lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Logooli
Transcription: va-ku-n̪o kʊ-no , ʊ-kob-e zi-kwiiri , na va-ku-temag-aa .
Glosses: 2-2SG-find LOC-DEM 2SG-beat-SUBJ 10-cries CONJ 2-2SG-chop-PRES.PROG
Translation: They find you there; cry out, and they are chopping you.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: Aa-kw-aat-a ha vʊ-riri .
Glosses: CONSEC2-1PL-put-FV LOC 14-eating
Translation: (Thus) we have put (them) in the eating area.’ (, barns lns 1-3)
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vuri muundu a-syeev-i .
Glosses: every 1person 1-dance-PST
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vaandu v-oosi va-syeev-i .
Glosses: 2person 2-all 2SA-dance-PST
Translation: All the people danced.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vaandu va-lla va-syeev-i .
Glosses: 2person 2-one SA-dance-PST
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vaandu v-iinge va-syeev-i .
Glosses: 2person 2-many 2SA-dance-PST
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: vaandu v-oosi va-geeng-i mudoga .
Glosses: 2person 2-all 2SA-lift-PST car
Translation: All the people lifted a car.’ distributive, collective
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: vuri muundu a-geeng-i mudoga .
Glosses: every 1-person 1SA-lift-PST car
Translation: Every person lifted a car.’ distributive, ×collective
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vaandu v-oosi va-geeng-i mudoga halla .
Glosses: 2person 2-all 2SA-lift-PST car together
Translation: All the people lifted a car together.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vaandu v-oosi va-vugaan-i .
Glosses: 2person 2-all 2SA-gather-PST
Translation: All the people gathered.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: soom-i vuri ki-tabu .
Glosses: 1SG.SA.read-PST every 7-book
Translation: I read every book.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: soom-i vuri vi-tabu .
Glosses: 1SG.SA.read-PST every 8-book
Translation: I read every group of books.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: ngur-i vuri ma-zi .
Glosses: 1SG.SA.buy-PST every 6-water
Translation: I bought every (bottle of) water.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: soom-i ki-tabu ch-oosi .
Glosses: 1SG.SA.read-PST 7-book 7-all
Translation: I read all of the book.’ or ‘I read the whole book.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: soom-i vi-tabu vy-oosi .
Glosses: 1SG.SA.read-PST 8-book 8-all
Translation: I read all the books.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: ngur-i ma-zi g-oosi .
Glosses: 1SG.SA.buy-PST 6-water 6-all
Translation: I bought all the water.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vaandu {yavo/va-lla/va-vere/va-nene} va-syeevi .
Glosses: 2person {2those/2-one/2-two/2-important} 2SA-dance-PST
Language: Logooli
Transcription: kunyi v-oosi ku-syeev-i .
Glosses: we 2-all 1PL.SA-dance-PST
Language: Logooli
Transcription: *vuri kunyi {a-syeev-i / ku-syeevi}.
Glosses: every we {1SA-dance-PST / 1PL.SA-dance-PST}
Translation: (Intended interpretation: ‘We each danced.’)
Language: Logooli
Transcription: kunyi {va-lla/va-vere/va-nene/v-iinge} ku-syeev-i .
Glosses: we {2-one/2-two/2-important/2-many} 1PL.SA-dance-PST
Translation: We {some/two/important/many} danced.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: v-oosi va-syeev-i .
Glosses: 2-all 2SA-dance-PST
Language: Logooli
Transcription: *vuri a-syeev-i .
Glosses: every 1SA-dance-PST
Translation: (Intended interpretation: ‘Everyone danced.’)
Language: Logooli
Transcription: {va-lla/va-vere/va-nene/v-iinge} va-syeev-i .
Glosses: {2-one/2-two/2-important/2-many} 1PL.SA-dance-PST
Language: Logooli
Transcription: kunyi vaana ku-syeev-i .
Glosses: we 2child 1PL.SA-dance-PST
Language: Logooli
Transcription: soom-i vuri ki-tabu ch-oosi .
Glosses: 1SG.SA.read-PST every 7-book 7-all
Translation: I read every whole book.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vaana {vaange/yavo/va-nene/vya Chazima/va-vere} v-oosi va-gon-aa .
Glosses: 2children {2my/2those/2-important/2of Chazima/2-two} 2-all 2SA-sleep-PRS
Translation: All {my/those/important/of Chazima's/two} children are sleeping.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vaana v-oosi {vaange/yavo/va-nene/vya Chazima/va-vere} va-gon-aa .
Glosses: 2children 2-all {2my/2those/2-important/2of Chazima/2-two} 2SA-sleep-PRS
Translation: All {my/those/important/of Chazima's/two} children are sleeping.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: ri-dirisha ri-vey-e vuri mu-rumu .
Glosses: 5-window 5-have-PRS every 3-room
Translation: i. ‘There is one particular window that is in every room.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: ri-dirisha ri-vey-e mu zi-rumu zy-oosi .
Glosses: 5-window 5-have-PRS with 3-room 3-all
Translation: i. ‘There is one particular window that is in all rooms.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: ri-dirisha lla-ra ri-vey-e vuri mu-rumu .
Glosses: 5-window 5-one 5-have-PRS every 3-room
Translation: i. ‘There is one particular window that is in every room.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: ri-dirisha lla-ra ri-vey-e mu zi-rumu zy-oosi .
Glosses: 5-window 5-one 5-have-PRS with 3-room 3-all
Translation: i. ‘There is one particular window that is in all rooms.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: muundu woosi a-syeev-i ku mba .
Glosses: 1person 1all 3SA-dance-PST KU NEG
Language: Logooli
Transcription: vuri muundu a-nyar-a ku mba .
Glosses: every 1person 1SA-mess.up-PST KU NEG
Translation: Every person did not mess up.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: muundu w-oosi a-nyar-a ku mba .
Glosses: 1person 2-all 1SA-mess.up-PST KU NEG
Translation: No one messed up.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: ya-yaanz-a vaandu v-oosi mba .
Glosses: 1SA-like-PRS 2person 2-all NEG
Translation: He doesn't like anyone.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: a-syoom-i ki-tabu ch-oosi .
Glosses: 1SA-read-PST 7-book 7-all
Translation: She read the whole book.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: muundu w-oosi a-nyar-a ku-syeev-a .
Glosses: 1person 1-any 1SA-can-PRS INF-dance-PRS
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: ka-ngi-pheg-i .
Glosses: NEG-1.SM-cook-PRS.NEG
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: isi-lwane be-si-nga-nhle .
Glosses: 7-lion COP-7.SM-PST.NEG-pretty
Translation: The lion wasn't pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: um-fana ka-khal-a-nga .
Glosses: 1-boy NEG-cry-EP-PST.NEG
Translation: The boy wasn't crying.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: ngi-pheg-a .
