lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Manbiki-ga ten’in-ni(??yotte) mituk-AT-ta .
Glosses: shop.lifting-NOM clerk-by find-AR-PAST
Translation: Shoplifting was spotted by a clerk.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ken-ga Sue-ni kamera-o azuk-E-ta .
Glosses: K-NOM S-DAT camera-ACC entrust-E-PAST
Translation: Ken entrusted a camera to Sue.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sue-ga Ken-{ni , kara} kamera-o azuk-AT-ta .
Glosses: S-NOM K-{by, from} camera-ACC entrust-AR-PAST
Translation: Sue was entrusted a camera by Ken.’ (Note that the status of AR here is ambiguous: it is a lexical passive according to diagnostic test (9a), but “intransitivizer-like” according to (9b) in that Ken-{ni, kara} no longer has indirect object status.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kamera-ga Ken-ni Sue-ni azuk-AT-ta .
Glosses: camera-NOM K-by S-to entrust-AR-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘The camera was entrusted to Sue by Ken.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kamera-ga Ken-niyotte Sue-ni azuk-E-rare-ta .
Glosses: camera-NOM K-by S-to entrust-E-PASSIVE-PAST
Translation: The camera was entrusted to Sue by Ken.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {*Sumibi , Sue}-ga suupu-ni(yotte) atatam-AT-ta .
Glosses: {charcoal.fire, Sue}-NOM soup-by warm-AR-PAST
Translation: {*Charcoal fire, Sue} was warmed by soup.’ (The status of AR is ambiguous: it is a lexical passive with respect to the diagnostic test (9a) but an intransitivizer according to (9b).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sue-ga kuruma-ni(*yotte) butuk-AT-ta .
Glosses: S-NOM car-to hit-AR-PAST
Translation: Sue was hit by a car.” (AR is a lexical passive with respect to the diagnostic test (9a), but is an intransitivizer according to (9b).)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sensei-ga seito-ni eigo-o osie-ta .
Glosses: teacher-NOM student-to English-ACC teach-PAST
Translation: the teacher taught the students English.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Seito-ga sensei-ni eigo-o osowat-ta .
Glosses: student-NOM teacher-by English-ACC learn-PAST
Translation: Students learned English from the teacher.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?Ho , konnani ookiku .nat-ta . Dore , dak-AT-te mi-ro .
Glosses: Wow like.this big.become-PAST well embrace-AR-and try-IMP
Translation: Wow, you’ve grown big. Well, let me hold you (lit. get yourself be held by me).’ (from Tayama Katai’s novel, Toki-wa Sugiyuku ‘Time passes by’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ho , konnani ookiku .nat-ta . Dore , dak-are-te mi-ro .
Glosses: Wow like.this big.become-PAST well embrace-PASSIVE-and try-IMP
Translation: Wow, you’ve grown big. Well, let me hold you (lit. get yourself be held by me).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ano ko-wa sakki-kara hahaoya no syasin-o mune-ni daki-tuzuke .te i-ru .
Glosses: that kid-TOP a.while.ago-from mother ’s photo-ACC chest-to hold-continue.and be-PRES
Translation: That kid has been holding his mother’s photo to his chest for some time now.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kare-wa hitoban .zyuu sake-o nomi-tuzuke-ta .
Glosses: he-TOP all.night.long rice.wine-ACC drink-continue-PAST
Translation: He just kept drinking sake all night long.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?*Manzyuu-wa mada mus-AR-an no kai ?
Glosses: dumpling-TOP yet steam-PASS-not is.it Q
Translation: (Intended: ‘Are the dumplings not steam-cooked yet?’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hanako-wa Taro-o zibun no heya-de nak-ASi-ta .
Glosses: H-TOP T-ACC self ’s room-in weep-AS-PAST
Translation: Hanako made Taro cry in her room.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hanako-wa Taro-o zibun no heya-de nak-ase-ta .
Glosses: H-TOP T-ACC self ’s room-in weep-cause-PAST
Translation: Hanako made Taro cry in his/her (own) room.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Anpanman-ga akatyan-ni karezisin  -o tabe-sase-ta .16
Glosses: Anpanman-NOM baby-DAT he.himself-ACC eat-cause-PAST
Translation: Anpanman gave his own body to feed the baby.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Kodomo , *Densya .no .sindoo}-ga isi-o narab-E-ta .
Glosses: {child, train’s.vibration}-NOM stone-ACC line.up-E-PAST
Translation: {Children, *The train’s vibration} made the stones line up.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: {Kodomo , Densya .no .sindoo}-ga isi-o ugok-ASi-ta .
Glosses: {Child, train’s.vibration}-NOM stone-ACC move-AS-PAST
Translation: {Children, The train’s vibration} made the stones move.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kare-wa soko-ni ana-o ak-{E , *ASi}-ta .
Glosses: He-TOP there-DAT hole-ACC open-{E, *AS}-PAST
Translation: He opened a hole there.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kare no setumei-ga doori-o ak-{*E , ASi}-ta .
Glosses: he ’s explanation-NOM logic-ACC open-{*E, AS}-PAST
Translation: His explanation made the logic clear.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Suidookan-kara mizu-ga mor-u .
Glosses: water.pipe-from water-NOM leak-PRES
Translation: Water leaks from the water pipe.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Suidookan-kara mizu-ga mor-E-u .
Glosses: water.pipe-from water-NOM leak-E-PRES
Translation: Water leaks from the water pipe.’ (Suga 1980: 35, (32A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kimitu-ga teki-ni mor-u .
Glosses: secret-NOM enemy-DAT leak-PRES
Translation: (Intended: ‘The secret leaks to the enemy.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kimitu-ga teki-ni mor-E-ru .
Glosses: secret-NOM enemy-DAT leak-E-PRES
Translation: The secret leaks out to the enemy.’ Suga (1980: 35, (34A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Meibo-kara watasi no namae-ga mor-u .
