lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁi , nɤʑo ɯɲɯfsea ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling 2SG QU-SENS-be.like-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯapaa
Glosses: 2SG AOR-become-1SG
Translation: I became you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɯtɯapa
Glosses: 1SG AOR-2-become
Translation: You became me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁnɯz ni , [sɯŋgɯ] joɕendʑi .
Glosses: two DU forest IFR-go-DU
Translation: Two [men] went into the forest.' (26-tAGe) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003686#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤpɤtso nɯnɯ li [sɯŋgɯ zɯ] joɕe .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM again forest LOC IFR-go
Translation: The child went again into the forest.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifen-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003886#S217"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯ kɯ ɯwa cʰo ɯpi nɯra ɲɤβde tɕe , sɯŋgɯ ɯɕki tɕe joɕe .
Glosses: girl DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-father COMIT 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DEM:PL IFR-leave LNK forest 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC IFR-go
Translation: The girl left her father and her brothers, and went toward the forest.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ɯɕki turɯɕmia ɕti wo
Glosses: person 3SG.POSS-DAT IPFV-speak-1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: I am talking to someone [else].' (phone conversation, 2013-12-02)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <guojia> ɯpʰe <piaozi> ɲɯkɯsɤmbi
Glosses: country 3SG.POSS-DAT money IPFV-GENR:S/O-ROG-give
Translation: Ask the government for money.' (2010)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe api aʁi ra kutɕu anɯtɯɤnɯɣronɯ , ci ci atɤtɯɤnɯmqajnɯ , ci ci atɤtɯɤmɯminɯ qʰe akɤtɯnɯrɤʑinɯ ,
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling PL here IRR-PFV-2-<AUTO>play-PL once once IRR-PFV-2-fight-PL once once IRR-PFV-2-be.on.good.terms-PL LNK IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-stay-PL
Translation: Brothers, stay here and play, fight from time to time, reconcile with each other from time to time.' (2003kandzwsqhaj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <maerjina> nɯ cʰo <alibaba> ni wuma ʑo pjɤkɤmɯmindʑi tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR DEM COMIT ANTHR DU really EMPH PST.IFR-PEG-be.on.good.terms-DU LNK
Translation: Maerjina and Alibaba were in very good terms.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤj nɤmu cʰo aʑo ni aɕɣatɕi
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-mother COMIT 1SG DU be.of.the.same.age:FACT-1DU
Translation: I have the same age as your mother.' (`You mother and I have the same age') (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeki qro ni ɲɯɤlɯlɤtndʑi
Glosses: down ant DU SENS-fight-DU
Translation: Down there two ants are fighting.' (conversation140501-01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁdɯxpakɤrpu ɯtɕɯ cʰondɤre atɕɯ ni tokɤlɯlɤtndʑi
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 3SG.POSS-son DU IFR-PEG-fight-DU
Translation: The son of Gdugpa Dkarpo fought with my son.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki ɕɯŋgɯ ki pɯpɯŋunɤ , nɤʑo kɯ iɕqʰa mkʰɤrmaŋ ɣɯ nɯndʐa kɯ tɤtɯalɯlɤt pɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX before DEM.PROX TOP 2SG ERG FILLER people GEN 3PL.POSS-reason ERG AOR-2-fight PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: The previous time, you fought for the sake of the people.' (140512 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɤʑo nɤrpɯ ɯɕki , nɤkinɯ , tutɯɤlɯlɤt ndɤre mɤpe
Glosses: LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-MB 3SG.POSS-DAT FILLER IPFV-2-fight LNK NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: It is not good for you to fight with your uncle.' (150826 baoliandeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑitɯwxti ɲɯnaχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big SENS-be.the.same
Translation: They have the same size.' (`Their size is the same.') (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ame nɯ [nɤʑɯɣ nɤrʑaβ ɲɯkʰama] jɤɣ , [nɤrʑaβ akɤβze] jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-daughter DEM 2SG:GEN 2SG.POSS-wife SENS-give-1SG be.allowed:FACT 2SG.POSS-wife IRR-PFV-make[III] be.allowed:FACT
Translation: (If you succeed), I will agree to give my daughter to you in marriage, she can become your wife (140518 huifei de muma-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯmbrɯ amɤtɤŋgɯ , a nɯʁo amɤnɯmbi
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-be.angry(1) IRR-NEG-PFV-be.angry(2) INTERJ 2SG.POSS-be.discouraged(1) IRR-NEG-PFV-be.discouraged(2)
Translation: Don't be angry, don't feel frustrated.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ aʁjiz ɣi ɕti
Glosses: DEM 1SG.POSS-wish come:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I want that.' (140520 xiaoyida de huar-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004042#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤlu torpjɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk IFR-turn.sour
Translation: The milk turned sour.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qʰaqʰu mɤʑɯ ɲɯɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ
Glosses: behind.the.house even.more SENS-be.hot
Translation: It feels even hotter behind the house.' (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɕɤr wuma ʑo kɤqanɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK night really EMPH AOR-be.dark aboutLNK
Translation: In the night, when it has become very dark.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯmɯ ɯtɯɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ pjɤsɤre ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-sky 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:degree-be.hot IFR.IPFV-be.ridiculous EMPH LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯnɯɕe ma , mɤtɯra
Glosses: IMP:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-go LNK NEG-2-need:FACT
Translation: Go back, [I] don't need you.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕlaʁ pjɯsi ɕɯŋgɯ qʰe ɯɕa ɯndza tuʑanɯ .
Glosses: IDPH(I):immediately IPFV-die before LNK 3SG.POSS-meat 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:eat IPFV-start-PL
Translation: They start eating its flesh just before it dies.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɯtso kɤʑata
Glosses: 1SG INF:II-understand AOR-start-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I began to understand.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iʑo jikʰa kɯnɤ kɤfstɯni pɯra
Glosses: LNK 1PL 1PL.POSS-house also AOR-serve-1PL PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: We also had to take care of him in our house.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤwɯ cʰo nɤʁi ni pjɯsati ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-grandfather COMIT 2SG.POSS-younger.sibling DU IPFV-kill-1PL be:FACT
Translation: We will kill your grandfather and your brother.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɯrme ra totɯɣɯt tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG people PL IFR:UP-2-bring LNK
Translation: You(SG) brought people [here].' (150901 changfamei)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑijɯlco ra kɯ wuma pjɤ́wɣnɤsmandʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-neighbour PL ERG really IFR-INV-envy-DU
Translation: Their neighbours envied the two of them.' (qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʑo tutafsraŋ ra tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 1SG IPFV-1→2-protect be.needed:FACT LNK
Translation: I have to save you.' (150901 changfamei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006352#S205"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora nɯnɯ koŋla ʑo tutafsraŋ , tutaβri ɲɯsɯsoj ɕti ri ,
Glosses: 1PL DEM really EMPH IPFV-1→2-protect IPFV-1→2-save IPFV-think-1PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: We really want to save you.' (niulan li de lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wortɕʰi wojɤr ʑo tukɯquri ra
Glosses: please please EMPH IPFV-2→1-help-1PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Please, help us.' (150827 taisui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <chuhuaiwang> cʰo nɯra , kɯmaʁ nɯra nɯɕki , “ɣɯtukɯquri ɲɯntsʰi" zjosɯti .
