lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taroowa [Hanakoga kuru/*kimasu to] sinziteiru .
Glosses: Taro-TOP [Hanako-NOM come/come-PRS COMP believe-PRS
Translation: Taro believes that Hanako will come.’ (Miyagawa 2012)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Baabaa dauRlathu(n).
Glosses: grandfather.H run-PRF-H.SBJ;NH.ALLOC
Translation: Grandfather ran.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Baabaa dauRlathi(n).
Glosses: grandfather.H run-PRF-H.SBJ;HH.ALLOC
Translation: Grandfather ran.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: karanne miraanuu kitaab dittii je/e kii
Glosses: Karan-ERG Mira-DAT book give.PFV.F.SG ALLOC.PL/be.PRS.3SG POLQ
Translation: Has Karan given the book to Mira?’ (Kaur 2020)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Einstein tivo que estudarche moito .
Glosses: Einstein have.3SG.PST that study.INF-2SG.FAM.DAT much
Translation: Einstein had to study a lot.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: %Maria quere chegarche pronto .
Glosses: Maria wants arrive-2SG soon
Translation: Maria wants to arrive soon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: niiŋgæ saapʈaaččaaŋgæ ?
Glosses: you.PL eat-ASP-RES-Q-ALLOC
Translation: Have you eaten?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: niiŋgæ saapʈaaččŭŋgæɭaa ?
Glosses: you.PL eat-ASP-RES-ALLOC-Q
Translation: Have you eaten?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: niiŋgæ saapʈaaččŭŋgæɭaaŋgæ ?
Glosses: you.PL eat-RES-ALLOC-Q-ALLOC
Translation: Have you eaten?’ (McFadden 2020)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Merqueicha
Glosses: bought.1SG-2SG.FAM.DAT.3SG.ACC.F
Translation: I bought it.’/’I bought you it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hiri eman dia/nat
Glosses: 2SG.FAM-DAT give-PRF EXPL-ROOT-2SG.FAM.M.DAT/F-1SG.ERG
Translation: I have given it to you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hik egin duk/n .
Glosses: 2SG.FAM-ERG do-PRF EXPL-ROOT-2SG.ERG.FAM.M/F
Translation: You have done it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [Niri eman] nahi dit .
Glosses: 1SG-DAT eman.INF want EXPL-ROOT-1SG.DAT
Translation: He/she/it wants to give it to me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Naan dʒaangiri vaangineenŋgæ .
Glosses: I Jangri buy-PST-1SG.SBJ-ALLOC
Translation: I bought Jangri.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: rombaa thanksŋgæ
Glosses: very thanks-ALLOC
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa dauRlai .
Glosses: Santee-NH run-PRF-3.NHS
Translation: Santee ran.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa kahlai/(au) ki [Banteeaa bhag gelai/(au)].
Glosses: Santee-NH say-PRF-NH.SBJ/NH.SBJ;NH.ALLOC COMP Bantee-NH escape go-PRF-NH.SBJ/NH.SBJ;NH.ALLOC
Translation: Santee said that Bantee ran away.’ (said to a friend)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Creo(vos) que (vos) está aquí .
Glosses: think.1SG(-2PL.FAM.DAT) that (2PL.FAM.DAT) COP here
Translation: I think that he/she/it is here.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Xoan cree(che) que (?che) vai chover .
Glosses: Xoan thinks-2SG.FAM.DAT that 2SG.FAM.DAT it.goes rain
Translation: Xoan thinks that it will rain.’ (Haddican 2019)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Xoan cree(?che) que (che) vai chover .
Glosses: Xoan thinks-2SG.FAM.DAT that 2SG.FAM.DAT it.goes rain
Translation: Xoan thinks that it will rain.’ (Haddican 2019)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: E(??che) que (che) está aquí .
Glosses: it.is-2SG.FAM.DAT that 2SG.FAM.DAT he/she.is here . 
Translation: It’s that he’s here.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ore zyugyoonante detaku naiyo .
Glosses: I class-TOP attend-want NEG-SFP
Translation: I do not want to attend the class.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kagakuno senseino hanasi tumannaisi .
Glosses: chemistry-NOM teacher-GEN speech boring-SFP
Translation: What the chemistry teacher teaches us is boring.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Geemu site ru hooga zutto masi .
Glosses: game do-CVB PROG-S way-NOM far better
Translation: Playing video games is far better.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ore ieni kaerimasu .
Glosses: I home-to return-HON-PRS
Translation: I will go home.’ (adapted from Yamada (2019)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sono kusurio maisyokugo nomuyooni .
Glosses: that medicine-ACC each-meal-after take-PRS-YOONI
Translation: Take that medicine after each meal.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sono kusurio maisyokugo nomukoto .
Glosses: that medicine-ACC each-meal-after take-PRS-KOTO
Translation: Take that medicine after each meal.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Sono kusurio maisyokugo nomuto .
Glosses: that medicine-ACC each-meal-after take-PRS-TO
Translation: Take that medicine after each meal.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Joan !
Glosses: EPEN-go.INF
Translation: Go!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hoa !
Glosses: 2SG.FAM-go
Translation: Go!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ziya:d biʔaddi:li/lak kil waʔto ne:yim
Glosses: Ziad spend-1SG.DAT/2SG.DAT all time-his sleeping
Translation: Ziad spends all his time sleeping.’ (Haddad 2014)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hasirimasen desita .
Glosses: run-hona-NEG hona-PST
Translation: (I) did not run.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Irundarra naiz .
Glosses: Irun-er 1SG-BE
Translation: I’m from Irun.’ (No allocutive clitic present)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Irundarra nauk .
Glosses: Irun-er 1SG-HAVE-2.SG.FAM.MSC
Translation: I’m from Irun.’ (Allocutive clitic present)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tu Ramke dekhleN .
Glosses: you.NH Ram-ACC see:PFV-2.NH.S
Translation: You (e.g., my friend/younger sibling) saw Ram.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Apne Ramke dekhlathi(n).
Glosses: you.HH Ram-ACC see:PFV-2.HH.S
Translation: You (e.g., a teacher) saw Ram.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ram okraa dekhlai .
Glosses: Ram 3SG.NH.ACC see:PFV-3.NH.S
Translation: Ram saw him (a chum).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ram unkaa dekhlai .
Glosses: Ram 3SG.H/HH.ACC see:PFV-3.NH.S
Translation: Ram saw him (an elder, teacher).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tu Ramke dekhla .