Glosses: 1.SM-cook-prs
Translation: I cook.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: mina ngi-khal-e .
Glosses: I 1.SM-cry-PST
Translation: I was crying.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: mina a-ngi-khal-a-nga .
Glosses: I NEG-1.SM-cry-EP-PST.NEG
Translation: I wasn't crying.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: isi-lwane si-hle .
Glosses: 7-lion 7.SM-pretty
Translation: The lion is pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: isi-lwane a-si-∅-si-hle .
Glosses: 7-lion NEG-7.SM-∅-7.SM-pretty
Translation: The lion is not pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: isi-lwane be-si-∅-si-hle .
Glosses: 7-lion be.PST-7.SM-∅-7.SM-pretty
Translation: The lion was pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: isi-lwane be-si-∅-nga-si-hle .
Glosses: NC-lion be.PST-7.SM-∅-NEG-7.SM-pretty
Translation: The lion wasn't pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: yenza isi-lwane si-be-si-hle .
Glosses: make 7-lion 7.SM-be.PST-7.SM-pretty
Translation: Make the lion be pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: yenza isi-lwane si-be-∅-nga-nhle .
Glosses: make 7-lion 7.SM-be.PST-∅-NEG-pretty
Translation: Make the lion not be pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: yenza isi-lwane si-be-si-∅-nga-nhle .
Glosses: make 7-lion 7.SM-be.PST-7.SM-∅-NEG-pretty
Translation: Make the lion not be pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: yenza isi-lwane si-be-si-∅-nga-si-hle .
Glosses: make 7-lion 7.SM-be.PST-7.SM-∅-NEG-7.SM-pretty
Translation: Make the lion not be pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: *yenza isi-lwane si-be-∅-nga-si-hle .
Glosses: make 7-lion 7.SM-be.PST-∅-NEG-7.SM-pretty
Translation: Make the lion not be pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: *isi-lwane be-si-∅-si-∅-nga-si-hle .
Glosses: 7-lion be.PST-7.SM-∅-7.SM-∅-NEG-7.SM-pretty
Translation: The lion wasn't pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: isi-lwane si-za-be si-∅-si-hle .
Glosses: 7-lion 7.SM-FUT-be.PST 7.SM-∅-7.SM-pretty
Translation: The lion will be pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: isi-lwane si-za-be si-∅-nga-si-hle .
Glosses: 7-lion 7.SM-FUT-be.PST 7.SM-∅-NEG-7.SM-pretty
Translation: The lion will not be pretty.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: hamb-a !
Glosses: go-FV
Translation: Go!
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: u-nga-hamb-i !
Glosses: 1.SM-NEG-go-NEG
Translation: Don't Go!
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: val-a um-ngango !
Glosses: close-FV 3-door
Translation: Close the door!
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: u-nga-val-i um-ngango !
Glosses: 1.SM-NEG-close-NEG 3-door
Translation: Don't close the door!
Language: Swahili
Transcription: M-toto a-li-fung-a dirisha .
Glosses: 1-child 1SM-PT-shut-FV 5.window
Translation: The child shut the window.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: M-toto a-li-fung-u-a dirisha .
Glosses: 1-child 1SM-PT-shut-REV-FV 5.window
Translation: The child opened the window.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Wa-li-tu-lip-i-a .
Glosses: 2SM-PT-us-pay-APP-FV
Translation: They paid for us.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Wa-lip-ish-eni .
Glosses: 2OM-pay-CAUS-IMP
Translation: (You all) make them pay.
Language: Sira
Transcription: Sira a-han-i muriaŋgo .
Glosses: Sira 1-close-FV 3door
Translation: Sira closed the door.
Language: Sira
Transcription: muriaŋgo gu-han-ik-i .
Glosses: 3door 3-close-VK-FV
Translation: The door closed.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: muriaŋgo gu-han-i .
Glosses: 3door 3-close-FV
Translation: The door closed.
Language: German
Transcription: Die Tür wurde von Peter/??vom Windstoß geöffnet .
Glosses: the door was by Peter/by.the wind.gust opened
Translation: The door was opened by Peter/??by the gust of wind.
Language: German
Transcription: Das Segel zerriss (*von Peter/durch den Sturm)
Glosses: the sail tore by Peter/through the storm . 
Translation: (*‘The sail tore by Peter.)/‘The sail tore from the storm.
Language: German
Transcription: Die Tür öffnete sich (*von Peter/durch einen Windstoß).
Glosses: the door opened REFL by Peter/through a wind.gust
Translation: (‘The door opened by Peter.’)/‘The door opened from a gust of wind.
Language: Sira
Transcription: muriaŋgo gu-han-w-i (na Sira).
Glosses: 3door 3-close-PASS-FV by Sira
Translation: The door was closed (by Sira).
Language: Sira
Transcription: muriaŋgo gu-han-i (*na Sira).
Glosses: 3door 3-close-FV by Sira
Translation: The door closed (*by Sira).
Language: Sira
Transcription: muriaŋgo gu-han-ik-i (*na Sira).
Glosses: 3door 3-close-VK-FV by Sira
Translation: The door closed (*by Sira).
Language: Sira
Transcription: muriaŋgo gu-araminy-w-i (*kutorona na imboza).
Glosses: 3door 3-open-PASS-FV from by 9wind
Translation: The door was opened (*because of/from the wind).
Language: Sira
Transcription: muriaŋgo gu-aram-i (kutorona na imboza).
Glosses: 3door 3-open-FV from by 9wind
Translation: The door opened (because of/from the wind).
Language: Sira
Transcription: muriaŋgo gu-aram-ik-i (kuturona na imboza).
Glosses: 3door 3-open-VK-FV from by 9wind
Translation: The door opened (because of/from the wind).
Language: Logooli
Transcription: imbwa y-um-iny-w-i (na itahoro).
Glosses: 9dog 9-dry-CAUS-PASS-FV PRT 9towel
Translation: The dog was dried (with a towel).
Language: Logooli
Transcription: imbwa y-um-i (*na itahoro).
Glosses: 9dog 9-dry-FV PRT 9towel
Translation: The dog dried (*with a towel).
Language: Logooli
Transcription: imbwa y-um-ik-i (*na itahoro).
Glosses: 9dog 9-dry-VK-FV PRT 9towel
Translation: The dog dried (*with a towel).
Language: Greek
Transcription: Il cioccolato si è fuso *per pochi secondi/in pochi secondi .
Glosses: the chocolate REFL is melted for few seconds/in few seconds . 
Translation: The chocolate melted for a few seconds/in a few seconds.’ (Schäfer 2009)
Language: Nyanja
Transcription: # n-eny-a murianggo gu-han-w-ɛ .
Glosses: _ 1sg-want-FV 3door 3-close-PASS-FV
Translation: I want the door to be closed.
