lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Nande
Transcription: Maryá syáwíte oko kitábu .
Glosses: Marya NEG-3SG-have OKO 7book
Translation: Mary doesn't have the book.
Language: Nande
Transcription: olumekeke molukakululukira oko Tekela
Glosses: 11baby AFF-11-TAM-crawl-APPL-FV 17LOC Thekla
Translation: The baby crawled (all over) on Thekla.
Language: Nande
Transcription: olumekeke molukakululukira oko musesa .
Glosses: 11baby AFF-11-TAM-crawl-APPL-FV 17LOC 3bed
Translation: The baby crawled (all over) on the bed.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Kámbale awíte (*oko) enyúmba .
Glosses: Kambale 3SG-have 17LOC 9house
Translation: Kambale has a house.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Kámbale awíte *(oko) kitábu .
Glosses: Kambale 3SG-have 17LOC 7book
Translation: Kambale has a book.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Awíte esyofarángâ .
Glosses: 3SG-have 10money
Translation: He has money (in general).
Language: Nande
Transcription: Awíte oko farángâ .
Glosses: 3SG-has 17LOC 10money
Translation: He has money (on him).
Language: Nande
Transcription: Awíte ekitumaíni
Glosses: 3SG-have 7hope
Translation: She/he has hope.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Maryá awity' ámeso awûwéne .
Glosses: Marya 3SG-have 6eye 6beautiful
Translation: Mary has beautiful eyes.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Nyináwíte okó mútoká kw' eyíhyâ .
Glosses: 1SG-VER-have 17OKO 3car 17LK 24outside
Translation: I indeed have a car outside.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Anáwíte omútoka .
Glosses: 3SG-VER-have 3car
Translation: He has (owns) a car.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Anáwíte okó mútoka .
Glosses: 3SG-VER-have 17LOC 3car
Translation: He has a car available.' (He might own it or just have it temporarily.)
Language: Nande
Transcription: Nákúruguta [ omugóngo wa Sárah ]
Glosses: 1SG-scrub-FV _ 3back 3-ASSOC Sarah _
Translation: I scrubbed Sarah's back.' (lit: I scrubbed the back of Sarah)
Language: Nande
Transcription: Nákúrugutta [ Sáráh ] y' [ *(oko)mugóngo ]
Glosses: 1SG-scrubbed-FV _ Sarah _ LK _ 17LOC-3back _
Translation: I scrubbed Sarah's back.' (lit: I scrubbed Sarah on the back.)
Language: Nande
Transcription: Námatula [ ezípe ya Sárah ]
Glosses: 1SG-fasten-REV-FV _ 9zipper 9-ASSOC Sarah _
Language: Nande
Transcription: Námatula [ *(oko)Sáráh ] kw' [ ezípe ]
Glosses: 1SG-fasten-REV-FV _ 17LOC-Sarah _ LK _ 9zipper _
Language: Nande
Transcription: Móberírye [ ebíringó by' omútoka ]
Glosses: AFF-2-clean-TRANS-FV _ 8wheel 8-ASSOC 3car _
Translation: They cleaned the wheels of the car.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Móberírye [ *(okó)mútoká ] kw' [ ebíríngo ]
Glosses: AFF-2-clean-TRANS-FV _ 17LOC-3car _ LK _ 8wheel _
Translation: They cleaned the wheels of the car.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Omundú mwáhíka uku/*oko Yesu .
Glosses: 1person AFF-3SG-arrive (-AUG)17LOC/*17LOC Jesus
Translation: Someone came to Jesus.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Omundú mwáhíka uku/?oko Yésú k' omotututu .
Glosses: 1person AFF-3SG-arrive (-AUG)17LOC/17LOC Jesus LK' 18morning
Translation: Someone came to Jesus in the morning.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Omundú mwáhíka *uku/oko muyî .
Glosses: 1person AFF-3SG-arrive (-AUG)17LOC/17LOC 3village
Translation: Someone came to the village.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Omundú mwáhíka *uku/oko muyî kw’omotututu ..
Glosses: 1person AFF-3SG-arrive (-AUG)17LOC/17LOC 3village LK'18morning
Translation: Someone came to the village in the morning.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Nibáky' oko/*uku Maryâ .
Glosses: 1SG-steal-7CL 17LOC/(-AUG)17LOC Marya
Translation: I stole it from Marya.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Nákiiba *oko/uku Maryâ .
Glosses: 1SG-7OM-steal 17LOC/(-AUG)17LOC Marya
Translation: I stole it from Marya.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Ékihij kyó wibá j *oko/uku Maryâ .
Glosses: 7what 7FOC 2SG-steal _ 17LOC/(-AUG)17LOC Marya
Translation: What did you steal from Marya?
Language: Nande
Transcription: mónalakírye [ Kámbalé ] y' [ okó níndo ].
Glosses: AFF-1SG-hit-TAM-TRANS _ Kambale _ LK _ 17LOC 9nose _
Translation: I punched Kambale in the nose.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Kámbaléj alakibáwa j okó níndo .
Glosses: Kambale 3SG-hit-TRANS-PASS _ 17LOC 9nose
Translation: Kambale was hit on the nose.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Éníndo yalakibáwákô .
Glosses: 9nose 9-TAM-hit-TRANS-PASS-KO
Translation: (His) nose was hit.
Language: Nande
Transcription: *okó níndo yalakibáwá .
Glosses: 17LOC 9nose 9-TAM-hit-TRANS-PASS
Translation: (His) nose was hit.
Language: Nande
Transcription: mónatulángire [ oko nyúngú ] kw' [ omúkóno ].
Glosses: AFF-1SG-broke-TAM _ 17LOC 9pot _ LK _ 3handle _
Translation: I broke the vessel's handle.
Language: Nande
Transcription: mónatulángire [ omúkóno ] w' [ oko nyúngú ].
Glosses: AFF-1SG-broke-TAM _ 3handle _ LK _ 17LOC 9pot . _
Translation: I broke the vessel's handle.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Ébíringó byéribáwa okó mútoka .
Glosses: 8wheel 8-cleaned-PASS 17LOC 3car
Translation: The wheels were cleaned on the car.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Okó mútoka kwéribáwa ébíringó .
Glosses: 17LOC 3car 17-cleaned-PASS 8wheel
Translation: On the car was cleaned the wheels.
Language: Nande
Transcription: Omútoka éribáwako ébíringó .
Glosses: 3car 3.clean-PASS-KO 8wheel
Translation: Literally: `The car was cleaned on the wheels.