Glosses: register-from I ’s name-NOM escape-PRES
Translation: (Intended: ‘My name is not listed in the register.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Meibo-kara watasi no namae-ga mor-E-ru .
Glosses: register-from I ’s name-NOM escape-E-PRES
Translation: My name is not listed in the register.’ Suga (1980: 35, (35A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Asahi-ga ter-u .
Glosses: morning.sun-NOM burst-PRES
Translation: The morning sun bursts forth.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Asahi-ga ter-E-ru .
Glosses: morning.sun-NOM burst-E-PRES
Translation: (Intended: ‘The morning sun bursts out.’) (Suga 1980:36, (40A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Hanamuko-ga tet-ta . (ter-ta → tet-ta)
Glosses: groom-NOM flush-PAST
Translation: (Intended: ‘The (face of the) groom flushed.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hanamuko-ga ter-E-ta .
Glosses: groom-NOM flush-E-PAST
Translation: The groom blushed.’ (Suga 1980:36, (41A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Asagao no turu-ga ikegaki-ni karan-da .
Glosses: morning.glory ’s vine-NOM hedge-to entwine-PAST
Translation: The morning glory vine entwined around the hedge.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sue-ga asagao no turu-o ikegaki-ni karam-E-ta .
Glosses: S-NOM morning.glory ’s vine-ACC hedge-to entwine-E-PAST
Translation: Sue made the morning glory vine entwine around the hedge.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Zibun no tumibukasa-ga Sue-o kurusim-{E , *AS , (s)ase}-ta .
Glosses: self ’s sinfulness-NOM S-ACC suffer-{E, *AS, cause}-PAST
Translation: Her own sinfulness tormented Sue.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sue-ga zibun no tumibukasa-ni kurusin-da . (kurusim-ta → kurusin-da)
Glosses: S-NOM self ’s sinfulness-DAT suffer-PAST 
Translation: Sue suffered of her own sinfulness.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kimitu-ga teki-ni mor-E-ta .
Glosses: secret-NOM enemy-to leak-E-PAST
Translation: The secret leaked out to the enemy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yuube no taihuu-ga ki no eda-o ot-ta . (or-ta → ot-ta)
Glosses: last.night ’s typhoon-NOM tree ’s branch-ACC break-PAST 
Translation: Last night’s typhoon broke tree branches.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taihuu-de ki no eda-ga or-E-ta .
Glosses: typhoon-by tree ’s branch-NOM break-E-PAST
Translation: A tree branch broke from a typhoon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yasya-wa kodomo-ni zibun-o tabe-sase-ta .
Glosses: Yasya-TOP child-DAT self-ACC eat-cause-PAST
Translation: Yasya gave her own body to feed her children.’ (Yasya is a legendary figure who fed her children with her own flesh when their lives were threatened with starvation.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Satoo-o ire-ru to dare .de .mo oisiku nom-e-ru .
Glosses: sugar-ACC put.in-PRES if anybody deliciously drink-be.able.to-PRES . 
Translation: If you put in sugar, anyone can drink it smoothly.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sio-o kake-ru to oisiku tabe-rare-ru .
Glosses: salt-ACC sprinkle-PRES deliciously eat-be.able.to-PRES
Translation: If you sprinkle salt over it, you can enjoy eating it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kono kami-wa sui-te i-ru . (suk-te → sui-te)
Glosses: this paper TOP spacious-and be-PRES 
Translation: (Intended: ‘This paper is transparent.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kono kami-wa suk-E-te i-ru .
Glosses: this paper-TOP spacious-E-and be-PRES
Translation: This paper is transparent.’ (See Suga 1980: 36, (39A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Kono kami-wa sui-te mie-ru . (suk-te → sui-te)
Glosses: this paper-TOP spacious-and look-PRES 
Translation: (Intended: ‘This paper looks transparent.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kono kami-wa suk-E-te mie-ru .
Glosses: this paper-TOP spacious-E-and look-PRES
Translation: This paper looks transparent.’ (Suga 1980: 36, (39A,B))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Boku-wa sono toki totemo [kurusi-n] -da . (kurusi-m-ta → kurusi-n-da)
Glosses: I-TOP that time very [suffer-m]-PAST 
Translation: I really suffered at that time.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Boku-mo [kurusi-ku] -wa . ar-u .
Glosses: I-too . [am.in.pain-ku]-CONTRASTIVE be-PRES
Translation: I too am in pain.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Boku-wa kono .yoo-na [kurusi-sa] -o kanzi-ta koto-ga na-i .
Glosses: I-TOP such.like-be [torment]-ACC feel-PASt that-NOM not.be-PRES
Translation: I’ve never felt this level of anguish.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ona pokupala što-nibud i shla domoj .
Glosses: She bought.IMPERF what-INDEF and went.IMPERF home
Translation: She bought something and went home. (usually)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kažetsja , kto-nibud’ približaetsja .
Glosses: seems who-INDEF approaches
Translation: Apparently someone is approaching. (The speaker is not sure).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: On skazal mne vziat’ / chtoby ja vzial što-nibud .
Glosses: He tell.PAST me take.INF / that I take-PAST what-INDEF
Translation: He told me to take something (it didn’t matter what).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: On sprosil nas , vstretili li my kogo-nibud’ v parke .
Glosses: He ask-PAST us meet-PAST whether we who-INDEF in the park
Translation: He asked us whether we met anyone (someone non-specific) in the park.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ona pokupala što-nibud/*što-to i shla domoj .
Glosses: She bought.IMPERF what-INDEF and went.IMPERF home
Translation: She bought something (non-specific) and went home. (usually)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ona kupila što-to/*što-nibud i poshla domoj .
Glosses: she bought.PERF what-INDEF and went.PERF home
Translation: She bought something (specific) and went home (once).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Za stenoj *kto-nibud/kto-to smejalsia .
Glosses: behind wall who-INDEF laugh-PAST
Translation: Someone was laughing behind the wall.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Masha prigotovit *što-nibud/što-to vkusnoje na uzhin .