Glosses: you.H Ram-ACC see:PFV-2.H.S
Translation: You (my elder) saw Ram.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa toraa dekhlai/*a .
Glosses: Santee-FM you.H.ACC see:PFV-3.NH.S/*2.H.S
Translation: Santee saw you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaake tu pasand ha/*ai .
Glosses: Santee-FM-DAT you.H.NOM like be:PRS-2.H.S/*3.NH.S
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ham jaait hi .
Glosses: I go-PROG be:PRS-1.S
Translation: I am going.’ (said to anyone)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ham jaait hiau .
Glosses: I go-PROG be:PRS-1.S-NH.AD
Translation: I am going.’ (said to a friend)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ham jaait hio .
Glosses: I go-PROG be:PRS-1.S-H.AD
Translation: I am going.’ (said to an older family member)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ham jaait hiain .
Glosses: I go-PROG be:PRS-1.S-HH.AD
Translation: I am going.’ (said to a teacher)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ram/u baabaake dekhlai .
Glosses: Ram/3SG grandfather-ACC see:PFV-3.NH.S
Translation: Ram/he saw Grandfather.’ (NH subject)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Baabaa/u Ramke dekhlthi(n).
Glosses: grandfather/3SG Ram-ACC see:PFV-3.H.S
Translation: Grandfather/he saw Ram.’ (H subject)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: MaasTarsaaheb/u Ramke dekhlthi(n).
Glosses: teacher-HH/3SG Ram-ACC see:PFV-3.HH.S
Translation: The teacher/he saw Ram.’ (HH subject)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Ram apneke tor kitaab lauTalai .
Glosses: Ram you.HH.DAT you.NH.GEN book return:PFV-3.NH.S
Translation: (‘Ram returned your book to you.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Apne okar kitaab unkaa delthin .
Glosses: you.HH 3SG.NH.GEN book 3SG.H.DAT give:PFV-2.HH.S
Translation: You (my teacher) gave his (my brother’s) book to him (my father).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sp₁ [[Apne Hon:HH{1}] [[okar Hon:NH{1}] kitab] [unkaa Hon:H{1}] delthin]
Glosses:  you.HH 3SG.NH.GEN book 3SG.H give:PFV-3.HH.S
Translation: You (my teacher) gave his (my brother) to him (my father).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaake kahlai ki ….
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM-DAT tell:PFV-3.NH.S that
Translation: Santee told Bantee that …
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: MaasTarsaaheb Ramke dekhlthi(n).
Glosses: teacher-HH Ram-ACC see:PFV-3.HH.S
Translation: The teacher saw Ram.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa sochahai ki Ram okraa/unkaa bajaarme dekhlai .
Glosses: Santee-FM think-3.NH.S that Ram 3SG.NH.ACC/3SG.H.ACC market-in see:PFV-3.NH.S
Translation: Santee thinks that Ram saw him in the market.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa soch hai ki (ham) tej hi .
Glosses: Santee-FM think be-3.NH.S that (I) smart be-1.S
Translation: Santee thinks that I am smart.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaake kahlai ki (ham) tej hi .
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM-DAT tell:PFV-3.NH.S that (I) smart be-1.S
Translation: Santee told Bantee that I am smart.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santee socha hai ki ham okraa/unkaa bajaarme dekhli .
Glosses: Santee think be-3.NH.S that I 3SG.NH.ACC/3SG.H.ACC market-in see:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee thinks that I/he saw him in the market.’ (If I=Santee, him=unkaa; if I=Sp*, him=okraa.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaake kahlai ki ham unkaase/okraase milli .
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM-DAT tell:PFV-3.NH.S that I 3SG.H-INS/3SG.NH-INS meet:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee told Bantee that I/he met with him.’ (If I=Santee, him=unkaa-se; if I=Sp*, him=okraa-se.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Deepak sochkau ki u hamar baat maan lethin .
Glosses: Deepak think.3.NH.S-NH.AD that 3SG my.GEN word accept take-3.HH.S
Translation: Deepak thinks that she(HH) will approve my (=Deepak’s) proposal.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Deepak sochkau ki u hamar baat maan letai .
Glosses: Deepak think.3.NH.S-NH.AD that 3SG my.GEN word accept take-3.NH.S
Translation: Deepak thinks that she(NH) will approve my (=Sp*’s) proposal.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?Kab , Ram sochlai ki ham – marbai ?
Glosses: when Ram think:PFV-3.NH.S that I die:FUT-1.S
Translation: When does Ram think that I (=Ram or =Sp*) will die?’ (‘when’=time of dying)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kab , Chhotuaa sochkai ki u hamar baat maan tathi ?
Glosses: when Chotu-FM think-3.NH.S that 3SG my.GEN word accept take-3.HH.S
Translation: When does Chotu think that he(HH) will accept my (=Chhotu’s) proposal?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaase kahlai ki hamar mammii hamraa madad karlai .
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM.INS tell:PFV-3.NH.S that my.GEN mother me.ACC help do:PFV-3.NH.S
Translation: Santee told Bantee that my mother helped me.’ (only ‘my’=‘me’=Santee, or ‘my’=‘me’=Sp*)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Santeeaa kahlai ki ham hamar hukkum na manbai .
Glosses: Santee-FM say:PFV-3.NH.S that I me.GEN order NEG accept:FUT-3.NH.S
Translation: (‘Santee said that I will not obey me.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa kaha hai ki ham jaldiye mile aibo .
Glosses: Santee-FM say be-3.NH.S that I soon meet-INF come.FUT.1.S
Translation: Santee said that I (=Santee) will come soon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaake likhkal chiThiiaa kaha hai ki ham jaldiye mile aibo .
Glosses: Santee-FM.GEN written letter-FM say be-3.NH.S that I soon meet-INF come.FUT.1.S
Translation: Santee’s letter said that I (not =Santee) will come soon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ChiThiiaa je Santeeaa likhkai kaha hai ki ham jaldiye mile aibo .
Glosses: letter-FM REL Santee-FM write:PFV-3.NH.S say be-3.NH.S that I soon meet-INF come.FUT.1.S
Translation: The letter that Santee wrote said that I (not=Santee) will come soon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ramaa Johnwaase puchhlai ki kaa tu aimeN .
Glosses: Ram-FM John-FM.INS ask:PFV-3.NH.S that what you.NH come-2.NH.S
Translation: Ram asked John whether you (=John or =Ad*) will come.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaake kahlai ki ham toraa dekhliau hal .