Glosses: ANTHR COMIT DEM:PL other DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT CISL-IPFV-2→1PL SENS-be.better TRAL-IFR-CAUS-say
Translation: He sent [someone] to the king Huai of Chu and the other ones to tell them `Come and help us'. (160721 pofuchenzhou-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: matʰɯkɯβlɯa , tɕʰorzi ɯŋgɯ cʰɯkɯrkua
Glosses: PROHIB-IMP-2→1-burn-1SG wine.jar 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-2→1-put.in-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: khɛnɛʔ anchi ainao adha:psiba kɛni
Glosses: 2SG 1DI mirror-LOC INCL-be.visible-DU-NMLZ 2-see
Translation: You(sg) saw both of us in the mirror.’
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [χɕɤlzgoŋ ɯŋgɯ kɤntɕʰɤrtɕi] nɯra pɯmtota
Glosses: mirror 3SG.POSS-in AOR-appear-1DU DEM:PL AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I saw both of us in the mirror.' (elicitation, )
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯ́jtɯmbɣom ri tʰa kɯzmaqʰutɕi
Glosses: NEG:SENS-2-be.in.a.hurry LNK later 2→1-CAUS-be.after:FACT-1DU
Translation: [If] you don't hurry [up], you will get us late.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯqʰucʰu ɯstu ʑo amɤjɤkɯpʰɣo ra ma tɕe kɯmto tɕe kɯndo ɕti tutinɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-behind-APPROX.LOC 3SG.POSS-direction EMPH IRR-NEG-PFV-GENR:S/O-flee be.needed:FACT LNK LNK GENR:S/O-see:FACT LNK GENR:S/O-take:FACT be.AFF:FACT IPFV-say-PL
Translation: People say that you should not flee in the direction behind[the yeti], as it would see you and catch you.' (140510 mYWrgAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma túwɣndza tɕe , ɲɯkɯznɯtɯfɕɤl ɕti
Glosses: LNK IPFV-INV-eat LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-have.diarrhea be.AFF:FACT
Translation: If you eat [mold], it causes you diarrhea.' (20-sWrna) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003564#S51"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rasti cʰo rɤjndoʁ ni , pjɯ́wɣʁndzɤrndʑi tɕe ɲɯ́wɣznɯɴɢɤtndʑi ŋu .
Glosses: turnip COMIT turnip.root DU IPFV-INV-cut-DU LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-ACAUS:separate-DU be:FACT
Translation: One separates the turnip from its root by cutting them.' (150903 kAJar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaʑo cʰɯkrɤɣnɯ tɕe tɤpɤtso ra kɯ nɯ qaʑo ɣɯ ɯku nɯ kukɯsɯndo .
Glosses: sheep IPFV-shear-PL LNK INDEF.POSS-child PL ERG DEM sheep GEN 3SG.POSS-head DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-take
Translation: [Every time the adults] sheared the sheep's wool, they would ask the children (us) to grab the sheep's head.' (160712 smAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tundzeandʑi ra
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III]-1SG-DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: I'd like to eat them.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tukɯnɯmɢlaa jɤɣ ma nɤpi ni kɯ tɤ́wɣnɯmɢlaandʑi ɕti
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-step.over-1SG be.allowed:FACT LNK 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG AOR-INV-step.over-1SG-DU be.AFF:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: api ra , aʑɯɣ kukutɕu amɤkɤcʰa ci ɣɤʑu tɕe … tukɯquranɯ ɲɯntsʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL 1SG:GEN here 1SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-can INDEF exist:SENS LNK _ IPFV-2→1-help-1SG-PL SENS-be.better
Translation: Sisters, I have a problem (something that I cannot do) here, help me!' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ [tɕʰeme pɯ~pɯmtotanɯ] ɯŋgɯ nɯ kɯfse kɯmpɕɤr maŋe
Glosses: DEM girl TOTAL~AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG-PL 3SG.POSS-inside DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful not.exist:SENS
Translation: This is the most beautiful among all the girls I have ever seen.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tokɤlɯlɤtndʑici
Glosses: IFR-PEG-fight-DU-PEG
Translation: They fought each other.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βdɯt amɤjɤzɣɯt ra ma tɯ́wɣndza
Glosses: demon IRR-NEG-PFV-arrive be.needed:FACT LNK 2-INV-eat:FACT
Translation: (She said) `[Let us hope that] the demon will not arrive, otherwise it will eat you.' (tWxtsa2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: túwɣndzaa nɯ mɤjɤɣ nɤ́ma nɤʑo nɤndʐa pɯɣea ɕti tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-INV-eat-1SG DEM NEG-be.allowed:FACT SFP 2SG 2SG.POSS-reason AOR:DOWN-come[II]-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: [The demon cannot] eat me, I came for you [to save you].' (tWxtsa2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯtɯrgɤz tɕe ki tɯ́wɣstu tɯ́wɣnɯcʰɤmda ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: AOR-2-be.old LNK DEM.PROX 2-INV-do.like:FACT 2-INV-drink.with.a.straw:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: When you become old, they will drink you (your blood) like this with a straw (planted on your back)' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki túwɣstu tɕe ɲɯ́wɣcɯ
Glosses: DEM.PROX IPFV-INV-do.like LNK IPFV-INV-open
Translation: One opens it like this.' (26-tCAkWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯtɤxɯr ʑo tówɣsɯlɤt tɕe tɤβɟu ɯtaʁ tɕe pjɤ́wɣβde .
