lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯmgri sɤzrɤji nɯ koŋla ɲɤɣɤmenɯ ma kʰa ʁɟa ʑo toβzunɯ .
Glosses: LNK TOPO OBL:PCP-APASS-plant DEM completely IFR-CAUS-not.exist-PL LNK house completely EMPH IFR-make-PL
Translation: They removed all the fields in Temgri, and built houses there [instead].' (140522 kAmYW tWji2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004057#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɤndza ri ɣɤʑu , asɤzrɤʑi ri ɣɤʑu qʰe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat also exist:SENS 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCPblique-stay also exist:SENS LNK
Translation: (There), I have food to eat and a place to stay.' (150831 renshen wawa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006418#S22"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯstʰamtɕɤt ɣɯ nɯsɤtʂɯβ nɯ tɯŋgru tusɯβzunɯ .
Glosses: so.many GEN 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCPblique-sew DEM INDEF.POSS-sinew IPFV-CAUS-make-PL
Translation: People use sinew to sew that many [types of clothes and shoes].' (150906 tWNgru) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006304#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕte nɯtɕu nɤsɤta me ɯ́ŋu
Glosses: other DEM:LOC 2SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-put not.exist:FACT QU-be:FACT
Translation: Isn't there any other place where you put [the food]?' (meimei de gushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iʑora ɣɯ nɯsɤntɕʰoz apɯtu tɕe ɲɯtʂɯn
Glosses: LNK 1PL GEN 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-use IRR-IPFV-exist LNK SENS-be.grateful
Translation: We are glad that [some] of us have an opportunity to be useful to them.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕe jikʰɯtsa sɤrku ɣɯ ɯŋgɯ nɯ , <chouchou> ɯŋgɯ pɯnnɯŋu , nɯ kɯmaʁ nɯra pɯnnɯŋu kɯnɤ maka , laχtɕʰa kɤrku me , kɤndza kɤrku me , nɯra tundze nɤ tundze ,
Glosses: LNK LNK 1PL.POSS-bowl OBL:PCP-put.in GEN 3SG.POSS-inside DEM drawer 3SG.POSS-inside PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM other DEM:PL PST.IPFV-AUTO-be also at.all thing OBJ:PCP-put.in whether OBJ:PCP-eat OBJ:PCP-put.in whether DEM IPFV-eat[III] LNK IPFV-eat[III]
Translation: Whether it was in the cupboard in which we put [our] bowls, or in the drawers or elsewhere, whether it was food or objects in there, [the mice] ate/gnawed them again and again.' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ sɤznɤ ambrɤz sɤrku apɯŋu ɲɯra
Glosses: DEM COMP 1SG.POSS-rice OBL:PCP-put.in IRR-IPFV-be SENS-be.needed
Translation: Why don't I use [this basin] as a rice container?' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo kʰɯtsa jisɤta me
Glosses: 1PL bowl 1PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-put not.exist:FACT
Translation: We don't have any place to put the bowls.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jiŋga sɤχtɕi
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-clothes OBL:PCP-wash
Translation: Our washing machine' (ex:jitWNga.sAXtCi heard in context, ex:jiNga.sAXtCi elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ ɯsɤsqa pɯkɯŋu ɯŋgɯ (turkunɯ)
Glosses: DEM before 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-cook PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV-put.in-PL
Translation: [They put it] in the [pan] that had been used to cook [the barley grains] previously.' (31-cha) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003764#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaʑmbri nɯ , nɤkinɯ , ɯsɤpe ra me , ɯmɤsɤpe ra me ,
Glosses: vine DEM FILLER 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.good PL not.exist:FACT 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBL:PCP-be.good PL not.exist:FACT
Translation: The vine is neither a boon nor a harm (to the plants on which it grows).' (06-qaZmbri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003416#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑisɤxɕe nɯtɕu jozɣɯt tɕe
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-OBL:PCP-go DEM:LOC IFR-reach LNK
Translation: [The ox] arrived at the place where the two of them were going.' (150826 shier shengxiao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006284#S85"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [prɤɕta tʂu kusɤxɕe] nɯre ri tɯji ci tu tɕe , nɯ cɤŋgɤɣ rmi .
Glosses: TOPO path IPFV:east-OBL:PCP-go DEM:LOC LOC INDEF.POSS-field INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM TOPO be.called:FACT
Translation: On the road towards Prashta there is a field, it is called Kyangag.' (140522 kAmYW tWji) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004055#S110"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤjka wuma ʑo apɯpe , tɕe ɯsɤxɕe nɯra apɯdɤn ɯsɤznɤɕɯɕe apɯdɤn tɕe , pɤjka tɯpʰɯ ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu kɯβdɤsqi jamar , ɯmat kutsʰoʁ ɲɯcʰa
Glosses: pumpkin really EMPH IRR-IPFV-be.good LNK 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-go DEM:PL IRR-IPFV-be.many 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-go.around IRR-IPFV-be.many LNK pumpkin ONE-tree 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC fourty about 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-attach SENS-can
Translation: When the pumpkin [grows] well, and when there are a lot of [places] for it to spread, one plant can yield about fourty pumpkin.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora nɯ jisɤɣi nɯtɕu pjɤŋu tɕe .
Glosses: 1PL DEM 1PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-come DEM:LOC IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: The place from where we come was there.' (2010-06)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe saŋdi nɯ tɕe , nɯnɯ si ɯsɤta ɯrkoz ʑo pjɤŋu .
Glosses: LNK lower.side.of.the.hearth DEM LNK DEM firewood 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-put 3SG.POSS-special EMPH IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The lower side of the hearth was specifically where [people] put firewood.' (2011-11)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯra , [nɯŋga sɤta] nɯtɕu koɕe , [nɯŋga nanɯtanɯ] nɯtɕu koɕe matɕi ,
Glosses: girl DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-clothes OBL:PCP-put DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-go 3PL.POSS-clothes AOR:3→3-AUTO-put-PL DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-go LNK
Translation: He went to the place where the girls put their clothes, where they had put their clothes.' (150828 niulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006318#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɤnɯkɯlunɯ ma sɤnɯɕe ɣɯ ɯtʂu nɯ mɯɲɤnɯmtonɯ .
