lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɕaʁ tɯka toβzunɯ tɕe jonɯɕenɯ .
Glosses: reverence each IFR-make-PL LNK IFR-VERT-go-PL
Translation: Each of them made a reverence and went back.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S162"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iʑo kɤndʑiʁi ra ʁnɯpɤrme nɤ ʁnɯpɤrme ntsɯ ma mɤacʰɤti
Glosses: LNK 1PL COLL:sibling PL two-year ADD two-year always apart.from NEG-differ.in.age:FACT-1PL
Translation: We brother and sisters were born in intervals of two years each.' (if ranked by birth order, adjacent siblings differ in age from each other by two years each) (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S220"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <baisuzhen> nɯ kɯ , nɤki , sŋaʁ pjɤspa tɕe (...) tɯŋgo ra ʑimkʰɤm ʑo toɣɤmna
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG FILLER magic IFR.IPFV-be.able LNK _ INDEF.POSS-disease PL many EMPH IFR-CAUS-be.better
Translation: Bai Suzhen knew magic, and healed many diseases.' (150825 baishe zhuan-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme kʰɯ~kʰro] kɯ ʑo ɣɯtorɤtsʰɤtnɯ
Glosses: person EMPH~much ERG EMPH CISL-IFR-try-PL
Translation: Many people came and tried it.' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕoŋpʰu mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ χsɯri kɯtʂɤsqi apɯtu , ɯku zɯ pɣa mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ χsɯri kɯtʂɤsqi nɯ] kɯ pɣɤmbri atɤlɤtnɯ ɲɯra
Glosses: tree all.kinds three-hundred sixty IRR-IPFV-exist 3SG.POSS-on LOC bird all.kinds three-hundred sixty DEM ERG bird.song IRR-PFV-release-PL SENS-be.needed
Translation: May there be three hundred and sixty trees of all kinds, and on them three hundred and sixty bird of all kinds of species singing.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka tɤrɤku rmɯrmi ɣɯ nɯrmi nɯ tonɤrmi ri maka kɯm mɯpjɤɲɟɯ
Glosses: at.all INDEF.POSS-crops all GEN 3PL.POSS-name DEM IFR-say.name LNK at.all door NEG-IFR-ANTICAUS:open
Translation: He said the names of all kinds of crops, but the door did not open.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯmpɕɯ~mpɕɤr ci ɲɤnɯɬoʁ
Glosses: girl SBJ:PCP-EMPH~beautiful INDEF IFR-AUTO-come.out
Translation: A very beautiful girl came [out of the skin].' (31-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004077#S50"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕelo tɕe tɤtɕɯ ci cʰɤɣi qʰe ,
Glosses: upstream LNK INDEF.POSS-son INDEF IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come LNK
Translation: A boy came from upstream.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯmaʁ ci nɤrʑaβ nɯnɯɕar kɯ mna
Glosses: 2SG other INDEF 2SG.POSS-wife IMP-AUTO-search ERG be.better:FACT
Translation: It would be better if you looked for another wife.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑitɕɯ ci , ndʑime ci ra totu .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-son INDEF 3DU.POSS-girl INDEF PL IFR-exist
Translation: They_du had a boy and a girl (etc).' (150827 tianluo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsapaʁ nɯme , apɯsi qʰe , `nɯ qapar kɯ tandza ŋu ma' tutinɯ ɕti ma ,
Glosses: animal AOR-not.exist IRR-PFV-die LNK DEM dhole ERG AOR:3→3-eat be:FACT SFP IPFV-say-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: When an animal disappears, dies, people say `A dhole ate it.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯci laχɕi ci ɕpɯnɯβzjoznɯ tɕe , jɤɕenɯ ra
Glosses: something trade INDEF TRAL-IMP-AUTO-learn-PL LNK IMP-go-PL be.needed:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra [tʰɯci [kɤnɯsaχɕɯβ kɯfse]] pɯŋu wo .
Glosses: DEM:PL something INF-have.a.contest SBJ:PCP-be.like PST.IPFV-be SFP
Translation: It was like a kind of contest.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tʰɯci ɯjmŋo] ci ʑo pɯfse ri
Glosses: something 3SG.POSS-dream one EMPH PST.IPFV-be.like LNK
Translation: It looked like [he had had] some dream.' (Lobzang2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe qajdo ci joɣi tɕe , tɕe qajdo nɯ kɯ `mo laz tu , pʰo laz me' toti .
Glosses: LNK crow INDEF IFR-come LNK LNK crow DEM ERG girl karma exist:FACT boy karma not.exist:FACT IFR-say
Translation: A crow came. The crow said: `The girl will have chance, the boy won't.” (28-qajdoskAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003718#S10"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [tɤnmaʁ nɯ kɯ ɯrʑaʁ kɯɤntɕʰɯ ɲɯkɯnɯɕar], aʁɤndɯndɤt tɤndɤɣri tukɯβzu pjɤtu .
Glosses: but INDEF.POSS-husband DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-wife SBJ:PCP-be.many IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-search everywhere illegitimate.child IPFV-SBJ:PCP-make IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: However there were husbands who were looking for several women and had illegitimate children.' (140427 tAndAGri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003858#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ ʁnɯz ɲɤkɤtɯɣci . spjaŋkɯ ʁnɯz nɯnɯ , tɕendɤre ɲɤkɤtɯɣci tɕe iɕqʰa , kɯrɤntɕʰa nɯ wuma ʑo ɲɤmu .
Glosses: wolf two IFR-PEG-meet-PEG wolf two DEM LNK IFR-PEG-meet-PEG LNK the.aforementioned SBJ:PCP-A.PASS:N.HUM-kill DEM really EMPH IFR-be.afraid
Translation: He_i (i.e. the butcher) met two wolves. He_i met two wolves, and the butcher_i was very much afraid.' (150902 liaozhai lang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006340#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕʰeme nɯ] ci ɲɤʑɣɤsɤpʰɤr qʰe
Glosses: girl DEM one IFR-REFL-shake LNK
Translation: The girl shook herself.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S115"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤxtɕɤr tɕe nɯnɯ tɕe tɕe iɕqʰa , [[tʰɯci tɯmbri tɤri kɯfse kɯ] [laχtɕʰa ci] nɯnɯ], ci kúwɣsɯpa tɕe , kúwɣxtɕɤr ,
Glosses: INF-attach LNK DEM LNK LNK the.aforementioned something rope INDEF.POSS-thread SBJ:PCP-be.like ERG thing INDEF DEM one IPFV-INV-CAUS-do LNK IPFV-INF-attach
Translation: To attach' [means] `to put together', `to attach something with something like a rope or a thread.” (150902 kAxtCAr)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ , kɯrʑi ci nɯ ɣɤʑu maʁ kɯ
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.heavy INDEF DEM exist:SENS not.be:FACT SFP
Translation: This is not a difficult thing [to do].' (divination2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa lɯlɤmu nɯ tʰɯrɤpɯ tɕe tɕe ɯsŋi tɕe kɤnɯrŋgɯ nɯ stʰɯci mɯ́jtsu ma ɯpɯ ra χse ɲɯra
Glosses: the.aforementioned female.cat DEM IPFV-bear.young LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-day LNK INF-AUTO-lie.down DEM so.much NEG:SENS-have.time.to LNK 3SG.POSS-young PL feed:FACT SENS-be.needed
Translation: A/the female cat (unlike male cats), when it had had kittens, does not have time to sleep during the day, as it has to feed its kittens.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa lɤpɯɣ ɯrɣi ʑo fse .
