lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɤndʑɯɣ nɯ kɯnɤ , tʰɯci kʰɯtsa kɯfse ɯŋgɯ turkunɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-resin DEM also something bowl SBJ:PCPbe.like 3SG-inside IPFV-put.in-PL LNK
Translation: The resin, people put it into something like a bowl.” (07-tAtho)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe mɤʑɯ tʰɯtʰɤci tannɯrkunɯ kɯma
Glosses: LNK yet something AOR:3→3-AUTO-put.in-PL SFP
Translation: They also probably gave them something else.' (02-deluge 2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯmqlaʁ tʰɯmqlaʁ ma tʰɯci fse ci ndʐa cʰɯɕe ɕti
Glosses: IMP:swallow IMP:swallow LNK something be.like:FACT INDEF reason IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Swallow it, swallow it, it comes down [into your throat] for some reason.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: slama ra ɣɯ tʰɯtʰɤci kɯfse , kɤrɤβzjoz ra ɲɯstu mɯ́jstunɯ , nɯstu ɲɯnɤmanɯ mɯ́jnɤmanɯ , nɯnɯra nɯpʰama ra nɯɕki kɯrɤfɕɤt ɲɯra .
Glosses: student PL GEN something SBJ:PCP-be.like INF-ANTIPASS-learn PL SENS-try.hard-PL NEG:SENS-try.hard-PL 3SG.POSS-right SENS-do-PL NEG:SENS-do-PL DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-parent PL 3PL-DAT GENR:S/O-tell SENS-be.needed
Translation: One had to tell the parents all kinds of things concerning the students, whether they try hard or not, whether they work seriously or not.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯci nɤmea ra , mɯci nɤmea ra
Glosses: something do[III]:fact-1SG be.needed:FACT something do[III]:fact-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to do this and that (so I cannot do X).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laχɕi ci pjɯβzjoza , tʰɯci akɤspa ci apɯtu ɲɯra
Glosses: trade INDEF IPFV-learn-1SG something 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-be.able INDEF IRR-PFV-exist SENS-be.needed
Translation: I have to learn a trade, to have something I am able to do.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯwɣrum ɯŋgɯz kɯnɤ tʰɯci kɯɤpɣɯlu kɯfse ci ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK SBJ:PCP-be.white 3SG.POSS-inside:LOC also something SBJ:PCP-greyish SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF be:FACT LNK
Translation: [Silver] is white with a little greyish colour.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯpa tʰɯtʰɤci totia ?
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-down something IFR-say-1SG
Translation: What did I say after that?' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004055#S69"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki mbro ki ɲɯkɤntsɣe tɕe , [kɯmaʁ tʰɯci] ɲɯkɤsɤndu tonɯkrɤzndʑi
Glosses: DEM:PROX horse DEM:PROX IPFV-INF-sell LNK other something IPFV-INF-exchange IFR-discuss-DU
Translation: They discussed about selling their horse, and exchanging it for something else.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤnɯβlɯ tɕe ɕkrɤz wuma ʑo pe ma nɯnɯ , nɯnɯ ɣɯ ɯsmɯmba nɯ sɤɕke , tɕendɤre tsʰitsuku kúwɣsqa tɕe , ʑaʑa ʑo kuɣɤsmi cʰa , tsʰitsuku túwɣsɯɤla tɕe , ʑaʑa tusɯɤle cʰa .
Glosses: INF-AUTO-burn LNK oak really EMPH be.good:FACT LNK DEM DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-flame DEM burning LNK whatever IPFV-INV-cook LNK soon EMPH IPFV-CAUS-be.cooked can:FACT whatever IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.boiling LNK soon IPFV-CAUS-CAUS-be.boiling[III] can:FACT
Translation: For burning, oak is very good, the flames [from its wood] are very hot, whatever one cooks, it cooks it quickly, whatever one boils, it boils it quickly.' (08-CkrAz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003444#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯtɕu kɯnɤ ɯjaʁ ɯntsi tɤɲi pjɯsɤtse ɯjaʁ ɯntsi kɯ tsʰitsuku ɲɯznɤme qhe , ʑara nɯndzɤtsʰi tuβze , fsapaʁ ra nɯndzɤtsʰi ɲɯβze
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC also 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair staff IPFV-plant[III] 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair ERG whatever IPFV-CAUS-do[III] LNK 3PL 3PL.POSS-food IPFV-make[III] animal PL 3PL.POSS-food IPFV-make[III]
Translation: Even like that, she supports herself with a staff in one hand, and with the other hand she does all kinds of things, makes their food, she makes food for the animals.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰitsuku mɯtoti , qʰe tɕendɤre kɯrŋgɯ jonɯɕe qʰe konɯrŋgɯ .
Glosses: whatever NEG-IFR-say LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-lay.down IFR-go.back LNK IFR-AUTO-lay.down
Translation: He did not said anything, went back to sleep and laid down in bed.' (150902 qixian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006258#S90"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕaχkɤr kʰɯtsa nɯ ʁo tʰam qʰe ɕɯmɤɕɯ kɯ kunɯntɕʰoznɯ ɕti
Glosses: tin bowl DEM ADVERS now LNK anybody ERG IPFV-AUTO-use-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Now anybody can use tin bowls.' (unlike before, when only important people could use it, 160702 khWtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ciscʰiz , tɤtsʰoʁ ɯtaʁ kɯfse , tɤjtsi ɯtaʁ kɯfse , nɯnɯra , nɯnɯtɕu kúwɣβraʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: somewhere nail 3SG-ON SBJ:PCP-be.like, INDEF.POSS-pillar 3SG-ON SBJ:PCP-be.like, DEM:PL DEM:LOC IPFV-INV-attach LNK
Translation: One attaches [their noseband] somewhere, like on a nail, on a pillar.' (150902 kAxtCAr) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006308#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ciscʰiz ri túwɣznɯndzɯ tɕe ɲɯ́wɣta .