Language: Nande
Transcription: omúti ané kw' ehinyúnyu .
Glosses: 3tree 3-be(ASSERT-) 17LOC 19bird
Translation: The tree has birds (on it).
Language: Nande
Transcription: etsúkudu yiríko ebíringó .
Glosses: 9cart 9-be-17LOC 8wheel
Translation: The cart has wheels (on it).
Language: Nande
Transcription: Omundú mwáhíka [uku/?oko Yésú [ k' omotututu ]].
Glosses: 1person AFF-3SG-arrive (-AUG)17LOC/17LOC Jesus _ 17LK' 18morning _
Translation: Someone came to Jesus in the morning.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Wadda+hálaqu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: road+snake-M.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Málabku waa fiicán yahay .
Glosses: honey(M.SG)-M.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.M.COP.PRS
Translation: The honey is good.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Shimbírtu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: bird(F.SG)-F.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Translation: The bird is good.
Language: Somali
Transcription: gaari+fáraska
Glosses: car+horse-M.DEF
Translation: the horse cart
Language: Somali
Transcription: búugga macállinka
Glosses: book-M.DEF teacher-M.DEF
Translation: the book of the teacher
Language: Somali
Transcription: Gaari+fárasku waa fiicán yahay .
Glosses: car+horse-M.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.M.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Fool+maroodígu waa fiicán yahay .
Glosses: tooth+elephant-M.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.M.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Laf+aráxdu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: bone+vertebra-F.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Kabsar+caleéntu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: herb+leaf-F.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Bur+saliídku waa fiicán yahay .
Glosses: cake/flour+oil-M.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.M.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Daacuun+caloólku waa xún yahay .
Glosses: cholera+stomach-M.DEF.NOM DECL bad 3SG.M.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Shimbir+málabtu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: bird+honey-F.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Laf+gárabtu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: bone+shoulder-F.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Fool+díinku waa xún tahay .
Glosses: labor.pain+turtle.M.DEF.NOM DECL bad 3SG.F-COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Laf+sakáarku ∼tu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: bone+chest-M.DEF.NOM ∼-F.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Bir+jíirku ∼tu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: iron+mouse-M.DEF.NOM ∼-F.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Wadda+hungúrigu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: road+throat-M.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Translation: The esophagus (the throat-road) is good.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Wadda+hungúridu waa fiicán tahay .
Glosses: road+throat-F.DEF.NOM DECL good 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Translation: The esophagus (the throat-road) is good.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Bir+xárbidu waa xún tahay .
Glosses: iron+war-F.DEF.NOM DECL bad 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Language: Somali
Transcription: Èta vzyskatel'nost', samokritičnost' tože raspolagali k nemu .
Glosses: This-F.SG.NOM exactingness.(F.SG.NOM) self-criticalness.(F.SG.NOM) also disposed-PL to 3SG.M.DAT
Translation: This exactingness and self-criticalness also disposed me favorably towards him.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Gabádhdha iyo wíilku=ba waa baahán yihiin .
Glosses: girl-F.DEF and boy-M.DEF.NOM=each DECL hungry 3PL.COP.PRS
Translation: The girl and the boy are hungry.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Wíilka iyo gabádhdhu=ba waa baahán yihiin .
Glosses: boy-M.DEF and girl-F.DEF.NOM=each DECL hungry 3PL.COP.PRS
Translation: The boy and the girl are hungry.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Hálkáas báa=ay joogeen libáaxa ama abeesáda .
Glosses: there FOC=3PL stay-PST.3PL lion-M.DEF or python-F.DEF
Translation: The lion or the python was there.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Hálkáas báa=ay joogeen abeesáda ama libáaxa .
Glosses: there FOC=3PL stay-PST.3PL python-F.DEF or lion-M.DEF
Translation: The python or the lion was there.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Búugga macállinku waa adág yahay .
Glosses: book-M.DEF teacher-M.DEF.NOM DECL hard 3SG.M.COP.PRS
Translation: The book of the (male) teacher is hard/difficult.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Búugga macallimáddu waa adág yahay .
Glosses: book-M.DEF teacher-F.DEF.NOM DECL hard 3SG.M.COP.PRS
Translation: The book of the (female) teacher is hard/difficult.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Warqádda macállinku waa adág tahay .
Glosses: paper-F.DEF teacher-M.DEF.NOM DECL hard 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Translation: The paper of the (male) teacher is hard/difficult.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Warqádda macallimáddu waa adág tahay .
Glosses: paper-F.DEF teacher-F.DEF.NOM DECL hard 3SG.F.COP.PRS
Translation: The paper of the (female) teacher is hard/difficult.
Language: Somali
Transcription: hooyáda iyo aabbáha
Glosses: mother-F.DEF and father-M.DEF
Translation: the mother and the father
Language: Somali
Transcription: hooyó iyo aabbáha
Glosses: mother and father-M.DEF
Translation: (Intended: `the mother and father')
Language: Somali
Transcription: hooyáda iyo aabbé
Glosses: mother-F.DEF and father
Translation: (Intended: `the mother and father')
Language: Somali
Transcription: Labáda nín=ba waa dheerdhéer yihiin .
Glosses: two-F.DEF man.GEN=each DECL tall.PL 3PL.COP.PRS
Translation: The two men (lit. the two of man) are tall.
Language: Somali
Transcription: Tobánka naagoód=ba waa dheerdhéer yihiin .
Glosses: ten-M.DEF women.GEN=each DECL tall.PL 3PL.COP.PRS
Translation: The ten women (lit. the ten of women) are tall.
Language: Somali
Transcription: tobániyolabáda
Glosses: ten(M)-and-two(F)-F.DEF
Translation: the twelve, twelve o'clock
Language: Seeku
Transcription: í wó nǎ wɛ́ ɲìi gȕɔfḭ̋ɛ̰nɛ̋ kɔ̌ɔ je̋n ŋɛ́
Glosses: LOG EMPH PROSP FOC be.afraid.IRR night walk.NOM in.front NEG
Translation: I will not be afraid to walk at night.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Kadeer jox na ma jën [bu ma jox Roxaya]
Glosses: K give 3SG.PFV me fish CL-REL 1SG give R
Translation: Kadeer gave me a fish to give to Roxaya.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Kadeer jox na ma jën [bu ma ko jox]
Glosses: K give 3SG.PFV me fish CL-REL 1SG her give
Translation: Kadeer gave me a fish to give to her.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Roxaya jox na Kadeer jën [*(bu) muy togg]
Glosses: R give 3SG.PFV K fish CL-REL 3SG-IPFV cook
Translation: Roxaya gave Kadeer a fish to cook (habitually).