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM-DAT tell:PFV-3.NH.S that I you.NH.ACC see:PFV-1.S-NH.AD be
Translation: Santee told Bantee that I (=Santee or =Sp*) saw you (=Bantee or =Ad*).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaake kahlain ki ham apneke dekhli hal .
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM-DAT tell:PFV.3.NH.S-HH.AD that I you.HH-ACC see:PFV-1.S be:PFV
Translation: Santee told Bantee that I saw you.’ (OK ‘I’=Sp*, bad with ‘I’=Santee)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaake kahlain ki ham toraa dekhli hal .
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM-DAT tell:PFV.3.NH.S-HH.AD that I you.NH.ACC see:PFV-1.S be:PFV
Translation: Santee told Bantee that I saw you.’ (OK ‘I’=Santee, bad with ‘I’=Sp*)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ham jaait hiain . (=(7d)).
Glosses: I go-PROG be-1.S-HH.AD 
Translation: I am going.’ (said to a teacher)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaake kahkain ki Ramke Sitase baat karke chah.
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM-DAT tell:PFV.3.NH.S-HH.AD that Ram-DAT Sita-INS talk do-INF should.3.NH.S-NH.AD
Translation: Santee told Bantee that Ram should talk to Sita.’ (said to a teacher)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaake kahkain ki Ramke Sitase baat karke chahain .
Glosses: Santee-FM Bantee-FM-DAT tell:PFV.3.NH.S-HH.AD that Ram-DAT Sita-INS talk do-INF should.3.NH.S-HH.AD
Translation: Santee told Bantee that Ram should talk to Sita.’ (said to a teacher)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa socha hai ki tu/#apne tej heN/#thin .
Glosses: Santee-FM think be-3.NH.S that you.NH/#you.HH smart be-2.NH.S/#2.HH.S
Translation: Santee thinks that you are smart.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa sochlai ki ham Ramke dekhli .
Glosses: Santee.FM think:PFV-3.NH.S that I Ram-ACC see:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee thought that I (=Sp* or =Santee) saw Ram.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa sochlai ki ham toraa dekhli .
Glosses: Santee.FM think:PFV-3.NH.S that I you.NH.ACC see:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee thought that I (=Sp*, not=Santee) saw you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa sochlai ki (pro) toraa dekhli .
Glosses: Santee.FM think:PFV-3.NH.S that I you.NH.ACC see:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee thought that I (=Santee or =Sp*) saw you (=Ad*).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa sochlai ki (pro) okraa/unkaa dekhli .
Glosses: Santee-FM think:PFV-3.NH.S that (I) 3SG.NH.ACC/3SG.H.ACC see:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee thought that I (=Santee) saw him.’ (also I=Sp* in a supportive context)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa sochlai ki (pro) unkaa/okra unkar/okar phonmaa deli .
Glosses: Santee-FM think:PFV-3.NH.S that (I) 3SG.H.DAT/3SG.NH.DAT 3SG.H.GEN/3SG.NH.GEN phone give:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee thought that I (=Santee) gave him his phone.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa sochlai ki (pro) toraa/#apneke dekhli .
Glosses: Santee-FM think:PFV-3.NH.S that (I) you.NH.ACC/#you.HH.ACC see:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee thought that I (=Santee) saw you (=Ad*, a teacher).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Santeeaa sochlai ki (pro) okraa/#unkaa toraa/#apneke phonmaa deli .
Glosses: Santee-FM think:PFV-3.NH.S that (I) 3SG.NH.ACC/#3SG.H.ACC you.NH.GEN/#you.HH.GEN phone give:PFV-1.S
Translation: Santee thought that I gave him your phone.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: MaasTarsaaheb hamra aaj piTalai .
Glosses: teacher-HH me.ACC today beat:PFV-3.NH.S
Translation: The teacher beat me today.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Veneetamaim pepar likh lelthi kaa ?
Glosses: Veneeta-HH paper write take:PFV-3.HH.S Q
Translation: Did Veneeta-ma’am finish writing the paper?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Santeeaa socha hai ki (pro) hamraa bajaarme dekhli .
Glosses: Santee-FM think be.PRS-3.NH.S that I me.ACC market-in see:PFV-1.S
Translation: (‘Santee thinks that I saw me in the market.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ nèicháng huǒ] [ xìngkuī xiāofángduì lái de kuài]
Glosses:  that-CL fire  fortunate fire-brigade come PRT quick
Translation: That fire, fortunately the fire-brigade came quickly.’ (Bao 2015: 12a)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mariawa kaigini kita .
Glosses: Maria-TOP meeting-LOC come-PAST
Translation: Maria came to the meeting.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mariawa kaigini kimashita .
Glosses: Maria-TOP meeting-LOC come-UH-PAST
Translation: Maria came to the meeting.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mariawa asa hayaku okiru / okimasu .
Glosses: Maria-TOP morning early rise.PRES / rise-UH.PRES
Translation: Maria gets up early in the morning.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mariawa supeinjinda / supeinjindesu .
Glosses: Maria-TOP Spain-person-be.plain / Spain-person-be.UH
Translation: Maria is a Spaniard.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mariawa yasahiiØ / yasahiidesu .
Glosses: Marai-TOP kind-Ø / kind-be.UH
Translation: Maria is kind.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mariawa₁ [pro₁ maiasa hayaku okimasu]to itta
Glosses: Maria-TOP pro every-morning early rise-.PRES-COMP say-PAST
Translation: Maria said, “I get up early every morning.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Annawa [Mariawa supeinjindesu]to itta .
Glosses: Anna-TOP Maria-TOP Spain-person-be.UH-COMP say-PAST
Translation: Anna said, “Maria is a Spaniard.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Annawa [Mariawa yasahiidesu]to itta .
Glosses: Anna-TOP Maria-TOP kind-be.UH-COMP say-PAST
Translation: Anna said, “Maria is kind.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mariawa [ashita ikuno , daigakuni]to kiita .
Glosses: Maria-TOP [tomorrow go-Q, university-LOC]-COMP ask-PAST
Translation: Maria asked, ‘will (you) go (there), to the University?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hayaku gokaifukunasaimasu kotoo oinorishiteorimasu .
Glosses: Quickly HON-recover-do.HON-UH fact-ACC HON-pray-do-be.humble-UH
Translation: I pray for your speedy recovery.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gotouchakunasaimasu maeni odenwao itadakemasudeshouka ?
