lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <jiazhang> ra juɣinɯ tɕe <laoshi> ɯɕki , tɯɕki ʑo ɣɯjuɣinɯ ɕti netɕi ?
Glosses: parents PL IPFV-come-PL LNK teacher 3SG.POSS-DAT GENR.POSS-DAT EMPH CISL-IPFV-come-PL be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: The parents come, they come to (us) the teachers, right?.' (conversation140501 01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li nɤki iɕqʰa nɯ tɤjlu kɤrku ɯŋgɯ zɯ ɕpjɤɕe
Glosses: again DEM the.aforementioned DEM flour OBJ:PCP-put.in 3SG.POSS-inside LOC TRAL-IFR:DOWN-go
Translation: He went into [a bag of] flour.' (140519 chou xiaoya-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯnɯ ɕtonɯŋkenɯ tɕe , lu χsɯxpa ɕpjɤŋkenɯ ,
Glosses: LNK DEM TRAL-IFR-APPL-walk-PL LNK year three-year TRAL-IFR-walk-PL
Translation: The ministers went to look for [the girl], they walked for three years.' (sras 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯnŋo nɯ qʰe ci ci ɕtumɯrki kɯfse ma nɯ ma mɯɲɯɤʁe .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.defeated DEM LNK one one TRAL-IPFV-steal[III] SBJ:PCP-be.like apart.from DEM apart.from NEG-SENS-be.needed.eat
Translation: The [lion] which is defeated steals a little [meat], but apart from that has nothing to eat.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki atɕɯ ki tɕetu zgoku tɕe ɕpjɯskia ɲɯntsʰi
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-son DEM.PROX up.there mountain LOC TRAL-IPFV:DOWN-bury[III]-1SG SENS-be.better
Translation: Let's bury my son up there on the mountain.' (150904 cuzhi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟa ɣɯ ɯlaχtɕʰa tuɣɯta tɕe pot zɯ ɕtuntsɣea , pot ɣɯ ɯlaχtɕʰa pjɯɣɯta tɕe , rɟa zɯ ɕpjɯntsɣea .
Glosses: China GEN 3SG.POSS-thing IPFV:UP-bring-1SG LNK Tibet LOC TRAL-IPFV:UP-sell-1SG Tibet GEN 3SG.POSS-thing IPFV:DOWN-bring-1SG LNK China LOC TRAL-IPFV:DOWN-sell-1SG
Translation: I bring things [down] from central Tibet, and sell them in China.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetʰi tɤmuj jlɤrɯcɤrna ɣɯ ɯpʰe nɯtɕu kɯmɯrkɯ cʰɯɕea ŋu tɕe . tsʰɤt ɯʁrɯ ɣɯ ɯci nɯnɯ ʑlumɯrkia ri aqʰu zɯ lɤɣenɯ tɕe
Glosses: downstream TOPO TOPO GEN 3SG.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC SBJ:PCP-steal IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go-1SG be:FACT LNK goat 3SG.POSS-horn GEN 3SG.POSS-water DEM TRAL-IPFV:UPSTREAM-streal[III]-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-after LOC AOR:UPSTREAM-come[II]-PL LNK
Translation: (Tomorrow morning) I will go downstream to steal from Tamuj Jlarukyarna, and I will steal the water from the goat's horn, but when [the mountain god] comes after me…' (25-kAmYW-XpAltCin)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lomɯrkɯ pjɤcʰa tɕe loɣɯt ri
Glosses: IFR:UPSTREAM-steal IFR-can LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-bring LNK
Translation: He was able to steal it and brought it upstream.' (02-montagnes-kamnyu-cz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕikɯm lupea je !
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-door IPFV:UPSTREAM-close[III]-1SG SFP
Translation: Let me close the door (for us).' (conversation, 03-05-2018, Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe mbroχpa ri jla nɯ scʰɯχtɯnɯ ʁɟa pɯra .
Glosses: LNK nomad LOC hybrid.yak DEM TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-buy-PL completely PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: People had to buy hybrid yaks from the nomads.' (150820 kAnWCkat)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpɕi nɯra kɯ kɯre ri ɣɯcʰɯsɯχtɯnɯ ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG-outside DEM:PL ERG here LOC CISL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-buy-PL be:FACT
Translation: Outsiders send people to come here and buy [matsutake].' (20 grWBgrWB)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atʰi ɯpɕi ri <chengdu> ri <diannao> ci ɕpaβzjoz
Glosses: downstream 3SG.POSS-outside LOC Chengdu LOC computer INDEF TRAL-AOR:3→3-learn
Translation: He went outside of [Tibetan areas, downstream], to Chengdu, and studied computers there a little bit.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pʰɤri praʁ ɯŋgɯ mɤɕtʂa kutsɯm qʰe , tɕe nɯtɕu ɕtundze ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: the.opposite.side cliff 3SG.POSS-in until IPFV:EAST-take.away LNK LNK DEM:LOC TRAL-IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The eagle] takes [the young animal] to the cliff on the other side [of the river] and eats it there.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯzrɤm juɕe qʰe nɯre ri , kɯmaʁ ɯpɕoʁ ɕtuɬoʁ ɲɯɕti ma
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-root IPFV-go LNK DEM:LOC LOC other 3SG.POSS-place TRAL-IPFV-come.out SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: Its root spreads and it grows there, at a different place.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: anɯχɕaʁ , anɯsi tɕe tɕe , kɯmaʁ pɕoʁ ri li ɕtusci ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: IRR-PFV-pass.away IRR-PFV-die LNK LNK other place LOC again TRAL-IPFV-be.born SENS-be
Translation: When [the reincarnated lama] passes away, he is born in another place.' (160722 skWBli)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe saɕɯ nɯ tɯrgi ɯlocu zɯ ɕtoɬoʁ tɕe , tɕe nɯnɯ tɤftsa nɯ tɤrpɯ sɤz lukɯmaŋlo mɯpjɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK larch DEM fir 3SG.POSS-upstream LOC TRAL-IFR-come.out LNK LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-nephew DEM INDEF.POSS-MB COMP IPFV:UPSTREAM-GENR:S/O-be.upstream NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The larch grew in a place higher than the fir, but nephews could not be seated higher (i.e. upstream) than their maternal uncles (and this is why the larch became deciduous).' (08-saCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003462#S11"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <guanzi> ɯŋgɯ ri ɕtɤrɯndzɤtsʰij .
Glosses: restaurant 3SG.POSS-in LOC TRAL-AOR-east-1PL
Translation: We went to a restaurant and ate there.' (2010-1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme kɯxtɕi nɯnɯra sɲikuku ʑo sɯŋgɯ juɕenɯ tɕe , iɕqʰa nɯ , tsʰitsuku zɲɯɕarnɯ pjɤŋu tɕe , χsɤr ra ɕtuβzdɯnɯ pjɤŋu .