Glosses: IFR-be.lost-PL LNK OBL:PCP-VERT-go GEN 3SG.POSS-path DEM NEG-IFR-AUTO-see-PL
Translation: They were lost, and could not find their way back home.' (160630 poucet1) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006065#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[rpɤŋgɯ tʂu lusɤxɕe] cʰo [prɤscʰɯ tʂu lusɤɣi] ɲɯsɤnɯɴɢɤt] nɯtɕu ,
Glosses: TOPO path IPFV:UPSTREAM-OBL:PCP-go COMIT TOPO path IPFV:UPSTREAM-OBL:PCP-come IPFV:WEST-OBL:PCP-AUTO-ACAUS:separate DEM:LOC
Translation: At the place where the road towards Rpangu and the road towards Praskhyu separate.' (140522 kAmYW tWji2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯslamaχti nɯ ɣɯ , [ɯzrɤrɤt] ci tonɯndo tɕe jonɯtsɯm ɲɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-classmate DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-APASS-write INDEF IFR-AUTO-take LNK IFR-VERT-take.away SENS-be LNK
Translation: He took away the pen of a classmate.' (2014-tou dongxi de xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ [tɯtʰɯ sɤχtɕi], [tɯŋga sɤpɕiz] nɯra tusɯβzunɯ pɯŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM pan OBL:PCP-wash INDEF.POSS-clothes OBL:PCP-wipe DEM:PL IPFV-CAUS-make-PL PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: People used to employ [Usnea] as tools to wash pans or wipe clothes.' (20-sWrna) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003564#S141"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ kɯ [ɯsɤɕmi] tusɯβzunɯ pɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-mix IPFV-CAUS-make-PL PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: People used to employ it (a boat oar) to mix [the alcohol].' (31-cha) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003764#S42"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajdo [ɯrʑaβ ɯɕki ɯsɤznɯrmɤʑu] nɯ mɲɤm kɤpʰaʁ pjɤŋu
Glosses: crow 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-show.off DEM type.of.tree INF-chop IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: What he was showing off with to his wife was chopping the wood of the mɲɤm tree (which is easy to cut).' (11-mYAm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯsɤfɕɤt] pjɤme qʰe tɕe tɤpɤtso ɯɕki nɯ tɕu nɯra tɕʰi pɯkɯfse nɯra pjɤfɕɤt .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-tell IPFV.IFR-not.exist LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-child 3SG-DAT DEM LOC DEM:PL what PST-SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL IFR-tell
Translation: She had no one [else] to tell, so she told the boy everything that had happened.' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003998#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo [ɯsɤɤmɯmi] nɯ dɤn ma ca kɯfse qaʑo kɯfse , tsʰɤt kɯfse , ɯʑo cʰo kɯnaχtɕɯɣ sɯjno , xɕaj ma mɤkɯndza nɯ ra cʰo nɯ amɯminɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK it 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.on.good.terms DEM be.many:FACT because musk.deer OBL:PCP-be.like sheep OBL:PCP-be.like goat OBL:PCP-be.like it with OBL:PCP-be.identical herbs grass apart.from NEG-OBL:PCP-eat DEM PL with DEM be.in.good.term:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: The [animals] that are on good terms with the rabbit are many, it is on good terms with those that only eat grass, like musk deer, sheep or goats.' (04 qala1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ʑaka [ɯsɤji] ɲɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM each 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-plant SENS-be LNK
Translation: These are the [periods] when people plant each of these [crops].' (15 tChWma)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɤsɤr χsɯm ɯraŋ tɕe , tɯxpalɤskɤr ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , [skɤrma ɯsɤsna] ŋu tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: new.year three 3SG.POSS-time LOC whole.year GEN FILLER date 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.good be:FACT IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: We say that the third day of the year is the [most] auspicious day in the whole year.' (2010-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [sɤznɯŋgra] ɣɤʑu ri , li sɤɣʑɯr
Glosses: LNK OBL:PCP-earn.wages exist:SENS LNK again be.dangerous:FACT
Translation: Although it [provides] an opportunity to earn wages, it is also dangerous.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora tɕe kʰa ɯŋgɯ kɤkɤja ʑo ɲɯfsej kurɤʑiti ma [jisɤxɕe] maŋe
Glosses: 1PL LNK house 3SG.POSS-inside AOR-OBJ:PCP-close EMPH SENS-be.like-1PL IPFV-stay-1PL LNK 1PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-go not.exist:SENS
Translation: It was like we were locked in the house, with nowhere to go.' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯji ɯrkɯ ra tɤɣur pjɯtanɯ tɕe , fsapaʁ ɯmɤsɤxɕe tuβzunɯ ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-side PL INDEF.POSS-fence IPFV-put-PL LNK animals 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBL:PCP-go IPFV-make-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: They put a fence around the fields, so as to prevent farm animals from going there.' (140427 qamtsWrmdzu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003854#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯŋɤn nɯ kɯ iɕqʰa nɯ , rgargɯn nɯnɯ ɯsɤʁjɯ~ʁjit toβzu tɕe ,
Glosses: woman SBJ:PCP-be.evil DEM ERG FILLER DEM old.man DEM 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-EMPH~remember IFR-make LNK
Translation: The evil woman reminded the old man.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɣɯ ɯcʰɯzraʁrɯz nɯ ɯsɤpɕiz rmi
Glosses: DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-OBL:PCP-sweep DEM 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-wipe be.called:FACT
Translation: [The tool used to] sweep [the flour] is called a “wiper”.' (06-BGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003408#S149"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯŋgɯ lɤɣi jɤɣ ma sɤcɯ mɤalɤt
Glosses: 3SG.poss-inside IMP:UPSTREAM-come be.allowed:FACT LNK key NEG-PASS-throw
Translation: Come in, the door is not locked.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S73"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ci ʑo antɤm , tɕe nɯ kɯlɤɣ ra nɯtɕu kurɤʑinɯ pjɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: INF:STAT-EMPH~be.small a.little EMPH be.flat:FACT LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-graze PL DEM:LOC IPFV-stay-PL IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: [The place called kɯlɤɣsɤmdzɯ] is a bit flat, and shepherds used to stay there.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S269"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤpɤtso ɯsɤzbɯwa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-carry.on.the.back
Translation: Something used to carry children on the back' (definition given for the noun sɤɕtɕɯɣ)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki ɯʁɤri kɯfse nɯ ɯsta ʑo pɯnɯfse nɤ
Glosses: DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-before SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM 3SG.POSS-state EMPH PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.like ADD
Translation: She had become again like she was before.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: are matɯtɕɤt
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-laugh NEG:IMP-2-take.out
Translation: Don't laugh at me!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpi ʁnɯz ni kɯnɤ tsʰɯrɟɯn ʑo , nɤkinɯ , pjɯ́wɣɣɤkʰe tɕe ndʑitɤresɤtɕɯtɕɤt ra tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling two DU also often EMPH FILLER IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.stupid LNK 3DU.POSS-joke PL IPFV-make-DU IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: His two elder brothers often called him stupid and mocked him.' (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtɤresɤtɕɯtɕɤt matɤkɯsɯβzua