Language: Wolof
Transcription: (uj) yàmbaa ju ñu tóx
Glosses: NDEF-CL marijuana CL-REL 3PL smoke
Translation: some marijuana that they smoked
Language: Wolof
Transcription: (um) póón mu ñu tóx
Glosses: NDEF-CL tobacco CL-REL 3PL smoke
Translation: some tobacco that they smoked
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Kadeer jox na ma jën bu ma jox Roxaya
Glosses: K give 3SG.PFV me fish CL-REL 1SG give R
Translation: Default: `Kadeer gave me a fish that I gave to Roxaya.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Kadeer jox na ma jën bu may jox Roxaya
Glosses: K give 3SG.PFV me fish CL-REL 1SG-IPFV give R
Translation: Comment: `I haven't given her the fish yet.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Roxaya wax na Kadeer [mu ko toggal jën]
Glosses: R say 3SG.PFV K 3SG her cook-BEN fish
Translation: Roxaya told Kadeer to cook her fish.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Roxaya wax na Kadeer [mu koy toggal jën]
Glosses: R say 3SG.PFV K 3SG her-IPFV cook-BEN fish
Translation: Roxaya told Kadeer to cook her fish (habitually).
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Roxaya wax na Kadeer [bu(l) mu ko toggal jën]
Glosses: R say 3SG.PFV K CL-C_NEG 3SG her cook-BEN fish
Translation: Roxaya told Kadeer not to cook her fish.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Jox naa Roxaya jën [(bu) mu fog ne moo *(ko) japp]
Glosses: give 1SG.PFV Roxaya fish CL-REL 3SG pretend that 3SG.SBJ-FOC it catch
Translation: I gave Roxaya a fish to pretend that she caught it.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Jox naa Roxaya jën [(bu) mu fog ne xamul ne/*ndax ma ko japp]
Glosses: give 1SG.PFV Roxaya fish CL-REL 3SG pretend that know-NEG that/*if 1SG it catch
Translation: I gave Roxaya a fish to pretend that she didn't know that/*if I caught it.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Jox naa Roxaya jën bi [mu fog ne xamul ndax ma japp jën bi]
Glosses: give 1SG.PFV Roxaya fish DEF 3SG pretend that know-NEG if 1SG catch fish DEF
Translation: I gave Roxaya a fish to pretend that she didn't know if I caught the fish.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Jën [*(bu) mu togg] mungi ci kaw tabal bi
Glosses: fish CL-REL 3SG cook 3SG.IPFV on top table DEF
Translation: A fish to cook is on the table.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Gis naa fas démb [wu nga sopp]
Glosses: see 1SG.PFV horse yesterday CL-REL 2SG like
Translation: I saw a horse yesterday that you like.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Gis naa fas [wu nga sopp] wi démb
Glosses: see 1SG.PFV horse CL-REL 2SG like DEF yesterday
Translation: I saw the horse that you like yesterday.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Gis naa fas wi démb [wu nga sopp]
Glosses: see 1SG.PFV horse DEF yesterday CL-REL 2SG like
Translation: intended: `I saw the horse yesterday that you like.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Roxaya jox na Kadeer jën mu koy togg
Glosses: R give 3SG.PFV K fish 3SG it-IPFV cook
Translation: ≈ Roxaya gave Kadeer a fish, he cooks it.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Roxaya jox na Kadeer jën bu mu togg ko
Glosses: R give 3SG.PFV K fish CL-REL 3SG cook it
Translation: Intended: Roxaya gave K a fish to cook.
Language: Wolof
Transcription: Joxuma Roxaya jën mu togg (*ko)
Glosses: give-NEG.1SG.PFV Roxaya fish 3SG cook (*it)
Translation: I didn't give Roxaya a fish to cook.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: 1SG .SMPST1OMseeFV (#Wekesa)
Glosses: *No OM-doubling
Translation: I saw him.’ (licit in a context where Wekesa is salient in the discourse)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Nákiβona #(,) éembwa .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-REM-9OM-see-FV _ 9-9-dog
Translation: I saw it, the dog.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: naaβulíílé βúusuma .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-14OM-eat-PFV 14.14-ugali
Translation: I did eat the ugali!
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Nakateekha kamakanda bwaangu
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-6OM-cook-FV 6-6-beans quickly
Translation: I cooked the beans quickly.’ (not: `I did cook the beans quickly.’)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baa(ka)kesa kamaindi liina ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-FV 6-6-maize when
Translation: When did the children harvest the maize?’ OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana ba(ka)kesile kamaindi likolooba .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-6OM-harvest-PFV 6-6-maize yesterday
Translation: The children harvested the maize yesterday.’ OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baa(ba)rerera babebusi kamechi kong’ene .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-(2OM)-bring-APPL-FV 2-2-parents 6-6-water 6-only
Translation: The children brought their parents only water.' OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baabulya busuma bwangu , seli kalaa ta .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-14OM-eat-FV 14-ugali quickly NEG-be slowly NEG
Translation: The children ate the ugali QUICKLY, not slowly.’ OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baakakesa kamaindi liina ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-FV 6-6-maize when
Translation: When did the children harvest the maize?' Does not require verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Liina nilwo babaana baa(#ka)kesa kamaindi ?
Glosses: when COMP-11 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-FV 6-6-maize
Translation: When did the children harvest the maize?' Requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana bakakesile kamaindi likolooba .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-6OM-harvest-PFV 6-6-maize 11-yesterday
Translation: The children harvested maize yesterday.' Does not require verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Likolooba nilwo babaana ba(#ka)kesile kamaindi .
Glosses: 11-yesterday COMP11 2-2-children 2SM-6OM-harvest-PRF 6-6-maize
Translation: It was yesterday that the children harvested maize.' Requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Naanu wa(#ka)kesile kamaindi ?
Glosses: 1who 1SM-PST-6OM-harvest-PFV 5-5-maize
Translation: Who harvested the maize?’ Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baa(#ka)kesile kamaindi
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-PFV 6-6-maize . 
