lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Ibibio
Transcription: èté â-ké-dép-pé àkàrà á-mà á-kót ŋ̀-wèt
Glosses: man 3SG-PST.FOC-buy-REL bean.cake 3SG-PST 3SG-read NMLZ-write
Translation: The man who bought the bean cake read the book.
Language: Ibibio
Transcription: èté â-ké-dép-pé àkàrà kpɔ́t á-ké á-kót ŋ̀wèt
Glosses: man 3SG-PST.FOC-buy-REL bean.cake only 3SG-PST.FOC 3SG-read NMLZ-write
Translation: Only the man who bought the bean cake read the book (not Ima or Akun).’/*‘The man who bought the bean cake only read the book (he didn’t read the magazine/he didn’t sell the book).
Language: Ibibio
Transcription: * ìmá á-ké á-fèɰé ítɔ̀k kpɔ́t ké
Glosses: _ ima 3SG-PST.FOC 3SG-run race only COMP
Translation: (Intended: ‘Ima only ran the race.’)
Language: Ibibio
Transcription: ǹsǒ ké (àfò) à-dìá-díá
Glosses: what COMP 2SG 2SG-CON.FOC-eat
Translation: What the hell are you EATING?
Language: Ibibio
Transcription: ǹsǒ ké (àfò) mmé-ú-ké-ú-dìá-ɰá-díá
Glosses: what COMP 2SG mmé-2SG-PST.FOC-2SG-CON.FOC-NEG-eat
Translation: What the hell didn’t you EAT?
Language: Ibibio
Transcription: é-ké é-bɔ̀ɔ́-bwɔ́t ákʌ́k kpɔ́t
Glosses: 3PL-PST.FOC 3PL-CON.FOC-borrow money only
Translation: They only BORROWED money.’ (Response to: ‘Did they steal money?’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mají nové auto .
Glosses: have.3PL new car.ACC
Translation: They have a new car.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tvoje děti tě potřebují .
Glosses: your children.NOM you.ACC need.3PL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: J' ai une voiture .
Glosses: I have.1SG a car
Translation: I have a car.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: J' ai besoin d' une voiture .
Glosses: I have.1SG need of a car
Translation: I need a car.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Man ir velosipēds .
Glosses: me.DAT is bicycle.NOM
Translation: I have a bicycle.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Man vajag dakšu .
Glosses: me.DAT need.3SG fork.GEN
Translation: I need a fork.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ngi-zo-ba ne-mali .
Glosses: 1SG-FUT-be with.AUG-9money
Translation: I will have money.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ngi-zo-dinga imali .
Glosses: 1SG-FUT-need AUG.9money
Translation: I will need money.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: ni-li-kuwa na nyumba .
Glosses: 1SG-PST-be with 9house
Translation: I had a house.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: ni-li-hitaji nyumba .
Glosses: 1SG-PST-need 9house
Translation: I needed a house.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Gati n-a-a-re n-eng'ɔɔmbe .
Glosses: 1Gati FOC-1S-REM.PST-be with-9cow
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Gati n-a-a-tun-ire eng'ɔɔmbe .
Glosses: 1Gati FOC-1S-REM.PST-need-REM.PST 9cow
Translation: Gati needed a cow.' (remote past)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Hän on vanha .
Glosses: he.NOM be.3SG old.NOM
Translation: He is old.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Minu-lla on häne-t .
Glosses: I-ADESS be.3SG him-ACC
Translation: I have him.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Gati a-li-i-taka .
Glosses: 1Gati 1S-PST-9O-want
Translation: Gati wanted it (a house).' (remote past)
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Gati a-li-i-hitaji .
Glosses: 1Gati 1S-PST-9O-need
Translation: Gati needed it (a house).' (remote past)
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Gati a-li-kuwa na-yo .
Glosses: 1Gati 1S-PST-be with-9PRONOUN
Translation: Gati had it (a house).' (remote past)
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ngi-zo-yi-funa .
Glosses: 1SG-FUT-9O-want
Translation: I will want it (money).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ngi-zo-yi-dinga .
Glosses: 1SG-FUT-9O-need
Translation: I will need it (money).
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ngi-zo-ba na-yo .
Glosses: 1SG-FUT-be with-9PRONOUN
Translation: I will have it (money).
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Ni-li-ona ki-tabu amba-cho Gati a-li-nunua .
Glosses: 1sgS-PST-see 7-book comp-7REL 1Gati 1S-PST-buy
Translation: I saw the book that Gati bought.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Ni-li-ona ki-tabu amba-cho Gati a-li-kuwa na-cho .
Glosses: 1sgS-PST-see 7-book comp-7REL 1Gati 1S-PST-be with-7PRO . 
Translation: I saw the book that Gati had.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: y-imali-ni e-ngi-zo-yi-funa ?
Glosses: COP-AUG.9money-what REL-1SG-FUT-9O-want
Translation: How much money will I want?
Language: Zulu
Transcription: y-imali-ni e-ngi-zo-yi-dinga ?
Glosses: COP-AUG.9money-what REL-1SG-FUT-9O-need
Translation: How much money will I need?
Language: Zulu
Transcription: y-imali-ni e-ngi-zo-ba na-yo ?
Glosses: COP-AUG.9money-what REL-1SG-FUT-be with-9PRONOUN
Translation: How much money will I have?
Language: Zulu
Transcription: y-imali-ni e-ngi-zo-yi-ba na-(yo)?
Glosses: COP-AUG.9money-what REL-1SG-FUT-9O-be with-(9PRONOUN)
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ubhuthi e-ngi-hamba na-ye (u)-ng-uSipho .
Glosses: AUG.1brother REL-1SG-go with-1PRONOUN (1S)-COP-AUG.1Sipho
Translation: The guy I'm going with is Sipho.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ubhuthi e-ngi-khuluma nga ye u zo ba (ng) umongameli .
Glosses: AUG.1br REL-1SG-speak INSTR 1PRO 1S FUT be (COP) AUG.1president
Translation: The guy who I'm talking about will be president.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: mw-anafunzi ni-na-ye-enda na-ye ni Gati .
Glosses: 1-student 1SG-PRES-9REL-go with-1PRONOUN is 1Gati
Translation: The student who I'm going with is Gati.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: m-tu ni-na-ye-zungumza na-ye a-ta-kuwa rais .
Glosses: 1-person 1SG-PRES-9REL-converse with-1PRONOUN 1S-FUT-be 9president
Translation: The person who I'm talking to will be president.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ngi-bona u-muntu .
Glosses: 1SG-see AUG-1person
Translation: I see someone/the person.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: A-ngi-bon-i muntu .
Glosses: NEG-1SG-see-NEG 1person
Translation: I don't see anybody.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ngi-dinga i-mali .
Glosses: 1SG-need AUG-9money
Translation: I need money.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: A-ngi-ding-i mali .
Glosses: NEG-1SG-need-NEG 9money
Translation: I don't need any money.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: ngi-ne-mali .
Glosses: 1SG-with.AUG-9money
Translation: I have money.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: A-ngi-na mali .
Glosses: NEG-1SG-with 9money
Translation: I don't have any money.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: u-Mfundo u-dlala i-bhola no-muntu .
Glosses: AUG-1Mfundo 1S-play AUG-5ball NA.AUG-1person
Translation: Mfundo is playing soccer with someone/the person.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: u-Mfundo a-ka-dlal-i na-muntu i-bhola .
