lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯχpi ɯfɕɤt pjɤʑa .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-story 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:tell IFR:DOWN-start
Translation: He started telling her a story.' (140517 buaishuohua-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯfsoʁ loʑa tɕe ,
Glosses: INF:II-be.light IFR:UPSTREAM-start LNK
Translation: The day broke.' (140511 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɟuli ɯlɤt cʰɤʑa
Glosses: flute 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:release IFR:DOWNSTREAM-start
Translation: He started playing the flute.' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrɟaʁ koʑandʑi
Glosses: INF:II-dance IFR:EAST-start-DU
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li tɯɕe joʑa
Glosses: again INF:II-go IFR:INDEFINITE-start
Translation: He started leaving.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɤɣo cʰɤʑa
Glosses: song IFR:DOWNSTREAM-start
Translation: It started singing (i.e. began a song).' (140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ nɯɕimɯma ʑo tɯnɯrɤɣo cʰɤʑa
Glosses: bird DEM ERG immediately EMPH INF-sing IFR:DOWNSTREAM-start
Translation: The bird immediately started to sing.' (140514 huishuohua de niao)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <kaoshi> pɯcʰa
Glosses: exam AOR-can
Translation: He passed the exam.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤpɤtso nɯ kɯ nɯra [tɯ~tatɯt] nɯra pjɤcʰa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM ERG DEM:PL TOTAL~AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM:PL IFR-can
Translation: The child had succeeded in doing everything that [the old king] had said.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯwa tɕʰi tɤstuta] nɯ tustea ɲɯɬoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-father what AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG DEM IPFV-do.like[III]-1SG SENS-be.needed
Translation: I have to deal with him in the same way as I dealt with his father. (=How I treated his father, I have to treat him like that)' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯɕimɯma ʑo iɕqʰa [kɯm nɯtɕu ɯftaʁ tɤkɤta] nɯ pjɤmto
Glosses: immediately EMPH the.aforementioned door DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-mark PDV-INF/OBJ:PCP-put DEM IFR-see
Translation: She immediately saw the mark that had been put on the door / that someone had put a mark on the door.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lofsoʁ tɕe tɕe tɤmu nɯ [ɯtɕɯ ɯkɯɕar] cʰɤɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: IFR-be.bright LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM 3SG.POSS-son 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search IFR:DOWNSTREAM-go LNK
Translation: When the sun came up (in the morning), the mother went to look for her son.' (tWJo 2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pri nɯ [ɯzda ɯkɯɕar] joɬoʁ .
Glosses: bear DEM 3SG.POSS-companion 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search IFR-come.out
Translation: The bear came out to look for its companion (another bear).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰro kɤmto] mɯ́jɣi ma ɯkɤndza ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: much OBJ:PCP-see NEG:SENS-come LNK 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat exist:SENS
Translation: (In the years when there are a lot of things to eat in the forest), it_i does not come to [places where it_i can] be seen, because it_i has things to eat. (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo βlama tɤnɯβlɤmtɕʰata
Glosses: 1SG lama AOR-ask.to.perform.a.task-1SG
Translation: I asked a lama to perform a [ceremony] for me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯnɯβlɤmtɕʰɤt ɕea ra
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-ask.to.perform.a.task go:FACT-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: (Their lama said:) `I have to go to perform [a ceremony at someone's invitation].' (160720 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯfsosoz tɕe , [tɤrɟit ra kɯ nɯ ɯkɯɕar] joɕenɯ ɲɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-tomorrow-morning LNK INDEF.POSS-child PL ERG DEM 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search IFR:UPSTREAM-go SENS-be LNK
Translation: The next morning, the children went (there) to look for him.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯwa nɯ kɯ kʰapa tɕe ɯkɯnnɤjo] pjɤɣi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-father DEM ERG downstairs LOC 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-wait IFR:DOWN-come
Translation: His father came downstairs to wait for him.' (140506 loBzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmaqʰu tɕe , tɤtɕɯ nɯ [kɯsi] torɤŋgat
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK INDEF.POSS-son DEM SBJ:PCP-die IFR-be.about.to
Translation: The man was about to die.' (2002 rkongrgjal2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tsʰɤt ɯkɯmtsʰi] ci jɤɣe tɕe
Glosses: goat 3SG.POSS-lead INDEF AOR-come[II] LNK
Translation: Someone came leading a goat.' (chen-pear)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmbro ɯndʐi nɯra [kɤntsɣe] jotsɯm
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-skin DEM:PL OBJ:PCP-sell IFR-take.away
Translation: He took the horses' skins to [the market] to sell them.' (150814 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kutɕu rca [kɤntsɣe] ɯkuxtɕɯ~xtɕo juɣɯtnɯ ɕti .
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC UNEXP:DEG OBJ:PCP-sell 3SG.POSS-EMPH~basket IPFV-bring-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [People] bring many basketfuls [of mushroom] to sell.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤsat] ɯspa jówɣtsɯm ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: OBJ:PCP-kill 3SG.POSS-material IFR-INV-take.away SENS-be
Translation: He was taken away to be executed.' (tou dongxi de xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme nɯ kɯ laχtɕʰa [kɤntsɣe] (ɯspa) kɯdɯ~dɤn joɣɯt .
Glosses: person DEM ERG thing OBJ:PCP-sell 3SG.POSS-material SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many IFR-bring
Translation: The man brought a lot of things to sell.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁ nɯra ʁo lɯski , [ɕa kɤndza] ɯspa kuχsunɯ pjɤŋu ri
Glosses: pig DEM:PL ADVERS of.course meat OBJ:PCP-eat 3SG.POSS-material IPFV-feed-PL IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: As for the pigs, people of course raise them for their meat.' (150820 kAnWCkat)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯzda nɯra , [[pɣɤtɕɯ kɯɣɤwu], [kʰɯna kɯɤndzɯt], [lɯlu kɯɣɤwu] kɯfse , nɯra tunɯɕpɯz] ɲɯspe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion DEM:PL bird SBJ:PCP-cry dog SBJ:PCP-bark cat SBJ:PCP-cry INF:STAT-be.like DEM:PL IPFV-imitate SENS-be.able[III]
Translation: It is able to imitate other animals, sing like a bird, bark like a dog, meow like a cat or call like a fox.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tukɯɣi ɲɤɣɤme qʰe ,
Glosses: IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-come IFR-CAUS-not.exist LNK
Translation: She made it impossible for her to come out (again).' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[rŋɯl kɯ ndʑikɯsɤndu] kɯcʰa] kɯfse pɯ~pɯtu nɤ
Glosses: silver ERG 3DU-SBJ:PCP-exchange SBJ:PCP-can SBJ:PCP-be.like COND~PST.IPFV-exist if
Translation: If there was someone who could redeem [the life of the two brothers] with money, …' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ lurɤji , tɕe tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ li tɯtaʁ cʰɯβze tɕe , mɯntoʁ ra tutʂɯβ qʰe kunɯrɤʑindʑi pjɤŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy DEM IPFV-APASS-plant LNK girl DEM ERG again NMLZ:ACTION-weave IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-make[III] LNK flower PL IPFV-sew LNK IPFV-AUTO-stay-DU IPFV.IFR-be
Translation: The boy was working in the fields, the girl was weaving and doing embroidery, they were living like that.' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯɕkʰo pjɯ́wɣnɯβzu qʰe , nɯ kɤɣndʑɯr ɯspa nɯ pjɯ́wɣɕkʰo tɕe nɯrom kóʁmɯz cʰɯ́wɣndʑɯr ra tɕe , ɯnɯnɯra ɣɯtumɯrki tundze ŋu .