Language: Nyanja
Transcription: # n-eny-a murianggo gu-han-ɛ .
Glosses: _ 1sg-want-FV 3door 3-close-FV
Translation: I want the door to close.
Language: Nyanja
Transcription: n-eny-a murianggo gu-han-ek-ɛ .
Glosses: 1sg-want-FV 3door 3-close-VK-FV
Translation: I want the door closed.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: murianggo gu-han-w-i daave .
Glosses: 3door 3-close-PASS-FV NEG
Translation: The door wasn’t closed.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: murianggo gu-han-i daave .
Glosses: 3door 3-close-FV NEG
Translation: The door didn’t close.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: # murianggo gu-han-ek-i daave .
Glosses: _ 3door 3-close-VK-FV NEG
Translation: The door didn’t close.
Language: Greek
Transcription: mpira gu-toony-w-ang-a .
Glosses: 3ball 3-drop-PASS-PROG-FV
Translation: The ball was being dropped.
Language: Greek
Transcription: mpira gu-toony-ang-a .
Glosses: 3ball 3-drop-PROG-FV
Translation: The ball is dropping.
Language: Greek
Transcription: *mpira gu-toony-ik-ang-a .
Glosses: 3ball 3-drop-VK-PROG-FV
Translation: (‘The ball is being dropped.’/‘The ball is dropping.’)
Language: Logooli
Transcription: maguta ga-diny-iz-w-i (netare ga-ker-e ma-doto).
Glosses: 6butter 6-harden-CAUS-PASS-FV but 6-be.still-FV 6-soft
Translation: The butter was hardened (but it’s still soft).
Language: Logooli
Transcription: maguta ga-diny-i (netare ga-ker-e ma-doto).
Glosses: 6butter 6-harden-FV but 6-be.still-FV 6-soft
Translation: The butter hardened (but it’s still soft).
Language: Logooli
Transcription: maguta ga-diny-ik-i (#netare ga-ker-e ma-doto).
Glosses: 6butter 6-harden-VK-FV but 6-be.still-FV 6-soft
Translation: The butter hardened (#but it’s still soft).
Language: Logooli
Transcription: n-eny-a imbwa y-um-ik-e .
Glosses: 1sg-want-FV 9dog 9-dry-VK-FV
Translation: I want the dog to be dry.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: imbwa y-um-ek-i daave .
Glosses: 9dog 9-dry-VK-FV NEG
Translation: The dog didn’t dry.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: imbwa y-um-ek-a .
Glosses: 9dog 9-dry-VK-FV
Translation: The dog is drying.
Language: Logooli
Transcription: imbwa y-um-ik-i (netare i-ker-e i-nzilu hadi).
Glosses: 9dog 9-dry-VK-FV but 9-be.still-FV 9-wet some.of
Translation: The dog dried (but it’s still a little wet).
Language: Italian
Transcription: La temperatura si è alterata per due ore .
Glosses: the temperature REFL is altered for two hours
Translation: The temperature altered for two hours.
Language: Sira
Transcription: iroli i-ror-w-e na Sira .
Glosses: 9truck 9-see-PASS-FV by 1Sira
Translation: The truck was seen by Sira.
Language: Sira
Transcription: iroli i-ror-ek-e (*na Sira).
Glosses: 9truck 9-see-VK-FV by 1Sira
Translation: The truck was seen (by Sira).
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: Umu-gabo a-ra-ndik-a in-kuru .
Glosses: 1-man 1S-PRES-write-IMP 9-story
Translation: The man is writing the story.
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: Umu-gabo a-ra-ndik-ir-a umw-ana in-kuru .
Glosses: 1-man 1S-PRES-write-APPL-IMP 1-child 9-story
Translation: The man is writing the child the story.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Juma a-li-va-a kanzu .
Glosses: Juma 1S-PST-wear-FV kanzu
Translation: Juma was wearing a Kanzu.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Juma a-li-val-i-a nguo rasmi .
Glosses: Juma 1S-PST-wear-APPL-FV clothes official
Translation: Juma was dressed up in official/formal clothes.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: #Juma a-li-val-i-a kanzu .
Glosses: Juma 1S-PST-wear-APPL-FV kanzu
Translation: Intended: `Juma was wearing a Kanzu.
Language: Tswana
Transcription: mò-símàné ó-kíbítl-à fá-tlàsé gá-dì-tlhàrè .
Glosses: 1-boy 1S-run.heavily-IMP NEARBY-under LOC-8-tree
Translation: The boy is running with heavy footfall under the trees.
Language: Tswana
Transcription: mò-símàné ó-kíbítl-ȩ̀l-à kwá-tlàsé gá-thàbà .
Glosses: 1-boy 1S-run.heavily-to-IMP DISTANT-under LOC-mountain
Translation: The boy is running with heavy footfall to under the mountain.
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: Yohani a-ri ku-vug-a .
Glosses: John 1S-BE INF-talk-IMP
Translation: John is talking.
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: Yohani a-ri ku-vug-ir-a mu n-zu .
Glosses: John 1S-BE INF-talk-APPL-IMP 18 9-house
Translation: John is talking in the house.
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: Yohani a-ri kw-iruk-a .
Glosses: John 1S-be INF-run-IMP
Translation: John is running.
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: Yohani a-ri kw-iruk-ir-a kw' i-soko .
Glosses: John 1S-BE INF-run-APPL-IMP 17 5-market
Translation: John is running to the market.
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: N-di kw-injir-a mu n-zu .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-enter-IMP 18 9-house
Translation: I am entering the house.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-di kw-injir-ir-a mu n-zu mu mu-ryango .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-enter-APPL-IMP 18 9-house 18 3-door
Translation: I am entering the house through the door.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karemera y-∅-ambuts-e in-yanja .
Glosses: Karemera 1S-PST-cross-PERF 9-ocean
Translation: Karemera crossed the ocean.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karemera y-∅-ambuk-iy-e i Mombasa (mu) n-yanja .
Glosses: Karemera 1S-PST-cross-APPL-PERF 23 Mombasa (18 9-ocean
Translation: Karemera crossed the ocean from Mombasa.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [Ikibazo]: Karemera y-a-gi-ye he ?
Glosses: problem: Karemera 3S-PST-go-PERF where
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Y-iruk-iy-e kw' isoko .
Glosses: 1S-run-APPL-PERF 17 store
Translation: He ran to the store.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Y-irutse-e kw' isoko .
Glosses: 1S-run-PERF 17 store
Translation: (`He ran to the store.') (on intended reading)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-iruk-iy-e mu n-zu .
Glosses: i-run-APPL-PERF 18 9-house
Translation: I ran into the house.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #N-iruts-e mu nzu .
