lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Naanu w-a-(#ka)-kes-ile ka-ma-indi ?
Glosses: 1who 1SM-PST-6OM-harvest-PFV 5-5-maize
Translation: Who harvested the maize?’ Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-(#ka)-kes-ile ka-ma-indi
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-PFV 6-6-maize . 
Translation: The children harvested the maize.' Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana b-ong’ene ba-a-(#ba)-rer-er-a ba-b-ebusi ka-m-echi .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2-only 2SM-PST-2OM-bring-APPL-FV 2-2-parents 6-6-water
Translation: Only the children brought their parents water.’ Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-(#bu)-ly-a bu-suma , se-li ba-b-ebusi ta .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-14OM-eat-FV 14-ugali NEG-be 2-2-parents NEG
Translation: The children ate ugali, not the parents.' (i.e. the parents didn’t eat ugali) Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-(#ka)-kes-a ka-ma-indi wae ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-FV 6-6-maize where
Translation: Where did the children harvest maize?' Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-(#ka)-kes-a ka-ma-indi mu-mu-kunda .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-FV 6-6-maize 18-3-shamba
Translation: The children harvested maize in the shamba.' Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: N-a-w-a o-mw-aana ka-ma-beele .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-give-FV 1-1-child 6-6-milk
Translation: I gave a child milk.' (could be any child)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: N-a-mu-w-a o-mw-aana ka-ma-beele .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-FV 1-1-child 6-6-milk
Translation: I gave a specific child milk.' (i.e. it is known who the child is)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: n-a-ba-bon-a ba-ba-ana ?(abo)
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-2OM-see-FV 2-2-children 2DEM
Translation: I did see those children.' (requires verum)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Naanu ni-ye w-a-bon-a ?
Glosses: 1who COMP-1 2SG.SM-PST-see-FV
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-(*ba)-kes-el-a naanu ka-ma-indi ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-(*2OM)-harvest-APPL-FV 2who 6-6-maize
Translation: Who did the children harvest maize for?
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-ba-kes-el-a ba-andu siina ka-ma-indi ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-2OM-harvest-AP-FV 2-people 7what 6-6-maize
Translation: Which people did the children harvest maize for?
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-kes-el-a naanu ka-ma-indi ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-harvest-APPL-FV 1who 6-6-maize
Translation: Who did the children harvest maize for?
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-ba-kes-el-a ba-b-ebusi ka-ma-indi .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-2OM-harvest-APPL-FV 2-2-parents 6-6-maize
Translation: The children harvested maize for (their) parents.' OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ba-ba-ana ba-a-b-okesy-a ba-a-khaana b-ong’ene ka-ma-reeba .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-2OM-show-FV 2-2-girls 2-only 6-6-questions
Translation: The children showed only the girls the questions.' (i.e. they didn't show the boys) OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: N-a-#?(mu)-w-el-a Wekesa ba-ba-ana bi-anwa .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-APPL-FV 1Wekesa 2-2-children 8-gifts
Translation: I gave the children gifts for Wekesa.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Lionéeli k-á-(#ku)-ly-a kú-mú-chéele , se-k-á-ly-á búu-sumá tá .
Glosses: 1Leonnel 1SM-PST-3OM-eat-FV 3-3-rice NEG-1SM-PST-eat-FV 14.14-ugali NEG
Translation: Leonell ate the rice, he didn’t eat the ugali.’ (OM-doubling requires verum)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: U-mama u-*(ya)-yi-phek-a ]vP i-n-yama .
Glosses: AUG-1a.mother 1SM-DJ-9OM-cook-FV _ AUG-9-meat
Translation: Mother is cooking it, the meat.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ngi-ya-m-theng-el-a ]vP u-Sipho u-bisi .
Glosses: 1SG-DJ-1OM-buy-APPL-FV _ AUG-1a.Sipho AUG-11.milk
Translation: I AM buying milk for Sipho.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa a-a-w-ele ba-ba-ana luno (??) bi-anwa bi-ong'ene .
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1SM-PST-give-PFV 2-2-children this.time _ 8-gifts 8-only
Translation: Wekesa gave the children only gifts this time.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa a-a-ba-w-ele (??) luno ba-ba-ana bi-anwa bi-ong'ene .
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1SM-PST-2OM-give-PFV _ this.time 2-2-children 8-gifts 8-only
Translation: Wekesa gave the children only gifts this time.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: N-a-mu-w-el-a Wekesa ba-ba-ana bi-anwa .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-APPL-FV 1Wekesa 2-2-children 8-gifts
Translation: I gave the children gifts for Wekesa.' OK without verum, without additional context
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: N-a-mu-w-el-a Wekesa ba-ba-ana bi-anwa bulayi .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-APPL-FV 1Wekesa 2-2-children 8-gifts well
Translation: I gave the children gifts well for Wekesa.' OK without verum, without additional context
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: N-a-mu-w-el-a Wekesa ba-ba-ana bi-anwa likolooba .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-APPL-FV 1Wekesa 2-2-children 8-gifts yesterday
Translation: I gave the children gifts yesterday for Wekesa.' OK without verum, without additional context
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Siina ni-syo mw-a-ba ne-mu-khol-a ?
Glosses: 7what COMP-7 2PL.SM-PST-be -2PL.SM-do-FV
Translation: What was it that you were doing?
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa a-ba (n)-a-a-nyw-a ka-ma-lwa buli nyanga
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1-be -1SM-PST-drink-FV 6-6-alcohol every 9day
Translation: Wekesa (certainly) used to drink alcohol everyday.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa a-ba a-a-(#ka)-nyw-a ka-ma-lwa buli nyanga .
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1SM-be 1SM-PST-6OM-drink-FV 6-6-alcohol every 9day
Translation: Wekesa used to drink alcohol everyday.' Requires verum for OM-doubling to be acceptable
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa a-ba n-a-a-ka-nyw-a ka-ma-lwa buli nyanga
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1-be -1SM-PST-6OM-drink-FV 6-6-alcohol every 9day
Translation: Wekesa (certainly) used to drink alcohol everyday.' Doubling OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: kh-o-nyw-e echai yoo
Glosses: KH-2SG.SM-drink-SUBJ 9tea 9your
Translation: Drink your tea.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: n-o-nyw-e echai yoo !
Glosses: -2SG.SM-drink-SUBJ 9tea 9-your
Translation: Drink your tea!
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: #Ki-nyw-e echai yoo !
Glosses: 9OM-drink-SUBJ 9tea 9-your
Translation: Drink your tea!' Requires verum, i.e. `DO drink your tea.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: n-o-ki-nyw-e echai yoo !
Glosses: -2SG.SM-9OM-drink-SUBJ 9tea 9-your
Translation: Drink your tea!' OK without verum
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ga dze kpo ga ŋe .
Glosses: Metal hit log metal break . 