Glosses: LNK NMLZ:ACTION-dry.in.the.sun IPFV:DOWN-INV-AUTO-make LNK DEM OBJ:PCP-grind 3SG.POSS-material DEM IPFV:DOWN-INV-dry.in.the.sun LNK AOR-be.dry only.after IPFV-INV-grind be.needed:FACT LNK DEM:PL CISL-IPFV-steal[III] IPFV-eat[III] be:FACT
Translation: When we dry things in the sun, when we dry the grains before grinding (one grinds them only after they have dried), it comes, steals them and eats them.' (22-CAGpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɤɣo ra cʰɯβzunɯ , tɯrɟaʁ ra pjɯβzunɯ pjɤŋgrɤl ɲɯŋu
Glosses: song PL IPFV-make-PL NMLZ:ACTION-dance PL IPFV-make-PL INDEF.IPFV-be.usually.the.case SENS-be
Translation: (Every year, when the festival took place), [people] would sing and dance.' (150906 toutao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʑo amtʰɯm tanɯtsɯm qʰe , ajaʁ ra tɯmɯrʁɯz cʰɤlɤt qʰe , tɤse patɕɤt .
Glosses: LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-meat AOR:UP:3→3-VERT-take.away LNK 1SG.POSS-hand PL NMLZ:ACTION-scratch IFR:DOWNSTREAM-release LNK INDEF.POSS-blood AOR:3→3-take.out
Translation: The kite took away the meat (that was in my hand), it scratched my hand, and made it bleed.' (150909 qandZGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mtsʰu ɯŋgɯ tɯtɯnɯmdar pjɤβzundʑi
Glosses: lake 3SG.POSS-inside SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-jump IFR:DOWN-make-DU
Translation: They (the two of them) had jumped into the lake together.' (nyima wodzer 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pri cʰo jlɤkrɯ nɯra tɯtɯtʂaβ ʑo pjɤβzu
Glosses: bear COMIT DEM:PL basket SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-cause.to.roll.down EMPH IFR:DOWN-make
Translation: He made the basket with the bear [in it] roll down (together).' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯŋga tɯtɯtʂɯβ kɤβzuta
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-sew AOR-make:PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I stiched the clothes together.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora tɯtɯqur tɤtaβzunɯ
Glosses: 2PL SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-help AOR-1→2-make-PL
Translation: I helped you all at the same time.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰrambaqur] matɤkɯβzua
Glosses: lie-help NEG-IMP-2→1-make-1SG
Translation: Do not pretend to help me!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kʰrambanɤre] ɲɤβzu
Glosses: lie-laugh IFR-make
Translation: He pretended to laugh.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɣi pjɯ́wɣrɤpɣi tɕe tɕe , li [kɯzɣɤrɤlaj] ʑo pjɯ́wɣβzu .
Glosses: bread INF-INV-mix.flour.and.water LNK LNK again long.time-knead EMPH IPFV-INV-make
Translation: When one mixes flour and water to make bread, one has to knead [the dough] for a long time.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ tunɯʁlɯmbɯɣa ɕti ri , ɯʑo kɯ kɤnɤma nɯ sɤpe
Glosses: DEM IPFV-guess-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG ERG OBJ:PCP-work DEM do.well:FACT
Translation: I suppose that he will perform this task well.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tuʁnɯa ɕti ma ɯʑo kɯ tatɯt ŋu maʁ mɤxsi
Glosses: IPFV-suspect-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG ERG AOR:3→3-say be:FACT not.be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: I am wondering whether what he said is true or not (suspecting that it is not true).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kurtoʁ tɕe [tɕʰeme nɯ wuma ʑo pjɤmpɕɤr]
Glosses: IPFV-look LNK girl DEM really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.beautiful
Translation: He saw that that the girl was very beautiful.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe luru tɕe [ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɯʑo luntɕʰɤr ɲɯŋu]
Glosses: LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-look.at LNK 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC himself IPFV:UPSTREAM-be.reflected SENS-be
Translation: [The rooster] looked at [a window] and [saw] its own reflection in it.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ pjɯfɕɤtnɯ tɕe , “nɯtɕu tɕaχpa pjɤtu” tutinɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: in.former.times IPFV-tell-PL LNK DEM:LOC bandit IFR.IPFV-exist IPFV-say-PL LNK
Translation: In former times, people used to say that there were bandits there.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯsɤŋo tɕe , smɤt kɯβʁa nɯra , wuma ʑo nɯme , nɯme χsɯm pjɤtu tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-listen LNK TOPO noble DEM:PL really EMPH 3PL.POSS-daughter 3PL.POSS-daughter three IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: He had heard that nobles of Smad had three daughters.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰɯndɯlnɯ tɕe [kɯndɯ~ndɯβ] ʑo cʰɯβzunɯ
Glosses: IPFV-grind-PL LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.fine EMPH IPFV-make-PL
Translation: They grind [tobacco] and make it very smooth.' (30-CnAto)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpʰɯ ɲɯwxti tɕe , nɯra tʰamtɕɤt matɤtɯɣɤwxti , aʑo nɯ tunɯχtia [nɯra stʰɯci kɯwxti] ɯpʰɯ matɤtɯβze , [kɯtʂaŋ] ci tɤβze
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-price SENS-be.big LNK DEM:PL all NEG-IMP-2-CAUS-be.big 1SG DEM IPFV-AUTO-buy[III]-1SG DEM:PL as.much SBJ:PCP-be.big 3SG.POSS-price NEG-IMP-2-make[III] SBJ:PCP-be.fair a.little IMP-make[III]
Translation: It is too expensive, don't make it that expensive, I will buy it, don't make its price that expensive, offer it for a fair price.' (Bargaining 12, 12)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cɯβjiz kɯfse cʰɤta tɕe , ɯkɯr ɯŋgɯ tɕe , [tɯci pjɯkɯlɤt] toβzu
Glosses: flat.stone SBJ:PCP-be.like IFR:DOWNSTREAM-put LNK 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in LOC INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-SBJ:PCP-release IFR-make
Translation: He positioned [the leaf of a rhododendron] like a flat stone [next to his younger brother's_i mouth] in such a way that water could flow into his_i mouth.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: larɤɕinɯ tɕe , [[lunɯɬoʁ] mɤkɯkʰɯ] tuβzunɯ