Glosses: AUG-1Mfundo NEG-1S-play-NEG NA-1person AUG-5ball
Translation: Mfundo isn't playing soccer with anyone.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: u-Sipho u-zo-pheka ukudla kwa-zingane/ *kwe-zingane .
Glosses: AUG-1Sipho 1S-FUT-cook AUG.15food KWA-10child/ *KWA.AUG-10child
Translation: Sipho will cook food for the children.
Language: Zulu
Transcription: u-Sipho u-zo-thumela imali ku-bantwana .
Glosses: AUG-1Sipho 1S-FUT-send.APPL AUG.9money KU-2child
Translation: Sipho will send money to the children
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: John a-lolekhana mbo ka-a-kwa .
Glosses: 1John 1S-seems that 1S-PST-fell
Translation: John seems like he fell/John seems to have fallen.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: I-na-wezakana (*kwa) Maiko ku-m-pig-i-a Tegani simu .
Glosses: 9S-PRES-possible (*for) 1Michael inf-O-beat-APPL-FV 1Tegan 9phone
Translation: It is possible for Michael to call Tegan.
Language: French
Transcription: Joe a acheté une voiture l’ année passé .
Glosses: Joe has bought a car the year past
Translation: Joe bought a car last year.
Language: Kinshasa Lingala
Transcription: Joe a somb -aki mutuka mbula eleki .
Glosses: Joe 1pssva buy rec.pst car year past
Translation: Joe bought a car last year.
Language: Manipuri
Transcription: ǝy mabu u-de
Glosses: I him-ACC see-NEG(NFUT)
Translation: I did not see him.
Language: Manipuri
Transcription: phi ǝdu ŋaŋ-de
Glosses: cloth that red-NEG(NFUT)
Translation: That cloth is not red.
Language: Seneca
Transcription: t-ka-nӧhs-o:t-ø
Glosses: CIS-N.SG.AGT-building-upright-STA
Translation: The house there,
Language: Seneca
Transcription: ka-nöhs-astë-:
Glosses: N.SG.AGT-building-big-STA
Translation: it was a big house.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: rumi-ta rikaa
Glosses: stone-ACC 1SG.see
Translation: I see a/the stone.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: hatun-ta rikaa
Glosses: big-ACC 1SG-see
Translation: I see a/the big (one).
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ba-ba-ana ba-taru ba-nge baa-bofu be lii-ria baa-kon-a ba-no
Glosses: 2-2-person 2-three 2-mine 2.2-big of 5.5-respect 2.REL-sleep-FV 2-DEM
Translation: these three big respectful children of mine who are sleeping
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: o-mu-ndu o-mu-bofu
Glosses: 1-1-person 1-1-big
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ba-ba-ndu baa-bofu
Glosses: 2-2-person 2.2-big
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ku-mu-sala ku-mu-bofu
Glosses: 3-3-tree 3-3-big
Translation: big tree
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ki-mi-sala ki-mi-bofu
Glosses: 4-4-tree 4-4-big
Translation: big trees
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: li-li-ino lii-bofu
Glosses: 5-5-tooth 5.5-big
Translation: big tooth
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ka-me-eno ka-ma-bofu
Glosses: 6-6-tooth 6-6-big
Translation: big teeth
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: si-sy-uma sii-bofu
Glosses: 7-7-bead 7.7-big
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: bi-by-uma bii-bofu
Glosses: 8.8-bead 8.8-big
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: e-n-dika e-m-bofu
Glosses: 9-9-bicycle 9-9-big
Translation: big bicycle
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: chi-n-dika chi-m-bofu
Glosses: 10-10-bicycle 10-10-big
Translation: big bicycles
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: lu-lu-ichi luu-bofu
Glosses: 11-11-river 11.11-big
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: chi-nj-ichi chi-m-bofu
Glosses: 10-10-river 10-10-big
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: O-m-bofu o-yu a-siim-a o-mw-ana wewe .
Glosses: 1-1-blind DEM-1 1-PRS-love-FV 1-1-child his/hers
Translation: That blind person loves his/her child.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Baa-tambi ba-a-sab-ang-a byaa-khulya .
Glosses: 2.2-poor 2-PRS-beg-HAB-FV 8.8-food
Translation: The poor usually beg for food.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ku-mu-leeyi kw-a-funiikh-e .
Glosses: 3-3-tall 3-PST-break-FV
Translation: The tall (one) broke.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Li-li-imbi lya-a-kw-a .
Glosses: 5-5-short 5-PST-fall-FV
Translation: The short (one) fell.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula a-a-yet-ang-a baa-tambi .
Glosses: 1.Wafula 1-PRS-help-HAB-FV 2.2-poor
Translation: Wafula usually helps the poor.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Mayi a-a-kul-il-e lii .bofu .
Glosses: Mother 1-PST-buy-ASP-FV 5.5-big
Translation: Mother bought the big (one).
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula a-a-r-a sii-bofu khu-mesa .
Glosses: Wafula 1-PST-put-FV 7.7-big on.PRF-table
Translation: Wafula put the big (one) on the table.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula a-a-r-a sii-tabu khu-mu-bofu .
Glosses: Wafula 1-PST-put-FV 7.7-book 17-17-big
Translation: Wafula put the book on the big one.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: o-mu-soreri o-mu-leyi
Glosses: 1-1-boy 1-1-tall
Translation: the/a tall boy
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: o-mu-leyi o-mu-soreri
Glosses: 1-1-tall 1-1-boy
Translation: (Intended: ‘the/a tall boy’)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ku-mu-sala ku-mu-leeyi
Glosses: 3-3-tree 3-3-tall
Translation: the/a tall tree
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: ku-mu-leyi ku-mu-sala
Glosses: 3-3-tall 3-3-tree
Translation: (Intended: ‘the/a tall tree’)
Language: English
Transcription: Wafula a-a-sangal-il-e .
Glosses: Wafula 1-PRS-happy-ASP-FV
Translation: Wafula is happy.
Language: English
Transcription: Wafula a-a-suluny-e .
Glosses: Wafula 1-PRS-sad-FV
Translation: Wafula is sad.
Language: English
Transcription: Wafula a-a-le-il-e .
Glosses: Wafula 1-PRS-tall-ASP-FV
Translation: Wafula has become tall.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula o-mu-sangafu
Glosses: Wafula 1-1-happy
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ku-mu-sala ku-mu-leyi
Glosses: 3-3-tree 3-3-tall
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ku-mu-sala kw-a-le-il-e .
Glosses: 3-3-tree SA-PRS-tall-ASP-FV
Translation: The tree has become tall.’ (Stage-level)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula a-li o-mu-sangafu .
Glosses: Wafula 1-be 1-1-happy
Translation: Wafula is a happy person.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ku-mu-sala ku-li ku-mu-leyi .
Glosses: 3-3-tree 3-be 3-3-tall
Translation: The tree is tall.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula a-la-saangal-a
Glosses: Wafula 1-FUT-happy-FV
Translation: Wafula will be happy today.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula a-kha-saangal-e
Glosses: Wafula 1-FUT-happy-FV
Translation: Wafula will be happy tomorrow/next week.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula a-li-saangal-a
Glosses: Wafula 1-FUT-happy-FV
Translation: Wafula will be happy sometime in the remote future.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wafula a-a-saangal-a
Glosses: Wafula 1-PST-happy-FV
Translation: Wafula was happy a long time ago.
