lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-rʑaβ nɯ kɯ iɕqʰa , tsʰaŋ ɯ-ŋgɯ la-nɯ-rku kɯ-mɯm nɯra cʰɤ-tɕɤt tɕe tó-wɣ-sɯ-ndza-ndʑi pjɤ-ra .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-wife DEM ERG the.aforementioned cupboard 3SG.POSS-in AOR:UPSTREAM:3→3-AUTO-put.in SBJ:PCP-be.tasty DEM:PL IFR:DOWNSTREAM-take.out LNK IFR-INV-CAUS-eat-DU IFR.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: The wife had no choice but to take out the nice [food] that she had put in the cupboard and give it to [her husband and herself].' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɕɤmɯɣdɯɣ kɤ-lɤt kɯ-mkʰɤz nɯra ra ma mɤ-kɯ-spa nɯra mɤ-sɯx-ɕe-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM gun INF-release SBJ:PCP-be.expert DEM:PL be.needed:FACT LNK NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.able DEM:PL NEG-CAUS-go:FACT-PL
Translation: They need people who are good at shooting with guns, they don't let those who are not able (to shoot) go.' (150829 KAGWcAno)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣʑo ɯ-kʰo ta-fsraŋ nɯnɯ , [ɯ-pi ni mɯ-pa-sɯ-pʰɯt] ra ɣɯ , ɣʑo ra ɣɯ nɯ-rɟɤlpu nɯ jo-ɣi .
Glosses: bee 3SG.POSS-house AOR:3→3-protect DEM 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU NEG-pfv:3→3-CAUS-take.off PL GEN bee PL GEN 3PL.POSS-king DEM IFR-come
Translation: The king of the bees whose hive he had protected and prevented his brothers from destroying came.' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-mu rcanɯ ndʑu tɯ-ldʑa cinɤ a-mɤ-pɯ-tɯ-sɯ-qlɯt-nɯ ra
Glosses: mother UNEXP:DEG chopsticks one-stick even IRR-NEG-PFV-2-CAUS-break-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Make sure that my mother does not even need to break chopsticks.' (an idiomatic expression meaning “please take care of my mother's every need”, 2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-jaʁ nɯ kɯ tʰɤlwa ki cʰɯ-sɯ-ste nɯ ɯ-tʰɤcu cʰɯ-sɯ-βde
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hand DEM ERG earth DEM.PROX IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-do.like[III] DEM 3SG.POSS-downstream IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-throw
Translation: [The mole] does this with its forepaws, and throws the earth below.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tʂʰa ci pɯ-z-mɤke pɯ-rke
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-tea once IMP-CAUS-be.first[III] IMP-put.in[III]
Translation: Serve me some tea first.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mŋu nɯra koŋla ʑo ko-xtɕɤr ko-sɯ-ɤsɯɣ ʑo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-opening DEM:PL completely EMPH IFR-tie IFR-CAUS-be.tight EMPH
Translation: He tied the opening [of the bag] very tightly.' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <luban> kɯ rcanɯ kɯ-pɯ-pe ʑo , maka mɤ-kɯ-ɤntɕʰoʁjɤr ʑo to-ti to-sɤ-pe .
Glosses: ANTHR ERG UNEXP:DEG INF:STAT-EMPH~be.good EMPH at.all NEG-INF:STAT-be.incomplete EMPH IFR-say IFR-CAUS-be.good
Translation: Luban said [the answers] very well, without missing anything.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [a-lɤn kɤ-kʰo] ɯ-tɤ-tɯ-sɤ-pe-t nɤ tɕe ku-ta-wum ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-answer INF-give QU-AOR-2-CAUS-be.good-PST:TR ADD LNK IPFV-1→2-gather be:FACT
Translation: If you give a good answer [to all my questions], I will take you [as my disciple].' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤ-ɣndʑɯr cʰɤ-sɯ-ɤmɲɤm
Glosses: INF-grind IFR:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-be.homogeneous
Translation: He ground [the flour] very homogeneously.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paχɕi nɯ ɯ-jwaʁ kɤ-lɤt ɲɯ-z-mɤke , nɯ ɯ-qʰu tɕe ɲɯ-rɯmɯntoʁ ,
Glosses: apple DEM 3SG.POSS-leaf INF-release IPFV-CAUS-be.first[III] DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK IPFV-bloom
Translation: The apple [tree] first grows leaves, and after that blooms.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯ-rʑi tɕe [kɤ-fkur] mɯ́j-tɯ-wɣ-sɯx-cʰa .