Translation: The log “kpo” says if a metal hits it, the metal would end up breaking.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-kɤ-tɯ-nɯ-rɤʑí-nɯ
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-stay-PL
Translation: May you stay (here).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jla (ʁnɯz) ni
Glosses: male.hybrid.yak two DU
Translation: The two male hybrid yaks' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003660#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme ci
Glosses: girl one/INDEF
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme χsɯm
Glosses: girl three
Translation: Three girls
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme tɯ-rdoʁ
Glosses: girl one-piece
Translation: One of the girls'; `Each girl…'; `One girl' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004053#S36"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɯ-pi ni] kɯ] pɣa nɯ pa-mto-ndʑi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG bird DEM 3→3:AOR-see-DU
Translation: His two elder siblings saw the bird.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[tɯrme ra] ɣɯ] nɯ-fsapaʁ
Glosses: person PL GEN 3PL.POSS-cattle
Translation: People's cattle
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (aʑɯɣ) a-nɯŋa
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-cow
Translation: My cow
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-mu a-wa ni] (ɣɯ) ndʑi-nɯŋa
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-father DU GEN 3DU.POSS-cow
Translation: My parents' cow
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯŋa (ɣɯ) ɯ-lu
Glosses: cow GEN 3SG.POSS-milk
Translation: (The/a) cow's milk
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu (ɣɯ) ɯ-tɤ-lu
Glosses: cat GEN 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-milk
Translation: The milk for the cat (i.e. given to the cat to drink)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (aʑo) a-tɤ-lu
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-milk
Translation: My milk (i.e. for me to drink)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯsmɤnba kɯ tɯ-se ku-tsʰi ŋu
Glosses: leech ERG GENR.POSS-blood IPFV-drink be:FACT
Translation: The leech drinks people's (i.e. one's) blood.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-rpɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rʑaβ ɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-ɬaʁ" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mother's.brother GEN 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-aunt IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: One_i calls one_i's mother's brother's wife `my aunt' (i.e. one says `my aunt' to one's mother's brother's wife).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβʁa ra ɣɯ nɯ-nɯŋa kɯ-dɤn pjɤ-tu
Glosses: noble PL GEN 3PL.POSS-cow SBJ:PCP-be.many IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: The nobles had many cows.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβʁa ra ɣɯ nɯ-tɕɯ χsɯm pjɤ-tu
Glosses: noble PL GEN 3PL.POSS-son three IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: The nobles had three sons.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɯn ɯ-pɯ
Glosses: monk 3SG.POSS-little.one
Translation: (The/a) little monk
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a^-6-mɤ^-5-ɣɯ^-4-nɯ^-3-tɯ́^-2-wɣ^-1-z-nɤ-re
Glosses: IRR^-6-NEG^-5-CISL^-4-PFV^-3-2^-2-INV^-1-CAUS-DENOM-laughter
Translation: Don't let him come and make you laugh.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤ^-6-pɯ^-3-kɯ^-2-mto-t^+1-a^+2-ndʑi^+3-ci^+4
Glosses: PROB^-6-AOR^-3-PEG^-2-see-PST:TR^+1-1SG^+2-DU^+3-PEG^+4
Translation: It looks like I have seen the two of them.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤŋe tɤ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: sun AOR:UP-come.up
Translation: The sun rose.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ŋgɯ lɤ-ɣi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-in IMP:UPSTREAM-come
Translation: Come in! (for instance, inside a house)' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S90"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm tu-ndze-a pɯ-ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat IPFV-eat[III]-1SG PST.IPFV-be
Translation: I was eating meat/I used to eat meat.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-kɯ-qur
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-help
Translation: The one/someone who helps you
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-kɤ-qur
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-help
Translation: The one/someone that you help
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-sɤ-tʰu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-ask
Translation: The one whom I ask
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mɤ-pjɯ-kɯ-nɯ-fkaβ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NEG-IPFV:DOWN-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-cover
Translation: The one/those who do(es) not cover it' (from example ex:WmApjWkWnWfkAB, §sec:subject.participle.other.prefixes)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯ-mpɕɤr
Glosses: girl SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful
Translation: A/the beautiful girl
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-kɯ-rɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-write
Translation: The one/someone who writes it
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯ-rɤ-rɤt
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-APASS-write
Translation: The one/someone who writes things, a writer.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-kɯ-rtoʁ jɤ-ɣe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-look AOR-come[II]
Translation: S/he came to see me.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤ-taʁ rga-a
Glosses: INF-weave like:FACT-1SG
Translation: I like to weave.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ndza to-ʑa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:eat IFR:UP-start
Translation: S/he/it started eating it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-rɟaʁ pjɤ-ʑa
Glosses: INF:II-dance IFR:DOWN-start
Translation: S/he started dancing.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕ-tɤ-χtɯ-t-a
Glosses: TRAL-AOR-buy-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I went and bought it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-kɯ-χtɯ jɤ-ari-a
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-buy AOR-go[II]-1SG
Translation: I went to buy it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu kɯ ɯ-ma nɯ mkʰɤrmaŋ ra tu-z-nɤme pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: king ERG 3SG.POSS-work DEM people PL IPFV-CAUS-do[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The king used to make the people do work for him.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki taqaβ ki kɯ tɯ-ŋga cʰɤ-sɯ-tʂɯβ
Glosses: DEM.PROX needle DEM.PROX ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes IFR-CAUS-sew
Translation: S/he sewed the clothes with this needle.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯ-ta-nɤ-mpɕɤr
Glosses: SENS-1→2-TROP-be.beautiful
Translation: I find you very beautiful.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ cʰɤ-tʂɯβ
Glosses: girl DEM ERG IFR-sew
Translation: The girl sewed it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ cʰɤ-rɤ-tʂɯβ
Glosses: girl DEM IFR-APASS-sew
Translation: The girl sewed / did sewing.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯ-ʑɣɤ-rku-a
Glosses: AOR:DOWNSTREAM-REFL-put.in-1SG
Translation: I put myself (in the bag).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-mpɕa-a
Glosses: AOR-REFL-CAUS-scold-1SG
Translation: I got myself scolded.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɯ-sroʁ ko-nɯ-ri
Glosses: 3SG ERG 3SG.POSS-life IFR-AUTO-save
Translation: S/he_i saved his/her_i own life.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɯ-sroʁ ko-ri
Glosses: 3SG ERG 3SG.POSS-life IFR-save
Translation: S/he_i saved his/her_j life.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-rɣe pɯ-nɯ-prat-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-necklace AOR-AUTO-break-1SG
Translation: I broke the pearl necklace (by mistake).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-rɣe pɯ-prat-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-necklace AOR-break-1SG
Translation: I broke the pearl necklace (on purpose).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ kɯ ɕa ɲɯ-ndze
Glosses: wolf DEM ERG meat SENS-eat[III]
Translation: The wolf eats meat.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-kɯ-ndza
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat
Translation: The one/someone who eats it
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ ɕa ɲɯ-rga
Glosses: wolf DEM meat SENS-like
Translation: The wolf likes meat.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-kɯ-rga
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-like
Translation: The one/someone who likes him/her/it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-kɤ-ndza
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat
Translation: [The things] that I eat.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-kɤ-rga
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-like
Translation: [The things] that I like.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu nɯ kɯ pɣa nɯ to-ndza
Glosses: cat DEM ERG bird DEM IFR-eat
Translation: The cat ate the bird.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (kɯki) tɕʰeme kɯ-mpɕɤr χsɯm kɯra
Glosses: DEM.PROX girl SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful three DEM:PL
Translation: These three beautiful girls
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [lɯlu nɯ kɯ pɣa ta-ndza] nɯ
Glosses: cat DEM ERG bird AOR:3→3-eat DEM
Translation: The bird that the cat ate
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɣa ɯ-tɤ-kɯ-ndza] lɯlu nɯ
Glosses: bird 3SG.POSS-AOR-SBJ:PCP-eat cat DEM
Translation: The cat that ate the bird
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰramba kɤ-βzu] mɤ-pe
Glosses: lie INF-make NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: Telling lies is bad.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ [kʰramba kɤ-βzu] mɤ-spe
Glosses: 3SG ERG lie INF-make NEG-be.able[III]
Translation: S/he is not able to tell lies.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ kʰramba kɤ-βzu] mɤ-nɤz
Glosses: 3SG ERG lie INF-make NEG-dare
Translation: S/he does not dare to tell lies.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰramba kɤ-βzu] a-ʁjiz mɤ-ɣi
Glosses: lie INF-make 1SG.POSS-wish NEG-come:FACT
Translation: I do not want to tell lies.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pjɯ-ta-sɯxɕɤt] ɲɯ-spe-a
Glosses: IPFV-1→2-teach SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I am able to teach you.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [cʰɯ-sta-nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ] tɕe , ɯʑo cʰɤ-rɤru
Glosses: IPFV-wake.up-PL before LNK 3SG IFR-get.up
Translation: S/he got up before they had woken up.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-ɬoʁ ɕimɯma
Glosses: AOR:UP-come.out immediately.after
Translation: As soon as it comes out / immediately after it has come out
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu nɯ , [ɕɤr tɕe tu-rɤma], sŋi tɕe ku-nɯ-rŋgɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: cat DEM night LOC IPFV-work day LOC IPFV-AUTO-lie.down SENS-be
Translation: The cat, active during the during the night, sleeps during the day.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-ŋga nɯ ki tɤ-stu-t-a tɕe nɯ-χtɕi-t-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-clothes DEM DEM.PROX AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG LNK AOR-wash-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I washed my clothes like this.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tɤ-tɯ-stu=a-tɤ-tɯ-mbat-nɯ
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-try.hard(1)=IRR-PFV-2-try.hard(2)-PL
Translation: Do your best/try hard.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-me ra nɯʑora kɯnɤ , (...) [nɯ-kʰa , nɯ-mu nɯ-pʰama ra ɕɯ-rtoʁ-i] tɯ-nɯ-sɯso-nɯ ɕti tɕe jɤ-nɯ-ɕe-nɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-daughter PL 2PL also _ 2PL.POSS-house 2PL.POSS-mother 2PL.POSS-parent PL TRAL-look:FACT-1SG 2-AUTO-think:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK IMP-VERT-go-PL
Translation: Direct: `My daughters in law_i, you_i think “Let us_i go and see our_i house, our_i parents,” so go home.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ji-kʰa , ji-mu ji-pʰama ra ɕɯ-rtoʁ-i (ra)
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-house 1PL.POSS-mother 1PL.POSS-parents PL TRAL-look:FACT-1PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: (Let us) go and see our houses, our mothers, our parents.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wuma ʑo ɲɯ-ɕqraʁ
Glosses: really EMPH SENS-be.intelligent
Translation: S/he is very intelligent.' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006380#S72"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɕqraʁ ɲɯ-saχaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.intelligent SENS-be.extremely
Translation: S/he is extremely intelligent.' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006380#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ-ʁi sɤz] [ɯ-pi nɯ kɯ] mpɕɤr
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-younger.sibling COMP 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DEM ERG be.beautiful:FACT
Translation: The elder sibling is more beautiful than the younger sibling.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕè ʁzɤmí cì pjɤ-tú-ndʑi tɕè tɤ-rʑáβ nɯ̀ ɬamú pjɤ-rmí. tɤ-tɕɯ́ nɯ̀ tsʰɯráŋ pjɤ-rmí.
Glosses: LNK couple INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist-DU LNK INDEF.POSS-wife DEM ANTHR IPFV.IPFV-be.called INDEF.POSS-son DEM ANTHR IPFV.IPFV-be.called
Translation: There was a couple, the wife was called Lhamo, and the man Tshering.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tɤ-tɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤ-ʑo
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-REFL-CAUS-be.light
Translation: Make yourself light.' (from ex:atAtWGAZo.AtAZGAGAmbjom, §sec:refl.caus.volitional)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯ-ɤɕɤrɣɯ~rɣi ʑo , tu-sɯ-mtɕɯr ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INF:STAT-EMPH~be.quick EMPH IPFV-CAUS-turn be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It makes it turn very quickly.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tʰɯ-ɤ<nɯ>kʰu ɕti ma aʑo ɕ-cʰɯ-ʑɣɤ-βde-a ɕti ma
Glosses: IRR-PFV:DOWNSTREAM-<AUTO>call be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-REFL-throw-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Let her call [me], I am going to throw myself (in the river).' (22-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯsqar tu-ndo-nɯ tɕe , qrormbɯ ɲɯ-ɕar-nɯ tɕe nɯre s-pjɯ-lɤt-nɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: tsampa IPFV-IPFV-take-PL LNK anthill IPFV-look.for-PL LNK DEM:LOC TRAL-IPFV:DOWN-release-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: [Faithful Buddhist people] take tsampa_i, look for an anthill_j and spill it_i there_j.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁʑɯnɯ kɯ-ʑɯ~ʑru ʑo kɯ-ɣɤχsɯ~χsrɯ ʑo ɲɤ-k-ɤβzu-ci
Glosses: young.man SBJ:PCP-EMPH~strong EMPH SBJ:PCP-EMPH~handsome EMPH IFR-PEG-become-PEG
Translation: (The fox) became a strong and handsome young man.' (2012 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɯmtɕʰɤt s-cʰɯ́-wɣ-lɤt tɕe ɲɯ-pʰɤn
Glosses: mountain.offering TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-release LNK SENS-be.efficient
Translation: If you go and make offerings to the mountain (god), it will solve (your problem).' (Lobzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003370S#S27"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrpa ci to-lɤt ri
Glosses: axe once IFR-release LNK
Translation: He wielded his axe, but …' (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-rna χcʰoʁe ʑo ko-sti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ear left.and.right EMPH IFR-plug
Translation: He plugged both hid left and his right ears.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-mu ɯ-xtsa a-pɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-shoe IRR-IPFV-be SENS-be.needed
Translation: Let (me take this) shoe (as a present) for my mother.' (tWxtsa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-rʑaβ nɯ pjɤ-rɤ-ɕpʰɤt
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-wide DEM IFR.IPFV-APASS-patch
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-me nɯ kɯ andi paχɕi ɲɯ-ntsɣe ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM ERG west apple IPFV-sell be:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑɤ-nɯ-raʁ ɯ́-ra
Glosses: 2PL-2PL.POSS-liquor QU-be.needed:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ɣɯ a-<laojia> ɣɯ ɯ-lɤcu nɯre ri ku-rɤʑi-nɯ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG GEN 1SG.POSS-old.house GEN 3SG.POSS-upstream there LOC IPFV-stay-PL be:FACT
Translation: They live in a place upstream from my old house.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S215"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-ɣɲi ci tɯ~tɯ-ŋu nɤ , a-mbro ɯ-lwa ɯ-taʁ kɤ-zo , a-ʁgra ci tɯ~tɯ-ŋu nɤ , a-mbro ɯ-jme ɯ-taʁ kɤ-zo
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-friend INDEF COND~2-be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-mane 3SG-on IMP-land 1SG.POSS-enemy INDEF COND~2-be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-tail 3SG-on IMP-land
Translation: If you are my friend, land on my horse's mane, if you are my enemy, land on my horse's tail.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo a-mbro nɤrwɯrɯnbotɕʰi ŋu , tɯ-sŋi χpaχtsʰɤt ci ɲɯ́-wɣ-tsɯm-a cʰa
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-horse ANTHR be:FACT one-day yojana INDEF IPFV:WEST-INV-take.away-1SG can:FACT
Translation: My horse is Norbu Rinpoche, he can make me cross one yojana per day.' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo a-mu nɯ tʰamtʰam kɯrcɤsqaptɯɣ tʰɯ-azɣɯt ŋu .