Glosses: the.aforementioned radish 3SG.POSS-seed EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: It looks like a radish seed.' (hist-26-qro-fourmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁnaʁna tɕʰeme tɯ~tɤtu nɤ , kɤndʑisqʰaj tukɤsɯβzu
Glosses: both girl COND~AOR-exist LNK COLL:sister IPFV-INF-CAUS-make
Translation: If both of them have girls, let them be sisters.' (2003 zrAntCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qacʰɣa kɯ maχtɕɯ tɤtɯta nɯ mɤtɯste ti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: fox ERG I.told.you.so AOR-say[II]-1SG DEM NEG-2-do.like[III]:FACT say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: The fox says: `You do not do as I told you to." (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrɟɤnpanma kɯ ʁlaŋsaŋtɕʰin ɯɕki
Glosses: Padmasambhava ERG Gesar 3SG-DAT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ koŋla ʑo tɤɕime pɯ~pɯmaʁ nɤ
Glosses: DEM really EMPH princess COND~PST.IPFV-not.be LNK
Translation: If she was not really a princess, …' (140519 wandou gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004038#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amu nɯ pɯ~pɯŋu nɤ , qʰlɯ ʁdɯxpakɤrpu ɣɯ ɯme stu kɯxtɕi nɯ amu ɲɯpe ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother DEM COND~PST.IPFV-be LNK nâga p.n GEN 3SG.POSS-daughter most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM 1SG.POSS-mother SENS-be.good
Translation: As for my mother, the youngest daughter of the Nâga Gdugpa dkarpo is good to be my mother.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo pɯ~pɯŋua nɤ , kɤndʑiʁi kɯmŋu tuj ,
Glosses: 1SG COND~PST.IPFV-be-1SG LNK siblings five exist:FACT-1SG
Translation: Concerning me, we are five brothers and sisters.' (hist140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo pɯpɯŋunɤ , ɬɤndʐi ra ɣɯ nɯkɯβʁa , nɯrɟɤlpu tɯŋu
Glosses: 2SG as.for demon PL GEN 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.victorious 3PL.POSS-king 2-be:FACT
Translation: You, you are the king of the demons.' (hist140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯfse pɯpɯŋunɤ , ɕɯŋgɯ sɤxtɕɯ~xtɕi nɯtɕu , χpɯn lɤkɤta ,
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-be.like as.for before GER-be.small DEM:LOC monk AOR:UPSTREAM-OBJ:PCP-put
Translation: For instance me, [I was] sent to become a monk early in my childhood.' (160721 XpWN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006181#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo pɯpɯŋunɤ , nɯnɯ … aʑo ɣɯ andʐa nɯ tuo<nɯ>lɯlata pɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG as.for DEM _ 1SG GEN 1SG.POSS-reason DEM IPFV-<AUTO>fight-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: As for me, I was fighting for my own sake.' (140512 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma ɯŋga ra ŋunɤ , maka wuma ʑo koɴqʰi ma .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-clothes PL as.for at.all really EMPH IFR-be.dirty LNK
Translation: As for his clothes, they had become very dirty.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `razri kɤtɯm ci ɲɯra , taqaβ ci ɲɯra' toti qʰe
Glosses: thread ball INDEF SENS-need needle INDEF SENS-need IFR-say LNK
Translation: He told [Rgyabza] `I need a ball of thread and a needle.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɲɤkʰo qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK IFR-give LNK
Translation: She gave it to him.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯndzɤtsʰi katsɯmnɯ nɯtɕu qʰe tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-meal AOR:3→3-bring-PL DEM:LOC LNK LNK
Translation: When they brought his meal,
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa kɤtɯm nɯ ɯʑo kɯ kondo ,
Glosses: the.aforementioned ball DEM 3SG ERG IFR-take
Translation: he took the ball of thread, and…' (Gesar 270-272)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ zdɯmqe cʰo iɕqʰa , pɣɤrnoʁ nɯni ndʑitsʰɯɣa wuma ʑo naχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: DEM fungi.sp . COMIT the.aforementioned fungi.sp . DEM:DU 3DU.POSS-form really EMPH be:identical:FACT
Translation: The zdɯmqe and the pɣɤrnoʁ are very similar.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [iɕqʰa tɤtɯta] nɯ túwɣstu qʰe ,
Glosses: just.now IFR-say[II]-1SG DEM IPFV-INV-do.like LNK
Translation: One does as I just said, and…' (2002 tWsqar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa [ʑnɯzmɯnmuta] nɯ mɯpjɤpe rcama .
Glosses: the.aforementioned TRAL-AOR-CAUS-move-PST:TR-1SG DEM NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.good FSP
Translation: It was probably not a good thing that I had [gone and] moved them (as I said above).' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre <luban> kɯ iɕqʰa [tɯrpa tʰafse] nɯ tondo tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK ANTHR ERG the.aforementioned axe AOR:3→3-whet DEM IFR-take LNK
Translation: Luban took the axe that he had whetted.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrpa iɕqʰa tʰɯfseta
Glosses: axe just.now AOR-whet-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I just whetted a/the axe.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde kunɯtu ɕi kɯma mɤxsi ma kɯɕɯŋgɯ ʁo pɯtu ,
Glosses: nowadays DUBIT-AUTO-exist QU SFP NEG-GENR:know LNK in.former.times TOP.ADVERS IPFV.PST-exist
Translation: It is not clear whether it is still to be found nowadays, but it did exist in former times.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `atɤɕime , nɤβɟu ɲɯɕara ɕi , aʑo tuozgrɯa' nɯra toti , `ma nɤpi ɣɯ aʑo tɤazgrɯa ɕti' toti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lady 2SG.POSS-mat IPFV-search-1SG QU 1SG IPFV-bow-1SG DEM:PL IFR-say LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 1SG AOR-bow-1SG be.AFF:FACT IFR-say
Translation: He said `My lady, should I look for a cushion for you, or should I bow [for you to sit on my back]', and he said `Because I bowed for your elder sister [to sit].
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `nɤʑo ʁo nɤʑo ma , aβɟu ɲɯtɯɕar kɯɤtsɯtsu me' toti .
Glosses: 2SG TOP.ADVERS 2SG LNK 1SG.POSS-mat IPFV-2-search INF.STAT-have.time not.exist:FACT IFR-say
Translation: Of course [I will sit on] you, there is no time to look for a mat for me.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤɲaʁ kɤti ci tu tɕe , nɯnɯ ʁo lɯski li nɯ pɣa ŋu
Glosses: pheasant OBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM TOP.ADVERS of.course again DEM bird be:FACT
Translation: There is a bird called pɣɤɲaʁ (Pucrasia macrolopha), this one, of course (since its name contains pɣa [bird], §sec:subject.verb.compounds, tab:subj.v.compounds) is also a bird (like those previously discussed).' (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku kɯrga tu , tsuku mɤkɯrga tu . aʑo ndɤre rgaa .
