lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯɕɣa pɯkɯɴɢrɯ pɯnnɯŋu], [pɯkɯɣɤtsɯr pɯnnɯŋu] qʰe , [qajɯ kɯ tundze pɯnnɯŋu], nɯfse tukɯmŋɤm pɯnnɯŋu], nɯnɯ kɯ wuma ʑo nɯsmɤn .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-tooth IPFV-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:break PST.IPFV-AUTO-be AOR-SBJ:PCP-crack PST.IPFV-AUTO-be LNK bug ERG IPFV-eat[III] PST.IPFV-AUTO-be like.that IPFV-SBJ:PCP-hurt PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM ERG very EMPH heal:FACT
Translation: Whether one's tooth is broken, cracked, decayed or whether it simply hurts, he (a particular dentist) treats it very well.' (27-tApGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯsɯm pɯa<nɯ>ri] nɤ jukɯɕe , [mɯpɯa<nɯ>ri] nɤ jukɯɕe pɯra
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mind PST.IPFV-<AUTO>go[II] LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-go, NEG-PST.IPFV-<AUTO>go[II] LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-go PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: One had to go whether one liked it or not.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tanɤla pɯnɯŋu pɯnɯmaʁ] ɕea ra
Glosses: AOR:3→3-agree PST.IPFV-AUTO-be PST.IPFV-AUTO-not.be IPFV:go-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I will go whether he agrees or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯŋa ŋu] ɕi , [mbro ŋu] ma , pjɯnɤndɤɣ ɲɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: cow be:FACT SFP horse be:FACT LNK IPFV-be.poisoned SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: Whether it is a cow or a horse, they end up poisoned.' (25-qarmWrwa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɕe] [mɤɕe] tɯme] ma kɤnɤma tɯcʰa me qʰe naχtɕɯɣ ɕti
Glosses: BARE.INF:go NEG-BARE.INF:go 2-not.exist:FACT LNK INF-work 2-can:FACT not.exist:FACT LNK be.the.same:FACT be:FACT
Translation: [It does not matter] whether you go or not, you are not able to do anything, it amounts to the same.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmɕku nɯ tɕe , ɯdɯχɯn wuma ʑo mɯm tɕe , … [tɕʰi <cai> tɤ́wɣnɯβzɯ~βzu] ʑo pjɯtu ra .
Glosses: garlic DEM LNK 3SG.POSS-fragrance really EMPH be.tasty:FACT LNK _ what dish AOR-INV-AUTO-EMPH~make EMPH IPFV-exist be.needed:FACT
Translation: Garlic has a nice smell, (…), whatever dish one prepares, there has to be [garlic] (in it).' (07-kWmCku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰomba tɕe [tʰɤjtɕu ɯʁjiz tɤɣe] qʰe junnɯɣi ɕti ma
Glosses: cold LNK when 3SG.POSS-wish AOR-come[II] LNK IPFV-AUTO-come be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: A cold (the disease) comes whenever it wants (i.e. it occurs spontaneously).' (22-tAmbrWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɕʰi pɯnɯfsɤ~fse] ʑo nɤrca tukɯtsɯma ra
Glosses: what PST.IPFV-AUTO-EMPH~be.like EMPH 2SG.POSS-together IPFV-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: In any case (whatever the circumstances are like), take me with you.' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ŋotɕu nɯɬɯ~ɬoʁ] ʑo wuma ʑo sɤɣdɯɣ
Glosses: where AOR-EMPH~come.out EMPH really EMPH be.annoying:FACT
Translation: No matter where it grows, it is very annoying.' (5-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯz tɕe [aʑo tɕʰi tɯ~tɤstuta] nɯ tɤste je
Glosses: INTERJ LNK 1SG what TOTAL~AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG DEM IMP-do.like[III] SFP
Translation: Come on, do everything in the same way as me.' (i.e. in whatever way I act, act in this way) (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo nɤʑo kɯ iɕqʰa nɯtɕu ɣɯtukɯqura apɯŋu] tɕe , nɯnɯ wuma ʑo pɯnɤpeta ma
Glosses: 1SG 2SG ERG just.before DEM:LOC CISL-IPFV-2→1-help-1SG IRR-PST.IPFV-be LNK DEM really EMPH PST.IPFV-TROP-be.good-PST:TR-1SG LNK
Translation: If you had come and helped me right before, I would have appreciated it.' (140427 liangge shibiang he qiangdao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰam tɕe nɤki χawo [aʑo ami apɯtu] tɕe , nɯ rɟɤlpu ɯtɕɯ nɯ ɯrkɯ nɯtɕu kɯrɤʑi nɯ aʑo apɯŋua pɯra
Glosses: now LNK FILLER if.only 1SG 1SG.POSS-leg IRR-IPFV-exist LNK DEM king 3SG.POSS-son DEM 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC SBJ:PCP-stay DEM 1SG IRR-IPFV-be-1SG PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: If only I had legs now, the one next to the prince would have had to be me.' (said by the little mermaid, who has no legs) (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrme ra jɯ~jɤɣenɯ] ʑo tunɯrmɤʑu pjɤŋu tɕe
Glosses: people PL ITER~AOR-come[II]-PL EMPH IPFV-show.off IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: Each time people came, he would show off.' (2011-10-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯ kɯ~kalɤt ʑo zdɯmlaʁrɯʁrɯ junɯɬoʁ ŋu
Glosses: sky ITER~AOR-release EMPH snail IPFV-AUTO-come.out be:FACT
Translation: Each time it rains, snails come out.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [lɤzonɯ] qʰe tɯtɯrca luzonɯ , [tʰɯnɯqambɯmbjomnɯ] qʰe tɯtɯrca cʰɯnɯqambɯmbjomnɯ ,
Glosses: LNK AOR:UPSTREAM-land-PL LNK together IPFV:UPSTREAM-land-PL AOR:DOWNSTREAM-fly-PL LNK together IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-fly-PL
Translation: When they land they all land together, when they fly they all fly together.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɲɯsi] ɕɯŋgɯ pɯnɯɴɢɤtndʑi
Glosses: IPFV-die before AOR-AUTO-ACAUS:separate-DU
Translation: They had divorced before she died.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɬamu kɯ [ɣindʑi] tɤkʰa tɕe pɯwɯ ɯɕki ɯʑo kɯ tatɯt nɯra ci tosɯʁjit
Glosses: ANTHR ERG come:FACT-DU about.to LNK donkey 3SG-DAT 3SG ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM IFR-remember LNK
Translation: Lhamo remembered [what] she had said to her donkey as they were about to depart (to come here).' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [amboʁ] tɤkʰa tɕe tɕe ɲɯmua tɕe , tɕe ajaʁ ɲɯmɯnmu ɲɯɕti qʰe
Glosses: burst:FACT about.to LNK LNK SENS-be.afraid-1SG LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-hand IPFV-move SENS-be:AFF LNK
Translation: (When I was aiming), as [the gun] was about to burst (i.e. to go off), I was afraid and my hand moved.' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɕɤr jɯjɤazɣɯt] tɕe (...) ɯkɤrme nɯ pjɤɕɯɴqoʁ
Glosses: night PROX-AOR-arrive LNK _ 3SG.POSS-hair DEM IFR-CAUS-hang
Translation: Just before the night fell, [the witch] hung her hair [on the window of the tower].' (140506 woju guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrmɯ koɣi tɕe ʑatsa qanɯ pjɤŋu
Glosses: evening IFR-come LNK soon be.dark:FACT IPFV.IFR-be
Translation: The evening came and it was about to be dark (i.e., it was getting dark).' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯkɤkʰo nɯ [mɯtʰaɕkɯt] mɤɕtʂa tundze ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM NEG-AOR:3→3-eat.completely until IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF
Translation: [The monkey] (cannot control its urge to eat, and) eats [the things that people] have given him it none are left (until it has completely finished eating them).' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [“jɤɕe jɤɣ” mɯtɤtɯta] mɤɕtʂa manɯtɯmɯnmu ra
Glosses: IMP-go be.allowed:FACT NEG-AOR-say[II]-1SG until NEG-IMP-2-move be.needed:FACT
Translation: Don't move until I tell [you] that you can go.' (qala 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ʑimkʰɤm ʑo tundzanɯ] mɤɕtʂa kɤmqlaʁ mɯ́jβze .