Glosses: i-run-PERF 18 9-house
Translation: I ran into the house.' (on intended reading)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-icay-e ku ma-zi .
Glosses: 1SGS-sit-PERF 17 6-water
Translation: I sat in the water.' (e.g. in a lake or a pool)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-icar-iy-e ama-zi .
Glosses: 1SGS-sit-APPL-PERF 6-water
Translation: I sat in the water.' (e.g. a puddle of water on a bench after it rained)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *N-iruts-e=yo .
Glosses: 1SG-run-PERF=17.LOC
Translation: (`I ran there.') *GOAL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-iruts-e=mwo .
Glosses: 1SG-run-PERF=18.LOC
Translation: I ran inside of somewhere.' (e.g. a house)General Location
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-iruk-iy-e=yo .
Glosses: 1SG-run-APPL-PERF=17.LOC
Translation: I ran (to) there.'GOAL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-iruk-iy-e=mwo .
Glosses: 1SG-run-APPL-PERF=18.LOC
Translation: I ran into there.' GOAL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-di kw-injir-a=mwo .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-enter-IMP=18.LOC
Translation: I am entering.' (e.g. the house)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-di kw-injir-a=yo .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-enter-IMP=17.LOC
Translation: I am entering.' (e.g. a country)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-di kw-injir-ir-a=mwo .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-enter-APPL-IMP=18.LOC
Translation: I am entering through somewhere.' (e.g. a window)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-di kw-injir-ir-a=yo .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-enter-APPL-IMP=17.LOC
Translation: I am entering through somewhere.' (e.g. Canada en route to America)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-di kw-icar-a=yo .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-sit-imp=17.loc
Translation: I am sitting there (e.g. at my house).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-di kw-icar-a=mwo .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-sit-imp=18.loc
Translation: I am sitting there (e.g. inside my car).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-di kw-icar-a=ho .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-sit-imp=16.loc
Translation: I am sitting there (e.g. on a chair).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *N-di kw-icar-ir-a=yo .
Glosses: 1SG-BE INF-sit-imp=17.loc
Translation: I am sitting there (e.g. in my house).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohani y-iruts-e i-ruhanda .
Glosses: John 1-run-PERF 5-road
Translation: John ran on the road.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohani y-a-simbuts-e mu ma-zi .
Glosses: John 1-PST-jump-PERF 18 6-water
Translation: John jumped while in the water.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohani y-a-simbuk-iy-e mu ma-zi .
Glosses: John 1-PST-jump-APPL-PERF 18 6-water
Translation: John jumped into the water.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Habimana a-ri ku-vug-a .
Glosses: Habimana 1S-BE INF-talk-IMP
Translation: Habmiana is talking.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Habimana a-ri ku-vug-a(=*ho/yo/mo).
Glosses: Habimana 1-COP INF-talk-IMP=LOC
Translation: Habimana is talking (there).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Habimana a-ri ku-vug-ir-a(=m(w)o/yo).
Glosses: Habimana 1S-BE INF-talk-APPL-IMP=LOC
Translation: Habimana is talking there.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohani a-ri kw-injir-a mu nzu .
Glosses: John 1-be INF-enter-IMP 18 house
Translation: John entered the house.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohani a-ri kw-injir-ir-a mu muryango mu nzu .
Glosses: John 1-be INF-enter-APPL-IMP 18 door 18 house
Translation: John entered the house through the door.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karemera y-a-tey-e i-buye Nkusi .
Glosses: Karemera 1-PST-throw-PERF 5-rock Nkusi
Translation: Karemera threw the rock at Nkusi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karemera y-a-ter-ey-e i-buye Nkusi .
Glosses: Karemera 1-PST-throw-APPL-PERF 5-ball Nkusi
Translation: Karemera threw the rock to Nkusi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karemera y-a-tey-e i-buye Nkusi , ariko Karemera a-ra-mu-hush-a .
Glosses: Karemera 1S-PST-throw-PERF 5-rock Nkusi, but Karemera 1S-PST-1O-miss-IMP
Translation: Karemera threw the rock at Nkusi, but Karemera missed.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karemera y-a-ter-ey-e i-buye Nkusi , ariko Nkusi nti-y-a-ri-fash-e .
Glosses: Karemera 1S-pst-throw-APPL-PERF 5-rock Nkusi, but Nkusi NEG-1S-PST-5O-catch-PERF
Translation: Karemera threw the rock to Nkusi, but Nkusi didn't catch it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Karemera y-a-tey-e i-buye Nkusi , ariko Nkusi nti-y-a-ri-fash-e .
Glosses: Karemera 1SG-PST-throw-PERF 5-rock Nkusi but Nkusi NEG-1S-PST-5O-catch-PERF
Translation: Karemera threw the rock at Nkusi, but Nkusi didn't catch it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Karemera y-a-ter-ey-e i-buye Nkusi mu nzu .
Glosses: Karemera 1S-PST-throw-APPL-PERF 5-rock Nkusi in 9.house
Translation: Karemera threw the rock at Nkusi in the house.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Umuyobozi y-ubats-e inzu mu mujyi .
Glosses: chief 1S-build-PERF house in town
Translation: The chief built the house in town, (and the chief's location is not explicit).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Umuyobozi y-ubak-iy-e inzu mu mujyi .
Glosses: chief 1S-build-APPL house in town
Translation: The chief built the house in town, (and the chief is obligatorily in the town).
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ∅-a-rum-a ebarwa mu posta .
Glosses: 1S-PST-send-IMP letter in post.office
Translation: S/he sent the letter to the post office.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ∅-a-rum-er-a ebarwa mu posta .
Glosses: 1S-PST-send-LOC-IMP letter in post.office
Translation: S/he sent the letter from the post office.'(Lubukusu)
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: Mw' i-shyamba h-a-tem-e-w-e igi-ti n' umu-higi .
Glosses: 18 5-forest 16S-PST-cut-APPL-PASS-PERF 7-tree by 1-hunter
Translation: In the forest was cut the tree by the hunter.
Language: Kinyarwanda
Transcription: N-a-bon-ey-e umw-ana mw' i-shyamba .
Glosses: 1SGS-PST-see-APPL-PERF 1-child 18 5-forest
Translation: I saw the child in the forest.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N-a-ha-bon-ey-e umw-ana .
Glosses: 1SGS-PST-16O-see-APPL-PERF 1-child
Translation: I saw the child there.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Habimana a-ri ku-vug-a (*mu n-zu).
Glosses: Habimana 1S-BE INF-talk-IMP (*18 9-house
Translation: Habimana is talking (*in the house).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Habimana a-ri ku-vug-ir-a mu n-zu .
Glosses: Habimana 1S-BE INF-talk-APPL-IMP 18 9-house
Translation: Habimana is talking in the house.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Omu-khangarani ∅-a-p-isi-bw-a li-sisi ne omw-ekesi .