Glosses: some SBJ:PCP-like exist:FACT some NEG-SBJ:PCP-like exist:FACT 1SG TOP.ADVERS like:FACT-1SG
Translation: Some like it, some don't; as far as I am concerned, I like it.' (07-tCGom2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003436#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a apa , nɯ ndɤre wuma ʑo ɴqa , sɤɣʑɯr .
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-father DEM TOP.ADVERS really EMPH be.difficult:FACT be.dangerous:FACT
Translation: Ah father, this [mission on which you send me] is very difficult and dangerous indeed.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr tɯrmɯ tɕe nɤpi tɯlɤt nɯ ɯtaʁ koɴqoʁa ri mɯtɤ́wɣtsɯma tɕe , jɯɣmɯr ndɤre nɤʑo tukɯtsɯma ra ma tɕe kutɕu aʑosti ma maŋea tɕe ,
Glosses: yesterday dusk LNK 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling second.sibling DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-hang-1SG LNK NEG-AOR:UP-INV-take.away-1SG LNK this.evening TOP.ADVERS 2SG IPFV:UP-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK LNK here 1SG-alone apart.from not.exist:SENS-1SG LNK
Translation: Yesterday at dusk I clung onto your second eldest sister but she did not take me away, this evening take me away, I am all alone here.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qawɯz nɯ , (qawɯz nɯ pɯtɯmtot , ɣe ?) qawɯz nɯnɯ , nɤki , kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: Edelweiss DEM Edelweiss DEM AOR-2-see-PST:TR SFP Edelweiss DEM FILLER before LNK
Translation: The edelweiss, (you saw Edelweiss before, right?)… The edelweiss, in former times,' (15-babW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003512#S164"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɯ , mɯŋi zɯ kɯrɤβzjoz ɲɯɕea pɯŋu .
Glosses: 1SG DEM TOPO LOC SBJ:PCP-ANTIPASS-learn IPFV:WEST-go-1SG PST.IPFV-be
Translation: As for me, I was going to school in Mungi.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri kɯki mɯntoʁ kɯki nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ , wuma ʑo kɯʑru , kɯpe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM.PROX flower DEM.PROX DEM as.for really EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.strong SBJ:PCP-be.good
Translation: But concerning this flower, so precious and nice' (150820 meili de meiguihua-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006286#S55"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku kɯ tɕe lɤpɯɣ ra mbɯsɯt cʰɯlɤtnɯ tɕe nɯra ɲɯrkunɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: some ERG LNK radish PL grating IPFV-throw-PL LNK DEM.PL IPFV-put.in-PL SENS-be
Translation: Some people, they grate radish and use it as filling [for the sausage].' (05-paR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003400#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ staʁlupa ŋua tɕe
Glosses: 1SG also born.in.the.tiger.year be:FACT-1SG LNK
Translation: Me too (like you), I am of the Tiger year.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑara ʑo ɯŋgɯz kɯnɤ tunɤndɯtnɯ tɕe nɯ kɯβʁa ɣɤʑu , kɯnŋo ɣɤʑu qʰe ,
Glosses: 3PL EMPH 3SG.POSS-among:LOC also IPFV-fight-PL LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-win SENS:exist SBJ:PCP-lose SENS:exist LNK
Translation: Even among themselves, they fight, and there are winners and losers.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯsŋi mɯntoʁ tɯrdoʁ kɯnɤ ci ci tɕe mɯ́jstʰɯt
Glosses: one-day flower one-piece also one one LNK NEG:SENS-finish
Translation: Sometimes one cannot finish even one pattern (on the belt) in one day.' (2011-06-thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ akɤsɯso nɯ tɤstunɯ ra
Glosses: 1SG also 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-think DEM IMP-do.like-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: (I will do as you say, but) do also the things that I want.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: apɯŋu tɕe , aʑo kɯnɤ taʁrdo rɟitpa apɯŋua , χpɤltɕin kɯnɤ taʁrdo rɟitpa apɯŋu , … nɯ tɕirɟit nɯni tɕe taʁrdo rɟitpa ma nɯ ma kɯmaʁ rɟitpa nɯ kɤrtsi me .
Glosses: IRR-IPFV-be LNK 1SG also TOPO lineage IRR-IPFV-be-1SG ANTHR also TOPO lineage IRR-IPFV-be _ DEM 1DU.POSS-offspring DEM:DU LNK TOPO lineage LNK DEM apart other lineage DEM OBJ:PCP-count not.exist:FACT
Translation: For instance suppose that both Dpalcan and I were from Taqrdo lineage, then our two children would only count as members of the Taqrdo lineage and no other lineage.' (140426 rJitpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma nɯχpɯm kɯnɤ kʰro mɤkɯfkaβ kɯfse kurɤʑinɯ
Glosses: LNK 3PL.POSS-knee also much NEG-SBJ:PCP-cover SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-stay-PL
Translation: [Gentlemen] would [wear trousers that did] not cover much even their knees.' (30-rkAsnom)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯru nɯra laʁdɯn ɯjɯ kɯnɤ mɤsna , ma mɤngɯt .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-trunk DEM:PL tool 3SG.POSS-handle also NEG-be.worth LNK NEG-be.strong:FACT
Translation: [The wood from] its trunk is not even good [enough to be used to make] tool handles, as it is not strong.' (17-xCAj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ kɯnɤ ampʰrɯmɯ apɯtɯsɯre ɯtɯ́cʰa
Glosses: 1SG:GEN also 1SG.POSS-divination IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-look[III] QU-2-can:FACT
Translation: Can you ask [the monk] to make a divination for me too?' (The divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯpi ɣɯ ɯnmaʁ ra nɯɕki kɯnɤ `api' tukɯti ɕti ma nɯ ma kupa kɯfse ʑaka ɯrmi me .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 3SG.POSS-husband PL 3PL.POSS-DAT also 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM apart.from Chinese SBJ:PCP-be.like each 3SG.POSS-name not.exist:FACT
Translation: One calls one's sister's husband [and others from his family] `my elder brother', there are no other special terms as in Chinese.' (140425 kWmdza05) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003789"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kutɕu kɯnɤ nɯ ɲɯfse , jɯfɕɯndʐi ra kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi tɤɣɤndʐo kɯfse ri , ɕɤxɕo tɕe kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ɲɯʑi kɯfse
Glosses: here also DEM SENS-be.like a.few.days.ago PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small AOR-be.cold SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK the.last.days LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SENS-subside SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: It is like that here too, a few days ago the weather became a little cold, but the last days it has eased a bit.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maldzɯ nɯ , nɯ ɯtʰɤcu tsa ri kɯnɤ ɣɤʑu . qarɣɤpɤt ɯrca ri kɯnɤ tuɬoʁ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: plant.name DEM DEM 3SG.POSS-downstream a.little LOC also exist:SENS plant.name 3SG.POSS-among LOC also IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: The maldzɯ plant, it is also found in places of slightly lower altitude, but grows also in the same places as qarɣɤpɤt plants.' (18-qromJoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kukutɕu ftɕɤχcɤl kɯnɤ <baonuanyi> tutɯŋge pɯɕti .