Glosses: long.time EMPH IPFV-chew-PL until INF-swallow NEG:SENS-make[III]
Translation: [The animals] do not swallow until they have chewed it for along time.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [<weixiao> kɯβdexpa pɯstʰɯta] ɯqʰu tɕe tɕendɤre , <fenpeigongzuo> tɕe ʁdɯrɟɤt lɤ́wɣlatanɯ
Glosses: nursing.school four-year AOR-finish-1SG 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK assign.work LNK TOPO AOR:UPSTREAM-INV-release-1SG-PL
Translation: After I finished the four years of nursing school, they assigned me a work position and sent me to Gdongbrgyad.' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [smɯntʂɯɣ nɯnɯ tɤɬoʁ] ɯqʰu tsa ri tɕe tɕe , qandʐe tuɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: Pleiades DEM AOR-come.out 3SG.POSS-after a.little LOC LNK LNK earthworm IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: The [constellation of the] earthworm appears a little after the Pleiades have come out.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯmɯ kalɤt] ɯmpʰru nɯ tu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky AOR:3→3-release 3SG.POSS-after DEM exist:FACT
Translation: It is found after it has rained.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [nɯ tutɯɬoʁ] ʑo qʰe cʰɯpʰɯtnɯ cʰɯβdenɯ ɕti .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-IMM:CONV-come.out EMPH LNK IPFV-take.out-PL IPFV-throw-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: As soon as it comes out (in fields), [the farmers] pluck it off and throw it away.' (16-CWrNgo, 35
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [tutɯɬoʁ] tɕe rqʰɤrqʰɤt ʑo ɲɯpa
Glosses: LNK IPFV-IMM:CONV-come.out LNK IDPH(II):fresh.and.firm EMPH SENS-AUX
Translation: When [this mushroom] has just come out, it is nice and firm.' (24-zwArqhAjmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ tɤɬoʁ ɕimɯma tɕe ɲɯɤrʁɯrʁu
Glosses: DEM AOR-come.out immediately.after LNK SENS-be.wrinkled
Translation: When [the stalk of the fern] has just come out, it is all wrinkled.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤwa nɯ kɯfse jɤari] ɕaŋpɕi nɯ tɕe mɯjɤa<nɯ>zɣɯt ɕti tɕe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-father DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-go[II] since DEM LNK NEG-AOR-<VERT>arrive be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Ever since your father went (to the mission) like that, he has not come back.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ci nɯra lɤazɣɯtnɯ] ɕaŋpɕi nɯ tɕe , tɕʰeme nɯ tɯɣjɤn ci kɯnɤ nɯnɤre kɤmtsʰɤm pɯme
Glosses: INDEF DEM:PL AOR:UPSTREAM-arrive-PL since DEM LNK girl DEM one-time INDEF also AOR-laugh OBJ:PCP-hear PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: Ever since the others had come back (to the king's palace), the girl (that they had brought with them) had not been heard laughing even once.' (qachGa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɯnɯmdarndʑi] ɯɣmɯr nɯtɕu tɕe mtsʰu nɯ cʰɯmcʰɯm ʑo , tɕe , tɯskɤm pjɤsɤʑa
Glosses: AOR-jump-DU 3SG.POSS-evening DEM:LOC LOC lake DEM IDPH(II):slowly EMPH LNK INF:II-dry.up IFR:DOWN-start
Translation: In the evening when they jumped [into the lake], the level of the lake started to drop slowly and the lake disappeared' (2003, Nyimawozer 2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯtɕu ʁo [tɯʑo pɯkɯxtɕi] ri rcanɯ , mtɕʰi kɯwxtɯ~wxti ʑo pɯtu .
Glosses: DEM:LOC ADVERS:TOP GENR PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.small LOC UNEXP:DEG sea.buckthorn SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big EMPH PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: There, when we were young, there was a huge sea buckthorn.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma [iʑora pɯxtɕij] jɤz tundzaj mɯpɯŋgrɤl ma
Glosses: LNK 1PL PST.IPFV-be.small-1PL when IPFV-eat-1PL NEG-PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case LNK
Translation: When we were little, we did not eat it.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tunɯsmɤn] ɯkʰɯkʰa turɤmanɯ
Glosses: LNK IPFV-treat 3SG-the.same.time IPFV-work-PL
Translation: [The lepers]_i worked (there) while [the doctor] was treating them_i.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯnɯ jurɟɯɣ] ɯkʰɯkʰa ɯse kutsʰi ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: DEM IPFV-run 3SG-the.same.time 3SG.POSS-blood IPFV-drink SENS-be:AFF
Translation: [The lion] drinks [its prey's]_i blood while it_i is (still) running.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo tɤwxti] ɯjɯja tɕe ɯjwaʁ nɯnɯ ɲɯ~ɲɯndɯβ ʑo ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG AOR-be.big 3SG.POSS-along LNK 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM INCR~IPFV-be.tiny EMPH SENS-be
Translation: As it grows big, its leaves become more and more tiny.' (09-mi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zgoku tɤmbro ɯjɯja nɯ ʑmbri tutɯldʑɯz ʑo ŋu
Glosses: mountain AOR-be.high 3SG.POSS-along DEM willow INCR~-IPFV-be.flexible EMPH be:FACT
Translation: The higher [ones goes] in the mountain, the more the [wood] of the willows is flexible.' (07-Zmbri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɲɯnɯɣme rɯtɕi , nɯ kɯnɤ kuχse ɲɯra . tɕe [sɤznɯɣmɯ~ɣmu] ʑo kuχse ɲɯra .
Glosses: DEM IPFV-APPL-fear[III] LNK DEM also IPFV-feed[III] SENS-be.needed LNK GER-APPL-fear EMPH IPFV-feed[III] SENS-be.needed
Translation: Even though it_i is afraid of it_j, it_i has to feed it_i , and it_i has to feed it_i while being afraid of it._i ' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯndʐi nɯ nɤki , [ɣɯrŋi] ʁaznɤ nɯnɯ nɯnɯtɕu pjɯtʂɯβnɯ tɕe tɕe
Glosses: the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-skin DEM FILLER be.wet:FACT while DEM DEM:LOC IPFV-sew-PL LNK LNK
Translation: They would sew the skin while it was still wet.' (06-BGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora tɕe ki ɲɯnɯʑɯβ ʁaznɤ , [kɯnɯʑɯβ] nɯ kɤnaχtʰɤβnɯ tɕe , jɤpʰɣonɯ !