Glosses: people SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL every.day EMPH forest IPFV-go-PL LNK FILLER DEM whatever TRAL-IPFV-search-PL IFR.IPFV-be LNK gold PL TRAL-IPFV-collect-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The dwarves went into the forest every day, searching around and collecting gold there.' (140504 baixuegongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaliaʁ kɯ , … kɯmɤku tɕe tɕe ɯtʰoʁ nɯ tɕe pjɯnɤʁarpʰɤβ tɕe pjɯsat , tɕe nɯ koʁmɯz nɤ cʰɯnɯtsɯm tɕe ɕtundze ɲɯra ma ,
Glosses: eagle ERG _ SBJ:PCP-be.first LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-ground DEM LOC IPFV-hit.with.wings LNK IPFV-kill LNK DEM only.after LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-take.away LNK TRAL-IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.needed LNK
Translation: The eagle, (in the case of prey that is too big), it has to kill them by hitting them with its wings, and then take them away and eat them.' (50819 RarphAB)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jaʁmɤzdoʁzdoʁ nɯ kɯ qajɯ ra tundze ma tɤrɤku ɣɯtundze mɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: bird.sp DEM ERG bug PL IPFV-eat[III] LNK INDEF.POSS-crops CISL-IPFV-eat NEG-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The bird jaʁmɤzdoʁzdoʁ eats bugs, and it does not come and eat the crops.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jime nɯ kɯ βɣɯz ʁnɯz ʑo ɕpjɤsat .
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-daughter DEM ERG badger two EMPH TRAL-IFR-kill
Translation: Our daughter-in-law went (to look for badgers) and killed two badgers.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ŋotɕu ŋu , kɯχsɤl kɯme kɯfse ɲɯɕti , “joɕe tɕe pjɤsat" tukɯti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM where be:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.clear SBJ:PCP-exist SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be.AFF IFR-go LNK IFR-kill IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be
Translation: It is like it is unclear where it is, it means `she went (somewhere) and killed them'.' (explanation of ex:BGWz.CpjAsat).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zgoku tɤari nɤ , `hehe aʑi ra cʰɤtɯnɯrɤrɟitnɯ mɯ́jtɯnɯsɯχsɤlnɯ' ɕtatɯt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: mountaintop AOR:UP-go[II] LNK INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady PL IFR-2-AUTO-have.a.child-PL NEG:SENS-2-AUTO-realize-PL TRAL-AOR:3→3-say[II] SENS-be
Translation: He went up the mountain top and said: `My lady, you had a child and did not notice it.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi ɯtaʁ toɕe tɕe ɕtɤru
Glosses: stairs 3SG.POSS-on IFR:UP-go LNK TRAL-AOR:UP-look
Translation: He went up the stairs and looked up.' (08-kWqhi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa mɯpɯrɤʑi tɕe tɕe , ftɕar nɯ wuma ʑo βɣɯz pjɤrɯŋɯŋɤn tɕe maka , kɯmtʰoʁ ra kɯnɤ juɣi ɣɯɲɯsloʁ pjɤŋu .
Glosses: house NEG-PST.IPFV-stay LNK LNK summer DEM really EMPH badger IFR.IPFV-cause.damage LNK completely threshold PL also IPFV-come CISL-IPFV-dig.up IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He was not at home, and badgers were causing a lot of damage that summer, they came and even dug up the threshold of the house.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ toɕe tɕe ɕpjɤru ri ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM IFR:UP-go LNK TRAL-AOR:DOWN-look LNK
Translation: The boy went up and looked down.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci nɯ kɯ tʂʰa kota , ci nɯnɯ , sɯku nɯtɕu kɯnɯsuwa joɕe . … tɕe nɯnɯ sɯku tɕe toɕe tɕe kurɤʑi pjɤŋu ri , tɕendɤre pjɯru tɕe , ɯtʂʰa nɯ tokɤlaci tɕe mbuz pjɤŋu tɕe
Glosses: one DEM ERG tea IFR-put one DEM treetop DEM:LOC SBJ:PCP-stand.guard IFR:UP-go _ LNK DEM treetop LOC IFR:UP-go LNK IPFV-stay IFR.IPFV-be LNK LNK IPFV-look LNK 3SG.POSS-tea DEM IFR-PEG-boil-PEG LNK overflow:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: One [of the two men] prepared tea, the other one went up the tree to stand guard. He went up, and as he was there, he saw [down there] that the tea had boiled and was about to boil over.' (26-tAGe) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003686#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯnɯ jɤtsɯm tɕe ɕpɯsat ra
Glosses: DEM girl DEM IMP-take.away LNK TRAL-IMP-kill be.needed:FACT
Translation: Take this girl [to the forest] and kill her.' (140504 baixuegongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003907#S38"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe akʰa ra ɣɯtarɤroʁrɯz , amgo ra ɣɯtaβzu ŋu ɕi
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-house PL CISL-AOR:3→3-tidy 1SG.POSS-food PL CISL-AOR:3→3-make be:FACT QU
Translation: Is it [the neighbour's wife who took pity on me] and came and tidied my house and made food for me?' (150827 tianluo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci ci ɯmi kɯ iɕqʰa , lɯlu ɣɯ ɯmi nɯra zɲɯznɤtsʰɣɤz . kɯra ɕtuste tɕe ɕkunɯrtɕe ra pjɤŋu .
Glosses: one one 3SG.POSS-foot ERG FILLER cat GEN 3SG.POSS-foot DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-CAUS-bump DEM:PROX:PL TRAL-IPFV-do.like[III] LNK TRAL-IPFV-tease[III] PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The mouse] sometimes went and touched the cat's legs with its paw, it [went and] teased [the cat] like that.' (150902 dashu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯloʁ ɯŋgɯ ri zjusɯmtsʰɤt ʑo zjuski
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-nest 3SG.POSS-inside LOC TRAL-IPFV-CAUS-be.full EMPH TRAL-IPFV-bury[III]
Translation: [The mole]_i goes to its nest_j and buries [so much of the food_k it_i has collected that it_i] fills it_j up.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɴɢɯloʁ pɯkɯŋgra nɯra ɕtunɯrdoʁ qʰe , nɯra zjuski .