Glosses: 1PL 1SG.POSS-mother DEM now 81 AOR-reach be:FACT
Translation: My mother is now 81.' (2010-histoire09-2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕi-tɕɯ ɲɯ-sɤzdɯxpa ,
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-son SENS-be.pitiful
Translation: Our poor son!' (150831 renshen wawa-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006418#S15"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ ɯ-zda tɯ-rdoʁ ɯ-pʰe to-ti , tɯ-rdoʁ nɯ kɯ li ci ɯ-pʰe tɕe ɲɤ-k-ɤ-sɯ-ɤmɯ-mtsʰɯ~mtsʰɤm-nɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-companion one-CL 3SG-DAT IFR-say one-CL DEM ERG again INDEF 3SG-DAT LNK IFR-PEG-RECIP-CAUS-RECIP-hear-PL
Translation: The boy told one of his companions, and that one another one, and [in this way] they informed each other.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-rʑaβ nɯ kɯ na-βde
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife DEM ERG AOR:3→3-throw.away
Translation: His_i wife left him_i.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-rʑaβ cʰo ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ ʁnaʁna kɯ nɯ́-wɣ-βde
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife COMIT 3SG.POSS-son DEM both ERG AOR-INV-throw.away
Translation: His_i wife and his_i son left him_i.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-mbro taʁndo kɯ-tso ci tɕi ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-horse speech SBJ:PCP-understand one also be.needed:FACT
Translation: I also need a horse who understands speech.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ a-kɯ-ra ci tu tɕe nɯ `ɣa' tɤ-ti ra
Glosses: 1SG:GEN 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.needed INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM yes IMP-say be.needed:FACT
Translation: There is one thing I need, and you have to say `yes' to it.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ kɯ-ra me
Glosses: 1SG:GEN SBJ:PCP-be.needed not.exist:FACT
Translation: I don't need anything.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ ɯ-lu ra
Glosses: 1SG:GEN 3SG.POSS-milk be.needed:FACT
Translation: I want its milk.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe iɕqʰa ʑmbrɯβɟaj nɯ kɯ nɯnɯ cʰa nɯ tú-wɣ-sɯ-ɕmi tɕe ɯ-cʰa mɯm tu-ti-nɯ pɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: in.former.times LNK the.aforementioned boat.oar DEM ERG DEM alcohol DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-mix LNK 3SG.POSS-alcohol be.tasty:FACT IPFV-say-PL PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: In former times, people used to mix the alcohol with boat oars, the alcohol [made this way] is tasty, they used to say.' (cha-31)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme kɯ-mbro ra nɯ-fsu jamar tu-zɣɯt ma mɤ-cʰa
Glosses: person SBJ:PCP-be.high PL 3PL.POSS-equal about IPFV-reach apart.from NEG-can:FACT
Translation: It can only grow about as high as a tall human.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ qaɕpa ɣɯ ɯ-pɯ ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM frog GEN 3SG.POSS-young be:FACT LNK
Translation: It (the tadpole) is the young of the frog.' (hist-28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯciste cʰɤ-ndʑɣaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-amniotic.sac IFR-ACAUS:squeeze.out
Translation: Her waters have broken.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `ŋoj tɯ-ɕe ?' to-ti , `aʑo tɤ-rʑaβ ɯ-kɯ-ɕar ɕe-a' to-ti . tɕe `ndʑiʑo ŋoj tɯ-ɕe-ndʑi ?' to-ti ri , `tɕiʑo tɤ-nmaʁ ɯ-kɯ-ɕar ɕe-tɕi' to-ti .
Glosses: where 2-go:FACT IFR-say 1SG INDEF.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search go:FACT-1SG IFR-say LNK 2DU where 2-go:FACT-DU IFR-say LNK 1DU INDEF.POSS-husband 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search go:FACT-1DU IFR-say
Translation: She said: `Where are you going?'; He said: `I am looking for a wife. Where are you going?'; She said `We are looking for a husband.” (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-rpɯ cʰo tɤ-ftsa ni ci kú-wɣ-pa mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-MB COMIT INDEF.POSS-ZC DU one IPFV-INV-make NEG-INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be
Translation: Maternal uncles and sister's children cannot marry each other.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: praʁkʰaŋ zɯ tɤ-mu ci ɯ-ku tɤ-kɯ-wɣrum ci zɯŋzɯŋ pjɤ-rɤʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: cave LOC INDEF.POSS-mother INDEF 3SG.POSS-head AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.white INDEF IDPH(II):white IFR.IPFV-stay LNK
Translation: In the cave, there was an old woman whose hair was completely white.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <penzi> ɯ-pɯ , sɤlaŋpʰɤn ɯ-pɯ jamar ɲɯ-wxti cʰa
Glosses: basin 3SG.POSS-little.one basin 3SG.POSS-little.one about IPFV-be.big can:FACT
Translation: It can grow about as big as a little basin.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-ɴqra tɕe znde ɯ-mbe ma tʰam kɯ-tu me .