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-joke NEG:IMP-IMP-2→1-CAUS-make-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɤndza mɯpɯrɲota
Glosses: 1SG ???-eat NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I never ate that.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aj kɤɕe mɯpɯrɲota
Glosses: 1SG INF-go NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I never went there.' (150820 ZNGWloR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006292#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amgɯr ɲɯmŋɤm tɕe ɕɯkɤχtɯ mɯ́jcʰaa
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-back SENS-hurt LNK TRAL-INF-buy NEG:SENS-can-1SG
Translation: My back hurts and I cannot go to buy [apples].' (conversation, 30-04-2018)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu fka ɕti tɕe , mɤkɤɕe mɤkʰɯ
Glosses: king order be.AFF:FACT LNK NEG-INF-go NEG-be.possible:FACT
Translation: This is the king's order, [I] have no choice but to go.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤse mɯpjɯkɤɬoʁ ftɕaka tuβzea tumdzoza pɯŋu ma ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-blood NEG-IPFV-INF-come.out manner IPFV-make[III]-1SG IPFV-avoid-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: I avoided by all means to let the blood come out.' (of a skin disease, of which it is said that if the blood comes out and gets into contact with other parts of the skin, it will spread) (24-pGArtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003624#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ tɕe tɕe [ɯtɯtʂɯβ mɤkɯβdi] tukɯti ŋu
Glosses: DEM LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-sew NEG-INF:STAT-be.good IPFV-GENR:A-say be:FACT
Translation: People call this `badly sewn'.' (12-kAtsxWb-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɯsɯʁndi tɕe pjɯsɯsat tɕe nɯ kóʁmɯz nɤ cʰɯnɯtsɯm ɲɯra tɕe nɯnɯ [kɤnɤʁarpʰɤβ] tukɯti ŋu
Glosses: IPFV-CAUS-hit[III] LNK IPFV-CAUS-kill LNK DEM only.after LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-take.away SENS-be.needed LNK DEM INF-strike.with.wings IPFV-GENR:A-say be:FACT
Translation: It strikes it and kills it [with its wings] and only then takes it away. This is called kɤ-nɤʁarphɤβ [strike with one's wings].' (150819 RarphAB-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmŋu nɯ pa pjɯ́wɣɕtʰɯz tɕe nɯ [ɯkɤlɤjme pjɯkɤɕtʰɯz] tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mouth DEM down IPFV:DOWN-INV-turn.towards LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-head.upside.down IPFV:DOWN-INF-turn.toward IPFV-GENR:A-say be:FACT
Translation: One turns the mouth [of the container] downwards, it is called `to turn upside down'.' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [[kɤrɤt] kɯkʰɯ] nɯ tɕe tɕe ɲɯpe ma , tɕe nɯ tɤscoz nɯ pjɯkɯru ɲɯkʰɯ .
Glosses: LNK INF-write INF:STAT-be.possible DEM LNK LNK SENS-be.good LNK LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-writing DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-look SENS-be.possible
Translation: It is good to have the possibility to write [a language], because then one can look at the writing (to learn that language; otherwise, one has to learn just by listening). (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤrʑi ri pjɤrʑi ,
Glosses: INF-be.heavy also IFR.IPFV-be.heavy
Translation: As for being heavy, [the old man] was heavy.' (140511 xinbada-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003961#S179"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo rkɯn , ri kɤtu nɯ tu
Glosses: 3SG be.rare:FACT LNK INF-exist DEM exist:FACT
Translation: It is rare, but as for existing, it does exist.' (140511 qamtsWrmdzu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɤχcɤl ɯʁrɯ nɯ anɯpʰɯt tɕe kɤnɯɕe cʰa ɲɯɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-top.of.the.head 3SG.POSS-horn DEM IRR-PFV-take.out LNK INF-VERT-go can:FACT SENS-be.AFF
Translation: If one takes out the horn on his head, he will be able to go back [to the heavens].' (divination 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [ɕɯkɤɕar] pɯrɲota .
Glosses: 1SG TRAL-INF-search AOR-experience-TR:PST-1SG
Translation: I did go to search [for Amanita caesarea].' (22-BlamajmAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003584#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [arŋɯl kɤtu] pɯrɲota
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-money INF-exist PST:IPFV-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I used to have money'. (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤscit] pjɤŋgrɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: INF-be.happy IFR-succeed SENS-be
Translation: She succeeded in being happy.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006334#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[smɤn kɤndza] kɯra] pɯrɲota
Glosses: medicine INF-eat INF:IMPERS-be.needed PST:IPFV-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I used to have to take medicine.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯmdoʁ nɯ aj [kɤti] mɯ́jspea
Glosses: DEM 3SQ.POSS-colour DEM 1SG INF-say NEG:SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I don't know how to say (describe) its colour.' (06-qaZmbri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: arɟit ra nɯɣinɯ ɕti tɕetʰa , kɤndza kowa tɯ́wɣβzu ɕti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-children PL VERT-come:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT in.a.moment INF-eat manner 2-INV-make:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: My children are coming back home soon, and they will try to eat you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ndʑijukɤɕe pjɤme
Glosses: LNK 3DU.POSS-IPFV-INF-go IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: They could not go.' (150908 menglang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006320#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrʑaʁ nɯ ɯpjɯkɤnɯʑɯβ pjɤme matɕi ,
Glosses: one-night DEM 3SG.POSS-IPFV-INF-sleep IFR.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: He could not sleep the whole night, because…' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: apjɯkɤnɯʑɯβ naɣɤme
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-IPFV-INF-sleep AOR:3→3-CAUS-not.exist
Translation: It kept me from sleeping.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤŋke lɤɣea
Glosses: INF-walk AOR:UPSTREAM-come[II]-1SG
Translation: I came on foot.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo [laχtɕʰa kɤfkur] tutɯŋke ɲɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: 2SG thing INF-carry.on.the.back IPFV-2-walk SENS-be LNK
Translation: You are walking carrying things on your back.' (150909 hua pi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕʰi kɤcʰa] tokɤndzɯtci ri , maka ʑo kɯpʰɤn pjɤme
Glosses: what INF-can IFR-PEG-bark-PEG LNK completely EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.efficient IPFV.IFR-not.exist
Translation: [The dog] barked as much as it could, but it was all for nothing.' (140426 gou he qingwa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <kaihui> kɯfse tɤra tɕe , kɤŋke ʁɟa ʑo jukɯɕe pɯra .
Glosses: meeting SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-be.needed LNK INF-walk completely EMPH IPFV-GENR:S/O-go PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: When one had to [take part in] a meeting for instance, one had to go on foot.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka tonɯmbrɤpɯnɯ tɕe li kɤrɟɯɣ kɯ ʑo joɕenɯ .