Language: Beria
Transcription: *Ai=gu suk=tu hiri-g-í .
Glosses: 1S=ERG market=DAT run-1SG.A-PFV
Translation: It was I who ran to the market.’ (TAA)
Language: Beria
Transcription: *Ai=gu sur-g-í .
Glosses: 1S=ERG exit-1SG.A-PFV
Translation: It was I who left.’ (TAA)
Language: Beria
Transcription: *Ber=gu arabie kidí . A arab tigo .
Glosses: 3S=ERG car 3.A:have:PFV:SG 1S car have:1S.A:NEG
Translation: It is he who has a car. I don’t have a car.’ (TAA)
Language: Arabic
Transcription: ɟàmâl=dɪ àrmá Ø:áwáá-r̩-ɪ .
Glosses: Jamal=FOCABS Arabic OJ:3:learn-SJ:3-PFV
Translation: It’s Jamal who has learnt Arabic.
Language: Arabic
Transcription: *Hawa=gu tir=egî . ege=giní . Maha ege=gino .
Glosses: Hawa=ERG name=1SG.POSS know=3A.PFV:AUX Maha know=3A.PFV:AUX:NEG
Translation: It was Hawa who learned (lit., ‘knew’) my name. Maha didn’t learn it.’ (TAA)
Language: Arabic
Transcription: Bur=do=gu kana tene sai=gi-n-o . O gie=i .
Glosses: boy=that=ERG NEG.PFV girl hit=3.A.PFV-AUX-NEG person other=COPPR
Translation: It wasn’t that boy that hit the girl. It was someone else.’ (TAA)
Language: Arabic
Transcription: Bur=gu kana tene sai=gi-n-o=ru , tene=gu .
Glosses: boy=ERG NEG.PFV girl hit=3.A.PFV-AUX-NEG=CONJ girl=ERG
Translation: It wasn’t that the boy that hit the girl. The girl hit the boy.’ (TAA)
Language: Beria
Transcription: genîa ha Sharq al Jabal hie=ru Yara=ra Nimra=ra Dalma=ra genîa=kî=ra , oo toûra malishat hakuma=ru tabi begî=gu a-we gami=giníí .
Glosses: villages Mt . Sharq al Jebel direction=LOC Yara=CONJ Nimra=CONJ Dalma=CONJ villages=these=CONJ person:PL armed militia government=DAT affiliated this=ERG go.3A.PL-CVB ambush=3A.PFV:AUX:PL
Translation: The villages around Mt. Sharq al Jebel – Yara, Nimra, and Dalma – these villages too, these armed government-affiliated militiamen(=ERG) went and ambushed.
Language: Beria
Transcription: bɪɛ kí=dî ábā égí=gú Ø:sí-é-r̩-î .
Glosses: house this=FOCABS father my=FOCERG OJ:3:build-PFV:3-SJ:3-PFV
Translation: It’s this house that my father has built.
Language: Beria
Transcription: …genî=gi kerigi oo jii=gu , “Ta-rdasin-e baa=ru ere je korekk=tu ba=gi je oû-d-í ,” gi-n-e kîíí .
Glosses: village=this within person:PL COPLOC.3:PL=ERG 1PL.P-come.together-CVB hand:PL=INS again PROG spade:PL=INS mine=this PROG dig-1PL.A-PFV 3.A.PFV-say-CVB 3.A.PFV-say-PFV:PL
Translation: … the people who are in this village said, “We are coming together and we are digging this mine out with our hands, and again with spades.”
Language: Bunaba
Transcription: bágâ tɔ-gʊ-ɛ ɟɪɪ gɪnɛ , bɛr=gʊ tɛbɪ gɪ-n-ɪ .
Glosses: millet:PL RV-scatter-3:SJ:CVB1 LC:3:AFF:P SUB PP:3=FOC1 take:IMP PRF:3-say-3:SJ:AFF:PRF
Translation: Since the millet had been scattered, he said: “Take it!”’
Language: Bunaba
Transcription: o wakil_amin_al-am iga Umam_al_Muttahida hifz_al_salaam kî tir-ogo Hervé Ladsous gine_îrì , [o=kî=gu er k-î-í]=gi , [“…”] gine_kîí .
Glosses: person Undersecretary.General mission United.Nations peacekeeping GEN name-3SG.POSS Hervé Ladsous is.called person=this=ERG REL.PR 3A.PFV-say-PFV.SG=REL [“…”] he.said
Translation: The UN Under-Secretary General for Peacekeeping, whose name is Hervé Ladsous, what this person said: [“”], he said.’ [5/1, 5.1]
Language: Beria
Transcription: Tene [bur=gu ki-dig-a-r-í]=do ka-r-í .
Glosses: girl boy=ERG PFV.3-love-PFV.3-3.SG-PFV:SG=that come-3.A-PFV:SG
Translation: The girl [that the boy loves] came.’ (TAA)
Language: Beria
Transcription: O kese-r-ì=gi Tayiba Abdelkarim Abdul=di .
Glosses: person speak-3A-IPFV.SG=REL Tayiba Abdelkarim Abdul=COPSP.3
Translation: The person who is speaking is Tayiba Abdelkarim Abdul.
Language: Beria
Transcription: áɪ=dɪ .
Glosses: PP:1SG=PRED
Translation: It’s me.
Language: Beria
Transcription: ǧǐm=d-ō .
Glosses: owl=IC-NEG
Translation: It’s not an owl.’ (J&C 2004: 101) (compare 23)
Language: Beria
Transcription: O arabie kidí=do ber=d-o kire=ego=di .
Glosses: person car 3.A:have:PFV:SG=REL 3S=COPSP-NEG brother=3SG.POSS=COPSP
Translation: The person who has a car is not him; it is his older brother.’ (TAA)
Language: Beria
Transcription: mɪsā hɛrr=ɪ .
Glosses: pot full=IC:3:AFF
Translation: The pot is full.’ (J&C 2004: 100)
Language: Beria
Transcription: bɔɔ=égí tákkʊrɛ=ɪ .
Glosses: ram:PL=1S.POSS very.fat=IC:3:AFF
Translation: My rams are very fat.’ (J&C 2004: 100)
Language: Beria
Transcription: gīmm=ī .
Glosses: owl=IC:3:AFF
Translation: It’s an owl.’ (J&C 2004: 100)
Language: Tama
Transcription: tàmár̩ā=ɪ .
Glosses: Tama.person=IC:3:AFF
Translation: It’s a Tama.’ (J&C 2004: 100)
Language: Beria
Transcription: gʊʊ=ɪ ɪà ɟàá=r Ø:kɛkk-ɪ .
Glosses: paste=COP.SG.ABS mother child=ADV OJ:3:give:SJ:3-PFV
Translation: It’s paste that the mother has given to the child.
Language: Beria
Transcription: sàgʊr tɛnɛ tɛbɪ-ɛ-r̩-ɛ
Glosses: jackal girl take-PRF:3-3:SJ-CVB1
Translation: a jackal took a girl, then…’
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kizito a-singa Kato o-bu-kulu
Glosses: Kizito nc1-exceed Kato aug-nc14-old
Translation: Kizito is older than Kato.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kizito mu-kulu o-ku-singa Kato
Glosses: Kizito nc1-old aug-nc15-exceed Kato
Translation: Kizito is older than Kato.