Glosses: Masha cook-FUT what-INDEF delicious for dinner
Translation: Masha will cook something delicious for dinner (and she knows what it is going to be, but the speaker does not).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ty kupila *što-to/što-nibud’ na uzhin ?
Glosses: You buy-PAST what-INDEF for dinner ? 
Translation: Did you buy anything (something non-specific) for dinner?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kažetsja , *kto-to/kto-nibud’ približaetsja .
Glosses: seems who-INDEF approaches
Translation: Apparently someone is approaching. (The speaker is not sure).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: On skazal mne vziat’ / chtoby ja vzial *što-to/što-nibud .
Glosses: He tell-PAST me take-INF / that I take-PAST what-INDEF
Translation: He told me to take something (it didn’t matter what).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: On sprosil nas , vstretili li my *kogo-to/kogo-nibud’ v parke .
Glosses: He ask-PAST us meet-PAST whether we who-INDEF in the park
Translation: He asked us whether we met anyone (someone non-specific) in the park.
Language: Some
Transcription: Každyj mal’čik budet rad esli vstretit kogo-nibud’/*kogo-to iz svoix odnoklassnic .
Glosses: every boy be.FUT happy if meet.FUT who-INDEF from his girl-classmates
Translation: Every boy will be glad if [he] will-meet some (someone) of his girl-classmates (it does not matter which one).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kazhdyj prepodavatel’ slyshal , chto kogo-to/*kogo-nibud’ iz moix studentov vsegda vyzyvajut k dekanu .
Glosses: every teacher hear-PAST that who-INDEF from my students always call-PRES-3RDPL(impers.) to dean
Translation: Every teacher heard that some (one) of my students is always called before the dean (the same specific person is called every time).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ja nashla koe-što interesnoje v etoj knige .
Glosses: I found INDEF-what interesting in this book
Translation: I found something interesting in this book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ja tebe koe-što prines . Smotri , kakaja dynia .
Glosses: I you-DAT INDEF-what brought . Look which melon . 
Translation: I brought you something. Look at this melon.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Przyprowadź mi kogo-ś kto zna angielski .
Glosses: bring.IMPV I.DAT who.ACC-INDEF who.NOM knows English.ACC
Translation: Bring me someone(non-specific) who knows English.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kto-ś jest w łazience .
Glosses: who.NOM-INDEF is in bathroom.LOC
Translation: Someone (specific unknown) is in the bathroom.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kto-ś dzwonił . Zgadnij kto .
Glosses: who.NOM-INDEF phoned guess.IMPV who.NOM
Translation: Someone (specific known) called. Guess who.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dare-ka ni kiite mimashou .
Glosses: who-INDEF DAT ask-CONV try-POL-HORT
Translation: Let’s ask somebody (non-specific).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dare-ka kare denwa atta kedo , dare kara da ka wakaranai
Glosses: who-INDEF from phone be.PAST though who from be.PRES Q know-Neg-PRES
Translation: Somebody (specific unknown) called, – I don’t know who.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dare-ka kare denwa atta kedo , dare kara da ka atete goran
Glosses: who-INDEF from phone be.PAST though who from be.PRES Q figure.out-CONV try-IMPV
Translation: Somebody (specific known) called, – Guess who.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Molu-myen , nwukwu-nka-eykey mul-ela .
Glosses: ignorant-CONV who-INDEF-DAT ask-IMPV
Translation: If you don’t know, ask somebody (non-specific).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ku sonyen-un mues-inka-lul po-ass-ta .
Glosses: this boy-NOM what-INDEF-ACC see-PAST-DECL
Translation: The boy saw something (specific unknown).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nwukwu-inka-ka kel-ess-ta .
Glosses: who-INDEF-NOM call-PAST-DECL
Translation: Somebody (specific known) called.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jei tu ką-nors matai , pasaky-k man .
Glosses: if you what-INDEF see tell-IMPV to:me
Translation: If you see anything (something non-specific), tell me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jei tu kaž-ką matai , pasaky-k man .
Glosses: if you INDEF-what see tell-IMPV to:me
Translation: If you see something (specific unknown), tell me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Turiu kai-ką tiktai tau vienai pasakyti .
Glosses: I:have INDEF-what only to:you alone to:say
Translation: I’ve got something (specific-known) to say that’s for your ears alone.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Cy-dær mæ qygdær-y .
Glosses: what-INDEF me bother-PRES.3SG
Translation: Something (specific unknown/known) bothers me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mænæm dær ma is-ty ratt .
Glosses: I:DAT also PT INDEF-what give(IMPV)
Translation: Give me something (non-specific), too.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kim-ere eji-exe kiir-e syld’y-byt-a .
Glosses: who-INDEF you-DAT enter-CONV go-PERF-3SG
Translation: Someone (specific unknown/known) has come to you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Xojut kim-inen-eme tug-u-eme yyt-ya-m .
Glosses: afterwards who-INSTR-INDEF what-ACC-INDEF send-FUT-1SG
Translation: Afterwards I’ll send something (non-specific) with someone (non-specific).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Es c’igni sad-ɣac v-išove .
Glosses: this book where-INDEF 1SG-found
Translation: I found this book somewhere (I could say where – specific known).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Movida vi-ɣac rusi .
Glosses: came who-INDEF Russian
Translation: Some Russian person has come (I don’t know him/her – specific unknown).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dauaxet vi-s-me !
Glosses: call:IMPV:PL who-DAT-INDEF
Translation: Call somebody (non-specific)!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Uj-nuu žook-či laŋ ži-či-ni .
Glosses: who-INDEF house-DIR near go-PAST-3SG
Translation: Someone (specific) went up to the house.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ñoambani xajla-nuu bajtalto-j-či .
Glosses: they what-INDEF accuse-PRES-3PL
Translation: They are accusing him of something (specific).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Xaj-daa osii-daa osi-žara .