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-broken.one LNK wall 3SG.POSS-old.one apart.from now SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: Now there is nothing [there], apart from some ruins and old walls. (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɤtsoʁsta nɯnɯ kʰɤɴqra ɕti tʰam tɕe kɯ-rɤʑi me
Glosses: LNK DEM place.name DEM ruins be:AFF:FACT now LNK SBJ:PCP-stay not.exist:FACT
Translation: Now Tatsogsta (`the place of silverweed') is a house in ruins, nobody lives there.' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo nɯnɯ , ɣzɯ kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ci ɯ-pɯ ci ɲɯ-ɕti
Glosses: INTERJ DEM monkey SBJ:PCP-emph~be.small INDEF 3SG.POSS-little.one INDEF SENS-be.AFF
Translation: Oh, this is [just] a little monkey.' (18-04-28 xiyouji01-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-pa ɲɯ-kɯ-ɕe nɯ tɕe kɯmaʁ tɯrme , ɯ-xso tɯrme ra nɯ-tɕʰaʁra pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-down IPFV:WEST-SBJ:PCP-go DEM LNK other people 3SG.POSS-normal people PL 3PL.POSS-toilet IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The toilet for other people, for normal people (i.e., not lamas), were on the [balcony] facing west under it.' (08-kWqhi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003454#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɯrme ɯ-xso tɯ-maʁ
Glosses: 2SG people 3SG.POSS-normal 2-not.be:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-xso ku-rɤʑi tɕe , ɯ-βri nɯnɯ scoʁ-pɯ pɯ-kɤ-βʁum ʑo fse
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-normal IPFV-stay LNK 3SG.POSS-body DEM ladle-DIM AOR:DOWN-OBJ:PCP-cover EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: When [the ladybug] is resting (staying like that, without doing anything), its body looks like a little laddle put upside down.' (26-kWlAGpopo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003670#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: toʁde tɕe tɕendɤre , nɯ-xso cʰɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ-nɯ .
Glosses: a.moment LNK LNK 3PL.POSS-empty IFR:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-come.out-PL
Translation: A moment later, they came out empty-handed.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku kɯ paʁndza ɲɯ-nɯ-pʰɯt-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu ri , paʁ ra nɯ-scawa ma mɤ-mɯm ma ɯ-tɯ-qiaβ saχaʁ ʑo .
Glosses: some ERG hogwash IPFV-AUTO-pluck-PL SENS-be LNK pig PL 3PL.POSS-poor LNK NEG-be.tasty:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.bitter be.extremely:FACT EMPH
Translation: Some people cut [Sambucus] as hogwash, poor pigs, it is so bitter.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo a-tɤɕime a-scawa , wo a-tɤɕime a-scawa
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady 1SG.POSS-poor INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady 1SG.POSS-poor
Translation: My lady, sorry [for what] I [have done to you].' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo tɯ-scawa , ku-tɯ-tso mɯ-pɯ-ra
Glosses: INTERJ INDEF.POSS-poor IPFV-2-understand NEG-PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: Alas and woe, you should not have known that.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S142"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɯ ɣɯ ŋu kɯ , nɯ-kʰi ɣe !
Glosses: who GEN be:FACT SFP 3PL.POSS-how.lucky SFP
Translation: Whose are these, how lucky they are!' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-kʰi ɲɯ-ŋgɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lucky(1) SENS-be.lucky(2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo tɯ-ci kɯ-sɤ-ɕke ɯ-ŋgɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-ɣɤ-la , tɕe nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu tɯ-mi pjɯ́-wɣ-ɣɤ-la tɕe nɯnɯ , χtɕoŋ nɯ ɲɯ-pʰɤn ɲɯ-ti-nɯ ri ,
Glosses: 3SG INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-PROP-burn 3SG-in IPFV-INV-CAUS-soak LNK DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-water 3SG-in DEM:LOC GENR.POSS-foot IPFV-INV-CAUS-soak LNK DEM, rheumatism DEM SENS-be.efficient SENS-say-PL LNK
Translation: One puts it in hot water, and then one puts one's feet in that water, and it is efficient against rheumatism, they say.' (20-sWrna)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯ-tɯ-ci wuma ʑo na-ʁzi tɕe , ɯ-tɯ-ci nɯ mɯ-pjɯ-mbrɤt ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: but 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water really EMPH TROP-be.necessary:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water DEM NEG-IPFV-ACAUS:break SENS-be.needed
Translation: But it needs water a lot, it needs to have water continuously.' (07-Zmbri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-tɤ-lu pjɯ́-wɣ-rku tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯ-tsʰi qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-milk IPFV:DOWN-INV-put.in LNK DEM IPFV:DOWN-drink LNK
Translation: People pour milk for it (i.e., the cat) to drink, and it drinks it.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde tɕe ɯ-kɯ-sat koŋla maŋe tɕe , nɯ qarma ɯ-muj kɯnɤ tɯ-jaʁ mɯ́j-ɣi wo
Glosses: nowadays LNK 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-kill completely not.exist:C LNK DEM crossoptilon 3SG.POSS-feather also GENR.POSS-hand NEG:SENS-come SFP
Translation: Nowadays, nobody kills them, and one cannot get crossoptilon feathers.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯpɯ kɯ-xtɕi nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-tɤ-muj nɯ li ɯ-tʰoʁ nɯtɕu pjɤ-nɯ-jɣɤt
Glosses: boy:DIM SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-feather DEM again 3SG.POSS-ground DEM:LOC IFR:DOWN-AUTO-go.back
Translation: The younger boy's feather fell back on the ground again.' (140510 sanpian yumao)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci nɯ tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ χawo , nɯnɯ aʑo a-tɯrme nɯ a-pɯ-ŋu ndɤre , nɯ ɯ-tɯ-pe nɯ
Glosses: one DEM INDEF.POSS-boy DEM INTERJ DEM 1SG 1SG.POSS-man DEM IRR-IPFV-be LNK DEM 3SG-NMLZ:DEG-be.good FSP
Translation: That boy, if only he could be my man, it would be so nice.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ndzɯ mɤ-kɯ-sɤŋo ɯ-mɯ mbɯt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-instruction NEG-NMLZ-S/A-listen 3SG.POSS-sky ACAUS:take.off:FACT
Translation: Those who do not listen to advice from other people do not end well.' (`their sky falls') (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: koŋla ɯ-stu ʑo a-pɯ-tɯ-rɤ-βzjoz , <zuoye> a-pɯ-tɯ-βze ,
Glosses: really 3SG.POSS-truth EMPH IRR-PFV-2-ANTIP-study homework IRR-PFV-2-do[III]
Translation: Study seriously, do your homework.' (conversation 140501)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤ-stu ʑo ɯ-ɲɯ-kɯ-nɯ-rga-a nɤ ,
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-really EMPH QU-IPFV-2→1-APPL-like-1SG LNK
Translation: If you really love me,…' (150907 yingning-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006264#S136"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa nɤ-zda nɯ pɯ-sat-a ŋu tɕe , tʰam tɕe nɤʑo nɤ-βra pjɯ-ta-sat ra
Glosses: just.before 2SG.POSS-companion DEM AOR-kill-1SG be:FACT LNK now LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-turn IPFV-1→2-kill be.needed:FACT
Translation: I just killed your companion, now it's your turn.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤj nɤ-βra tɤ-ndze
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-turn IMP-eat[III]
Translation: It is your turn to eat.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑɯɣ a-pɤro tɕʰi ju-ɣɯt-a ra ?