Glosses: here mid.summer also warm.clothes IPFV-2-wear[III] PST.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: Here you were wearing warm clothes even in mid summer.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯtɕu kɯnɤ ɯjaʁ ɯntsi tɤɲi pjɯsɤtse , ɯjaʁ ɯntsi kɯ tsʰitsuku ɲɯznɤme qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC also 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair staff IPFV-plant[III] 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair ERG whatever IPFV-CAUS-do[III] LNK
Translation: Even like that [despite the pain in her legs], she supports herself with a staff in one hand, (and does all kinds of things with her other hand)' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpɯ nɯra li juɣinɯ qʰe , nɯra kɯnɤ ɣɯtundzanɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-young DEM:PL again IPFV-come-PL LNK DEM:PL also CISL-IPFV-eat-PL
Translation: Its cubs also come and they too eat it.' (20-sWNgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003562#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯzda ra kɯnɤ nɯrʑaβ tɯka nanɯɕarnɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion PL also 3SG.POSS-wife each AOR:3→3-AUTO-search SENS-be
Translation: His companions also took each a wife for himself (among the women of the island).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɴqiaβ tɕi tuɬoʁ cʰa , zrɯ tɕi tuɬoʁ cʰa ,
Glosses: dark.side.of.the.mountain also IPFV-come.out can:FACT sunny.side.of.the.mountain also IPFV-come.out can:FACT
Translation: It can grow in both the dark and the sunny sides of the mountains.' (17-thowum)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa ɯŋgɯ tɕi ɣɤʑu , sɤtɕʰa ɯtaʁ tɕi ʑo ɣɤʑu
Glosses: ground 3SG.POSS-inside also exist:SENS ground 3SG.POSS-inside also EMPH exist:SENS
Translation: It is found both inside the ground, and on the ground.' (25-GdAso)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pʰaʁrgot nɯnɯ ɯʑo ri pjɤrʑi , ɯʑo ri pjɤtsʰu tɕe
Glosses: boar DEM 3SG also IFR.IPFV-be.heavy 3SG also IFR.IPFV-be.fat LNK
Translation: The boar, it was heavy and fat.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ ɯlɯz ri pjɤxtɕi , ɯʑo ri pjɤmpɕɤr ,
Glosses: girl DEM 3SG.POSS-age also IFR.IPFV-be.small 3SG also IFR.IPFV-be.beautiful
Translation: The girl was young and beautiful.' (150909 hua pi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <yancong> kukɯrɤloʁ tɕe ɯtaʁ tɯci ri mɯ́jɣi lɯlu kɯ ri mɯɲɯ́wɣɕaβ qapri tuɕe ri mɯ́jcʰa tɕe
Glosses: chimney IPFV-GENR:S/O-make.a.nest LNK 3SG.POSS-on INDEF.POSS-water also NEG:SENS-come cat ERG also NEG-IPFV-INV-catch snake IPFV:UP-go also NEG:SENS-can LNK
Translation: [The sparrows] make their nest in the chimney, [because] water cannot come up there, the cats cannot catch them, and the snakes cannot go up there.' (22-kumpGatCW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χcʰa ri ci , ɯʁe ri ci ɯjme cʰɯɬoʁ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: right LOC one 3SG.POSS-left LOC one 3SG.POSS-tail IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come.out SENS-be
Translation: It has one tail on the right, and one on the left.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯra ʁo alala ri ɯʑo sɤz kɯxtɕi pɣa nɯra kɯnɤ kundɤm qʰe tundze
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL ADVERS not.only LNK 3SG COMP SBJ:PCP-be.small bird DEM:PL also IPFV-take[III] LNK IPFV-eat[III]
Translation: Apart from those, [the eagle] also catches birds that are smaller than itself and eats them.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɤpʰaʁ mɤra ma , ɯkɤskraβ cinɤ ʑo mɯjasɯɤzɣɯt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head-half not.only LNK 3SG.POSS-head-fine.hair not.even.one EMPH NEG-AOR:3SG→3-CAUS-arrive SENS-be
Translation: [This time, the horse] did not even bring back one fine hair from the [evil woman's] head, let alone half her head.' (Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku kɯ qʰe tɯrdoʁ cinɤ mɤkɯmto tu .
Glosses: some ERG LNK one-piece even NEG-SBJ:PCP-see exist:FACT
Translation: There are some people who [cannot] even find a single one.' (20-grWBgrWB)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma tɕe jinde nɯ zrɯɣ kɤmto cinɤ maŋe .
Glosses: LNK LNK nowadays DEM louse OBJ:PCP-see even not.exist:SENS
Translation: Nowadays there isn't even a single louse to be seen/one cannot even see a single louse.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrŋa ɯkɯru cinɤ ʑo pjɤme
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-face 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-look even EMPH IPFV.IFR-not.exist
Translation: Not even one [of the thieves] looked at it.' (`The thieves did not even so much as looked at it.') (140426 luozi he qiangdao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯɲɯkɯɣɤrkɯn nɯ ɲɯdɤn ma lukɯpɣaʁ nɯ tɯrdoʁ cinɤ ʑo maŋe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-CAUS-be.few DEM SENS-be.many LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-plough DEM one-piece even EMPH not.exist:SENS
Translation: A lot of people diminish their fields, and not a single of them opens new fields.' (150903 friche)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɤrʑaʁ ma mɯpɯtsua ɲɤsɯso ri χsɯxpa pjɤtsu tɕe ,
Glosses: three-day apart.from NEG-AOR-pass-1SG IFR-think LNK three-year IFR-pass LNK
Translation: He thought that he had spent only three days, but three years had passed.' (2011-4-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rkoŋɟɤl nɯnɯ , ɯmi ɯntsi nɯ ma me kʰi .
Glosses: one.legged.demon DEM 3SG.POSS-leg 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM apart.from not.exist:FACT HEARSAY
Translation: It is said that one-legged demons only had one leg.' (140510 rkoNJAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯtɕu mɤɕtʂa mtsʰalu pjɤme qʰe
Glosses: DEM:LOC until nettle IFR.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: It was only there that there was nettle.' = `There was no nettle until there.' (140520 ye tian'e-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmat nɯnɯ nalɤt ɕimɯma nɤ kɯndɯ~ndɯβ ʑo ma me , karɣi ʑo kɯfse ma me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM AOR:3→3-throw just LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~small EMPH apart.from not.exist:FACT turnip.seed EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like apart.from not.exist:FACT
Translation: When the fruit of [xanthoxyllum] has just come out, there is only something very small, only like a turnip seed.' (07-tCGom) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003434#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mu ma , stɯsti ma kɯme kɯnɤ cʰɯrɤŋgɯm ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: female apart.from alone apart.from SBJ:PCP-not.exist also IPFV-lay.eggs SENS-be.AFF
Translation: Even only a female [hen] alone does lay eggs.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alo mbroχpa ra tɕe tɕe nɤki qra cʰo qambrɯ ra ɣɯ nɯɣli nɯnɯ tɕe nɯ tuwumnɯ , tusɯɣromnɯ mbroχpa sɤtɕʰa tɕe stɤmku ʁɟa ɲɯɕti ma si maŋe tɕe tɕe
Glosses: upstream nomad PL LNK LNK FILLER female.yak COMIT male.yak PL GEN 3PL.POSS-dung DEM LNK DEM IPFV-gather-PL IPFV-CAUS-be.dry-PL nomad place LNK grassland completely SENS-be.AFF LNK tree not.exist:SENS LNK LNK
Translation: Upstream, in the nomad areas, they gather and dry yak dung, as in nomad places there is only grassland, there are no trees.' (05-tamar) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003406#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯ ʁɟa tunɯndze , ma nɯ ma tɤrɤku kɯfse ra ndze mɤŋgrɤl .