Glosses: AOR:3→3-pull-PL LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-AUTO-come.out NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible IPFV-make-PL
Translation: They pull [on the thread] (to close the opening) and prevent it from coming out.' (30-CnAto)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɕɯkɤβde mɤkɯra] nɯ ndʑiʑo kɯ nɯtɯsɯɤβzundʑi ŋu
Glosses: TRAL-INF-throw NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM 2DU ERG AOR-2-CAUS-become-DU be:FACT
Translation: Thanks to both of you, there is no need to throw [people] (in the lake) anymore.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɯci ɲɯtɯsqarndɯm tɕe [[aʑo tɯci kɯɤmgri kɤtsʰi] mɤkɯkʰɯ] ɲɯtɯsɯɤpe ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-2-CAUS-be.muddy LNK 1SG INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-be.clear INF-drink NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible IPFV-2-CAUS-become[III] SENS-be
Translation: You have spoiled my water, you have made it so I am unable to drink clear water.' (lang he yang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɤmtʰɯm tʰamtɕɤt [kɤndza mɤkɯsna] ɲɯsɯɤβze ɲɯcʰa .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-meat all INF-eat NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good IPFV-CAUS-become[III] SENS-can
Translation: [Maggots] can make all the meat improper for consumption (unfit to eat).' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: praʁ ɯpa nɯtɕu (...) kutazrɤʑi tɕe , [tɯci nɯnɯ sɲikuku ʑo tɕetu (...) nɤtaʁ nɯtɕu pjɯkɯlɤt] ʑo tutasɯɤβzu ŋu tɕe
Glosses: cliff 3SG.POSS-down DEM:LOC _ IPFV-1→2-CAUS-stay LNK INDEF.POSS-water DEM every.day EMPH up.there _ 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IPFV:DOWN-SBJ:PCP-release EMPH IPFV-1→2-CAUS-become be:FACT LNK
Translation: (I will not kill you), but I will keep you under the cliffs, so that the water flows down onto you.' (150901 changfamei-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [mɯtukɤnɤtɯti kɯra] tɤ́wɣsɯβzuanɯ ndʐa ɕti ma
Glosses: NEG-IPFV-INF-DISTR:say SBJ:PCP-be.needed AOR-INV-CAUS-make-1SG-PL reason be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: It is because they made me [swear] not to tell anyone about it.' (tWxtsa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤɤlɯlɤt mɤkɯra] ɲɤtɯtɕɤt
Glosses: INF-fight NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.needed IFR-2-take.out
Translation: You stopped them from fighting.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤsci] mɯnɯtɯɣɤkʰɯt
Glosses: INF-be.born NEG-IPFV-2-CAUS-be.possible-PST:TR
Translation: You made it impossible for me to be born.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕpʰɤt nɯ apɯɤndʑɤmstu tɕe , nɯ [kɯβdi] tusɯpanɯ ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-patch DEM IRR-IPFV-be.level LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.well IPFV-CAUS-do-PL be:FACT
Translation: If the patch is level (if it is neatly sewn), people consider it [to have been sewn] well.' (12-kAtsxWB-29)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯspa ra ɲɯnaχtɕɯɣ ɕti , tɕe tʰoŋraʁ nɯ kɯ [kɯmɯm] tusɯpanɯ ŋu
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-material PL SENS-be.the.same be.AFF:FACT LNK bucket.alcohol DEM ERG SBJ:PCP-be.tasty IPFV-CAUS-do-PL be:FACT
Translation: Although its ingredients are the same (as those used to make other types of alcohol), [some people] consider alcohol in a bucket to be tastier.' (30-thoNraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰoŋraʁ nɯ kɯ ɲɯnɤmɯmnɯ
Glosses: bucket.alcohol DEM ERG SENS-TROP-be.tasty-PL
Translation: They consider alcohol in bucket to be tastier.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo ŋgumdʑɯɣ tutasɯpa ŋu
Glosses: 2SG leader IPFV-1→2-CAUS-do be:FACT
Translation: I consider you to be [my] leader.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯti cʰo ɯnɤma ra ci ʑo tosɯpa
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say COMIT 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:work PL one EMPH IFR-CAUS-do
Translation: As he said it, he did it at the same time.' (150826 liyu tiao longmen-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯɕimɯma ɯti cʰondɤre ɯtɯɕe ci tosɯpa tɕe
Glosses: immediately 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say COMIT 3SG.POSS-INF:II-go one IFR-CAUS-do LNK
Translation: As he said this, he immediately went [there].' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki tɤndɤm tɕe , koŋla ʑo , [ɯpɯ ɯpa] atɤtɯɣɤβdi ma
Glosses: DEM.PROX IMP-take[III] LNK completely EMPH 3SG.POSS-keep(1) 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:keep(2) IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.well LNK
Translation: Take this and keep it safe (make sure not to lose it).' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤkɯmŋɤm koŋla kɤrtoʁ] apɯtɯsɯʁzɤβ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt completely INF-look IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.careful
Translation: Let [a doctor] carefully examine your condition.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯtɕu tɕe ɲɯkɤɤtɯɣ tɕe kukɤɤnɤjɯ~jo] topandʑi ri ,
Glosses: DEM:LOC LNK IPFV-INF-meet LNK IPFV-INF-RECIP-wait IFR-do-DU LNK
Translation: The two of them agreed to meet there and wait for each other.' (150820 qaprANar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kukɤrɤʑi tɕe tukɤqur] topandʑi .
Glosses: 3SG IPFV-INF-stay LNK IPFV-INF-help IFR-do-DU
Translation: They_i+j had a discussion and decided that he_i would stay and help him_j.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰa [aʑosɯso ɲɯnɯpea] kʰɯ
Glosses: later 1SG-as.wish IPFV-AUTO-do[III]-1SG be.possible:FACT
Translation: (Once he dies), it will become possible for me to do whatever I want.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kutɕu kurɤʑia] ɲɯɬoʁ
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC IPFV-stay-1SG SENS-be.needed
Translation: I had better (have no choice but to) stay here.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ʑara nɯskɤt mɤkɤβzu] mɯ́jkʰɯ .