Glosses: three-turn EMPH IPFV-INV-CAUS-release LNK INDEF.POSS-mat 3SG.POSS-on LOC IFR-INV-throw
Translation: She made the [horse] run three laps and throw her on the mat.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: koxtɕɯnri nɯnɯ tɤ́wɣχtɯ ɕimɯma ɕɤɣ nɯra wuma ɲɯmpɕɤr ri ,
Glosses: silk-thread DEM AOR-INV-buy immediately be.new:FACT DEM:PL really SENS-be.beautiful LNK
Translation: Silk threads are very beautiful when one has just bought them, when they are new.' (2002thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɲɤt tʰɯɣe nɯ ɯrca nɯtɕu tɕe , nɯŋa pɯkɯnɯrɯ nɯ tɤrca cʰɤ́wɣɣɯt , tɯrdoʁ . tɕe nɯnɯ cʰɤ́wɣɣɯt tɕendɤre iɕqʰa nɯ , nɤki tɯci kɯ cʰɤ́wɣɣɯt qʰe
Glosses: landslide AOR:DOWNSTREAM-come[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-following DEM:LOC LOC cow PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-eat.grass DEM together IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring one-piece, LNK DEM IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring LNK FILLER DEM FILLER INDEF.POSS-water ERG IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring LNK
Translation: When the landslide occurred, it took away a cow that was grazing [there], the water took it away.' (160715 nWNa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤŋɤxɕaj nɤki , kʰɯna kɯ tundze tɕe lúwɣsɯqioʁ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: plant.sp . FILLER dog ERG IPFV-eat[III] LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-vomit SENS-be
Translation: [The plant called] pɤŋɤxɕaj_i, when a dog_j eats it_i, it makes it_j vomit.' (140505 panaxCAj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <yancong> ɯŋgɯ ɲɯɲaʁ rcanɯ , tɕe kumpɣɤtɕɯ ra ɲɤ́wɣsɯɣɲaʁnɯ ʑo , nɯkɯɤkʰra ra mɯɲɤχsɤl ʑo tɕendɤre ʑɯrɯʑɤri qale tuβze , tɯmɯ kɯ pjɯ́wɣχtɕinɯ tɕe ɲɯme ɲɯŋu
Glosses: chimney 3SG-inside IPFV-be.black UNEXP:DEG LNK sparrow PL IFR-INV-CAUS-be.black-PL EMPH 3PL.POSS-NMLZ:S/A-be.colourful PL NEG-IFR-be.clear EMPH LNK progressively wind IPFV-make[III] INDEF.POSS-weather ERG IPFV-INV-wash-PL LNK IPFV-not.exist SENS-be
Translation: As it is black inside the chimney, the sparrows were completely blackened by it, the patterns and colours [on their feathers] were not visible any more, but progressively, the wind and the rain wash them away and [the soot on their feathers] disappears.' (22-kumpGatCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003925#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cɯrmbɯ ɯtaʁ nɯ nɯzrɤʑi ɲɤme ma tɯci toɣi qʰe , tɕendɤre nɤki βʑɯ ra kɤsɯfse tʰanɯtsɯm . qʰe pɯsinɯ .
Glosses: stone.heap 3SG.POSS-on DEM 3PL.POSS-NMLZ:OBL-stay IFR-not.exist LNK INDEF.POSS-water IFR:UP-come LNK LNK FILLER mouse PL all AOR:DOWNSTREAM:3→3'-AUTO-take.away LNK AOR-die-PL
Translation: The place where they_j stayed on the stone heap disappeared as the water_i came up, and it_i took the mice_j downstream. And they_j died. (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑisɤtɕʰa nɯnɯ ɣɯ jɯl nɯnɯ rcanɯ kʰu kɯ lonba ʑo tʰaɕkɯt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-place TOP GEN villager DEM UNEXP:DEG tiger ERG all EMPH AOR:3→3'-eat SEN-be
Translation: All the villagers in their land had been eaten by a tiger.' (khu2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “mtsʰoʁlaŋ ni akʰɤkɯm , nɤki , akʰɯna ʑo apɯfsendʑi ra" toti ɲɯŋu tɕe mtsʰoʁlaŋ ni kɯ pjɤ́wɣnɤliɤliɤt ʑo ɕti
Glosses: water.monster DU 1SG.POSS-doorstep FILLER 1SG.POSS-dog EMPH IRR-IPFV-be.like-DU be.needed:FACT IFR-say SENS-be LNK water.monster DU ERG IFR-INV-greet.like.a.dog EMPH be.AFF:FACT
Translation: He said `May the water monsters be like dogs on my doorstep' and the water monsters greeted him like dogs.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S175"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmpʰɯz nɯnɯ tɤjpɣom kɯ pjɤndo qʰendɤre ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-buttocks DEM ice ERG IFR-take LNK
Translation: (The leopard's) buttocks had been caught in the ice.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ [ɯmɲaʁ ɲɤznɤmbju] ʑo pjɤmto tɕe ,
Glosses: king DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-eye IFR-CAUS-be.bright EMPH IFR-see LNK
Translation: The king_j saw it [the thread]_i as it_i dazzled his_j eyes.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrkɯ nɯtɕu , si kɯwxti apɯtu tɕe ɲɯ́wɣzmaqʰu qʰe ɯʑo tumbro mɯ́jcʰa .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-side DEM:LOC tree SBJ:PCP-be.big IRR-IPFV-exist LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.after LNK 3SG IPFV-be.big NEG:SENS-can
Translation: If there is a big tree_j next to it_i, it_j delays its_i growth and it_i cannot grow very big.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cān otēma kīmākwamik
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG.POSS-dog-OBV PST-bit-INV
Translation: John_prox's dog_obv bit him_prox.'
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awa ɯɣi ra nɯɕki kówɣndʑɯ , … tɕendɤre awa ɯɣi ra kɯ tówɣnɤmqe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-relative PL 3PL.POSS-DAT IFR-INV-accuse _ LNK 1SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-relative PL ERG IFR-INV-scold
Translation: [The old monk] complained about my father_i to his_i parents, and my father_i's parents scolded him_i.' (08-kWqhi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯpi ʁnɯz nɯni kɯnɤ mɯpjɤ́wɣsɯχsɤl
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling two DEM:DU also NEG-IFR-recognize
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre rɟɤlpu ɣɯ ɯrʑaβ ɲɤkɤβzuci tɕe , tɕe ɯpi ni kɯ wuma ʑo , nɤkinɯ , pjɤ́wɣnɤʑɤmŋɤn
Glosses: LNK king GEN 3SG.POSS-wife IFR-PEG-become-PEG LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG really EMPH FILLER IFR.IPFV-INV-envy
Translation: She_i became the queen, and her_i sisters were envious of her_i.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme wuma ʑo kɯpe ci pɯŋu qʰe , ɯmu ɯwa ni kɯ ɲɯznɤjandʑi qʰe mɯtasɯɣendʑi ,
Glosses: girl really EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.good INDEF PST.IPFV-be LNK 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-father DU ERG SENS-CAUS-be.regrettable-DU LNK NEG-AOR:3→3'-CAUS-come[II]-DU
Translation: [His wife]_i was a very nice girl, her_i parents were unwilling to part with her_i and did not let her_i come.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu kɯxtɕi nɯ kɯ `...' toti tɕendɤre qro nɯnɯ ɯŋga nɯ tonɯŋga qʰe , tɕe nɯ ɯmke korqoʁ qʰe tɕendɤre tówɣtsɯm tonɯqambɯmbjom qʰe