Glosses: DEM somewhere LOC IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.vertical LNK IPFV:WEST-INV-put
Translation: One puts it vertically somewhere.' (14-tasa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003510#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: apɯwɯ , [ŋotɕu lɤtɯrŋgɯ ʑo qʰe], nɯtɕu rɤʑitɕi ŋu ma ,
Glosses: 1SG-donkey where AOR:UPSTREAM-2-lay.down EMPH LNK DEM:LOC stay:FACT-1DU be:FACT because
Translation: My donkey, we will stay wherever you lay down.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tʰɤjtɕu fsaŋ kɤta tɤra] ʑo tɕe nɯnɯ tuβlɯnɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: when fumigation INF-put AOR-be.needed EMPH LNK DEM IPFV-burn-PL LNK
Translation: Whenever there is need to make fumigations, they burn it.' (15-YaBrWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕʰi kɤcʰa] ʑo cʰɯpʰɯtnɯ ,
Glosses: what INF-can EMPH IPFV-remove-PL
Translation: People do whatever they can to remove [this plant].' (12-Zmbroko) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003490#S116"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lúwɣsti tɕe tɕe nɯ ɯŋgɯ [tɕʰi pɯnɯŋɯ~ŋu] nɯ ɲɯmɲɤt mɯ́jcʰa
Glosses: IPFV-INV-block LNK LNK DEM 3SG-inside what PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM IPFV-be.spoiled NEG:SENS-can
Translation: One seals [its opening] and whatever [food] is inside will not be spoiled.' (150828 kodAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕʰi tɤtɯnɯtɯ~tɯt] ʑo juɣi ɕti
Glosses: what AOR-2-AUTO-say[II] EMPH IPFV-come be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Whatever you say will come.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɕʰi kɯstɯ~stua ʑo ŋu
Glosses: 2SG what 2→1-do.like:FACT-1SG EMPH be:FACT
Translation: Whatever you do to me [will be fine].' (28-qajdoskAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003718#S38"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯsqar nɯ kɯrɯ tɯrme ra mɤkɯrga maka ʑo me , [ɕɯ pɯnɯŋɯ~ŋu] ʑo , tɯsqar apɯtu qʰe , tɕendɤre , nɯkɤndza turtaʁ ɕti ,
Glosses: tsampa DEM Tibetan person PL NEG-SBJ:PCP-like at.all EMPH not.exist:FACT who PST.IPFV-AUTO-be EMPH tsampa IRR-IPFV-exist LNK LNK 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat IPFV-be.enough be:AFF:FACT
Translation: Among Tibetan people, everybody likes tsampa (`there is no one who does not like it'), no matter who, if they have tsampa, they have enough to eat.' (2002 tWsqar2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [ɕɯ kɯ panɯmtɯ~mtonɯ] ʑo kɯki ɣɯ , nɯkʰa ɣɯ nɯmɯntoʁ nɯ cʰondɤre nɯɕoŋpʰu nɯra tɕe , mɤʑɯ nɯ<cai> nɯra , pjɯɣɤmɯnɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK who ERG AOR:3→3-see-PL EMPH DEM.PROX GEN 3PL.POSS-house GEN 3PL.POSS-flower DEM COMIT 3PL.POSS-tree DEM:PL LNK yet 3PL.POSS-vegetable DEM:PL IPFV-praise-PL LNK
Translation: Whoever saw it, the flowers and the trees and the vegetables of their house, they praised it.' (150824 yuanding-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006270#S29"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕime ri tɯrdoʁ ma me , tɕendɤre nɯʑo [ɕɯ ɣɯ nɯnɯkʰɯ~kʰota] ʑo mɯ́jnɯtɯtʂaŋ ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: lady also one-piece apart.from not.exist:FACT LNK 2PL who GEN AOR-AUTO-give-PST:TR-1SG EMPH NEG:SENS-be.fair be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: There is only one princess, and regardless of whom among you all I give her hand to, it will be unfair.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ŋotɕu nɯ́wɣtɯ~ta] ʑo kɯpɤz ɲɯβze ɲɯɕti
Glosses: where IPFV-INV-INDEFINITE~put EMPH type.of.bug IPFV-grow SENS-be.AFF
Translation: Bugs will grow wherever you put [the meat].' (28-kWpAz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003714#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤsɯfse kɯ ʑo tanɯ maʁ
Glosses: all ERG EMPH put:FACT-PL not.be:FACT
Translation: Not everybody puts it.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɲɯrɯri kɯ `nɯnɯ ɲɯpe' ntsɯ totinɯ
Glosses: everybody ERG DEM SENS-be.good always IFR-say-PL
Translation: Everybody said `It is nice!” (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci ɣɯ tɤtɕɯ , ci ɣɯ tɕʰeme tɯ~tɤtu nɤ , ʁzɤmi kukɤsɯβzu
Glosses: one GEN INDEF.POSS-son one GEN INDEF.POSS-son COND~AOR-exist LNK husband.and.wife IPFV-INF-CAUS-make
Translation: If one of them has a boy, and the other one has a girl, let us make them husband and wife.' (2003 zrAntCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci tʰɯkɯrgɯ~rgɤz ɲɯɕti tɕe , ci kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ɲɯɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: one AOR-SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.old C-be.AFF LNK one AOR-SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.old C-be.AFF LNK
Translation: One of them has grown very old, and one of them is very small.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora ci kɯ atɯci ci jutɯɣɯtnɯ ɯ́jɤɣ
Glosses: 2PL one ERG 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water a.little IPFV-2-bring-PL QU-be.possible:FACT
Translation: Could one of you bring me some water?' (150904 zhongli-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ li qaʑo nɯ kɯɲaʁ tu , kɯwɣrum tu , kɯɤɣɯnɯɕɯr kɯfse tu , kɯɤrŋɯlɯz tu , tɕe nɯnɯ ʑaka ɯmdoʁ tu ma
Glosses: LNK DEM again sheep DEM SBJ:PCP-be.black exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.white exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.reddish SBJ:PCP-be.like exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.blueish exist:FACT LNK DEM each.his.own 3SG.POSS-colour exist:FACT LNK
Translation: There are black sheep, white ones, reddish ones, blueish ones, each has his own colour (they come in all types of colors).' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li ʑaka nɯrmi tu ,
Glosses: again each.his.own 3PL.POSS-name exist:FACT
Translation: Each have their own names.' (150903 tWmNu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006280#S10"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma kɯmaʁ nɯra aj mɯ́jsɯχsala ri , tɤkʰepɣɤtɕɯ nɯ sɯχsala
Glosses: LNK other DEM:PL 1SG NEG:SENS-recognize but bird.sp DEM recognize:FACT-1SG
Translation: The other ones I don't recognize them, but the tɤkʰepɣɤtɕɯ bird, I do recognize it.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmaʁ/kɯɕte nɯtɯtat ŋu ɯmaʁ ?
Glosses: other AOR-2-put-TR:PST be:FACT QU-not.be:FACT
Translation: Did you put it somewhere else?' (elicitated1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmaʁ/kɯɕte ci nɯtɯtat ŋu ɯmaʁ ?
Glosses: other INDEF AOR-2-put-TR:PST be:FACT QU-not.be:FACT
Translation: Did you put something else?' (elicitated1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯsŋi mɤkɯtsu qʰe li kɯmaʁ ci juɣɯt qʰe , li ɯzda ɲɯnɯɕar ɲɯɕti . tɕe nɯnɯ maka kɯjka nɯ ŋɤn ma , ɯzda nɯ nɯme ɯqʰu mɤkɯnɤrʑaʁ tɕe kɯmaʁ ɲɯɕar ɲɯɕti tɕe mɯ́jpe tutinɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: three-day NEG-INF:STAT-pass LNK again other INDEF IPFV-bring LNK again 3SG.POSS-companion IPFV-AUTO-search SENS-be.AFF LNK DEM completely pyrrhocorax DEM be.evil:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-companion DEM AOR-not.exist 3SG.POSS-after NEG-INF:STAT-spend.time LNK other IPFV-search SENS-be.AFF LNK NEG:SENS-be.good IPFV-say-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: Not even three days [after hunters kill its mate, the Pyrrhocorax] brings another one, it looks for another mate. People say that the Pyrrhocorax is not nice, because not long after its mate has died, it looks for another one, it is not good.' (22-CAGpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003586#S79"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯjaʁ kɯ ki tuste luznaʁje ɲɯŋu ri , tɕe ci nɯ kɯ ɯjaʁ kumtsɯɣ ɲɯɕti qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hand ERG DEM:PROX IPFV-do.like[III] IPFV-reach.into[III] SENS-be but LNK INDEF DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-hand IPFV-bite SENS-be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: [The cat]_i reaches with its_i paw [into the hole] like this, but the other one (the weasel) bites its_i paw.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ci nɯnɯ juɕe ɯkʰɯkʰa ci nɯ kɯ ɯpu tundze , cʰɯrɤɕi .