Glosses: what-INDEF [?] happen-FUT.3SG
Translation: Something (non-specific) may happen.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sajna , xaj-daa žaka o-či-ni bižere .
Glosses: probably what-INDEF thing happen-PAST-3SG apparently
Translation: Probably something (non-specific) has happened.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tetigit me ali-quis .
Glosses: touched me INDEF-who
Translation: Somebody (specific unknown) hath touched me (for I perceive that virtue is gone out of me).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: At ille intendebat in eos , sperans se ali-quid accepturum ab eis .
Glosses: but that gave.heed in them hoping self INDEF-what accept:FUT from them
Translation: And he gave heed unto them, expecting to receive something (non-specific) of them.
Language: Latin
Transcription: Magister , vidimus quem-dam in nomine tuo ejicientem daemonia .
Glosses: Master we:saw who-INDEF in name your casting.out devils
Translation: Master, we saw someone (specific known) casting out devils in thy name.
Language: Russian
Transcription: On ochen’ obshitel’nyj chelovek , on (vsegda) priglashajet kakix-to studentov , oni vmeste chitajut kakije-to knigi .
Glosses: He very sociable person, he (always) invite-PRES some(specific) student-PL, they together read-PRES some(specific) book-PL
Translation: He is a very sociable person, he (always) invites some students, and they read some books together.
Language: Turkish
Transcription: [[ _ geçen yaz ada-da ben-i gör-en ] kişi-ler ]
Glosses:  _ last summer island-LOC I-ACC see-(SPart) person-PL
Translation: the people who saw me on the island last summer
Language: Japanese
Transcription: [ Taro-ga sara-no ue-ni keeki-o oita-no]-o
Glosses:  [Taro-NOM plate-GEN on-LOC cake-ACC put-NM]-ACC
Translation: the piece of cake which Taro put on a plate
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [[ – geçen yaz ada-da [ ben-i gör-en]] kişi-ler ]
Glosses:  – last summer island-LOC  I-ACC see-(SPART) person-PL
Translation: the people who saw me on the island last summer
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [[ pro geçen yaz ada-da [ – gör-düg-üm ]] kişi-ler ]
Glosses:  pro last summer island-LOC  – see-OPART-1.SG person-PL
Translation: the people who(m) I saw on the island last summer
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Yoko-wa [ Taro-ga sara-no ue-ni keeki-o oita-no]-o tabeta .
Glosses: Yoko-Top [ Taro-NOM plate-GEN on-LOC cake-ACC put-NM]-ACC ate
Translation: Yoko ate the piece of cake which Taro put on a plate.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: My friend bought un ornitorrinco como mascota .  English/Spanish
Glosses:  a platypus as pet  
Translation: My friend bought a platypus as a pet.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription:  compró un ornitorrinco como mascota .
Glosses: Lori bought a platypus as pet
Translation: Lori bought a platypus as a pet.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Se lo vendió      .
Glosses: her.DAT it.ACC sold a man mysterious with accent Australian
Translation: A mysterious man with an Australian accent sold it to her.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: hai visto che geht leicht  Italian/German (Jansen et al . 2012: 362)
Glosses: you.have seen that goes easy  
Translation: You have seen that (it) is easy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: … decidió que the matter must be settled… English/Spanish (Callahan 2004: 50)
Glosses:  (s)he.decided that  
Translation: …(s)he decided that the matter must be settled…
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: …I got a heavy feeling that la amo , I love her . English/Spanish (Callahan 2004: 50)
Glosses:  her.ACC I.love 
Translation: …I got a heavy feeling that I love her, I love her.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: S-to’oh mi esposa el coche .  Zapotec (VS)/Spanish (SV) (MacSwan 2004: 305)
Glosses: DEF-sell my wife the car  
Translation: My wife will definitely sell the car.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Fuair sé thousand pounds .  Irish (VS)/English (SV) (MacSwan 2004: 305)
Glosses: get-PST he   
Translation: He got a thousand pounds.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: El profe dijo que alle han suspendido in der Prüfung . German/Spanish (González 
Glosses: the teacher said that all have failed in the exam Vilbazo & López 2012: 48)
Translation: The teacher said that they all failed the exam.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *El profe dijo que alle in der Prüfung durchgefallen sind . German/Spanish (González 
Glosses: the teacher said that all in the exam failed AUX Vilbazo & López 2012: 48)
Translation: The teacher said that they all failed the exam.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: …   había leído antes del examen ?
Glosses:  the child had read before of.the test
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Qué asumieron los maestros que…  English/Spanish (Ebert & Hoot 2018)
Glosses: what assumed the teachers that
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: I don’t remember who (Indra) amenazó en la fiesta . English/Spanish (Sande 2018: 86)
Glosses:  threatened at the party 
Translation: I don’t remember who (Indra/she) threatened at the party.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: No sé qué (María) bought with the money she received .  English/Spanish (Sande 2018: 86)
Glosses: no I.know what  
Translation: I don’t know what (María/she) bought with the money she received.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wekelijks koken   an Asian dish . English/Dutch (Vanden Wyngaerd 2020: 5)
Glosses: every.week cook my parents  
Translation: Every week, my parents cook an Asian dish.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: In the book , Thelma draws een schets . English/Dutch (Vanden Wyngaerd 2020: 5)
Glosses:  a sketch 
Translation: In the book, Thelma draws a sketch.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ¿Qué dice el niño que han creado   para los estudiantes ?
Glosses: what says the boy that have created his teachers for the students
Translation: What does the boy say that his teachers have created for the students?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: El niño dice que   han creado esta actividad para los estudiantes .
Glosses: the boy says that his teachers have created this activity for the students
Translation: The boy says that his teachers have created this activity for the students.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *What does your dad think that han comprado   en la tienda ?
Glosses:  have bought your brothers at the store
Translation: What does your dad think that your brothers have bought at the store?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Qué piensa tu padre que have bought your brothers at the store ?