Glosses: completely IFR-ride-PL LNK again INF-run ERG EMPH IFR-go-PL
Translation: They mounted their horses and galloped away.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka mɤkɤrɯsɯso kɯ ʑo `jɤɣ' toti , tonɤla .
Glosses: at.all NEG-INF-think ERG EMPH be.allowed:FACT IFR-say IFR-agree
Translation: She said `yes', she agreed without thinking at all.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [amu awi ni mɤkɤɤtɯɣ] kúwɣsɯjɣatandʑi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-grand.mother DU NEG-INF-meet IPFV:EAST-INV-CAUS-go.back-1SG-DU
Translation: [My uncles] forced me to go back [to school] without having seen my mother and my grandmother (even though I had not met them).' (2010-Dpalcan-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ maka mɤkɯmbrɤt ʑo ɲɯrɤma ɲɯɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM at.all NEG-INF:IMPERS:S/A-ACAUS:break EMPH IPFV-work SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: It works without stopping at all.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ʑara kɯtu] ʑo tosɤrɯru tɕe ,
Glosses: 3PL INF:STAT-exist EMPH IFR-compare LNK
Translation: He compared [his testimony with theirs] in their presence.' (150909 xifangping-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006408#S147"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɤj api [nɤʑo kɯme] aʑo kɤrɤʑi mɤcʰaa
Glosses: LNK 2SG 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 2SG INF:STAT-not.exist 1SG INF-stay NEG-can:FACT-1SG
Translation: Brother, without you I cannot stay [here].' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βʑɯ sɤz kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi wxti .
Glosses: mouse COMP INF:STAT-EMPH~be.small be.big:FACT
Translation: It is a little bigger than a mouse.' (21-GzWLa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003570#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre mɤkɯftsʰi ʑo , nɤki ɯme ɣɯ ɯmi nɯ iɕqʰa tɯxtsa ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu cʰɤsɯrku
Glosses: LNK forcibly EMPH FILLER 3SG.POSS-daughter GEN 3SG.POSS-foot DEM the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-shoe 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-put.in
Translation: She forced her daughter to put her foot into that shoe.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɕɯ kɯβde nɯra wuma ʑo ŋɤtɕɯkɤti pjɤkʰɯnɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-son four DEM:PL really EMPH obey.to.everything(1) IFR.IPFV-obey.to.everything(2)-PL
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯfse aŋkʰor nɯ ɯmto mɯpɯrɲota
Glosses: you NMLZ:STAT-be.like 1SG.POSS-subject TOP 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:see NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤtsa ni ndʑipa ɲɯʁzɤβ rca
Glosses: parents.and.children DU 3DU.POSS-BARE.INF:do SENS-be.careful SFP
Translation: The two of them do things very carefully.' (14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ tɯŋga nɯ ɯtʂɯβ tʰɯjɤɣ
Glosses: LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-clothes DEM 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:sew AOR-finish
Translation: When one has finished sewing the clothes, …' (30-tWNga)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lujinɯ qʰe ɯnɤpɯpa tuɣɤβdinɯ , ɯɣli ra kusɤpenɯ qʰe , cʰɯdo ɲɯcʰa .
Glosses: IPFV-plant-PL LNK 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:take.care IPFV-CAUS-be.good-PL 3SG.POSS-dung PL IPFV-do.well-PL LNK IPFV-be.fibrous SENS-can
Translation: [Now people] plant [pumpkin also in higher areas], [if] they take good care of it and add enough fertilizer, it becomes fibrous (so that it can be sowed for the next year).' (140522 kAmYW tWji)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑimi ɯtsʰoʁ ɯtsʰɯɣa nɯra wuma ʑo naχtɕɯɣndʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-foot 3SG-BARE.INF:attach.to 3SG.POSS-form DEM:PL very EMPH be.the.same:FACT-DU
Translation: The way their legs [of fleas and crickets] touch the ground is very similar.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndza mɤndza mea
Glosses: BARE.INF:eat NEG-BARE.INF:eat not.exist:FACT-1SG
Translation: Whether [you] eat me or not, it amounts to the same.' (sentence obtained as the correction of a sentence I produced to translate a story in Japhug)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯqiɯ ɲɯmtsʰama , ɯqiɯ mɯ́jmtsʰama qʰe , ɕe mɤɕe maŋe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-half SENS-hear-1SG 3SG.POSS-half NEG:SENS-hear-1SG LNK BARE.INF:go NEG-BARE.INF:go not.exist:SENS
Translation: I can hear half of it, can't hear the other half, whether or not [I] go, it amounts to the same.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯŋke taʑa tɕe
Glosses: INF:II-walk AOR:3→3-start LNK
Translation: When it starts moving…' (26-NalitCaRmbWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003676#S76"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si nɯ daltsɯtsa nɯ tɯɤrŋi ɲoʑa tɕe
Glosses: tree DEM slowly DEM INF:II-be.green IFR-start LNK
Translation: The tree slowly started to become green.' (divination 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯ kɯwxtɯ~wxti ʑo tɯlɤt pjɤʑa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big EMPH INF-throw IFR-start
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɟy ɯme nɯnɯ , tɕendɤre kʰro mɤtɯrga toʑa
Glosses: fish 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM LNK a.lot NEG-INF:II-like IFR-start
Translation: He started not liking the mermaid that much [anymore].' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mtsʰu nɯ cʰɯmcʰɯm ʑo , tɕe , tɯskɤm pjɤsɤʑa
Glosses: lake DEM IDPH(II):slowly.retreating EMPH LNK INF:II-be.dry IFR-start
Translation: The [water of the] lake started to retreat slowly.' (nyima wodzer 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbarkʰom tɯɣi pɯrɲota
Glosses: TOPO INF:II-come AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I came to Mbarkham before.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrɤrɤt paʑa
Glosses: INF:II-APASS-write AOR:3→3-start
Translation: He started writing.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤscoz ɯrɤt paʑa
Glosses: letter 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:write AOR:3→3-start
Translation: He started writing the/a letter.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ndʑitɯɤmɯmi ndʑitɯscit pɯsaχaʁ ʑo ɲɯŋu
Glosses: LNK 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.on.good.terms 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.happy PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH SENS-be
Translation: They were very happy together.' (2005 Lobzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯmi ɯtɯɤjʁu kɯnɤ mɯ́jnaχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-leg 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.curved also NEG:SENS-be.the.same
Translation: [People with clubfoot] also differ in the way that their feet are curved (some have both legs curved, some only one, some have the legs rotated inwards, others rotated outwards) (160719 kAmARu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: japa tɕe pʰaʁrgot ɯtɯnɤru ɲɯsaχaʁ ʑo tɕe
Glosses: last.year LOC boar 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-eat.crops SENS-be.extremely EMPH LNK
Translation: Last year, a boar was causing a lot of damages to the crops.' (150829 phaRrgot)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtɯɤmdzɯ kɯβdi mɤkɯβdi kɯnɤ ʑo cʰɯsɤfɕɤranɯ pɯɕti .