Translation: The children harvested the maize.' Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana bong’ene baa(#ba)rerera babebusi kamechi .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2-only 2SM-PST-2OM-bring-APPL-FV 2-2-parents 6-6-water
Translation: Only the children brought their parents water.’ Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baa(#bu)lya busuma , seli babebusi ta .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-14OM-eat-FV 14-ugali NEG-be 2-2-parents NEG
Translation: The children ate ugali, not the parents.' (i.e. the parents didn’t eat ugali) Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baa(#ka)kesa kamaindi wae ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-FV 6-6-maize where
Translation: Where did the children harvest maize?' Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baa(#ka)kesa kamaindi mumukunda .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-6OM-harvest-FV 6-6-maize 18-3-shamba
Translation: The children harvested maize in the shamba.' Doubling requires verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Nawa omwaana kamabeele .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-give-FV 1-1-child 6-6-milk
Translation: I gave a child milk.' (could be any child)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Namuwa omwaana kamabeele .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-FV 1-1-child 6-6-milk
Translation: I gave a specific child milk.' (i.e. it is known who the child is)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: nababona babaana ?(abo)
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-2OM-see-FV 2-2-children 2DEM
Translation: I did see those children.' (requires verum)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Naanu niye wabona ?
Glosses: 1who COMP-1 2SG.SM-PST-see-FV
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baa(*ba)kesela naanu kamaindi ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-(*2OM)-harvest-APPL-FV 2who 6-6-maize
Translation: Who did the children harvest maize for?
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baabakesela baandu siina kamaindi ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-2OM-harvest-AP-FV 2-people 7what 6-6-maize
Translation: Which people did the children harvest maize for?
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baakesela naanu kamaindi ?
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-harvest-APPL-FV 1who 6-6-maize
Translation: Who did the children harvest maize for?
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baabakesela babebusi kamaindi .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-2OM-harvest-APPL-FV 2-2-parents 6-6-maize
Translation: The children harvested maize for (their) parents.' OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Babaana baabokesya baakhaana bong’ene kamareeba .
Glosses: 2-2-children 2SM-PST-2OM-show-FV 2-2-girls 2-only 6-6-questions
Translation: The children showed only the girls the questions.' (i.e. they didn't show the boys) OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Na#?(mu)wela Wekesa babaana bianwa .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-APPL-FV 1Wekesa 2-2-children 8-gifts
Translation: I gave the children gifts for Wekesa.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Lionéeli ká(#ku)lya kúmúchéele , sekályá búusumá tá .
Glosses: 1Leonnel 1SM-PST-3OM-eat-FV 3-3-rice NEG-1SM-PST-eat-FV 14.14-ugali NEG
Translation: Leonell ate the rice, he didn’t eat the ugali.’ (OM-doubling requires verum)
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Umama u*(ya)yipheka ]vP inyama .
Glosses: AUG-1a.mother 1SM-DJ-9OM-cook-FV _ AUG-9-meat
Translation: Mother is cooking it, the meat.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Ngiyamthengela ]vP uSipho ubisi .
Glosses: 1SG-DJ-1OM-buy-APPL-FV _ AUG-1a.Sipho AUG-11.milk
Translation: I AM buying milk for Sipho.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa aawele babaana luno (??) bianwa biong'ene .
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1SM-PST-give-PFV 2-2-children this.time _ 8-gifts 8-only
Translation: Wekesa gave the children only gifts this time.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa aabawele (??) luno babaana bianwa biong'ene .
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1SM-PST-2OM-give-PFV _ this.time 2-2-children 8-gifts 8-only
Translation: Wekesa gave the children only gifts this time.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Namuwela Wekesa babaana bianwa .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-APPL-FV 1Wekesa 2-2-children 8-gifts
Translation: I gave the children gifts for Wekesa.' OK without verum, without additional context
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Namuwela Wekesa babaana bianwa bulayi .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-APPL-FV 1Wekesa 2-2-children 8-gifts well
Translation: I gave the children gifts well for Wekesa.' OK without verum, without additional context
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Namuwela Wekesa babaana bianwa likolooba .
Glosses: 1SG.SM-PST-1OM-give-APPL-FV 1Wekesa 2-2-children 8-gifts yesterday
Translation: I gave the children gifts yesterday for Wekesa.' OK without verum, without additional context
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Siina nisyo mwaba nemukhola ?
Glosses: 7what COMP-7 2PL.SM-PST-be -2PL.SM-do-FV
Translation: What was it that you were doing?
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa aba (n)aanywa kamalwa buli nyanga
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1-be -1SM-PST-drink-FV 6-6-alcohol every 9day
Translation: Wekesa (certainly) used to drink alcohol everyday.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa aba aa(#ka)nywa kamalwa buli nyanga .
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1SM-be 1SM-PST-6OM-drink-FV 6-6-alcohol every 9day
Translation: Wekesa used to drink alcohol everyday.' Requires verum for OM-doubling to be acceptable
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: Wekesa aba naakanywa kamalwa buli nyanga
Glosses: 1Wekesa 1-be -1SM-PST-6OM-drink-FV 6-6-alcohol every 9day
Translation: Wekesa (certainly) used to drink alcohol everyday.' Doubling OK without verum
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: khonywe echai yoo
Glosses: KH-2SG.SM-drink-SUBJ 9tea 9your
Translation: Drink your tea.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: nonywe echai yoo !
Glosses: -2SG.SM-drink-SUBJ 9tea 9-your
Translation: Drink your tea!
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: #Kinywe echai yoo !
Glosses: 9OM-drink-SUBJ 9tea 9-your
Translation: Drink your tea!' Requires verum, i.e. `DO drink your tea.
Language: Bukusu
Transcription: nokinywe echai yoo !
