ wojɤr ʑo" toti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy DEM ERG please ADD please EMPH IFR-say SENS-be
Translation: The boy said `please' several times.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ tɕendi <wazi> nɯ ɯmdoʁ wuma ʑo ɲɯɤsɯndo . woja , nɯnɯ kɯfse ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM west socks DEM 3SG.POSS-colour really EMPH SENS-PROG-take INTERJ DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be
Translation: It has the colour of the socks over there. Yes, it is like that.' (23-grWBgrWBftsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu júwɣno tɕe “tɕʰa" tukɯti ŋu
Glosses: cat IPFV-INV-chase LNK CHASE:cat IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: When one chases a cat, one says tɕʰa.' (06-huchements2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo kɯɤskɯ apɯŋu qʰe “aβleβle rgɯskɯ" tukɯti qʰe tɕe ɯʑo tso ɕti qʰe junɯɣi ɕti
Glosses: LNK 3SG SBJ:PCP-having.white.colour.on.the.back IRR-IPFV-be LNK CALLING:cow cow.name IPFV-GENR-say LNK LNK 3SG understand:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK IPFV-AUTO-come be.AFF:FACT
Translation: If [the cow] has white colour on the back (and is given the name rgɯskɯ), one says aβleβle rgɯskɯ and she understands, and comes by herself.' (06-huchements1) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003412"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɕe , pɕi kurɤʑi ɕti tɕe , nɤki nɯ , iɕqʰa nɯ , kʰa ɯŋgɯ juɣi mɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: DEM LNK outside IPFV-stay be.AFF:FACT LNK FILLER DEM FILLER DEM house 3SG.POSS-in IPFV-come NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: That one (the wild cat), it stays outside, it does not come inside houses (unlike the domestic cat).' (21-lWLU) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003576#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “ja" tɤti ma tɕe mɯ́jkʰɯ .
Glosses: FILLER IMP-say LNK LNK NEG:SENS-be.possible
Translation: Say `ya', otherwise [I] can't [tell the story].' (160720 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤkʰije tɕe <guan> makɤtɯβze je !
Glosses: wait LNK turn.off NEG-IMP-2-make[III] SFP
Translation: Wait, don't hang up [your phone].' (conversation, 2015-07-05)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo cʰɯɣia je ma mɤpʰana nɤ mɤʁdɯɣa tʰaŋ nɤ
Glosses: 1SG IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come-1SG SFP LNK NEG:be.efficient:FACT-1SG ADD NEG-harm:FACT-1SG SFP SFP
Translation: Let me come along, even if I am of no use, I will not do any harm.' (several occurrences)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awi tɕʰorzi ɯŋgɯ pjɯkɯrkua je
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandmother jar 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:DOWN-2→1-put.in-1SG SFP
Translation: Grandmother, put me in the jar, and…' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤnɤβdi je amu !
Glosses: take.care SFP 1SG.POSS-mother
Translation: Take care, mother!' (Gesar,54)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰu nɯ ʁo nɯβde wo , ame nɯ χtanɤ aftsaʁ ɯβrɤɣi ma
Glosses: tiger DEM ADVERS IMP-throw SFP 1SG.POSS-daughter DEM COMP 1SG.POSS-roof.leak RH.Q-come SFP
Translation: My daughter, don't worry about the tiger, [I am more worried] that my [house] could have a roof leak.' (khu 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki li pjɯmnata ɕi ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX again IPFV-repeat-1SG QU
Translation: Do I tell [the story] again?' (150908 menglang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006320#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora smi cʰɯtɯnɯβlɯnɯ ŋu ɕi , <dian> cʰɯtɯnɯmbjɯmnɯ ŋu ?
Glosses: 2PL fire IPFV-2-AUTO-burn-PL be:FACT QU electricity IPFV-2-get.warm-PL be:FACT
Translation: Do you burn a fire, or do you get warm with an electric [radiator]?' (conversation, 2013-12-13)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki aχpi ki ɲɯmpɕɤr ɕi mɯ́jmpɕɤr ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-story DEM.PROX SENS-be.beautiful QU NEG:SENS-be.beautiful
Translation: Is this story of mine beautiful or not?' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɤr kʰri ɯtaʁ tɯɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ ɕi , rŋɯl kʰri ɯtaʁ tɯɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ ɕi , (...) ɕom kʰri ɯtaʁ tɯɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ ɕi , si kʰri ɯtaʁ tɯɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ ?
Glosses: gold seat 3SG.POSS-on 2-<AUTO>sit:FACT QU silver seat 3SG.POSS-on 2-<AUTO>sit:FACT QU _ iron seat 3SG.POSS-on 2-<AUTO>sit:FACT QU wood seat 3SG.POSS-on 2-<AUTO>sit:FACT
Translation: Will you sit on the golden seat, the silver seat, the iron seat or the wooden seat?' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: arcɤmbeŋga nɯ ŋotɕu nɯa<nɯ>ri kɯ ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-old.jacket-wear DEM where AOR:WEST-<AUTO>go[II] QU
Translation: Where did my beggar (`wearer of an old jacket") of a husband vanish?' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤʑɯ tɕʰi mɯpɯfɕɤttɕi kɯma ?
Glosses: even.more what NEG-AOR-tell-1DU QU
Translation: Which [trees] are there which we have not yet told [a story] about?' (13-tApWpjoR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003494#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβdesqafsumpa totsu , ɣe ? woja , nɯ totsu
Glosses: 43-year IFR-pass SFP INTERJ DEM IFR-pass
Translation: (How many years have passed since 1969?), 43 years have passed, right? Yes, that many years have passed.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: hehe kɯlɤɣ acɤβ , kɯsata ɲɯŋu nétɕi ?
Glosses: INTERJ SBJ:PCP-herd ANTHR 2→1-kill:FACT-1SG SENS-be SFP
Translation: Shepherd Askyabs, you are preparing to kill me, right?' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “tʂʰa mbuz ɲɯŋu" totia ŋu nétɕi ?