Glosses: bug completely IPFV-AUTO-eat[III] LNK DEM apart.from INDEF.POSS-harvest SBJ:PCP-be.like PL eat[III]:FACT NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It only eats insects, it does not eat cultivated plants.' (140511 qamtsWrmdzu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤlu cʰo tɯkrimgo ʁɟa kɯ] cʰɯzɣɤwxtinɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk COMIT doughnut completely ERG IPFV-CAUS-CAUS-be.big-PL
Translation: They [used to] raise up [the babies] by feeding them milk and doughnuts only.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrdoʁ nɯme tɕe , [ɯru ʁɟa nɯ], pɯkɤtɤβ nɯnɯ , taʁndzɤr ɯŋgɯ túwɣrku tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-grain AOR-not.exist LNK 3SG.POSS-stalk completely DEM AOR-OBJ:PCP-thresh DEM feeding.emmer 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV-INV-put.in LNK
Translation: When all the grains have been removed, the bare stalks, the one that have been threshed, one puts them in a feeding emmer.' (140513 tWrtsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χtɕɤnzɤn ʁɟɯ~ʁɟa kɯ ʑo pɯ́wɣnɤjo ɕti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: beast EMPH~completely ERG EMPH PST.IPFV-INV-wait be.AFF:FACT SENS-be
Translation: It was all wild beasts waiting for him [there].' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: srɤz nɯ kɯ tɕʰoz ɯjlu ʑo pjɯnɯjɤntɤn pɯɕti ma jɯm nɯ mɯpjɤɕar ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: prince DEM ERG religion 3SG.POSS-exclusively EMPH IPFV-be.assiduous.in PST.IPFV-be.AFF LNK wife DEM NEG-IFR.IPFV-look.for SENS-be
Translation: The prince was focused exclusively in the study of religion, and was not looking for a wife.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrmi kɯnaχtɕɯɣ pjɤdɤn wo kɤmɲɯ , nɤki kɯrɯ ra tɕe .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-name SBJ:PCP-be.the.same IFR.IPFV-be.many SFP TOPO FILLER Tibetan PL LNK
Translation: There were many people who had identical names, in Kamnyu, among the Tibetans.' (140522 tshupa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004053#S155"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯzda nɯ ma kɯmaʁ tɯrme apɯme tɕe , kʰa ra aʁɤndɯndɤt ɲɯɤ<nɯ>ɣro ɲɯŋu ɲɯti .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-companion DEM apart.from other person IRR-IPFV-not.exist LNK house PL everywhere IPFV-<AUTO>play SENS-be SENS-say
Translation: [Our neighbour] says that if there are no other persons apart from family members, [the monkey] would play everywhere in the house.' (19-GzW2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <alan> kɯ a<dianhua> kɯmaʁ taχtɯ
Glosses: ANTHR ERG 1SG.POSS-phone other AOR:3→3-buy
Translation: Alan bought me a new phone.' (conversation, 17-03-27)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁi kɯ kʰa kɯmaʁ tanɯsɯβzu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling ERG house other AOR:3→3-AUTO-CAUS-make
Translation: My brother made himself a new house.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤʑɯ [tɕʰirtsɤm kɯmaʁ] nɯnɯ tɕe , túwɣχtɕi ma nɯ ma kɤsqa (mɤra)
Glosses: yet type.of.tsampa SBJ:PCP-not.be DEM LNK IPFV-INV-wash LNK DEM apart.from INF-boil NEG-be.needed:FACT
Translation: The tsampa that is not `chu.rtsam', one needs to wash it, but not to boil it.' (2002 tWsqar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯrkɯ wuma ʑo stʰɯci kɯmaʁ] nɯtɕu tɤri ci kúwɣlɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-side really EMPH so.much SBJ:PCP-not.be DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-thread once IPFV-INV-throw
Translation: One sews a thread at a place which is not too much on the border [of the patch]'. (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri qʰe ci rɯdaʁ nɯ dɯxpa ma nɯkɤndza ɯspa ɲɯɕti qʰe , qʰe pjɯndʐaβ qʰe mɯɲɯcʰa qʰe ,
Glosses: progressively LNK other.one animal DEM poor LNK 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat 3SG.POSS-material SENS-be.AFF LNK LNK IPFV-ANTICAUS:make.fall LNK NEG-IPFV-can LNK
Translation: The other animal, poor him, it is their prey, progressively it falls down and cannot stand it anymore.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤki , tɕʰeme nɯ ɯɕki ɯkɯsɤja joɕe , ci tɕʰeme kɯŋɤn nɯ ɯɕki .
Glosses: FILLER women DEM 3SG-DAT 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-give.back IFR-go other.one woman SBJ:PCP-be.evil DEM 3SG-DAT
Translation: She went to give it back to the woman, the other one, the evil woman.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕelo prɤmzi rgɤtpu ɣɯ ɯɣe staʁlu ci ɣɤʑu tɕe ,
Glosses: upstream ANTHR old.man GEN 3SG.POSS-grandchild tiger-year INDEF exist:SENS LNK
Translation: Up there, the old Bramze has a grandchild who is born in the year of the tiger.' (2003nyima2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁe ajaʁ tuntɕʰoza ŋu
Glosses: left 1SG.POSS-hand IPFV-use-1SG be:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯjaʁ χcʰa nɯ kɯ , taqaβ cʰo tɤri nɯ túwɣndo , tɯjaʁ ʁe nɯ kɯ kɤɕpʰɤt ɯspa nɯ pjɯ́wɣsɯstʰoʁ ŋu
Glosses: GENR.POSS-hand right DEM ERG needle COMIT INDEF.POSS-thread DEM IPFV-INV-take GENR.POSS-hand left DEM ERG INF-patch 3SG.POSS-material DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-press be:FACT
Translation: One takes the needle and the thread with one's right hand, and one presses the [cloth] to be patched with the left hand.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɬɤndʐi wuma nɯ nɤʑo ɲɯtɯŋu ma aʑo ɬɤndʐi ɲɯmaʁa
Glosses: demon real DEM 2SG SENS-2-be LNK 1SG demon SENS-not.be-1SG
Translation: You are the real demon, not me.' (2002 lhandzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯqa nɯ qarŋe , tɤtsoʁ wuma nɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-root DEM be.yellow:FACT silverweed real DEM
Translation: Its root is yellow, the real silverweed.' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ tʂu nɯ ɕaŋtaʁ nɯnɯ tɕetu , (...) rɯŋgu mɯtutɯɣ mɤɕtʂa , nɯnɯ tɯji tʰamtɕɤt ʑo nɯrmi nɯ tɯtɯrca nɯrmi nɯ tɯmŋu rmi . tɕeri tɯmŋu nɯnɯ , nɯrmi nɯtɤngɯt kɯfse ŋu .