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM ERG _ IFR-say LNK pigeon DEM 3SG.POSS-clothes TOP IFR-AUTO-wear LNK LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-neck IFR-hug LNK LNK IFR-INV-take.away IFR:UP-fly LNK
Translation: The smallest [daughter]_i said `…', she_i wore the pigeon skin, he_j hugged her_i neck, and she_i took him_j and flew away [with him].' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕnɯsŋi kɯɕnɤrʑaʁ nɯ́wɣznɤʁaʁ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: seven-day seven-night IPFV-INV-CAUS-have.a.good.time SENS-be
Translation: [The king] let [Padma 'Od'bar] have a good time for seven days and seven nights.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ , … nɯnɯ tɕʰeme χsɯm nɯ lonba pasɯxɕɤt ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy DEM ERG _ DEM girl three dem all AOR:3→3'-teach SENS-be
Translation: The boy (Padma 'Od'bar) taught the whole [mantra] to the three girls.' (2005 Norbzang, 380; Padma 'Od'bar > girls)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre “jɤɣ" ti nɤ χsɤrzaŋ nɯ́wɣɕɯrŋonɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK be.possible:FACT say:FACT LNK artefact AOR-INV-CAUS-borrow SENS-be
Translation: [The king] said `yes' and lent the Gserbzang to [the three girls].'(2005 Norbzang, 406; girls > king)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre rɟɤlpu kɯ nanɯsŋom ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK king ERG AOR:3→3'-envy SENS-be
Translation: The king envied [Padma 'Od'bar].' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɕetu ndɤre , pɤnmawombɤr katɕɤβnɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK up.there LNK ANTHR AOR:3→3'-burn-PL SENS-be
Translation: [The king and his servants] burned Padma 'Od'bar up there.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɤwɯ nɯ kɯ ɲɤ́wɣngɤjtsʰi tɕe , nɤki , tɯmgo ɲɤ́wɣmbi , tɯci ra ɲɤ́wɣjtsʰi tówɣɕɯfka tɕe tɕe
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-grandfather DEM ERG IFR-INV-give.to.eat.and.drink LNK FILLER food IFR-INV-give INDEF.POSS-water PL IFR-INV-CAUS-drink IFR-INV-CAUS-be.full LNK LNK
Translation: The old man gave him food and drinks, gave him food to eat, water to drink, gave him enough for him to eat his fill.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ jamar tɕe ci nɯni kɯ “lɯlu kɯ ɣɯ́ndzatɕi" ra mɯɲɤsɯsondʑi kɯ , “aʑo ɣɤŋgia nɤ aʑo ɣɤŋgia" ɲɤsɯsondʑi , tɕendɤre lɯlu nɯ kɯ ci komɟa , ci ɲomɟa tɕe , ndɤre ʁnaʁna ʑo cʰɤ́wɣndzandʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM about LNK INDEF DEM:DU ERG cat ERG INV-eat:FACT-1DU PL NEG-IFR-think-DU ERG 1SG be.right:FACT-1SG ADD 1SG be.right:FACT-1SG IFR-think-DU LNK cat DEM ERG one IFR:EAST-grab one IFR:WEST-grab LNK LNK both EMPH IFR-INV-eat-DU LNK
Translation: The other two were not thinking `The cat will eat us', but rather `I am right, I am right', and the cat grabbed one on his left and one on his right, and both ended up eaten by him.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu ɣɯ ɯʁjoʁ nɯra kɯ ɲimawozɤr , nɯnɯ ɣɤrɤtnɯ pjɤŋu , ɣɯtsɯm pjɤŋu tɕeri ,
Glosses: king GEN 3SG.POSS-servants DEM:PL ERG ANTHR DEM throw:FACT-PL IFR.IPFV-be INV-take.away:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: As the king's servants were about to throw him [into the lake], as they were about to take him away.' (Nyima wodzer2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɕʰira … ɣɯ ɯfkaβ nɯnɯ jówɣkio . tɕe nɯ tówɣcɯ tɕe nɯtɕu tɕe tɕe li , nɯɕimɯma tɕe li , ɯŋga ra kɯmpɕɯ~mpɕɤr ci , ɯʁzɯɣ ra kɯβdɯ~βdi ci , tɕʰemɤpɯ ci , iɕqʰa tɕʰira ɣɯ ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu tonɯɬoʁ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-jar _ GEN 3SG.POSS-cover DEM IFR-INV-slide LNK DEM IFR-INV-open LNK DEM:LOC LNK LNK again immediately LNK again 3SG.POSS-clothes PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful INDEF 3SG.POSS-appearance PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.nice INDEF girl INDEF the.aforementioned jar GEN 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:UP-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The jar's cover slid over and opened, and a girl with beautiful clothes and a very nice appearance came immediately out of it.' (150827 tianluo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ri , kurtoʁ tɕe ɯtɯci nɯra pjɤ́wɣlwoʁ tɕe kɯtu pjɤme qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK LNK IPFV-look LNK 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water DEM:PL IFR-INV-spill LNK SBJ:PCP-exist IFR.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: He_i realized that someone had spilled the water [in his_i gourd], and none was left.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɕkrɤz ɣɯ ɯmat nɯ tʰɣe tukɯti ŋu
Glosses: LNK oak GEN 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM acorn IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: The fruit of the oak is called an acorn.' (08-CkrAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tundze ŋu maʁ mɤxsi .
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III] be:FACT not.be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: I don't know whether [bears] eat [humans] or not.' (21-pri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003580#S112"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤŋe naβzu qʰe ɲɯme ɕti .
Glosses: sun AOR:3→3'-make LNK IPFV-not.exist be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It disappears when the sun appears.' (25-RmArYWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtaʁ ri kɯwɣrum kute , kukɯta ci tu qʰe , nɯnɯ li kʰɯrwum ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-on LOC SBJ:PCP-be.white IPFV-put[III] IPFV-SBJ:PCP-put INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM again mold be:FACT
Translation: A white thing grows on [meat that has been left to rot], there is something that grows on it, this is also mold.' (20-sWrna)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɯcʰoʁle nɯ toβzu tɕe rcanɯ ,
Glosses: east.wind DEM IFR-make LNK UNEXP:DEG
Translation: The East (North) Wind blew.' (aesop feng he taiyang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrtsa kɯwxti tsa tɯβzu toʑa .
Glosses: wave SBJ:PCP-be.big a.little INF:II-make IFR-start
Translation: There started to be big waves [on the sea].' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre cʰa ɯskɤt ɯβzu loʑa .