Glosses: tea spill.overt:FACT SENS-be IFR-say-1SG be:FACT SFP
Translation: I said `The tea is abouyt to spill over', didn't I?' (26-tAGe) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003686#S14"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤtɕɯ tɯsla tomtsʰɤt loβtɕi ?
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-son one-month IFR-full SFP
Translation: Your son is now more than one month old, right? (conversation 2013-12-02)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrdoʁ tsa rɤʑij tɕe túwɣqurnɯ raʁmaʁ
Glosses: one-piece a.little stay:FACT-1PL LNK IPFV-INV-help-PL SFP
Translation: How about only one of us staying [here] and helping them?' (180503 xiyouji 12-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: arɟit anmaʁ ʑo nɯ tɤtɯstunɯ ɕti tɕe , aʑo ɯtsʰɤt tsa ɲɯkɯnɤɕtʂaʁlianɯ raʁmaʁ ma
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-offspring 1SG.POSS-husband EMPH DEM AOR-2-do.like-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG 3SG.POSS-proper.measure a.little IPFV-2→1-torture-1SG-PL SFP SFP
Translation: Rkangrang, you dealt with my son in the same way as you did with my husband (i.e. had him killed), don't go over the top in your torturing of me (torture me with proper measure), please?' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S185"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjaʁmu ra totɕɤt kʰi , wo , tɕendɤre kɯɣɤrʁaʁ nɯ kɯ kɤnɯɕɤmɯɣdɯ mɯpjɤcʰa kʰi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-thumb PL IFR-take.out SFP INTERJ LNK SBJ:PCP-hunt DEM ERG INF-shoot NEG-IFR-can SFP
Translation: [They say that the monkey mother] stuck out her thumb (as a sign meaning `now you can shoot'),§fn§For the context of this example, see (ex:ra.WskAt.ra.toBzu) (§sec:nouns.speech.complement).§/fn§ but the hunter could not shoot.' (19-GzW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003536#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo jisɤtɕʰa kʰu pjɤtu ɯfɕɤt tu .
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-place tiger IFR.IPFV-exist 3SG.POSS-story exist:FACT
Translation: People say that there used to be tigers in our place.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯdɤn tsa tɯtɯrca kurɤʑinɯ ɲɯŋu , ɲɯŋu kʰi
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.many a.little together IPFV-stay-PL SENS-be SENS-be SFP
Translation: They stay together in great number (on remote cliffs), it is said' (20-ldWGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki kɯfse kɯɤrɤmbɯmbri ʑo kɯfse tuɬoʁ ɲɯŋu . ɲɯŋu kʰi ma , aj mɯpɯmtota
Glosses: DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-spread.in.patches EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-come.out SENS-be SENS-be SFP LNK 1SG NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: [The mushroom Hericium erinaceus] grows in patches (i.e. not spread evenly). So they say, I have not seen it.' (23-mbrAZim) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003604#S172"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤkʰɯ nɯ kɯ qaɲi kɤsat wuma ʑo cʰa kʰi .
Glosses: owl DEM ERG mole INF-kill really EMPH can:FACT SFP
Translation: The owl is very good at killing moles, it is said.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯpɯkɯmto tɕi pjɤme wo ma , kʰicʰo ma nɯ ma ɯkɯsɯz maŋe . “pjɤŋu kʰi , … pjɤŋu kʰi" nɯra tutinɯ ma nɯ ma ɯkɯti pɯme .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-AOR-SBJ:PCP-see also IFR.IPFV-not.exist SFP SFP rumour LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-know not.exist:SENS IFR.IPFV-be SFP _ IFR.IPFV-be SFP DEM:PL IPFV-say-PL LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: Nobody has ever seen [one-legged demons], there are only rumours, apart from that nobody knows about them. People used to say `it was [allegedly] …', but apart from that nobody said anything.' (140510 rkoNJAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qapri kɯ ɯmɤ́wɣmtsɯɣa
Glosses: snake ERG PROB-INV-bite:FACT-1SG
Translation: The snake will perhaps bite me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si ɯmat ra tundze ɲɯɕti . xɕaj nɯ mɤndze tʰaŋ nɤ . nɤj ɯtɯ́sɯz ?
Glosses: tree 3SG.POSS-fruit PL IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF grass DEM NEG-eat[III]:FACT SFP SFP 2SG QU-2-know:FACT
Translation: [The monkey] eats fruits. It probably does not eat grass. Do you know [whether it does or not]?' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ atɤfse tɕe tɕetʰa , ɬɤndʐi nɯ kɯ tʰa “iʑora ɯme ɲɯŋu" anɯsɯsɤm tɕe , mɤ́wɣndzaj tʰaŋ
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV-be.like LNK later demon DEM ERG later 1PL 3sg.POSS-daughter SENS-be IRR-PFV-think[III] LNK NEG-INV-eat-1PL SFP
Translation: [If we do it] this way, the ogre_i will think that we are his_i daughters and maybe he_i will not eat us. (160705 poucet5-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetʰa tuɕea ma kʰapa ri kunɤŋkɯŋkea tɕetʰa , nɤkinɯ , <zayin> tu tʰaŋ
Glosses: later IPFV:UP-go-1SG LNK yard LOC PRS-DISTR:walk-1SG later FILLER noise exist:FACT SFP
Translation: I will go up [to my house] because [now] I am walking in the yard, there could be noise (so that we won't hear each other on the phone).' (conversation 2016-02-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯŋa dɯxpa ma (...) ɯtɯmu nɯ pɯsaχaʁ ʑo tʰaŋ ɲɯsɯsama ŋu .