Glosses: LNK INDEF DEM IPFV-go 3SG-while INDEF DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-intestine IPFV-eat[III] IPFV-pull
Translation: While one of the two (i.e. the prey) is (still) going, the other one (i.e. the predator) eats and pulls its intestine.' (20-RmbroN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci nɯni ɣɯ nɯ , ndʑitamar rɟɤɣi pjɤŋu tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ ɯʑo kɯ tondza
Glosses: INDEF DEM:DU GEN DEM 3DU.POSS-INDEF.POSS-butter tsampa IPFV.IFR-be:FACT LNK LNK DEM 3SG ERG IFR-eat
Translation: The tsampa of the other two [sisters] was butter tsampa, and she ate it.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa ci χsɯm nɯ mɯjoɣinɯ kɯ
Glosses: the.aforementioned INDEF three DEM NEG-IFR-come-PL ERG
Translation: The three other ones, without coming, (said…)' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ɯkʰɤpa zɯ , ki kɯfse tɯrʑaʁ luznɯfsoʁspata kuomdzɯa .
Glosses: people 3SG.POSS-yard LOC DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like one-night IPFV-do.the.whole.night-1SG IPFV-sit-1SG
Translation: I would spend an entire night from dusk till dawn sitting in someone else's animal yard.' (2010-histoire09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li nɯ toti ri ,
Glosses: again DEM IFR-say LNK
Translation: [Gesar] said the same thing to the [snow leopard].' (gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmu nɯ kurqoʁ tɕe ki tuste tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother DEM IPFV-hug LNK DEM:PROX IPFV-do.like[III] LNK
Translation: It hugs its mother like that.' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂʰa kɤnɯta tɤra , smi kɤβlɯ tɤra pɯnɯŋu , tʰamaka skonɯ pɯnɯŋu , tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ smi tusɯtɕɤtnɯ .
Glosses: tea INF-AUTO-put AOR-be.needed fire AOR-burn AOR-be.needed PST.IPFV-AUTO-be tobacco smoke:FACT-PL PST.IPFV-AUTO-be LNK DEM ERG fire IPFV-CAUS-take.out-PL
Translation: When they need to boil tea, to make a fire or smoke tobacco, people light up the fire with it.' (15-babW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003512#S209"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki aslama ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-student be:FACT
Translation: This a [former] student of mine.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki kɯ taβzu ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX ERG AOR:3→3-make
Translation: Did she make it?' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯ~mɤpɯjɤɣ tɕe mɤɣitɕi ma kɯki nɯ fstɯntɕi ra ma tɕiβɣe ɯku tʰɯkɯɣɤrndi
Glosses: COND~NEG-PST.IPFV-be.acceptable LNK NEG-come:FACT-1DU LNK DEM:PROX DEM serve:FACT-1DU be.needed:FACT LNK 1DU.POSS-orphan 3SG.POSS-head AOR-SBJ:PCP-support
Translation: If it is not possible [to take the old man with us] we will not come, as we have to serve him, he is the one who adopted us orphans when we were in dire straits.' (The old man is presumably present when this sentence is uttered) (2003nyima2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯmŋu nɯtɕu zɯ li , qapri , nɤki , kɯɲaʁ nɯ kɯ kɯwɣrum nɯ ɯqiɯ ʑo cʰɤmqlaʁ tɕe nɯ pjɤrɤʑindʑi .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-bank DEM:LOC LOC again snake FILLER SBJ:PCP-be.black DEM ERG SBJ:PCP-be.white DEM 3SG.POSS-half EMPH IFR-swallow LNK DEM IFR.IPFV-stay-DU
Translation: On the bank [of the lake], there was again a black snake that had swallowed half of a white snake, and they were staying [stuck] like that.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S99"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kutɕu koqanɯ pʰoʁpʰoʁ ʑo , nɤki nɯtɕu ɯkóqanɯ ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC IFR-be.dark IDPH(II):completely EMPH DEM:MEDIAL DEM:LOC QU-IFR-be.dark
Translation: Here (in Mbarkhams) it is already dark, is it [also] dark at your place (in Paris)?' (phone conversation, 14.12.24, referring to the time lag between Paris and Mbarkham)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki kɯra ɲɯkʰama tɕe nɤki nɯ aʑɯɣ nɯkʰɤm je
Glosses: DEM:PROX DEM:PROX:PL IPFV-give-1SG LNK DEM:MEDIAL DEM 1SG:GEN IMP-give SFP
Translation: I give [you] these [toys], give me that one.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <luohan> nɯnɯ nɤki ɲɯŋu loβ , skɯ ɲɯŋu loβ
Glosses: Arhat DEM DEM:CATAPH SENS-be SFP statue SENS-be SFP
Translation: An Arhat is… it is Buddhist statue.' (150829 jidian)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɯci ɣɯ ɯtaʁ nɯnɯtɕu , nɤki ɲɤχtɤr , iɕqʰa <yujinxiang> kɤti mɯntoʁ nɯ ɣɯ ɯjwaʁ nɯ ɲɤχtɤr .
Glosses: LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-water GEN 3SG-on DEM:LOC DEM:CATAPH IFR-spread the.aforementionned tulip OBJ:PCP-say flower DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM IFR-spread
Translation: She spilled on the water… she spilled the petals of the flower called “tulip”.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006334#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯŋa ra nɤki ŋu ɕi , tɕe ɲɯtɯnɤm qʰe , tɕe ʑara kunnɯɣinɯ ŋu ɕi ?
Glosses: LNK 2SG.POSS-cow PL DEM:CATAPH be:FACT QU LNK IPFV:WEST-2-chase[III] LNK LNK 3PL IPFV:EAST-AUTO-VERT-come-PL be:FACT QU
Translation: And your cows, are they (still) like that, you let them out of the pen (in the morning), and they come back home on their own (in the evening)?' (taRrdo conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰopi kɯ ɴqiazwɤr ci ɲɯmɯm rca ɲɯsaχaʁ ʑo tɕe nɤki tustunɯ ɲɯŋu ɲɯti , ɲɯpʰɯtnɯ qʰe kɯzri ... ki jamar ʑo kɯzri ɲɯpʰɯtnɯ qʰe nɤki , ɯku ɯmtɯ kɯfse nɯtɕu kúwɣndo qʰe tɕe ɯpa nɯ , ɯjwaʁ nɯ cʰɯχɕoʁnɯ ɲɯŋu ...