Glosses: GENR:POSS-NMLZ:DEG-sit INF:STAT-be.well NEG-INF:STAT-be.well also EMPH IPFV-discuss-PL PST.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT
Translation: People would discuss whether one sat properly or not.' (31-khAjmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004079#S28"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka ɯtɯnɤmpɕɤr kɯ pjɤnɤscɤr ʑo .
Glosses: completely 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-TROP-be.beautiful ERG IFR-be.startled EMPH
Translation: He found her so beautiful that he was startled.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka ɯmɤtɯnɯɣɯŋke pjɤsaχaʁ ʑo
Glosses: at.all 3SG.POSS-NEG-NMLZ:DEG-FACIL-walk IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: It was extremely inconvenient to walk [on the soft earth].' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka nɯ raz rcanɯ , ɯtɯpe ɲɯsaχaʁ ʑo , ɯtaʁ ɯtɯβdi , ɯtɯmpɕɤr ɲɯsaχaʁ
Glosses: at.all DEM cloth UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.good SENS-be.extremely EMPH 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:weave 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.well 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful SENS-be.extremely
Translation: This piece of cloth is very nice, it is extremely well woven, it is extremely beautiful.' (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰɯwxti ɯtɯmbat ɲɯsɤre ʑo
Glosses: IPFV-be.big 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.easy SENS-be.ridiculous EMPH
Translation: It grows very easily.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awi ataʁ ɯtɯɤɣɯtʂɯn ɯgrɤl me
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandmother 1SG-on 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.kind 3SG.POSS-order not.exist:FACT
Translation: My grandmother was extremely kind to me (so that I have to repay her).' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɤɣinɯ wo tɤrɯndzɤtsʰinɯ ma , nɯtɯmtsɯrɕpaʁ nɯ , nɯtɯɲat nɯ
Glosses: IMP:UPSTREAM-come-PL SFP IMP-have.a.meal-PL C 2PL.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.hungry-be.thirsty SFP 2PL.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.tired SFP
Translation: Come in and have a meal, you [must be] so hungry, thirsty and tired!' (160701 poucet2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006155#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtaʁ ɯtɯβdi , ɯtɯmpɕɤr !
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:weave 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.well 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful
Translation: It is woven so well, it is so beautiful!' (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004047#S162"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ si nɯ ɯtɯjpum pjɤsaχaʁ ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM tree DEM 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.thick IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH LNK
Translation: That tree was extremely thick.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtɯsɤre nɯ mɤra
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.ridiculous DEM NEG-be.needed
Translation: What you [did/said)] is outrageous.' (several examples) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004087#S76"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtɯsɤnɤkʰe nɯ mɤra
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-APASS:HUM-bully DEM NEG-be.needed
Translation: You are out of line (`you should not bully people like that').' (28-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁ nɯ ɯβri , nɤki , ɯrme kɯme ʑo ɯtsʰɯɣa ɲɯfse ma ɯtɯtsʰu cʰondɤre ɯtɯrʁom ɯtsʰɯɣa nɯ ʑo ɲɯfse
Glosses: pig DEM 3SG.POSS-body FILLER 3SG.POSS-hair INF:STAT-not.exist EMPH 3SG.POSS-shape SENS-be.like LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.fat COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.rough 3SG.POSS-shape DEM EMPH SENS-be.like
Translation: [The body of the elephant] resembles that of the pig in that it has no hair, in that it is fat and [its skin] is rough.' (19-RloNbutChi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe <er> ɯtɯrɤt tsa ɲɯfse ri , nɯ stʰɯci mɯɲɯŋgɤɣ
Glosses: LNK two 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-write a.little SENS-be.like LNK DEM so.much NEG-SENS-ACAUS:warp
Translation: [The constellation] looks a little bit like the way `two' is written, but not as curved.' (29-LAntshAm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrga kɯ ʑo tʰɯari ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.happy ERG EMPH AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II] SENS-be
Translation: She went there happily.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁi , tɤɣɲat cʰo tɤmtsɯr tɤɕpaʁ kɯ mɯ́jsɤcʰa tɕe , nɯnaj je
Glosses: 1sg.poss-younger.sibling NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.tired COMIT NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.hungry NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.thirsty ERG NEG:SENS-PROP-can LNK rest:FACT-1PL HORT
Translation: Brother, we are so tired, hungry and thirsty that we can't [go any further], let us rest!' (2012-qachGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004087#S138"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka ɯtɯmtsɯr kɯ kɤŋke mɯɲɤcʰa
Glosses: at.all 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-hungry ERG INF-go NEG-IFR-can
Translation: It was so hungry that it could not walk anymore.' (140515 huli he yelv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɤmtsɯr nɯra ci anɯsɯɣʑi ɲɯra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.hungry DEM:PL a.little IRR-PFV-CAUS-ease SENS-be.needed
Translation: Let's [catch the mouse] to ease my hunger.' (140518 mao he laoshu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004030#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɕoʁɕoʁ ɯtaʁ pɯkɤrɤt qajɣi nɯ kɯ tɯtɤmtsɯr ɲɯɣɤpʰɤn mɤcʰa
Glosses: DEM paper 3SG.POSS-on AOR-OBJ:PCP-write bread DEM ERG GENR.POSS-NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.hungry IPFV-CAUS-be.efficient NEG-can:FACT
Translation: Bread drawn on a piece of paper cannot ease one's hunger.' (160718 huabingchongji-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤwa nɯ kɯ ɯtɕɯ cʰo ɯme ni ʁnaʁna ʑo tɯtɯrqoʁ koβzu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-father DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 3SG.POSS-daughter du both EMPH SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-hug IFR-make
Translation: The father hugged both his son and his daughter at the same time.' (140427 xiong he mei-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɤni tɯtɯɕe jaβzundʑi
Glosses: 3DU SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-go AOR:3→3-make-DU