Glosses: SENS-be.heavy LNK INF-carry.on.the.back NEG:SENS-2-INV-CAUS-can
Translation: It is heavy, you won't be able to carry it on your back.' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kumpɣa pʰu nɯ ɲɯ-βʁa tɕe , mu nɯra mɯ-ɲɯ-sɯx-cʰe
Glosses: fowl male DEM SENS-win LNK female DEM:PL NEG-SENS-CAUS-can[III]
Translation: (Otherwise) the roosters are too strong, and the hens cannot bear it.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-χpɯm pjɤ-tsʰoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-knee IFR-attach
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu nɯ-χpɯm pjɯ-sɯ-tsʰoʁ , tɕe ɯ-ndzɤtsʰi ɯ-ro nɯ-kɯ-ri nɯnɯra , nɯ-ʁɤri pjɯ-χtɤr tɕe , tu-sɯ-ndze pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC 3PL.POSS-knee IPFV-CAUS-attach LNK 3SG.POSS-food 3SG.POSS-excess AOR-SBJ:PCP-remain DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-front IPFV:DOWN-scatter LNK IPFV-CAUS-eat[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The evil prince] forced them to kneel at his side, and would throw them leftovers from his food and force them to eat them.' (150821 edu de wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-ŋga lɤ-tɯ-sɯ-ɣɯt-ndʑi nɯ , a-xtsa nɯ wuma ɲɯ-pe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-clothes AOR-2-CAUS-bring-DU DEM 1SG.POSS-shoe DEM really SENS-be.good
Translation: The clothes that you have sent me, the shoes are very nice.' (conversation, 15.04.18)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯjŋu kɯ-wxtɯ~wxti ʑo na-sɯ-ta-ndʑi ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: girl DEM oath SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big EMPH AOR:3→3-CAUS-put-DU SENS-be
Translation: They_DU forced the girl to swear a big oath.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso smɤn mɤkɯftsʰi tɤ-sɯ-ndza-t-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child medicine forcibly AOR-CAUS-eat-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I forced the child to eat the medicine.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ kɯnɤ tɤ-z-nɯsman-a qʰe tɤ-mna ɕti
Glosses: 1SG:GEN also AOR-CAUS-treat-1SG LNK AOR-be.better be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I had my own [bellyache] treated and it got better.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ku-kɯ-z-rɤʑi-a-nɯ ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-CAUS-stay-1SG-PL SENS-be.better
Translation: Please let me stay [here].' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S67"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-mu nɤ-ndzɣi ɯ-rcʰɤβ tu-kɯ-sɯ-rtoʁ-i ra
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother 2SG.POSS-fang 3SG.POSS-interstice IPFV-2→1-CAUS-look-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: Mother, let us look at [the thing] that is in the interstice between your fangs?' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯm mɯ-cʰɯ-pe qʰe … kɯm kɯ-ɲɟɯ ɲɯ-βde qʰe laχtɕʰa ra tu-z-mɯrki
Glosses: door NEG-IPFV-close LNK _ door SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:open IPFV-leave LNK thing PL IPFV-CAUS-steal[III]
Translation: (Due to being a heavy drinker), he would [forget] to close the door, leave it open, and [as a result] have his things stolen [by other people].' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɤ-kɯ-nɯβlu-a tɕe mɤ-jɤɣ ma tɕe a-xtu kɯ-mna sɤznɤ a-mpʰɯz ɯ-ntɕʰɯr nɯ-tɯ-sɯ-pʰɯt tɕe
Glosses: IFR-2→1-cheat-1SG LNK NEG-be.allowed:FACT LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-belly INF:STAT-be.better COMP 1SG.POSS-buttock 3SG.POSS-piece AOR-2-CAUS-take.off LNK
Translation: You cheated me, it is outrageous, not only did my belly not get better, but [by misleading me] you caused a piece of my buttocks to be ripped off.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ maʁ nɤ , mɯ́j-tɯ-ɣi tɕe kɯ-sɯ-sat-a ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: DEM not.be:FACT ADD NEG:SENS-2-come LNK 2→1-CAUS-kill:FACT-1SG SENS-be