Glosses: 1-warrior 1S-PST-hit-CAUS-PASS-IMP 5-wall by 1-teacher
Translation: The warrior was made to hit the wall by the teacher.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Li-sisi ly-a-p-isi-bw-a omu-khangarani ne omw-ekesi .
Glosses: 5-wall 5S-PST-hit-CAUS-PASS-IMP 1-warrior by 1-teacher
Translation: The wall was made to be hit by the warrior by the teacher.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kyle ∅-a-nyw-esy-ebw-a kamalwa ne Mama Leo .
Glosses: Kyle 1S-PST-drink-CAUS-PASS-IMP beer by Mama Leo
Translation: Kyle was made to drink the beer by Mama Leo.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kamalwa k-a-nyw-esy-ebw-a Kyle ne Mama Leo .
Glosses: beer 6S-PST-drink-CAUS-PASS-IMP Kyle by Mama Leo
Translation: The beer was made to be drunk to Kyle by Mama Leo.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-mama u-ø-phek-a i-lambazi .
Glosses: 1a-mother 1a-TNS-cook-a 5-porridge
Translation: Mother is cooking porridge.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-mama u-ø-phek-el-a um-ntwana i-lambazi .
Glosses: 1a-mother 1a-TNS-cook-APP-a 1-child 5-porridge
Translation: Mother is cooking the child porridge.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-mama u-ø-phek-el-a i-lambazi pha-ndle .
Glosses: 1a-mother 1a-TNS-cook-APP-a 5-porridge 16-outside
Translation: Mother is cooking the porridge outside.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-mama u-ø-phek-el-a i-lambazi in-dlala .
Glosses: 1a-mother 1a-TNS-cook-APP-a 5-porridge 9-hunger
Translation: Mother is cooking the porridge due to hunger.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: *U-mama u-ø-phek-el-a i-lambazi .
Glosses: 1a-mother 1a-TNS-cook-APP-a 5-porridge
Translation: Mother is cooking the porridge for/at …
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-mama u-ø-phek-a i-lambazi (pha-ndle).
Glosses: 1a-mother 1a-TNS-cook-a 5-porridge (16-outside)
Translation: Mother is cooking the porridge (outside).
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-sane lu-ya-khal-a .
Glosses: 11-baby 11-TNS-cry-a
Translation: The baby is crying.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-sane lu-ø-khal-el-a u-chago .
Glosses: 11-baby 11-TNS-cry-APP-a 11-milk
Translation: The baby is crying for milk.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-sane lu-ø-khal-el-a pha-ndle .
Glosses: 11-baby 11-TNS-cry-APP-a 16-outside
Translation: The baby is crying outside.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: *U-sane lu-ø-khal-el-a .
Glosses: 11-baby 11-TNS-cry-APP-a
Translation: The baby is crying for/at …
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Sihle u-ø-pha u-sane uku-dla .
Glosses: 1a-Sihle 1a-TNS-give 11-baby 15-food
Translation: Sihle is giving the baby food.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Sihle u-ø-ph-el-a u-mama u-sane uku-dla .
Glosses: 1a-Sihle 1a-TNS-give-APP-a 1a-mother 11-baby 15-food
Translation: Sihle is giving the baby food for mother.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Sihle u-ø-ph-el-a u-sane uku-dla pha-ndle .
Glosses: 1a-Sihle 1a-TNS-give-APP-a 11-baby 15-food 16-outside
Translation: Sihle is giving the baby food outside.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Sihle u-ø-ph-el-a u-sane uku-dla in-dlala .
Glosses: 1a-Sihle 1a-TNS-give-APP-a 11-baby 15-food 9-hunger
Translation: Sihle is giving the baby food for hunger.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: *U-Sihle u-ø-ph-el-a u-sane uku-dla .
Glosses: 1a-Sihle 1a-TNS-give-APP-a 11-baby 15-food
Translation: Sihle is giving the baby food for/at …
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ya-gijim-a .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-run-a
Translation: Themba is running.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-gijim-el-a u-nina .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-run-APP-a 1a-mother
Translation: Themba is running for his mother.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-gijim-el-a e-nkundleni .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-run-APP-a LOC-stadium
Translation: Themba is running to the stadium.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ya-baleka-a .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-flee-a
Translation: Themba is fleeing.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-balek-el-a in-yoka .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-flee-APP-a 9-snake
Translation: Themba is fleeing from the snake.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-balek-el-a e-ndlini .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-flee-APP-a LOC-house
Translation: Themba is fleeing into the house.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-ya e-sitolo .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-go-a LOC-store
Translation: Themba is going to the store.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-y-el-a u-mama e-sitolo .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-go-APP-a 1a-mother LOC-store
Translation: Themba is going to the store for mother.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-y-el-a u-mama e-sitolo / e-sitolo u-mama .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-go-APP-a 1a-mother LOC-store / LOC-store 1a-mother
Translation: Themba is going to the store for (because of) mother.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-y-el-a uku-sebenza e-sitolo /e-sitolo uku-sebenza .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-go-APP-a 15-work LOC-store /LOC-store 15-work
Translation: Themba is going to the store (in order) to work.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-ø-thanyel-a izi-bi .
Glosses: 1a-Musa 1a-TNS-sweep-a 8-trash
Translation: Musa is sweeping the trash.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-ø-thanyel-el-a u-nina izi-bi .
Glosses: 1a-Musa 1a-TNS-sweep-APP-a 1a-mother 8-trash
Translation: Musa is sweeping the trash for her mother.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-thanyel-el-a izi-bi pha-ndle .
Glosses: cl.1a-Musa cl.1a-TNS-sweep-APP-a 8-trash 15-outside
Translation: Musa is sweeping the trash outside.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-thanyel-a pha-nsi .
Glosses: 1a-Musa 1a-TNS-sweep-a 16-down
Translation: Musa is sweeping the floor.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-ø-thanyel-el-a u-nina pha-nsi .
Glosses: 1a-Musa 1a-TNS-sweep-APP-a 1a-mother 16-down
Translation: Musa is sweeping the floor for her mother.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-ø-thanyel-el-a uku-lala pha-nsi .
Glosses: 1a-Musa 1a-TNS-sweep-APP-a 15-sleep 16-down
Translation: Musa is sweeping the floor (in order) to sleep.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-ø-gcob-a u-sana ama-futha .
Glosses: 1a-Musa 1a-TNS-smear-a 11-baby 6-oil
Translation: Musa is smearing the oil onto the baby.’/
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-ø-gcoba-el-a u-nina u-sana ama-futha .
Glosses: 1a-Musa 1a-TNS-smear-APP-a 1a-mother 11-baby 6-oil
Translation: Musa is smearing the oil onto the baby for mother.’ /
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Musa u-ø-gcob-el-a u-sana ama-futha pha-ndle .