Glosses: LNK cow poor LNK _ 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-fear DEM PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH SFP IPFV-think[III] be:FACT
Translation: I am thinking that the poor cow, she probably was extremely afraid (after escaping from a flood and losing a horn in the process).' (160715 nWNa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde kɤntɕʰɯsŋi kɤmto pɯme tɕe , pjɤsi rca
Glosses: nowadays several-day OBJ:PCP-see PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK IFR-die SFP
Translation: [We] haven't seen him for several days, he probably died.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , nɤki , tɯtɯpɯ raŋri ɣɯ nɯkʰa nɯtɕu kʰɤβɣa pjɤtu rca .
Glosses: LNK former.times LNK FILLER one-household each GEN 3PL.POSS-house DEM:LOC hand.mill IFR.IPFV-exist SFP
Translation: In former times, there used to be handmills in every house, presumably (now they have disappeared).' (160705 khABGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mŋɤm mɤmŋɤm mɤxsi ri , kúwɣrtoʁ ndɤre mɯ́jpe ko .
Glosses: hurt:FACT NEG-hurt:FACT NEG-GENR:know LNK IPFV-INV-look LNK NEG:SENS-be.good SFP
Translation: I don't know whether [leprosy] hurts or not, but in any case it does not look good indeed.' (25-khArWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003644#S53"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo , nɤki , ɲɯtɯɕqraʁ ko , mɯ́jtɯnaχtɕɯɣ , nɤwa nɯ mɯ́jtɯntɕʰɯɣ ko .
Glosses: INTERJ filler SENS-2-be.intelligent SFP NEG:SENS-2-be.identical 2SG.POSS-father DEM NEG:SENS-2-soil SFP
Translation: You are really intelligent, you are not a common man, you are your father's son indeed.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤmto apɯkɯcʰa tɕe nɯnɯ wuma ʑo pe tutinɯ ɲɯŋgrɤl . tɕeri ŋu maʁ mɤxsi matɕi .
Glosses: INF-see IRR-IPFV-GENR:S/O-can LNK DEM really EMPH be.good:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be.usually.the.case LNK be:FACT not.be:FACT NEG-GENR:know SFP
Translation: People say that if you succeed in finding it, it is very good [against poison], but I don't know if it is true or not.' (22-kuwu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯmbri ɯmɤkɯŋuci ma .
Glosses: SENS-make.noise PROB-PEG-be-PEG SFP
Translation: It looks like [my phone] is ringing.' (160630 aba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006197#S95"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li ɯβrɤɲɯjmɯta ma .
Glosses: again RH.Q-IPFV-forget-1SG SFP
Translation: I might forget again (some details of the story that I am about to tell again).' (160704 poucet4-v2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006097#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯtʰoʁ nɯra nɯkʰi nɯ ɣe , nɯtɯscit nɯ !
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-ground DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-luck SFP SFP 3PL.POSS-2-be.happy SFP
Translation: The people on earth (`on the ground'), how lucky they are, right? How happy there are!' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤjkʰu hanɯni ci nɯ matɤtɯfse pɯra ja , hanɯni ci mɯpɯmda ja ri
Glosses: still a.little INDEF DEM NEG-IMP-2-be.like PST.IPFV-be.needed SFP a.little INDEF NEG-PST.IPFV-be.the.time SFP LNK
Translation: What a shame, if you could just have [waited] a little bit [before] doing that, the time was not yet ready.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤlɤjaʁ nɯ kɯtʂɤldʑa jamar ɣɤʑu loβ . ma koŋla mɯkɤrtoʁa ri , ɯmɤlɤjaʁ nɯra ɲɯdɤn
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-limb DEM six-long.object about exist:SENS SFP LNK really NEG-AOR-look-1SG LNK 3SG.POSS-limb DEM:PL SENS-be.many
Translation: It has about six legs, (I think…) I did not have a good look, but in any case it has a lot of legs.' (21-mdzadi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003578#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpi ni ɣɯ fsapaʁ loβ , tɯjpu loβ , ɯgrɤl kɯme ʑo tarkunɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU GEN cattle SFP flour.based.food SFP 3SG.POSS-order SBJ:PCP-not.exist EMPH aor:3→3-put.in-PL
Translation: [Their parents] gave her two elder sisters cattle and food in great quantity.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣi / ɣia
Glosses: come:FACT _ come:FACT-1SG
Translation: He comes/will come; I (will) come.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe pjɤɣi tɕe qala kɯ pjɤ^3k^2ɤ́<wɣ>z^1nɤjoci tɕe
Glosses: LNK IFR:DOWN-come LNK rabbit ERG IFR.IPFV^-3-PEG^-2-<INV>PROG^-1-wait-PEG LNK
Translation: [The snow leopard]_i came down. The rabbit was waiting for him_i (there).' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003852#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qapar kɯ nɤʑo a^6mɤ^5ɣɯ^4tɤ^3tɯ́^2wɣ^1ndza
Glosses: dhole ERG 2SG IRR^-6-NEG^-5-CISL^-4-PFV^-3-2^-2-INV^-1-eat
Translation: (Let us hope that) the dhole will not come to eat you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣurʑa kɯrcat nɯ ʑnɯasɯɤmɯmtsʰɯ~mtsʰɤmnɯ ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: hundred eight DEM TRAL-AOR-RECIP-CAUS-RECIP-hear-PL SENS-be
Translation: [All] one hundred and eight [boys] went and informed each other.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tonɯʑɣɤɕɯfkanɯ ʑo ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: IFR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-be.full-PL EMPH SENS-be
Translation: They ate to their full.' (huli yu shanying-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯɲɯra nɤ , amɤɣɯnɯtɯ́wɣnɯmbi
Glosses: QU-SENS-be.needed add IRR-NEG-CISL-PFV-2-INV-AUTO-give
Translation: If he_i needs it_j, then he_i does not have to come and give it_j to you (if he does not want to).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo pjɯɤ<nɯ>tɤr mɤcʰa .