Translation: They went at the same time.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯnɯtɯfɕala
Glosses: SENS-have.diarrhea-1SG
Translation: I have diarrhea.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤrŋi nɯra , nɯtɯfɕɤl ci ɲɯβze ŋgrɤl tɕe
Glosses: infant DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-have.diarrhea INDEF SENS-make[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: Infants, they often suffer from diarrhea.' (17-xCAj) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003528#S107"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɕʰɯ tolɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:gore IFR-throw
Translation: He stabbed him.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tonɯtɯtɕʰɯ tɕe pjɤsat
Glosses: IFR-stab LNK IFR-kill
Translation: She stabbed and killed him.' (140512 alibaba) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S285"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯpu kutanɯ tɕe , tɤpɤtso ɣɯ ɯlaz ci kutanɯ ,
Glosses: moxibustion IPFV-put-PL LNK INDEF.POSS-child GEN 3SG.POSS-forehead one IPFV-put-PL
Translation: (To treat this disease), they apply moxibustion, they apply it to the forehead of the child.' (25-kACAl) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003640#S64"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯpɣaʁ lotɕɤtndʑi
Glosses: field.clearing IFR:UPSTREAM-take.out-DU
Translation: They cleared fields.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S109"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤndzɯn <laoshi> ɯɕki ri kɤaria tɕe , tɯrʑaʁ ɕpɯnɯrmaa
Glosses: ANTHR teacher 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC AOR-go[II]-1SG LNK ONE-night TRAL-AOR-AUTO-stay.at-1SG
Translation: I went to Sandzin's [house], and stayed there for one night.' (conversation 160811)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ra cʰɤfkaβndʑi qʰe tɯrma kondondʑi
Glosses: house PL IFR-cover-DU LNK household IFR-take-DU
Translation: They built a house and established a family.' (02-deluge 2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrma tɯβlɯ cʰɤnɯsɤɲcɣɤɲcɣɤtnɯ kɤti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: household NMLZ:ACTION-burn IFR-AUTO-cause.to.be.prosperous-PL INF-say SENS-be
Translation: They lead a prosperous life = they live happily ever after' (many examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrqo nɯtɕu tɯqartsɯ tʰalɤt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-throat DEM:LOC kick AOR:3→3-throw SENS-be
Translation: He kicked her in the throat.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S253"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤɕqʰe ɯβrɤɣɤʑu ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-cough RH.Q-exist:SENS
Translation: You don't have a cough, do you?' (conversation, 2013-11-12)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯti tɕi mɯpjɤnaχtɕɯɣ , ɯtɯsɯɤʑirja kɯnɤ mɯpjɤnaχtɕɯɣ ma ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-expression also NEG-PST.IPFV-be.the.same 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-CAUS-be.aligned also NEG-PST.IPFV-be.the.same LNK
Translation: The words for [father and mother] were different [between common and honorific register], and the respective orders [in which `mother' and `father' appear] were also different.' (160706 apa ama) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006211#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯre ci ɕmɯɣ ɲɤɕlɯɣ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-laugh INDEF IDPH(I):laugh.suddenly IFR-drop
Translation: She giggled despite herself.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯ tatpa tata ma qʰaru mucin ʑo mɯpalɤt nɤ tɤari ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG DEM faith AOR:3→3-put LNK look.back at.all EMPH NEG-AOR:3→3:DOWN-release LNK AOR:UP-go[II] SENS-be
Translation: He had faith, did not look back (downwards) at all and [succeeded in] going up to [the abode of the gods]. (Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰɤtsʰi koɣɤtɕʰom tɕe
Glosses: alcohol.drinking IFR-CAUS-be.too.much LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯβɣo nɯ pɯari nɤ , ʁzɤnrpu ʁɟa ʑo ɕtalɤt ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-FB DEM AOR:DOWN-go[II] ADD robe-bump completely EMPH TRAL-AOR:3→3 SENS-be
Translation: (As he_i fell down the throat of the giant snake_j) his lama_k went down [to the place where the snake was] and hit it_j repeatedly with his_k monastic robe [to force it_j to spit him_i out].' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jla kɯ ataʁ ʁrɯrpu talɤt
Glosses: hybrid.yak ERG 1SG-on horn-bump AOR:3→3-throw
Translation: The hybrid yak hit me with his horn.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑara kɯ [cʰa nɯ kʰrambatsʰi] kaβzunɯ
Glosses: 3PL ERG alcohol DEM lie-drink AOR:3→3-make-PL
Translation: They pretended to drink alcohol.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯzɣɤɕar ʑo ɲɤβzunɯ
Glosses: long.time-search EMPH IFR-make-PL
Translation: They searched for it for a long time.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tówɣzrɤŋgat tɕe , tɕendɤre nɯnɯ kɯ , iɕqʰa nɯ , tɯci tɯtɤste torku . tɕe `kɯki nɤrkuz ŋu' toti .
Glosses: LNK IFR-INV-CAUS-prepare.to.leave LNK LNK DEM ERG FILLER DEM INDEF.POSS-water ONE-INDEF.POSS-bladder IFR-put.in LNK DEM.PROX 2SG.POSS-present be:FACT IFR-say
Translation: He prepared his departure, and gave him a bladder full of water to take with him, and said `this is your departing present'.' (28-smAnmi.txt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ame kɯ arkuz rŋɯl tarku
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-daughter ERG 1SG.POSS-present money AOR:3→3-put.in
Translation: My daughter gave me some money (as a present for my departure) (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʑo nɯtɕu kɤɕe aʁjiz mɯ́jɣi tɕe
Glosses: LNK 1SG DEM:LOC INF-go 1SG.POSS-want NEG:SENS-come LNK
Translation: I don't want to go there.' (150909 hua pi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɯɲɟo ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe ɯmɲoz túwɣβzu ra
Glosses: IPFV-be.damaged before LNK 3SG.POSS-preparation IPFV-INV-make be.needed:FACT
Translation: One has to make preparations before it gets damaged.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrmi ɯrkoz me .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-name 3SG.POSS-special not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is no specific name (for this type of kinship relationship).' (140425 kWmdza06) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003790"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [sɤrgɯ~rga] kɯ jonɯɕe
Glosses: GER-be.happy ERG IFR-VERT-go
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [sɤznɯɣmɯ~ɣmu] ʑo kuχse ɲɯra .