Glosses: 2PL LNK DEM.PROX SENS-sleep while SBJ:PCP-sleep DEM IMP-take.the.opportunity-PL LNK IMP-flee-PL
Translation: Flee while this one [the ogre] is sleeping.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa srɯnmɯ nɯ totɕʰɯ tonɯdrɯβ tɕe pjɤsat
Glosses: the.aforementioned râkshasî DEM IFR-gore IFR-repeatedly.gore LNK IFR-kill
Translation: [The rhinoceros] gored the râkshasî repeatedly and killed her.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: srɯnmɯ nɯ tonɯdrɯβ ʑo totɕʰɯ
Glosses: râkshasî DEM IFR-repeatedly.gore EMPH IFR-gore
Translation: [The rhinoceros] gored the râkshasî repeatedly and killed her.' (elicited on the basis of ex:totChW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯru nɯ ki túwɣstu] [pjɯ́wɣqlɯt]
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM DEM:PROX IPFV-INV-do.like IPFV-INV-break
Translation: One breaks its stalk like this.' (14-tasa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo kɯki ntsɯ kúwɣstuanɯ] tɕe , [kúwɣznɯkʰrɯmanɯ]
Glosses: 1SG DEM:PROX always IPFV-INV-do.like-1SG-PL LNK IPFV-INV-punish-1SG-PL
Translation: They tortured me like this.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɯ sŋiɕɤr ʑo kutɕu [ki fsea] [ndzura] ntsɯ ɲɯra tɕe
Glosses: 1SG DEM night.and.day EMPH here DEM:PROX be.like:FACT-1SG stand:FACT-1SG always SENS-be.needed like
Translation: I have to stand like this night and day.' (The divination, 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯrgɤzi , sna nɯmej tɕe [ki tɤfsej] tɕe [cʰɯ́wɣnɯcʰɤmdaj] ɕti
Glosses: AOR-be.old-1PL be.good AOR-not.exist-1PL LNK DEM.PROX AOR-be.like-1SG LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-drink.with.a.straw-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Now that we have become old and useless, we became like this, they drink our [blood] with straws (planted in our back).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯtɯrgɤz tɕe [ki tɯ́wɣstu] [tɯ́wɣnɯcʰɤmda] ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: AOR-2-be.old LNK DEM.PROX 2-INV-do.like:FACT 2-INV-drink.with.a.straw:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: When you become old, they will drink you (your blood) like this with a straw (planted on your back)' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɤsŋur ʑo pjɤnɯʑɯβ ɕti ma , maka ʑo mɯpjɤsɯχsɤl .
Glosses: IFR.IPFV-snore EMPH IPFV.IFR-sleep be.AFF:FACT LNK at.all EMPH NEG-IFR-realize
Translation: [The aquatic monster] was snoring in its sleep, and did not notice anything.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wuma ʑo kɯtso nɯra nɯsinɯ nɯarɕonɯ ɕti
Glosses: really EMPH SBJ:PCP-understand DEM:PL AOR-die-PL AOR-be.finished-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: The [elders] who knew [traditional stories] really well have all died.' (conversation, 2016-03-20)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤrɟɯɣ] (kɯ) (ʑo) joɕe
Glosses: INF-run ERG EMPH IFR-go
Translation: He went running.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯɕɯŋgɯ jisi nɯra [kɤfkur] ʁɟa kɯ júwɣsɯɤzɣɯtnɯ pɯra .
Glosses: LNK in.former.times 1PL.POSS-wood DEM:PL INF-carry.on.the.back completely ERG IPFV-INV-CAUS-reach-PL PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: In former times, one used to transport firewood exclusively by carrying it on one's back.' (140430 tWfkur)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯɣi ra nɯmɤkɤsɯz] nɯ rŋɯl nɯ ɲɤmbi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-relative PL 3PL.POSS-NEG-INF-know DEM silver DEM IFR-give
Translation: She_i gave him money without her_i relatives knowing (about it).' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmu nɯ kɯ rcanɯ , maka ʑo mɤkɤrɯsɯso kɯ tonɤla
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG UNEXP:DEG at.all EMPH NEG-INF-think ERG IFR-agree
Translation: The woman accepted without thinking at all.' (150907 yingning-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯmɲaʁ kɤcɯ mɤkɤsɤcʰa] ʑo mŋɤm
Glosses: GENR.POSS-eye INF-open NEG-INF-PROP-can EMPH hurt:FACT
Translation: [This disease] hurts so much that one cannot open one's eyes.' (25-kACAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βʑɯ nɯ kɯ [tɕʰi kɤcʰa] ʑo tonɯrdoʁ nɤ tonɯrdoʁ
Glosses: mouse DEM ERG what INF-can EMPH IFR-collect ADD IFR-collect
Translation: The mouse collected as much [fruits] as it could.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ [tɯjaʁ kɤlɤt mɤkɯra] tɯci kɯ cʰɯsɯmtɕɯr pɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: DEM GENR.POSS-had INF-release NEG-INF:STAT-be.needed INDEF.POSS-water ERG IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-turn PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The water would make the [toy waterwheel] turn without needing to use one's hand.' (08-kWmtChW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kutɕu sɤmtsɯ~mtsɯr] kurɤʑita tɕe , jisŋi ndɤ tɯmɯkɯmpɕi kɯ pɯ́wɣnɯmbia ɕti
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC GER-be.hungry IPFV-stay-1SG LNK today ADVERS heaven ERG AOR:DOWN-INV-AUTO-give-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I am hungry while staying here, but today the heavens have sent me down [these humans to eat].' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmtɯ ɣɤʑu tɕe , tɕe núndʐa qapɣɤmtɯmtɯ tutinɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-crest exist:SENS LNK LNK for.this.reason hoopoe IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: It has a crest, and for this reason it is called `hoopoe'.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ pɯɕtia qʰe tɤtɕɯ ra nɯɕki kurɤʑia mɯ́jnaza qʰe kɤʑɣɤɕɯfka mɯpɯnaza
Glosses: girl-DIM PST.IPFV-be-1SG LNK INDEF.POSS-son PL 3PL.POSS-DAT IPFV-stay-1SG NEG:SENS-dare-1SG LNK INF-REFL-CAUS-be.full NEG-PST.IPFV-dare-1SG
Translation: As I was a little girl, I did not dare to stay at a boy's place, and thus did not dare to eat my fill.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma nɯnɯ kʰro mɤsɤmto . matɕi ɲɯxtɕi .