Glosses: what thinks your dad that
Translation: What does your dad think that your brothers have bought at the store?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ˈbɛlu beˈleza
Glosses: ‘beautiful’ ‘beauty’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ˈmɔli moˈleza
Glosses: ‘soft’ ‘softness’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [siˈdade] [saˈtɛlite] → [siˈdadʒi] [saˈtɛlitʃi]
Glosses: city satellite
Translation: satellite city
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ˈpɾonto] [soˈkoxo] → [ˈpɾontu] [soˈkoxu]
Glosses: immediate aid
Translation: emergency room
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ˈvise] [pɾeziˈdente] → [ˈvisi] [pɾeziˈdentʃi]
Glosses: vice president
Translation: vice president
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ˈasido] [ˈziɲo] → [ˈasidu] [ˈziɲu]
Glosses: acid DIM
Translation: acidy
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ˈɛwɾo] [sotʃaˈlista]
Glosses: [ˈewɾo [sotʃaˈlista]]
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ˈjɛɾi] [ˈseɾa]
Glosses: [ˈjeri [ˈseɾa]]
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: O que a Maria falou durante a aula ?
Glosses: What the Mary said during the class ? 
Translation: What did Mary say during class?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A Maria falou X durante a aula .
Glosses: The Mary said X during the class . 
Translation: Mary said X during class.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A Maria falou X depois da aula ?
Glosses: The Mary said X after of the class ? 
Translation: Did Mary say X after class?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Não , a Maria falou X durante a aula , não depois da aula .
Glosses: No, the Mary said X during the class, not after of the class . 
Translation: No, Mary said X during class, not after class.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Yo veo a la mujer .
Glosses: I see the DOM the
Translation: I see the woman.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Yo le doy el libro a la mujer .
Glosses: I CL.DAT give the book DAT the woman
Translation: I give the book to the woman.
Language: Gujarati
Transcription: Svati-e kagəL vãc-y-o .
Glosses: Svati(F)-ERG letter(M) read-PFV-M
Translation: Svati read a letter.
Language: Gujarati
Transcription: Raju-e Svati-ne jo-y-i .
Glosses: Raju(M)-ERG Svati(F)-DOM see-PFV-F
Translation: Raju saw Svati.
Language: Gujarati
Transcription: Kišor khub kašTaa-y-o .
Glosses: Kišor(M) much be.pained-PFV-M
Translation: Kishor was greatly pained.
Language: Gujarati
Transcription: Kišor-ne khub kašTa tha-y-ũ .
Glosses: Kišor(M)-DAT much pain(N) happen-PFV-N
Translation: Kishor was greatly pained.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Reena-ne kutro gam-th-o .
Glosses: Reena(F)-DAT dog(M) like-IPFV-M
Translation: Reena used to like a/the dog.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Reena-ne kutro gam-y-o .
Glosses: Reena(F)-DAT dog(M) hit-PFV-M
Translation: Reena liked a/the dog.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hu chokra(-ne) jo-y-a ha-is .
Glosses: I boys-DOM see-PFV-PL AUX-FUT.1SG
Translation: I will have seen the boys.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ni-k amona-ri umea pozik eraman d-i-o-t .
Glosses: I-ERG grandmother-DAT child.ABS happy carry TM-(root)-DF-TSG.DAT-1SG.ERG
Translation: I have carried the child to the grandmother [happy].
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ni-k zu-ri pozik ikusi d-o-t-zu-t .
Glosses: I-ERG you-DOM happy see TM-root-DF-2.DAT-1SG.ERG
Translation: I have seen you happy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Zu-k ne-i ekarri d-i-a-zu .
Glosses: you-ERG I-DOM bring TM-(root)-DF-1SG.DAT-2.ERG
Translation: You have brought me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ni-k zu-ri ekarri d-i-zu-t .
Glosses: I-ERG you-DOM bring TM-(root)-DF-2.DAT-1SG.ERG
Translation: I have brought you.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Traidori-k ni etsaia-ri saldu n-a-u-te .
Glosses: traitor-ERG I.ABS enemy-DAT sell 1SG.ABS-EP-root-3PL
Translation: The traitors have sold me to the enemy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Traidori-k zu etsaia-ri saldu z-a-itx-u-zte .
Glosses: traitor-ERG you.ABS enemy-DAT sell 2.ABS-EP-root-3PL
Translation: The traitors have sold you to the enemy.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: El libro fue visto .
Glosses: the book was seen.M
Translation: The book was seen.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: La mujer fue vista .
Glosses: the woman was seen.F
Translation: The woman was seen.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: *La mujer fue dada el libro .
Glosses: the woman was given.F the book
Translation: intended: ‘The woman was given a book.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Los sospechosos fueron entregados a la policía .
Glosses: the suspects were handed.over.M.PL DAT the police
Translation: The suspects were handed over to the police.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: El gobierno armó el ejercito con pistolas .
Glosses: the government arm.PST.3SG the army with pistols
Translation: The government armed the army with pistols.
Language: Spanish
Transcription: El gobierno armó a los soldados con pistolas .
Glosses: the government arm.PST.3SG DOM the soldiers with pistols
Translation: The government armed the soldiers with pistols.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Johann hat [ einen Mann] geshen].
Glosses: Johann has  a man seen . 
Translation: Johann has seen a man.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: … dass Johann niemals [ den Verdacht [ dass er eigentlich ein angenommenes Kind sei ] ] besprochen hat .
Glosses:  that Johann never  the suspicion  that he actually an adopted child be.SUBJ  discussed has
Translation: … that Johann has never discussed the suspicion that he is actually an adopted child.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: … dass Johann niemals [ den Verdacht ] besprochen hat [ dass er eigentlich ein angenommenes Kind sei ].
Glosses:  that Johann never  the suspicion  discussed has  that he actually an adopted child be.SUBJ 
Translation: … that Johann has never discussed the suspicion that he is actually an adopted child.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mark und Raymond lesen verschiedene/#andere Bücher .