Glosses: ANTHR ERG bitter.wormwood INDEF SENS-be.tasty UNEXPECT SENS-be.extremely EMPH LNK DEM:CATAPH IPFV-do.like-PL SENS-be SENS-say IPFV-take.out-PL LNK SBJ:PCP-be.long DEM:PROX about EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV-take.out-PL LNK DEM:CATAPH 3SG.POSS-head 3SG.POSS-crest SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:LOC IPFV-INV-take LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-under DEM 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-take.out-PL SENS-be
Translation: Kebei says that bitter wormwood is very tasty, and that they prepare it in the following way: they pluck (wormwoods) that are this big, take it by something that looks like a crest on the top, and prune away the leaves under it… (continued by several paragraphs)' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɤki nɯra , mkʰɤrmaŋ ra pjɤrɯsɯsonɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:CATAPH DEM:PL people PL IFR-think-PL LNK
Translation: And these, the people thought about it.' (150829 jidian-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbrosta ci tu tɕe , nɯtɕu zɯ mbro nɯ aja .
Glosses: stable INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM:LOC LOC horse DEM PASS-keep.attached:FACT
Translation: There are stables (in this palace), and the horse is kept there.' (140507 jinniao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003931#S170"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia , kɯre pɯɕtia .
Glosses: 1SG NEG-PST.IPFV-stay DEM.PROX:LOC PST.IPFV-be.AFF-1SG
Translation: I was not present [there], I was here.' (conversation140510 )
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kukutɕu , <zhuanmen>, nɤkinɯ , tɯɕɣa ɯkɯnɯsmɤn , tɕetʰi , ndɯcʰu kɯre ri rɤʑi ma , nɯnɯ wuma ʑo mkʰɤz tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM.PROX:LOC specially FILLER INDEF.POSS-tooth 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-treat downstream west:APPROX.LOC DEM.PROX:LOC LOC stay:FACT LNK DEM really EMPH be.expert:FACT LNK
Translation: Here (in Mbarkham), there is someone who specially treats teeth in the west (of Mbarkham).' (27-tApGi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003706#S130"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu kurɤʑinɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM:LOC IPFV-stay-PL SENS-be
Translation: They live there.' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo akɯ kɤntɕʰaʁ ri kɤaria tɕe , nɯ kóʁmɯz kɯre nɯnɯɣea
Glosses: 1SG east street LOC AOR:EAST-go[II]-1SG LNK DEM only.after DEM.PROX:LOC AOR:WEST-VERT-come[II]-1SG
Translation: I went there on the street, I just came back here.' (conversation, 2013-12-02)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βɣɤtu nɯ ɣɯ ɯχcɤl ri spoʁ . … nɯnɯtɕu tɕe kɤɣndʑɯr ɯspa nɯra pjɯ́wɣlɤt .
Glosses: upper.grindstone DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-middle LOC have.a.hole:FACT … DEM:LOC LNK OBJ:PCP-grind 3SG.POSS-material DEM:PL IPFV-INV-throw
Translation: There is a hole in the middle of the upper grindstone, into which one pours [the grains] that are to be ground.' (160705 khABGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <qidian> tɕe tɤmŋɤm taʑa apɯŋu tɕe , tɕe nɯnɯ tɯsŋi nɯ tumŋɤm , tɯrʑaʁ nɯ tumŋɤm tɕe , ɯfso <qidian> mɤɕtʂa nɯ mɯ́jʑi tɕe nɯtɕu tɕe kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi tɯʑi ɲɯʑe ɲɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: seven.o'clock LNK AOR-hurt AOR:3→3-start IRR-IPFV-be LNK LNK DEM one-day DEM IPFV-hurt one-night DEM IPFV-hurt LNK 3SG.POSS-tomorrow seven.o'clock until DEM NEG:SENS-subside LNK DEM:LOC LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INF-subside IPFV-start[III] SENS-be LNK
Translation: (For instance), if [the headache] starts at seven o'clock, it hurts for one day and one night, and subsides only in the next day at seven, at that time it starts to subside a little.' (24-pGArtsAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu tɯrme nɯra pɤjkʰu pjɤme ɲɯŋu tɕe .
Glosses: DEM:LOC people DEM:PL yet IFR.IPFV-not.exist SENS-be LNK
Translation: At that time (i.e. the time of the dinosaurs), humans did not exist yet.' (180421 bawanglong)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri nɯtɕu kɯnɤ tɕiʑo kɤndʑiβzaŋsa nɯ mɯpɯnɯqiatɕi
Glosses: but DEM:LOC also 1DU COLL:friend DEM NEG-AOR-AUTO-tear.down-1DU
Translation: But even under those circumstances (i.e. working in different places, and meeting only once a year), we did not lose our friendship.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa nɤkinɯ <piqiu> nɯ ɯrmi kɤspata . nɤki , tsʰuβdɯn ra kɯ rgoŋlu tutinɯ ɲɯŋu . iʑora , tɕe kutɕu tɕe nɯ tutia ŋu .
Glosses: FILLER FILLER ball DEM 3SG.POSS-name AOR-be.able-PST:TR-1SG FILLER TOPO PL ERG ball IPFV-say-PL SENS-be 1PL LNK DEM.PROX:LOC LNK DEM IPFV-say-1PL be:FACT
Translation: I have learned how to say “ball”, people from Tshobdun call it rgoŋlu, we [do not have this word in Japhug but] this is how I am going to say it here (in this story). (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯfse kɯɤcʰɯcʰa ʑo ʁʑɯnɯ ɣurʑa kɯrcat ra
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.capable EMPH young.man hundred eight need:FACT
Translation: I need one hundred and eight able young men like me.' (Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯri jamar ndɤre tunɯ ko , tɯtɯpʰu nɯ
Glosses: three-hundred about LNK exist:FACT-PL SFP one-hive DEM
Translation: There are about three hundred of them in one hive.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɴɢoɕna ɣɯ nɯ , ɯpɯ stoŋtsu tu tutinɯ ɲɯŋu . qaɟɯ ɣɯ nɯ , kʰrɯtsu tu tutinɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: spider GEN DEM 3SG.POSS-young thousand exist:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be fish GEN DEM ten.thousands exist:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: People say that spiders have a thousand offspring, and fishes ten thousands.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rŋɯl tɯxpa tɕe stoŋtsu kɯtʂɤɣ jarma ɲɯfsoʁ ɲɯcʰa
Glosses: money one-year LNK thousand six about IPFV-earn SENS-can
Translation: He can earn about six thousand [renminbi] per year.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S159"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stoŋtsu ci cʰo kɯtʂɤɣri
Glosses: thousand one COMIT six-hundred
Translation: One thousand six hundred (1600).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɤnɯkon nɯnɯ , rɟɤlkʰɤβ kʰrɯtsu sqi pjɤtu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-rule DEM country ten.thousands ten IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There were a hundred thousand countries under his rule.' (140518 jinyin chengbao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004028#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯmɤku tɯxpa nɯ ɲɯrɯmɯntoʁ ma , nɯ ma ɯmat me
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.first one-year DEM IPFV-have.flower LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-fruit not.exist:FACT
Translation: The first year, it has flowers, but no fruits.' (08-qaCti)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯmɤku nɯ api kɯ pɯ́wɣsata , nɯ ɯqʰu tɕe , pɣɤtɕɯ tɤscia ,
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.first DEM 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling ERG AOR-INV-kill-1SG DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK bird AOR-be.born-1SG
Translation: First, my elder sister killed me, and then I was reborn as a bird.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯmɤku ɯxpa
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.first 3SG.POSS-year
Translation: The first year' (elicitation based on ex:stu.kWmAku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯmaqʰu ɯsŋi
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.after 3SG.POSS-day
Translation: The last day' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrɟit stu kɯwxti nɯ rɯntɕʰɯn tʂoma rmi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child most SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM ANTHR ANTHR be.called:FACT
Translation: Her eldest child is called Rinchen Sgrolma.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯwxti cʰondɤre nɯ ɯpa nɯ tɯlɤt ni wuma ʑo pjɤɕqraʁndʑi . tɕe nɯ ndʑitɕɯ stu kɯxtɕi nɯnɯ , dɯxpa ma wuma ʑo pjɤkʰe .