Glosses: 3SG IPFV-<AUTO>fall NEG-can:FACT
Translation: It cannot fall (detach) on its own (as its sticks on the clothes).' (18-qromJoR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003532#S171"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕa ʁɟa ʑo kuo<nɯ>sɯndzaj
Glosses: meat completely EMPH PRS-PROG<AUTO>-eat-1PL
Translation: We are eating only meat.' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯmtot^+1a^+2ndʑi^+3
Glosses: AOR-see-PST:TR^+1-1SG^+2-DU^+3
Translation: I saw the two of them.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tokɤlɯlɤtndʑi^+3ci^+4
Glosses: IFR-PEG-fight-DU^+3-PEG^+4
Translation: The two of them fought.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003886#S179"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤpɯkɯmtot^+1a^+2ndʑi^+3ci^+4
Glosses: PROB-AOR-PEG-see-PST:TR^+1-1SG^+2-DU^+3-PEG^+4
Translation: It looks like I have seen the two of them.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑiɣi ra , nɯni mɯɲɤkɤtɯɣnɯci
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-relative PL DEM:DU NEG-IFR-PEG-meet-PL-PEG
Translation: Their relatives did not meet them (again).' (2003 zrAntCW tWrme)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendi tɕendi tɕe mtsʰu ci ɲɤkɤtɯɣci . mtsʰu kɯɲɯ~ɲaʁ ci ɲɤkɤtɯɣci . tɕendɤre mtsʰu kɯɲɯ~ɲaʁ ci ɲɤkɤtɯɣ tɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: west west LOC lake INDEF IFR-PEG-meet-PEG lake SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.black INDEF IFR-PEG-meet-PEG LNK lake SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.black INDEF IFR-PEG-meet LNK LNK
Translation: In the west, he found a lake, he found a lake that was very black. He found a lake that was very black, and…' (28-smAnmi 92-94) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤŋga kɤtɯnɯtʂɯβ ɯβrɤŋu ma
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-clothes AOR-2-AUTO-sew RH.Q-PEG-be-PEG LNK
Translation: You didn't sew your garment, did you? (worried that the subject might have sewed his/her garment)' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤŋga kɤtɯnɯtʂɯβ ɯβrɤkɯŋuci ma ɲɯnɯspoʁ ɕti
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-clothes AOR-2-AUTO-sew RH.Q-PEG-be:FACT-PEG LNK SENS-AUTO-have.a.hole be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It looks like you haven't sewed your garment, it still has a hole.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂʰɯɣ jɤazɣɯt tʰaŋ
Glosses: probably AOR-arrive SFP
Translation: He probably has already arrived.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jozɣɯt ɯmdoʁ
Glosses: IFR-arrive 3SG.POSS-colour
Translation: It seems that he has probably arrived.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤnɯkɯnɯjmɯtaci
Glosses: PROB-AOR-PEG/2→1-AUTO-forget-1SG-PEG
Translation: It looks I forgot about it.' (kɯ- = PEG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤnɯtɯnɯjmɯtci
Glosses: PROB-AOR-2-AUTO-forget-PEG
Translation: It looks like you have forgotten about it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤpɯtamtoci
Glosses: PROB-AOR-1→2-see-PEG
Translation: It looks like I have seen you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɲɤ́wɣnɯjmɯta ɯmdoʁ
Glosses: 3SG ERG IFR-INV-AUTO-forget-1SG 3SG.POSS-colour
Translation: It looks like he has forgotten about me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɣɯtɤtɯtʰe
Glosses: IRR-CISL-AOR-2-ask[III]
Translation: Come and ask [for her hand in marriage].' (150826 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006244#S124"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aχpi ci pɯfɕɤt=ó
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-story INDEF IMP-tell=SFP
Translation: Tell me a story.' (140511 yiqianlingyiye yinzi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003963#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma qacʰɣa ɣɯ ɯme pjɤɕti ɯmdoʁ=o .
Glosses: LNK fox GEN 3SG.POSS-daughter IFR.IPFV-be.AFF 3SG.POSS-colour=SFP
Translation: It looks like she (the main character of the story) was the daughter of a fox.' (150909 xiaocui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006386#S161"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <aizheng> ɲɯpʰɤn kʰi wo
Glosses: cancer SENS-be.efficient HEARSAY SFP
Translation: It can cure cancer, it is said.' (20-grWBgrWB) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003554#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯɣɤndʐo saχaʁ ʑo kʰi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.cold be.extremely:FACT EMPH HEARSAY
Translation: It is said that [during an eclipse], it is extremely cold.' (29-mWBZi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003728#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tokɯɤtɕʰɯzci=nɤ tokɯɤtɕʰɯzci
Glosses: IFR-PEG-sneeze-PEG=ADD IFR-PEG-sneeze-PEG
Translation: He sneezed again and again.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004004#S132"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ tɯ~tɤtɯtɯt tɕe qʰe tɕe rcanɯ nɤʑo rdɤstaʁ ɲɯtɯɤβzu
Glosses: DEM COND~AOR-2-say[II] LNK LNK LNK UNEXP:DEG 2SG stone IPFV-2-become
Translation: If you tell [them] about it, you will be turned into stone and…' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre jɤari nɤ jɤari ʑo nɤ
Glosses: LNK AOR-go[II] ADD AOR-go[II] EMPH ADD
Translation: He went again and again.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra pɯfse nɯra pɯraŋ
Glosses: DEM:PL PST.IPFV-be.like DEM:PL PST.IPFV-last.a.long.time
Translation: All these things happened.' (many attestations of this sentence, occurs in traditional stories typically to avoid repeating sentences when a character tells another character what has happened previously)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɤtɯstu=atɤtɯmbatndʑi
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-try.hard(1)=IRR-PFV-2-try.hard(2)-DU
Translation: (While I am gone), may the two of you do your best.' (smanmi 2003.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰarin lontinka
Glosses: go-1/2PL come.out-1/2PL-EXCL
Translation: We shall rise again.'