Glosses: 1a-Musa 1a-TNS-smear-APP-a 11-baby 6-oil 15-outside
Translation: Musa is smearing the oil onto the baby outside.’ /
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-tshay-a in-yoka .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-hit-a 9-snake
Translation: Themba is hitting a snake.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-tshay-el-a u-Musa in-yoka .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-hit-APP-a 1a-Musa 9-snake
Translation: Themba is hitting the snake for Musa.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-tshay-el-a in-yoka umu-thi .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-hit-APP-a 9-snake 4-medicine
Translation: Themba is hitting the snake for medicine.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-tshay-el-a in-yoka pha-ndle .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-hit-APP-a 9-snake 16-outside
Translation: Themba is hitting the snake outside.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-khab-a um-duli .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-kick-a 4-wall
Translation: Themba is kicking the wall.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-khab-el-a u-Musa um-duli .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-kick-APP-a 1a-Musa 4-wall
Translation: Themba is kicking the wall for Musa.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-khab-el-a um-duli i-mali .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-kick-APP-a 4-wall 9-money
Translation: Themba is kicking the wall for money.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-Themba u-ø-khab-el-a um-duli pha-ndle .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-hit-APP-a 4-wall 16-outside
Translation: Themba is kicking the wall outside.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: Isi-hlahla si-ya-khula .
Glosses: 7-tree 7-TNS-grow-a
Translation: The tree is growing.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: Isi-hlahla si-khul-el-a ko-makhelwane .
Glosses: 7-tree 7-TNS-grow-APP-a LOC-neighbor
Translation: The tree is growing towards/into the neighbors.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: Isi-hlahla si-khulela uku-thi si-dl-iw-e .
Glosses: 7-tree 7-TNS-grow-APP-a 15-that 7-eat-PASS-TNS
Translation: The tree is growing so that it will be eaten.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: U-ngqwaqwane w-a-ncibilik-el-a pha-nsi .
Glosses: 1a-ice 1a-TNS-melt-APP-a 16-down
Translation: The ice melted onto the ground/floor.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: In-hlama i-y-om-a .
Glosses: 9-dough 9-TNS-dry-a
Translation: The dough dries.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: In-hlama y-om-el-a pha-ndle .
Glosses: 9-dough 9-TNS-dry-APP-a 15-outside
Translation: The dough dries outside.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: In-hlama y-om-el-a ukuthi i-langa li-ya-tshisa .
Glosses: 9-dough 9-TNS-dry-APP-a that 5-sun 5-TNS-hot
Translation: The dough dries because the sun is hot.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: Ama-nzi a-ya-qand-a .
Glosses: 6-water 6-TNS-cold-a
Translation: The water is cold.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: Ama-nzi a-qand-el-a e-mbiz-eni .
Glosses: 6-water 6-TNS-cold-APP-a LOC-pot-LOC
Translation: The water is/becomes cold in the pot.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: Ama-nzi a-qand-el-a uku-thi a-se-friji-ni .
Glosses: 6-water 6-TNS-cold-a 15-that 6-LOC-refrigerator-LOC
Translation: The water is/becomes cold because it is in the refrigerator.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: u-Themba w-e-sab-a in-yoka .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-afraid-a 9-snake
Translation: Themba was afraid/scared of the snake.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: u-Themba w-e-sab-el-a in-nyoka uku-luma .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-afraid-APP-a 9-snake 15-bite
Translation: Themba got scared of the snake because it bites.
Language: Sumayela Ndebele
Transcription: u-Themba w-e-sab-el-a in-nyoka e-gusw-ini .
Glosses: 1a-Themba 1a-TNS-afraid-APP-a 9-snake LOC-forest-LOC
Translation: Themba got scared of the snake in the forest.
Language: Palauan
Transcription: te-’illebed-ii a_bilis a_rengalek
Glosses: 3PL-PRF.hit-3SG dog children
Translation: The children hit the dog.
Language: Palauan
Transcription: te-’illebed a_bílis a_rengalek
Glosses: 3PL-PRF.hit dog children
Translation: The children hit a dog/some dogs.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: Dan kara et ha-sefer .
Glosses: Dan read ACC DEF-book
Translation: Dan reads the book.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: *Dan kara ha-sefer .
Glosses: Dan read DEF-book
Translation: (‘Dan reads a book.’)
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: Dan kara sefer .
Glosses: Dan read book
Translation: Dan reads a book.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: *Dan kara et sefer .
Glosses: Dan read ACC book
Translation: (‘Dan reads a book.’)
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: mulopwana o-o-mu-on-a m’miravo .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-1.OM-see-FV 1.boy
Translation: The man has seen the boy.
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: *mulopwana o-o-on-a m’miravo .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-see-FV 1.boy
Translation: (‘The man has seen the boy.’)
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: mulopwana o-o-wo-on-a apaakha .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-2.OM-see-FV 2.cat
Translation: The man has seen the cats.
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: *mulopwana o-o-on-a apaakha .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-see-FV 2.cat
Translation: (‘The man has seen the cats.’)
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: mulopwana o-h-on-a nikhule .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-see-FV 3.rat
Translation: The man has seen the/a rat.
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: *mulopwana o-o-mu-on-a nikhule .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-3.OM-see-FV 3.rat
Translation: (‘The man has seen the rat.’)
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: mulopwana o-h-on-a njojo .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-see-FV 5.giraffe
Translation: The man has seen the/a giraffe.
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: *mulopwana o-o-ni-on-a njojo .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-5.OM-see-FV 5.giraffe
Translation: (‘The man has seen the giraffe.’)
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: mulopwana o-o-on-a ekhuluwe .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-see-FV 7.pig
Translation: The man has seen the/a pig.
Language: Makhuwa
Transcription: *mulopwana o-o-yi-on-a ekhuluwe .
Glosses: 1.man 1.SM-PST-7.OM-see-FV 7.pig
Translation: (‘The man has seen the pig.’)
Language: Makonde
Transcription: nangu ni-ndi-n-kody-a munu n'ng'ande .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-1.OM-find-FV 1.person inside.the.house
Translation: I found someone inside the house.
Language: Makonde
Transcription: *nangu ni-ndi-kody-a munu n'ng'ande .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-find-FV 1.person inside.the.house
Translation: (‘I found someone inside the house.’)
Language: Makonde
Transcription: nangu ni-ndi-va-kody-a vanu n'ng'ande .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-2.OM-find-FV 2.people inside.the.house
Translation: I found some people inside the house.
Language: Makonde
Transcription: *nangu ni-ndi-kody-a vanu n'ng'ande .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-find-FV 2.people inside.the.house
Translation: (‘I found some people inside the house.’)