Glosses: DEM road DEM up.from up.there DEM _ pasture NEG-IPFV:UP-touch until dem indef.poss-field all EMPH 3PL.POSS-name DEM together 3PL.POSS-name DEM TOPO be.called:FACT LNK TOPO DEM 3PL.POSS-name 3PL.POSS-in.common SBJ:PCP-be.like be:FACT
Translation: Up from that path until the pasture, all the fields in there put together, their collective name is tɯmŋu.' (150903 tWmNu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɤɕime , nɤʑo rŋɯl rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tɯɕe ɕi , χsɤr rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tɯɕe ɕi , ɕom rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tɯnɯɕe ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lady 2SG silver stair 3SG.POSS-on 2-go:FACT QU gold stair 3SG.POSS-on 2-go:FACT QU wood stair 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT
Translation: My lady, will you go on the silver stairs, the golden stairs or the wooden stairs?' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[[smɤt tɯmda] rɟɤlpu nɯra ɣɯ] nɯsakaβ] tʂu nɯtɕu ɕkɤrɤʑi ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: TOPO TOPO king DEM.PL GEN 3PL.POSS-well path DEM.LOC TRAL-AOR-stay SENS-be
Translation: He went (there) and stayed on the way to the well of the king of Smad.mda.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aχsɤr kɯmtɕʰɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-gold toy
Language: Japhug
Transcription: koŋla tɯrme ci , kɯpɯ~pe tɕʰeme ci , nɤɕɣa kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi kɯmpɕɯ~mpɕɤr anɯtɯaβzu smɯlɤm
Glosses: really person INDEF SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.good girl INDEF 2SG.POSS-age SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful IRR-PFV-2-become prayer
Translation: May you become a real human, a nice, young and beautiful girl.' (said to a râkshasî) (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrʑaβ βdaʁmu nɯ [wuma ʑo tɕʰeme kɯpe] ci pjɤŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife lady DEM really EMPH woman SBJ:PCP-be.good INDEF IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: His wife, the queen, was a very nice woman.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɤrɯβzaŋ nɯ kɯ , nɤki , [stu kɯmna tɕʰeme] nɯ ɲɤnɯɕar ɲɯŋu
Glosses: king ANTHR DEM ERG filler most SBJ:PCP-be.better woman DEM IFR-AUTO-search SENS-be
Translation: King Norbzang chose for himself the woman leader.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βʑar ndɤre ŋɤn ma [ɯʑo sɤznɤ pɣa kɯxtɕi] nɯra ʁɟa ʑo tundze ɲɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: buzzard LNK be.evil:FACT LNK 3SG COMP bird SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL completely EMPH IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be LNK
Translation: The buzzard is fierce, its eats all the birds that are smaller than itself.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [qajɯ ci kɯɤrŋi] ci ŋu .
Glosses: LNK bug INDEF SBJ:PCP-be.green INDEF be:FACT
Translation: It is a green/black bug.' (26-zrWGndza)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯrlaʁ kʰa
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-disappear house
Translation: An abandonned house.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [χpɤltɕin cʰo alan] kɯ kondondʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: n.p . COMIT n.p . ERG IFR-take-DU LNK
Translation: Dpalcan and Alan caught [one].' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [qandʑɣi cʰo qaliaʁ] ra kɯ cʰɯnɯtsɯmnɯ tundzanɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: falcon COMIT eagle PL ERG IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-take.away-PL IPFV-eat-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: Falcons and eagles take [the moles] and eat them.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ cʰo torɯstɯnmɯndʑi .
Glosses: [DEM COMIT] IFR-marry-DU
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro , jla , nɯŋa , mbala , tsʰɤt , qaʑo , paʁ , nɯra nɯtɕu ʁɟa zɲɯ́wɣlɤɣ pɯŋu .
Glosses: horse hybrid.yak cow bull goat sheep pig DEM:PL DEM:LOC completely TRAL-IPFV-INV-graze PST.IPFV-be
Translation: People used to graze their horses, hybrid yaks, cows, bulls, goats, sheep and pigs.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɤmu nɯ kɯ qala kɯfse , ca kɯfse , nɯnɯ rɯdaʁ kɯxɕti nɯra pjɯsat .
Glosses: DEM INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG rabbit SBJ:PCP-be.like deer SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM animal SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL IPFV-kill
Translation: The mother kills small animals like rabbits or deer.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qʰe tsʰɤt qaʑo ra ɣɯ nɯndza nɯra ɲɯsna .
Glosses: LNK goat sheep PL GEN 3PL.POSS-food DEM:PL SENS-be.good
Translation: It is good as fodder for goats and sheep.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ amu awa ni ɣɯ ŋu
Glosses: DEM 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-father DU GEN be:FACT
Translation: This is for my parents.' (meimei de gushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɯfse apa ama ni kɯ ɲɯtindʑi tɕe
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like 1SG.POSS-father 1SG.POSS-mother DU ERG SENS-say-DU LNK
Translation: My parents say this.' (2003nyima2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ tɕʰeme tɯsɤɤmdzɯ ʑaka tu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son girl GENR.POSS-OBL:PCP-sit each EXIST:FACT
Translation: Gentlemen and ladies each have [different] seating places.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrɟit nɯ li iɕqʰa rgɤtpu rgɤnmɯ ni kɯ pjɤmtondʑi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-offspring DEM again the.aforementioned old.man old.woman DU ERG IFR-see-DU
Translation: That child, the old man and the old woman saw him.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu rcanɯ maka tɤre tɤɟaʁ pjɤsaχaʁ
Glosses: DEM:LOC UNEXP:DEG completely INDEF.POSS-laugh INDEF.POSS-laugh IFR.IPFV-be.extremely
Translation: There, [the râkshasî] were chatting and laughing a lot.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʑo arɟit nɯ kɯ awɤmɯ ɯrɟit nɯ tɕe “arpɯ" nɯmaʁnɤ “aɬaʁ" tuti kɯra .
Glosses: LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-child DEM ERG 1SG.POSS-brother 3SG.POSS-child DEM LOC 1SG.POSS-MB otherwise 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-say SBJ:PCP-be.needed
Translation: Then my son has to say `my uncle' or `my aunt' to my brother's son.' (140425 kWmdza04) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003788"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤŋgɤr lúwɣlɤt , nɯmaʁnɤ tɤŋkɯ lúwɣlɤt , nɯmaʁnɤ ɕɤrɯ lúwɣlɤt ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-fat IPFV-INV-release otherwise INDEF.POSS-pig.skin IPFV-INV-release otherwise bone IPFV-INV-release
Translation: One puts pig fat, pig skin or bones in it.' (140428 mtshalu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003878#S18"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ mboʁ maʁ tɯwɯr nɯ tʰɯ́wɣnɤqʰɤŋga tɕe χcʰoʁe nɯ ɯjŋoʁ nɯ kɯ kúwɣsɯndo .