Glosses: LNK DEM much NEG-PROP-see:FACT because SENS-be.small
Translation: That [species of ant] is barely visible, because it is [so] small.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁ ɣɯ ɯɣli dɤn [matɕi mɤndze ʑo me] qʰe ɯɣli dɤn
Glosses: pig GEN 3SG.POSS-manure be.many:FACT because NEG-eat[III]:FACT EMPH not.exist:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-manure be.many:FACT
Translation: Pigs create a lot of manure because they eat anything, and so they create a lot of manure.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjwaʁ nɯ (...) tuostɤko ʑo mɤcʰa ma mpɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM _ IPFV-be.straight EMPH NEG-can LNK be.soft:FACT
Translation: Its leaves do not grow straight (i.e. they hang down), as they are soft.' (07-kWmCku)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [“nɤʑo ɯrɯz ɣɤʑu" tɤtɯta ɯndʐa] zɯ kɯ apa ama ni kɯ “mtsʰukʰa ɯŋgɯ tɕe (...) tɤrca pɯɕe ma mɤjɤɣ”
Glosses: 2SG 3SG.POSS-supernatural.power exist:SENS AOR-say[II]-1SG 3SG.POSS-reason LOC ERG 1SG.POSS-father.HON 1SG.POSS-mother.HON DU ERG lake 3SG.POSS-in LOC _ together IMP:DOWN-go apart.from NEG-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Because I said that you had supernatural powers (§sec:hybrid indirect), my parents [said] `go together with him into the lake.'(Nyima wodzer 2003.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [“nɯ matɤtɯste , nɯ matɤtɯfse" tutɯtinɯ] ndʐa ŋu wo
Glosses: DEM NEG-IMP-2-do.like[III] DEM NEG-IMP-2-be.like IPFV-2-say-PL reason be:FACT SFP
Translation: (If your son wants so much to see his grandparents), this is because you (his parents always) tell him `Don't act like that, don't be like that.' (unlike grandparents, who are more lenient).' (conversation 16-08-11)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [<guojia> kɯ tanɯsmɤn] ɯtʰɯrʑi tɕe tɕe (...) tʰam tɕe wuma ʑo tɤpenɯ .
Glosses: country ERG AOR:3→3-heal 3SG.POSS-mercy LNK LNK _ now LNK really EMPH AOR-be.good-PL
Translation: Thanks to the fact that [our] country['s governement] has healed them, (…) now they are much better.' (140522 RdWrJAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰupa ci pjɤtu tɕe tɕendɤre , [kʰu kɯ tɤ́wɣndzanɯ] ɯxɕɤt kɯ tɤmu kɤtsa ci pjɤrindʑi tɕe
Glosses: village INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK LNK tiger ERG AOR-INV-eat-PL 3SG.POSS-strength ERG INDEF.POSS-mother COLL:family INDEF IFR.IPFV-remain-DU LNK
Translation: There was a village, but a tiger had eaten them (i.e. the villagers) so that only a mother and her daughter remained.' (khu 2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <huangdi> (...) túwɣsɯndoa tɤcʰa tɤŋu tɕe (...) <jiaohuang> nɯ ʑgrɯɣ túwɣsɯndoa cʰa tɕe , ɕtɤti ra
Glosses: emperor _ IPFV-INV-CAUS-take-1SG AOR-can AOR-be LNK _ pope DEM certainly IPFV-INV-CAUS-take-1SG can:FACT LNK TRAL-IMP-go be.needed:FACT
Translation: Since [the golden fish] has succeeded in making me emperor, he will certainly succeed in making me pope, go and tell him that.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɕɯ ɯmɤtusɤznɯtɕʰombɯ~mba tɯŋga kɯjaʁ tɤʑŋgata
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son 3SG.POSS-NEG-IPFV-PURP:CONV INDEF.POSS-clothes SBJ:PCP-be.thick AOR-CAUS-wear-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: In order to prevent my son from catching a cold, I made him wear heavy clothes.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [kɯpɤz nɯ mɯɲɯkɤβzu kɤnɯmga], iʑɤra , jimtʰɯm nɯra <binggui> tuχtɯj tɕe nɯ ɯŋgɯ ri pjɯnɯrkuj ɕti ma
Glosses: LNK type.of.bug DEM NEG-IPFV-INF-grow INF-want.from 1PL 1PL.POSS-meat DEM:PL refrigerator IPFV-buy-1PL LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in LOC IPFV-auto-put.in-1PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: In order to prevent kɯpɤz bugs from growing (in the meat), we buy refrigerators and put our meat in it.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯrɯskɤt kɤβzjoz kɤnɯmgata tɕe , mbarkʰom mɤɕtʂa jɤɣea ŋu .
Glosses: Gyalrong-language INF-learn AOR-want.from-PST:TR-1SG LNK TOPO until AOR-come[II]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I came all the way up to Mbarkham to learn the Gyalrong language.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbarkʰom juɣia nɯ , kɯrɯskɤt kɤβzjoz kɤnɯmga ŋu
Glosses: TOPO IPFV-come-1SG DEM Gyalrong-language INF-learn INF-want.from be:FACT
Translation: (The reason why) I come to Mbarkham is to learn the Gyalrong language.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ra kɯ ɯ<shipin> jolɤtnɯ tɕe [nɯnɯ ɯkɤnɤmɲo] ɯspa jolɤtnɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: people PL ERG 3SG.POSS-video IFR-release-PL LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-watch 3SG.POSS-material IFR-release-PL SENS-be
Translation: People send him this video for him to watch it.' (conversation 2019-02-26)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯrɯskɤt ɯkɯβzjoz] ɯspa , mbarkʰom mɤɕtʂa jɤɣea ŋu .
Glosses: Gyalrong-language 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-learn 3SG.POSS-material TOPO until AOR-come[II]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I came all the way up to Mbarkham to learn the Gyalrong language.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɣɤrʁaʁ ra kɯ tundonɯ . [nɯkɯqur] tundonɯ pjɤŋgrɤl .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-hunt PL ERG IPFV-take-PL 3pl.POSS-SBJ:PCP-help IPFV-take-PL IPFV.IFR-be.usually.the.case
Translation: (In former times), hunters would take [dogs] (on a hunt). They would take dogs to help them (i.e., as their helpers).' (05-khWna)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora ɣɯ tɕʰi tufsej tɕe jitɯci ɣɤʑu (...) tutɯtʰe ɯtɯ́cʰa
Glosses: 1PL GEN what IPFV-be.like-1PL LNK 1PL.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water exist:SENS _ IPFV-2-ask[III] QU-2-can:FACT
Translation: Can you ask for us what we [need to] do in order to have water?' (said by villagers living in a desert where there is no water, divination 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯra kɯ tɕʰi atɤstunɯ tɕe nɯtɯci ɣɤʑu ?
Glosses: DEM ERG what IRR-PFV-do.like-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water exist:SENS
Translation: What should they do in order to have water?' (divination 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: luzɣɯt ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe nɯtɕu kuɣɤrata tɕetʰa amɤlɤzɣɯt
Glosses: IPFV:UPSTREAM-arrive before LNK DEM:LOC IPFV-throw-1SG later IRR-NEG-PFV:UPSTREAM-arrive
Translation: Before it arrives, I will throw [the enchanted white stone], so that it does not arrive.' (25-kAmYW-XpAltCin)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰa tɕi kotsʰi matɕi loβzi ɕti ri
Glosses: alcohol also IFR-drink LNK IFR-be.drunk be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: He had also drunk alcohol, since he was drunk.' (140506 loBzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɤxɕo pɤnmawombɤr jonɯɣi ɯmɤkɯŋuci ma , kʰa ɲɯɣɤkʰɯnɯ
Glosses: these.days ANTHR IFR-VERT-come PROB-PEG-be-PEG LNK house SENS-have.smoke-PL
Translation: Maybe Padma 'Od'bar came back in the last few days, since there is smoke coming out from their house.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯfɕɯɕɤr ɯβrɤpɯtɯnɯʑɯβci ma nɤmɲaʁ ɲɯɣɯrni
Glosses: last.night RH.Q-PST.IPFV-2-sleep-PEG LNK 2SG.POSS-eye SENS-be.red
Translation: It seems that you did not sleep (well) last night, since your eyes are red.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: majɤtɯɕe ma tɯndʐaβ
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-go LNK 2-ACAUS:cause.to.roll.down:FACT
Translation: Don't go (to the temple on the mountain to do circumambulations), you might fall down.' (conversation, conversation 15-12-05)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kʰramba matɤβzea ra ma tɕe <lishijizai> pjɯtɯβze ɕti tɕetʰa , nɯnɯ rcanɯ <zuzubeibei> kɯ ɣɯnɤmqeanɯ .