Glosses: Mark and Raymond read.PL different.PL books
Translation: Mark and Raymond read different books.’ (Un)available interpretation: the book Mark read is different from the book Raymond read.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jeder Junge las ein anderes/*verschiedenes Buch .
Glosses: every boy read.SG a different.N.SG book
Translation: Every boy read a different book.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: Herzliya ve-Raanana krovot .
Glosses: Herzliya and-Raanana near.F.PL
Translation: Herzliya and Raanana are near each other.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: Leon ve-Ruti garim be-arim krovot .
Glosses: Leon and-Ruti reside.M.PL in-cities near.F.PL
Translation: Leon and Ruti live in adjacent cities.
Language: German
Transcription: #Berlin und Hannover sind anders .
Glosses: Berlin and Hannover are different.PL
Translation: Berlin and Hannover are different.’ Unavailable interpretation: Berlin and Hannover are different from each other.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: #?Herzliya ve-Raanana (hen) axerot .
Glosses: Herzliya and-Raanana (are.F) different.F.PL
Translation: Herzliya and Raanana are different.’ Unavailable interpretation: Herzliya and Raanana are different from each other.
Language: German
Transcription: Jeder Junge lebt in einer anderen Stadt .
Glosses: every boy lives in a different.F.SG city
Translation: Every boy lives in a different city.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: kol yeled gar be-ir axeret .
Glosses: every boy resides.M.SG in-city different.F.SG
Translation: Every boy lives in a different city.
Language: Ancient Hebrew
Transcription: #kol yeled gar be-ir krova .
Glosses: every boy resides.M.SG in-city near.F.SG
Translation: Every boy lives in a nearby city.’ Unavailable interpretation: for every two boys a,b, the city a lives in is near the city b lives in.
Language: Italian
Transcription: I mobili si sono toccati .
Glosses: the.M.PL pieces.of.furniture SE have touched.PL
Translation: The furniture pieces rubbed against each other.
Language: Italian
Transcription: ??Il mobilio si è toccato .
Glosses: the.M.SG furniture SE has touched.SG
Translation: The furniture touched.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Den bruna haren ] [ bor i parken . ]
Glosses:  the brown hare   lives in park.the 
Translation: The brown hare lives in the park.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Var bor den bruna haren ? (triggers VP-focus)
Glosses: where lives the brown hare 
Translation: Where does the brown hare live?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vilket brunt djur bor i parken ? (triggers subject-focus)
Glosses: which brown animal lives in park.the 
Translation: Which brown animal lives in the park?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Den bruna haren med ungar ] [ bor i parken . ]
Glosses:  the brown hare with kids   lives in park.the 
Translation: The brown hare with kids lives in the park.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Var bor den bruna haren med ungar ? (triggers VP-focus)
Glosses: where lives the brown hare with kids 
Translation: Where does the brown hare with kids live?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vilken brun hare bor i parken ? (triggers subject-focus)
Glosses: which brown hare lives in park.the 
Translation: Which brown hare lives in the park?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Den bruna haren med många ungar ] [ bor i parken . ]
Glosses:  the brown hare with many kids   lives in park.the 
Translation: The brown hare with many kids lives in the park.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Var bor den bruna haren med många ungar ? (triggers VP-focus)
Glosses: where lives the brown hare with many kids 
Translation: Where does the brown hare with many kids live?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Den bruna haren med många söta ungar ] [ bor i parken . ]
Glosses:  the brown hare with many cute kids   lives in park.the 
Translation: The brown hare with many cute kids lives in the park
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Var bor den bruna haren med många söta ungar ? (triggers VP-focus)
Glosses: where lives the brown hare with many cute kids 
Translation: Where does the brown hare live?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Den bruna haren med många söta ungar  bor [i PARKEN .  ]
Glosses: {( BIGˡᵉᶠᵗ      ) (  BIGⁿᵘᶜ ) }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Den bruna haren  med många söta ungar  bor [ i PARKEN .  ]
Glosses: {(  BIGʳᶦᵍʰᵗ )(    BIGʳᶦᵍʰᵗ ) (    BIGⁿᵘᶜ ) }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Den bruna haren  med många söta ungar  bor [ i PARKEN .  ]
Glosses: {(  BIGʳᶦᵍʰᵗ )(  BIGˡᵉᶠᵗ   ) (    BIGⁿᵘᶜ ) }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Den bruna haren [ med många söta  UNGAR ] bor i parken .
Glosses: {{( BIGˡᵉᶠᵗ  ) ( BIGˡᵉᶠᵗ  ) (BIGⁿᵘᶜ ) }   }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Den bruna haren  med många söta ungar  [ bor i PARKEN .  ]
Glosses: {( BIGˡᵉᶠᵗ) (BIGʳᶦᵍʰᵗ) (    BIGʳᶦᵍʰᵗ ) (   BIGⁿᵘᶜ ) }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Den bruna haren  [ med många söta UNGAR] bor i parken .  
Glosses: {( BIGˡᵉᶠᵗ  ) (    BIGⁿᵘᶜ    ) }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Den bruna haren   med många söta ungar  bor i [ PARKEN .  ]
Glosses: {( BIGˡᵉᶠᵗ  ) (    BIGʳᶦᵍʰᵗ )(    BIGⁿᵘᶜ ) }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Den bruna haren med många söta ungar bor [i PARKEN .  ]
Glosses: *{(         BIGⁿᵘᶜ ) }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vad ville Anna göra ?
Glosses: what wanted Anna do
Translation: What did Anna want to do?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vad gjorde ni med hunden när ni åkte på semester ?
Glosses: what did you with dog.the when you went on vacation
Translation: What did you do with your dog when you went on vacation?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vilket djur bor på tundran ?
Glosses: what animal lives on tundra.the
Translation: What animal lives on the tundra?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Den bruna haren [med många UNGAR  ] bor i parken
Glosses: {{( BIGˡᵉᶠᵗ    BIGⁿᵘᶜ ) }  }
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Olle) (planerar en fest .)