Glosses: -2SG.SM-9OM-drink-SUBJ 9tea 9-your
Translation: Drink your tea!' OK without verum
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɤtɯnɯrɤʑínɯ
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-stay-PL
Translation: May you stay (here).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme tɯrdoʁ
Glosses: girl one-piece
Translation: One of the girls'; `Each girl…'; `One girl' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004053#S36"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɯpi ni] kɯ] pɣa nɯ pamtondʑi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG bird DEM 3→3:AOR-see-DU
Translation: His two elder siblings saw the bird.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[tɯrme ra] ɣɯ] nɯfsapaʁ
Glosses: person PL GEN 3PL.POSS-cattle
Translation: People's cattle
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (aʑɯɣ) anɯŋa
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-cow
Translation: My cow
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [amu awa ni] (ɣɯ) ndʑinɯŋa
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-father DU GEN 3DU.POSS-cow
Translation: My parents' cow
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯŋa (ɣɯ) ɯlu
Glosses: cow GEN 3SG.POSS-milk
Translation: (The/a) cow's milk
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu (ɣɯ) ɯtɤlu
Glosses: cat GEN 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-milk
Translation: The milk for the cat (i.e. given to the cat to drink)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (aʑo) atɤlu
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-milk
Translation: My milk (i.e. for me to drink)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯsmɤnba kɯ tɯse kutsʰi ŋu
Glosses: leech ERG GENR.POSS-blood IPFV-drink be:FACT
Translation: The leech drinks people's (i.e. one's) blood.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrpɯ ɣɯ ɯrʑaβ ɯɕki tɕe “aɬaʁ" tukɯti ŋu
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mother's.brother GEN 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-aunt IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: One_i calls one_i's mother's brother's wife `my aunt' (i.e. one says `my aunt' to one's mother's brother's wife).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβʁa ra ɣɯ nɯnɯŋa kɯdɤn pjɤtu
Glosses: noble PL GEN 3PL.POSS-cow SBJ:PCP-be.many IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: The nobles had many cows.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβʁa ra ɣɯ nɯtɕɯ χsɯm pjɤtu
Glosses: noble PL GEN 3PL.POSS-son three IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: The nobles had three sons.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɯn ɯpɯ
Glosses: monk 3SG.POSS-little.one
Translation: (The/a) little monk
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a^6mɤ^5ɣɯ^4nɯ^3tɯ́^2wɣ^1znɤre
Glosses: IRR^-6-NEG^-5-CISL^-4-PFV^-3-2^-2-INV^-1-CAUS-DENOM-laughter
Translation: Don't let him come and make you laugh.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤ^6pɯ^3kɯ^2mtot^+1a^+2ndʑi^+3ci^+4
Glosses: PROB^-6-AOR^-3-PEG^-2-see-PST:TR^+1-1SG^+2-DU^+3-PEG^+4
Translation: It looks like I have seen the two of them.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤŋe tɤɬoʁ
Glosses: sun AOR:UP-come.up
Translation: The sun rose.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯŋgɯ lɤɣi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-in IMP:UPSTREAM-come
Translation: Come in! (for instance, inside a house)' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S90"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmtʰɯm tundzea pɯŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat IPFV-eat[III]-1SG PST.IPFV-be
Translation: I was eating meat/I used to eat meat.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɯqur
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-help
Translation: The one/someone who helps you
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤkɤqur
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-help
Translation: The one/someone that you help
Language: Japhug
Transcription: asɤtʰu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-ask
Translation: The one whom I ask
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤpjɯkɯnɯfkaβ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NEG-IPFV:DOWN-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-cover
Translation: The one/those who do(es) not cover it' (from example ex:WmApjWkWnWfkAB, §sec:subject.participle.other.prefixes)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯmpɕɤr
Glosses: girl SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful
Translation: A/the beautiful girl
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɯrɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-write
Translation: The one/someone who writes it
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯrɤrɤt
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-APASS-write
Translation: The one/someone who writes things, a writer.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɯrtoʁ jɤɣe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-look AOR-come[II]
Translation: S/he came to see me.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤtaʁ rgaa
Glosses: INF-weave like:FACT-1SG
Translation: I like to weave.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯndza toʑa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:eat IFR:UP-start
Translation: S/he/it started eating it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrɟaʁ pjɤʑa
Glosses: INF:II-dance IFR:DOWN-start
Translation: S/he started dancing.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕtɤχtɯta
Glosses: TRAL-AOR-buy-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I went and bought it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɯχtɯ jɤaria
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-buy AOR-go[II]-1SG
Translation: I went to buy it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu kɯ ɯma nɯ mkʰɤrmaŋ ra tuznɤme pjɤŋu
Glosses: king ERG 3SG.POSS-work DEM people PL IPFV-CAUS-do[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The king used to make the people do work for him.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki taqaβ ki kɯ tɯŋga cʰɤsɯtʂɯβ
Glosses: DEM.PROX needle DEM.PROX ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes IFR-CAUS-sew
Translation: S/he sewed the clothes with this needle.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯtanɤmpɕɤr
Glosses: SENS-1→2-TROP-be.beautiful
Translation: I find you very beautiful.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ cʰɤtʂɯβ
Glosses: girl DEM ERG IFR-sew
Translation: The girl sewed it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ cʰɤrɤtʂɯβ
Glosses: girl DEM IFR-APASS-sew
Translation: The girl sewed / did sewing.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯʑɣɤrkua
Glosses: AOR:DOWNSTREAM-REFL-put.in-1SG
Translation: I put myself (in the bag).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤʑɣɤsɯmpɕaa
Glosses: AOR-REFL-CAUS-scold-1SG
Translation: I got myself scolded.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɯsroʁ konɯri
Glosses: 3SG ERG 3SG.POSS-life IFR-AUTO-save
Translation: S/he_i saved his/her_i own life.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɯsroʁ kori
Glosses: 3SG ERG 3SG.POSS-life IFR-save
Translation: S/he_i saved his/her_j life.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrɣe pɯnɯprata
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-necklace AOR-AUTO-break-1SG
Translation: I broke the pearl necklace (by mistake).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrɣe pɯprata
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-necklace AOR-break-1SG
Translation: I broke the pearl necklace (on purpose).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ kɯ ɕa ɲɯndze
Glosses: wolf DEM ERG meat SENS-eat[III]
Translation: The wolf eats meat.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɯndza
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat
Translation: The one/someone who eats it
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ ɕa ɲɯrga
Glosses: wolf DEM meat SENS-like
Translation: The wolf likes meat.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkɯrga
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-like
Translation: The one/someone who likes him/her/it.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɤndza
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat
Translation: [The things] that I eat.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akɤrga
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-like
Translation: [The things] that I like.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu nɯ kɯ pɣa nɯ tondza