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.big COMIT DEM 3SG.POSS-under DEM second.sibling DU really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.intelligent-DU LNK DEM 3DU.POSS-son most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM poor LNK really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.stupid
Translation: The eldest son and the one under him, the second one, were very intelligent. Their smallest son, poor him, was very stupid' (140430 jin e-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003893#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <sanyuefen> jamar zlawa χsɯmba jamar tɕe ci cʰɯrɤpɯ ,
Glosses: third.month about month third about LNK one IPFV-have.young
Translation: It bears young once in the third month.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rgɯpa jamar tɕe ci cʰɯrɤpɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: ninth about LNK one IPFV-have.young SENS-be
Translation: It bears young once in the ninth month.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pja mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ , χsɯmrɟatʂɯɣftɕɯ kɯ pɣɤmbri ɲcɣɤnɤɲcɣɤt ʑo tolɤtnɯ ,
Glosses: bird all.kinds 360 ERG bird.song IDPH.III:very.noisy EMPH IFR-throw-PL
Translation: Three hundred sixty birds of all kinds sung bird songs.' (2003 smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe βʑɯ nɯ kɯ <diyiming> tɕe stu kɯmɤku pjɤmɟa .
Glosses: LNK mouse DEM ERG first LNK most SBJ:PCP-be.first IFR-take
Translation: The mouse obtained the first place.' (150826 shier shengxiao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrɟit kɯngɯt tɤtu ri , kɯtʂɤɣ nɯsi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child nine AOR-exist LNK six AOR-die
Translation: She had nine children, but six [of them] died.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <cai> χsɯm tusɯlɤti tɕe tɕe kɯβde nɯ kɯ χsɯm tundzaj kɯfse .
Glosses: dish three IPFV-CAUS-throw-1PL LNK LNK four DEM ERG three IPFV-eat-1PL SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: We used to order three dishes, and the four of us would eat [the] three [of them].' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iʑo kɯβde nɯ tɯtɯrca kurɤʑij tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 1PL four DEM together IPFV-stay-1PL LNK
Translation: The four of us were living together.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S84"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯkʰɤl nɯtɕu ʁnɯz , χsɯm kɯβde jamar kundzoʁ .
Glosses: one-place DEM:LOC two three four about IPFV-ANTICAUS:attach
Translation: In each place [the flowers] are attached in [groups] of about two, three or four.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <zhanghan> kɤti nɯnɯ kɯ ʁmaʁmi lɤkʰrɯtsusqi jamar ʑo tondo .
Glosses: ANTHR OBJ:PCP-say DEM ERG soldier about-10000-ten about EMPH IFR-take
Translation: The [general] called Zhang Han took several hundred thousand soldiers.' (hist160721 pofuchenzhou-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯnɯ ɕnɤcat ci tɤkɤsɯpa jamar ʑo qarma wxti ri ,
Glosses: 3SG DEM seven.or.eight one AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-do about EMPH crossoptilon be.big:FACT but
Translation: Although the crossoptilon is as big as about seven or eight of them (weasels) put together.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɣnɤsqi jamar tɯtɯrca juɣinɯ ŋgrɤl
Glosses: about.twenty about together IPFV-come-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: They come in groups of about twenty individuals.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003608#S98"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯɣurʑa , χsɯri jamar ndɤre tunɯ ko , tɯtɯpʰu nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hundred three-hundred about TOP.ADVERS exist:FACT-PL SFP one-hive DEM
Translation: There are about several hundreds, about three hundred of them in one hive.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯŋga tɯrdoʁ nɯ ɯstoŋtsu ɯpʰɯ kɯfse ŋu ma
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes one-piece DEM 3SG.POSS-thousand 3SG.POSS-price SBJ:PCP-be.like be:FACT LNK
Translation: One piece of clothes [made from it], its price is several thousand [renminbi].' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S72"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯxpa
Glosses: three-year
Translation: Three years
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma ɯme kɯnɤ ɣnɤsqamnɯzpɤrme tʰɯazɣɯt .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter also twenty.two-year.old AOR-reach
Translation: Even his daughter is now twenty-two.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯpʰɯ nɯ tɕe rcanɯ , li , fsɯsqildʑa jamar , kɯβdɤsqɯldʑa jamar tu .
Glosses: one-tree DEM LNK UNEXP:DEG again thirty-long.object about forty-long.object about exist:FACT
Translation: On one tree, there are about thirty or forty [branches].' (14-sWNgWJu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003506#S186"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɣnɤsqaptɯɣrʑaʁ tutsu ɲɯra . “tɕe ɣnɤsqaptɯrʑaʁ tutsu tɕe ɲɯʁaʁ ŋu" ɲɯtinɯ ri , aʑɯɣ nɯ ɣnɤsqamnɯz tɤrʑaʁ mɤɕtʂa mɯnɯʁaʁ .
Glosses: LNK DEM twenty.one-night IPFV-pass SENS-be.needed LNK twenty.one-night IPFV-pass LNK IPFV-hatch be:FACT SENS-say-PL LNK 1SG:GEN DEM twenty.two one-night until NEG-AOR-hatch
Translation: [Eggs] need twenty-two days to hatch; people say `They hatch in twenty-two days' but mine only hatch after twenty two days.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰɤt qaʑo nɯnɯ tɕe laʁnɯxpa ma cʰɯmdɯ mɯ́jŋgrɤl ma tɕe cʰɯrgɤz ɕti
Glosses: goat sheep DEM LNK a.few-year apart.from IPFV-live.up.to NEG:SENS-be.usually.the.case LNK LNK IPFV-be.old be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Goats and sheep only live for a few years, and then become old.' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S128"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ χsɯzɯm kɯβdezɯm jamar kɯxtɕʰɯt tu .