Glosses: DEM lie NEG-IMP-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK LNK history record IPFV-2-make[III] be:AFF:FACT LNK later generations ERG INV-scold:FACT-1SG-PL
Translation: I musn't tell lies, as you are making a historical record, and the past generations would scold me.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amɤtʰɯsta ma tɕetʰa junɯɕe ɕti
Glosses: IRR-NEG-PFV-wake LNK later IPFV-VERT-go be.AFF:FACT
Translation: May she not wake up (Don't wake her up), otherwise she will go away.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: roʁre nɯ kɯnɤ [wuma ʑo kɯxtsʰɯm] mɤpe ma tɕe pjɯqlɯtnɯ .
Glosses: fence.rail DEM also really EMPH INF:STAT-be.thin NEG-be.good LNK LNK IPFV-break-PL
Translation: As for fence rails also, it is not good [where they are] too thin, otherwise [the hybrid yaks in the cowshed] will break them.' (150902 mkhoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯβri nɯra qapri ɯβri wuma ʑo ɲɯfse , ɯrme ri kɯtu maŋe . tɕeri ɯmɤlɤjaʁ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body DEM:PL snake 3SG.POSS-body really EMPH SENS-be.like 3SG.POSS-hair also SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:SENS LNK 3SG.POSS-limb exist:SENS
Translation: [The gecko's] body looks a little bit like the body of a snake, and it too has no hair. However, it has limbs.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kuwu nɯ iʑo kutɕu jiʑimkʰɤm tɕe tu ri mɤdɤn
Glosses: bearded.vulture DEM 1SG DEM.PROX:LOC 1PL.POSS-region LOC exist:FACT LNK NEG-be.many:FACT
Translation: Bearded vultures are found here in our region, but not many.' (2011-08-kuwu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaliaʁ nɯ toznɯɣmaz ma kɤsat nɯ mɯpjɤcʰa
Glosses: eagle DEM IFR-CAUS-have.a.wound LNK INF-kill DEM NEG-IFR-can
Translation: He wounded the eagle, but could not kill it.' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁ kɯ tɕi ndze , nɯŋa kɯ tɕi ndze . tɕe [tɯrme kɤndza] ndɤre mɤsna .
Glosses: pig ERG too eat[III]:FACT cow ERG too eat[III]:FACT LNK people INF-eat CONTRAST:FOC NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: Pigs eat it, cows eat it, but it is not good for people to eat.' (17-ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe rɟɤlpu nɯ nɯrga jinbala zɯ “e , atɕɯ ki stɤβtsʰɤt ci mɯɕɯcʰa kɯ" ɲɤsɯso tɕe
Glosses: LNK king DEM AOR-be.happy although LOC INTERJ 1SG.POSS-son DEM.PROX contest INDEF NEG-APPREHENSIVE-can SFP IFR-think LNK
Translation: Although the king was happy (about that), he thought `I am worried that my son will not win the contest.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “jɤɣi" kɯnɤ mɤkɤti kɯ , “nɤrʑaβ ɣɯkuβzea" toti , rɟɤlpu nɯ ɯɕki .
Glosses: IMP-come also NEG-INF-say ERG 2SG.POSS-wife CISL-IPFV-make[III]-1SG IFR-say king DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT
Translation: Although [the king had not] said `come' (i.e. `without the king saying `come”), she told the king `I am coming to become your wife.' (140511 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯjka nɯnɯ sɯŋgɯ cʰiz ɕkurɤloʁ ɲɯmaʁ kɯ , (...) kuxtɕo ɯmbe ɯŋgɯ ri kurɤloʁ
Glosses: chough DEM forest APPROX:LOC TRAL-IPFV-make.nest SENS-not.be ERG _ basket 3SG.POSS-old.one 3SG.POSS-in LOC IPFV-make.nest
Translation: The chough does not go in the forest and makes a nest there, but rather makes a nest (…) in old baskets, (…)' (22-CAGpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɤkɯnɯβlua tɕe , nɯnɯ kɯpʰɤn sɤznɤ , mɤ́ɣrɤz ampʰɯz ɯntɕʰɯr panɯpʰɯt
Glosses: IFR-2→1-cheat-1SG LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.efficient COMP instead 1SG.POSS-bottom 3SG.POSS-piece AOR:3→3-AUTO-take.off
Translation: You cheated me, not only was [your healing method] not efficient [to treat my illness], but it took off a chunk of my bottom. (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕɤr tɕe ʑŋgri nɯ nɯmɤrʑaβ ʑo tɕe tɯkɤrme cʰɯ́wɣrɤɕi ri , cʰɯkɯzri maŋe , mɤ́ɣrɤz ɲɯmŋɤm ma .
Glosses: night LOC star DEM AOR-marry EMPH LNK GENR.POSS-hair IPFV-INV-pull LNK IPFV-PCP:SBJ-be.long not.exist:SENS instead SENS-hurt SFP
Translation: In the night when there was a shooting star, we pulled our hair (thinking that our hair would grow longer), but not only did [our hair] not grow longer, [but the only thing that it did was] it hurt.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <huangshang> nɯ kɯ komɟa tɕe tortoʁ ri , nɤkinɯ , tɤmda tɕe , nɯnɯ nɤki , ɕoʁɕoʁ kɯqarŋe kɯ tɤkɤβzu pjɤɕti .
Glosses: emperor DEM ERG IFR-catch LNK IFR-look LNK FILLER AOR-be.the.time LNK DEM FILLER paper SBJ:PCP-be.yellow ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-make IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: [Wang Taichang_i was accused of holding an imperial robe, a crime punishable by death] The emperor_j [had] him_i arrested, but when he_j examined [the so-called imperial robe]_k it turned out that it_k was [just] made of yellow paper.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo “nɯ ɕɯ tɯŋu kɯ" nɯsɯsota ri , tɤmda tɕe nɤkinɯ , aftsa pjɤtɯŋu
Glosses: 1SG DEM who 2-be:FACT SFP AOR-think-PST:TR-1SG LNK AOR-be.the.time LNK FILLER 1SG.POSS-ZCh IFR.IPFV-2-be
Translation: I was wondering who you were, but it turns out that you are my nephew!' (150907 yingning-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑara χsɯm ma pjɤmenɯ tɕe tɕendɤre nɯnɯŋa ci pjɤtu .
Glosses: they three apart.from IFR.IPFV-not.exist-PL LNK LNK 3PL.POSS-cow INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There were only the three of them, and they had a cow.' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpʰoŋbu ra ɲɯwxti , ɲɯtsʰu ʑo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body PL SENS-big SENS-fat EMPH
Translation: Its body is big and fat.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro sɤznɤ ɲɯwxti . ɲɯmbro cʰo ɲɯwxti .