Glosses: walnut AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:cause.to.fall DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-collect.one.by.one LNK DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-bury[III]
Translation: It goes and collects the walnuts that have fallen [on the ground] one by one, and goes [to its nest] and buries them [there].' (28-qapar) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003720#S174"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯari ndɤre jɯɣi nɯ ɕtaru ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: AOR:DOWN-go[II] LNK book DEM TRAL-AOR:UP:3→3-bring SENS-be
Translation: He went down [to the bottom of the ocean] and brought up the sutra.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki sɤlaŋpʰɤn ki nɤʑo ŋotɕu zjɤtɯrut ŋu ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX basin DEM.PROX 2SG where TRAL-AOR-2-bring-PST:TR be:FACT
Translation: Where did you get this washbasin from?' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atu tɤmtʰɯm ɕpɯre
Glosses: up.there INDEF.POSS-meat TRAL-IMP:DOWN-bring[III]
Translation: Bring [down] the meat from up there.' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤcɯ zɲɯrea
Glosses: key TRAL-IPFV:WEST-bring[III]-1SG
Translation: I will fetch the key (over there, towards the east).' (heard in context, 2014)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰa qaliaʁ nɯ kɯ arɟit ɣɯnɯre
Glosses: later eagle DEM ERG 1SG.POSS-child CISL-AUTO-bring[III]:FACT
Translation: The eagle will come and take my child away.' (140427 laoying mao he yezhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kutɕu ʑo rdɤstaʁ ɣɯɲɯrundʑi iʑora ɣɯ ra mɤŋgrɤl ɯmaʁ ma
Glosses: here EMPH stone CISL-IPFV:WEST-bring-DU 1PL GEN be.needed:FACT NEG-be.usually.the.case QU-not.be:FACT LNK
Translation: They come here to take stones away, as if we did not need them.' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕekɯ taʁrdo ra kɤɣendʑi
Glosses: east TOPO PL AOR:EAST-come[II]-DU
Translation: They came to Tagrdo (and looked for stones).' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ popo tondo tɕe , tɯci ʑloru ri ,
Glosses: girl DEM ERG earthenware IFR-take LNK INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IFR:UPSTREAM-bring LNK
Translation: The woman took an earthenware jar and brought water.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑloru ri ci ra mɯloɕqʰlɤtnɯ
Glosses: TRAL-IFR:UPSTREAM-look LNK INDEF PL NEG-IFR:UPSTREAM-disappear-PL
Translation: He went there and had a look up there, but the other ones had not [yet] disappeared.' (tWJo 2005) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004089#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɯci ɕɯkɤru] nɯʁjiz kɯɣi maka ʑo pjɤme
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-INF-bring 3PL.POSS-wish SBJ:PCP-come at.all EMPH IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: None of them wanted to fetch water [anymore].' (150830 san ge heshang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯki χsɤr pɣɤtɕɯ ki ɕɯkɯru] ɕɯ pɯkɯcʰa nɯ asci rɟɤlpu cʰɯtasɯndonɯ ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX gold bird DEM.PROX TRAL-SBJ:PCP-bring who AOR-SBJ:PCP-can DEM 1SG.POSS-instead king IPFV-1→2-CAUS-take-PL be:FACT
Translation: Whoever among you succeeds in finding and bringing this golden bird here, I will give him the throne.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: loɕenɯ tɕe , ɲimawozɤr nɯ staʁlu pjɤŋu tɕe ɯkɯru loɕenɯ ,
Glosses: IFR:UPSTREAM-go-PL LNK ANTHR DEM year.of.the.tiger IFR.IPFV-be LNK 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-bring IFR:UPSTREAM-go-PL
Translation: They went up there, Nyima 'Odzer was born in the year of the tiger and they went to take him (downstream).' (nyima2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯci nɯnɯ ɯɣɯkɯnɯru] tɯrme ra , nɤkinɯ , jɤɣenɯ tɕe , nɯnɯ si ɯpa nɯtɕu , spoz tusɯzwɤrnɯ ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water DEM 3SG.POSS-CISL-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-bring people PL FILLER AOR-come[II] LNK DEM tree 3SG.POSS-under DEM.LOC incense IPFV-CAUS-burn-PL
Translation: Whenever people came to take water [from the well], [the demon] forced them to burn incense under the tree.' (140512 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɯrtoʁ jɤɣea ri , mɯnɯatɯɣtɕi , mɯpɯtamto .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see AOR-come[II]-1SG LNK NEG-AOR-meet-1DU NEG-AOR-1→2-see
Translation: I came to see you but I did not see you.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: †ɣɯjɤtartoʁ ri mɯpɯtamto
Glosses: CISL-AOR-1→2-look LNK NEG-AOR-1→2-see
Translation: Intended meaning: `I came to see you but I did not see you.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤnɤmmtsʰu kɯ kɤntsɣe cʰɤɣɯt ri mɯ́jsɯntsɣe ndɤre ,
Glosses: ANTHR ERG OBJ:PCP-sell IFR:DOWNSTREAM-bring LNK NEG:SENS-ABIL-sell LNK
Translation: Bsod.nams.mtsho brought them [to Mbarkham] to sell, but could not sell them.' (conversation, 14.05.10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi ɯkɯpa jɤtɯɣe ?
Glosses: what 3SG.POSS-do AOR-2-come[II]
Translation: What did you come to do?' (nine examples in the corpus)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi ɣɯtɤtɯpat
Glosses: what CISL-AOR-2-eat-PST:TR
Translation: What did you do upon coming here?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɯ ra nɯkʰa tɕe ɕpɯtɯrɤtʂɯβ tɤti ra
Glosses: who PL 3PL.POSS-house LOC TRAL-AOR-2-APASS-sew IMP-say be.needed:FACT
Translation: Say where (whose house) you went and did some seawing.' (140512 alibaba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S156"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤwa ɯkɯrtoʁ mɯ~mɤjɤtɯɣe nɤ aʑo mɯpɯkɯmtoa .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-look COND~NEG-AOR-2-come[II] LNK 1SG NEG-AOR-2→1-1SG
Translation: If you had not come to see your father, you would not have seen me.' (you saw me, but your father was not here)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤwa mɯ~mɤɣɯjɤtɯrtoʁ nɤ pɯsɤzdɯxpa
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-father COND~NEG-CISL-AOR-2-look LNK PST.IPFV-be.pitiful
Translation: If you had not come and seen your father, he would have been sorry.' (but you did see him, so he does not feel sorry)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯnɯ ɯkɯtsʰi ɲɯɕtia tɕe , jɤazɣɯta tɕe , tɯnɯ ci mɤɕɯkɤtsʰi nɯ mɯ́jcʰaa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-breast 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-drink SENS-be.AFF-1SG LNK AOR-arrive-1SG LNK INDEF.POSS-breast INDEF NEG-TRAL-INF-drink DEM NEG:SENS-can-1SG
Translation: I am [a toddler] who [still] drinks [his mother's] milk, when I arrived, I could not help but go and drink milk.' (Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁmaʁ χsɯtɤkʰar kɯ ɲɯɤznɤkʰarnɯ ɕti tɕe , ɕɯkɤmɯrkɯ mɤtɯcʰa
Glosses: soldier three-rounds ERG SENS-PROG-surround-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK TRAL-INF-steal NEG-2-can:FACT
Translation: Three circles of soldiers will be surrounding it, you will not be able to [go there and] steal it.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qʰe potɯrʑi kɯ nɤkɯm ɣɯkɤcɯ mɤatsu ma
Glosses: LNK ANTHR ERG 2SG.POSS-door CISL-INF-open NEG-have.the.time.to LNK
Translation: Bod.rje does not have time to come and open the door for you.' (2010 meimei de gushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrsa ɕɯkɤmtɕʰot tomda ɲɯŋu
Glosses: grave TRAL-INF-make.offerings IFR-be.the.time SENS-be
Translation: It was time to [go and] make offerings for the graves.' (160630 abao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006197#S67"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɯkɤru mɯ~mɤpɯtɯcʰa ŋu nɤ nɤsrɤm nɤsroʁ lɤti
Glosses: TRAL-INF-bring COND~NEG-AOR-2-can be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-root 1SG.POSS-life throw:FACT-1PL
Translation: If you do not succeed in going and bringing it here, we will destroy your root and your life.' (Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo ɕɯkɤmɯrkɯ apɯtɯcʰa nɤ aʑo cʰɯsɯjɣata jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG TRAL-INF-steal IRR-IPFV-2-can LNK 1SG IPFV-CAUS-go.back-1SG be.agreed:FACT
Translation: If you succeed in going and stealing it, I can make him to go back there.' (02-montagnes-kamnyu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɯtsʰot pɯme tɕe nɯnɯ cʰɯɬoʁ luɕqʰlɤt nɯra ɕtukɯru tɕe , nɯnɯ kɤrɤru mda mɤmda cʰondɤre kɯrɤma kɤɕe mda mɤmda nɯtɕu ɕtukɯru pɯŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK long.ago LNK clock PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come.out IPFV:UPSTREAM-disappear DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV:up-GENR:S/O-look LNK DEM INF-get.up be.the.time:FACT NEG-be.time:FACT COMIT SBJ:PCP-work INF-go be.time:FACT NEG-be.time:FACT DEM:LOC TRAL-IPFV:up-GENR:S/O-look PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: In former times, there were no clocks, and people used to go and watch when [these stars] came out or disappeared [to find out] whether it was time to get up or go to work.' (29-LAntshAm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003726#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯɕimɯma ʑo tɯci ɯŋgɯ pjɤɕe qʰe iɕqʰa tɤɕime kɯ ɯsɤcɯ pɯkɤnɯɕlɯɣ nɯ ɕpjɤmto .