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤtɯspe mɤtɯrke me
Glosses: NEG-2-be.innocent(1)[III]:FACT NEG-2-be.innocent(2)[III]:FACT not.exist:FACT
Translation: You_sg are innocent.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤtɯspa=rkandʑi me
Glosses: NEG-2-be.innocent(1)-be.innocent(2):FACT-DU not.exist:FACT
Translation: You_du are innocent.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [mkʰɤrmaŋ [mɤspanɯ mɤrkanɯ] kɯme] nɯ ʑimkʰɤm pjɤsɯsat pjɤra rcanɯ , tɯrme ra kɯ wuma ʑo pjɤqʰanɯ
Glosses: people NEG-be.innocent(1):FACT-PL NEG-be.innocent(2):FACT-PL SBJ:PCP-not.exist DEM a.lot IFR-CAUS-kill IFR.IPFV-be.needed UNEXPECTED man PL ERG really EMPH IFR-hate-PL
Translation: As he had to have many innocent people killed, people hated him.' (hist140514 xiee de shewang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤspea mɤrkea me
Glosses: NEG-be.innocent(1)[III]:FACT-1SG NEG-be.innocent(2)[III]:FACT-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am innocent.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤtɯspe=rke me
Glosses: NEG-2-be.innocent(1)[III]-be.innocent(2)[III]:FACT not.exist:FACT
Translation: You_sg are innocent.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <hulu> nɯ si ci ɲɯŋu , ɯmat cʰɯkɯβze ci . tɕe ɯmat nɯnɯ , ɯtaʁ kukɯxtsʰɯm , ɯpa ɲɯkɯjpum ci cʰɯβze ɲɯŋu tɕe , nɯ <hulu> tusɤrminɯ .
Glosses: gourd DEM tree INDEF SENS-be 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-SBJ:PCP-make[III] INDEF LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM 3SG.POSS-top IPFV:EAST-SBJ:PCP-be.thin 3SG.POSS-bottom IPFV:WEST-SBJ:PCP-be.thick INDEF IPFV-make[III] SENS-be LNK DEM gourd IPFV-call-PL
Translation: The gourd is a tree, one which grows fruits. It grows fruits that are thinner on the top part and thicker in the bottom, they are called `gourd'.' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma aroa me qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM apart.from possess:FACT-1SG not.exist:FACT LNK
Translation: I don't have anything else.' (2003 divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rŋgɯ ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɕɯanbaʁi ɯmɤkɯntsʰici ma ,
Glosses: boulder 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC TRAL-hide:FACT-1PL PROB-PEG-be.better-PEG LNK
Translation: It looks like we should go and hide in the [hollow] boulder.' (160706 poucet6) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006109#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awa tɯrju χsɯŋka tutia ɯjátsɯtsu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father word three-word IPFV-say-1SG QU-X-have.time:FACT
Translation: Father, do I have time to say three sentences?' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amɤpɯɤtɤr kɤsɯso kɯ ,
Glosses: IRR-NEG-PFV-fall INF-think ERG
Translation: In order to prevent [the child] from falling down…' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li pɯatɤr ɲɯŋu
Glosses: again AOR-fall SENS-be
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰa ɕkɯ~ɕkɤtsʰita ʑo luβzia ŋu
Glosses: alcohol ITER~TRAL-AOR-drink-PST:TR-1SG EMPH IPFV-be.drunk-1SG be:FACT
Translation: Each time I go and drink alcohol I get drunk.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki tɯrme kɯra ɕtɯ~tɤkɯtsʰɤt ʑo nɯ pjɤ́wɣsatnɯ .
Glosses: DEM.PROX person DEM:PL TRAL-TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-try EMPH DEM IFR-INV-kill-PL
Translation: All of these men who had went and tried [to discover the princesses' secret] were killed.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003937#S31"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɕɯ tɯ~tɯŋu nɤ , pɯtasɯxɕɤt nɯ ci nɯndɯn ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son COND~2-be:FACT ADD AOR-1→2-teach DEM once IMP-read be.needed:FACT
Translation: If you are my son, recite [the mantra] that I have taught you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ~tɤtɯtɯt nɤ tɕe pjɯtasat ŋu
Glosses: COND~AOR-2-say[II] ADD LNK IPFV-1→2-kill be:FACT
Translation: If you tell [people] about [it], I will kill you.' (150901 changfamei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006352#S48"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri tɯmɤpa kɯnɤ , tɯxtsa mɯ~mɤpɯpe cʰondɤre , tɤrʑaʁ kɯrɲɟi tukɯŋke qʰe , tɯmɤpa ri cimbɤrom turke ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK GENR.POSS-sole also GENR.POSS-shoe COND~NEG-PST.IPFV-be.good COMIT INDEF.POSS-time SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV-GENR:S/O-walk LNK GENR.POSS-sole LOC blister IPFV-put.in[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: On the soles too, if one (wears) bad shoes and walks for a long time, one gets blisters on one's sole.' (27-tWfCAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯki tɕʰemɤpɯ ki si ɯkɯpʰɯt tɯtɤɣe ʑo], nɯnɯ rgɤnmɯ nɯ ɣɯ ɯsi ɲɯpʰɯt , ɯtɯci zɲɯre ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX girl DEM.PROX wood 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-cut ITER~AOR:UP-come[II] EMPH DEM old.woman DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-wood IPFV-cut 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV:WEST-fetch[III]
Translation: Every time the girl came to cut firewood, she would cut firewood for the old woman and fetch water for her.' (150829 taishan zhi zhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑŋgri mɤkɯtʂot ci , nɯ sɤz hanɯni kɯtʂot ci , nɯ sɤz hanɯni kɯtʂot ci , nɯ sɤz hanɯni kɯtʂot , tɕe kɯβde ki tufse tɕe , … tʰi tʰɯari ɯjɯja cʰɯ~cʰɯtʂot ʑo ɲɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: star NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.bright INDEF DEM COMP a.little SBJ:PCP-be.bright INDEF DEM COMP a.little SBJ:PCP-be.bright INDEF DEM COMP a.little SBJ:PCP-be.bright LNK four DEM.PROX IPFV-be.like LNK _ downstream AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II] 3SG.POSS-following INCR~IPFV-be.bright EMPH SENS-be LNK
Translation: [The constellation of the earthworm comprises] one non-bright star, another one slightly brighter, another one slightly brighter, another one slightly brighter, four [stars] like this (…), becoming brighter as they go downstream.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe cʰɯ~cʰɯmɤɕindʑi nɤ cʰɯ~cʰɯmɤɕindʑi tɕe
Glosses: progressively LNK INCR~IPFV-be.rich-DU ADD INCR~IPFV-be.rich-DU LNK
Translation: They progressively became richer and richer.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S122"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɬɤndʐi nɯ rca , tɯ~tucʰa ʑo pjɤɕti . tɕendɤre , ɯʑo nɯnɯ tɕe ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe , mɯ~mɤɲɯcʰa ʑo pjɤɕti tɕe