Glosses: LNK alcohol 3SG.POSS-speech 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:make IFR-start
Translation: He started drunk-talking.' (150906 qingfeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jisŋi tɯmɯ nɯ kɯfse tʰasɯɤmɲɤm ʑo , tɤŋe tɕi mɯnaβzu , tɯmɯ tɕi mɯkalɤt
Glosses: today INDEF.POSS-sky DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR:3→3'-be.homogeneous EMPH sun also NEG-AOR:3→3'-make INDEF.POSS-weather also NEG-AOR:3→3'-release
Translation: Today the weather was uniform, there was neither sun nor rain.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯrɤrma ra nɯɕki nɯtɕu , nɤki , kuxtɕo ci zɲɤrŋo ,
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-work PL 3PL.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC FILLER basket INDEF TRAL-IFR-borrow
Translation: [The leopard] borrowed a basket from the workers.' (2002 qalakWcqraq)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre rɟɤlpu ɯpʰe latsɯm ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: LNK king 3SG.POSS-DAT AOR:3→3:UPSTREAM-take.away SENS-be
Translation: He brought[the shoe] to the king.' (tWxtsa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtʰe jɤɣ
Glosses: IMP-ask[III] be.allowed:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awa kɯ , tɯrme ɣɯ ɯrʑaβ nɯ́wɣkʰoa ɕti nɤ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father ERG person GEN 3SG.POSS-wife AOR-INV-give-1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: My father has offered me in marriage to someone.' (150828 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo <laoshi> ɯɕki tandʑɯ
Glosses: 1SG professor 3SG.POSS-DAT 1→2-accuse:FACT
Translation: I will issue a complain against you to the professor.' (150826 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006244#S81"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo axtu ɯŋgɯ cʰɯtarku
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-belly 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-1→2-put.in
Translation: I will put you in my belly.' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003921#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɯmat kɤkɯɕtʂɯa
Glosses: fruit AOR-2→1-entrust.with-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ame nɯ nɤrʑaβ ɲɯtambi ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-daughter DEM 2SG.POSS-wife IPFV-1→2-give be:FACT
Translation: I will give you my daughter in marriage.' (`I will give her to you as your wife') (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: api ni kɯ nɯra tɤ́wɣstuandʑi ndʐa ɕti ma ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG DEM:PL AOR-INV-do.like-1SG-DU reason be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: [This is because] my two brothers treated me like that.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awa kɯ aʑo nɯ́wɣrɤmbia
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father ERG 1SG AOR-INV-APASS-give-1SG
Translation: My father gave me away.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯ aʑo ɲɤkɯrɤmbia
Glosses: 2SG ERG 1SG IFR-2→1-APASS-give-1SG
Translation: You gave me away (without me knowing).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awɯ tɯci ɲɯkɯjtsʰitɕi ɯ́jɤɣ ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandfather INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-2→1-CAUS-drink-1DU QU-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Grandfather, could you give us water to drink?' (nyima wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɯmɯ kɯ pɯkɯsɯχtɕia , tɤndʐo nɯ !
Glosses: 1SG INDEF.POSS-weather ERG AOR-2→1-CAUS-wash-1SG cold SFP
Translation: You caused me to be drenched by the rain, it is so cold!' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɤndze ma alo malɤtɯtsɯm ma tʰa li kɯsɯʁndɯa
Glosses: 2SG IMP-eat[III] LNK upstream NEG-IMP:UPSTREAM-2-take.away LNK later again 2→1-CAUS-hit-1SG
Translation: Eat it, don't take it up there, you would cause me to be beaten again.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ɕɤrɯ ɲɯkɯznɯntsʰoa
Glosses: 1SG meat IPFV-2→1-CAUS-eat-1SG
Translation: You make me eat the bones.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa
Glosses: 3SG ERG 2SG IPFV-INV-CAUS-see-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ aʑo pɯtɯ́wɣsɯmto
Glosses: 3SG ERG 1SG AOR-2-INV-CAUS-see
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wortɕʰi ʑo , nɤχsɤrzaŋ ɲɯkɯɕɯrŋoj
Glosses: please EMPH 2SG.POSS-magical.object IPFV-2→1-CAUS-borrow-1PL
Translation: Please, lend us you magical object.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo aβdaχpu nɯ kɯ pjɤnɯmto tɕe tɕendɤre nɤɕki jɤ́wɣsɯɣɯta ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-master DEM ERG IFR-find LNK LNK 2SG.POSS-DAT AOR-INV-CAUS-bring-1SG be:FACT LNK
Translation: My master found it and sent me to bring it to you.' (140513 qianshang he xiaotou-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤrndzu cʰo tatsʰi ra kɯ sɤŋupɯ tunɯtinɯ tɕe , ʁdɯrɟɤt ra sɤŋupɯ túwɣsɤrmij ŋu .
Glosses: TOPO COMIT TOPO PL ERG pl.p-person.from IPFV-AUTO-say-PL LNK TOPO PL TOPO-person.from IPFV-INV-give.name-1PL be:FACT
Translation: Those from Gsar-rdzong and Da-tshang say `Sangu people', they name us, [those] of Gdong-brgyad, `Sangu people'.' (23-tCAphW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤβlɯa
Glosses: AOR-burn-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: smi tɤβlɯta
Glosses: fire AOR-burn-PST:TR-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme ci pɯtaʁ ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: girl INDEF PST.IPFV-weave SENS-be
Translation: A girl was weaving.' (tWxsta2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ mɯntoʁ nɯ tʰataʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM flower DEM AOR:3→3'-weave LNK
Translation: [When] he wove this pattern, …' (150825 huluwa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006346#S95"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cɯ ɲɯ́wɣpʰɯt , tukɯɕlu ,
Glosses: stone IPFV-INV-take.out IPFV-INV-plough
Translation: One has to take out the stones, to plough,' (2010-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯji nɯ lúwɣɕlu tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field DEM IPFV-INV-plough LNK
Translation: One ploughs the fields, and …' (2002-tWsqar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɲaʁ nɯ wuma ɲɯmto ɲɯʂa ɲɯŋu nɤ́ma ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-eye DEM really SENS-be.sharp SENS-be.strong SENS-be SFP
Translation: The [eagle] has a sharp eyesight.' 140522 Kamnyu zgo, 226
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ aj pjɯsɯsoa tɕe nɯnɯ tɯtɯpʰu ɲɯŋundʑi tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM 1SG IPFV-think-1SG LNK DEM one-species SENS-be-DU LNK
Translation: In my opinion, these two [animals belong to] the same species.' (20-ldWGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɯrɯsɯso nɤ pjɯrɯsɯso tɕe ,
Glosses: IPFV-APASS-think ADD IPFV-APASS-think LNK
Translation: He thought about it over and over.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ tɕe tɕe ɯkʰa nɯtɕu kozrɤʑi tɕe , ɲɯnɯʁjoʁ tuzrɤme pjɤŋu .