Glosses: cat DEM ERG bird DEM IFR-eat
Translation: The cat ate the bird.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (kɯki) tɕʰeme kɯmpɕɤr χsɯm kɯra
Glosses: DEM.PROX girl SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful three DEM:PL
Translation: These three beautiful girls
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [lɯlu nɯ kɯ pɣa tandza] nɯ
Glosses: cat DEM ERG bird AOR:3→3-eat DEM
Translation: The bird that the cat ate
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɣa ɯtɤkɯndza] lɯlu nɯ
Glosses: bird 3SG.POSS-AOR-SBJ:PCP-eat cat DEM
Translation: The cat that ate the bird
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰramba kɤβzu] mɤpe
Glosses: lie INF-make NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: Telling lies is bad.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ [kʰramba kɤβzu] mɤspe
Glosses: 3SG ERG lie INF-make NEG-be.able[III]
Translation: S/he is not able to tell lies.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ kʰramba kɤβzu] mɤnɤz
Glosses: 3SG ERG lie INF-make NEG-dare
Translation: S/he does not dare to tell lies.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰramba kɤβzu] aʁjiz mɤɣi
Glosses: lie INF-make 1SG.POSS-wish NEG-come:FACT
Translation: I do not want to tell lies.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pjɯtasɯxɕɤt] ɲɯspea
Glosses: IPFV-1→2-teach SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I am able to teach you.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [cʰɯstanɯ ɕɯŋgɯ] tɕe , ɯʑo cʰɤrɤru
Glosses: IPFV-wake.up-PL before LNK 3SG IFR-get.up
Translation: S/he got up before they had woken up.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɬoʁ ɕimɯma
Glosses: AOR:UP-come.out immediately.after
Translation: As soon as it comes out / immediately after it has come out
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɯlu nɯ , [ɕɤr tɕe turɤma], sŋi tɕe kunɯrŋgɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: cat DEM night LOC IPFV-work day LOC IPFV-AUTO-lie.down SENS-be
Translation: The cat, active during the during the night, sleeps during the day.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aŋga nɯ ki tɤstuta tɕe nɯχtɕita
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-clothes DEM DEM.PROX AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG LNK AOR-wash-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I washed my clothes like this.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɤtɯstu=atɤtɯmbatnɯ
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-try.hard(1)=IRR-PFV-2-try.hard(2)-PL
Translation: Do your best/try hard.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ame ra nɯʑora kɯnɤ , (...) [nɯkʰa , nɯmu nɯpʰama ra ɕɯrtoʁi] tɯnɯsɯsonɯ ɕti tɕe jɤnɯɕenɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-daughter PL 2PL also _ 2PL.POSS-house 2PL.POSS-mother 2PL.POSS-parent PL TRAL-look:FACT-1SG 2-AUTO-think:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK IMP-VERT-go-PL
Translation: Direct: `My daughters in law_i, you_i think “Let us_i go and see our_i house, our_i parents,” so go home.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jikʰa , jimu jipʰama ra ɕɯrtoʁi (ra)
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-house 1PL.POSS-mother 1PL.POSS-parents PL TRAL-look:FACT-1PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: (Let us) go and see our houses, our mothers, our parents.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wuma ʑo ɲɯɕqraʁ
Glosses: really EMPH SENS-be.intelligent
Translation: S/he is very intelligent.' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006380#S72"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯɕqraʁ ɲɯsaχaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.intelligent SENS-be.extremely
Translation: S/he is extremely intelligent.' <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006380#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʁi sɤz] [ɯpi nɯ kɯ] mpɕɤr
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-younger.sibling COMP 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DEM ERG be.beautiful:FACT
Translation: The elder sibling is more beautiful than the younger sibling.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕè ʁzɤmí cì pjɤtúndʑi tɕè tɤrʑáβ nɯ̀ ɬamú pjɤrmí. tɤtɕɯ́ nɯ̀ tsʰɯráŋ pjɤrmí.
Glosses: LNK couple INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist-DU LNK INDEF.POSS-wife DEM ANTHR IPFV.IPFV-be.called INDEF.POSS-son DEM ANTHR IPFV.IPFV-be.called
Translation: There was a couple, the wife was called Lhamo, and the man Tshering.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɤtɯʑɣɤɣɤʑo
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-REFL-CAUS-be.light
Translation: Make yourself light.' (from ex:atAtWGAZo.AtAZGAGAmbjom, §sec:refl.caus.volitional)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɤɕɤrɣɯ~rɣi ʑo , tusɯmtɕɯr ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INF:STAT-EMPH~be.quick EMPH IPFV-CAUS-turn be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It makes it turn very quickly.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atʰɯɤ<nɯ>kʰu ɕti ma aʑo ɕcʰɯʑɣɤβdea ɕti ma
Glosses: IRR-PFV:DOWNSTREAM-<AUTO>call be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-REFL-throw-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Let her call [me], I am going to throw myself (in the river).' (22-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯsqar tundonɯ tɕe , qrormbɯ ɲɯɕarnɯ tɕe nɯre spjɯlɤtnɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: tsampa IPFV-IPFV-take-PL LNK anthill IPFV-look.for-PL LNK DEM:LOC TRAL-IPFV:DOWN-release-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: [Faithful Buddhist people] take tsampa_i, look for an anthill_j and spill it_i there_j.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁʑɯnɯ kɯʑɯ~ʑru ʑo kɯɣɤχsɯ~χsrɯ ʑo ɲɤkɤβzuci
Glosses: young.man SBJ:PCP-EMPH~strong EMPH SBJ:PCP-EMPH~handsome EMPH IFR-PEG-become-PEG
Translation: (The fox) became a strong and handsome young man.' (2012 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɯmtɕʰɤt scʰɯ́wɣlɤt tɕe ɲɯpʰɤn
Glosses: mountain.offering TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-release LNK SENS-be.efficient
Translation: If you go and make offerings to the mountain (god), it will solve (your problem).' (Lobzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003370S#S27"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrpa ci tolɤt ri
Glosses: axe once IFR-release LNK
Translation: He wielded his axe, but …' (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrna χcʰoʁe ʑo kosti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ear left.and.right EMPH IFR-plug
Translation: He plugged both hid left and his right ears.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amu ɯxtsa apɯŋu ɲɯra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-shoe IRR-IPFV-be SENS-be.needed
Translation: Let (me take this) shoe (as a present) for my mother.' (tWxtsa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕpʰɤt
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-wide DEM IFR.IPFV-APASS-patch
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯme nɯ kɯ andi paχɕi ɲɯntsɣe ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM ERG west apple IPFV-sell be:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑɤnɯraʁ ɯ́ra
Glosses: 2PL-2PL.POSS-liquor QU-be.needed:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ɣɯ a<laojia> ɣɯ ɯlɤcu nɯre ri kurɤʑinɯ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG GEN 1SG.POSS-old.house GEN 3SG.POSS-upstream there LOC IPFV-stay-PL be:FACT
Translation: They live in a place upstream from my old house.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S215"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɣɲi ci tɯ~tɯŋu nɤ , ambro ɯlwa ɯtaʁ kɤzo , aʁgra ci tɯ~tɯŋu nɤ , ambro ɯjme ɯtaʁ kɤzo
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-friend INDEF COND~2-be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-mane 3SG-on IMP-land 1SG.POSS-enemy INDEF COND~2-be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-tail 3SG-on IMP-land
Translation: If you are my friend, land on my horse's mane, if you are my enemy, land on my horse's tail.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ambro nɤrwɯrɯnbotɕʰi ŋu , tɯsŋi χpaχtsʰɤt ci ɲɯ́wɣtsɯma cʰa
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-horse ANTHR be:FACT one-day yojana INDEF IPFV:WEST-INV-take.away-1SG can:FACT
Translation: My horse is Norbu Rinpoche, he can make me cross one yojana per day.' (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo amu nɯ tʰamtʰam kɯrcɤsqaptɯɣ tʰɯazɣɯt ŋu .