Glosses: LNK DEM three-bucket four-bucket about SBJ:PCP-contain exist:FACT
Translation: There are [jars] that can contain about three or four buckets [of water].' (26-tChWra)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <tuolaji> tɯɣjɤn juɣɯt nɯ rcanɯ , ɣnɤsqi fsɯsqifkur jamar jusɯɤzɣɯt cʰa .
Glosses: tractor one-time IPFV-bring DEM UNEXP:DEG twenty thirty-burden about IPFV-CAUS-reach can:FACT
Translation: Each time the tractor brings [firewood], it can move about twenty or thirty loads (the size a person can carry on his back).' (140430 tWfkur)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre χsɯrixpa tɤtsu tɕe , li kɯjŋu pɯtata tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK three-hundred-year AOR-pass LNK again oath AOR-put-TR:PST-1SG LNK
Translation: Three hundred years passed, and I made another oath.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕommbri ɣurʑa kɯrcɤɟom , … ɕomtsʰoʁ ɣurʑa kɯrcɤldʑa ra
Glosses: iron.chain hundred eight-length.of.two.outstretched.arms … iron.nails hundred eight-long.object be.needed:FACT
Translation: [I] need a chain of one hundred and eight fathoms, and one hundred and eight nails.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣurʑa kɯrcɤɣdɤt qapri nɯ atɤɕe ra
Glosses: hundred eight-section snake DEM IRR-PFV:UP-go be.needed:FACT
Translation: May the snake be cut into hundred and eight sections!' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ kɤntɕʰɯtɯpɯ ɣɯ nɯtɯrsa ɯsta ɲɯŋu ma
Glosses: LNK dem many-household DEM 3PL.POSS-grave 3SG.POSS-place SENS-be LNK
Translation: It is the grave-place of many families.' (140522 kAmYW tWji)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁnɤrʑaʁ jamar , χsɤrʑaʁ jamar totsu tɕe tɕendɤre cʰa ɯdi tumnɤm ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: two-night about three-night about IFR-pass LNK LNK alcohol 3SG.POSS-smell IPFV-have.a.smell SENS-be
Translation: After two or three nights, one can smell the smell of alcohol.' (160703 araR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe qarma nɯ , tɯrʑaʁ tɕe kɯβde kɯmŋu jamar pjɯsatnɯ , tɯrdoʁ , tɯrme tɯrdoʁ kɯ
Glosses: LNK crossoptilon DEM one-night LNK four five about IPFV-kill-PL, one-piece person one-piece ERG
Translation: Crossoptilons, in one night, each of [the hunters] can kill four or five of them.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003608#S146"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrʑaʁ tɤrɲɟi tɕe , nɯji ra kɯdɯ~dɤn kɯjɯ~jom lopɣaʁnɯ , ɕoŋtɕa kɯdɯ~dɤn pjɤpʰɯtnɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-time AOR-be.long LNK 3PL.POSS-field PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.broad IFR-turn.over-PL timber SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many IFR-remove-PL
Translation: After some time/as time went on, [those people] had ploughed many broad fields for them, and chopped a lot of timber.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ χsɤtɣa kɯβdetɣa jamar turɲɟi cʰa .
Glosses: DEM three-span four-span about IPFV-be.long can:FACT
Translation: It can grow three or four spans long.' (14-sWNgWJu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003506#S181"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: azda ɣɯ kɯfse ʁɲɯzloʁ nɯ tundzea ɲɯtʂaŋ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-companion GEN SBJ:PCP-be.like two-times DEM IPFV-eat[III]-1SG SENS-be.fair
Translation: It would be fair if I had two times as much to eat as the other one.' (140426 lv he luozi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri qʰe , tɕe tɯtɯrdoʁ nɯ ɲɯʑɣɤqɤrnɯ qʰe
Glosses: progressively LNK LNK one-one-piece DEM IPFV-get.separated-PL LNK
Translation: Progressively, some of them get separated [from the herd].' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S55"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtɯxpa tɕe apɯpe tɕe , kʰrɯtsu ɯro jamar ɲɯfsoʁ ɲɯcʰa
Glosses: one-one-year LNK IRR-IPFV-be.good LNK ten.thousand 3SG.POSS-excess about IPFV-earn SENS-can
Translation: Some years if [his income] is good, he can earn more than ten thousands [renminbi].' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zgoku kɯmbro tɕe , ɕkrɤz kɯwxti ra nɯ ɯrcʰɤβ ri ɯpʰɯ~pʰɯ ʑo tu tɕe
Glosses: mountain NMZL:S/A-be.tall LNK oak NMZL:S/A-be.big PL DEM 3SG.POSS-between LOC 3SG.POSS-PART~tree EMPH exist:FACT LNK
Translation: On high mountains, among big oaks, there are some [of these little trees].' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ʁnɯz pjɤtu tɕe , tɯrme tɯrdoʁ nɯ rcanɯ , ɯstɤrju ʁɟa ʑo tuβze tɕe ,
Glosses: people two IFR.IPFV-exist LNK people one-piece DEM UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-truth completely EMPH IPFV-do[III] LNK
Translation: There were two persons, one of them always told the truth (and the other one was a liar).' (140427 yuanhou-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɕɯ kɯβde pɯtu ri , ɯʑo kɯfse kɯɕqraʁ tɯrdoʁ cinɤ pɯme ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-son four PST.IPFV-exist but 3SG SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.intelligent one-piece even PST.IPFV-not.exist SENS-be
Translation: He had four sons, but not even one of them was smart like him.' (2005 tAwa kWcqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pakuku ʑo paʁɕa tɯrdoʁ , qʰe tɕe tɕe stoʁ cʰɯɣɯt ,
Glosses: every.year EMPH pork one-piece LNK LNK LNK broad.bean IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-bring
Translation: Every year, he would bring a piece of pork and broad beans.' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕe tɯrme tɯrdoʁ kɯ kʰɯna ʁnɯz χsɯm jamar tundonɯ
Glosses: LNK LNK person one-piece ERG dog two three about IPFV-take-PL
Translation: Each [of the hunters] takes two or three dogs.' (150829 KAGWcAno)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme tɯrdoʁ kɯ cʰɤmdɤru tɯldʑa tunɯndɤm
Glosses: people one-piece ERG drinking.straw one-CL IPFV-AUTO-take[III]
Translation: Each person takes one straw.' (30-tChorzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯtɯpɯ tɕe , ɯqaʑo kɯβdɤsqi , kɯmŋɤsqi jamar pɯtu .
Glosses: LNK one-household LNK 3SG.POSS-sheep forty fifty about PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: Each household used to have about forty or fifty sheep.' (160712 smAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯsŋi tɕe tɯkʰɯtsa jamar tɯrdoʁ kɯ pjɯtsʰi ɲɯcʰa .
Glosses: one-day LNK one-bowl about one-CL ERG IPFV-drink SENS-can
Translation: One [cat] can drink about one bowl of milk per day.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtɯpɯ raŋri ɣɯ , nɯmbro pjɤtu ...