Glosses: girl DEM LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-house DEM:LOC IFR-CAUS-stay LNK IPFV-give.orders IPFV-CAUS-work[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The witch kept the girl in the house, and gave her orders and put her to work.' (140507 tangguowu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003933#S107"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sŋi qʰe zɲɯnɯʁjoʁ tɕe kɯβʁa ra nɯma zɲɯnɤme
Glosses: day LNK TRAL-IPFV-work.as.servant LNK noble PL 3PL.POSS-work TRAL-IPFV-do.work[III]
Translation: In the day, he would work as a servant, and do work for the nobles.' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɕɯ ʁnɯz nɯ pjɤsi , tɯrdoʁ nɯ ɲɤri qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-son two DEM IFR-die one-piece DEM IFR-remain LNK
Translation: Two of her sons died, and one remained [alive].' (Gesar 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: asroʁ kɤtɯrit
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-life AOR-2-save-PST:TR
Translation: You saved my life.' (150906 qingfeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006366#S109"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑmbrɯ nɯnɯ … rɟɤmtsʰu ɣɯ ɯŋgɯ rŋgɯ tukɯnɯɬoʁ nɯ ɯtaʁ korpu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-boat DEM _ sea GEN 3SG.POSS-in boulder IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-come.out DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-bump
Translation: His boat ran on a reef (a boulder coming out of the sea).' (150830 baihe jieme-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aku kɯm ɯtaʁ kɤnɯrputa
Glosses: 1SG;POSS-head door 3SG.POSS-on AOR-AUTO-bump.into-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I bumped my head against the [top frame of the] door.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka ʑo mɯkɤrpua tɕe mɯtɤnɯɣmaza
Glosses: AT.ALL EMPH NEG-AOR-bump.into-1SG LNK NEG-AOR-be.wounded-1SG
Translation: I did not hit [the bottom] and was not injured.' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo azgroʁ sqʰi ɯtaʁ kunɯrpea ndʐa ɕti
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-bracelet tripod 3SG.POSS-on IPFV-AUTO-bump[III]-1SG reason be.AFF:FACT
Translation: This is because [I accidentally made] my bracelet clang against the tripod.' (tWxtsa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯsɤŋo je
Glosses: IMP-listen SFP
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤɲaʁ nɯnɯ ɯskɤt ɲɯkɯsɤŋo tɕe saχsɤl ma kɤmto rkɯn
Glosses: pheasant DEM 3SG.POSS-voice IPFV-GENR:S/O-listen LNK be.obvious:FACT a.part.from OBJ:PCP-see be.rare:FACT
Translation: The pheasant, one can recognize its presence by listening to its voice, but it is rarely seen.' (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤŋga ɲɯrtaʁ ɕi mɯ́jrtaʁ kɯ nɯsɤŋo
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-clothes SENS-be.enough QU NEG:SENS-be.enough SFP IMP-listen
Translation: Make sure (literally `feel whether') you have enough clothes.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe amu awa ra kasɤŋo tɕe lɤari tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-father PL AOR:3→3'-obey LNK AOR:UPSTREAM-go[II] LNK
Translation: He listened to my parents and went there.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <xiaoqian> nɯ wuma ʑo tɕʰeme ɲɯpe , ɲɯsɤsɤŋo ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM really EMPH girl SENS-be.good SENS-APASS:HUM-listen
Translation: Xiaoqian is a very nice girl, she is obedient.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006262#S156"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯmɲa nɯ cʰa pjɤrga qʰe
Glosses: the.aforementioned arrow DEM alcohol IFR.IPFV-like LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁzɤmi ni wuma ʑo pjɤrgandʑi .
Glosses: husband.and.wife DU really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.happy-DU
Translation: The husband and his wife were very happy.' (140506 woju guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtʂɯnlɤn ɲɯtafsɯɣ ra
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-gratitude IPFV-1→2-repay be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to return the favour.' (150827 tianluo-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006250#S138"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtʂɯnlɤn ɲɯnɯfsɯɣa
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-gratitude IPFV-AUTO-repay-1SG
Translation: I will return the favour.' (elicited, adapted from example ex:nAtsxWnlAn.YWtafsWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ tɯtɯrca kʰa ɯŋgɯ jówɣtsɯmndʑi
Glosses: king DEM ERG together house 3SG.POSS-in IFR-INV-take.away-DU
Translation: The king brought them together into a house.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯɣmɯr ndɤre nɤrca tukɯtsɯma ra
Glosses: this.evening LNK 2SG.POSS-following IPFV:UP-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: This evening, take me with you [to heaven].' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S47"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre <yinliao> tonɯndondʑi , kɤndza ra tonɯndondʑi qʰe , qrɤŋgɤɣ ɯtʰɤcu tɕe , tonɯnandʑi qhe , ɲɤnɤmɲolendʑi qʰe , tɕe konɯɣindʑi
Glosses: LNK drink IFR-AUTO-take-DU food PL IFR-AUTO-take-DU LNK TOPO 3SG.POSS-downstream LOC IFR-rest-DU LNK IFR-do.sightseeing-DU LNK LNK IFR:EAST-VERT-come-DU
Translation: The two of them took with them drinks and food, and rested and did sightseeing further down from Qrangak, and then came back.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯtɕu tɯtɯpɯ pjɤtunɯ
Glosses: DEM:LOC ONE-household IFR.IPFV-exist-PL
Translation: there was one household there.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003973#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , ʁzɤmi ci pjɤtundʑi tɕe , ndʑitɕɯ χsɯm pjɤtu .
Glosses: long.ago LOC husband.and.wife INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist-DU LNK 3DU.POSS-son three IPFV.IPFV-exist
Translation: Long ago, there was a husband and his wife, and they had three sons.' (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe lɤzonɯ kɯnɤ tɯtɯrca luzonɯ , tʰɯnɯqambɯmbjomnɯ kɯnɤ tɯtɯrca cʰɯnɯqambɯmbjomnɯ ,
Glosses: LNK AOR:UPSTREAM-land-PL also together IPFV:UPSTREAM-land-PL AOR:DOWNSTREAM-fly-PL also together IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-fly-PL
Translation: When they land they all land together, when they fly they all fly together.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtɯrca kɯdɯ~dɤn tuɬoʁnɯ ŋu .