Glosses: horse comp SENS-be.big SENS-be.high COMIT SENS-be.big
Translation: It is larger than a horse. Higher and larger.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯrɣi amɤpɯɕe ra ma pjɯtsɣi mɤcʰa tɕe tɕendɤre anɯɤci ʑo qʰe cʰo ftɕar akɤndzoʁ ʑo qʰe li tuɬoʁ ɕti
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-grain IRR-NEG-PFV:DOWN-go be.needed:FACT LNK IPFV-be.rotten NEG-can:FACT LNK LNK IRR-PFV-get.wet EMPH LNK COMIT summer IRR-PFV-ACAUS:attach EMPH LNK again IPFV-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: One should not let its grains go into [the ground], because they cannot rot, and when they get wet and the spring comes, they grow again.' (08-qaJAGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯku nɯra rcanɯ , wuma ʑo ɲɯmpɕɤr cʰo kʰatoʁ ʑo ɣɤʑu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head DEM:PL UNEXP:DEG really EMPH SENS-be.beautiful COMIT variegated EMPH exist:SENS
Translation: Its head, it is very beautiful, and variegated.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɕa] tɕi ɲɯndze , [ɕɤci] tɕi ɲɯtsʰi , [tɤlu tamar] tɕi ɲɯndze
Glosses: meat also SENS-eat[III] meat.stew also SENS-drink INDEF.POSS-milk INDEF.POSS-butter also SENS-eat[III]
Translation: [Pigs] eat meat, slurp meat stew, and also eat butter and have milk.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯroz kɯmɯm ri maŋe , kɯroz mɤkɯɣɤmɲɤt ri maŋe qʰe ,
Glosses: specially SBJ:PCP-be.tasty also not.exist:SENS specially NEG-SBJ:PCP-FACIL-be.spoiled also not.exist:SENS LNK
Translation:  `[Scoring bread] neither [makes it] specially tasty nor really [prevents it from] spoiling.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre turɯɕmi ri mɤkɯkʰɯ , cʰɯnɯrɤɣo ri mɤkɯkʰɯ ci ɲɤkɤβzuci .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-speak also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible IPFV-sing also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible INDEF IFR-PEG-become-PEG
Translation: She became unable to speak and to sing.' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo [pjɤmpɕɤr] ʁo alala ri , rɤɣo ri pjɤmkʰɤz , tɯrɟaʁ ri pjɤmkʰɤz .
Glosses: 3SG IPFV.IFR-be.beautiful ADVERS not.only LNK song also IFR.IPFV-be.expert NMLZ:ACTION-dance also IFR.IPFV-be.expert
Translation: Not only was he good-looking, he was also very talented at singing and dancing.' (160702 luocha-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɕɯmŋɤm] ɯtɤjɯ tɕe ɲɯsɤzoŋzoŋ ʑo ŋu
Glosses: CAUS-hurt:FACT 3SG.POSS-addition LNK SENS-cause.numbing.sensation EMPH be:FACT
Translation: Not only does [nettle] hurt, it also causes a numbing sensation.' (140428 mtshalu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ wuma ʑo (...) tówɣraχtɕɤz , ɲɤ́wɣmgrɯn . tɕe nɯ ɯtɤjɯ tɕe tɕendɤre li iɕqʰa nɯ , ɯrʑaβ ra ɲɤɕar .
Glosses: king DEM ERG really EMPH _ IFR-INV-cherish IFR-INV-receive.as.guest LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-addition LNK LNK again FILLER DEM 3SG.POSS-wife PL IFR-search
Translation: The king (…) treated him well as a guest, and in addition found a wife for him.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtsɣe ɯkɯβzu nɯ kɯ paχɕi mɯɲɤmbi mɤra ma nɯ sɤznɤ tonɤmqe tɕe josɯxɕe .
Glosses: commerce 3SG.POSS-make DEM ERG apple NEG-IFR-give not.only LNK DEM COMP IFR-scold LNK IFR-CAUS-go
Translation: The merchant not only did not give him an apple, but scolded him and sent him away.' (150904 zhongli-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmtʰɯm nɯra tundze mɤkɯjɤɣ kɯ , ɯdi ɲɯɕɯmnɤm
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III] not.only ERG 3SG.POSS-smell SENS-CAUS-smell
Translation: Not only does [the mouse] eat meat, it also stinks it up.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [ɯrqʰu nɯ ɣɯrni] laʁma ɯŋgɯ nɯ sɤjku cʰo ɲɯnaχtɕɯɣndʑi ri
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-skin DEM be.red:FACT apart.from 3SG.POSS-inside DEM white.birch COMIT SENS-be.the.same-DU LNK
Translation: Apart from the fact that its bark is red, its inside is the same as that of the white birch.' (06-mbrAj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤkɤpu kɤkɤsqa kɯfse nɯra mɤndze] laʁma , nɯ ɯro nɯ lonba tundze ɕti .
Glosses: AOR-OBJ:PCP-bake AOR-OBJ:PCP-cook SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL NEG-eat:FACT apart.from DEM 3SG.POSS-rest DEM all IPFV-eat be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Apart from the fact that it does not eat food that has been baked or cooked, it eats everything else (=apart from cooked food, it eats everything else).' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wortɕʰi wojɤr ʑo tɕʰimaʁnɤ aɣi ra nɯpʰe ɕɯrɤfɕɤttɕi (tsaʁ) ma tɕetʰa ɣɯnɯzdɯɣanɯ
Glosses: please please EMPH at.least 1SG.POSS-relative PL 3PL.POSS-DAT TRAL-tell:FACT-1DU just LNK later INV-worry.about:FACT-1SG-PL
Translation: Please, at least let the two of us go and inform my relatives, otherwise they will be worried about me.' (qachGa 2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰimaʁ “pɯtɯχɕu" tsaʁ tutia ma
Glosses: at.least PST.IPFV-2-be.strong just IPFV-say-1SG LNK
Translation: I [should] at least say `thank you'.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe cʰɯβdenɯ nɯmaʁnɤ fsapaʁ ɲɯmbinɯ ŋgrɤl ma
Glosses: LNK IPFV-throw-PL otherwise animal IPFV-give-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: (People uproot it and) either they throw it away, or give it to the animals (to eat).' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯmaʁnɤ túwɣnɯxsɯr , nɯmaʁnɤ <ban> túwɣβzu tɕe .
Glosses: otherwise IPFV-INV-AUTO-fry otherwise mix IPFV-INV-make LNK
Translation: People either fry it, or mix it in salad.' (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɤr rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tɯnɯɕe ɕi , rŋɯl rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tɯnɯɕe ɕi , ɕom rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tɯnɯɕe ɕi , si rɟɤskɤt ɯtaʁ tɯnɯɕe ?