Translation: Otherwise, by not coming, you are about to get me killed.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm ɲɤ-z-ɣɤdi-t-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat IFR-CAUS-have.a.stench-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I let the meat spoil.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <wugui> ɯ-kɯ-ntsɣe ɣɤʑu tɕe , nɯnɯra nɯ-ɕki li ɯ-ndza ra kɤ-χtɯ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: turtle 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-sell exist:SENS LNK DEM.PL 3PL.POSS-DAT again 3SG.POSS-food PL OBJ:PCP-buy exist:SENS
Translation: There are people_i who sell turtles_j, and one [can] buy their_j food from them_i.' (140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <shangdian> ɯ-ŋgɯ kɤ-χtɯ ɣɤʑu
Glosses: shop 3SG.POSS-inside OBJ:PCP-buy exist:SENS
Translation: It [can] be bought in a shop.' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤnmawombɤr kɯ … tɤ́-wɣ-sɯ-χtɯ-a ŋu
Glosses: ANTHR ERG _ AOR-INV-CAUS-sell-1SG be:FACT
Translation: It is Padma 'Od'bar who sold it to me.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm ɯ-kɯ-ntsɣe ɯ-ɕki tɕe tɤ-mtʰɯm ɕ-to-sɯ-χtɯ qʰe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-sell 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC INDEF.POSS-meat TRAL-IFR-CAUS-buy LNK
Translation: She sent him to buy meat at the butcher's.' (160701 poucet2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕaχpa ʁnɯz nɯ kɯ , nɤki , <alibaba> ɣɯ ɯ-kɯm nɯtɕu <fenbi> kɯ , nɤkinɯ , kɯ-ɤrtɯm ci to-sɯ-rɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: thief two DEM ERG FILLER ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-door DEM:LOC chalk ERG FILLER SBJ:PCP-be.round INDEF IFR-CAUS-write-DU
Translation: The two thieves drew a circle on Alibaba's door.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-jaʁ kɯ ju-mɯrʁɯz ɲɯ-cʰa ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hand ERG IPFV-scratch SENS-can
Translation: [The mole] can scratch it with its claws.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ??ɯʑo kɯ sɲɯɣjɯ kɯ tɤscoz pa-sɯ-rɤt
Glosses: 3SG ERG pen ERG letter AOR:3→3-CAUS-write
Translation: (intended meaning:) `S/he wrote the letter with the pen.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ sɲɯɣjɯ ta-ndo tɕe tɤscoz pa-sɯ-rɤt
Glosses: 3SG ERG pen AOR:3→3:UP-take LNK letter AOR:3→3-CAUS-write
Translation: S/he took the pen and wrote the letter with it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰa kɯ ló-wɣ-sɯ-βzi
Glosses: alcohol ERG IFR-INV-CAUS-become.drunk
Translation: He became drunk from the alcohol.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤlɤβ kɯ tɯtʰɯ pɯ-ɕɯ-fkaβ-a
Glosses: cover ERG pan AOR-CAUS-cover-1SG
Translation: I covered the pan with a cover.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mu ɯ-wa ni kɯ ɲɯ-z-nɤja-ndʑi qʰe mɯ-ta-sɯ-ɣe-ndʑi ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-father DU ERG SENS-CAUS-be.a.shame-DU LNK NEG-AOR:3→3:UP-CAUS-come-DU
Translation: Her parents could not stand to part with her, and did not let her come.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ji ɲɯ-nɤja .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-field SENS-be.a.shame
Translation: These fields, what a shame (nobody is taking care of them).' (150903-friche)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro ɯ-jme cʰo nɤ-kɤrme tú-wɣ-sɯ-ɤfsuja ra
Glosses: horse 3SG.POSS-tail COMIT 2SG.POSS-hair IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.of.same.size be.needed:FACT
Translation: Let us compare [the length of] the horse's tail and that of your hair.' (`Let us see which is longest.') (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯlpa ɯ-pɕi tɕe cʰɤ-sɯ-rɟɯɣ .
Glosses: village 3SG.POSS-outside LOC IFR:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-run
Translation: He ran away from the village carrying her [on his back].' (150829 jidian-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro nɯnɯ ɯ-ku pjɤ-sɯ-pʰɯt tɕe , ɯ-ku nɯnɯ ʑara ɣɯ nɯ-kɤntɕʰaʁ ɣɯ ɯ-kɯm nɯtɕu to-sɯ-ɕɯ-ɴqoʁ .