Glosses: HON-arrival-do.HON-UH before-DAT HON-phone-ACC receive-can-UH-MODAL-Q
Translation: Would you give us a call before you arrive?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Senjitsu okutteitadakimashita meron , totemo oishiku itadakimashita .
Glosses: the.other.day sent-receive-UH.PAST melon very.much delicious consume-UH
Translation: We truly enjoyed the melons that you sent us the other day.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gorenrakuga okuremashite , moushiwakegozaimasendeshita
Glosses: report-NOM delay-UH-GERUND, excuse-exist–UH.NEG-UH.PAST
Translation: I sincerely apologize for the delayed communication. ‘
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gokaifukunasaimashitara zehi mata okoshikudasai
Glosses: HON-recover-do.HON-UH-COND definitely again HON-come-please
Translation: Please do come back when you have made a recovery.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Korewa mizuo kuwaemasuto bouchouitashimasu .
Glosses: this-TOP water-ACC add-UH-and.then expand-do-UH
Translation: If you add water to this, it will swell up.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Watashiga yatteokimasukara / node , mou kaettemo iidesuyo .
Glosses: I-NOM do-complete-UH-because / -because already return-even good-UH-DPART
Translation: You may go home because I can finish it (for you).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Amega futtekimashitaga / kedo , konomama tsuzukemashou
Glosses: rain-NOM fall-come-UH-PAST-but / -but as.is continue-UH.Exhort
Translation: Although it started raining, shall we keep going?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hono yomi(*mashi)nagara , omachishiteorimasu .
Glosses: book-ACC read-(UH)-while wait-do-be-UH
Translation: (I) will be waiting (for you) while reading a book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sono jikanwa ofisude koohiio nomi(*mashi){nagara/tsutsu}, shigotoo shiteorimashita .
Glosses: that time-TOP office-at coffee-ACC drink-(UH)-while, work-ACC do-be-UH-PAST . 
Translation: Regading that time, I was working in my office drinking a cup of coffee.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tsumaga amerikajindeshite , iedemo eigoo tsukatteorimasu .
Glosses: wife-NOM American-be.UH-GERUND, home-LOC-also English-ACC use-be-UH
Translation: My wife being American, we use English at home.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Raishuuwa suiyoubideshitara aiteorimasuga…
Glosses: Next.week-TOP Wednesday-be.UH-PAST-COND open-be-UH-but…
Translation: About next week, if it’s Wednesday, I will be free.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kokusekiga amerikadesuto , bizaga irimasune .
Glosses: citizenship-NOM America-be.UH-COND, visa-NOM necessary-UH-DPART
Translation: If you are an American citizen, you need a visa.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Raishuuno suiyoubiwa himadesukara , zehi kitekudasai
Glosses: Next.week-GEN Wednesday-TOP leisure-be.UH-because definitely come-please . 
Translation: Because I will be free on Wednesday next week, please come (to see me).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Toukyouwa daitokaidesuga/kedo , sonowarini anzendesu .
Glosses: Tokyo-TOP big.city-be.UH-but/but, rather.unexpectedly safe-be.UH
Translation: Tokyo is a big city, but it is safe (rather surprisingly).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Shinseihinga daiseikoudesukotoo oinorishiteorimasu .
Glosses: new.product-TOP big.success-be.UH-fact-ACC HON-pray-do-be.humble-UH . 
Translation: I sincerely hope that your new product will be a big success.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kurumaga ojamadesubaaiwa sugu omoushitukekudasai .
Glosses: car-NOM nuisance-be.UH-case-TOP immediately HON-inform.HON-please . 
Translation: When the car is in your way, please tell us immediately.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Tanakasano gozonjidesukatani goshoukaiitadakemasenka ?
Glosses: Tanaka-HON-ACC acquainted-be.UH-person.HON-DAT HON-introduction-receive.humble-can-UH–NEG-Q ? 
Translation: Could you introduce (me/us) to someone who knows Mrs. Tanaka?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kyouwa isogashiideshite , sochiraniwa oukagaidekimasen .
Glosses: Today-TOP busy-be.UH-GERUND, there-LOC-TOP visit-can-UH–NEG
Translation: It is such a busy day today, regrettably, so I cannot go over there.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Raishuu oisogashiideshitara otetsudaini ukagaimasu .
Glosses: Next.week HON-busy-be.UH-COND HON-assist-DAT go.humble-UH
Translation: If you are busy next week, I will come to help you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nedanga takaidesuto , koushoushinaosukotoni narimasu .
Glosses: Price high-be.UH-COND negotiation-do-repear-fact-DAT become-UH
Translation: If the price is high, we will have to re-negotiate.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Raishuuwa isogashiidesukara , saraishuuni shitekudasai
Glosses: Next.week-TOP busy-be.UH-because the.week.after.next-DAT make-please
Translation: Because I will be busy next week, please make it to the following week.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Raishuuwa isogashiidesuga/kedo , kanarazu aini ikimasu .
Glosses: Next.week-TOP busy-be.UH-but/but, certainly see-DAT go-UH
Translation: Although I will be busy next week, I will definitely come see you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: tasukemairasento zonjisouraesouroudomo…
Glosses: save.life-benefactive-propose-COMP think-humble-humble-but
Translation: Although I think I shall save your life, ….’ from Heike-monogatari, Vol. 9, the death of Atsumori, 14th Century
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mayuwa sakeo nomimasenØ .
Glosses: Mayu-TOP alcohol-ACC drink-UH–NEG-PRES
Translation: Mayu does not drink alcoholic beverages.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mayuwa Kenni yasaio tabesasemashita .
Glosses: Mayu-TOP Ken-DAT vegetables-ACC eat-CAUSE-UH-PAST
Translation: Mayu made Ken eat the greens.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kenga Mayuni homeraremashita .
Glosses: Ken-NOM Mayu-DAT praise-PASS-UH-PAST
Translation: Ken was praised by Mayu.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sapporowa ameda / datta .
Glosses: Sapporo-TOP rain-be.plain.-PRES / be.plain-PAST
Translation: It is / was raining in Sapporo.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sapporowa amedesu / deshita .