Glosses: gold stairs 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT SFP silver stairs 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT SFP iron stairs 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT SFP wood stairs 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT
Translation: Will you go on the golden stairs, the silver stairs, the iron stairs, or the wooden stairs? (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra ɲɯfse tɕe wuma ʑo ɲɯŋgɯtɕi
Glosses: DEM:PL SENS-be.like LNK really EMPH SENS-be.poor-1DU
Translation: We are very poor like that.' (divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amu cʰo wuma ɲɯŋgɯtɕi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother COMIT REALLY SENS-be.poor-1DU
Translation: My mother and I are very poor.' (divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯχti nɯ wuma ʑo tɯrme pe ma
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion DEM really EMPH person be.good:FACT LNK
Translation: Her husband is a very nice person.' (`he is very nice as a person.') (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɤ́wɣtɕɤt tɕe nɯŋa nɯ kɯ wuma ɲɯnɤmŋɤm
Glosses: LNK DEM AOR-INV-take.out LNK cow DEM ERG really SENS-TROP-hurt
Translation: When one removes (the parasite by squeezing it out), the cow finds it very painful.' (25-zrW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [si kɤpʰaʁ] wuma ʑo cʰaa
Glosses: tree INF-chop really EMPH can:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am very good at felling trees.' (2011-10-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯji ɯŋgɯ zɯ tsʰɤt ɯɣli nɯ cʰɯ́wɣlɤt tɕe , [tɤrɤku wuma ʑo tusɤpe] cʰa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in LOC goat 3SG.POSS-manure DEM IPFV-INV-release LNK INDEF.POSS-crops really EMPH IPFV-do.well can:FACT
Translation: If one spreads goat manure on the fields, it can make the crops (grow) really well.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ fsapaʁ ra kɯ ndzanɯ ri , wuma stʰɯci mɤrganɯ .
Glosses: DEM animal PL ERG eat:FACT-PL LNK really so.much NEG-like:FACT-PL
Translation: The animals eat it, but don't like it so much.' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰro ʑo pjɤŋke pjɤra tɕendɤre , pjɤnɯʑɯβ .
Glosses: much EMPH IFR.IPFV-walk IFR.IPFV-be.needed LNK IFR-sleep
Translation: He had had to walk a lot (on that day, was very tired), and fell asleep.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰro ʑo ɲɤɕar ri mɯpjɤmto
Glosses: much EMPH IFR-search LNK NEG-IFR-see
Translation: [The prince] looked for her for a long time, but could not find her.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯ~ʑimkʰɤm ʑo aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo ɲɤnɤtʰɯtʰu
Glosses: EMPH~much EMPH everywhere EMPH IFR-DISTR:ask
Translation: [The bear] asked around [about the rabbit] everywhere for a long time.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: arʑaβ ri kɯstʰɯci ɲɯmpɕɤr , ambro ri kɯstʰɯci ɲɯʑru , apɣɤtɕɯ ri kɯstʰɯci ɲɯmpɕɤr
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-wife also so.much SENS-be.beautiful 1SG.POSS-horse also so.much SENS-be.strong 1SG.POSS-bird also so.much SENS-be.beautiful
Translation: My wife is so beautiful, my horse so strong, my bird so beautiful.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯkɯndʐaβ nɯ tondzur qʰe , li pjɤrɟaʁ . nɯstʰamtɕɤt ʑo iɕqʰa ɯɟuli nɯ pjɤmpɕɤr .
Glosses: AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:cause.to.roll DEM IFR-stand LNK again IFR-dance that.much EMPH the.aforementioned 3SG.POSS-flute DEM IFR.IPFV-be.beautiful
Translation: (The rich man_i started dancing under the influence of the music and fell down). The one_i who had fallen down stood up and danced again. This was the extent to which [the shepherd boy's] flute [music] was beautiful.' (`his flute music was that beautiful') (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo nɤʑo rcanɯ tɕʰi ɲɯtɯnɤme ŋu ma , aʑo tɯmɯ kɯ pɯkɯsɯχtɕia , tɤndʐo nɯ !
Glosses: INTERJ 2SG UNEXP:DEG what SENS-2-do[III] be:FACT LNK 1SG INDEF.POSS-sky ERG AOR-2→1-CAUS-wash-1SG cold SFP
Translation: You, what are you doing, you caused me to be drenched by the rain.' (kWlAG 2014)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tokɤnɯmqajndʑici tɕe rcanɯ , ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe kokɤndɯndondʑici ,
Glosses: IFR-PEG-RECIP:scold-DU-EVD LNK UNEXP:DEG progressively LNK IFR-PEG-RECIP:take-DU-PEG
Translation: They scolded each other and progressively started to fight, ' (lWlu2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro rcanɯ ɯxɕɤt kɯtɯ~tu ʑo nɯntsʰɤr ɲɯnu ,
Glosses: horse UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-strength SBJ:PCP-EMPH~exist EMPH AOR-neigh SENS-be
Translation: The horse neighed with all his strength.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ lɯlu apɯme rcanɯ , βʑɯ ɯtɯŋɤn saχaʁ .
Glosses: LNK DEM cat IRR-IPFV-not.exist UNEXP:DEG mouse 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.evil be.extremely:FACT
Translation: If there are no cats, the mice are extremely fierce (cause a lot of damages).' (21-lWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤŋe ɯrkɯ tɤarmbat qʰe ɯtɯsɤɕke pjɤsaχaʁ ʑo ri
Glosses: sun 3SG.POSS-side AOR:UP-be.near LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-burn IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH LNK
Translation: When he approached the sun, it was extremely hot.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ʑo nɯnɯ ɕpjɯsata ra
Glosses: 1SG EMPH DEM TRAL-IPFV-kill-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to kill her myself.' (140504 baixuegongzhu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ axtu ɯtɯmŋɤm ɲɯsɤre ʑo
Glosses: 1SG also 1SG.POSS-belly 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-hurt SENS-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: Me too, my belly hurts a lot.' (literally: `the degree of my hurting is ridiculously high') (qala 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki tɯci ki ɯtɯrnaʁ mɯ́jrtaʁ
Glosses: DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-water DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.deep NEG:SENS-be.enough
Translation: This water is not deep enough.' (2010-03-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤtɯxtɕi tɕʰomo
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.small be.too.much:FACT-SFP
Translation: You are too young.' (150828 huamulan-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki maka ɯtɯɕqraʁ tɤɣɤtɕʰoma ɯβrɤŋu ɣe ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX at.all 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.intelligent AOR-CAUS-be.too.much-1SG RH.Q-be:FACT SFP
Translation: I hope that I did not cause her to become too intelligent.' (hist160709 riquet6-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑmbri cʰo ɯtɯwxti naχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: willow COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big be.the.same:FACT
Translation: It is as big as a willow (its degree of “bigness" is the same as that of a willow).' (08-qaCti)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤtsa ni ndʑitɯŋgɯ kɤti kɯ pɯsaχaʁ ʑo
Glosses: parent.and.child DU 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.poor INF-say ERG PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: The mother and her child were extremely poor.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕpaʁ kɤti kɯ pɯsaχaʁnɯ ʑo pɯrɤʑinɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: NMLZ:ABSTRACT-thirst INF-say ERG PST.IPFV-be.extremely-PL EMPH PST.IPFV-stay-PL SENS-be
Translation: [The people there] live in extreme thirst.' (divination 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtɯsɤjndɤt nɯ !
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.cute SFP
Translation: You are so cute!' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯnɤmbju kɯ [rɟɤlpu kʰɤxtɤndo kɯnɯjaŋsa nɯ ɣɯ ɯmɲaʁ naznɤmbju ʑo ɲɯŋu].