Glosses: demon DEM UNEXP:DEG INCR~IPFV-can EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK 3SG DEM LNK progressively LNK INCR~NEG-IPFV-can EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK
Translation: The demon was becoming stronger and stronger, and he was weaker and weaker.' (140513 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laχtɕʰa ŋotɕu nɤkɤsɯso ʑo nɯnɯ , nɤmɲaʁ , nɤrna , nɤɕna cʰo ra [kɯ~kɯspoʁ] nɯ ɯŋgɯ tɕe akɤtɯrke qʰe
Glosses: thing where 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-think EMPH DEM 2SG.POSS-eye 2SG.POSS-ear 2SG.POSS-nose COMIT PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole DEM 3SG.POSS-in LOC IRR-PFV:EAST-2-put.in[III] LNK
Translation: Whatever things you want (from the granary), put it in your eyes, your ears, your nose etc, all the holes in your body.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wuma ʑo ɲɯpe ndɤre , [kɯ~kɤsɯso] nɯ ɲɯfse
Glosses: really EMPH SENS-be.good LNK TOTAL~OBJ:PCP-think DEM SENS-be.like
Translation: It is very nice, it is like everything that [I] want.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯtʰɤcu prɤscʰɯ ra [tɯ~tɤkɯrɯkʰɤrlɤn] kɯ nɯrdɤstaʁ nɯ ntsɯ scʰɤnɯrunɯ tɕe tonɯntɕʰoznɯ .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-downstream TOPO PL TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-build.house ERG 3PL.POSS-stone DEM always TRAL-IFR:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-fetch-PL LNK IFR-AUTO-use-PL
Translation: All people from Praskyu down there who built/repaired their houses went there and took stones to use for themselves.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S188"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯro nɯra [iɕqʰa pɯ~pɯfɕata] nɯra kɯ tɕe tɕe sɯjno tundzanɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-rest DEM:PL just.before TOTAL~AOR-tell-1SG DEM:PL ERG LNK LNK grass IPFV-eat-PL
Translation: The rest, all the [other animals] that I have told about just before eat grass.' (05-khWna, 46
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ [spɯ~spe] nɯ tonɤrmi ri tɤte <zhima> kɤti nɯ ɲɤnɯjmɯt
Glosses: DEM TOTAL~be.able.to:FACT DEM IFR-call.name LNK that.is sesame INF-say DEM IFR-AUTO-forget
Translation: He called the names of all [the crops] he knew, but forgot to say `sesame'.' (140512 alibaba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S103"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtʰo nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ , tɕe nɯ mɤfse tɕe tɕendɤre ɯjwaʁ nɯ nɯ~nɯtu nɤ nɯ~nɯtu qʰe
Glosses: pine DEM as.for LNK DEM NEG-be.like:FACT LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM EMPH~AUTO-exist:FACT ADD EMPH~AUTO-exist:FACT LNK
Translation: As for the pine, it is not like [the other trees], [whatever happens], its leaves (needles) are still there.' (07-tAtho) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003432#S14"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯnɯme ɕti .
Glosses: 3SG AOR-AUTO-not.exist be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [The wart] disappeared by itself.' (24-pGArtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003624#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯmpɕɯ~mpɕɤr kɯpɯ~pe ci nɤɕɣa kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ci anɯtɯɤβzu smɯlɤm
Glosses: girl SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.good INDEF 2SG.POSS-tooth/age SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF IRR-PFV-2-become prayer
Translation: May you become a very beautiful, nice young girl.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S237"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯku nɯra tɕe nɤki , ɯkɤχcɤl nɯra li ɲɯqarŋe qʰe ɲɯwɣrɯ~wɣrum kɯfse .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head DEM:PL LNK FILLER 3SG.POSS-top.head DEM:PL again SENS-be.yellow LNK SENS-EMPH~be.white SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: It is yellow and very white on the top of its head.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯrgɯ~rga ʑo tɯrme ra maŋenɯ ma
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-EMPH~like EMPH people PL not.exist:SENS-PL LNK
Translation: There are no people who like it a lot.' (160706 thotsi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006133#S24"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣa kɤrɯɕmi kɯspɯ~spa nɯ kɯ …
Glosses: bird INF-speak SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.able DEM ERG …
Translation: The bird who was able to speak very well (said ….).' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S25"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯji sna tɕe , [tɕʰi lɤ́wɣnɯjɯ~ji] ʑo pe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field be.good LNK what AOR-INV-AUTO-EMPH~plant EMPH be.good:FACT
Translation: (The type of earth called tɤtʂo) is fit (to be used) as fields, whatever one plants in it, [the planting] will be good (successful).' (25-cWXCWz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003636#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯŋke ɯmɤtaʑa , ɯmɤnɯmɯnmu qʰe mɯ́jsɤmto
Glosses: LNK INF:II-walk QU-NEG-AOR:3→3-start QU-NEG-AOR-move LNK NEG:SENS-PROP-see
Translation: If it has not started walking, if it has not moved, it is not visible.' (26-NalitCaRmbWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003676#S102"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr jɯmɤɕtɤtʰuta ʑo
Glosses: yesterday PROXM-NEG-TRAL-AOR-ask-PST:TR-1SG EMPH
Translation: Yesterday I almost did not go and ask about it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmu nɯ ɣɯjpa kɯre mɤɕtʂa mɯnɯsi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother DEM this.year DEM.LOC until NEG-AOR-die
Translation: The old woman only died this year.' (`she did not die until this year') (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯ~mɤnɯsia nɤ , atɤkɯnɯlaʁrdaβa ra
Glosses: COND~NEG-AOR-die-1SG ADD IRR-PFV-2→1-hit.with.forelegs-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: If [after that] I have not died [yet], hit me with your forelegs.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯ kɯfse ra tundze ɯmɤŋu ma
Glosses: bug SBJ:PCP-be.like PL IPFV-eat[III] PROB-be:FACT LNK
Translation: It presumably/maybe eats bugs.' (23-pGAYaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003606#S28"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo maʁa
Glosses: 1SG not.be:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am not [that girl].' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɯtsʰot pɯme tɕe ,
Glosses: former.times LOC clocks PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: In former times, there were no clocks.' (29-LAntshAm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003726#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ mkʰɯrlu kɯfse ra pɯkɯtu me .