Glosses: Sapporo-TOP rain-be.UH-PRES / be.UH-PAST
Translation: It is / was raining in Sapporo.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sapporowa samui / samukatta / *samuida / *samuidatta
Glosses: Sapporo-TOP cold.PRES / cold-PAST / cold-be-PRES / cold-be.UH-PAST
Translation: It is / was cold in Sapporo.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sapporowa samuidesu / samukatta desu / *samuideshita
Glosses: Sapporo-TOP cold.-PRES-be.UH / cold-PAST be.plain.UH / cold-be.UH-PAST
Translation: It is / was cold in Sapporo.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: watakushiwa [[senseiga okaerininarimashita koto]ni musukoga kizukazuni ita koto]o zan’nenni omotteorimasu .
Glosses: I-TOP [[teacher-NOM HON-return-DAT-become-UH-PAST fact]-DAT my.son-NOM notice–NEG-DAT exist-PAST fact]-ACC regretful-DAT think-PROG-UH-PRES
Translation: I regret (polite) that my son didn’t realize (plain) that the professor left (polite).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Chiisai kuni ?da / desu ga , hitobitowa yutakana kurashio shiteimasu .
Glosses: small country be / be.UH though people-TOP rich life-ACC do-PROG-UH.-PRES
Translation: Though (this) is a small country, people there live in comfort.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Chotto ?dekakeru / dekakemasu kedo , nanika goiriyouno monoga arimasuka ?
Glosses: a.little go.out / go.out-UH although, something Honor-necessary-GEN thing-NOM exist-UH-Q
Translation: I am about to go out now; is there anything I can get for you?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Chotto #dekaketekuru / dekakekimasu . Nanika goiriyouno monoga arimasuka ?
Glosses: a.little go.out-come / go.out-come-UH . something Honor-necessary-GEN thing-NOM exist-UH-Q
Translation: I am about to go out now. Is there anything I can get for you?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Senseimo okaerini natta / narimashita kara , sorosoro heikaito itashimashou .
Glosses: Teacher-also HON-go.home-DAT become-PAST / become-UH-PAST because, about.time adjournment-as do-UH-Propose
Translation: Now that the professor has gone home, shall we adjourn?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ie ie , mou juubun ?itadaita / itadakimashita kara .
Glosses: No no, already enough eathumble-PAST / eat-UH-PAST because
Translation: No (I respectfully decline your offer) because I have had enough.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ee , senjitsu senseino otakuni oukagai shita / shimashita tokini .
Glosses: Yes, the.other.day teacher-GEN house-LOC HON-visit do-PAST / do-UH-PAST time-at
Translation: Yes, when I went to your house the other day.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kyouwa oisogashiinaka wazawaza irashite itadaite / itadakimashite …
Glosses: Today-TOP HON-busy-in.the.middle taking.trouble come receive-GERUND / receive-UH-GERUND
Translation: (I thank you) for taking trouble to come (to see me) when you are so busy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: cikapul kkamppakhayss(*sup)unikka amwukesto saci moshaysssupnita/eyo .
Glosses: wallet-ACC forget-PAST-(*UH)-because anything buy-COMP cannot-be-PAST-UH
Translation: Because I forgot my wallet, I could not buy anything.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: cikapul kkamppakhayss(*sup)ese amwukesto saci moshaysssupnita/eyo .
Glosses: wallet-ACC forget-PAST-(*UH)-because anything buy-COMP cannot-be-PAST-UH
Translation: Because I forgot my wallet, I could not buy anything.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: cikapul kkamppakhayss(*sup)ciman hayntuphonulo sasssupnita/eyo .
Glosses: wallet-ACC forget-PAST-(*UH)-but phone-Instrumental buy-PAST-UH
Translation: I forgot my wallet, but I bought things using my phone.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kore , oishiidesu yo / ne / naa
Glosses: This tasty-be.UH DPART / DPART / DPART
Translation: This is tasty, (I tell you) / (isn’t it?) / (I’m impressed).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Raishuuwa isogashiidesuyokara , saraishuuni shitekudasai
Glosses: Next.week-TOP busy-be.UH-DPART-because the.week.after.next-DAT make-please
Translation: Because I will be busy next week, please make it to the following week.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Raishuuwa isogashiidesuyoga/kedo , kanarazu aini ikimasu .
Glosses: Next.week-TOP busy-be.UH-DPART-but/but, certainly see-DAT go-UH
Translation: Although I will be busy next week, I will definitely come see you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [Kaigino junbiga fujuubundeshita] kotoo fukaku owabimoushiagemasu .
Glosses: Meeting-GEN preparation-NOM inadequate-be.UH-PAST fact-ACC deeply apology-say-UH
Translation: We sincerely apologize for the fact that our preparation for the meeting was inadequate.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?Sono atsumariniwa , [Tanakasenseio gozonjideshita] kataga takusan irasshaimashita .
Glosses: that gathering-at-TOP [Tanaka-teacher-ACC know-UH-PAST] person-NOM many be.present-UH-PAST
Translation: At the gathering, there were many people who knew Professor Tanaka.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [Senjitsu senseiga gobyoukideshita] saini omimaini ukagaimashita .
Glosses: the.other.day teacher-NOM sick-be.UH-PAST occasion-at visit-DAT go-UH-PAST
Translation: When the professor fell sick the other day, I visited her.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kono ryokanwa teienga yuumeida / *na
Glosses: this inn-TOP garden-NOM famous-be / -be
Translation: Lit. Speaking of this inn, its garden is famous.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [teienga yuumeina] ryokanni ikitai
Glosses: teien-NOM famous-be inn-LOC go-want
Translation: (I) want to go to an inn which is famous for its garden.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Senjitsu Ginzani ikimashite , sokode guuzen Suzukisanni oaishimashita .
Glosses: the.other.day Ginza-LOC go-UH-GERUND, there by.chance Suzuki-Mr.-DAT HON-meet-do-UH-PAST
Translation: The other day, I went to Ginza and ran into Mr. Suzuki there.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hayaku gokaifukunasaru / nasaimasu kotoo oinorishiteorimasu .
Glosses: Quickly HON-recover–do.HON / do.HON-UH fact-ACC HON-pray-do-be.humble-UH
Translation: I pray for your speedy recovery.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hayaku gokaifukunasaimasu kotoo inotteimasu .
Glosses: Quickly HON-recover-do.HON-UH fact-ACC pray-GERUND-be-UH
Translation: I pray for your speedy recovery.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Senseiga okakini natta / narimashita gohonga shuppanno hakobini natta / narimashitakotono kinenni , oiwaino kaio hirakitaku zonjimasu .