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.shiny ERG king side.of.the.roof SBJ:PCP-be.idle DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-eye AOR:3→3-CAUS-be.shiny EMPH SENS-be
Translation: It was so shiny that it dazzled the eyes of the king, who was staying idle on the side of the roof (of the palace).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁ ra ci nɯtɯɤɣɯzrɯɣ , aʑo ci atɯɤɣɯzrɯɣ kɯ [ci tupe tɕe mɯ́jcʰaa]
Glosses: pig PL one 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-have.a.lot.of.lice 1SG one 1SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-have.a.lot.of.lice ERG one IPFV-do[III] LNK NEG:SENS-can-1SG
Translation: Pigs have so many lice and I have so many lice that all put together, I can't bear it.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯɲat kɤti kɯ [ɯɕtʂi ra toɬoʁ .]
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.tired INF-say ERG 3SG.POSS-sweat PL IFR-come.out
Translation: He was so tired that he started sweating (profusely).' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯmaqʰu ɯxɕɤt kɯ , [kɯfsoʁ tɤrɤŋgat ri kóʁmɯz tuɬoʁ ŋu .]
Glosses: IPFV-be.after 3SG.POSS-strength ERG SBJ:PCP-be.light AOR-be.about LOC only.then IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: [This star] is so late that it only comes out when the day is about to break.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯxtɕi ɲɯtɕʰom
Glosses: SENS-be.small SENS-be.too.much
Translation: It is too small.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯŋa ra nɯtaʁ tudɤn tutɕʰom] mɯ́jpe ma
Glosses: cow PL 3PL.POSS-on IPFV-be.many IPFV-be.too.much NEG:SENS-be.good LNK
Translation: It is not good when there are too many (ticks) on cows.' (25-xCelwi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma aʑo maka , kɤnɯrga mɯ́jkʰɯ ʑo ɲɯrgaa
Glosses: DEM apart.from 1SG at.all INF-APPL-like NEG:SENS-be.possible EMPH SENS-like-1SG
Translation: I like it a lot (to the extent that it is not possible to like it more than I do).' (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma kɤnɯrga mɤkɯkʰɯ ʑo ɲɯrgaa
Glosses: DEM apart.from INF-APPL-like NEG-INF:STAT-be.possible EMPH SENS-like-1SG
Translation: I like it a lot.' (elicitation based on ex:nW.ma.mWjkhW.Zo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrʑaβ aʑo sɤz wxti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife 1SG COMP be.big:FACT
Translation: His wife is older than me.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrna nɯ [mbro ɣɯ] sɤz ɲɯwxti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ear DEM horse GEN COMP SENS-be.big
Translation: Its ears are bigger than those of the horse.' (20-tArka)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯpʰoŋbu nɯ mbro sɤz koŋla ʑo ɲɯwxti .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-body DEM horse COMP really EMPH SENS-be.big
Translation: Its body is bigger than [that of] a horse.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɣli kɯdɤn ɯstu qandʐe nɯ kɯ ɲɯjpum .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-dung SBJ:PCP-be.many 3SG.POSS-place earthworm DEM ERG SENS-be.thick
Translation: The earthworms that are in places where there is a lot of dung (fertilizer) are fatter.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯ alaz ɲɯsna
Glosses: 1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-karma SENS-be.good
Translation: I am luckier [than you].' (140515 huli he yelv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤru ɯtɕɯ nɯ sɤz ɲɯtɯrʑi !
Glosses: chieftain 3SG.POSS-son DEM COMP SENS-2-be.heavy
Translation: You are heavier than the prince!' (140506 woju guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: waŋtɕin sɤznɤ ʁnɯpɤrme ma mɤxtɕi
Glosses: ANTHR COMP [two-years apart.from] NEG-be.small:FACT
Translation: He is only two years younger than Dbangcan.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr sɤz jɯsŋi kɯ ɲɯmpja
Glosses: yesterday COMP today ERG SENS-be.warm
Translation: Today is warmer than yesterday.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ sɤznɤ [apɯsi] kɯ ɲɯmna
Glosses: DEM comp IRR-PFV-die ERG SENS-be.better
Translation: It is better that he dies.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmɤku cʰɯkɯtɯt nɯ ɲɯtɕur tsa
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.first IPFV-SBJ:PCP-ripen DEM SENS-be.sour a.little
Translation: The [variety of apple] that ripens earlier is a bit sourer.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁmɯrcɯ sɤz ɲɯwxti tsa
Glosses: Garrulax COMP SENS-be.big a.little
Translation: It is a bit bigger than the Garrulax sp.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕi ɯrdoʁ mɯ́jʑɯ jamar ɲɯwxti
Glosses: barley 3SG.POSS-grain NEG:SENS-just.be about SENS-be.big
Translation: It is a little bigger than a grain of barley.' (28-kWpAz,104)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯru nɯra tɯjaʁndzu mɤkɯʑɯ ʑo ɲɯjpum cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM:PL INDEF.POSS-finger NEG-INF:STAT-just.be EMPH IPFV-be.thick can:FACT
Translation: Its stalk can grow thicker than a finger.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ci tɕe , βʑɯ ndɤre mɤʑɯ . βʑɯ sɤz ndɤre wxti ŋu
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF LNK mouse ADVERS NEG-just.be:FACT mouse COMP ADVERS be.big:FACT be:FACT
Translation: [The weasel] is a small [animal], but bigger than a mouse. It is bigger than a mouse.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki kɯm ki mɤʑɯa
Glosses: DEM.PROX door DEM.PROX NEG-just.be:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am bigger than this door.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: atɯmbro ki kɯm ki mɤʑɯ .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.high DEM.PROX door DEM.PROX NEG-just.be:FACT
Translation: I am bigger than this door.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qamtɕɯr nɯ ɯmtɕʰi nɯnɯ βʑɯ sɤznɤ mɤʑɯ ʑo amtɕoʁ
Glosses: shrew DEM 3SG.POSS-mouth DEM mouse COMP even.more EMPH be.pointy:FACT
Translation: The shrew's mouth is even sharper than that of the mouse.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯtɣa ɕaŋtaʁ] mɤzri .
Glosses: one-span up.from NEG-be.long:FACT
Translation: It is not longer than one handspan.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯru ra (...), [tɯjaʁndzu ɕaŋtaʁ] ɲɯjpum mɤcʰa ma
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk PL _ GENR.POSS-finger up.from IPFV-be.thick NEG-can:FACT LNK
Translation: Its stalk cannot grow/become thicker than a finger.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯβlama kɤti ci tu tɕe , nɯ rca kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ci ʑo ɕti . zrɯɣ kɯnɤ me .
Glosses: bug OBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM UNEXP:DEG SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF EMPH be.AFF:FACT louse also not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is an [insect] called qajɯβlama, it is very small. It is not even as big as a louse.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: bird .sp DEM COMIT buzzard DU 3DU .POSSNMLZ:DEGbe .big espace be .identical:FACT
Glosses: COMPAREE _ STD.MRK STANDARD _ PARAMETER espace PARAM.MRK
Translation: The qalekɯtsʰi bird is as big as the buzzard.' (literally: `The qalekɯtsʰi bird and the buzzard are identical in their degree of bigness.') (23-RmWrcWftsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qro nɯnɯ dɯdɯt cʰo ɯtɯwxti naχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: pigeon DEM dove COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big be.the.same:FACT
Translation: The pigeon is as big as a dove.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe dɯdɯt cʰo ndʑitɯwxti naχtɕɯɣ ʑo
Glosses: LNK dove COMIT 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big be.the.same:FACT EMPH
Translation: It is as big as a dove.' (24-qro)