Language: English
Transcription: o-bu-wanvu bu-a e-N-meeza bu-singa o-bu-gazi bu-ayo
Glosses: aug-nc14-long nc14-gen aug-nc9-table nc14-exceed aug-nc14-wide nc14-poss
Translation: The table's length exceeds its width.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Charlotte a-a-singa Rita o-ku-wandiika a-ma-baluwa
Glosses: Charlotte nc1-pst-exceed Rita aug-nc15-write aug-nc6-letter
Translation: Charlotte wrote more letters than Rita.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Charlotte a-a-wandiika a-ma-baluwa o-ku-singa Rita
Glosses: Charlotte nc1-pst-write aug-nc6-letter aug-nc15-exceed Rita
Translation: Charlotte wrote more letters than Rita.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Charlotte ku mande a-a-singa Rita ku lw'okubiri o-ku-wandiika a-ma-baluwa a-ma-ngi
Glosses: Charlotte loc Monday nc1-pst-exceed R loc Tuesday aug-nc15-write aug-nc6-letter aug-nc6-many
Translation: Intended: `Charlotte wrote more letters on Monday than Rita wrote on Tuesday.' MAIN VERB
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Charlotte a-a-wandiika a-ma-baluwa ma-ngi ku mande o-ku-singa Rita ku lw'okubiri
Glosses: Charlotte nc1-pst-write aug-nc6-letter nc6-many loc Monday aug-nc15-exceed Rita loc Tuesday
Translation: Intended: `Charlotte wrote more letters on Monday than Rita wrote on Tuesday.' subordinate
Language: Ganda
Transcription: o-bu-wanvu bu-a e-N-meeza bu-singa o-bu-gazi bu-ayo
Glosses: aug-nc14-long nc14-gen aug-nc9-table nc14-exceed aug-nc14-wide nc14-poss
Translation: The table's length exceeds its width.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: o-bu-wanvu bu-a Lydia bu-e wunyisa
Glosses: AUG-NC14-tall NC14-GEN Lydia NC14-CLEFT surprise
Translation: Lydia's height is surprising.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Nzinye (ku matya).
Glosses: 1sg.dance.rec.pst (LOC morning)
Translation: I danced (this morning).' RECENT PAST
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Nazinye (jjo).
Glosses: 1SG.dance.int.pst (yesterday)
Translation: I danced (yesterday).' INTERMEDIATE PAST
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Nazina (luli).
Glosses: 1sg.dance.dist.pst (another.time)
Translation: I danced (the other day).' DISTANT PAST
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Babilie abadde lubuto .
Glosses: B . 3sg.be.REC.PST NC11.pregnant.woman
Translation: Babilie was just pregnant.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Babilie yabadde lubuto .
Glosses: B . 3sg.be.INT.PST NC11.pregnant.woman
Translation: Babilie was pregnant (a little while ago).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Babilie yali lubuto .
Glosses: B . 3sg.be.DIS.PST NC11.pregnant.woman
Translation: Babilie was pregnant (a long time ago).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kato azinye .
Glosses: K . 3sg.dance.REC.PST
Translation: Kato just danced.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kato yazinye .
Glosses: K . 3sg.dance.INT.PST
Translation: Kato danced (a little while ago).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kato yazina .
Glosses: K . 3sg.dance.DIS.PST
Translation: Kato danced (a long time ago).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kato addusse mairo biri .
Glosses: K . 3sg.run.REC.PST mile three
Translation: Kato just ran three miles.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kato yaddusse mairo biri .
Glosses: K . 3sg.run.INT.PST mile three
Translation: Kato ran three miles (a little while ago).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Kato yadduka mairo biri .
Glosses: K . 3sg.run.DIS.PST mile three
Translation: Kato ran three miles (a long time ago).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Ensuwa eyatisse .
Glosses: AUG.NC9.pot NC9.break.REC.PST
Translation: The pot just broke.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Ensuwa yeyatisse .
Glosses: AUG.NC9.pot NC9.break.INT.PST
Translation: The pot broke (a little while ago).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Ensuwa yeyatika .
Glosses: AUG.NC9.pot NC9.break.DIST.PST
Translation: The pot broke (a long time ago).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Nzinye saawa {satu/#tano} emabega .
Glosses: 1sg.dance.rec.pst hour {three/five} behind
Translation: I danced {three/five} hours ago.' (RECENT PAST)
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Nazinye saawa {satu/tano} emabega .
Glosses: 1SG.dance.int.pst hour {three/five} behind
Translation: I danced {three/five} hours ago.' (INTERMEDIATE PAST)
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Eno TV wagigguladi ?
Glosses: this.nc9 TV 2SG.SUBJ-NC9.OBJ-buy-dis.pst-when
Translation: When did you buy this TV?
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Naagigguzze jjo .
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ.NC9.OBJ.buy.int.pst yesterday
Translation: I just bought it yesterday.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Eno TV wagigguzzedi ?
Glosses: this.nc9 TV 2SG.SUBJ.NC9.OBJ.buy.int.pst.when
Translation: When did you buy this TV?' (Suggests it happened recently)
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Naagiggula luli .
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ.NC9.OBJ.buy.dis.pst another.time
Translation: I bought it a while ago.' (Sounds contradictory)
Language: English
Transcription: Nsimbye kasooli .
Glosses: 1sg.plant.rec.pst maize
Translation: I planted maize.
Language: English
Transcription: Nazina luli .
Glosses: 1SG.dance.dist.pst another.time
Translation: I danced a while ago (to another song).
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Nzinye saawa {satu/?nnya/#tano} emabega .
Glosses: 1sg.dance.rec.pst hour {three/four/five} behind
Translation: I danced {three/four/five} hours ago.' (RECENT PAST)
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Baakubye Twist and Shout .
Glosses: 3PL.play.int.pst Twist and Shout
Translation: They played Twist and Shout.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Baakuba Twist and Shout .
Glosses: 3PL.play.dist.pst Twist and Shout
Translation: They played Twist and Shout.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Bakubye Twist and Shout .
Glosses: 3PL.play.rec.pst Twist and Shout
Translation: They played Twist and Shout.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Baaziza-ko YMCA .
Glosses: 3PL.add.int.pst-part YMCA
Translation: Then they played YMCA.
Language: Ganda
Transcription: Baakuba YMCA .
Glosses: 3.SG.play.dist.pst YMCA
Translation: They played YMCA.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Ichi-ng’iti *(n-)cha-a-it-ir-e ege-toocho .
Glosses: 10-hyena (FOC-)10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV 7-rabbit
Translation: The hyenas killed the rabbit.
Language: Kikuyu
Transcription: N-eng’we a-a-gamb-er-e iga gati *(n-)a-a-ha-y-e umw-igia ege-tabo .
Glosses: FOC-who SA-PST-say-PRF-FV COMP 1.Gati FOC-3SG.SA-PST-give-APPL.PRF-FV 1-teacher 5-book
Translation: Who said that Gati gave the teacher a book?
Language: Kikuyu
Transcription: *(N-)ke (*n-)ge-it-ir-e ege-toocho ?