Glosses: 1PL 1SG.POSS-mother DEM now 81 AOR-reach be:FACT
Translation: My mother is now 81.' (2010-histoire09-2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕitɕɯ ɲɯsɤzdɯxpa ,
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-son SENS-be.pitiful
Translation: Our poor son!' (150831 renshen wawa-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006418#S15"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ ɯzda tɯrdoʁ ɯpʰe toti , tɯrdoʁ nɯ kɯ li ci ɯpʰe tɕe ɲɤkɤsɯɤmɯmtsʰɯ~mtsʰɤmnɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-companion one-CL 3SG-DAT IFR-say one-CL DEM ERG again INDEF 3SG-DAT LNK IFR-PEG-RECIP-CAUS-RECIP-hear-PL
Translation: The boy told one of his companions, and that one another one, and [in this way] they informed each other.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrʑaβ nɯ kɯ naβde
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife DEM ERG AOR:3→3-throw.away
Translation: His_i wife left him_i.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrʑaβ cʰo ɯtɕɯ nɯ ʁnaʁna kɯ nɯ́wɣβde
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife COMIT 3SG.POSS-son DEM both ERG AOR-INV-throw.away
Translation: His_i wife and his_i son left him_i.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ambro taʁndo kɯtso ci tɕi ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-horse speech SBJ:PCP-understand one also be.needed:FACT
Translation: I also need a horse who understands speech.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ akɯra ci tu tɕe nɯ `ɣa' tɤti ra
Glosses: 1SG:GEN 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.needed INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM yes IMP-say be.needed:FACT
Translation: There is one thing I need, and you have to say `yes' to it.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ kɯra me
Glosses: 1SG:GEN SBJ:PCP-be.needed not.exist:FACT
Translation: I don't need anything.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ ɯlu ra
Glosses: 1SG:GEN 3SG.POSS-milk be.needed:FACT
Translation: I want its milk.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe iɕqʰa ʑmbrɯβɟaj nɯ kɯ nɯnɯ cʰa nɯ túwɣsɯɕmi tɕe ɯcʰa mɯm tutinɯ pɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: in.former.times LNK the.aforementioned boat.oar DEM ERG DEM alcohol DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-mix LNK 3SG.POSS-alcohol be.tasty:FACT IPFV-say-PL PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: In former times, people used to mix the alcohol with boat oars, the alcohol [made this way] is tasty, they used to say.' (cha-31)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme kɯmbro ra nɯfsu jamar tuzɣɯt ma mɤcʰa
Glosses: person SBJ:PCP-be.high PL 3PL.POSS-equal about IPFV-reach apart.from NEG-can:FACT
Translation: It can only grow about as high as a tall human.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ qaɕpa ɣɯ ɯpɯ ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM frog GEN 3SG.POSS-young be:FACT LNK
Translation: It (the tadpole) is the young of the frog.' (hist-28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯciste cʰɤndʑɣaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-amniotic.sac IFR-ACAUS:squeeze.out
Translation: Her waters have broken.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `ŋoj tɯɕe ?' toti , `aʑo tɤrʑaβ ɯkɯɕar ɕea' toti . tɕe `ndʑiʑo ŋoj tɯɕendʑi ?' toti ri , `tɕiʑo tɤnmaʁ ɯkɯɕar ɕetɕi' toti .
Glosses: where 2-go:FACT IFR-say 1SG INDEF.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search go:FACT-1SG IFR-say LNK 2DU where 2-go:FACT-DU IFR-say LNK 1DU INDEF.POSS-husband 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search go:FACT-1DU IFR-say
Translation: She said: `Where are you going?'; He said: `I am looking for a wife. Where are you going?'; She said `We are looking for a husband.” (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrpɯ cʰo tɤftsa ni ci kúwɣpa mɤkɯkʰɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-MB COMIT INDEF.POSS-ZC DU one IPFV-INV-make NEG-INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be
Translation: Maternal uncles and sister's children cannot marry each other.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: praʁkʰaŋ zɯ tɤmu ci ɯku tɤkɯwɣrum ci zɯŋzɯŋ pjɤrɤʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: cave LOC INDEF.POSS-mother INDEF 3SG.POSS-head AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.white INDEF IDPH(II):white IFR.IPFV-stay LNK
Translation: In the cave, there was an old woman whose hair was completely white.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <penzi> ɯpɯ , sɤlaŋpʰɤn ɯpɯ jamar ɲɯwxti cʰa
Glosses: basin 3SG.POSS-little.one basin 3SG.POSS-little.one about IPFV-be.big can:FACT
Translation: It can grow about as big as a little basin.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɯɴqra tɕe znde ɯmbe ma tʰam kɯtu me .
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-broken.one LNK wall 3SG.POSS-old.one apart.from now SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: Now there is nothing [there], apart from some ruins and old walls. (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɤtsoʁsta nɯnɯ kʰɤɴqra ɕti tʰam tɕe kɯrɤʑi me
Glosses: LNK DEM place.name DEM ruins be:AFF:FACT now LNK SBJ:PCP-stay not.exist:FACT
Translation: Now Tatsogsta (`the place of silverweed') is a house in ruins, nobody lives there.' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo nɯnɯ , ɣzɯ kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ci ɯpɯ ci ɲɯɕti
Glosses: INTERJ DEM monkey SBJ:PCP-emph~be.small INDEF 3SG.POSS-little.one INDEF SENS-be.AFF
Translation: Oh, this is [just] a little monkey.' (18-04-28 xiyouji01-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpa ɲɯkɯɕe nɯ tɕe kɯmaʁ tɯrme , ɯxso tɯrme ra nɯtɕʰaʁra pjɤŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-down IPFV:WEST-SBJ:PCP-go DEM LNK other people 3SG.POSS-normal people PL 3PL.POSS-toilet IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The toilet for other people, for normal people (i.e., not lamas), were on the [balcony] facing west under it.' (08-kWqhi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003454#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɯrme ɯxso tɯmaʁ
Glosses: 2SG people 3SG.POSS-normal 2-not.be:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯxso kurɤʑi tɕe , ɯβri nɯnɯ scoʁpɯ pɯkɤβʁum ʑo fse
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-normal IPFV-stay LNK 3SG.POSS-body DEM ladle-DIM AOR:DOWN-OBJ:PCP-cover EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: When [the ladybug] is resting (staying like that, without doing anything), its body looks like a little laddle put upside down.' (26-kWlAGpopo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003670#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: toʁde tɕe tɕendɤre , nɯxso cʰɤnɯɬoʁnɯ .