Language: Makonde
Transcription: nangu ni-ndi-n-nivat-a lipuluputu .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-1.OM-step-FV 5.butterfly
Translation: I stepped on the butterfly (a definite one).
Language: Makonde
Transcription: nangu ni-ndi-n-kang'an-a shiboko na upanga .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-1.OM-poke-FV 7.hippo with 14.machete
Translation: I have poked the hippo (a definite one) with a machete.
Language: Makonde
Transcription: nangu ni-ndi-n-gang'ol-a mbudi .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-1.OM-push-FV 9.goat
Translation: I pushed the goat (a definite one).
Language: Makonde
Transcription: ngw-on-ile lijanga .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-see-PST 5.stone
Translation: I saw a stone.
Language: Makonde
Transcription: *ngw-li-on-ile lijanga .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-5.OM-see-PST 5.stone
Translation: (‘I saw the stone (a definite one).’)
Language: Makonde
Transcription: nangu ni-ndy-on-a shijiko .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-see-FV 7.spoon
Translation: I saw a spoon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *nangu ni-ndy-shi-on-a shijiko .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-7.OM-see-FV 7.spoon
Translation: (‘I saw this spoon (a definite one).’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nangu ni-ndi-nivat-a lipuluputu .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-step-FV 5.butterfly
Translation: I stepped on a butterfly.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nangu ni-ndi-kang'an-a shiboko na upanga .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-poke-FV 7.hippo with 14.machete
Translation: I have poked a hippo with a machete.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nangu ni-ndi-gang'ol-a imbudi .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-push-FV 9.goat
Translation: I pushed a goat (an indefinite one).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ngw-on-ile lijanga a-li .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-see-PST 5.stone this-5
Translation: I have seen this stone (a definite one).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nangu ni-ndy-on-a shijiko a-shi .
Glosses: I 1SG.SM-PST-see-VF 7.spoon this-7
Translation: I saw this spoon (a definite one).
Language: Ronga
Transcription: a-a-khohlw-e xigqoko xa-kwe .
Glosses: 1-T/A-forget-FV 7.hat 7-his
Translation: and (then) (he) forgot his hat (on the ground).
Language: Ronga
Transcription: se ... svi-mui-vitan-a .
Glosses: then... 8.SM-1.OM-call-FV
Translation: Then they called him
Language: Ronga
Transcription: a_ku_va a-tek-a xigqoko lexiya .
Glosses: for 1SM-pick-FV 7.hat that
Translation: in order for him to pick up that hat.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: swi-mui-nyik-et-a .
Glosses: 8.SM-1.OM-hand-CONT-FV
Translation: (then) they handed him back (his hat).
Language: Ronga
Transcription: mufana a-von-ile wansati .
Glosses: 1.boy 1.SM-see-PST 1.woman
Translation: The boy has seen a woman.
Language: Ronga
Transcription: mufana a-mu-von-ile wansati .
Glosses: 1.boy 1.SM-1.OM-see-PST 1.woman
Translation: The boy has seen the woman (a specific and definite one).
Language: Ronga
Transcription: mufana a-von-ile xipixi .
Glosses: 1.boy 1.SM-see-PST 7.cat
Translation: The boy has seen a cat.
Language: Ronga
Transcription: mufana a-xi-von-ile xipixi .
Glosses: 1.boy 1.SM-7.OM-see-PST 7.cat
Translation: The boy has seen the cat (a specific and definite one).
Language: Ronga
Transcription: mufana a-von-ile zambana .
Glosses: 1.boy 1.SM-see-PST 5.potato
Translation: The boy has seen a potato.
Language: Ronga
Transcription: mufana a-dri-von-ile zambana .
Glosses: 1.boy 1.SM-5.OM-see-PST 5.potato
Translation: The boy has seen the potato (a specific and definite one).
Language: Changana
Transcription: ni-tiv-a mufana .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-know-FV 1.boy
Translation: I know a boy.
Language: Changana
Transcription: na-mu-tiv-a a mufana .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-1.OM-know-FV PART 1.boy
Translation: I know the boy (a specific and definite one).
Language: Changana
Transcription: xin’wanani xi-rhandz-a madonsi .
Glosses: 7.child 7.SM-like-FV 6.candy
Translation: The child likes candies.
Language: Changana
Transcription: xin’wanani xa-ma-rhandz-a madonsi .
Glosses: 7.child 7.SM-6.OM-like-FV 6.candy
Translation: The child likes the candies (a specific and definite type of candy).
Language: Egyptian
Transcription: šuft-uh .
Glosses: see-3SG.M
Translation: I saw him.
Language: Egyptian
Transcription: šuft il-walad .
Glosses: see the-boy
Translation: I saw the boy.
Language: Ronga
Transcription: mufana a-gam-ile ku-xi-b-a xipixi .
Glosses: 1.boy 1.SM-finish-PST INF-7.OM-hit-FV 7.cat
Translation: The boy finished hitting the dog.
Language: Ronga
Transcription: *mufana a-xi-gam-ile ku-b-a xipixi .
Glosses: 1.boy 1.SM-7.OM-finish-PST INF-hit-FV 7.cat
Translation: (‘The boy finished hitting the dog.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ngonyama yi-dlay-iw-ile hi muhloti .
Glosses: 9.lion 9.SM-kill-PASS-PST by 1.hunter
Translation: The lion was killed (by the hunter).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *ngonyama yi-*yi-dlay-iw-ile hi muhloti .
Glosses: 9.lion 9.SM-9.OM-kill-PASS-PST by 1.hunter
Translation: (‘The lion was killed (by the hunter).’)
Language: Ronga
Transcription: nahani a-svek-el-a vapfumba tihlampfi .
Glosses: 1.aunt 1.SM-cook-APPL-FV 2.guest 10.fish
Translation: My aunt is cooking fish for the guests.
Language: Ronga
Transcription: hahani a-va-svek-el-a tihlampfi vapfumba .
Glosses: 1.aunt 1.SM-2.OM-cook-APPL-FV 10.fish 2.guest
Translation: My aunt is cooking fish for them, the guests (and not chicken).
Language: Ronga
Transcription: vapfumba va-svek-el-iw-a tihlampfi (hi hahani).
Glosses: 2.guest 2.SM-cook-APPL-PASS-FV 10.fish by 1.aunt
Translation: The guests are being cooked some fish (by my aunt).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *hahani a-va-svek-el-a vapfumba tihlampfi
Glosses: 1.aunt 1.SM-2.OM-cook-APPL-FV 2.guest 10.fish
Translation: (*‘My aunt is cooking fish for them, the guests.’)
Language: Ganda
Transcription: O-mu-sóta gw-áá-kútte e-mmése .
Glosses: 3A-3PX-snake 3SM-PAST-catch.PERF 9A-9.rat
Translation: A/The snake caught a/the rat.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: A-fúmb-íir-á á-b-áana e-m-mére .