Glosses: 3PL 3PL.POSS-speech NEG-INF-make NEG:SENS-be.possible
Translation: There was no choice but to speak their language (with them, as they did not understand Japhug or Chinese) (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ nɯmbɯt qʰe , tɕe [tɯmɲitsi kɤɤ<nɯ>χa] ɬoʁ
Glosses: DEM AOR-ACAUS:take.off LNK LNK GENR.POSS-life INF-<AUTO>have.a.gap be.needed:FACT
Translation: If it (one's tooth) falls out, one is left with a gap [in one's teeth] all one's life.' (27-tWCGArgu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑosɯso kɤnɯpa] tukʰɯ ɕti
Glosses: 1SG-as.wish INF-AUTO-do IPFV-be.possible be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Then it will become possible for me to do whatever I want.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁi kutɕu kɤrɤʑi tɕe , [aʑo tɯci zɲɯɕara] ɲɯntsʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM.PROX:LOC IMP-stay LNK 1SG INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV-look.for-1SG SENS-have.better
Translation: Brother, stay here, let me look for water.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo pjɯsia] ɲɯzgɤt ma
Glosses: 1SG IPFV-die-1SG SENS-be.needed LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qʰe [ɲɯkʰama] jɤɣ ri , [nɤrca tukɯtsɯma] ra
Glosses: LNK IPFV-give[III]-1SG be.allowed:FACT LNK 2SG.POSS-together.with IPFV:UP-2→-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I can give it to you (I agree to give it to you), but then you have to take me (to heaven) with you.' 31-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤlu kɤtɕɤt] pɯjɤɣ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk INF-take.out AOR-be.finished
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri tʰam tɕe [nɯra kɤstu] mɯ́jjɤɣ ma ,
Glosses: LNK now LNK DEM:PL INF-do.like NEG:SENS-be.allowed LNK
Translation: Now doing these things (i.e. killing whales) is not allowed.' (160703 jingyu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo kutɕu kɤnɯrɤʑi] jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG DEM.PROX:LOC IMP-AUTO-stay be.allowed:FACT
Translation: You can stay here.' (140504 baixuegongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯkʰa kɤnɯβzu mɯpjɤŋgrɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-house INF-AUTO-make NEG-IFR-succeed
Translation: (As he spends all his time singing rather than working, in the end) he did not manage to build his house.' (26-NalitCaRmbWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [tɯxpa tɯɣjɤn ma ɲɯɤtɯɣnɯ] mɯ́jjɤɣ
Glosses: LNK one-year one-time apart.from IPFV-meet-PL NEG:SENS-be.allowed
Translation: They can only meet (i.e. they are not allowed by the gods of heaven to meet more than) once a year.' (150828 niulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯ́jtɯkʰɯnɯ qʰe tɕe , tɕe atu amu ci tu tɕe , nɯ ɯɕki zɯ ɣɯtɤnɯtʰunɯ ma
Glosses: NEG:SENS-2-agree-PL LNK LNK LNK up.there 1SG.POSS-mother INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC CISL-IMP-AUTO-ask-PL LNK
Translation: (I am telling you that I am not the person you are looking for), you don't want to [listen to me],
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ mɤtɯra
Glosses: 1SG:GEN NEG-2-need:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤkɯqur tɤra tɕe
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-help AOR-need LNK
Translation: When you need someone to help you…' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [asroʁ kɤri] ri mɤtɯcʰa , [tukɯqura] ri mɤtɯcʰa
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-life INF-save also NEG-2-can:FACT IPFV-2→1-help-1SG also NEG-2-can:FACT
Translation: You can neither save my life nor help me.' (shizi he lare neithaoshu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [cʰɯtɯmɤɕi] tɯcʰa
Glosses: IPFV-2-be.rich 2-can:FACT
Translation: You can become rich.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [cʰɯtɯmɤɕi] cʰa
Glosses: IPFV-2-be.rich can:FACT
Translation: It will be possible for you to become rich.' (140515 facaimeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo ɲɯkɯɕɯɣmua] mɤtɯcʰa
Glosses: 1SG IPFV-2→1-CAUS-be.afraid-1SG NEG-2-can:FACT
Translation: You cannot scare me.' (140516 guowang halifa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯwxtinɯ tsa tɕe tɕe , tatsɯm tɕe tuɣɤrʁɤβjɤβ ɲɯɕti tɕe ɯʑo [kɤtsɯm] mɯɲɯ́wɣsɯxcʰa .
Glosses: AOR-be.big-PL a.little LNK LNK AOR:3→3-take.away LNK IPFV-struggle SENS-be.AFF LNK 3SG INF-take.away NEG-SENS-INV-CAUS-can
Translation: When [piglets and lambs] have gotten big, [if the eagle tries to] carry away [one of them]_i, it_i struggles and [the eagle] is not strong enough to take it_i away.' (150819 RarphAB)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣʑo kɯfse kɯwxti nɯra rcanɯ , [ʑaʑa ʑo kɤsat] mɤ́wɣsɯxcʰa ma ɯʑo ɲɯxtɕi , ci nɯ ɲɯwxti tɕe
Glosses: bee SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM:PL UNEXP:DEG soon EMPH INF-kill NEG-INV-CAUS-can:FACT LNK 3SG SENS-be.small INDEF DEM SENS-be.big LNK
Translation: In the case of a (relatively) big [insect] like a bee,_i [the spider]_j cannot kill it_i quickly, because it_j is small while the other one_i is bigger.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kupaskɤt mɯ́jspea
Glosses: 1SG Chinese-language NEG:SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I am not able to [speak] Chinese.' (160721 XpWN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕoŋβzu kospa
Glosses: carpentry IFR-be.able
Translation: He learned carpentry.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [“amu" tuti] ɯɲɯ́spe ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother IPFV-say QU-SENS-be.able[III]
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɕɯkɤnɤkʰu] mɤnaza
Glosses: TRAL-INF-invite NEG-dare:FACT-1SG
Translation: I do not dare to go and invite him.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[kɤnɤkʰu] kɤɕe] mɤnaza
Glosses: OBJ:PCP-invite INF-go NEG-dare:FACT-1SG
Translation: I do not dare to go [to his house] as a guest.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [cʰɤci kɤtsʰi] tasɯsonɯ tɕe , tɕe ki ɯqa ɯtʰɯm nɯ ɲɯχɕoʁnɯ tɕe
Glosses: alcohol INF-drink AOR:3→3-want-PL LNK LNK DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-bottom 3sg.POSS-cork DEM IPFV-remove-PL LNK
Translation: When people want to drink the alcohol, they remove the cork at the bottom (of the jar).' (160703 araR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kuɣɯta] nɯsɯsota ri ɲɤnɯjmɯta ma
Glosses: IPFV:EAST-bring-1SG AOR-want-PST:TR-1SG LNK IFR-AUTO-forget-1SG LNK
Translation: I wanted to bring it but I forgot it.' (23-tshAYCAnW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [arɤɣo ɲɯtɯsɤŋo] tɤtɯsɯsot tɕe , aɣɯjɤkɯsɯɣea qʰe nɯ ɕti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-song IPFV-2-listen AOR-2-want-PST:TR LNK IRR-CISL-invite-1SG LNK DEM be.AFF:FACT
Translation: When you want to listen to my songs, send people to come and invite me and that's it.' (140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ [tɤtɕɯ nɯ ɣɯ ɯkʰa nɯtɕu tɕʰeme kɯmpɕɤr ci ɣɤʑu] nɯ kotsonɯ .
Glosses: DEM INDEF.POSS-son DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-house DEM:LOC girl SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful INDEF exist:SENS DEM IFR-understand-PL
Translation: They realized that there was a beautiful girl in the boy's house.' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li [iɕqʰa tɤɕime nɯ mɯpɯkɯsi] nɯ kotso
Glosses: again the.aforementioned girl DEM NEG-AOR-SBJ:PCP-die DEM IFR-understand
Translation: She realized that the girl had not died.' (140504 baixuegongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤrʑaʁ tʰɤstɯɣ nɯari] mɯpjɤtso
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-time how.much AOR-go[II] NEG-IFR-understand
Translation: He had not realized how much time had passed.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ [qaʑo tɤkɯnɯɕpɯz] nɯ pjɤsɯχsɤl .