Glosses: DEM square.cloth otherwise raincoat DEM IPFV-INV-put.on LNK right.and.left DEM 3SG.POSS-hook DEM ERG IPFV-INV-CAUS-take
Translation: When one puts on a square cloth or a raincoat (to protect oneself from the rain), one attaches it with the hooks on the left and on the right.' (140429 NoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtɯpʰu ŋu ɕi ʁnɯtɯpʰu ŋu mɤxsi .
Glosses: one-species be:FACT QU two-species be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: I dont know if it is one or two species.' (23-RmWrcWftsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003610#S43"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɯŋgɯ zɯ , [tɯrme wuma ʑo kɯwxti ʁnɯz] tundʑi tɕe
Glosses: forest LOC people really EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.big two exist:FACT-DU LNK
Translation: In the forest, there are two giants.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣɟɯ ci kɯmbɯ~mbro ʑo pjɤtu ɲɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: watchtower INDEF SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.high EMPH IFR.IPFV-exist SENS-be LNK
Translation: There was a very big tower.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rŋɯl qʰoʁqʰoʁ χsɯm nɯ ɲɤnɯɬoʁ .
Glosses: silver ingot three DEM IFR-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The three silver ingots had come out.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu ɯtɕɯ nɯ kɯ , iɕqʰa ci rɟɤlpu nɯnɯ , <xila> rɟɤlpu nɯ ɯɕki ,
Glosses: king 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG the.aforementioned other.one king DEM TOPO king DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT
Translation: The king's son [told] the other king, the king of Greece.' (140518 huifei de muma-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯzda ra sɤz kɯmbro kɯfse
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion PL COMP SBJ:PCP-be.tall SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: Taller or higher than the others.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zjaŋ ʑo tɤndzur
Glosses: IDPH(I):tall EMPH AOR-stand
Translation: He stood up suddenly, and [appeared to be] very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe zjaŋzjaŋ ʑo kɯpa tormbɯnɯ
Glosses: LNK IDPH(II):tall EMPH INF:STAT-AUX IFR-pile.up-PL
Translation: [The villagers] had piled [the hay] up very high.' (150902 liaozhai lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯβri nɯra kúwɣrtoʁ qʰe ɲɯɤcilaj ʑo qʰe , nɤkinɯ , ʁɟɯʁɟri ʑo ɲɯpa .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body DEM:PL IPFV-INV-look LNK SENS-be.wet EMPH LNK FILLER IDHP:II:fat.soft.wet EMPH SENS-AUX
Translation: The body [of the gecko] looks wet, it is wet and soft.' (28-tshAwAre) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003722#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro ɯtaʁ toɕe tɕe zjaŋnɤzjaŋ jɤarindʑi
Glosses: horse 3SG-on IFR:UP-go LNK IDPH(III):tall AOR-go[II]-DU
Translation: He mounted the horse, and they went there, very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `wo amu mapɯtɯʑɣɤsat tɕe aʑo pjɯnɯɣia ŋu' toti . pɣɤlpɣɤlnɤpɣɤlpɣɤl pjɤnɯɣi .
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-mother NEG-IMP-2-REFL-kill LNK 1SG IPFV:DOWN-VERT-come-1SG be:FACT IFR-say IDPH(III):with.big.strides IFR:DOWN-AUTO-come
Translation: She said “Mother, don't commit suicide, I am coming back” and came back running in big strides.' (2003 kAndZWsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zjaŋnɤlaŋ ɲɯŋke
Glosses: IDPH(IV):tall SENS-go
Translation: He is walking unsteadily, very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pʰɯzjaŋ ʑo tɤndzur
Glosses: IDPH(V):tall EMPH AOR-stand
Translation: He stood up suddenly, and [appeared to be] very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ pʰɯqʰloŋ ʑo pjɤɣɤrɤt
Glosses: DEM IDPH(V):splashing EMPH IFR-throw
Translation: He threw [the bag into the water], making a sudden splashing noise.' (150824 kelaosi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006276#S146"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɣe mɤlɤzjaŋ ʑo tʰɯaβzu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandson IDPH(VI):tall EMPH AOR-become
Translation: My grandson has become very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zjaŋɯŋi ʑo jɤari
Glosses: IDPH(VII):tall EMPH AOR-go[II]
Translation: He went away slowly, looking taller than rest.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zjɯŋɯzjaŋi ɲɯxcat
Glosses: IDPH(VIII):tall SENS-be.many
Translation: There are many [people], some taller and some shorter.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku kɯmbro tsuku kɯmbɤr kɯfse
Glosses: some SBJ:PCP-be.tall some SBJ:PCP-be.short SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: Some tall and some short.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯŋgɯ ri ɕtundze tɕe kurɤʑi ɲɯɕti tɕe , (...) nɯnɯtɕu aʁɤndɯndɤt ʂχɯwɯʂχawi ɲɯsɯspoʁ tɕe
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-in LOC TRAL-IPFV-eat[III] LNK IPFV-stay SENS-be.AFF:FACT LNK _ DEM:LOC everywhere IDPH(VIII):with.holes IPFV-CAUS-have.a.hole LNK
Translation: [The species of ants called cɤmi qro] goes into wood and eats it, and stays in there, (…) and makes holes everywhere in it.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro tanɯmbrɤpɯ tɕe zjaŋinɤzjaŋi ʑo jɤɕqʰlɤt
Glosses: horse AOR:3→3-ride LNK IDPH(IX):tall EMPH AOR-disappear
Translation: He mounted the horse and disappeared quickly (in the horizon), very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tumbri nɯra cutcutcut ʑo tuti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: IPFV-call DEM:PL IDPH(X):cry EMPH IPFV-say SENS-be
Translation: When it calls it makes `cut cut cut'.' (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯkɯsɤŋo tɕe , nɯ nɯɬoʁ tɕe , zɯrzɯrzɯr tuti qʰe tɕendɤre tɤndɤr ɲɯɬoʁ ɕti .
Glosses: IPFV-GENR:S/O-listen LNK DEM AOR-come.out LNK IDPH(X):itchy.feeling IPFV-say LNK LNK pimple IPFV-come.out be:AFF:FACT
Translation: When it appears, one has an itchy feeling, and a pimple appears.' (25-khArWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003644#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕi qaj nɯ tɤtɤɣ ɯŋgɯ rɕɯβrɕɯβrɕɯβrɕɯβ ʑo pjɯlɤt nɯ , ɯzgra nɯ pjɤsɤmtsʰɤm .