Glosses: former.times machine SBJ:PCP-be.like PL PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: In former times, there were no machines or things like that at all.' (140430 tWfkur)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤjmu nɯtɕu mɤʑɯ ma , tɤrɲɟo tu tɕe ,
Glosses: kitchen DEM:LOC NEG-be.just LNK shelf exist:FACT LNK
Translation: In the kitchen, there are not just [the aforementioned objects], there is also a shelf (to store the cooking implements).' (2011-11-kha2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ paʁ kɯ tundze tɕe , mɤʑɯ ʑo cʰɯtsʰu cʰa
Glosses: DEM pig ERG IPFV-eat[III] LNK even.more EMPH IPFV-be.fat can:FACT
Translation: When the pig eats it [acorns], it can grow even fatter.' (08-CkrAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ kɯ juzɣɯt mɯpjɤznɤjo ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: wolf DEM ERG IPFV-arrive NEG-IFR.IPFV-ABIL-wait EMPH LNK
Translation: The wolf could not wait [for the fox] to arrive.' (140516 huli de baofu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004010#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsɯntu kɯ ɯndzrɯ mɯ́jspʰɯt ma ɯtɯrko ɯtɯjaʁ ɲɯsɤre ʑo
Glosses: scissors ERG 3SG.POSS-nail NEG:SENS-can.cut LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.hard 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.thick SENS-be.ridiculous EMPH
Translation: The scissors cannot cut through her nails, as they are extremely hard and thick.' (2012, heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki tɕʰeme ki mɯɲɤrkaŋ
Glosses: DEM.PROX girl DEM.PROX NEG-IFR-be.in.good.shape
Translation: This woman became pregnant.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑirʑaβ ʁnaʁna ʑo ndʑiskʰrɯ mɯɲɤβdi
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-wife both EMPH 3DU.POSS-body NEG-IFR-be.well
Translation: Both of their wives got pregnant.' (2005 Lobzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯpɯmtota
Glosses: NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have not seen it.' (several examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯmtota maʁ
Glosses: AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.be:FACT
Translation: I have not seen it, (but rather…).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯmtota me
Glosses: AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I have seen none/I haven't seen anything.' (several examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯɣɤwua maʁ nɤ , tɯmɯ pjɯlɤt ɲɯɕti ma
Glosses: SENS-cry-1SG not.be:FACT SFP INDEF.POSS-sky IPFV-release SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: It is not that I am crying, [I look like I am crying because] it has been raining.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯmdoʁ tɕʰi ʑo fse mɤxsi , akɤti me ma mɯpɯmtota . ɯndʐi kɯnɤ pɯmtota me
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-colour what EMPH be.like:FACT NEG-GENR:know 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say not.exist:FACT LNK NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG 3SG.POSS-skin also AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I don't know which colour it_i has, I can't say because I have not seen it_i, I have not even seen any of its_i hides.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βʑɯ kɯfse tuqʰea me
Glosses: mouse SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-hate[III]-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: Mice is what I hate most.' (`there is nothing that I hate like a mouse') (140427 bianfu yu huangshulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003838#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁ aɣɯɣli ma rcanɯ mɤndze ʑo me
Glosses: pig produce.a.lot.of.manure:FACT LNK UNEXP:DEG NEG-eat[III] EMPH not.exist:FACT
Translation: Pigs produce a lot of manure, as they eat everything (there is nothing they don't eat).' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ mɤkɯpe me
Glosses: 1SG:GEN NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am fine (I don't have any particular problem).' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003927#S70"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤkɯkʰɯ me
Glosses: NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is nothing wrong with it.' (common in metalinguistic judgments about the grammaticality of sentences)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤrca mɤɣia mɤkʰɯ qʰe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-together.with NEG-come:FACT-1SG NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK
Translation: It have no other choice but to go with you/follow you.' (Nyima Wodzer 2003.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu fka ɕti tɕe , mɤkɤɣi mɤnɤzi ri
Glosses: king order be.AFF:FACT LNK NEG-INF-come NEG-dare:FACT-1PL LNK
Translation: It is the king's order, we do not dare not to come.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑora nɯrɟit ʑo cʰɯβrinɯ qʰe kɯmaʁ ra nɯrɟit nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ [tɤrɟit kɯmaʁ] túwɣsɯpa qʰe
Glosses: 3PL 3PL.POSS-offspring EMPH IPFV-protect-PL LNK other PL 3PL.POSS-offspring DEM TOP INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-not.be IMPF-INV-consider LNK
Translation: (At school), [some parents] protect their own children, and as for the children of other people, they consider them as if they were not children (`as non-children').' (140501 01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɯɕaβ me
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-catch.up not.exist:FACT
Translation: Nobody will [be able] to catchup with you.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯrkʰa tɕe ɯsɤrŋgɯ maŋe
Glosses: evening LOC 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-lie.down not.exist:SENS
Translation: In the evening, it has no place to stay.' (26-NalitCaRmbWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003676#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde tɕe nɯ [ɯkɯntɕʰoz] maŋe qʰe , [kɤmto] kɯnɤ maŋe
Glosses: nowadays LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-use not.exist:SENS LNK OBJ:PCP-see also not.exist:SENS
Translation: Nowadays nobody uses [amadou], there isn't even any to be seen.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme kʰɤɕkʰɤr kukɯɕe maka mɯpɯjɤɣ
Glosses: girl man.seating.place IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-go at.all NEG-PST.IPFV-be.allowed
Translation: Ladies were not allowed to go to the men's seating place.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤxtsʰi ndɤre maka nɯnɤɕqe ra
Glosses: this.time ADVERS at.all IMP-endure[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: This time (unlike the previous times), you have absolutely to bear [the cold of the moon and the heat of the sun without making a word, otherwise we will not succeed].' (tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma kɯra mu ʑo me
Glosses: DEM apart.from SBJ:PCP-be.needed at.all EMPH not.exist:FACT
Translation: I don't need anything else at all.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmdza ra mucin ʑo mɤarɕɤttɕi
Glosses: relative PL at.all EMPH NEG-have.a.kinship.relationship:FACT-1DU
Translation: We don't have any kinship relationship at all.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo cʰo aʑo ni , nɤki , rɟɤmtsʰu ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu χsɯsŋi ɕɯnɤʁaʁtɕi , ɕɯnɤmɲoletɕi .