Glosses: LNK GER-APPL-fear EMPH IPFV-feed[III] SENS-be.needed
Translation: It_i has to feed it_i while being afraid of it._i ' (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S101"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɤpi ni kɯ li [ndʑisɯm mɤsɤɕɯ~ɕe] ʑo ɲɤtandʑi
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG again 3DU.POSS-mind NEG-GER-go EMPH IFR-put-DU
Translation: The two elder brothers reluctantly left [the ducks] alone.' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕime nɯnɯ kɯ [ɯqom sɤɬɯ~ɬoʁ] kɯ nɯra tʰɯtʰɤci pɯkɯfse ra lonba ʑo pjɤfɕɤt ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: young.lady DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-tear GER-come.out ERG DEM:PL something AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.like PL all EMPH IFR-tell SENS-be
Translation: The young lady told him everything that had happened while shedding tears.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯrte sɤznɯtɯ~ta] jɤari
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hat GER-AUTO-put AOR-go[II]
Translation: He went away wearing his hat.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕime ra rca sɤmbɯ~mbɣom ʑo kɯ , iɕqʰa nɤki , rɟɤlpu ɯtɕɯ nɯra ɲɤβdenɯ tɕe jonɯɕenɯ
Glosses: young.lady PL UNEXP:DEG GER-be.in.a.hurry EMPH ERG the.aforementioned FILLER king 3SG.POSS-son DEM:PL IFR-leave-PL LNK IFR-VERT-go-PL
Translation: The princesses left the princes in a hurry and went back home.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003937#S156"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤpɤtso nɯ sɤɤmdzɯ~mdzɯ] kuzrɤʑinɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM GER-sit IPFV-CAUS-stay-PL
Translation: They [used to] put the children in sitting position (after having covered them in cloth).' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR 2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmbrɯ sɤŋgɯ~ŋgɯ kɯ ʑo jonɯɕe .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-anger GER-get.angry ERG EMPH IFR-VERT-go
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤrŋgɯ~rŋgɯ kɯnɤ tɯkɤrnoʁ ɲɯmtɕɯr tɕe ,
Glosses: GER-lie.down also GENR.POSS-brain IPFV-turn LNK
Translation: Even lying down, one feels dizzy [one's head is turning].' (29-tAmtshAzkAkWndo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ sɤrkɯ~rkɯn ʑo tɤpɤtso cʰɯ́wɣtɕɤt pjɤra tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM GER-be.few EMPH INDEF.POSS-child IPFV-INV-take.out IFR.IPFV-be.needed LNK
Translation: People had to raise children with few [resources].' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤŋkɯ~ŋke ʑo ɲɯɤsɯndza
Glosses: GER-walk EMPH SENS-PROG-eat
Translation: He is eating it while walking.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤxtɕɯ~xtɕi ʑo ɯmu ɯwa ɲɤme .
Glosses: GER-be.small EMPH 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-father IFR-not.exist
Translation: He lost his parents when he was young.' (150827 tianluo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006250#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯra , nɤkinɯ , mɯtɤrɯndzaŋspanɯ jamar tɕe tɕe , ɯʑo kɯ masɤrɯrju iɕqʰa cʰa nɯ pjɤlwoʁ .
Glosses: girl DEM:PL FILLER NEG-AOR-pay.attention-PL about LOC LNK 3SG ERG quietly the.aforementioned alcohol DEM IFR-spill
Translation: While the girls were not paying attention, he poured the alcohol in secret.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ masɤrɯrju kʰɤndɯn nɯ ɲɤndɯn
Glosses: 3SG ERG quietly mantra DEM IFR-recite
Translation: He recited the mantra in secret.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤki tɤrɟit nɯ mɤsɤmdɤla ʑo toŋke
Glosses: DEM INDEF.POSS-child DEM in.advance EMPH IFR-walk
Translation: This child started walking early.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stɤrɟɯɣ nɤ stɤrɟɯɣ ʑo jonɯpʰɣo
Glosses: running add running EMPH IFR-VERT-flee
Translation: She fled back home running.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ aɲɯsɤstɯ~stu nɯra tunɤme pjɤŋu
Glosses: LNK DEM 1SG-IPFV-PURP-believe DEM:PL IPFV-make[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He was doing these things so that I would believe [his predictions].' (150904 yaoshu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006394#S96"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯpa nɯnɯ li kʰɤxtu nɯnɯ , tɯci , tɯftsaʁ kɯ pjɯsɯspoʁ ŋgrɤl tɕe , tɕe ɯmɤpjɯsɤsɯspoʁ , nɯnɯtɕu tɤrɤm kɯfse ɲɯ́wɣta nɯmaʁnɤ cupa kɯfse ɲɯ́wɣta tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-under DEM again platform DEM INDEF.POSS-water leaking.water ERG IPFV-CAUS-have.a.hole be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK LNK 3SG-NEG-IPFV-CONV:PURP-CAUS-have.a.hole DEM:LOC TOPO SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-INV-put otherwise flat.stone SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-INV-put LNK
Translation: Under the top platform, the water, the leaking water can leak through [the roof], and in order to prevent it from leaking through, people put planks or flat stones there.' (26-tChWra)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯlɤɣ acɤβ nɯ kɯ ɯmɤsɤjmɯ~jmɯt], ɯpʰɯŋgɯ nɯ tɕu rdɤstaʁpɯpɯ tɕʰirdu ci ɲɤrku ,
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-herd Askyabs DEM ERG 3SG-NEG-PURP:CONV-forget 3SG.POSS-inside.clothes DEM LOC stone-little pebble INDEF IFR-put.in
Translation: The shepherd Askyabs put a little pebble inside his clothes so that he would not forget [to tell it].' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jisŋi tɕe tɕendɤre amɤɲɯsɤjmɯ~jmɯt nɯ nɯrkuta ŋu
Glosses: today LNK LNK 1SG-NEG-PURP:CONV-forget DEM AOR-put-in-PST:TR-1SG be:FACT
Translation: Today I put [the pebble in my clothes] so that I would not forget [to tell you].' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯm ɲɯmbɤr tɕe , aku ɯmɤtusɤrpɯ~rpu pɯpʰaβa
Glosses: door SENS-low LNK 1SG.POSS-head 3SG-NEG-IPFV-CONV:PURP-bump AOR-lower-1SG
Translation: As the door is low, I lowered my head so as not to bump on it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amɤkusɤmtsɯ~mtsɯɣ ɯʑo kɯ kʰɯna kaβraʁ
Glosses: 1SG-NEG-IPFV-CONV:PURP-bite 3SG ERG DOG AOR:3→3-attach
Translation: He tied up the dog so that it would not bite me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpɯ ɲɯtɯʁaʁ nɤ kumpɣɤtɕɯ jamar ma me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child IPFV-CONV:IMM-hatch.out LNK sparrow about apart.from not.exist:FACT
Translation: Just after its chick has hatched, it is just [as big as] a sparrow.' (24-kWmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003618#S85"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ra kɯ pjɯtɯmto ʑo satnɯ ɕti .