Glosses: (FOC-)what (FOC-)SA-kill-PRF-FV 7-rabbit
Translation: What killed the rabbits?
Language: Kikuyu
Transcription: *(N-)ke ichi-ng’iti (*n-)cha-a-it-ir-e ?
Glosses: (FOC-)what 10-hyena (FOC-)10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV
Translation: What did the hyenas kill?
Language: Kuria
Transcription: *(N-)ichi-ng’iti (*n-)cha-a-it-ir-e ege-toocho .
Glosses: (FOC-)10-hyena (FOC-)10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV 7-rabbit
Translation: THE HYENAS killed the rabbit.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: *(N-)ege-toocho ichi-ng’iti (*n-)cha-a-it-ir-e .
Glosses: (FOC-)7-rabbit 10-hyena (FOC-)10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV
Translation: The hyenas killed THE RABBIT.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Ichi-ng’iti *(n-)ege-toocho (*n-)cha-a-it-ir-e .
Glosses: 10-hyena (FOC-)7-rabbit (FOC-)10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV
Translation: The hyenas killed THE RABBIT.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Ichi-ng’iti cha-a-it-ir-e (*n-)ege-toocho .
Glosses: 10-hyena 10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV (FOC-)7-rabbit
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘The hyenas killed THE RABBIT.’)
Language: Kikuyu
Transcription: Gati n-omo-reri .
Glosses: 1.Gati N-1-doctor
Translation: Gati is a doctor.
Language: Kikuyu
Transcription: Gati t-omo-reri .
Glosses: 1.Gati T-1-doctor
Translation: Gati is not a doctor.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A3: #Ichi-ng’iti n-cha-a-it-ir-e ege-toocho .
Glosses: _ 10-hyena FOC-10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV 7-rabbit
Translation: The hyenas killed the rabbit.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Q: N-ke ichi-ng’iti cha-a-it-ir-e ?
Glosses: _ FOC-what 10-hyena 10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV
Translation: What did the hyenas kill?
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A1: N-ege-toocho ichi-ng’iti cha-a-it-ir-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-7-rabbit 10-hyena 10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV
Translation: The hyenas killed THE RABBIT.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A2: #N-ichi-ng’iti cha-a-it-ir-e ege-toocho .
Glosses: _ FOC-10-hyena 10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV 7-rabbit
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘They hyenas killed THE RABBIT.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A1: N-omo-onto a-a-rey-e ama-yembe .
Glosses: _ FOC-1-person 1SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV 6-mango
Translation: SOMEONE ate mangoes.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A2: #N-ama-yembe omo-onto a-a-rey-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-6-mango 1-person 1SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: (Intened meaning: ‘SOMEONE ate mangoes.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: N-ko-mesa naa-mah-er-e i-kjoora .
Glosses: _ FOC-on-17.table 1SG.SA-PST-see-PRF-FV 9-frog
Translation: I saw the frog ON THE TABLE.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: N-ko-mesa gati umw-iti a-ra-maah-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-on-17.table 1.Gati 3-owl 3SG.SA-FUT-see-FV
Translation: Gati will see the owl ON THE TABLE.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: M-bongo chacha a-a-nyoy-e i-chaahe .
Glosses: _ FOC-quickly 1.Chacha 3SG.SA-PST-drink.PRF-FV 8-chai
Translation: Chacha drank the chai QUICKLY.
Language: English
Transcription: ?N-i-chaahe a-a-nyoy-e .
Glosses: FOC-8-chai 3SG.SA-PST-drink.PRF-FV
Translation: He DRANK CHAI.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: #N-oko-ria ama-ako b-a-rey-e .
Glosses: FOC-15-eat 6-fruit 3PL.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘They ATE FRUITS.’)
Language: Kikuyu
Transcription: Q: N-ke gati a-a-korr-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-what 1.Gati 3SG.SA-PST-do.PRF-FV
Language: Kikuyu
Transcription: A: N-a-a-nyoy-e i-chaahe .
Glosses: _ FOC-3SG.SA-PST-drink.PRF-FV 8-chai
Translation: He DRANK CHAI.
Language: Kikuyu
Transcription: A1: Gati n-a-a-it-ir-e ama-siisi .
Glosses: _ Gati FOC-3SG.SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV 6-ant
Translation: Gati killed ants.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A2: #N-ama-siisi gati a-a-it-ir-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-6-ant 1.Gati 3SG.SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘Gati killed ants.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: M-ba-a-gurr-i i-nyamu .
Glosses: _ FOC-3PL.SA-PST-sell.PRF-FV 9-cat
Translation: They sold the cat.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: B: Aʔa , m-ba-a-gi-sirr-i .
Glosses: _ no, FOC-3PL.SA-PST-9OM-lose.PRF-FV
Translation: No, they LOST it.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: C: #Aʔa , n-i-nyamu ba-a-sirr-i .
Glosses: _ no, FOC-9-cat 3PL.SA-PST-lose.PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘No, they LOST the cat.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Aʔa , n-cha-a-it-ir-e in-chage .
Glosses: no, FOC-10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV 9-zebra
Translation: No, they killed a ZEBRA.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: Ichi-ng’iti n-cha-a-it-ir-e ege-toocho .
Glosses: _ 10-hyena FOC-10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV 7-rabbit
Translation: The hyenas killed the rabbit.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: B: Aʔa , n-in-chage cha-a-it-ir-e .
Glosses: _ no, FOC-9-zebra 10SA-PST-kill-PRF-FV
Translation: No, they killed the ZEBRA.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Chacha n-a-a-gorr-e i-indwi , na gati n-a-a-gurr-i i-indwi .
Glosses: 1.Chacha FOC-3SG.SA-PST-buy.PRF-FV 9-lion and 1.Gati FOC-3SG.SA-PST-sell.PRF-FV 9-lion
Translation: Chacha bought a lion and Gati SOLD a lion.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Chacha n-a-a-gorr-e i-nyamu , na gati n-i-indwi a-a-gorr-e .
Glosses: 1.Chacha FOC-3SG.SA-PST-buy.PRF-FV 9-cat and 1.Gati FOC-9-lion 3SG.SA-PST-buy.PRF-FV
Translation: Chacha bought a cat and Gati bought a LION.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: M-ba-a-tan-er-a g-oko-rekeera ama-geena bene .
Glosses: FOC-3PL.SA-PST-protest-PRF-FV by-15-throw 6-stone only
Translation: They only PROTESTED BY THROWING ROCKS.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: N-i-nswi i-nyene ba-a-ta-rey-e .
Glosses: FOC-9-fish 9-only 3PL.SA-PST-NEG-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: They only didn’t eat FISH.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: N-i-bara chonesi a-a-gey-e .
Glosses: FOC-9-wild 1.Johnes 3SA-PST-go.PRF-FV
Translation: Johnes went INTO THE WILD.’ ~ ‘Johnes did something completely unexpected.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: N-eng’we a-it-ir-e (*n-)ke ?
Glosses: FOC-who SA-kill-PRF-FV FOC-what
Translation: Who killed what?
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: N-imi-iti ge-no chonesi a-a-roch-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-4-owl 4-this 1.Johnes 3SG.SA-PST-see.PRF-FV
Translation: Johnes saw THESE OWLS.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: Imi-iti n-ge-no chonesi a-a-roch-e .