Glosses: immediately EMPH INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-inside IFR:DOWN-go LNK the.aforementioned lady ERG 3SG.POSS-key AOR:DOWN-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-drop DEM TRAL-IFR-see
Translation: He immediately went into the water and saw there the key that the lady had dropped by mistake.' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɤr pɣa , χsɤr mbro nɯnɯra cʰo ki tɤɕime kɯra tɕiʑo rcanɯ , wuma ʑo pɯzdɯɣtɕi tɕe , nɯ kóʁmɯz ɕpɯrndutɕi ŋu
Glosses: gold bird gold horse DEM:PL COMIT DEM.PROX girl DEM.PROX:PL 1DU UNEXP:DEG really EMPH PST.IPFV-suffer-1DU LNK DEM only.then TRAL-AOR-obtain-1DU be:FACT
Translation: We had to endure a lot of hardships before obtaining this golden bird, this golden horse and this girl.' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo mɯ́jcʰaa , … nɯ sɤznɤ aɕpɯsia ɲɯmna
Glosses: 1SG NEG:SENS-can-1SG _ DEM COMP IRR-TRAL-PFV-die-1SG SENS-be.better
Translation: I am a good-for-nothing, I had better just [go and] die.' (140425 shizi puluomixiusi he daxiang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003798#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[tɤmu ɯkɯrtoʁ] tɤtɕɯ jɤkɯɤri] nɯ aʁi ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see INDEF.POSS-son AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] DEM 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling be:FACT
Translation: The boy who went to see the old lady is my brother.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: †aʁi kɯ ɯkɯrtoʁ jɤkɯɤri tɤmu nɯ aɬaʁ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling ERG 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] INDEF.POSS-mother DEM 1SG.POSS-MZ be:FACT
Translation: Intended meaning: `The old lady that my younger brother went to see is my aunt.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʁi kɯ zjartoʁ] tɤmu nɯ aɬaʁ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling ERG TRAL-AOR:3→3-see INDEF.POSS-mother DEM 1SG.POSS-MZ be:FACT
Translation: The old lady that my younger brother went to see is my aunt.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯɣɯjɤkɯqru tɤtɕɯ
Glosses: 3SG-CISL-AOR-SBJ:PCP-meet INDEF.POSS-boy
Translation: The boy who had come to look for her' (The three sisters)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯsi
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-die
Translation: The dead one' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmtʰɯm ʁɟa ʑo ma nɯ ma , nɤki , tɯjpu mɤkɯndza ci tu tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat completely EMPH LNK DEM apart.from FILLER flour.based.food NEG-SBJ:PCP-eat INDEF exist:FACT LNK
Translation: There is [an animal like the mouse] which only eats meat, not food made from flour.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li nɯnɯ kɯnɤ ɯkɯmto ɣɤʑu , ɯmɤkɯmto ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: again DEM also 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-NEG-SBJ:PCP-see exist:SENS
Translation: There are [people] who see (find) it, and people who don't.' (20-sWrna)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɯtʰu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-ask
Translation: The one asking for my [hand] (in marriage)' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɕki ɯkɯtʰu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-DAT 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-ask
Translation: The one who asks me about it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma nɤkɯmbi me
Glosses: DEM apart.from 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-give not.exist:FACT
Translation: Nobody will give you another [daughter in marriage].' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , ɯkɯrga pɯdɤn .
Glosses: DEM before LNK 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-like PST.IPFV-be.many
Translation: Before, there used to be many people who liked it.' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯpe túwɣnɤma tɕe li tɯʑo tɯkɯpe tu
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.good IPFV-INV-make LNK again GENR GENR.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.good exist:FACT
Translation: If one does good things, one will also have good things.' (140518 mao he laoshu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo akɯra nɯra atɤtɯste qʰendɤre aʑo nɯnɯ , nɤki , kunɤtsia jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM:PL IRR-PFV-2-do.like[III] LNK 1SG DEM FILLER IPFV-hide[III]-1SG be.possible:FACT
Translation: If you do the things I need, I will keep it secret.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕaχpa ra ɣɯ nɯkɯmna nɯ wuma ʑo pjɤnɯrɤŋom .
Glosses: bandit PL GEN 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.better DEM really EMPH IFR-be.upset
Translation: The chief of the bandits was very upset.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri nɯra ɯɕɯkɯpʰɯt ra kɯtu me ma ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-TRAL-SBJ:PCP-cut PL SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT LNK
Translation: But nobody goes and picks it.'(11-paRzwamWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa qaʑo ɯkɯntsɣe tʰɯkɯɣe nɯ ɯpʰe
Glosses: the.aforementioned sheep 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-sell AOR:DOWNSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT
Translation: [He told] the person who had come to sell the sheep.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɯndza jukɯɣi nɯ pɣa ci ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat IPFV-SBJ:PCP-come DEM bird INDEF SENS-be
Translation: The one who comes to eat [the fruits] is a bird.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑu ɯku jamar ɲɯkɯjpum ɣɤʑu nɤ , kɯwxti .