Glosses: 2SG:GEN 1SG.POSS-present what IPFV-bring-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: What present should I bring for you?' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo dɯxpa pɯ-tɯ-tu ma li nɤ-pɤro jɤ-tɯ-ɣɯt !
Glosses: 2SG hardship PST.IPFV-2-exist LNK again 2SG.POSS-present AOR-2-bring
Translation: Thank you, you brought another present [for me].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki nɤ-rkuz ŋu
Glosses: DEM:PROX 2SG.POSS-parting.present be:FACT
Translation: This is a parting present for you.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S248"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tɕɯ kɯ a-tɕʰa mɯ-na-kʰo .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son ERG 1SG.POSS-news NEG-AOR:3→3-give
Translation: I have not heard from my son.' (`My son did not give me any response.') (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `ma-nɯ-tɯ-ɣɤwu-ndʑi tɕe aʑo tu-ɕe-a tɕe atu ɕ-tu-tʰe-a tɕe , ndʑi-pa ndʑi-ma ni ɯ-ɲɯ-nɯjʁo-ndʑi kɯ' ɯ-tɕʰa pjɯ-ɣɯt-a
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-cry-DU LNK 1SG IPFV:UP-go-1SG LNK up TRAL-IPFV-ask[III]-1SG LNK 2DU.POSS-father 2DU.POSS-mother DU QU-IPFV-scold-DU QU 3SG.POSS-information IPFV:DOWN-bring-1SG
Translation: Don't cry, I will go up there, ask whether your parents will scold you and come back to tell you.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-mu ɣɯ tʰɯci tu-rke-a tɕe ju-tɯ-tsɯm tɕe nɯnɯ nɤ-mu ɣɯ ɯ-skɯrma ju-sɯ-ɣɯt-a ŋu nɤ-mu kɯ a-tɤ-rke tɕe , a-jɤ-tɯ-ɣɯt tɕe , tɕe nɯnɯ li a-skɯrma jɤ-kɤ-sɯ-ɣɯt ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother GEN something IPFV-put.in[III]-1SG LNK IPFV-2-take.away LNK DEM 2SG.POSS-mother GEN 3SG.POSS-present IPFV-CAUS-bring-1SG be:FACT 2SG.POSS-mother ERG IRR-PFV-put.in[III] LNK IRR-PFV-2-bring LNK LNK DEM again 1SG.POSS-present AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-bring be:FACT
Translation: When I prepare something for your mother and you take it to her, [I can say] `I sent a present to you mother', if your mother prepares something and you bring it [to me], it is `a present sent to me.” (def-skWrma)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɲɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt tɕe tú-wɣ-ndza ŋgrɤl ri , wuma ʑo tɯ-mtɕʰi cʰo tɯ-ɕɣa ra ɲɯ-sɯɣ-ɲaʁ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-INV-take.out LNK IPFV-INV-eat be.usually.the.case:FACT but really EMPH GENR.POSS-mouth COMIT GENR.POSS-tooth PL IPFV-CAUS-be.black be:FACT
Translation: One can pluck it and eat it, but it causes one's mouth and teeth to become black.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo ku-zo qʰe ɯ-qe ku-lɤt qʰe wuma ʑo tɯ-kʰa cʰo tɯ-laχtɕʰa ra sɯ-ɴqʰi .
Glosses: LNK everywhere EMPH IPFV-land LNK 3SG.POSS-feces IPFV-throw LNK really EMPH GENR.POSS-house COMIT GENR.POSS-thing PL CAUS-be.dirty:FACT
Translation: (Flies) land everywhere, shit and make one's houses and things dirty.' (25 akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɯ-fse tɕe tɯʑo tɯ-rɟit kɯnɤ ʑa mɤ-sci tu-ti-nɯ
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK GENR GENR.POSS-child also early NEG-FACT:be.born IPFV-say-PL
Translation: People say that in this way, one's child will be born late.' (27 qartshaz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-rpɯ ɯ-rɟit ɯ-ɕki tɕe tɕe “a-rpɯ a-ɬaʁ" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-MB 3SG.POSS-offspring 3SG-DAT LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: One has to say `my maternal uncle, my maternal aunt to one's maternal uncle's sons and daughters.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɤ-rpɯ ɯ-rɟit a-pɯ-tɯ-ŋu , tɕe tɕe aʑo kɯ `a-rpɯ' tu-ti-a kɯ-ra .
Glosses: 2SG INDEF.POSS-uncle 3SG.POSS-offspring IRR-IPFV-2-be LNK LNK 1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-uncle IPFV-say-1SG SBJ:PCP-be.needed
Translation: If you are the maternal uncle's son, (and I am the nephew) I have to address [you] as `my uncle'.' (140425 kWmdza)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑo sɤz kɯ-mna , kɯ-ɤʑɯχtso ra a-pɯ-ŋu nɤ , tɯʑo tɯ-mtɕʰi maŋtaʁ nɯtɕu ɲɯ-ɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: GENR COMP SBJ:PCP-be.better SBJ:PCP-be.clean PL IRR-IPFV-be LNK GENR GENR.POSS-mouth upper.side DEM:PL IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: If [one gets this disease after using the bowl of] someone who is cleaner than oneself, the [pimple] will appear on one's upper lip.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ɣɯ tɯ-ɕa ɯ-mdoʁ tsa asɯ-ndo kɯ-fse
Glosses: people GEN GENR.POSS-flesh 3SG.POSS-colour a.little PROG-take:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: It has a little the colour of human flesh.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma tɯ-ɕki wuma ʑo ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤrmbat tɕe núndʐa kʰe tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK GENR-DAT really EMPH REFL-CAUS-be.near:FACT LNK for.this.reason stupid:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: It comes near humans a lot, so people call it `stupid'.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɤr tɤ-sno tʰa-nɯ-ta ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: gold INDEF.POSS-saddle AOR:3→3-put SENS-be
Translation: He harnessed the golden saddle (on the horse).' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-rte , a-χsɤr tɤ-rte ra kɯnɤ nɤʑɯɣ ɲɯ-kʰam-a jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-hat 1SG.POSS-gold INDEF.POSS-hat PL also 2SG:GEN IPFV-give[III]-1SG be.possible:FACT
Translation: I will even give you my hat, my golden hat.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-χsɤr kʰɯtsa nɯra ku-kɯ-sɯ-ntɕʰoz-a
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-gold bowl DEM:PL IPFV-2→1-CAUS-use-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ a-kɯmtɕʰɯ , χsɤr a-kɯmtɕʰɯ nɯnɯ kɤ-ɣɯt a-pɯ-tɯ-cʰa qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM 1SG.POSS-toy gold 1SG.POSS-toy DEM INF-bring IRR-IPFV-2-can LNK
Translation: If you can bring my toy, my golden toy back…' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmaʁ nɤ-slama ci tu-tɯ-ndɤm ju-tɯ-ɣɯt ɯ́-ŋu
Glosses: other 2SG.POSS-student INDEF IPFV-2-take[III] IPFV-2-bring QU-be:FACT
Translation: So you are bringing other students of yours?' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora ji-pʰe kɤmɲɯ nɯtɕu <xiaoxue> <yinianji> <ernianji> pɯ-ndɯn-a .