Glosses: _ 4-owl FOC-4-this 1.Johnes 3SG.SA-PST-see.PRF-FV
Translation: Johnes saw THESE OWLS.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A1: N-i-huuburia e-no b-a-tanch-er-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-9-rhino 9-this 3PL.SA-PST-like-PRF-FV
Translation: They liked this RHINOCEROS.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A2: #I-huuburia n-e-no ba-a-tanch-er-e .
Glosses: _ 9-rhino FOC-9-this 3PL.SA-PST-like-PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘They liked this RHINOCEROS.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A1: N-iri-chabati re gati a-a-rey-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-5-chapati 5.ASSOC 1.Gati 3SG.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: He ate Gati’s CHAPATI.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A2: #Iri-chabati ne-re gati a-a-rey-e .
Glosses: _ 5-chapati FOC-5.ASSOC 1.Gati 3SG.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘He ate Gati’s CHAPATI.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A1: #N-ubu-kima bo gati a-a-rey-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-14-ugali 14.ASSOC 1.Gati 3SG.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘He ate GATI’s ugali.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A2: Ubu-kima n-obo gati a-a-rey-e .
Glosses: _ 14-ugali FOC-14.ASSOC 1.Gati 3SG.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: He ate GATI’S ugali.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Ubu-kima bo n-gati a-a-rey-e .
Glosses: 14-ugali 14.ASSOC FOC-1.Gati 3SG.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘He ate GATI’s ugali.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *N-ubu-kima n-obo gati a-a-rey-e .
Glosses: FOC-14-ugali FOC-14.ASSOC 1.Gati 3SG.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘He ate Gati’s ugali.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A1: M-ba-a-rey-e ama-ako .
Glosses: _ FOC-3PL.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV 6-fruit
Translation: They ATE FRUITS.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A2: #N-oko-ria ama-ako ba-a-rey-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-15-eat 6-fruit 3PL.SA-PST-eat-PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘They ATE FRUITS.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: E , n-oko-ria ama-ako ba-a-rey-e .
Glosses: _ yes, FOC-15-eat 6-fruit 3PL.SA-PST-eat.PRF-FV
Translation: Yes, they DID eat fruits.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: Ba-rey-e omo-gate .
Glosses: _ 3PL.SA-eat.PRF-FV 3-bread
Translation: They just ATE BREAD.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: M-ba-rey-e omo-gate .
Glosses: _ FOC-3PL.SA-eat-PRF.FV 3-bread
Translation: They DID just eat bread.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: Umw-arimu ora (*n-)a-a-giy-er-e .
Glosses: _ 1-teacher 1.who (FOC-)3SG.SA-PST-march-PRF-FV
Translation: The teacher who MARCHED.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Q: N-eng’we a-it-ir-e (*n-)ke ?
Glosses: _ FOC-who SA-kill-PRF-fv (FOC-)what
Translation: Who killed what?
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A1: M-boke a-it-ir-e igi-siisi .
Glosses: _ FOC-1.Boke 3SG.SA-kill-PRF-FV 7-ant
Translation: Boke killed ANTS.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A2: #N-igi-siisi boke a-it-ir-e .
Glosses: _ FOC-7-ant 1.Boke 3SG.SA-kill-PRF-FV
Translation: (Intended meaning: ‘BOKE killed ANTS.’)
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Aba-saacha te-ba-a-mah-er-e eng’-ombe .
Glosses: 2-man NEG.FOC-3PL.SA-PST-see-PRF-FV 9-cow
Translation: The men did not SEE THE COW.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: A:, *(t-)aba-saacha (*m-)ba-a-mah-er-e eng’-ombe .
Glosses: _ no, NEG.FOC-2-man (FOC-)3PL.SA-PST-see-PRF-FV 9-cow
Translation: It was not THE MEN who saw the cow.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: Te-ba-a-giy-ir-e bene .
Glosses: NEG-FOC-3PL.SA-PST-march-PRF-FV only
Translation: They did not only MARCH.
Language: Kuria
Transcription: A: M-ba-taa-r-e ege-eki .
Glosses: _ FOC-3PL.SA-NEG.FUT-eat-FV 5-cake
Translation: They will not EAT THE CAKE.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: [Msichana yule] a-li-ingia .
Glosses: [1.girl 1.DIST.DEM 1.SM-PST-enter
Translation: That girl entered.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: [Yule msichana] a-li-ingia .
Glosses: [1.DIST.DEM 1.girl 1.SM-PST-enter
Translation: That girl entered.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Njoo u-m-pat-i-e [kijana huyu] [maji ya kunywa].
Glosses: come 2SG-OM-get-APPL-IMP teenager PROX.DEM water of drinking
Translation: Come and give this teenager some water to drink.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: [Yule bwana] u-na-mu-on-a: Mzalamo yule ?
Glosses: [DIST.DEM person 2SG-PRS-OM-see-FV Zaramo DIST.DEM
Translation: Do you see that person: is he a Zamoro (ethnic community)?
Language: Swahili
Transcription: A-li-po-fik-a kwa [mzee Malongo], [mzee yule] a-ka-shangaa .
Glosses: SM-PST-when-arrive-FV at old.man Malongo old.man DIST.DEM SM-SEQ-surprise
Translation: When he (Kiliilo) arrived at mzee Malongo’s home, that old man (Malongo) was surprised (to see him).
Language: Swahili
Transcription: U-ki-vuka bahari saba , ku-na [chewa]i mkubwa .
Glosses: 2SG-COND-cross seas seven, 17SM-be grouper big
Translation: If you cross the seven seas, there is a grouper (type of fish).
Language: Swahili
Transcription: [Chewa huyu]i a-ki-vuta pumzi
Glosses: [1grouper this 1SM-COND-breath air
Translation: When this grouper is breathing…
Language: Wiraféd
Transcription: [Huyu Juma] ka-shindw-a ku-ku-tunz-a .
Glosses: [PROX.DEM Juma SM.PRF-defeat-FV INF-OM-take.care-FV
Translation: This Juma has failed to provide for you.
Language: Wiraféd
Transcription: Kumbe [yule mtu mweupe] amba-ye a-li-kuwa a-me-nusur-ik-a ku-ua-w-a na wenyeji
Glosses: INTJ DIST.DEM man white COMP-REL SM-AUX SM-PERF-save-STV-FV INF-kill-pass-FV by natives
Translation: Alas, that white man who had escaped being killed by the natives …
Language: Swahili
Transcription: [Mjumbe] wa tano a-li-po-tak-ik-an-a ,
Glosses: [messenger of fifth SM-PST-when-want-STV-RECP-FV
Translation: When the call for the fifth messenger was made,
Language: Swahili
Transcription: a-li-toke-a bila ya ajizi
Glosses: SM-PST-appear-FV without of fail
Translation: he came forth without fail.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: [Mjumbe huyu] a-li-kuwa Ridhaa .
Glosses: [messenger PROX.DEM SM-PST-AUX Ridhaa
Translation: This messenger was Ridhaa.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Mtu wa pili ku-kut-an-a na-ye a-li-kuwa [mzee].
Glosses: person of second INF-meet-RECP-FV with-3SG SM-PST-AUX old.man
Translation: The second person to meet me was an old man.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: [Mzee huyu] a-li-kuwa a-ki-peleka ng’ombe wake mtoni .