Glosses: together SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many IPFV-come.out-PL be:FACT
Translation: They grow together in great numbers.' (21-jmAGni) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003572#S78"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯdɯ~dɤn ʑo tɯtɯrca tuɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many EMPH together IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: They grow together in great numbers.' (21-jmAGni) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003572#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrɟit kɯngɯt tɤtu ri , kɯtʂɤɣ nɯsi . kɯtʂɤɣ nɯsinɯ qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child nine AOR-exist LNK six AOR-die six AOR-die-PL LNK
Translation: She had nine children, but six [of them] died. Six died, and…' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndʑiʁi ni scʰɯ́wɣqru ŋu
Glosses: COLL-sibling DU TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-welcome be:FACT
Translation: Let's invite the two brothers down here.' (Nyima wodzer2003-2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɤɕime ra , ci ɲɯɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ tɕe , kɤnɯrŋgɯnɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lady PL a.little SENS-be.hot LNK IMP-AUTO-lie.down-PL
Translation: My lady, it is a bit hot, lie down [to sleep].' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri tɤmu nɯ kɯ rɟɤlpu ra mɤrɤʑinɯ tɕe , pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ pjɤsɯsat .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG king PL NEG-stay:FACT-PL LNK bird DEM IFR-CAUS-kill
Translation: The woman had the bird killed while the king was away.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo aʑi ra tɕʰindʐa ɲɯtɯnɤre ŋu
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-young.lady PL why IPFV-2-laugh be:FACT
Translation: My lady, why are you laughing?' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁi , nɤki tɕetʰi tɕe , tɯci ɯŋgɯ ɕpɯru tɕe , ɕɯ kɯ ɲɯmpɕɤrtɕi kɯ ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling FILLER downstream LOC INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-inside TRAL-IMP:DOWN-look LNK who ERG SENS-be.beautiful-1DU SFP
Translation: Sister, go and look down there in the water, who is the most beautiful of us?' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “tɯrdoʁ kɯ asci atʰɯndonɯ ntsʰi" ɲɯsɯsɤm pjɤŋu
Glosses: one-piece ERG 1SG.POSS-instead IRR-PFV-take-PL be.better:FACT IPFV-think[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The king] was thinking: `One of [my sons] should inherit the throne.” (140510 sanpian yumao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora tɕe ɕkɤpʰɤr tutinɯ tsuku kɯ ɕkɤjwaʁ tutinɯ ŋu ma
Glosses: 1PL LNK wild.chives IPFV-say-PL some ERG wild.chives IPFV-say-PL be:FACT LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤxsi ko , nɯra ɲɤnɯjmɯta
Glosses: NEG-GENR:know SFP DEM:PL IFR-AUTO-forget-1SG
Translation: I don't know, I forgot about these things.' (phone conversation, 2013-12-24)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: skalpa ndʑɯɣ nɯ ɲɯŋu tɕe , jinɯŋa pjɯ́wɣnɯntɕʰa ɲɯntsʰi
Glosses: world be.destroyed:FACT DEM SENS-be LNK 1PL.POSS-cow IPFV-INV-AUTO-butcher SENS-be.better
Translation: The world is about to be destroyed, let us kill our cow.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo kɯmɤku pɤjkʰu , ɯɕɣa kɯmtɕoʁ nɯ ci ɲɯ́wɣpʰɯt
Glosses: 1PL SBJ:PCP-be.first still 3SG.POSS-tooth SBJ:PCP-be.sharp DEM a.little IPFV-INV-take.out
Translation: Let us first take out its sharp teeth.' (150908 menglang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo kɯrɯ ra , nɤkinɯ , qajɣi lúwɣnɯβzu tɕe
Glosses: 1PL Tibetan PL FILLER bread IPFV-INV-AUTO-make LNK
Translation: We Tibetans, when we make bread,' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑɤra pɯxtɕij tɕe ,
Glosses: GENR PST.IPFV-be.small-1PL LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe jinde aj pɯmtota me ri , pɯkɯxtɕi tɕe pɯ́wɣmto
Glosses: LNK now 1SG AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.exist:FACT LNK PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.small LNK AOR-INV-see
Translation: I have not seen any [wild crane] recently, but when we were young, we did see (some).' (22-qomndroN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁʑɯnɯ tɕʰemɤli ra , ɲotanɯ tɕe , ɲota tɕe ,
Glosses: young.man young.woman PL IFR-put-PL LNK IFR-put LNK
Translation: She left [there] the young men and women.' (2003kandzWsqhaj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: oma , kɯβde pjɤsɯɣe nɤ ! kɯβde pjɤsɯɣe qʰe , nɯnɯra ɲɤnɤrɯrandʑi ri , ɲɤnɤrɯranɯ ri ,
Glosses: INTERJ four IFR:DOWN-CAUS-come SFP four IFR:DOWN-CAUS-come LNK DEM:PL IFR-look.around-DU LNK IFR-look.around-PL LNK
Translation: He sent four (of his daughters, not three), he sent four of them, and they looked around.' (150826 baoliandeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006370#S214"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndɤre ɯpi ra kɯ lɤ́wɣɕaβndʑi nɤ kɤakʰundʑi ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL ERG AOR:UPSTREAM-INV-catch.up-DU LNK AOR-call-DU SENS-be
Translation: Her elder sisters and the others caught up with them and called.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯfse ʁnɯz jɤɣendʑi tɕe , jikʰa zɯ jɤɣe tɕe
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like two AOR-come[II]-DU LNK 1PL.POSS-house LOC AOR-come[II] LNK
Translation: Two [ghosts] like that came, came to our house.' (150902 qixian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006258#S136"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯŋa ra tɕi kɤndza rganɯ , tɯrme kɯ túwɣndza mɤsna .
Glosses: cow PL ERG INF-eat like:FACT-PL people ERG IPFV-GENR:A-eat NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: Cows like to eat it, but it is not good for people.' (11-paRzwamWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe lɯlu nɯ wuma ʑo pe tɕe , nɯnɯ , tɯrme ra kɯ nɯ nɯrganɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK cat DEM really EMPH be.good:FACT LNK DEM people PL ERG DEM APPL-like:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: The cat is a very nice [animal], people like it.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe wuma ʑo mɯ~mɤpɯkɯtso nɤ mɤ́wɣmto
Glosses: LNK really EMPH COND~NEG-PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-know LNK NEG-GENR:A-see:FACT
Translation: If you do not know it well, you won't see it.' (07-Cku) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003424#S57"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme pjɯsatnɯ , tɯlaχtɕʰa ɲɯkɯnɯsɯkʰo , tɕʰeme tɕe tukɯnɤkʰe kɯfse ɲɯŋu
Glosses: people IPFV-kill-PL GENR.POSS-thing IPFV-GENR:S/O-rob woman LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-bully SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be
Translation: They did things like killing people, robbing people's things, raping women.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑo tukɯrɯɕmi nɯra ɯɲɯ́tso ?
Glosses: GENR IPFV-GENR:S/O-speak DEM:PL QU-SENS-understand
Translation: Does [you son] understand when people speak?' (phone conversation 15-01-13)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri tɤpɤtso pɯkɯŋu tɕe , nɯ kɤndza wuma ʑo pɯkɯrga .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-child PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be LNK DEM INF-eat really EMPH PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-like
Translation: When we were children, we used to like eating it a lot.' (12-ndZiNgri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003488#S126"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , iʑora tɕʰeme kɯ ʑɴɢro ɲɯ́wɣlɤt , tɤtɕɯ ra kɯ ɟuli cʰɯlɤtnɯ .
Glosses: long.ago LNK 1PL girl ERG Jews'.harp IPFV-GENR:A-release INDEF.POSS-boy PL ERG flute IPFV-release-PL
Translation: Long ago, among us women used to play the Jews' harp, while men used to play the flute.' (150907 ZNGro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kupa kɯ <gouweicao> tuti ŋu tɕe , kɯrɯ ra kɯ nɯ li kʰɯnajme tukɯti ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM Chinese ERG setaria.viridis IPFV-say be:FACT LNK Tibetan PL ERG DEM again setaria.viridis IPFV-GENR-say be:FACTbe:FACT LNK
Translation: The Chinese call it `gouweicao', Tibetans call it khɯnajme.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe sɤndɤɣ tutinɯ ŋgrɤl . tɕe apɯsɯχsɤlnɯ ʁo tɕe maka mɤpʰɯtnɯ , napʰɯtnɯ kɯnɤ cʰɯβdenɯ ɕti . tɕe pjɯrɤtɕɯmtɕaʁnɯ ma `tɯrme ra kɯ amɤtɤndonɯ ma ɣɯznɤndɤɣnɯ' ɲɯsɯsonɯ .