Glosses: Teacher-NOM Honor-write-DAT become-PAST / become-UH-PAST Honor-book-NOM publish-GEN plan-DAT become-PAST / become-UH-PAST-fact-GEN commemoration-DAT, celebration-GEN party-ACC hold-want think-UH
Translation: For the commemoration of the occasion that the book that the professor wrote will now be published, we would like to host a celebration.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [Hayaku gokaifuku nasaru / *nasaimasu] to shinjiteorimasu .
Glosses: quickly HON-recovery do.HON / do.HON-UH COMP believe-do-be-UH
Translation: I pray for your quick recovery.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [kaigiwa raishuunosuiyoubida / *desu] to , zonjiteorimasu .
Glosses: meeting-TOP next.week-GEN-Wednesday-be / be.UH C know-be-UH
Translation: I know that the meeting will be held on Wednesday next week.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [senshuuwa oisogashikattaØ / *desu] to , ukagatteorimasu .
Glosses: last.week-TOP HON-busy-PAST-Ø / -UH C hear-be-UH
Translation: I heard that you were busy last week.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Watakushiwa [senseiga okakini narimashita gohono zehi yomasete itadakitai(*desu)to] omotteorimasu .
Glosses: I-TOP [teacher-NOM Honor-write-DAT become-UH-PAST Honor-book-ACC definitely read-Cause-GERUND receive-want-(be.UH)-COMP] think-GERUND-be-UH
Translation: (Talking to a professor) ‘I think that I would definitely like to read the book you have written.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *[Ashita dokoni mairimasuka] narubeku hayaku otsutaeitashimasu
Glosses: tomorrow where-DAT go-UH-Q as.possible early Honor-inform-do.-UH
Translation: I will inform you as soon as possible where (I) will go tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Watashiwa [Kenga nansaidesuka] tazunemashita
Glosses: I-TOP Ken-NOM what.age-Cop.UH-Q ask-try-UH-PAST
Translation: I asked how old Ken is.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Watashiga buchooni [konshuu oisogashiidesuka(dooka)] kakuninshimashita
Glosses: I-TOP boss-DAT this.week HON-busy-UH-Q check-UH-PAST
Translation: It is I that checked with my boss whether he is busy this week.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Senseiga okakini narimashita gohonga itsu shuppan sareru (*saremasu) ka , gozonjino karawa irasshaimasuka ?
Glosses: Teacher-NOM Honor-write-DAT become-UH-PAST Honor-book-NOM when publish do.Pass-PRES (do.Pass-UH) Q knowing-GEN person-TOP exist-UH-Q
Translation: Is there anyone who knows when the book the professor wrote will be published?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?[Watakushidomoni okotaedekimasukadooka] wakarimasenga…
Glosses: we-DAT HON-answer-can-UH-whether know-UH–NEG-but
Translation: (Though) we are not sure whether we can answer your question.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [Musukoga dokode nanio shiteorimasuka]wa , watashitachinimo wakaranainodegozaimasu
Glosses: son-NOM where-at what-ACC do-be-UH-Q-TOP we-DAT-even know–NEG-because-be-UH
Translation: We ourselves aren’t sure what our son is doing where.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gokaifuku *nasaimaseba / nasareba zehi mata okoshikudasai
Glosses: HON-recover do.HON-UH-COND / do.HON-COND definitely again HON-come-please
Translation: Please do come back when you have made a recovery.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Socchokuni moushimasureba , …
Glosses: frankly say-UH-COND, …
Translation: If I may express my humble opinions frankly, …
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kyouwa ii tenkidesunode , dekakerukotoni itashimashoo .
Glosses: Today-TOP good weather-be.UH-because go.out-Nml-DAT do-UH-Propose
Translation: Since it is a nice day today, let us go out, shall we?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kyouwa tenkiga iidesunode , dekakerukotoni itashimashoo .
Glosses: Today-TOP weather-NOM good-be.UH-because go.out-Nml-DAT do-UH-Propose
Translation: Since the weather is good today, let us go out, shall we?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: e=ɣítaβo
Glosses: =C7-book
Translation: a/the book
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ɣítaβo
Glosses: C7-book
Translation: a/any book
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masato taaɣoriré e=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Masato NEG-PST-buy-PFV =C7-book
Translation: Masato didn’t buy a/the book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masato taaɣoriré __ ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Masato NEG-PST -buy-PFV __C7-book
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masato m=mosúβe .2
Glosses: Masato COP=C1-man
Translation: Masato is a man.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Masato n=o=mosúβe .
Glosses: Masato COP-=C1-man
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masato n=o=mosúβe .
Glosses: Masato COP==C1-man
Translation: Masato is the man.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Masato m=mosúβe .
Glosses: Masato COP=C1-man
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masato taaɣoriré Ø=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Masato NEG-PST-buy-PFV =C7-book
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masato akaɣóra e=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Masato SA1-PST-buy-FV =C7-book
Translation: Masato bought a/the book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Masato akaɣóra Ø=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Masato SA1-PST-buy-FV =C7-book
Translation: Intended: ‘Masato bought a book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: E=ɣítaβo ɣikaɣwa haasé .
Glosses: =C7-book SA1-PST-fall-FV C16-down
Translation: A/the book fell down.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Ø=ɣitaβo ɣikaɣwa haasé .
Glosses: =C7-book SA1-PST-fall-FV C16-down
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: O=mukari taseeghire Yohana .
Glosses: =C1-woman -like-PFV Yohaná
Translation: The woman doesn’t like John.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ø=mukari taseeghire Yohana .
Glosses: =C1-woman -like-PFV Yohaná
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hamwe Masato akaɣóra e=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: maybe Masato SA1-PST-buy-FV =C7-book
Translation: Maybe Masato bought a/the book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hamwe Masato akaɣóra Ø=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: maybe Masato SA1-PST-buy-FV =C7-book
Translation: Maybe Masato bought a book.’ MODAL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ango u=mwána akarɔŕa María ?
Glosses:  =C1-Child 3S-PST-see-FV Mary
Translation: Did the child see Mary?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ango Ø=mwáana akarɔŕa María ?
Glosses:  =C1-child 3S-PST-see-FV Mary
Translation: Did any child see Mary?’ QUESTION
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masato aaŋgaɣoriré e=ɣítaβo ɲaŋgatʃɔmiiru .
Glosses: Masato SA1-PST--buy-PFV =C7-book 1SG-PST-COND-be.happy-FV
Translation: If Masato bought a/the book, I would be happy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masato aaŋgaɣoriré Ø=ɣítaβo ɲaŋgatʃɔmiru .