Glosses: people PL ERG IPFV-CONV:IMM-see EMPH kill:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: People kill it as soon as they see it.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ pjɯtɯβde ʑo tɯrme nɯ pjɯkɯsi pjɤŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM IPFV-CONV:IMM-throw EMPH person DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-die IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: As soon as one was thrown in there, one would die.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S154"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtʰɯ ɲɯsɤɕke tɕe , aʑo ajaʁ kutɯndo ʑo pɯnɯɕlɯɣa
Glosses: pot SENS-PROP-burn LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-hand IPFV-CONV:IMM-take EMPH AOR-AUTO-drop-1SG
Translation: As the pot was burning hot, I dropped it as soon as I had grabbed it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lutɯfsoʁ ʑo qʰe tɯrɤma tuʑe ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: IPFV-CONV:IMM-be.clear EMPH LNK INF:II-work IPFV-begin[III] SENS-be
Translation: It starts working as soon as the day breaks.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrdoʁ tɕʰi mɯpɯnnɯpe mɤxsi ma nɯnɯ nɯfse pjɤsi
Glosses: one-piece what NEG-PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.good NEG-GENR:know LNK DEM like.that IFR-die
Translation: One [of them] died just like that, I don't know what went wrong.' (140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯmat nɯfse pjɯnɯŋgra ɲɯɕti ma ɯrɣi mɯ́jnɤjtsʰɯ
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-fruit like.that IPFV-AUTO-ACAUS:cause.to.fall SENS-be.AFF LNK 3SG.POSS-seed NEG:SENS-be.useful
Translation: Its fruits fall [to the ground] just like that, it is not useful as seed.' (08-CkrAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndzok kǝnǝwɐtjô=ndʒês=tǝ ptʂêrǝ dʒɐspɐ̂ nǝkǝmaʃentʃ nǝŋos
Glosses: slightly NMLZ-be.hardworking[II]=DU=TOP then quite AOR-NMLZ-be.rich[II]-DU SENS-be[I]
Translation: The two hardworking ones then became rather rich.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma [pɯkɤsat] nɯ kɤmto nɯ pɯrɲota .
Glosses: LNK AOR-OBJ:PCP-kill DEM INF-see DEM AOR-experience-TR:PST-1SG
Translation: I have seen killed ones.' (22-pGAkhW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [ɯrdoʁ nɯ kɯfse kɤntsɣe] nɯ mɯpɯmtota
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-grain DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like OBJ:PCP/INF-sell DEM NEG-AOR-see-TR:PST-1SG
Translation: I have not seen its grains sold like that (i.e. unprocessed).' (09-mi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003466#S51"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣzɯtʰɯz nɯ kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe [tɯtʰɯ sɤχtɕi] ɲɯ́wɣnɯpʰɯt pɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: Selaginella DEM in.the.past LNK pan OBL:PCP-wash IPFV-INV-AUTO-uproot PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: In the past, people would dig up Selaginella [to use as] a pan cleaner.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯnɯ kɤɣɯta tɕe tɕe nɯnɯsɯɣʁaʁa
Glosses: LNK DEM AOR:EAST-bring-1SG LNK LNK AOR-AUTO-CAUS-hatch-1SG
Translation: I brought [the eggs] and made them hatch by myself (without a hen).' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯpʰe “wortɕʰi" tɤtinɯ tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ ajɤtɯ́wɣɕpʰɣonɯ ma ,
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT please IMP-say-PL LNK DEM ERG IRR-PFV-2-INV-CAUS-flee-PL LNK
Translation: Say `please' to him, and he will help you flee [from here].' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯxɕɤt tɯ~tu ʑo toɣɤɕqali ri tɕe ɯkɯr ɯŋgɯ qandʐe nɯ pjɤnɯɕlɯɣ tɕe ɯzda ra kɯ jonɯtsɯmnɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-strength TOTAL~exist:FACT EMPH IFR-shout LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in earthworm DEM IFR:DOWN-AUTO-CAUS-get.loose LNK 3SG.POSS-companion PL ERG IFR-AUTO-take.away-PL
Translation: [The crow] shouted with all its strength, dropped the earthworm that was in its mouth, and its companion took it.' (2011-10-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kupaskɤt toɕlɯɣa
Glosses: Chinese-language IFR-CAUS-get.loose-1SG
Translation: I spoke Chinese by mistake.' (`I should have spoken Japhug') (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrʁaʁkɕi nɯ kɯ nɯra ɯɕombri ra ɲɤsɯɣlɯɣ
Glosses: hunting.dog DEM ERG DEM.PL 3SG.POSS-chain PL IFR-CAUS-get.loose
Translation: The hunting dog took off its chains.' (140426 liegou he zhonggo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯŋga nɯra ɯmbe tʰɯkɯɴɢraʁ nɯra] túwɣʑŋgandʑi ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-old.one AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:damage DEM:PL IPFV-INV-CAUS-wear-DU
Translation: [Their_i stepmother was evil], and made the two of them_i wear old and torn clothes.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɤri kɤʑɴɢoʁ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-thread IMP-hang
Translation: Pull the threads for me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤjŋoʁ kɯ tɯŋga kosɯʑɴɢoʁ
Glosses: hook ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes IFR-CAUS-hang
Translation: He hung the clothes on the hook.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯsmɤnba … tɕe nɯnɯ tɤfka qʰe , tɕe pjɯɤtɤr . … tɕe nɯnɯ ɯqʰu qʰe , nɯ kɤsɯtsʰi mɯ́jkʰɯ .
Glosses: leech _ LNK DEM AOR-be.full LNK LNK IPFV-fall _ LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK DEM INF-CAUS-drink NEG:SENS-be.possible
Translation: After it_i has had its fill, the leech_i [detaches and] falls down. After that, it is not possible to make it_i drink [blood].' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ maʁ kɯ tɤtasɤ<z>mbrɯ tu ɯ́ŋu
Glosses: DEM not.be:FACT ERG AOR-1→2-<CAUS> exist:FACT QU-be:FACT
Translation: Otherwise, is it the case that I/we have made you angry?' (2005 tAwakWcqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpʰoŋbu cʰonɤ si , tɤjtsi nɯnɯra tɯtɯxtɕɤr kukɤβzu nɯnɯ tɕe , kɤzbraʁ tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body COMIT tree pillar DEM:PL SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-attach IPFV-INF-make DEM LNK INF-attach IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: (Whether a person or an animal), attaching his/its body together with a tree or a pillar is called zbraʁ.' (150902 kAxtCAr)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤpi ni kɯ “nɯnaj nɤ nɯnaj" ʑo kɤtɯpandʑi ri , maka ʑo kɤznɯna amɤtɤtɯkʰɯ ma ,
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG rest:FACT-1PL ADD rest:FACT-1PL EMPH say:FACT-DU LNK at.all EMPH INF-CAUS-REST IRR-NEG-PFV-2-agree LNK
Translation: Your two brothers will repeatedly say `let us rest', but you should never agree to let them rest.' (2003 qachGa)