Glosses: chopsticks 3SG.POSS-head about IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.thick exist:SENS SFP SBJ:PCP-be.big
Translation: There are [maggots] that grow as thick as the tip of a chopstick, the big ones.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯmat nɯnɯ , ɯtaʁ kukɯxtsʰɯm , ɯpa ɲɯkɯjpum ci cʰɯβze ɲɯŋu tɕe , nɯ <hulu> tusɤrminɯ .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM 3SG.POSS-up IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.thin 3SG.POSS-down IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.thick INDEF IPFV-make[III] SENS-be LNK DEM gourd IPFV-call-PL
Translation: It has a fruit that is thinner [in diameter] on the upper part, and thicker on the lower part, people call it `gourd'.' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑɤɣ nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ ɯnmaʁ pɯkɯŋu tsʰɯraŋ nɯ pjɤmto
Glosses: 3SG:GEN DEM before 3SG.POSS-husband PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be ANTHR DEM IFR-see
Translation: She saw Tshering, who used to be her husband.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S101"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kʰa ɣɯ ɯndzɤtsʰi ɯro nɯkɯri nɯra , mɯnɯkɯsna nɯra , nɯra paʁ kɯ ʁɟa tundze ɲɯŋu
Glosses: LNK house GEN 3SG.POSS-food 3SG.POSS-excess AOR-SBJ:PCP-left DEM:PL NEG-AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.good DEM:PL DEM:PL pig ERG completely IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: Leftover food from the house, or food which is not good any more, pigs eat all of it.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpjɯkɯnɯfkaβ tu , ɯmɤpjɯkɯnɯfkaβ tu ri nɯ kɯfse tunɯndzanɯ ɕti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-cover exist:FACT 3SG.POSS-NEG-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-cover exist:FACT LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-AUTO-eat-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: There are people who cover it (with a lid while cooking), and people who don't, they eat it as is.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯnɯkɯɕar ɯpɯkɯmto nɯ ɣɯ ɲɯtʂaŋ ma nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , ɯɕɯkɯβɟi nɯ ɣɯ mɯ́jtʂaŋ
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-AOR-SBJ:PCP-search 3SG.POSS-AOR-SBJ:PCP-see DEM GEN SENS-be.fair LNK DEM FILLER 3SG.POSS-TRAL-SBJ:PCP-chase DEM GEN NEG:SENS-be.fair
Translation: It is fair that she would [be given] to the one who looked for her and found her, not to the ones chasing her.' (140517 buaishuohua-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯkukɯtsʰi
Glosses: NEG-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-drink
Translation: The one who drinks it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɯtaʁ jɯ~jɤkɯɣe nɯ kundɤm ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-on TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM IPFV-take[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The spider] catches all of the [insects] that have come onto [its web].' (26-mYaRmtsaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003674#S99"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯrkɯ jɤazɣɯtnɯ tɕe , ʑara nɯtukɯndza srɯnmɯ ci pjɤtu ,
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-side AOR-reach-PL LNK 3PL 3PL.POSS-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-eat râkshasî INDEF IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: There was a râkshasî who ate those who came near her.' (2012 Kunbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S219"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ndzɤpri kɤti nɯ tɕe tɯrme tukɯndza ɲɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK brown.bear OBJ:PCP-say DEM LNK people IPFV-GENR:S/O SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The one called `brown bear', it eats people.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kóʁmɯz nɤ tukɯndzaa
Glosses: DEM only.after LNK IPFV-2→1-eat-1SG
Translation: Eat me only after [having taken the thorn from my foot].' (140426 lang yisheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu tɕʰeme ʁnɯz kɯrɯɕmi pjɤtu .
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC girl two SBJ:PCP-speak IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There were two girls speaking in the house.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kumpɣa nɯnɯ tɕe [kɯm ɯrkɯ zɯ pɣa kɯtu] kɤti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: fowl DEM LNK door 3SG.POSS-side LOC bird SBJ:PCP-exist INF-say SENS-be
Translation: The word kumpɣa [fowl] means `the bird that is next to the door'.' (22-kumpGa).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tsuku ɯrdɯ~rdoʁ kɯ ʑo tʰotsi ɯkɯta] ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: some 3SG.POSS-piece ERG EMPH decorative.stamp 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-put exist:SENS
Translation: There are people who put a decorative mark [on their bread].' (160706 thotsi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006133#S20"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯnɯ ɯkɯtsʰi] tɤpɤtso ɣɯ ɯkɯmŋɤm ɲɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-breast 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-drink INDEF.POSS-child GEN 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt SENS-be LNK
Translation: It is a disease [that affects] infants who still drink their mother's milk.' (25-kACAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯsɤndza ɣɯ rɯdaʁ nɯnɯ tɕe kɯrŋi tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-APASS-eat GEN animal DEM LNK beast IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: Animals eating [other animals] are called `beasts'.' (150822 kWrNi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [si ɣɯ ɯmat kɯ~kɯtu] nɯ ɯku ri ɕkuzo ɲɯŋu tɕe .
Glosses: tree GEN 3SG.POSS-fruit TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist DEM 3SG.POSS-top LOC TRAL-IPFV-land SENS-be LNK
Translation: It lands on the top of all trees that have fruits.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯmtɕʰi mɤkɯpe , kɤnɤtsɯ kɯra ra kɯnɤ tukɯnɯti nɯnɯra tɕaɣi tusɤrminɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-mouth NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good INF-hide SBJ:PCP-be.needed PL also IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-say DEM:PL parrot IPFV-call-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: People call `parrots', those with a big mouth, who tell [everything], including things that should [remain] hidden.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [ndʑikɯqur] cʰɯɣia je
Glosses: 1SG 2DU-SBJ:PCP-help IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come-1SG SFP
Translation: Let me come to help you.' (tWJo 2005) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003368#S26"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑara kɯ [cʰa nɯ kukɯtsʰi] tonɯɕpɯznɯ ,
Glosses: 3PL ERG alcohol DEM IPFV-SBJ:PCP-drink IFR-pretend-PL
Translation: They pretended to drink the alcohol (`imitated an alcohol drinker').' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[aʑo akɯɕɯnŋo] kɯcʰa] me
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-CAUS-be.defeated SBJ:PCP-can not.exist:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo aŋgra akɯcʰi ci tɤχti ra
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-salary 1SG.POSS-candy INDEF IMP-buy[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: Give me a candy as a reward.' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003998#S78"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ li túwɣndza tɕe , kɯcʰi tu , mɤkɯcʰi tu .