Glosses: LNK DEM ERG sheep AOR-SBJ:PCP-disguised DEM IFR-recognize
Translation: He (the shepherd boy) had noticed that the [nobleman] was disguised as a sheep.' (40513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <liangshanbo> nɯ kɯ [aʑo tɕʰeme kɯŋu] nɯ amɤpɯ́wɣsɯχsala
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG 1SG girl SBJ:PCP-be DEM IRR-NEG-PFV-INV-realize-1SG
Translation: [I hope that] Liang Shanbo will not realize that I am a girl.' (150826 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [<tuolaji> kɤlɤt] ra kaβzjoz
Glosses: tractor INF-release PL AOR:3→3-learn
Translation: He learned to drive a tractor.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤfsɤri kɤβzu] ci pjɯtasɯxɕɤt
Glosses: thread INF-make a.little IPFV-1→2-teach
Translation: Let me teach you how to make a thread.' (vid-20140506043657)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯɣɲɟɯ ra scʰɤru ri mɯpjɤmto
Glosses: window PL TRAL-IFR:DOWNSTREAM-look LNK NEG-IFR-see
Translation: She went and looked from the window but did not see him.' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [sɯŋgi nɯ ɲɯɣɤwu] nɯ pjɤmtsʰɤm
Glosses: lion DEM IPFV-cry DEM IFR-hear
Translation: [The mouse] heard that the lion was crying.' (shizi he laoshu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[nɯ ɲɯsɤmtsɯɣ] kɤti] mɯpɯ́wɣmtsʰɤm .
Glosses: DEM SENS-APASS-bite OBJ:PCP-say NEG-AOR-INV-hear
Translation: I have not heard that it bites people.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɯru qʰe [tɕeki tɯci ɯŋgɯ ɯʑo pɯkɯntɕʰɤr] nɯ pjɤmto .
Glosses: IPFV:DOWN-look LNK down INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in 3SG AOR:DOWN-SBJ:PCP-appear DEM IFR-see
Translation: He looked down, and saw his own reflection in the water below (himself reflected in the water).' (140519 chou xiaoya-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯsɤŋo tɕe [iɕqʰa sŋaʁspa nɯ kɯ “tɤtʂu ɣɯtɤsɤndunɯ" ɯkɯti] nɯ pjɤmtsʰɤm tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-listen LNK the.aforementioned sorcerer DEM ERG lamp CISL-IMP-exchange-PL 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say DEM IFR-hear LNK
Translation: She heard the sorcerer saying `Come and exchange [your] lamp'.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ŋotɕu jɤnɯɬoʁ] tɕi mɯpɯmtoj , [ŋotɕu jɤɕqʰlɤt] tɕi kɤɕɯftaʁ mɯpjɤcʰaj
Glosses: where IFR-AUTO-come.out also NEG-AOR-see-1PL where IFR-disappear also INF-remember NEG-IFR-can-1PL
Translation: We neither saw where she came from, nor can we remember which way she went.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɤpaχɕi ci tukɯsɯrɲoa
Glosses: 1SG 2SG.POSS-apple a.little IPFV-2→1-CAUS-taste-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo [kɤmtsɯɣ] mɯpɯrɲota ri , χpɤltɕɯn kɯ pjɤrɲo
Glosses: 1SG INF-bite NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG but p.n ERG IFR-experience
Translation: I have never been stung [by a wasp], but Dpalcan has.' (26-ndzWrnaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɤltɕɯn kɯ [kɤmtsɯɣ] pjɤrɲo
Glosses: p.n ERG INF-bite IFR-experience
Translation: Dpalcan has been stung [by a wasp] before'. (elicitation based on ex:kAmtsWG.P)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo pɯxtɕɯ~xtɕia ʑo ri tɯxtɤŋɤm nɯatɯɣa tɕe , [nɯ kɤmŋɤm] pɯrɲota
Glosses: 1SG PST.IPFV-EMPH~be.small-1SG EMPH LOC dysentery AOR-meet-1SG LNK DEM INF-hurt AOR-experience-1SG
Translation: When I was very small, I had dysentery, [my belly] ached.' (24-pGArtsAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [axtu kɤmŋɤm] pɯrɲota .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-belly INF-hurt AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have had stomachache.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ ɯti] tastʰɯt
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say AOR:3→3-finish
Translation: When she finished saying that…' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯnɯ kɤjtsʰi] nastʰɯt tɕe tɕe tɤpɤtso nɯ li ɯsta nɯtɕu koɕɯrŋgɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-breast INF-give.to.drink AOR:3→3-finish LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-child DEM again 3SG.POSS-bed DEM:LOC IFR-CAUS-lay
Translation: After she had finished breastfeeding, she put back the child on his bed.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯra paβzjoz] pastʰɯt tɕe ɯsloχpɯn nɯ kɯ taqaβ tɯldʑa ɲɤ́wɣmbi
Glosses: DEM:PL AOR:3→3-learn AOR:3→3-finish LNK 3SG.POSS-teacher DEM ERG needle one-CL IFR-INV-give
Translation: When he finished learning this [craft], his teacher gave him a needle.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯsi] tɤrɤŋgat , turɤru mɯnɯcʰa ri , _ nɯ ɯɕɣa ra pɯtsʰoz ʑo .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-die AOR-be.about IPFV-get.up NEG-AOR-can LNK _ DEM 3SG.POSS-tooth PL PST.IPFV-be.complete EMPH
Translation: Even when she was about to die (from old age), when she was not able to get up anymore, (…) she still had all her teeth.' (27-tWCGArgu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤtɯari tɕe , (...) tɯrme [kɤsat] tɤkɯrɤŋgat (...) ʁnɯz tɯmtɤm ri
Glosses: AOR-2-go[II] LNK _ person SBJ:PCP-kill AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.about.to _ two 2-see[III]:FACT LNK
Translation: When you go there, you will see two people who are about to be killed.' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [akɯʁndɯ] tutɯɤɣɯɣu ɲɯŋu tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hit IPFV-2-be.about.to SENS-be LNK
Translation: You are about to hit me.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ɣɯɕaβa tɤŋu tɕe , nɤʑo χcʰa nɯ anɯtɯɕtʰɯz
Glosses: 1SG INV-catch.up:FACT-1SG AOR-be LNK 2SG right DEM IRR-PFV:WEST-2-turn.towards
Translation: When they are about to catch up with me, turn the [thing in your] right [hand] in [their direction].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɕɤr tɕe tu] ŋgrɤl , [tumbri] ŋgrɤl
Glosses: night LOC exist:FACT be.usually.the.case:FACT IPFV-call be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: [Owls] appear, howl during the night.' (22-pGAkhW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo kumpɣa cʰɯnɯχsea] pɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: 1SG chicken IPFV-AUTO-feed[III]-1SG PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: I used to raise chickens (for my own sake).' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme ɯɕki “aβɣo" tukɯti mɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: girl 3SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-FB IPFV-GENR-say NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: One cannot address a woman as `my uncle'.' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [ɕɤmɯɣdɯ kɤlɤt] nɯ tustunɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: LNK gun INF-release DEM IPFV-do.like-PL SENS-be
Translation: People shoot with guns like that.' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤpʰɣo] tɕʰi atɤfsej ?
Glosses: INF-flee what IRR-PFV-be.like-1PL
Translation: How will we flee?' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɤfsraŋ] tɕʰi tustea ?