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-DAT TOPO DEM:LOC primary.school first.grade second.grade AOR-read-1SG
Translation: I studied the first and second grade of primary school at our place in Kamnyu.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu tɕe iʑora ji-kɯrɯ-lɤsɤr ŋu
Glosses: DEM:LOC LNK 1PL 1PL.POSS-Tibetan-new.year be:FACT
Translation: At that time, it is our Tibetan new year.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo ji-kɤmɲɯ-skɤt nɯnɯ <quanshijie> ʑo ju-tɯ-sɯ-ɤzɣɯt ŋu
Glosses: 2SG 1PL.POSS-pl.n.-language DEM whole.world EMPH IPFV-2-CAUS-reach be:FACT
Translation: You are spreading our Kamnyu language to the whole world.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-kɯrɯ-rmi
Glosses: 2SG:POSS-Tibetan-name
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑɯɣ <faguo> nɤ-rmi
Glosses: 2SG:GEN France 2SG.POSS-name
Translation: Your French name.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo kɤmɲɯ ra kɯ tɕʰɯχpri tu-ti-j ŋu . rcaqo ra cʰo mɤŋi ra kɯ tɕʰɯχpɯχpri tu-ti-nɯ ŋu
Glosses: 1PL TOPO PL ERG salamander IPFV-say-1PL be:FACT TOPO PL COMIT TOPO PL ERG salamander IPFV-say-PL be:FACT
Translation: We Kamnyu people call it tɕʰɯχpri, and people from Rqakyo and Mangi call it tɕʰɯχpɯχpri.' (25-tChWXpri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pʰa ʁdɯrɟɤt nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕe rqaco cʰo katɕa nɯ stu ɣɤndʐo
Glosses: whole TOPO DEM 3SG.POSS-inside LNK TOPO COMIT TOPO DEM most cold:FACT
Translation: In the whole of Gdongbrgyad, Rqakyo and Kacha are the coldest.' (140522 RdWrJAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-wa nɯnɯ kupa ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father DEM Chinese be:FACT
Translation: My father is Chinese.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ʁnɯ-tɯpɯ nɯnɯ taʁrdo ŋu
Glosses: LNK two-household DEM TOPO be:FACT
Translation: These two households are Taqrdo.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-pi kɯ tɤ́-wɣ-ndo-a tɕe tɕe , mbarkʰom tʰɯ́-wɣ-ɣɯt-a ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling ERG AOR-INV-take-1SG LNK LNK TOPO AOR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring-1SG
Translation: My elder brother brought me to Mbarkham.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S27"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe kɤmɲɯ ɣɟɯ kɯɕnɯz pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: former.days LNK TOPO watchtower seven IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: In former times, there were seven watchtowers in Kamnyu.' (140522 GJW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe alo tsʰuβdɯn ri pɯ-rɤʑi-j tɕe
Glosses: LNK upstream TOPO LOC PST.IPFV-stay-1SG LNK
Translation: We were living up there in Tshobdun.' (28-kWpAz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003714#S164"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-mɯ lɤt tɤkʰa tɕe , qaprɤŋar ɯ-stu ri ɲɯ-kɯ-ru tɕe zdɯm ci tu-nɯ-ɬoʁ ŋu . tʰam kɯnɤ zdɯm tu-nɯ-ɬoʁ ŋu tɕe , nɯ maka qaprɤŋar kɯ zdɯm to-tɕɤt ra tu-ti-nɯ
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-weather release:FACT at.the.time LNK placename 3SG.POSS-direction LOC IPFV:WEST-GENR:S/O-look LNK cloud INDEF IPFV:UP-AUTO-come.out be:FACT now also cloud IPFV:UP-AUTO-come.out be:FACT LNK DEM at.all placename ERG cloud IFR-take.out PL IPFV-say-PL
Translation: And when it is about to rain, when one looks towards Qaprangar, a cloud comes out from it. Even now a cloud comes out, and [the elders] say `Qaprangar released a cloud.” (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S317"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-muj nɯra wuma ʑo mpɕɤr , kʰatoʁ ʑo tu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-feather DEM:PL really EMPH be.beautiful variegated EMPH exist:FACT
Translation: Its feathers are very beautiful and variegated.' (24-kWmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qambalɯla rcanɯ ɯ-mdoʁ ʑakastaka ʑo kɯ-ŋu tu . … kɯ-qarŋe tu , ldʑaŋkɯ tu , kɯ-ɤrŋi tu , kɯ-ɲaʁ tu .
Glosses: butterfly UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-colour each EMPH SBJ:PCP-be exist:FACT … SBJ:PCP-be.yellow exist:FACT blue/green exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.green exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.black exist:FACT
Translation: There are butterflies with all kinds of colours, yellow, green, blue/green, black. (26-qambalWla)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-ri kʰatoʁ nɯ kɯ tʰɯ-kɤ-sɯ-βzu nɯ snalŋaɕtʰɤβ tu-kɯ-ti
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-thread variegated DEM ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make DEM multicolour.lace IPFV-GENR-say
Translation: [The laces] that are made of multicoloured thread are called snalŋaɕtʰɤβ.' (30-rkAsnom) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003754#S32"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ-me tɯlɤt nɯ ɲɤ-mbi-nɯ
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-daughter second.sibling DEM IFR-give-PL
Translation: They gave him their second daughter.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯ-lɤɣ acɤβ nɯ kɯ , ɯ-pʰɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu qapɯtɯm ci na-rku ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-graze Askyabs DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-fold.of.clothes DEM:LOC pebble.from.flint INDEF AOR:3→3-put.in SENS-be
Translation: The shepherd Askyabs put a pebble in the folds of his clothes (to avoid forgetting what he had to told the king).' (Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe χpɯn ɯ-rmi nɯ , aʑo a-rmi nɯ stɤnbiɲima tɤ́-wɣ-sɤrmi-a-nɯ .
Glosses: LNK monk 3SG.POSS-name DEM 1SG 1SG.POSS-name DEM ANTHR AOR-INV-give.name-1SG-PL
Translation: They gave me the name Bstanpa'i nyima as my monk name.' (160721 XpWN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zrɤntɕɯ tɯrme ci pjɤ-tu , tɯpɕi kɯ-rmi ci pjɤ-tu , tɯrme nɯ-rmi ɲɯ-ŋu nɤ
Glosses: mung.bean person INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist flax SBJ:PCP-call INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist people 3PL.POSS-name SENS-be SFP
Translation: There was [a lady] was was called `Mung bean', and [another one] called `Flax', these are names of people.' (zrAntCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-nmaʁ χpɤltɕin
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-husband ANTHR
Translation: My husband Dpalcan.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɤltɕin kɯmaʁ kɯ-nɯhɯɲi mɯ-jo-ɕe ɯ́-ŋu .