Glosses: 1SM-cook-APPL-FS 2A-2PX-children 9A-9PX-food
Translation: She cooks food for the children.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: A-fúmb-ír-á ání e-m-mére ?
Glosses: 1SM-cook-APPL-FS who 9A-9PX-food
Translation: Who does she cook the food for?
Language: Ganda
Transcription: *A-fúmb-ír-á é-m-mére aní ?
Glosses: 1SM-cook-APPL-FS 9A-9PX-food who
Translation: (‘Who does she cook the food for?’)
Language: Ganda
Transcription: O-mu-sómésa y-a-wá á-b-áanà e-m-mére .
Glosses: 1A-1PX-teacher 1SM-PAST-give 2A-2PX-children 9A-9PX-food
Translation: The teacher gave the children food.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: O-mu-sómésa y-a-wá kí á-b-áanà ?
Glosses: 1A-1PX-teacher 1SM-PAST-give what 2A-2PX-children
Translation: What did the teacher give the children?
Language: Ganda
Transcription: *O-mu-sómésa ya-wá à-b-áana kí ?
Glosses: 1A-1PX-teacher 1SM.PAST-give 2A-2PX-children what
Translation: (‘What did the teacher give the children?’)
Language: Ganda
Transcription: A-fúmbyé á-tyá e-m-púúta ?
Glosses: 1SM-cook.PERF 1-how 9A-9PX-Nile.perch
Translation: How has she cooked the Nile perch?
Language: Ganda
Transcription: A-gi-fúmbyé búlúngi .
Glosses: 1SM-9OM-cook.PERF well
Translation: She has cooked it well.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: (E-m-púúta) a-gi-fúmbyé búlúngi .
Glosses: 9A-9PX-Nile.perch 1SM-9OM-cook.PERF well
Translation: (The Nile perch) She has cooked it well.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Y-a-gúl-ir-a a-b-áana e-bí-tábó .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-buy-APPL 2A-2PX-children 8A-8PX-books
Translation: He bought the children books.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Y-á-gúlíddé _-m-mótoka _-mu-píira .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-buy.PERF 9PX-car 3PX-tyre
Translation: He BOUGHT A TYRE FOR THE CAR.’ (i.e. this was the only work he did)
Language: Ganda
Transcription: #Y-á-gúl-íddé _-m-mótoka _-mu-píira , sí picipici .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-buy.PERF 9PX-car 3PX-tyre NEG.COP motorbike
Translation: HE BOUGHT A TYRE FOR THE CAR, not for the motorcycle.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Mu-no mú-súlá-mú àni ?
Glosses: 18-DEM 18SM-sleep-18LOC who
Translation: Who sleeps in here?
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Mu-no mú-súlá-mú mu-lalû .
Glosses: 18-DEM 18SM-sleep-18LOC 1PX-crazy
Translation: It’s a mad person who sleeps here.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Ku-kyalo kw-á-f-íír-á-kó o-mu-sájja .
Glosses: 17-7.village 17SM-PAST-die-APPL-FS-17LOC 1A-1PX-man
Translation: In the village died the man.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: E-m-mése o-mu-sóta gy-e gw-a-kuttê .
Glosses: 9A-9PX-rat 3A-3PX-snake 9-e 3SM-PAST-catch.PRF
Translation: It’s a/the rat that the snake caught.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: O-mu-sóta gw-e gw-á-lya e-m-mése .
Glosses: 3A-3PX-snake 3-e 3SM-PAST-eat 9A-9PX-rat
Translation: It’s a/the snake that ate the rat.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: E-ggulo lw-e y-a-limyé .
Glosses: 11A-yesterday 11-e 1SM-PAST-dig.PERF
Translation: It’s yesterday that he dug.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Aní gw-e w-á-kúbyȇ ?
Glosses: who 1-e 2SG.SM-PAST-hit.PERF
Translation: Who is it that you hit?
Language: Ganda
Transcription: #Sí-rí-nâ . / Te-wá-lî .
Glosses: NEG.1SG.SM-be-with _ NEG-16SM-be
Translation: Nobody.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: W-á-kúbyé ání ?
Glosses: 2SG.SM-PAST-hit.PERF who
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Sí-rí-nâ . / Te-wá-lî .
Glosses: NEG.1SG.SM-be-with _ NEG-16SM-be
Translation: Nobody.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Y-á-kúbyé o-mu-ntu .
Glosses: 1SM-PAST-hit.PERF 1A-1PX-person
Translation: He hit someone.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: O-mu-ntu gw-e y-a-kubyȇ .
Glosses: 1A-1PX-person 1-e 1SM-PAST-hit.PERF
Translation: It’s a person he hit.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: O-mu-ntu a-gudde .
Glosses: 1A-1PX-person 1SM-fall.PERF
Language: Ganda
Transcription: O-mu-ntu y’ aa-gudde .
Glosses: 1A-1PX-person 1.e 1SM-fall.PERF
Translation: It’s a human being who fell.
Language: Hungarian
Transcription: Kkápa Thomas gy-e a-li-nâ ?
Glosses: 9.cat 1.Thomas 9-e 1SM-be-with
Translation: Is it a cat that Thomas has?
Language: Hungarian
Transcription: Nédda , sí y-okkâ , Thomas a-li-ná n’ á-ká-myû .
Glosses: no NEG.COP 9-only 1.Thomas 1SM-be-with and 12A-12PX-rabbit
Translation: No, not only, Thomas also has a rabbit.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Thomas a-li-ná kkápâ ?
Glosses: 1.Thomas 1SM-be-with 9.cat
Translation: Does Thomas have a cat?
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Yee , Thomas a-li-ná kkápa .
Glosses: yes 1.Thomas 1SM-be-with 9.cat
Translation: Yes, Thomas has a cat.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Yee , Thomas a-li-ná kkápa , nayé a-li-ná ne á-ká-myû .
Glosses: yes 1.Thomas 1SM-be-with 9.cat but 1SM-be-with and 12A-12PX-rabbit
Translation: Yes, Thomas has a cat, but he has a rabbit too.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kikáámuláli e-ki-myúfu Maria ky-e a-li-ná ?
Glosses: 7.pepper 7A-7PX-red 1.Maria 7-e 1SM-be-with
Translation: Is it a red pepper that Maria has?
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Ye , kyokka/naye a-li-ná ne e-ky-á ky-énvu .
Glosses: yes only/but 1SM-be-with also 7-7-CONN 7-yellow
Translation: Yes, only/but she also has a yellow one.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: #Era/ate a-li-ná ne e-ky-á ky-énvu .
Glosses: and/and.even 1SM-be-with also 7-7-CONN 7-yellow
Translation: And she also has a yellow one.