Glosses: LNK be.poisonous:FACT IPFV-say-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK IRR-PFV-recognize-PL ADVERS LNK at.all NEG-take.out:FACT-PL AOR:3→3'-take.out-PL even IPFV-throw.away-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK AOR-tread-PL LNK people PL ERG IRR-NEG-PFV-take-PL LNK INV-CAUS-be.poisoned:FACT-PL SENS-think-PL
Translation: People say that [this species of mushroom] is poisonous. If they recognize it, they don't pick it up, even if they pick it up they throw it away and stamp on it, thinking `[This way] other people won't take it and it will not poison them.” (23-grWBgrWBftsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯsɤrma nɯnɯ , praʁ , praʁpa tɕe ɕkurma ɲɯŋu
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-stay.the.night DEM cliff cavern LNK TRAL-IPFV-stay.the.night SENS-be
Translation: The place where its spends the night is the cliffs, it goes to spend the night in caverns under the cliffs.' (20-xsar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɤstu (je)
Glosses: IMP-be.straight SFP
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɤstundʑi (je)
Glosses: IMP-be.straight-DU SFP
Translation: Goodbye' (dual)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkutɯnɤβdi ? ɯkutɯpe ?
Glosses: QU-PRS-2-feel.well QU-PRS-2-good
Translation: Do you feel well, are you fine?' (conversation, 16-12-28)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiʑo ndɤ dɯxpatɕi ɣe , nɤ tɕendɤre , kɤntɕʰa ɯspa ʑo ɕtitɕi
Glosses: 1DU on.the.other.hand poor-1DU SFP LNK LNK OBJ:PCP-kill 3SG.POSS-material EMPH be.ASSERT:FACT-1DU
Translation: We, on the other hand, poor us! We are to be butchered.' (kandZislama2003.210)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑiɣi ra , nɯni mɯɲɤkɤtɯɣnɯci , pjɤsɤzdɯɣpanɯ ma
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-relatives PL DEM:DU NEG-IFR-PEG-meet-PL-PEG IFR.IPFV-be.pityful-PL LNK
Translation: Their relatives did not meet them [again], poor them.' (2003 zrAntCW tWrme)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ŋa kəʃîŋ]=tə teɲê tsə̂sŋ
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-know[I]-1SG=TOP DEM:PL say[I]-1SG
Translation: I will say what I know about.' (Cogtse dialect, )
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [sanamscə̄t kə nokəombə̂ŋ] tə , <zengguangxianwen> utʰiɛ̂ ˈnəŋɐs
Glosses: Bsod.nams-Skyid ERG AOR.INV-NMLZ-INV-give-1SG DET name 3SG.POSS-book SENS-be[I]
Translation: What Bsod nams Skyid gave me is the book `Zengguan xianwen.” (Bragbar dialect, )
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe mtsʰu nɯ ɲɤme tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK lake DEM IFR-not.exist LNK
Translation: Then the lake disappeared.' (2003nyima-2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯftsoʁ nɯ ɲome , ɲonɯɣɤme qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-female.hybrid.yak DEM IFR-not.exist IFR-AUTO-CAUS-not.exist LNK
Translation: Her female hybrid yak was gone, she lost it.' (gesar 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpi ra ɯjmŋo ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu , pjɤnɯrɤrɤtnɯ , pjɤɤ<nɯ>ɣronɯ qʰe , wuma ʑo pjɤscitnɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL 3SG.POSS-dream 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC IFR.IPFV-AUTO-APASS-write-PL IFR.IPFV-<AUTO>play-PL LNK really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.happy-PL SENS-be
Translation: In her dream, her elder brothers were drawing, they were playing, they were very happy.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯra pjɤkɤ<nɯ>ɣronɯci tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL IFR.IPFV-PEG-<AUTO>play-PL-PEG LNK
Translation: They were playing.' (140510 fengwang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003939#S33"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂu ɯrkɯ zɯ si tɯpʰɯ pjɤtu , si tɯpʰɯ nɯ ɯpʰaʁ ɯntsi nɯ pjɤrom ʑo , ɯpʰaʁ ɯntsi nɯ pjɤkɤrŋici ʑo ,
Glosses: path 3SG.POSS-side LOC tree one-tree IFR.IPFV-exist tree one-tree DEM 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM IFR.IPFV-be.dry EMPH 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-be.green-PEG EMPH
Translation: On the side of the road, there was a tree, one half of that tree was dead and the other half was green. (The divination 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕoχtsi ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu , nɤkinɯ , qajɣi kɯβde , cʰa kɯβdepʰoŋ pjɤkɤtaci .
Glosses: table 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC FILLER bread four alcohol four-bottle IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-put-PEG
Translation: There were four pieces of bread and four bottles of alcohol on the table.' (140510 sanpian sheye-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo , … tɯrme ɣɯ ɯʁjoʁ ɲɤkɤβzuaci
Glosses: 1SG _ person GEN 3SG.POSS-servant IFR-PEG-become-1SG-PEG
Translation: (The horse realized that he had been tricked by the man and thought) I have become a slave of men!' (2014 ma he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo pɣa ɲɤtɯɤβzu ɕti tɕe
Glosses: 2SG bird IFR-2-become be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: You have become a bird!' (160630 abao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: l̥amu ɲəaʃe
Glosses: ANTHR IFR:WEST-IFR-go
Translation: Lhamu went westwards.' (Tatshi dialect, )
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɬamu ɲɤɕe
Glosses: ANTHR IFR:WEST-go
Translation: Lhamu went westwards.' (Kamnyu dialect)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲətəanɯɲɐmkʰe
Glosses: B.PREVERB-2-IFR-be.lean
Translation: You got lean.' (Tatshi dialect, heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɤtɯnɯɲɤmkʰe
Glosses: IFR-2-be.lean
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɤcu tɕe iɕqʰa mtsʰu kɯwɣrum nɯ ɣɯ ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu kozɣɯtndʑi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-east LOC the.aforementioned lake SBJ:PCP-be.white DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-reach-DU
Translation: They arrived at the white lake east of there.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alo nɤ alo kɤɣea ma ɯʁɤri kukɯɣi tɕe , ɲɯɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ .
Glosses: upstream ADD upstream AOR:EAST-come[II]-1SG LNK 3SG.POSS-front IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-come LNK SENS-be.hot
Translation: I came [here], (eastwards from the point of origin) by [the road that lies] closer to the mountain, when one comes by the [road that is located] in the front (closer to the river), it is too hot.' (conversation, 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ndzom ɯpa nɯtɕu tɯci ɯrkɯ nɯtɕu pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ tonɯɬoʁ tɕe
Glosses: LNK bridge 3SG.POSS-under DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC bird DEM IFR:UP-AUTO-come.out LNK
Translation: The bird came out from under the bridge, near the river.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯnɤmkʰa zɯ pjɤnɯɬoʁnɯ .
Glosses: heaven LOC IFR:DOWN-AUTO-come.out-PL
Translation: [They] came down from heaven.' (150828 niulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006318#S48"></fn>