Glosses: Masato SA1-PST--buy-PFV =C7-book 1SG-PST-COND-be.happy-FV
Translation: If Masato bought a book, I would be happy.’ CONDITIONAL
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Q’wezílc *(ti=)smúlhats*(=a).
Glosses: dance-AUT *(=)woman*(=)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wa7 ts’aqwan’ítas *(i=)t’éc*(=a) *(i=)míxalh*(=a).
Glosses: IPFV eat-DIR-3PL.ERG *(=)sweet*(=) *(=)bear*(=)
Translation: Bears eat honey.’ (adapted from Matthewson 2013:19)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Áz’enas ti=sts’úqwaz’=a kw=s=Sophie .
Glosses: buy-DIR-3ERG =fish= DET=NMLZ=Sophie
Translation: Sophie bought a/the fish.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Áz’enas ku=sts’úqwaz’ kw=s=Sophie .
Glosses: buy-DIR-3ERG =fish DET=NMLZ=Sophie
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Cw7aoz kw=s=áz’enas ti=sts’úqwaz’=a kw=s=Sophie .
Glosses:  DET=NMLZ=buy-DIR-3ERG =fish= DET=NMLZ=Sophie
Translation: Sophie didn’t buy a/the fish.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Cw7aoz kw=s=áz’enas ku=sts’úqwaz’ kw=s=Sophie .
Glosses:  DET=NMLZ=buy-DIR-3ERG =fish DET=NMLZ=Sophie
Translation: Sophie didn’t buy a fish.’ (adapted from Matthewson 1998:55)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tecwpmín=lhkan=kelh ti=púkw=a natcw .
Glosses: buy-RLT-1SG.SBJ= =book= tomorrow
Translation: I might/will buy a/the book tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tecwpmín=lhkan=kelh ku=púkw natcw .
Glosses: buy-RLT-1SG.SBJ= =book tomorrow
Translation: I might/will buy a book tomorrow.’ (adapted from Matthewson 1998:54)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ats’xentsíhas=ha ti=szúscal=a ?
Glosses: see-DIR-2SG.OBJ-3ERG= =tie.up-ACT=
Translation: Did a/the policeman see you?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Áts’xentsíhas=ha ku=szúscal ?
Glosses: see-DIR-2SG.OBJ-3ERG= =tie.up-ACT
Translation: Did a policeman see you?’ (adapted from Matthewson 1998:195)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hayo kárɛ n=aarɛho o=mutɛmi …
Glosses: there long.ago FOC=SA1-be-LOC =C1-chief…
Translation: Long ago there was a chief …’ (NOVEL)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mbɛ o=mutɛmi aɣakóma a=βáato .
Glosses: so =C1-chief SA1-PST-gather-FV DET=C2-people
Translation: So, the chief gathered the people.’ (FAMILIAR)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: I=rjooβá ndekuβára tʃwɛɛ .
Glosses: =C5-sun FOC-C5-PROG-shine indeed
Translation: The sun is really shining.’ (UNIQUE)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A=ntʃɔtá yekuβara tʃwɛɛ .
Glosses: =C9-star COP-C3-PROG-shine indeed
Translation: A star is really shining.’ (NON-UNIQUE)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Húy’=lhkan ptakwlh , ptákwlhmin lts7a ti=smém’lhats=a …
Glosses: PROSP=1SG.SBJ tell.story tell.story-RLT here =woman[DIMIN]=
Translation: I am going to tell a legend, a legend about a girl …’ (NOVEL)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kahál’ha ta=snéqwem=a .
Glosses: CIRC-show-CIRC =sun=
Translation: The sun appeared.’ (UNIQUE)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kahál’ha ta=nkakúsent=a .
Glosses: CIRC-show-CIRC =star=
Translation: A star appeared.’ (NON-UNIQUE) (adapted from Matthewson 1999:107;109)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Emruz ye vakil(i)o mibinam .
Glosses: today a/one lawyer-(I) DUR-see-1SG
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Emruz ye vakil mibinam .
Glosses: today a/one lawyer DUR-see-1SG
Translation: I am seeing a lawyer today (some lawyer or other).’ (Hedberg et al. 2009)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ndɛ́ɣirɛ e=ɣikɔ́mbɛ kinɔ nyagorire .
Glosses: 1SG-hate-SBJV =C7-cup C1-that 1SG-PST-buy-PFV
Translation: I hate a cup that I bought.’ (SPECIFIC)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Ndɛ́ɣirɛ Ø=ɣikɔ́mbɛ kinɔ nyagorire .
Glosses: 1SG-hate-SBJV =C7-cup C1-that 1SG-PST-buy-PFV
Translation: Intended: ‘I hate a cup that I bought.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nuuhɛ e=ɣikɔ́mbɛ !
Glosses: 1SG-2SG-give-SBJV =C7-cup
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kihɛ kijɔ ?
Glosses: C7-give-SBJV C7-which
Translation: Which one?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kjɔkjɔ́sɛ haŋu !
Glosses: REDUP-C7-any just
Translation: Just any!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Qvls=kán ta=zaw’áksten=a n=s=tecwp .
Glosses: bad-cAUS=1SG.SBJ =cup= 1SG.POSS=NMLZ=buy
Translation: I hate a cup that I bought.’ (SPECIFIC)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sima7cíts ta=zaw’áksten=a !
Glosses: come-IND=2SG.OBJ =cup=
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nka7 ku=zaw’áksten ku=xát’min’=acw ?
Glosses: where DET=cup DET=want-RED=2SG.SBJV
Translation: Which do you want?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sima7cíts ku=nká7=as=t’u7 ku=zaw’áksten !
Glosses: come-IND=2SG.OBJ DET=where=3SBJV=EXCL DET=cup
Translation: Just pass me ANY cup!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Makurú akaɣóra e=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Makuru SA1-PST-buy-PFV =C7-book
Translation: Makuru bought a/the book.’ “There exists a book which Makuru bought.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Makurú taaɣoriré e=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Makuru NEG-SA1-PST-buy-PFV =C7-book
Translation: Makuru did not buy a/the book.’ “There exists a book which Makuru didn’t buy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Makurú taaɣoriré Ø=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Makuru NEG-SA1-PST-buy-PFV =C7-book
Translation: Makuru did not buy a/any book.’ “There does not exist a book which Makuru bought.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Makurú akaɣóra Ø=ɣítaβo .