Glosses: one-household each GEN 3PL.POSS-horse IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: Each household used to have horses etc.' (150820 kAnWCkat)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕʰeme ra kɯ nɯχpɯm tɯntsi katanɯ , tɤtɕɯ ra kɯ nɯχpɯm ʁnɯz katanɯ ri ,
Glosses: LNK girl PL ERG 3PL.POSS-knee one-of.a.pair AOR:3→3-put-PL INDEF.POSS-son PL ERG 3PL.POSS-knee two AOR:3→3-put-PL LNK
Translation: [Each of] the girls (in their group) put one of their knees, the boys put their two knees [as a support for the tea kettle].' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤsɤmu nɯ tɕe tɯɲcɣa túwɣlɤt tɕe , … tɯldʑa tɯldʑa ɲɯ́wɣpʰɯt tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ li tɯspra tɯspra túwɣxtɕɤr .
Glosses: hemp DEM LNK sickle IPFV-INV-throw LNK _ one-long.object one-long.object IPFV-INV-pluck LNK LNK DEM again one-handful one-handful IPFV-INV-tie
Translation: As for hemp, one uses a sickle and cuts [the stalks] one by one and then ties them into bundles.' (14-tasa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯxpa tɯxpa tuɬoʁ qʰe tɕe qartsɯ tɕe pjɯkʰrɯ ɕti .
Glosses: LNK one-year one-year IPFV-come.out LNK LNK winter LNK IPFV-be.dry be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It grows every year (i.e. it is an annual plant), and dies in winter.' (140512 tAzraj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯŋa ndɤre ɯpɯ nɯ tɯrdoʁ nɤ tɯrdoʁ ma me tɯxpa tɯɣjɤn ma ɲɯrɤpɯ mɤcʰa
Glosses: LNK cow TOP.ADVERS 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM one-piece ADD one-piece apart.from not.exist:FACT one-year one-time apart.from IPFV-bear.young NEG-can:FACT
Translation: As for cows, they [have] their young only one by one, and can only bear young once a year.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ mɯrmɯmbju nɯ tɯtɕʰa nɤ tɯtɕʰa ntsɯ tɯtɯrca ntsɯ kurɤʑinɯ ŋu tɕe
Glosses: DEM swallow DEM one-pair ADD one-pair always together always IPFV-stay-PL be:FACT LNK
Translation: Swallows are always in pairs.' (03-mWrmWmbjW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003382#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrdoʁ tɯrdoʁ kɯfse tuɬoʁ ŋu ma mɤarɤkʰɯmkʰɤl .
Glosses: one-piece one-piece SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-come.out be:FACT LNK NEG-be.heterogeneously.distributed:FACT
Translation: It grows in scattered fashion, not in clusters here and there.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰam tɯrme tɯrdoʁ ma me
Glosses: now people one-piece apart.from not.exist:FACT
Translation: Now there is only one person [in that place].' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qartsɯ tɕe ɯjwaʁ tɯmpɕar cinɤ ɯku kɯndzoʁ me .
Glosses: winter LNK 3SG.POSS-leaf one-leaf not.even 3SG.POSS-head SBJ:PCP-ANTICAUS:attach exist:FACT
Translation: In winter, not even one leaf [remains] on it.' (11-mYAm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ʁnɯrdoʁ ma maŋetɕi tɕe , kɤɤnɯndzɤqɯqɤr mɤnɯcʰatɕi ,
Glosses: people two-piece apart.from not.exist:SENS-1DU LNK INF-RECIP:eat.on.one's.own NEG-AUTO-can:FACT-1DU
Translation: There are only two of us, we cannot eat on our own [without sharing with each other].' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiʑo ʁnɯz ma maŋetɕi tɕe , ʑaka kɤnɯβzu mɤrtaʁtɕi
Glosses: 1DU two apart.from not.exist:SENS-1DU LNK each INF-AUTO-make NEG-be.enough:FACT-1DU
Translation: There are only two of us, there are not enough of us to each act on our own.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme tɯrdoʁ ɯndʐa nɯ ʑo tostunɯ ɕti ri ,
Glosses: people one-piece 3SG.POSS-reason DEM EMPH IFR-do.like-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: They did all that because of one person.' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rdɤstaʁ tɯldʑa , tɯrdoʁ kɯŋu kɯ ɣɟɯ χsɯldʑa rɟɤlsa ɯʁɤri kutɕu apɯtu ,
Glosses: stone one-long.object one-piece SBJ:PCP-be ERG watchtower three-long.object palace 3SG.POSS-front here IRR-IPFV-exist
Translation: If from one monolith (a stone which is in one piece), three towers were made here in front of the palace, (I would feel much better).' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaʁ kɤntɕʰɯtɤtɕʰɯ tolɤt
Glosses: hoe several-hitting.with.the.hoe IFR-release
Translation: He hit several times with the hoe.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁnɯtɤxɯr tolɤt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: two-turn IFR-throw SENS-be
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χcʰa pɕoʁ laʁnɯtɤxɯr kumtɕɯr , ʁe pɕoʁ laʁnɯtɤxɯr kumtɕɯr ŋu .
Glosses: right side a.few-turn IPFV-turn left side a.few-turn IPFV-turn be:FACT
Translation: It turns several times on the right, and several times one the left.' (150826 qro kWnWkhABGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤpɤtso ra tɯmu ɯxɕɤt kɯ tɯtɯkɯr cinɤ ʑo kɤrɯndzɤtsʰi mɯpjɤcʰanɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child PL NMLZ:action-be.afraid 3SG.POSS-strength ERG one-INDEF.POSS-mouth even EMPH INF-eat NEG-IFR.IPFV-can-PL
Translation: The children were so afraid that they could not even eat one mouthful.' (160704 poucet4-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laʁnɯŋka rɯɕmitɕi
Glosses: few-word speak:FACT-1DU
Translation: Let us speak a few words.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰam taʁrdo ʁnɯtɯpɯ tunɯ
Glosses: now placename two-household exist-PL
Translation: Now there are two households in Tarrdo.' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ tɤɲi ci naɕar xɕɤndʑu χsɯldʑa , qapi χsɯm kʰɤzɟi ɯŋgɯ parku ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-son dem ERG staff one AOR:3→3-search twig three-long.object white.stone three feedbag 3SG.POSS-inside AOR:3→3-put.in SENS-be
Translation: The boy looked for a staff, and put three twigs and three stones in the (horse's) feedbag.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯtɕu tɕe tʂu ɯrkɯ zɯ si tɯpʰɯ pjɤtu ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC LNK path 3SG.POSS-side LOC tree one-tree IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There, on the side of the road, there was a tree.' (The divination 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɟy tɯldʑa cʰondɤre qacʰɣa ci pjɤmto ɲɯŋu
Glosses: fish one-long.object COMIT fox one IFR-see SENS-be
Translation: He saw a fish and a fox.' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa cʰɤzɣɯt tɕe tɯkri tɯkʰɯtsa nɯ koɕkɯt .