Glosses: a.moment LNK LNK 3PL.POSS-empty IFR:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-come.out-PL
Translation: A moment later, they came out empty-handed.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsuku kɯ paʁndza ɲɯnɯpʰɯtnɯ ɲɯŋu ri , paʁ ra nɯscawa ma mɤmɯm ma ɯtɯqiaβ saχaʁ ʑo .
Glosses: some ERG hogwash IPFV-AUTO-pluck-PL SENS-be LNK pig PL 3PL.POSS-poor LNK NEG-be.tasty:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.bitter be.extremely:FACT EMPH
Translation: Some people cut [Sambucus] as hogwash, poor pigs, it is so bitter.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo atɤɕime ascawa , wo atɤɕime ascawa
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady 1SG.POSS-poor INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady 1SG.POSS-poor
Translation: My lady, sorry [for what] I [have done to you].' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo tɯscawa , kutɯtso mɯpɯra
Glosses: INTERJ INDEF.POSS-poor IPFV-2-understand NEG-PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: Alas and woe, you should not have known that.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S142"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɯ ɣɯ ŋu kɯ , nɯkʰi ɣe !
Glosses: who GEN be:FACT SFP 3PL.POSS-how.lucky SFP
Translation: Whose are these, how lucky they are!' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akʰi ɲɯŋgɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lucky(1) SENS-be.lucky(2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo tɯci kɯsɤɕke ɯŋgɯ pjɯ́wɣɣɤla , tɕe nɯ ɣɯ ɯci ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu tɯmi pjɯ́wɣɣɤla tɕe nɯnɯ , χtɕoŋ nɯ ɲɯpʰɤn ɲɯtinɯ ri ,
Glosses: 3SG INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-PROP-burn 3SG-in IPFV-INV-CAUS-soak LNK DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-water 3SG-in DEM:LOC GENR.POSS-foot IPFV-INV-CAUS-soak LNK DEM, rheumatism DEM SENS-be.efficient SENS-say-PL LNK
Translation: One puts it in hot water, and then one puts one's feet in that water, and it is efficient against rheumatism, they say.' (20-sWrna)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯtɯci wuma ʑo naʁzi tɕe , ɯtɯci nɯ mɯpjɯmbrɤt ɲɯra .
Glosses: but 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water really EMPH TROP-be.necessary:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water DEM NEG-IPFV-ACAUS:break SENS-be.needed
Translation: But it needs water a lot, it needs to have water continuously.' (07-Zmbri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯtɤlu pjɯ́wɣrku tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯtsʰi qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-milk IPFV:DOWN-INV-put.in LNK DEM IPFV:DOWN-drink LNK
Translation: People pour milk for it (i.e., the cat) to drink, and it drinks it.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde tɕe ɯkɯsat koŋla maŋe tɕe , nɯ qarma ɯmuj kɯnɤ tɯjaʁ mɯ́jɣi wo
Glosses: nowadays LNK 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-kill completely not.exist:C LNK DEM crossoptilon 3SG.POSS-feather also GENR.POSS-hand NEG:SENS-come SFP
Translation: Nowadays, nobody kills them, and one cannot get crossoptilon feathers.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯpɯ kɯxtɕi nɯ ɣɯ ɯtɤmuj nɯ li ɯtʰoʁ nɯtɕu pjɤnɯjɣɤt
Glosses: boy:DIM SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-feather DEM again 3SG.POSS-ground DEM:LOC IFR:DOWN-AUTO-go.back
Translation: The younger boy's feather fell back on the ground again.' (140510 sanpian yumao)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci nɯ tɤtɕɯ nɯ χawo , nɯnɯ aʑo atɯrme nɯ apɯŋu ndɤre , nɯ ɯtɯpe nɯ
Glosses: one DEM INDEF.POSS-boy DEM INTERJ DEM 1SG 1SG.POSS-man DEM IRR-IPFV-be LNK DEM 3SG-NMLZ:DEG-be.good FSP
Translation: That boy, if only he could be my man, it would be so nice.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯndzɯ mɤkɯsɤŋo ɯmɯ mbɯt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-instruction NEG-NMLZ-S/A-listen 3SG.POSS-sky ACAUS:take.off:FACT
Translation: Those who do not listen to advice from other people do not end well.' (`their sky falls') (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: koŋla ɯstu ʑo apɯtɯrɤβzjoz , <zuoye> apɯtɯβze ,
Glosses: really 3SG.POSS-truth EMPH IRR-PFV-2-ANTIP-study homework IRR-PFV-2-do[III]
Translation: Study seriously, do your homework.' (conversation 140501)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤstu ʑo ɯɲɯkɯnɯrgaa nɤ ,
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-really EMPH QU-IPFV-2→1-APPL-like-1SG LNK
Translation: If you really love me,…' (150907 yingning-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006264#S136"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa nɤzda nɯ pɯsata ŋu tɕe , tʰam tɕe nɤʑo nɤβra pjɯtasat ra
Glosses: just.before 2SG.POSS-companion DEM AOR-kill-1SG be:FACT LNK now LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-turn IPFV-1→2-kill be.needed:FACT
Translation: I just killed your companion, now it's your turn.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤj nɤβra tɤndze
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-turn IMP-eat[III]
Translation: It is your turn to eat.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑɯɣ apɤro tɕʰi juɣɯta ra ?
Glosses: 2SG:GEN 1SG.POSS-present what IPFV-bring-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: What present should I bring for you?' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo dɯxpa pɯtɯtu ma li nɤpɤro jɤtɯɣɯt !
Glosses: 2SG hardship PST.IPFV-2-exist LNK again 2SG.POSS-present AOR-2-bring
Translation: Thank you, you brought another present [for me].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki nɤrkuz ŋu
Glosses: DEM:PROX 2SG.POSS-parting.present be:FACT
Translation: This is a parting present for you.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S248"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɕɯ kɯ atɕʰa mɯnakʰo .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son ERG 1SG.POSS-news NEG-AOR:3→3-give
Translation: I have not heard from my son.' (`My son did not give me any response.') (elicited)