Glosses: Olle plans a party
Translation: Olle is planning a party.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Olle) (planerar) (höstens) (schema .)
Glosses: Olle plans fall’s schedule
Translation: Olle is planning the schedule for the fall semester.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Föraren) (varnar) (resenärerna .).
Glosses: driver.the warns travelers.the
Translation: The driver is warning the travelers
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ( (röda) (hund))
Glosses:  red dog
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Álggos olbmo-t ama-š-edje su jurdaga .
Glosses: at.first person-PL.NOM strange-SENS-PAST.3PL his/her thought.SG.ACC
Translation: At first people found his/her idea strange.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Niillas hejo-š-ii stuorradigge-dieđáhusa .
Glosses: Niillas.NOM bad-SENS-PAST.3SG parliament-report.SG.ACC
Translation: Niillas found the parliamentary report no good.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Son jalla-š-a earáid go eai ádde .
Glosses: s/he stupid-SENS-PRES.3SG other.PL.ACC as NEG.3PL understand
Translation: S/he finds others stupid, since they do not understand.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dábálaš norga-laš geahččá sullii seamma ollu TV go ovdal .
Glosses: ordinary Norwegian-person.NOM watch.PRES.3SG approximately same much TV as before
Translation: The average Norwegian watches approximately as much TV as before.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elle lea geahčča-me TV-a .
Glosses: Elle is watch-PROG TV-ACC
Translation: Elle is watching TV.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elle dieht-á juoidá .
Glosses: Elle know-PRES.3SG something.ACC
Translation: Elle knows something.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elle lea diehti-me juoidá .
Glosses: Elle is know-PROG something.ACC
Translation: Elle must know something.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Son lea jalla-š-eame dakkár olbmui-d .
Glosses: s/he is stupid-SENS-PROG such person-PL.ACC
Translation: S/he must find people like that stupid.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Rievssatmuorjji lasttat ruoks-á-jit čavčča eana-ruškki-s .
Glosses: bearberry.SG.GEN leaf.PL.NOM red-STAT-PRES.3PL autumn.SG.GEN ground-autumn.colour-LOC
Translation: The bearberry leaves stand out red on the autumn coloured ground.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Atnet min áibbas jalla-n .
Glosses: consider.PRES.3SG 1PL.ACC completely stupid-ESS
Translation: They consider us completely stupid.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Čáppa govat daga-še girjji somá-b-un .
Glosses: beautiful picture.PL.NOM make-COND.3PL book.SG.ACC fun-COMP-ESS
Translation: Beautiful pictures would make the book more fun.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Máhtte čuohpai soappi menddo oanehačča .
Glosses: Máhtte.NOM cut.PAST.3SG stick.SG.ACC too short.SG.ACC
Translation: Máhtte cut the stick too short.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dákkár sániid giella-geavaheaddjit eai láve ama-š-it .
Glosses: such word.PL.ACC language-user.PL.NOM NEG.3PL tend.to strange-SENS-INF
Translation: The language users usually don’t find words like that strange.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lea deaŧalaš ahte sámi kultuvra ii ama-š-uvvo .
Glosses: is important that Sámi culture.SG.NOM NEG.3SG strange-SENS-PASS.PRES.3SG
Translation: It is important that the Sámi culture is not seen as something strange.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Elle lea ráhkist-eame dien olbmo (go nie láhtte).
Glosses: Elle is love-PROG that.ACC person.SG.ACC when like.that behaves
Translation: Elle must love that person (when she behaves like that).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dál dovdda-t ieža-t ráhkist-uvvo-n .
Glosses: now feel-PRES.2SG self-2SG love-PASS-PTC
Translation: Now you feel loved.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Marek ráhkist-uva-i badjel-oivviid .
Glosses: Marek love-INCH-PAST.3SG above-head.PL.GEN
Translation: Marek fell in love head over heels.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hyttyset inho-tta-vat Mikko-a .
Glosses: mosquito.PL.NOM find.disgusting-CAUS-3PL Mikko-PART
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Biret illud-a go lea čovdos-a gávdna-n .
Glosses: Biret be.happy-PRES.3SG as be.PRES.3SG solution-SG.ACC find-PTC
Translation: Biret is happy since she has found a/the solution.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Doarjja man lean ožžo-n illud-ahtt-á mu .
Glosses: support.SG.NOM which.ACC be.PRES.1SG get-PTC be.happy-CAUS-PRES.3SG me.ACC
Translation: The support that I have received makes me happy.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Káre ball-á seavdnjadas-as .
Glosses: Káre fear-PRES.3SG darkness-SG.LOC
Translation: Káre is afraid of the darkness.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Dát dáhpáhus baldd-ii máná-id .
Glosses: this.NOM incident.SG.NOM scare-PAST.3SG child-PL.ACC
Translation: This incident scared the children.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Olus-at divrra-š-it dál bohcco-bierggu .
Glosses: many.people-PL.NOM expensive-SENS-PRES.3PL now reindeer-meat.SG.ACC
Translation: Many people find reindeer meat (too) expensive nowadays.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bohcco-biergu divrra-š-uvvo dávja .
Glosses: reindeer-meat.SG.NOM expensive-SENS-PASS.PRES.3SG often
Translation: Reindeer meat is often found (too) expensive.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Makkár jalla-s gažaldat die lea ?
Glosses: what.kind.of stupid-ATTR question.SG.NOM that is
Translation: What kind of stupid question is that?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Žirafov tože nel’zja [ ].
Glosses: giraffe.PL.ACC too not-allowed
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A žirafov možno [ ].
Glosses: and/but giraffe.PL.ACC allowed 
Translation: But one can [feed] giraffes.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Eŝë kilometr budet nel’zja [ ].
Glosses: more kilometer will-be not-allowed 
Translation: One can’t [do a U-turn] for another kilometer.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Čerez kilometr budet možno [ ].