Glosses: 2SG INF-protect what IPFV-do.like[III]-1SG
Translation: How [can] I save you?' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤtɕɯ kɯ [nɤʑo kɤbɯwa] tɕʰi atɤste ɕti ?
Glosses: bird ERG 2SG INF-carry.on.the.back what IRR-PFV-do.like[III] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: How will the bird carry you on its back?' (2003 zrAntCW tWrme)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɤfsraŋ] tɕʰi tutastu ?
Glosses: 2SG INF-protect what IPFV-1→2-do.like[III]
Translation: How [can] I save you?' (elicitation based on ex:kAfsraN.tChi.tustea)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi ci ʑo túwɣstu tɕe pʰɤn
Glosses: what INDEF EMPH IPFV-INV-do.like LNK be.efficient:FACT
Translation: What should [we] do to successfully [treat your disease]?' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɤwɯ nɯ kɯ tɯ~tastu] ʑo tostu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-grandfather DEM ERG TOTAL~AOR:3→3-do.like EMPH IFR-do.like
Translation: He did everything like the old man.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnmaʁ jɤkɯɣe nɯ ɕoŋβzu mkʰɤz tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-husband AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM carpentry be.expert:FACT LNK
Translation: Her husband who came [to live in her family] is very good at carpentry.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiʑo rcanɯ , [kɤtaʁ] wuma ʑo mkʰɤztɕi
Glosses: 1DU UNEXPECTED INF-weave really EMPH be.expert:FACT-1DU
Translation: We are very good at weaving.' (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <gang> stʰɯci mɯ́jrko qʰe , ɲɯmpɯ qʰe [tuŋgɤɣ , ɲɯɤjʁu] nɯra ɲɯmbat
Glosses: steel as.much NEG:SENS-be.hard LNK SENS-be.soft LNK IPFV-ACAUS:bend IPFV-be.curved DEM:PL] SENS-be.easy
Translation: [Iron] is not as hard as steel, it is soft and bends easily.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [cʰɯwxti] ɯtɯmbat ɲɯsɤre ʑo
Glosses: IPFV-be.big 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.easy SENS-be.ridiculous EMPH
Translation: It grows extremely easily.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤnɯrdoʁ] ri mɤaɲaj ma kɯndɯndɯβ ɕti
Glosses: INF-pick.up also NEG-be.quick:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It takes a lot of time (it is not done quickly) to pick up [the Zanthoxyllum seeds], because they are very small.' (07-tCGom)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtʂo ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu [staχpɯ kɤji] mɤpe
Glosses: earth.type 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC pea INF-plant NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: Planting peas in tɤtʂo-type earth is not good.' (25-cWXCWz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a<xuetang> ɯtɯmbro <kongzhi> tuβzea ŋu . [mɯtukɤmbro] ftɕaka tuβzea ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-blood.sugar 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.high control IPFV-do[III]-1SG be:FACT NEG-IPFV-INF-be.high manner IPFV-do[III]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I control my blood sugar, I do what I can to prevent it from being too high'. (conversation, 15-12-05)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [qartsɤβ kɤkɤβzu ra kɤtɤβ] ftɕaka ɣɯβzu ra
Glosses: harvest AOR-OBJ:PCP-make PL INF-thresh manner INV-make be.needed:FACT
Translation: Then one has to prepare to thresh the [grains] that have been harvested.' (2010.10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤtɤβ] kúwɣnɯftɕaka ra
Glosses: INF-thresh IPFV-INV-prepare be.needed:FACT
Translation: One has to prepare the threshing.' (2010.10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jiwɯ kɯ “amɤjɤtɯɣinɯ” ɯskɤt toβzu ɕti
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-grandfather ERG IRR-NEG-PFV-2-come-PL 3SG.POSS-language IFR-make be.AFF:FACT
Translation: (By these words) our father-in-law means that he does not want us to come back' (he means: `don't you come back') (2005 tAwakWcqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯβdaʁmu nɯ tutɯndɤm] nɤsɯm ɯ́ɕe ?
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-queen DEM IPFV-2-take[III] 2SG.POSS-mind QU-go:FACT
Translation: Do you want to become their queen?' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: arɟit ra nɯɣinɯ ɕti tɕetʰa , [kɤndza] kowa tɯ́wɣβzu ɕti tɕe kutasɯɤnbaʁ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-offspring PL VERT-come:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT soon INF-eat manner 2-INV-make:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK IPFV-1→2-CAUS-hide be:FACT
Translation: My children are coming back home soon, and they will try to eat you, let me hide you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri [zlawiɕɤrɤβ kɯ tɕʰoz pɯasɯzgrɯβ] ɯfɕɤt tu ma [jɯm pɯasɯɕar] ɯfɕɤt me
Glosses: but Zlaba.shesrab ERG religion PST.IPFV-PROG-accomplish 3SG.POSS-story exist:FACT but wife:HON PST.IPFV-PROG-search 3SG.POSS-story not.exist:FACT
Translation: People say that Zlaba shesrab was studying religion, not looking for a wife.' (sras 79-80)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɲɯnɯqambɯmbjom] ɯzgra nɯ “vɯrwɯrwɯr” tuti ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: IPFV-fly 3SG.POSS-noise DEM ONOM IPFV-say be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: The sound it makes when it flies is `vrvr' (as its flying sound, it says `vrvr').' (26-quspunmbro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [wortɕʰi ʑo pɤjkʰu matɤtɯlɤt tɕe , nɤkinɯ , pɤjkʰu apɯ tɯnɯ ɲɯjtsʰia ra] ɯskɤt ra toβzu tɕe … tɕe nɯnɯ nɯjɤɣ tɕe tɕendɤre ɯpɯ nɯ ki kɯfse ɲɤɣɤntaβ , tɕe [tɤlɤt jɤɣ] ɯskɤt kɯra tostu
Glosses: please EMPH yet NEG-IMP-2-release LNK FILLER yet 1SG.POSS-young INDEF.POSS-breast IPFV-give.to.drink-1SG be.needed:FACT 3SG.POSS-speech PL IFR-make LNK _ LNK DEM AOR-finish LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-young DEM DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like IFR-put LNK IMP-release be.allowed:FACT 3SG.POSS-speech DEM.PROX:PL IFR-do.like
Translation: [The monkey mother] made [a sign to the hunter] meaning `Please don't shoot yet, I still have to nurse my baby.' (…) and once she had finished, she put her baby aside like that, and made a sign meaning `(now) you can shoot'.' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <donggua> cʰo <qiezi> ni tɕʰi ʑo mɯ́jnaχtɕɯɣ] ɣɯ ɯtɕʰa ajɤtɯɣɯt ra
Glosses: gourd COMIT eggplant DU what EMPH NEG:SENS-be.the.same GEN 3SG.POSS-information IRR-PFV-2-bring need:FACT
Translation: [Go there and come back to] to tell me how gourds and eggplants are different.' (yici bi yici you jinbu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[nɤʑo jutɯɕe] asɯm mɯ́jɕe]] ndʐa ŋu
Glosses: 2SG IPFV-2-go 1SG.POSS-mind NEG:SENS-go reason be:FACT
Translation: This is because I don't want you to leave.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [“ɣa" kɤti] ɯsɯm mɯpjɤɕe
Glosses: yes INF-say 3SG.POSS-mind NEG-IFR.IPFV-go
Translation: He did not want to say `yes'.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɕɯkɤrŋgɯ] asɯm mɯ́jɕe
Glosses: TRAL-INF-lie.down 1SG.POSS-mind NEG:SENS-go
Translation: I don't want to go to sleep.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: daltsɯtsa tɕe tɕe kɤnɯɕe tsa ɯsɯm toɣi .