Glosses: [old.man PROX.DEM SM-PST-AUX SM-IPFV-take cows his river-LOC
Translation: This old man was taking his cows to the river.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Mbele ya-ngu ku-li-kuwa bado watu wawili [yule mzee] na [msichana mmoja].
Glosses: in.front POSS-1SG LOC17-PST-AUX still people two DIST.DEM old.man and girl one
Translation: In front of me, there were still two people remaining, that old man and one girl.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: [Msichana huyu], a-li-ye-kuwa bado a-me-weka kitambaa
Glosses: [girl PROX.DEM SM-PST-REL-AUX still SM-PRF-put handkercheif
Translation: This girl, who still had a handkercheif placed …
Language: English
Transcription: Huyu kondoo tu-m-pelek-e kwa Mfalme Ndevu .
Glosses: PROX.DEM sheep 1PL-OM-take-IMP to King Ndevu
Translation: This sheep, let us take her to King Ndevu.
Language: English
Transcription: Mfalme a-ki-m-pat-a kondoo huyu a-ta-furahi sana .
Glosses: King SM-SBJV-OM-get-FV sheep PROX.DEM SM-FUT-happy very
Translation: If the King gets this sheep, he will be very happy.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Adili a-li-po-taka ku-ingia ndani ,
Glosses: Adili SM-PST-when-want INF-enter inside
Translation: When Adili was about to go inside (the house),
Language: Swahili
Transcription: a-li-ona [mtu] a-me-simama mlango-ni
Glosses: SM-PST-see person SM-PRF-stand door-LOC
Translation: he saw a person standing at the door …
Language: Swahili
Transcription: Adili a-li-dhani [mtu yule] a-li-kuwa bawabu .
Glosses: Adili SM-PST-assume person DIST.DEM SM-PST-AUX security.officer
Translation: Adili thought that the person was a security officer.
Language: Danda
Transcription: Hii ni kazi ya majirani zetu , hasa [huyu mjukuu wa Ndenda].
Glosses: 9PROX.DEM is 9work of neighbours our especially PROX.DEM grandchild of Ndanda
Translation: This is the work of our neighbours, especially this grandchild of Ndenda.
Language: Swahili
Transcription: eneo langu hili lote
Glosses: area 5AGR.POSS.1SG PROX.DEM all
Translation: all this area of mine
Language: Mossi
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ bʊ́ʊ́-gá
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF goat-CL12
Translation: I see a goat.’ (AT_20140605)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ bʊ́ʊ́-g-ã́
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF goat-CL12-ã
Translation: I see the goat.’ (that we talked about); or ‘I see the goat.’ (as opposed to seeing something else); or ‘I see the goat.’ (as opposed to not seeing the elephant) (AT_20140605)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ wób-gò
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF elephant-CL15
Translation: I see an elephant.’ (AT_20140605)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ wób-g-à
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF elephant-CL15-à
Translation: I see the elephant (that we talked about).’ (AT_20140605)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ wób-g-ã̀
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF elephant-CL15-ã
Translation: I see the elephant.’ (as opposed to seeing something else); or ‘I see the elephant.’ (as opposed to not seeing the elephant) (AT_20140605)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: à=músá nɛ́ àlì yà-à kàràmbíí-sì
Glosses: 3SG.SUBJ=PN and PN COP-AFF student-CL13
Translation: Moussa and Ali are students.’ (AT_2014-02-25_NominalPreds_Existential, Ex.3)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wób-s ríd-d-à tɪ̀ɪ̀-sè
Glosses: elephant-CL13 eat-PROG-AFF tree-CL13
Translation: Elephants eat trees.’ (general) (AT_2014-05-21_nasality, Ex.1)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wób-s ríd-d-à tɪ̀ɪ̀-s dá-r fã́ã̀
Glosses: elephant-CL13 eat-PROG-AFF tree-CL13 day-CL5 all
Translation: Elephants eat trees all the time.’ (general) (AT_2014-05-28)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ mɔ̀ɔ̀-dó lá tɪ̀ɪ̀-sé
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF bush-CL21 and tree-CL13
Translation: I see bushes and trees.’ (AT_2014-01-13_WomanDonkeyCart_Text Ex.17)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ráw-á yà-à kàràmbíí-gà
Glosses: man-a COP-AFF student-CL12
Translation: The man is a student.’ (AT_2014-02-11_PropertyPredicates, Ex.25)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: à=músà ká kàràmbíí-g-à yè
Glosses: 3SG.SUBJ=PN NEG student-CL12-a CFN
Translation: Moussa is not the student (we talked about).’ (AT_2014-03-11_NominalPredicates, Ex.39)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: fò yà-à kàràmbíí-g là ?
Glosses: 2SG.SUBJ COP-AFF student-CL12 Q
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: à=músá ká kàràmbíí-g yè
Glosses: 3SG.SUBJ=PN NEG student-CL12 CFN
Translation: Moussa is not a student.’ (AT_2014-02-25_NominalPreds_Existential, Ex.1)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nù(g) kán-g-á yà-à béd-rè
Glosses: hand DEM-CL12-a COP-AFF big-CL5
Translation: This hand is big.’ (KB_20140224_08_Noun-phrase, Ex.2)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kòr bɛ́d-à yììb kã́ĩ-s-á yà-à pɛ́ɛ̀l-sè
Glosses: bag big-a two DEM-CL13-DEF COP-AFF white-CL13
Translation: These two big bags are white.’ (KB_20140224_08_Noun-phrase, Ex.29)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: sú-g ròò-d-á kwèlàm-s yà-à ràà-dó
Glosses: thatch-CL15 house-CL21-a door-CL13 COP-AFF wood-CL21
Translation: The thatch house doors are (made of) wood.’ (AT_2014-01-13_Women-carrying-pots-on-head_Text Ex.10-11)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: fɪ́lm-à sɪ́ŋ-rè
Glosses: film-a start-CL5
Translation: Aat the start of the film’ (Pear Story, Ln1)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ pá-gá bwàn-gá ʃárétè lá ràà-dó
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF woman-CL1 donkey-CL12 cart and wood-CL21
Translation: I see a woman, a donkey, a cart and wood.’ (AT_2014-01-13_WomanDonkeyCart_Text Ex.1)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: à yã́k-d̀ tɪ̀ bíí-sì
Glosses: 3SG.SUBJ pick-PROG tree baby-CL13
Translation: He was picking fruit…’ (Pear Story, Ln3-a)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á ká zó ʃárét-à yé
Glosses: 3SG.SUBJ NEG stand cart-DEF CFN
Translation: She is not on the cart.’ (AT_2014-01-13_WomanDonkeyCart_Text Ex.7)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tɪ̀ bíí-s-à wɛ́n-dà gwèyáàbè
Glosses: tree baby-CL13-DEF resemble-PROG guava
Translation: The fruits look like guava.’ (Pear Story, Ln3-b)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wób-s yà-à bɛ́d-à
Glosses: elephant-CL13 COP-AFF big-CL6
Translation: Elephants are big.’ (in general) (AT_2014-05-21_nasality, Ex.1)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wób-g yà-à béd-ré