Glosses: LNK DEM again IPFV-INV-eat LNK SBJ:PCP-be.sweet exist:FACT NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.sweet exist:FACT
Translation: When one eats them, some are sweet, some are not.' (08-rasti)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤrmi ɯkɯrɤt] tɤpɤtso nɯ ɯrkɯ ʑo , … pjɤzɣɯt tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-name 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-write INDEF.POSS-child DEM 3SG.POSS-side EMPH _ IFR-reach LNK
Translation: It arrived near the boy who wrote the names (of the contestants).' (150826 shier shengxiao)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑŋgri ɲɯkɯmɤrʑaβ
Glosses: star IPFV-SBJ:PCP-marry
Translation: Shooting star' (`the wedding star')
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑŋgri nɯmɤrʑaβ ɯraŋ tɕe , tɯkɤrme cʰɯ́wɣrɤɕi tɕe , cʰɯrɲɟi ŋu
Glosses: star AOR-marry 3SG.POSS-time LNK GENR.POSS-hair IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-pull LNK IPFV-be.long be:FACT
Translation: When a shooting star crosses the sky, if one pulls one's hair, it becomes longer.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤtia ma kɯŋu mɤtɯnɤme
Glosses: NEG-say:FACT-1SG LNK right.thing NEG-2-make[III]:FACT
Translation: I won't say it, because you will not do the right thing.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alɤ́wɣɕaβa tɕe tɕendɤre kɯŋu mɤfse
Glosses: IRR-PFV-INV-catch.up-1SG LNK LNK right.thing NEG-be.like:FACT
Translation: If he catches up with me, [our enterprise] won't succeed.' (25-kAmYW-XpAltCin) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003642#S36"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe li ɯkɯmpɕɤr kɯfse tɤkɤβzu ɲɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK again 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-OBJ:PCP-make SENS-be LNK
Translation: [The mark on breads] is used for decoration.' (160706 WzbroN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ , nɯnɯtɕu kɯ~kɯrɤʑi nɯ toɣɤmna . toɣɤmna ɯqʰu tɕe tɕendɤre <quanxian> tɕe kɯ~kɤkɯnɤndza nɯ ɲɤɣɤme
Glosses: DEM ERG DEM:LOC TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-stay DEM IFR-CAUS-recover IFR-CAUS-recover 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK all.the.district LOC TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-have.leprosy DEM IFR-CAUS-not.exist
Translation: He healed all those who were staying there (in the leper house). After he healed them, he had eradicated leprosy (removed all lepers) from our district.' (25-khArWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003644#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤkɤzbɣaʁ nɯ tɤmŋɤm qʰe , tɕe nɯ ɯqʰu nɤ , ŋgɯsqɤrʑaʁ ʑo mɯtumna
Glosses: migraine DEM AOR-hurt LNK LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK nine.or.ten-night EMPH NEG-IPFV-recover
Translation: After the migraine starts, it does not recede for nine or ten days. (conversation taRrdo 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤnɯqambɯmbjom mɯ́jɕe kɯ nɯnɯre ɯstu ri kurɤʑi tɕe , … ɯʁar nɯ tusɤlqɤlqɤt nɤ tusɤlqɤlqɤt ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INF-fly NEG:SENS-go ERG there 3SG.POSS-place LOC IPFV-stay LNK _ 3SG.POSS-wing DEM IPFV-flap.slightly LNK IPFV-flap.slightly be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It does not move [flying] but remains [in the sky] in place, slightly flapping its wings.' (23-RmWrcWftsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe kɯqur jukɯɕe tɕe nɯnɯ , mɯnɯɬoʁ mɤɕtʂa nɯ tukɯnɯna mɯpjɤjɤɣ ɲɯŋu tɕe , tɕe núndʐa kɯqurʑŋgri tusɤrminɯ
Glosses: DEM before LNK SBJ:PCP-help IPFV-GENR:S/O-go LNK DEM NEG-AOR:WEST-come.out until DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-rest NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.possible SENS-be LNK LNK for.this.reason evening.star IPFV-call-PL
Translation: Long ago, when one would go helping people, one was not supposed to rest until it came out, and for this reason it was called `star of the helper'.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯmɯ nɯ sɲikuku ʑo , sɲikuku ʑo akɤlɤt tɕe tɕe , kɯmaqʰu tɕe ci ci kulɤt , ci ci ɲɯjɯm kɯfse ŋu tɕe , ɯnɯnɯ kukɯlɤt , <zhenyu> kɯfse kukɯlɤt nɯ , nɯnɯ kɯfse akɤlɤt tɕe ɯqʰu tɕe tɯmɯ mɤlɤt tukɯti ŋu tɕe , nɯnɯ tɯmɯ kukɯlɤt nɯ kɯndzarmɯ tukɯti ŋu
Glosses: the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-sky DEM every.day EMPH every.day EMPH IRR-PFV-release LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK one one IPFV-release one one IPFV-be.sunny SBJ:PCP-be.like be:FACT LNK DEM IPFV-SBJ:PCP-release showery.rain SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-SBJ:PCP-release DEM DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IRR-PFV-release LNK 3SG.POSS-after LNK INDEF.POSS-sky NEG-release:FACT IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-sky IPFV-SBJ:PCP-release DEM type.of.rain IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: When it rains everyday (continuously), followed by sporadic rain (sometimes it rains, sometimes it is sunny), when there is a showery rain and after that no more rain, this type of [showery] rain is called kɯndzarmɯ.' (definition, 2015-04-18)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndza
Glosses: OBJ:PCP-eat
Translation: The one that is eaten.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯkɤmbi
Glosses: AOR-OBJ:PCP-give
Translation: The one that he has given it to.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɤsɯz
Glosses: 1SG-NMLZ:P-know
Translation: The one that I know.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ri nɯnɯ stu ɯkɤrga , ɯkɤnɤmɯm pjɤɕti .
Glosses: LNK DEM most 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-like 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-TROP-be.tasty IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: But it was what he liked most, what he found most tasty.' (160703 poucet3) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006107#S72"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯmɤkɤcʰa nɯ kʰɯna χsɯm pɯtu qʰe , nɯra kɯ rcanɯ ɕlaʁ ʑo kundonɯ ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: LNK 3PL.POSS-NEG-INF-can DEM dog three PST.IPFV-exist LNK DEM:PL ERG UNEXP:DEG IDEO.I:immediately EMPH IPFV-catch-PL SENS-be.AFF
Translation: The [rats] that [the people] had been unable to [catch], there were three dogs, and these [dogs] caught them at once.' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʑo amɤkɤsɯz tɤjmɤɣ nɯ kɤndza mɤnaza
Glosses: LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-know mushroom DEM INF-eat NEG-dare:FACT-1SG
Translation: I do not dare to eat mushrooms that I do not recognize.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpɕi tɕe ɯɕɯkɤnɤma ci pjɤtu tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-outside LNK 3SG.POSS-TRAL-OBJ:PCP-work INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: [The mouse] had something to do outside.' (140518 mao he laoshu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe pɤjka wuma nɯnɯ tɕe , pjɯkɤnɯji ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK gourd really DEM LNK IPFV-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-plant be:FACT LNK
Translation: The gourd proper is cultivated (it does not grow on its own).' (16-CWrNgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003518#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ iɕqʰa , ɯjaʁ <meihua>, mɯntoʁ pɯkɤɤsɯndo nɯ pjɤɣɤrɤt .