Glosses: in kilometer will-be allowed 
Translation: One can [do a U-turn] in a kilometer.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Na sledujuŝem perekrëstke tože nel’zja [ ].
Glosses: on next intersection too not-allowed 
Translation: ✓ ‘One can’t [turn left] at the next intersection either.’ ✕ ‘One can’t [turn] at the next intersection either.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A na sledujuŝem perekrëstke možno [ ].
Glosses: and/but on next intersection allowed 
Translation: ✓ ‘But one can [turn left] at the next intersection.’ ✕ ‘But one can [turn] at the next intersection.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Drugix životnyx tože nel’zja [ ].
Glosses: other animal.PL.ACC too not-allowed 
Translation: One can’t [feed] other animals either.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A drugix životnyx možno [ ].
Glosses: and/but other animal.PL.ACC allowed 
Translation: But one can [feed] other animals.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vnutri tože ne stoit [ ].
Glosses: inside too not should 
Translation: ✓ ‘[Standing in a crowd] isn’t recommended inside either.’ ✕ ‘[Standing] isn’t recommended inside either.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A vnutri možno [ ].
Glosses: and/but inside allowed 
Translation: ✓ ‘[Standing in a crowd] is allowed inside.’ ✕ ‘[Standing] is allowed inside.’ (Russian)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Začem Ivan sjuda prišel ?
Glosses: why Ivan here come
Translation: For what purpose did Ivan come here?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Začem vy ne skazali mne ob etom ?
Glosses: why you not said me-DAT about this
Translation: Intended: “Why didn’t you tell me about this?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Počemu Ivan sjuda prišel ?
Glosses: why Ivan here come
Translation: Why did Ivan come here?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Počemu vy ne skazali mne ob etom ?
Glosses: why you not said me-DAT about this
Translation: Why didn’t you tell me about this?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sally zdes ?
Glosses: Sally here
Translation: Is Sally here?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Začem ?
Glosses: why
Translation: Intended: “Why [are you asking me]?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Počemu ?
Glosses: why
Translation: Intended: “Why [are you asking me]?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: A chto ?
Glosses: PRT what
Translation: Why?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ha’im bar tavo maxar
Glosses: Is-it-the-case Bar come-FUT-3RD-SG tomorrow ? 
Translation: Will Bar be coming tomorrow?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: lama ? / madua ?
Glosses: why / why
Translation: Why (do you ask)?”/“Why (would she come)?” Hebrew (Ginzburg 2012: 313)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kommt Bar morgen ?
Glosses: come-PRES.3SG Bar tomorrow
Translation: Is Bar coming tomorrow?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Warum ? / Weshalb ? / Wozu ?
Glosses: why / why / why
Translation: Why (do you ask)?”/“For what reason would she come?”/“What purpose would her coming serve?” German, following (32)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Er hat der Kanzlerin gefallen .
Glosses: he has the.DAT chancellor-FEM pleased
Translation: He has pleased the chancellor.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Warum der/#die Kanzlerin ?
Glosses: why the.DAT/the.ACC chancellor-FEM
Translation: Why the chancellor? Adapted from Yoshida et al. 2015: 331
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hat er der Kanzlerin gefallen ?
Glosses: has he the.DAT chancellor-FEM pleased
Translation: Did he please the chancellor?
Language: German
Transcription: Er will jemandem schmeicheln , aber Sie wissen nicht wem/ *wen .
Glosses: he wants someone.DAT flatter.INF but they know not who.DAT/ who.ACC
Translation: He wants to flatter someone but they don’t know who. Yoshida et al. 2015: 331
Language: German
Transcription: Ashley hat mit jemandem gesprochen , aber ich weiss nicht *(mit) wem .
Glosses: Ashley has with someone.DAT spoken but I know not with who.DAT
Translation: Ashley has spoken with someone, but I don’t know who (with).
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Pero con quién lo bebián ?
Glosses: But with whom it drink.IMPF
Translation: But who were they drinking it with?
Language: Spanish
Transcription: Por qué con quien ?!
Glosses: Why with whom
Translation: Why (are you asking) who with?! …
Language: Turkish
Transcription: Neden kiminle iciyolar ? Asil sorun ictikleri !
Glosses: why with.who they.drink real issue that.they.drink
Translation: Why who are they drinking with?! The real issue is that they’re drinking!
Language: Turkish
Transcription: Nasil kiminle iciyolar ? …
Glosses: how with.who they.drink 
Translation: Why who are they drinking with? …
Language: Russian
Transcription: A chto (*Sally)?
Glosses: PRT what Sally.NOM
Translation: Why?
Language: Russian
Transcription: A chto tebe Sally s-da-l-a-s’?
Glosses: PRT what you.DAT Sally.NOM PRV-GIVE-PST-FEM-REFL
Translation: Why do you give a toss about Sally?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Är Sally här ?
Glosses: Is Sally here ? 
Translation: Is Sally here?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hur så (*Sally)?
Glosses: How so (Sally)?
Translation: Why?
Language: German
Transcription: Dass ich Ananas auf Pizza haben könnte…
Glosses: That I pineapple on pizza have.INF could
Translation: If I could just have pineapple on pizza…
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ∅ Meysi-lul manna-ss-ta-ko-↘
Glosses: pro Messi-ACC meet-PST-DECL-COMP
Translation: (I said) I met Messi!
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ∅ Meysi-lul manna-ss-nya-ko-↘
Glosses: pro Messi-ACC meet-PST-INT-COMP
Language: Swedish
Transcription: Jon sa att han hade inte sett filmen .
Glosses: Jon said that he had not seen movie.the
Translation: Jon said that he hadn’t seen the movie. The speaker is not committed to the truth of “Jon hadn’t seen the movie.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Chomsky er lingvist .
Glosses: Chomsky is linguist
Translation: Chomsky is a linguist.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Chomsky er lingvist , han .
Glosses: Chomsky is linguist he
Translation: Chomsky is a linguist.