Glosses: elephant-CL12 COP-AFF big-CL5
Translation: The elephant is a big animal.’ (Lit. ‘Elephant is big.’) (AT_2014-05-21_nasality, Ex.4)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: à=músá yà-à kàràmbíí-gà
Glosses: 3SG.SUBJ=PN COP-AFF student-CL12
Translation: Moussa is a student.’ (AT_2014-02-25_NominalPreds_Existential Ex.1)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ráà-m-à yà-à tóó-gó
Glosses: drink-CL22-DEF COP-AFF bitter-CL15
Translation: The drink is bitter.’ (KB_20140127_04_Non-verbal-clauses, Ex.5)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm rá yà-à béd-rè
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ PST COP-AFF big-CL5
Translation: I was/had been big/fat.’ (MO_20140205_Session_5, Ex.12)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tónd rá yà-à bɛ́d-à
Glosses: 1PL.SUBJ PST COP-AFF big-CL6
Translation: We were/had been big/fat.’ (based on MO_20140205_Session_5)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: bíí-g hã́ zɔ̀ wèè-fó rà pyóg-d-á tɪ̀ɪ̀-g-á sɛ̀ɛ̀-gá
Glosses: child-CL12 REL stand bicycle-CL19 PST PASS-PROG-AFF tree-CL12-DEF side-CL12
Translation: A kid who was sitting on a bicycle passed by the tree.’ (Pear Story, Ln22-23)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: tɪ=á wèè-f-á tɔ́ɔ̀-r tɪ̀ zùm kúg-rì wèè-f-á hã́ zùm kúg-r-à wèè-f-á lwɪ́-ɪ̀ mɛ̀
Glosses: CONN=3SG bicycle-CL19-DEF front-CL5 CONN sit rock-CL5 bicycle-CL19-DEF REL sit rock-CL5-DEF bicycle-CL19-DEF fall-AFF CF
Translation: Then the front of his bicycle was on a rock. When the bicycle was on the rock, it fell down.’ (Pear Story, Ln40-44)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: à=músá nɛ́ àlì yà-à kàràmbíí-s-à
Glosses: 3SG.SUBJ=PN and PN COP-AFF student-CL13-DEF
Translation: Moussa and Ali are the students (that the speaker and listener know about).’ (AT_2014-06-04)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wób-s-à yà-à bɛ́d-à
Glosses: elephant-CL13-DEF COP-AFF big-CL6
Translation: The elephants (the speaker and listener know about) are big.’ (AT_2014-05-21_nasality)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wób-s-à rí-ì tɪ̀ɪ̀-s-à
Glosses: elephant-CL13-DEF eat-AFF tree-CL13-DEF
Translation: The elephants (the speaker and listener know about) ate the trees (the speaker and listener know about).’ (AT_2014-05-28)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wób-s-ã rí-ì tɪ̀ɪ̀-s-à
Glosses: elephant-CL13-ã eat-AFF tree-CL13-DEF
Translation: The elephants (the speaker and listener know about) ate the trees (the speaker and listener know about)’; or ‘The elephants (the speaker and listener know about) (not something else) ate the trees (the speaker and listener know about)’ (e.g. it wasn’t the mice that ate the trees). (AT_2014-05-28)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ wób-g-ã
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF elephant-CL15-ã
Translation: I see the elephant’ (as opposed to seeing something else); or ‘I see the elephant’ (as opposed to not seeing the elephant). (AT_20140605)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ wób-g-à
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF elephant-CL15-DEF
Translation: I see the elephant (that the speaker and listener talked about).’ (AT_20140605)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: màm nɛ́-ɛ̀ bʊ́ʊ́-g-ã
Glosses: 1SG.SUBJ see-AFF goat-CL12-ã
Translation: I see the goat’ (that we talked about); or ‘I see the goat’ (as opposed to seeing something else); or ‘I see the goat’ (as opposed to not seeing the goat). (AT_20140605)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: à=músá yà-à kàràmbíí-g-à kàràmbíí-g-ã
Glosses: 3SG.SUBJ=PN COP-AFF student-CL12-DEF student-CL12-ã
Translation: Moussa is the student (we know about).’ (nasality preferred) (AT_2014-03-11_NominalPreds, Ex.34)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: pág-á búk-à bíí-gá
Glosses: woman-DEF carry-AFF child-CL12
Translation: The woman (mentioned previously) is carrying a child.’ (AT_2014-01-13_WomanDonkeyCart_Text, Ex2)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kí-wã yà-à kʊ́d-rè
Glosses: millet-wã COP-AFF old-CL5
Translation: The millet (we know about) is old’; or ‘The millet (not something else) is old.’ (AT_2014-06-04)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wób kán-g-ã́ yà-à béd-ré
Glosses: elephant DEM-CL12-ã COP-AFF big-CL5
Translation: This elephant is big.’ (e.g. correcting someone who has said ‘This mouse is big.’) (AT_2014-05-21_nasality, Ex.30)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nù(g) kán-g-ã́ yà-à béd-rè
Glosses: hand DEM-CL12-ã COP-AFF big-CL5
Translation: This hand is the one that is big.’ (not something else) (KB_20140224_08_Noun-phrase, Ex.2)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: wób-s-~yà bɛ́d-à
Glosses: elephant-CL13-~COP big-CL6
Translation: Elephants are big (in general).’ (e.g. correcting someone who said ‘Mice are big.’) (AT_2014-05-21_nasality, Ex.16)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: yṹy-s-~ríd-d ság-bó
Glosses: mouse-CL13-~eat-PROG dough-CL14
Translation: Mice eat sagbo (a kind of doughy food).’ (e.g. correcting someone who said, ‘Elephants eat sagbo.’) (AT_2014-05-28)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: ráw hǹ ták-d̀ bʊ́ʊ́-gá píòg-à tɪ̀ɪ̀-g-á sɛ̀ɛ̀-gá
Glosses: man REL pull-PROG goat-CL12 pass-AFF tree-CL12-DEF side-CL12
Translation: A man who was pulling a goat passed by the tree.’ (Pear Story, Ln18-19)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: ráw-á ták bʊ́ʊ́-g-ã píòg tɪ̀ɪ̀-g-á sɛ̀ɛ̀-gá lâ lóóg-è
Glosses: man-DEF pull goat-CL12-DEF/CONN ? pass tree-CL12-DEF side-CL12 and leave-?
Translation: The man pulled the goat, passed by the tree and left.’ (Pear Story, Ln20)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: … n=dɪ́k=à sɪ́ɪ̀-dò
Glosses: _ CONN=take=3SG honey-CL21
Translation: … and took his honey.’ (DP_Rabbit & Hyena August 2013, Ln.20)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: prezidɔ̃ wád-dà=mɛ̀
Glosses: president come-AFF=CF
Translation: The President (of Burkina Faso) is coming.’ (assuming one is in Burkina Faso, so it is clear which president you are talking about) (AT_2014-06-04)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: prezidɔ̃-wã wád-dà=mɛ̀
Glosses: president-FOC come-AFF=CF
Translation: The President is coming’ (not anyone else). (AT_2014-06-04)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: kàràmbíí-g-à yà-à máám
Glosses: student-CL12-DEF COP-AFF 1SG.O
Translation: The student (that we were talking about) is me.’ (AT_2014-03-04_NominalPreds, Ex.15)
Language: Mossi
Transcription: máám lá kàràmbíí-g-à
Glosses: 1SG.O COP student-CL12-DEF
Translation: I am the (one) student’ (not anyone else). (AT_2014-03-04_NominalPreds, Ex.16)