Glosses: girl DEM ERG the.aforementioned 3SG.POSS-hand plum.blossom flower PST.IPFV-OBJ:PCP-PROG-take DEM IFR-throw
Translation: The girl threw down the plum blossom, the flower that she was holding in her hand.' (150907 yingning-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjaʁ nɯtɕu , iɕqʰa , <meihua> ci pjɤkɤsɯndoci ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hand DEM:LOC FILLER plum.blossom INDEF IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-take-PEG
Translation: She was holding a plum blossom in her hand.' (150907 yingning-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006264#S19"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa ɯŋgɯ kɯɤrku <yangyu> cʰo lɤpɯɣ nɯra tundze ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: earth 3SG.POSS-inside SBJ:PCP-PASS-put.in potato COMIT radish DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It eats the radish and the potatoes that are in the ground.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: toɣi tɕe nɯʑmbrɯ ɲɤχtɤr ʑo ɲɯŋu tɕe , ɯzda ra nɯpʰe , nɤki , “nɯnɯ ʑmbrɯ nɯkɤχtɤr nɯ ɯtaʁ kɤɴqoʁnɯ ra” toti
Glosses: IFR:UP-come LNK 3PL.POSS-ship IFR-scatter EMPH SENS-be LNK 3SG.POSS-companion pl 3PL.POSS-DAT FILLER DEM ship AOR-OBJ:PCP-scatter DEM 3SG.POSS-on IMP-hang-PL be.needed:FACT IFR-say
Translation: The [monster] came up and smashed their ship, and [Norbzang] said to his companions: “Grab the [pieces of the] ship that have been scattered”.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsapaʁ ɯŋgo rcanɯ , pɯkɤprɤt ʑo tɤfse ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: animals 3SG.POSS-disease UNEXP:DEG AOR-OBJ:PCP-break EMPH AOR-be.like SENS-be
Translation: It was like the disease of the cattle had been [suddenly] stopped.' (2003 kAndZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɬamu kɯ qajɣi nɯkɤmbi] nɯ tundze pjɤŋu
Glosses: ANTHR ERG bread AOR-SBJ:PCP-give DEM IPFV-eat[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [As] he was eating the [pieces of] bread that Lhamo had given him.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo kɯ pɯkɤsɯrɤt] nɯnɯ pjɯndɯn ɲɯŋu nétɕi
Glosses: 1SG ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-write DEM IPFV-read SENS-be SFP
Translation: (The pen said): [the poet is reading the poem] that has been written using me.' (150818 bi he moshuihu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma iʑo jikɤrku me , atu spɣi tɤɕe qʰe , laχtɕʰa ŋotɕu nɤkɤsɯso ʑo nɯnɯ , nɤmɲaʁ , nɤrna , nɤɕna cʰo ra kɯ~kɯspoʁ nɯ ɯŋgɯ tɕe akɤtɯrke qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM apart.from 1PL 1PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-put.in not.exist:FACT up.there granary IMP:UP-go LNK thing where 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-think EMPH DEM 2SG.POSS-eye 2SG.POSS-ear 2SG.POSS-nose COMIT PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole DEM 3SG.POSS-inside LOC IRR-PFV-2-put.in[III] LNK
Translation: We don't have anything else to give you as a departing present, so go up there in the granary, and whatever you want, put it in all the holes [in your body], your eyes, your ears, your nose etc.' (31-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004077#S134"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɤfsoʁ ɯjɯja nɯ pjɯru tɕe [ɯkɤnɯmbrɤpɯ] nɯ kʰu pɯɕti ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: AOR-be.clear 3SG-along DEM IPFV:DOWN-look LNK 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP–ride DEM tiger PST.IPFV-be.AFF SENS-be
Translation: As the day broke, looking down, [it dawned on him that] what he was riding was a tiger.' (2005 khu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɬaʁ , tɕe nɤkɯmŋɤm tɕʰi ɲɯfse ma [alo qʰaqʰu nɤkɤti] nɯra tɤstuta
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-aunt LNK 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt what SENS-be.like LNK upstream behind.the.house 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say DEM:PL AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: Stepmother, how do you feel, I did the things you said [about creating a lake] up there behind the house.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯŋa ɯndʐi tʰɯkɤrɤɣdɯt], tʰɯkɤtʂɯβ nɯ ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu koɕe
Glosses: cow 3SG.POSS-skin AOR-OBJ:PCP-skin AOR-OBJ:PCP-sew DEM 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC EVD:EAST-go
Translation: He [crawled] into the cow hide that had been skinned and sewed.' (2-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯcʰi kɯ kʰa tɤkɤsɯβzu] ci pjɤmtondʑi
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.sweet ERG house AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make INDEF IFR-see-DU
Translation: They saw a house that was made of sweets.' (140507 tangguowu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [lonba ɕom kɯ nɯkɤsɯβzu] kʰa pjɤŋu
Glosses: all iron ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make house IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: It was a house made completely of iron.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [kʰru kɯ tʰɯkɤsɯlɤt] laʁdɯn kɯnɤ tu ma
Glosses: LNK cast.iron ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-release tool also exist:FACT LNK
Translation: There are also tools that are made of cast iron.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma ɯkɤmbi maŋe tɕe , “ame tambi ra" toti tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-give not.exist:SENS LNK 1SG.POSS-daughter 1→2-give:FACT be.needed:FACT IFR-say LNK
Translation: He had nothing else to give him, and said `I give you my daughter'.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɯmɯkɤrŋi kɯ pɯkɤsɯxɕɤt] ra ɲɤnɤxtʂɯn tɕe tɕe nɯɕimɯma ʑo pjɤnɯɕe .
Glosses: LNK heaven ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-teach PL IFR-be.grateful LNK LNK immediately EMPH IFR:DOWN-VERT-go
Translation: [Pu'an] was thankful for the things that the god of heaven had taught him and went back [to earth] immediately.' (150827 taisui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa , [kɤntɕʰɯxpa ʑo , nɤki , xɕiri nɯkɤsɯxɕɤt] nɯ pjɤsat ,
Glosses: the.aforementioned several-year EMPH FILLER weasel AOR-OBJ:PCP-teach DEM IFR-kill
Translation: He killed the weasel that he had trained for several years.' (140518 xuezhe he huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɤtʰu ɯɣɤʑu nɤ , tɤtʰe jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-ask QU-exist:SENS LNK IMP-ask[III] be.allowed:FACT
Translation: If you have and questions, you can ask them.' (conversation 14-11-08)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa <macha> kɤti nɯ [iʑora stu jikɤrga] ŋu
Glosses: the.aforementioned macha.tea OBJ:PCP-say DEM 1PL most 1PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-like be:FACT
Translation: The [type of tea] called `macha' is what we like best.' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɤrɤmbi nɯ tɕʰi pɯŋu ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-APASS-give DEM what PST.IPFV-be
Translation: What was it that you gave (to people)?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [<shuijing> kɯ tɤkɤsɯβzu] ɣɯ tɯxtsa nɯra joɣɯt .