Glosses: Makuru SA1-PST-buy-PFV =C7-book
Translation: Intended: Makuru bought a book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nkarɔɔta a=manani ɣararwáana .
Glosses: 1SG-PST-dream-FV =C6-ogres SA-PROG-fight-FV
Translation: I dreamed about ogres fighting with each other.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Nkarɔɔta Ø=manáni ɣararwáana .
Glosses: SA-1SG-PST-dream-FV =C6-ogres SA-PROG-fight-FV
Translation: I dreamed about ogres fighting with each other.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kw7íkwlacw=kan kwas túpun’as s=John ti=plísmen=a .
Glosses: dream=1SG.SBJ DET+NMLZ+IPFV+3POSS punch-DIR-3ERG NMLZ=John =policeman=
Translation: I dreamed that John hit a policeman.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kw7íkwlacw=kan kwas túpun’as s=John ku=plísmen .
Glosses: dream=1SG.SBJ DET+NMLZ+IPFV+3POSS punch-DIR-3ERG NMLZ=John =policeman
Translation: (adapted from Matthewson 1998:132)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: O=mutɛmi akaatʃá kundɔra itʃɔ .
Glosses: =C1-chief SA1-PST-come INFT-1SG.OBJ-see-FV yesterday
Translation: A chief came to see me yesterday.’ Good in context: I saw him. Good in context: Someone told me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Ø=mutɛmi akaatʃá kundɔra itʃɔ .
Glosses: =C1-chief SA1-PST-come INF-1SG.OBJ-see-FV yesterday
Translation: Intended: A chief came to see me yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: T’ak áts’xentsas ku=kúkwpi7=a i=nátcw=as .
Glosses: go see-DIR-1SG.OBJ-3ERG =chief= when.PST=day=3SBJV
Translation: A chief came to see me yesterday.’ [I saw him/her] (adapted from Matthewson 1998:179)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *T’ak áts’xentsas ku=kúkwpi7 i=nátcw=as .
Glosses: go see-DIR-1SG.OBJ-3ERG =chief when.PST=day=3SBJV
Translation: A chief came to see me yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *T’ák=ku7 áts’xentsas ku=kúkwpi7=a i=nátcw=as .
Glosses: go= see-DIR-1SG.OBJ-3ERG =chief= when.PST=day=3SBJV
Translation: A chief came to see me yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: T’ák=ku7 áts’xentsas ku=kúkwpi7 i=nátcw=as .
Glosses: go= see-DIR-1SG.OBJ-3ERG =chief when.PST=day=3SBJV
Translation: A chief came to see me yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Á=ŋgwe j=ekuβá eriiβóra .
Glosses: =C9-leopard FOC=SA9-PROG-be SA9-PERS-give.birth-FV
Translation: A leopard will be giving birth.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Ø=ŋgwe j=ekuβá eriiβóra .
Glosses: =C9-leopard FOC=SA9-PROG-be SA9-PERS-give.birth-FV
Translation: Intended: A leopard will be giving birth.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: N=neɣokwiru na o=mutemi unɔ akuutʃa .
Glosses: FOC-1SG-FUT-marry-PASS with =C1-chief C1-who SA1-FUT-come-FV
Translation: I will marry the next chief.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *N=neɣokwiru na Ø=mutemi unɔ akuutʃa .
Glosses: FOC-1SG-FUT-marry-PASS with =C1-chief C1-who SA1-FUT-come-FV
Translation: Intended: ‘I will marry the next chief.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Cúz’=lhkan melyís ku=cúz’ kúkwpi7 láku7 Fountain .
Glosses: PROSP=1SG.SBJ marry-CAUS =PROSP chief DEIC Fountain
Translation: I will marry the next chief of Fountain.’ (whoever it is). (adapted from Matthewson 1998:57)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Cúz’=lhkan melyís ku=cúz’=a kúkwpi7 láku7 Fountain .
Glosses: PROSP=1SG.SBJ marry-CAUS =PROSP= chief DEIC Fountain
Translation: I will marry the next chief of Fountain.’ (whoever it is).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: O=muɣáruka aŋgaβɔnɛkire Maria n=aŋgatʃɔɔmiru .
Glosses: =C1-elder SA3-COND-show.up-PFV Maria FOC=PST-COND-be.happy-FV
Translation: If an/the elder showed up Mary would be happy.’ (adapted from Gambarage 2019:202–203) Accepted in context: A mother has a sick child and only elderly people know the traditional cure for the disease. There is a specific elder who knows the medicine for the disease. The mother says she will be happy if that elder showed up. Rejected in context: A mother has a sick child and only elderly people know the traditional cure for the disease. She would be happy if any elder comes, but that’s impossible, because there are no elders in this community.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ø=muɣáruka aŋgaβɔnɛkire Maria n=aŋgatʃɔɔmiru .
Glosses: =C1-elder SA1--show.up-PFV Maria FOC=SA1-COND-be.happy-FV
Translation: If any elder showed up Mary would be happy.’ (adapted from Gambarage 2019:166–167) Rejected in context: A mother has a sick child and only elderly people know the traditional cure for the disease. There is a specific elder who knows the medicine for the disease. The mother says she will be happy if that elder showed up. Accepted in context: A mother has a sick child and only elderly people know the traditional cure for the disease. She would be happy if any elder comes, but that’s impossible, because there are no elders in this community.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A=βaráfu iyáyokire .
Glosses: DET=C9.snow SA9-melt-PFV
Translation: The snow has melted.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A=βaráfu y=ekuβá iyáyokire .
Glosses: DET=C9.snow FOC-SA9-be C9-melt-PFV
Translation: The snow must be melting.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #T’ák=ku7 áts’xentsas ku=kúkwpi7=a i=nátcw=as .
Glosses: go= see-DIR-1SG.OBJ-3ERG =chief= when.PST=day=3SBJV
Translation: A chief came to see me yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A=maruɣi maaru ɣatahatuka mwoβo oghi .
Glosses: =C6-rat C6-many SA6-NEG-HAB-dig C3-pit REL-go-FV
Translation: When many rats are working, they usually don’t dig a deep pit.’ (i.e., similar to ‘Many cooks spoil the broth.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nikwenda *(a)=Øswé .
Glosses: 1SG-want-FV *(=C9-fish
Translation: I want some fish.’ (Nata; Gambarage 2019:213)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Xát’mín’=lhkan ku=ts’úqwaz’.
Glosses: hard-RLT-1SG.SBJ =fish