Glosses: 2SG COMIT 1SG DU FILLER sea 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC three-day TRAL-have.a.good.time:FACT-1DU TRAL-do.sightseeing:FACT-1DU
Translation: You and I will go on a three day tour on the sea.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯrme ra nɯrca ɣɤ<tɤ>ʑu
Glosses: the.aforementioned person PL 3PL.POSS-following <2sg>exist:SENS
Translation: [I saw] you among these people.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤmtsʰɤm maka ma<ta>ŋe tɕe , nɤkɯmŋɤm tu ɯβrɤŋu ma , mɤkɯpe tu ɯβrɤŋu ma nɯra nɯsɯsota .
Glosses: INF-hear at.all <2SG>not.exist:SENS LNK 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt exist:FACT RH.Q-be:FACT SFP NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good:FACT exist:FACT RH.Q-be:FACT SFP DEM:PL AOR-think-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: [I] have not heard at all about you [for some time], I was wondering whether you have some disease, whether something bad happened to you.' (phone conversation, 16-12-28)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: arkɯ mɯjɤtɯazɣɯt mɤɕtʂa mɯpɯtamtsʰɤm tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-side NEG-AOR-2-arrive until NEG-AOR-1→2-hear LNK
Translation: I did not feel your [presence] until you arrived near me.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S224"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤtɯzɣɯt tɕe , nɤki , aʑo akʰa ajɤtɯzmɤke ma nɤj nɤkʰa amɤjɤtɯzmɤke ra mɯtɤtɯtɯt
Glosses: AOR-2-arrive LNK FILLER 1SG 1SG.POSS-house IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.first[III] LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-house IRR-NEG-PFV-2-CAUS-be.first[III] be.needed:FACT NEG-AOR-2-say[III]
Translation: You did not say “When you arrive, don't go first to your house, come to my house first.” (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʑo tʰam kɯki , paχɕi ci tɤaroa tɕe tɕendɤre , … nɯʑora kɯnɤ tasɯɤʁenɯ ra
Glosses: LNK 1SG now DEM.PROX apple INDEF AOR-have-1SG LNK LNK _ 2PL also 1→2-CAUS-be.needed.eat:FACT-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Now that I have (i.e. was given) this apple, I will give it to you also to eat.' (150904 zhongli-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɤrɟit χsɯm aroa
Glosses: I INDEF.POSS-child three have:FACT-1SG
Translation: I have three children.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɤmu nɯ kɯ] ɕɯ ŋu nɯ maka mɯpjɤtso tɕeri
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG who be:FACT DEM at.all NEG-IFR.IPFV-know LNK
Translation: The old woman did not realize who it was.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa βdaʁmu nɯ kɯ [wuma ʑo ɯsɯm kɯsna] toʑɣɤpa
Glosses: the.aforementioned lady DEM ERG really EMPH 3SG.POSS-mind SBJ:PCP-be.good IFR-pretend
Translation: The lady pretended to be a good person.' (140520 ye tiane-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004044#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pja mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ nɯskɤt apɯtɯtso smɯlɤm
Glosses: bird all.kinds 3PL.POSS-speech IRR-IPFV-2-understand prayer
Translation: May you understand the speech of all species of birds!' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci kɤpatɕi , nɯstʰɯci tɤnɤrʑaʁ ri , [nɯstʰɯci nɤku ʑru rcanɯ] mɯkɤtsoa
Glosses: one AOR-do-1DU so.much AOR-pass(time) LNK so.much 2SG.POSS-head be.strong:FACT UNEXP:DEG NEG-AOR-know-1SG
Translation: So much time has passed since we have married, I did not realize that your hair was so long.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [tɕʰi ɯskɤt kɯŋu ra] kutsoa ɲɯra ma tutɯti stɯsti , mɯ́jɕɯftaʁa ɲɯti
Glosses: LNK what 3SG.POSS-speech SBJ:PCP-be PL IPFV-understand-1SG SENS-be.needed LNK IPFV-2-say alone NEG:SENS-remember-1SG SENS-say
Translation: He says: `I need to understand what it is about (what objects these words refer to), otherwise if you only speak (if you only explain orally) I won't remember.” (conversation 14-05-10)