Glosses: slowly LNK LNK INF-VERT-go a.little 3SG.POSS-mind IFR-come
Translation: He slowly started thinking of going home.' (150907 laoshandaoshi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤnɤma] tɯʁjiz maka mɤɣi .
Glosses: INF-work GENR.POSS-wish at.all NEG-come[III]:FACT
Translation: (When one is sick), one does not feel like working.' (27-tWfCAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa [χpɯn kɯtsʰu nɯ kɯ tɯci ɕture] nɯ ɯʁjiz mɯpjɤɣi
Glosses: the.aforementioned monk SBJ:PCP-be.fat DEM ERG INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV:UP-bring[III] DEM 3SG.POSS-wish NEG-IFR.IPFV-come
Translation: The fat monk did not feel like (going down the river and) bringing the water [up to the monastery]. (150830 san ge heshang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ʁdɯrɟɤt aʑo kɤɕe] aʁa maŋe
Glosses: TOPO 1SG INF-go 1SG.POSS-free.time not.exist:SENS
Translation: I don't have time to go to Gdongbrgyad.' (conversation, 2016-03-20)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ [rɟɤdɯm mɯɲɯkɤβzu] ɯndʐa kɯ tɯci kɯmɯɕtaʁ nɯtɕu pjɯ́wɣfkri tɕe tɕe rɟɤdɯm mɤβze
Glosses: LNK DEM lumps NEG-IPFV-INF-make 3SG.POSS-reason ERG INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-be.cold DEM:LOC IPFV-INV-melt LNK LNK lumps NEG-make[III]
Translation: In order to prevent lumps from forming, one melts the flour in cold water [by mixing it] and lumps do not form.' (140428 rJAdWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tundze] nɯ ɣɯ ɯdi nɯ pjɤmtsʰɤmnɯ tɕe tɕe joɣinɯ .
Glosses: IPFV-eat DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-smell DEM IFR-perceive-PL LNK LNK IFR-come-PL
Translation: [The flies] smelled [the jam] that he was eating and came.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki [aʑo ɕkom tumtsʰia] ki ɣɯ ɯχpi ci pjɯfɕata
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG muntjac IPFV-lead-1SG DEM.PROX GEN 3SG.POSS-story INDEF IPFV-tell-1SG
Translation: I will tell (you) a story about this muntjac that I am leading.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕʰeme kɯpe mɤkɯpe] nɯ ɣɯ koŋla ʑo ɯ<biaozhun> ɲɯŋu
Glosses: woman ?-be.good NEG-?-be.good DEM GEN really EMPH 3SG.POSS-criterion SENS-be
Translation: It is [one of the] criteria [by which one judges whether] a woman is good or bad.' (thaXtsa 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [atɕɯ jɤkɯɣe] ɣɯ ɯtɕʰa jaɣɯt
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] GEN 3SG.POSS-news AOR:3→3-bring
Translation: S/he came to tell [me/you] that my son came.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: †[ɯʑo kɯ [nɯra turɤt] kɤstʰɯt] ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG ERG DEM:PL IPFV-draw INF-finish before LNK
Translation: Before he had finished drawing it.' (160718 huashetianzu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ [nɯra kɤrɤt] tustʰɯt] ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG ERG DEM:PL INF-draw IPFV-finish before LNK
Translation: Correction of (ex:turAt.kAsthWt.CWNgW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁi kɯ [jɤari] nɯtɕu tɕe , nɤkinɯ , qapi jorɤmbɯmbri qʰe , tɕendɤre nɯ jonɯɴqʰuj qʰe , tɕe kʰa jɤazɣɯti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling ERG AOR-go[II] DEM:LOC LOC FILLER white.stone IFR-drop.while.going LNK LNK DEM IFR-follow-1PL LNK LNK house AOR-reach-1PL
Translation: When he_i went (to the forest), our younger brother_i dropped white stones_j one by one on the way as he was going, and we followed them_j and found our way home.' (160701 poucet2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑakastaka ɯmdoʁ tɕi mɤkɯnaχtɕɯɣ ɣɤʑu , ɯtsʰɯɣa tɕi mɤkɯnaχtɕɯɣ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: each.his.own 3SG.POSS-colour also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.the.same exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-shape also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.the.same exist:SENS
Translation: Each of them (species of starfishes) has its own different colour and different shape.' (180421 haixing)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri qartsɯ tɕe tɕe ɯjwaʁ nɯ pjɯnɯɕɯrɲɟo tɕe pjɯŋgra ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: LNK winter LOC LNK 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM IPFV-redden LNK IPFV-ACAUS:cause.to.fall SENS-be.AFF
Translation: In winter, its leaves redden and fall.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ laɕlunɯ cʰo lalɣanɯ tɕe tɕe qandʐe tunɯɬoʁ ɲɯŋu . tɕe nɯ ɕtunɯrdoʁ tɕe tundze ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM AOR:3→3-plough COMIT AOR:3→3-dig LNK LNK earthworm IPFV-AUTO-come.out SENS-be LNK DEM TRAL-IPFV-collect LNK IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: When [people] plough and dig the earth, earthworms come out, and crows go (into the fields) and pick [the earthworms] and eat them (one by one).' (140511 qajdo kW qandzxe tundze)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕime kɯ [tɕʰi atɤfsea] tɕe mɤ́wɣmtoa kɯ
Glosses: princess ERG what IRR-PFV-be.like-1SG LNK NEG-INV-see:FACT-1SG SFP
Translation: What should I do [in order] not to be seen by the princess?' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤwi nɯ kɯ tɤri nɯ rɟɤlpu ɯtɕʰaʁla scʰiz pjɤkɤznɤndɯndoci tɕe , rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ [ɯmɲaʁ ɲɤznɤmbju] ʑo pjɤmto tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-grandmother DEM ERG INDEF.POSS-thread DEM king 3SG.POSS-yard APPROX.LOC IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-take.here.and.there-PEG LNK king DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-eye IFR-CAUS-be.bright EMPH IFR-see LNK
Translation: The old woman was taking the (well-spun) thread_i here and there in the yard of the king, and the king_j saw it_i as it_i dazzled his_j eyes (i.e. it_i was so well spun that it was dazzling bright).' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯjaʁ kɯ [ki tuste] luznaʁje ɲɯŋu
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hand ERG DEM:PROX IPFV-do.like[III] IPFV-reach.into[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The cat] reaches with its paw [into the whole] like this.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʁar nɯ ki tuste] tɕe [tuʑmbri] ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wing DEM DEM.PROX IPFV-do.like[III] LNK IPFV-CAUS-make.noise SENS-be
Translation: [The grasshopper] makes noise by [moving] its wings like this.' (26-kWrNukWGndZWr)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯpɕi juɕe tɕe , [ci ci pɣɤtɕɯ pjɯsat juɣɯt], [ci ci βʑɯ pjɯsat juɣɯt], [ci ci qaɲi ra pjɯsat tɕe juɣɯt].