Glosses: LNK crystal ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make GEN INDEF.POSS-shoe DEM:PL IFR-bring
Translation: [The bird] brought shoes made of crystal.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ndʑimɲaʁ mɯtɤkɤrɤt] nɯni tɕetu , znde ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu nɯnɯ pjɤnɯtundʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-eye NEG-AOR-OBJ:PCP-draw DEM:DU UP wall 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC DEM IFR.IPFV-AUTO-exist-DU
Translation: The two [dragons] whose eyes had not been drawn were still on the wall.' (160718 hualongdianjing-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɕpa nɯnɯ , iɕqʰa nɯ , rɟɤlpu ci ɣɯ ɯtɕɯ nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , tɯsŋaʁ tɤkɤlɤt tɕe qaɕpa nɯkɤsɤβzu pjɤŋu .
Glosses: frog DEM FILLER DEM king INDEF GEN 3SG.POSS-son DEM FILLER NMLZ:ACTION-enchant AOR-OBJ:PCP-release LNK frog AOR-OBJ:PCP-transform IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: This frog was the son of a king who had been enchanted and transformed into a frog.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh, 180-181) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003890#S176"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɕɯ nɯ ɯtaʁ tɯsŋaʁ tolɤt tɕe nɯ mbalɤpɯ ci ɲɤsɤβzu .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son DEM 3SG.POSS-on NMLZ:ACTION-enchant IFR-release LNK DEM bull-DIM INDEF IFR-transform
Translation: She cast a spell on my son and turned him into a calf.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕirna mɤkɤmtsʰɤm], [tɕimɲaʁ mɤkɤmto] ajɤɕendʑi ra
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-ear NEG-OBJ:PCP-hear 1DU.POSS-eye NEG-OBJ:PCP-see IRR-PFV-go-DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: May they go away [to a place] where our ears cannot hear them, where our eyes cannot see them.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <xingqi> raŋri ʑo tɕe nɯnɯ sɤβʑɯ ɣɯ ɯkʰa nɯtɕu kɤnɤkʰu juɣi pjɤŋu
Glosses: week each EMPH LNK DEM mouse GEN 3SG.POSS-house DEM:LOC OBJ:PCP-invite IPFV-come IPFV.IFR-be
Translation: He would come to the mouse's house as a guest.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɤnɤkʰu jɤɣe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-invite AOR-come[II]
Translation: He came to my house as a guest (following my invitation).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɤndza ɯkɤtsʰi ɯtɯkrimgo ra toɣɯt qʰe , tɕendɤre , nɯra ɲɤ́wɣmbi qʰe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-drink 3SG.POSS-butter.bread PL IFR:UP-bring LNK LNK DEM:PL IFR-INV-give LNK
Translation: She brought food, drinks and butter bread for her and gave them to her.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑikɤndza kɤtsʰi mɤmbrɤt , ndʑikɯndzɤtsʰi apɯme smɯlɤm
Glosses: 2DU.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat OBJ:PCP-drink NEG-ACAUS:cut 2DU.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat.and.drink IRR-IPFV-not.exist prayer
Translation: May you never lack food or drink, may there nobody [coming to] eat you.' (2003kAndZWslama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɤpa maŋe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-method not.exist:SENS
Translation: I have no way of doing it.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɤpa tɯ~tu nɤ , tɤpe ma mtsʰoʁlaŋ tɤɣe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-do COND~exist:FACT LNK IMP-do[III] LNK water.monster AOR:UP-come[II]
Translation: If you have some way [to protect us], use it, because the water monster has come.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S26"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu nɤkɤstu ɯɣɤʑu tɕe atɤtɯste ma tɕe
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-do.like QU-exist:SENS LNK IRR-PFV-2-do.like[III] LNK LNK
Translation: If you have a way to deal with him, use it.' (25-kAmYW-XpAltCin)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɤti ci maŋe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say INDEF not.exist:SENS
Translation: I cannot say for sure.' (many examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯsɤɣi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-come
Translation: The place/moment from where/when he/it comes.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑmbɯlɯm ɯsɤɣɬoʁ nɯra tuɬoʁ ŋu . ʑmbɯlɯm ɯsɤɣme ra kɯnɤ tuɬoʁ ɕti .
Glosses: species.of.mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-come.out DEM:PL IPFV-come.out be:FACT species.of.mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-not.exist PL also IPFV-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It grows in the places where the youlaku mushroom grows, and also in the places where there are no youlaku.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤjmɤɣ ɯsɤtu ɯsɤme ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-exist 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-not.exist exist:SENS
Translation: There are places where there are mushrooms, and other places where there aren't.' (20-grWBgrWB) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003554#S45"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri nɯnɯ sɤtɕʰa nɯ li iɕqʰa qapribɯxsi ɯsɤzrɤʑi pjɤɕti .
Glosses: but DEM place DEM again the.aforementioned python 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-stay IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: But that place was the abode of a python.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe <xinbaba> rcanɯ , maka nɯtɕu ɯzrɤʑi ɯtɯsɤɣmu pjɤsɤre ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK Sinbad UNEXP:DEG at.all DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-stay 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-be.afraid IFR.IPFV-be.ridiculous EMPH LNK
Translation: Sinbad, the place where he stayed was extremely terrifying.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qʰe túwɣcɯ mɤkɯkʰɯ , sɤnɯɬoʁ ri kɯme taβzu .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-INV-open NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible OBL:PCP-AUTO-come.out also SBJ:PCP-not.exist AOR:3→3-make
Translation: (He put tape on the drawers so that) they could not be opened, and there was no way to come out of them (to prevent the rats inside from escaping).' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯsɤɣnɯɬoʁ ɣɯ ɯkɯspoʁ pjɤŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-AUTO-come.out GEN 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: It was the hole from which [the animal] came out [of the cave]. (140511 xinbada-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003961#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯsɤznɯɴɢɤt ɣɯ iɕqʰa , tʂɤsɤɴɢɤt nɯtɕu jɤazɣɯtnɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-AUTO-ACAUS:separate GEN FILLER crossroads DEM:LOC AOR-reach-PL LNK
Translation: They arrived at the crossroads where they had parted ways.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajsta nɯnɯ kɯɕɯŋgɯ qaj ɯsɤji pjɤpe tɕe tɕe núndʐa qajsta tutinɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: TOPO DEM in.former.times wheat 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-plant IFR.IPFV-be.good LNK LNK for.this.reason TOPO IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: Qaysta, in former times it was a wheat field which was good, and for this reason, it is called `Qaysta' `the place of the wheat'.' (140522 kAmYW tWji2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004057#S101"></fn>