Glosses: ANTHR other SBJ:PCP-do.work NEG-IFR-go QU-be:FACT
Translation: (Tshendzin): `Dpalcan did not go for another job, did he?
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ka ?
Glosses: SFP
Translation: (Tshering Sgrolma): `What?
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɤltɕin , nɯʑo nɯ-χpɤltɕin nɯ
Glosses: ANTHR 2PL 2PL.POSS-ANTHR DEM
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲimawozɤr nɯ kɯ , srɯnmɯ nɯ pjɤ-ftɯl ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG râkshasî DEM IFR-subdue
Translation: Nyima 'Odzer subdued the râkshasî.' (2011-4-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <dangshi> χpɤltɕin nɯnɯ snarndi lɤ-ari
Glosses: at.that.time ANTHR DEM TOPO AOR:UPSTREAM-go[II]
Translation: At that time (the Wenchuan earthquake, in 2008), Dpalcan had gone to Snarndi.' (180420 waJW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-pɯ-ŋu tɕe , χpɤltɕin ʁnɯz , nɯ maʁ nɤ χsɯm kɯ-fse kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ tɯtɯrca a-pɯ-rɤʑi-nɯ tɕe , `χpɤltɕin ni , χpɤltɕin ra" nɯra tu-kɯ-ti kʰɯ .
Glosses: IRR-IPFV-be LNK ANTHR two DEM not.be:FACT LNK three NMZL:S/A-be.like NMZL:S/A-be.identical together IRR-IPFV-stay-PL LNK ANTHR DU ANTHR PL DEM:PL IPFV-GENR-say be.possible:FACT
Translation: For instance, if two or three [people called] Dpalcan live together, one can say `the two Dpalcans', `the Dpalcans'. (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɤltɕin ɯ-kʰa nɯ taʁrdo rmi tɕe taʁrdo χpɤltɕin tu-kɯ-ti .
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG.POSS-house DEM TOPO be.called:FACT LNK TOPO ANTHR IPFV-GENR-say
Translation: Dpalcan's house is called Taqrdo, so one [can] call him `Taqrdo Dpalcan'.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ maʁ nɤ , ndʑi-kʰa ɯ-rmi kɯnɤ a-pɯ-naχtɕɯɣ tɕe , kʰa kundi , lotʰi kɯ-fse nɯra tɕe , maŋlo χpɤltɕin , maŋtʰi χpɤltɕin , maŋkɯ χpɤltɕin , maŋndi χpɤltɕin , nɯra tu-kɯ-ti ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM not.be:FACT LNK 3DU.POSS-house 3SG.POSS-name also IRR-IPFV-be.identical LNK house east.west up.down.stream SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL LNK upstream ANTHR downstream ANTHR east ANTHR west ANTHR DEM:PL IPFV-GENR-say be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: Otherwise, if their house name is also the same, using the east-west or the upstream-downstream dimensions, one can say `Dpalcan from upstream, downstream, east or west.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre iɕqʰa ʁlaŋsaŋtɕʰin [χsɯm ma mɯ-tɤ-kɯ-rʑaʁ] nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK the.aforementioned Gesar three apart.from NEG-AOR-SBJ:PCP-pass.days DEM
Translation: Gesar, who was only three days old,' (Gesar 81)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ ɯ-nmaʁ pɯ-kɯ-ŋu] tsʰɯraŋ nɯ pjɤ-mto
Glosses: DEM before 3SG.POSS-husband PST-SBJ:PCP-be ANTHR DEM IFR-see
Translation: See saw Tshering, who had been her husband before.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰi tɤ-mda tɕe nɯ ɯʑo ɯ-cʰɤmdɤru nɯ pjɯ-nɯ-rʁe tɕe pjɯ-nɯ-tsʰi , mɯ-na-tsʰi tɕe tɕe li tu-nɯ-χɕoʁ tɕe ɯ-mtʰɤrɴɢɤβ cʰɯ-nɯ-rʁe
Glosses: drink:FACT AOR-be.the.time LNK DEM 3SG 3SG.POSS-drinking.straw DEM IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-insert LNK IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-drink NEG-AOR:3→3-drink LNK LNK again IPFV:UP-AUTO-take.out LNK 3SG.POSS-tuck IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-insert
Translation: When it is time to drink, he inserts his straw [into the jar] and drinks from it, and when he does not drink any more, he takes it out and tucks it back into his trousers.' (30-tChorzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-taʁ ɯ-mnɯ kɯnɤ kɯ-zri tu-ɬoʁ mɯ́j-cʰa tɕe , nɯ-kɤ-ʁndzɤr ʑo ɲɯ-fse tɕe nɯ ʑmbrɯkɤlu tu-kɯ-ti ŋu . tɕe nɯ ɯ-ku kɯ-me kɤ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu . kɤlu nɯ ɯ-ku kɯ-me kɤ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG-on 3SG.POSS-new.twig also SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV:UP-come.out NEG:SENS-can LNK AOR-OBJ:PCP-cut EMPH SENS-be.like LNK DEM plant.name IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-head SBJ:PCP-not.exist INF-say SENS-be headless DEM 3SG.POSS-head SBJ:PCP-not.exist INF-say SENS-be
Translation: Its new twigs cannot grow very long, and look like they have been sawed short, therefore it is called `headless willow'. `Headless' means `without head'.' (07-Zmbri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ kʰɯlu nɯnɯ sɤndɤɣ . ɯ-lu tu tɕe , tɤ-lu kɯ-fse kɯ-wɣrɯ~wɣrum ŋu . koŋla ʑo , pjɯ́-wɣ-qlɯt tɕe , nɯre ɯ-lu tu .
Glosses: LNK DEM Euphorbia.helioscopia DEM poisonous:FACT 3SG.POSS-milk exist:FACT LNK INDEF.POSS-milk SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.white be:FACT completely EMPH IPFV-INV-break LNK there 3SG.POSS-milk exist:FACT
Translation: The Euphorbia helioscopia is toxic, it has a juice white like milk, when it is broken, there is milk in [the stalk]. (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-jwaʁ nɯra qapri ɯ-mdʑu ɯ-tsʰɯɣa nɯ fse
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM:PL snake 3SG.POSS-tongue 3SG.POSS-shape DEM be.like:FACT
Translation: The shape of its leaves look like that of a snake tongue.' (xsArW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003500#S66"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: joʁβzɯr tɤ-βzu-t-a
Glosses: tidying.up AOR-do-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I did some tidying up.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βʁɤnŋo maŋe-ndʑi
Glosses: winning.and.losing not.exist:SENS-DU
Translation: One cannot decide who [of the two of them] is winning and who is losing.