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-outside IPFV-go LNK one one bird IPFV-kill IPFV-bring one one mouse IPFV-kill IPFV-bring one one mole PL IPFV-kill LNK IPFV-bring
Translation: (When her kittens are hungry), [the cat mother] goes out and sometimes kills a bird and brings it, sometimes kills a mouse and brings it, sometimes kills a mole or something and brings it [to them].' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯme stu kɯxtɕi nɯ ɲɤmbinɯ], tɕe [nɯme stu kɯxtɕi nɯ ɲɤmbinɯ tɕe], tɕe tɕʰeme nɯ tonɯmbrɤpɯ ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-daughter most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM IFR-give-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-daughter most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM IFR-give-PL LNK LNK girl DEM IFR-ride
Translation: They gave [him] their daughter (in marriage), and as they gave [him] their daughter (in marriage), the girl mounted [a horse].' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɤpɤtso nɯnɯ li sɯŋgɯ zɯ joɕe]. [sɯŋgɯ zɯ joɕe] tɕe tɕendɤre , pʰaʁrgot nɯ kɯ tɤpɤtso nɯ pamto tɕe
Glosses: DEM boy DEM again forest LOC IFR-go forest LOC IFR-go LNK LNK boar DEM ERG boy DEM IFR:3→3-see LNK
Translation: The boy went again into the forest, and as he went into the forest, the boar saw the boy.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sqʰi ɯrkɯ nɯtɕu kówɣsɯɤmdzɯnɯ . sqʰi ɯrkɯ nɯtɕu kasɯɤmdzɯ tɕe , (...) ra toti
Glosses: tripod 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC IFR-INV-CAUS-sit-PL tripod 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC AOR:3→3-CAUS-sit LNK _ PL IFR-say
Translation: [The woman] had them sit by the hearth. She had them sit by the hearth, and said (…).' (160703 poucet3)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɤnmawombɤr tɯ~tɯŋu] nɤ , pɯtasɯxɕɤt nɯ nɯndɯn ra
Glosses: ANTHR COND~2-be:FACT ADD AOR-1→2-teach DEM IMP-read be.needed:FACT
Translation: If you (really) are Padma 'Od'bar, recite [the mantra] that I have taught you.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme ɲɯ~ɲɯmaʁ] nɤ , aku ɲɯsɤpʰara ŋu tɕe tɕe , jɤpʰɣo
Glosses: person COND~SENS-not.be ADD 1SG.POSS-head IPFV-shake-1SG be:FACT LNK LNK IMP-flee
Translation: If (the thing in the tree) is not a man, I will shake my head, and you (had better) flee.' (khu 2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrɟɯ laχtɕʰa cʰo rŋɯl ra mɯ~mɤjɤtɯɣɯt] nɤ , nɤkinɯ , pjɯtasat ŋu
Glosses: fortune thing COMIT silver PL COND~NEG-AOR-2-bring ADD FILLER IPFV-1→2-kill be:FACT
Translation: If you do not bring goods and money, we will kill you.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕnɯrʑaʁ jamar tɤtsu tɕe tɕe pjɯrle tɕe turtoʁ tɕe , tɕe ɯtópe nɤ tɕe nɯ ma mɤra , ɯmɯ́tope nɤ tɕe li tuxtɕɤr ŋu .
Glosses: seven-day about AOR-pass LNK LNK IPFV-untie[III] LNK IPFV-look LNK LNK QU-IFR-be.good ADD LNK DEM apart.from NEG-be.needed:FACT QU-NEG-IFR-be.good ADD LNK again IPFV-attach be:FACT
Translation: After seven days, [the doctor] unties [the splint] and looks, if [the fracture] has healed, [the splint] is not needed anymore, if it has not improved, [the doctor] attaches [the splint] again.' (140426 laxthab)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [tɯndzrɯ kɯ mɯ~mɤnɯ́wɣsɯqʰrɯt] qʰe mɯ́jŋgra .
Glosses: LNK GENR.POSS-nail ERG COND~NEG-AOR-INV-CAUS-scrape LNK NEG:SENS-ACAUS:cause.to.fall
Translation: [Nits] (are firmly attached and) will not detach unless one scrapes them with one's nail.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: anɯɲatnɯ tɕe tɯtɕʰa nɤ tɯtɕʰa nɯ , nɤki <dianxian> ɯtaʁ , qʰe sɯku ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu tunɯnanɯ tɕe
Glosses: IRR-PFV-be.tired-PL LNK one-pair LNK one-pair DEM electric.wire 3SG.POSS-on LNK treetop 3SG.POSS-on DEM LOC IPFV-rest-PL LNK
Translation: If/Whenever [the swallows] are tired (from flying), they rest in pairs on electrical wires or on trees.' (03-mWrmWmbjW-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯna nɯ atɤngo tɕe tɕendɤre ɲɯsɲu kɯfse ɲɯŋu
Glosses: dog DEM IRR-PFV-be.ill LNK LNK IPFV-be.mad SBJ:PCP-be SENS-be
Translation: If a dog gets ill (from rabbies), it will become like mad.' (29-chWsYu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɤsɯfse kɯ apɯtsʰinɯ tɕe nɯ kóʁmɯz nɤ kɤsɯfse cʰɯtsʰunɯ ra tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM ALL ERG IRR-PFV:DOWN-drink-PL LNK DEM only.then ADD all IPFV-be.fat-PL be.needed:FACT LNK
Translation: It is only if all [of the pigs] get to eat (hogwash) that they will all grow fat.' (i.e. a person has to be appointed to prevent the pigs from fighting, otherwise the weaker pigs would get nothing to eat).' (160708 paRtshi WkWrWru)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zraβ apɯtu kóʁmɯz nɤ tsʰɤnmu cʰɯrɤpɯ tɕe tɕe nɯ ɲɯmpʰɯl ra .
Glosses: male.goat IRR-IPFV-exist only.then ADD female.goat IPFV-bear.young LNK LNK DEM IPFV-reproduce be.needed:FACT
Translation: Nanny goats can bear young and reproduce only if a male goat is present.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmtʰɯm ndɤre , [nɯkɯɣɤdi pɯnɯŋu] kɯnɤ tundze ɕti .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat LNK AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.smelly PST.IPFV-AUTO-be also IPFV-eat[III] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [Crows] eat meat even if it has become smelly.' (22-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [cʰɯ́wɣnɯβlɯ] kɯnɤ , tunɯt ʁo ŋu ri , ɯʁrɤt nɯ ɲaʁ ʑo qʰe , maka ɲɯɣɤmpje mɤcʰa .
Glosses: IPFV-INV-burn also IPFV-be.ignited ADVERS be:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-charcoal DEM be.black:FACT EMPH LNK at.all IPFV-CAUS-be.warm[III] NEG-can:FACT
Translation: Even when one burns it, although it does ignite, its charcoal is black and it does not warm anything. (17-thowum)