Glosses: barley wheat DEM cupboard 3SG.POSS-in IDPH(X):rustling EMPH IPFV-release DEM 3SG.POSS-noise DEM IFR.IPFV-pro-hear
Translation: (In the night), one could hear the rustling noise of the [one-legged demon]_i pouring barley and wheat grains into the cupboard (of the woman with whom he_i was having a relationship). (140510 rkoNJAl) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003943#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kúwɣrtoʁ tɯmɲaʁ kɯ ɯmɤlɤjaʁ ra mɯ́jsaχsɤl ʑo ri , “ʑeʑeʑeʑeʑeʑe" ʑo tuti juɕe qʰe , ɯtɯmbjom sɤre ʑo
Glosses: IPFV-INV-look GENR.POSS-eye ERG 3SG.POSS-limb PL NEG:SENS-be.clear EMPH LNK IDPH(II):sound EMPH IPFV-say IPFV-go LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.quick be.ridiculous:FACT EMPH
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤlɤjaʁ kɯra nɤ kɯra tuste qʰe tɕe , iɕqʰa staχpɯrɟɤskʰi ɣɯ ɯjwaʁ nɯ xɯrinɤxɯri ʑo tusɯmtɕɯr .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-limb DEM.PROX:PL ADD DEM.PROX:PL IPFV-do.like[III] LNK LNK the.aforementioned plant.name GEN 3SG.POSS-leave DEM IDPH(IX):round EMPH IPFV-CAUS-turn
Translation: [There is a species of insect which] does this with its legs repeatedly, and rotates the leaves of the staχpɯrɟɤskʰi very quickly.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro kɯ … tɕʰeme nɯ bɤβ ʑo pjɤβde qʰe
Glosses: horse ERG _ girl DEM IDPH(I):heavy.object.falling EMPH IFR:DOWN-throw LNK
Translation: The horse (…) and threw the girl down, making `bom' (on the ground).' (2003 kAndZWsqhaj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li mbalɤpɯ nɯ ɣɯ ɯqom ra rɯβnɤrɯβ ʑo ɲɤɬoʁ ɕti qʰe
Glosses: again bull-DIM DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-tear PL IDPH(III):dripping.continuously EMPH IFR-come.out be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: The tears of the calf flowed, dripping without stop.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɤnɯzdɯɣ ɲɯdɤn tɕe , ɯsɯm rɯwɯrawi ɲɯxtsu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-be.worried.about SENS-be.many LNK 3SG.POSS-mind IDPH(VIII):confused IPFV-ferment
Translation: He is worried about many things, and he feels upset and confused.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri nɯnɯ ɯrme nɯ dzoŋdzoŋ ɲɯpa
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-hair DEM IDPH(II):bristling.hair SENS-AUX
Translation: The hair [on the squirrel's tail] is bristling.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tuŋkea tɕe ami dzoŋnɤdzoŋ ʑo ɲɯti ma cʰɤndʑɯrpɯt
Glosses: IPFV:UP-walk-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-foot IDPH(III):feel.itchy EMPH SENS-say because IFR-be.numb
Translation: My foot feels itchy as I walk, because it was numb.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: xɕelwi rcanɯ , tɯse nɯ kutsʰi nɤ kutsʰi , (...) ɯxtu nɯ xtʂóŋ .xtʂoŋ ʑo ɲɯpa ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: tick UNEXP:DEG GENR.POSS-blood DEM IPFV-drink ADD IPFV-drink (...) 3SG.POSS-belly DEM IDPH(II):bloated EMPH IPFV-AUX SENS-be
Translation: The tick drinks one's blood again and again, (…) so that its belly become bloated.' (25-xCelwi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003664#S42"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ma nɯnɯ tufka xtʂoŋxtʂoŋ ʑo ŋu .
Glosses: LNK LNK DEM IPFV-be.full IDPH(II):bloated EMPH be:FULL
Translation: [The tick] is full [from having drunk blood] and bloated.' (25-xCelwi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯχpɯm dzoʁ ʑo pjɤtsʰoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-knee IDPH(I):kneeling EMPH IFR-attach
Translation: [The demon] immediately knelt down.' (140513 abide he mogui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003975#S45"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯχpɯm dzɯr ʑo tanɯtsʰoʁ ndɤre , tɤlu panɯtɕɤt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-knee IDPH(I):kneeling EMPH AOR:3'→3-AUTO-attach LNK INDEF.POSS-milk AOR:3'→3-AUTO-take.out SENS-be
Translation: She immediately knelt down and milked [the cow].' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤpɤtso ra dɯxpanɯ matɕi tɕendɤre , zgoʁnɤzgoʁ ʑo nɯχpɯm tatsʰoʁnɯ tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child PL poor-PL because LNK IDPH(II):kneeling EMPH 3PL.POSS-knee AOR:3'→3-attach-PL LNK
Translation: The poor children, they knelt [before the ogre] one after the other.' (160704 poucet4-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpʰoŋbu nɯ rcanɯ ʁɲɟlíʁɲɟli ʑo ɲɯpa .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body DEM UNEXP:DEG IDPH(II):huge EMPH SENS-AUX
Translation: Its body, it is enormous.' (20-sWNgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003562#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo grɯβgrɯβ ɯftsa nɯ tɤkɯqawɤr ma nɯ ma χploʁχploʁ kɯpa mɯpɯmtota
Glosses: 1SG matsutake 3SG.POSS-nephew DEM AOR-SBJ:PCP-open.cap apart.from DEM apart.from IDPH(II):small.and.spherical SBJ:PCP-AUX NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: (The mushroom called) `the matsutake's nephew', I have seen ones with opened caps, but never seen one in ball shape (before the cap opens).' (23-grWBgrWBftsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯru nɯra nɯrom tɕe rʁɤβrʁɤβ tupa ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM:PL AOR-dry LNK IDPH(II):rough IPFV-AUX SENS-be
Translation: Once it has dried, its stalk becomes very rough.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri qʰe li tɤse nɯ tombat qʰe , li tɤrmbɣo nɯ dɯrnɤdɯr pjɤpa
Glosses: progressively LNK again INDEF.POSS-blood DEM IFR-diminish LNK again drum DEM IDPH(III):drumming.far.away IFR.IPFV-AUX
Translation: Progressively, the blood [in the lake] started to recede, and there was again a drumming sound far away.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕkɤrnɤlɤr ʑo kɯpa nɯ jonɯɣi
Glosses: IDPH(IV):limping EMPH SBJ:PCP-AUX DEM IFR-VERT-come
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtʰoʁ tɕu zɟɯɣ ʑo ti ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground LOC IDPH(II):heavy.object.falling EMPH say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: [The stone] made a loud noise [as it fell] on the ground.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰɯtɯt ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɕe túwɣndza tɕe , tɕʁɯznɤtɕʁɯz tuti ɲɯŋu tʰɯtɯt ɯqʰu tɕe tɕe tɤ́wɣndza tɕe , zwaʁnɤzwaʁ tuti ɲɯŋu tɕe , nɯ ɲɯmɯm .
Glosses: IPFV-be.ripe before LNK LNK IPFV-INV-eat LNK IDPH(III):crunchy.sound IPFV-say SENS-be:FACT AOR-be.ripe 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK AOR-INV-eat LNK IDPH(III):not.crunchy IPFV-say SENS-be LNK DEM SENS-be.tasty
Translation: If one eats [an apple]_i before it_i is ripe, it makes a crunchy sound, when it is ripe, it makes a soft (i.e. not crunchy) sound, it is [more] tasty (in this case because it has become sweeter and less sour).' (07-paXCi)