Glosses: house IFR:DOWNSTREAM-reach LNK INDEF.POSS-oil one-bowl DEM IFR-drink.completely
Translation: He arrived at the house and drank the bowl of oil.' (140501 mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si tɯpʰɯ nɯ ɯpʰaʁ ɯntsi nɯ pjɤrom ʑo , ɯpʰaʁ ɯntsi nɯ pjɤkɤrŋici ʑo ,
Glosses: tree one-tree DEM 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM IFR.IPFV-be.dry EMPH 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-be.green-PEG EMPH
Translation: One half of that tree was dead and the other half was green.' (The divination 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕixɕɤndʑu χsɯldʑa pɯtu tɕe
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-twig three-long.object PST.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: We had three twigs.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjwaʁ nɯ ʁnɯmpɕar ma me tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM two-leaf apart.from not.exist:FACT LNK
Translation: It only has two leaves.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li nɯ jamar ki ajɤtɯɕe tɕe , tɕendɤre nɯtɕu tɕe , mɤʑɯ mbro tɯɟɯɣ tu tɕe ,
Glosses: again DEM about DEM:PROX IRR-PFV-2-go LNK LNK DEM:LOC LNK more horse one-herd exist:FACT LNK
Translation: Continue going again for about that distance, and there will be a pack of horse.' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rŋgɯkɤta nɯ li zgo ʁnɯldʑa tu tɕe ,
Glosses: TOPO DEM again mountain two-long.object exist:FACT LNK
Translation: [As for the placename] Rngukata, there are also two mountain ranges.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka rdɤstaʁ cʰo si rcanɯ tɯldʑa cinɤ ʑo kɯme scʰiz kɤazɣɯtndʑi ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: completely stone COMIT tree UNEXP:DEG one-long.object even.one EMPH SBJ:PCP-not.exist INDEF.LOC AOR:EAST-reach-DU SENS-be
Translation: They arrived at a place where there was no stones and not even one tree.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe paʁ tɯɣjɤn pjɯ́wɣntɕʰa nɯ nɯ tʰamtɕɤt ɯtɯpʰu ɲɯɬoʁ ra
Glosses: LNK pig one-time IPFV-INV-butcher DEM DEM all 3SG.POSS-type IPFV-come.out be.needed:FACT
Translation: Each time one kills a pig, one will get that many types [of foodstuff from it].' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣurʑa ɯro ʑo ɯtɯpɯ tuj
Glosses: hundred 3SG.POSS-excess EMPH 3SG.POSS-household exist:FACT-1PL
Translation: There are more than one hundred households of us.' (22-kumpGatCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ nɯ , ɯtɯpɯ pjɤkɤntɕʰɯci nɤ ,
Glosses: former.time DEM 3SG.POSS-household IFR.IPFV-PEG-be.many-PEG SFP
Translation: In former times, the households [there] were many.' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯxpa nɯ taχpa wuma pjɤpe
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-year DEM harvest really IFR.IPFV-be.good
Translation: On that year, the harvest was really good.' (02-montagnes-kamnyu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [arɕo pɯŋu] ɯsŋi nɯtɕu tɕe
Glosses: be.finished.up:FACT PST.IPFV-be 3SG.POSS-day DEM:LOC LOC
Translation: The day when [the appointed time] was about to be finished,' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯ tɯsŋi nɯnɯ mɯpjɤko
Glosses: LNK DEM one-day DEM NEG-IFR-defeat
Translation: On that day, he failed in his attempt [to force her to take him with her].' (02-deluge2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯzri nɯra , tɯtɣa ma kɯki ɕaŋtaʁ mɤzri , aʑo atɣa jamar ci ma me .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.long DEM:PL one-span apart.from DEM.PROX up.from NEG-be.long:FACT 1SG 1SG.POSS-span about one apart.from not.exist:FACT
Translation: As for its length, it is at most one handspan, only the length of my handspan.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ʁdɯxpanaχpu ɣɯ ɯme ɣɯ nɯ , tɯci tɯtɤste , tɤrcoʁ sɯrna ci torkunɯ ,
Glosses: LNK ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-daughter GEN DEM INDEF.POSS-water one-INDEF.POSS-bladder clay figurine INDEF IFR-put.in-PL
Translation: They gave to Gdugpa Nagpo's daughter a bladder full of water and a clay figurine (to take with her on the road, as her dowry).' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri kɤntɕʰɯtɯpʰu , kɤntɕʰɯmdoʁ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: but many-types many-colour exist:SENS
Translation: There are many types [of the mushrooms called tɯqejmɤɣ], and with many colours.' (24-zwArqhAjmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯkri tɯkʰɯtsa pjɤtu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-oil one-bowl IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: They had one bowl [full] of oil.' (140501 mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰa kɯβdepʰoŋ pjɤkɤtaci .
Glosses: alcohol four-bottle IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-put-PEG
Translation: There were four bottles [full] of alcohol.' (140510 sanpian sheye-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro tɯco kɯfse , qaʑo tɯco kɯfse nɯ , fsapaʁ rmɯrmi ʑo nɯ tɯco nɤ tɯco ʑo pɯtu ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: horse one-valley SBJ:PCP-be.like sheep one-valley SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM animal all.kinds EMPH DEM one-valley LNK one-valley EMPH PST.IPFV-exist SENS-be
Translation: There was one valley entirely for each species of animals, like one valley full of horses, one valley full of sheep.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ iɕqʰa rŋɯl kɯ tɯŋga tʰɯkɤβzu ci tɯtsʰoz pjɤβde .
Glosses: DEM ERG the.aforementioned silver ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR-OBJ:PCP-make INDEF one-complete.set IFR-throw.down
Translation: [The bird] threw her a complete set of clothes that had been made in silver.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe
Glosses: bone DEM two-pile IFR-make-DU LNK
Translation: They had make two piles from the bones.' (2002nyimavodzer)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaʁ tɯtɤtɕʰɯ talɤt
Glosses: hoe one-hitting.with.hoe AOR:3→3-throw
Translation: He used the hoe one time.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa naβde nɯ sqamnɯz topa tɕe
Glosses: house AOR:3→3-leave DEM twelve IFR-pass.X.years LNK
Translation: Twelve years had passed since she had left home.' (150828 huamulan-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li tɯfsɤkʰa tɕe tɯɬɯm pjɤnɯʑɯβ tɕe li ɯjmŋo kontɕʰɤr tɕe
Glosses: again dawn LNK one-sleep IFR-sleep LNK again 3SG.POSS-dream IFR-appear LNK
Translation: (The mother was so worried she could not sleep all night.) At dawn, she had a little sleep and had again a dream.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku tɕe tɕe tɯɟom kɯnɤ tuzri mɯ́jcʰa , tɯʁar jamar , tɯʁar tɕe tɕe kɯki jamar , kɯki jamar tuzri ɲɯcʰa .
Glosses: some LNK LNK one-length.of.two.outstretched.arms even IPFV-be.long NEG:SENS-can one-arm.length about one-arm.length LNK LNK DEM:PROX about DEM:PROX about IPFV-be.long SENS-can
Translation: Some of them cannot even grow up to the length of one fathom, they can only grow up to the length of one arm, this much.' (16-RlWmsWsi)