Glosses: horse DEM 3SG.POSS-head IFR-CAUS-take.off LNK 3SG.POSS-head DEM 3PL GEN 3PL.POSS-street DEM 3SG.POSS-door DEM:LOC IFR:UP-CAUS-CAUS-hang
Translation: She had [people] behead the horse, and hang its head on the city gate.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-sɯ-spoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM ERG IPFV-INV-CAUS-CAUS-have.a.hole SENS-be
Translation: One makes a hole [into it] with this.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci nɯ tɕe tɕe smi pjɯ́-wɣ-βlɯ tɕe nɯ smɯmba nɯ kɯ ɯ-rme nɯ kú-wɣ-sɯ-sɯ-βɣɯt ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: one DEM LNK LNK fire IPFV-INV-burn LNK DEM flame DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-hair DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-CAUS-burn.off SENS-be.needed
Translation: The other [method to remove chicken feathers] is to make a fire and burn off the feathers with the flames.' (150907 kAnWtChWwWt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯ-ta-sɯ-sɯ-rɤt
Glosses: AOR-1→2-CAUS-CAUS-write
Translation: I made you write it_i with it_j .
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑi-tɯtsɣe ra mɯ-ɲɯ-kɤ-ɣɤ-kʰɯ ftɕaka ntsɯ tu-βze pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 2DU.POSS-commerce PL NEG-IPFV-INF-CAUS-be.possible manner always IPFV-make[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He was always trying [by all means] to make it impossible for them to manage their business.' (150825 baishe zhuan-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-pi ni tɤ-tɯ-βri-t ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU AOR-2-save-PST:TR be:FACT
Translation: You saved your two elder brothers.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki a-tɤ-tɯ-ndze qʰe qʰe ɯ-qa nɯtɕu tɯ-ndzrɯ jamar ci ʑo a-nɯ-tɯ-sɯɣ-ri ma
Glosses: DEM.PROX IRR-PFV-2-eat[III] LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-bottom DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-nail about INDEF EMPH IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-remain LNK
Translation: When you eat this, leave a [quantity of] about a nail [from it in the bowl].' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma jinde tɕe ku-χsu-j me kɯ-ɲo ntsɯ tu-ndza-j ɕti ma
Glosses: LNK nowadays LNK IPFV-raise-1PL not.exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.ready always IPFV-eat-1PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Nowadays we do not raise [chicken] anymore, we eat `ready-made' [eggs].' (22-kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ŋga nɯ-χtɕi-t-a tɕe a-pɯ-ndzar tɕe cʰɯ́-wɣ-ɕkʰo jɤɣ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR-wash-PST:TR-1SG LNK IRR-PFV-drip.dry LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-spread be.allowed:FACT
Translation: I have washed the clothes, let them first drip dry before putting them in the sun to dry.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbrɤz kɯ-fse lo , <cai> kɯ-fse nɯnɯra tɕe , ɯ-ŋgɯ tɯ-ci kɯ-tu nɯra pjɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-ɤrɕo tɕe , nɯnɯ “pɯ-mdzar-a" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: rice SBJ:PCP-be.like SFP dish SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL LNK 3SG.POSS-inside INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-exist DEM:PL IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.finished LNK DEM AOR-drip.dry-1SG IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: When one has completely removed the water in the rice or in a dish, one says pɯ-mdzar-a.' (definition)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-pʰɯ ɲɯ-wxti tɕe , nɯra tʰamtɕɤt ma-tɤ-tɯ-ɣɤ-wxti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-price SENS-be.big LNK DEM:PL all NEG-IMP-2-CAUS-be.big
Translation: It is expensive, make it less expensive.' (2010-12)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [cʰa ɯ-tsʰi] lo-ɣɤ-tɕʰom
Glosses: alcohol 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:drink IFR-CAUS-be.too.much
Translation: He drank too much alcohol.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰɤtsʰi ko-ɣɤ-tɕʰom
Glosses: alcohol.drinking IFR-CAUS-be.too.much
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ kɯ ɯ-tɕɯ ja-stʰoʁ tɕe , ɯ-xɕɤt ɯ-lɤt to-ɣɤ-tɕʰom tɕe
Glosses: old.man DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-son AOR:3→3-push LNK 3SG.POSS-strength 3SG.POSS-release IFR-CAUS-be.too.much LNK
Translation: The old man pushed his son, but exerted too much strength and…' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-ʁɤri nɯtɕu ɯ-fkrɤm a-kɤ-tɯ-ɣɤ-βdi
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-front DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:place IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.well
Translation: Place these nicely [in order] in front of the house.' (smanmi 2003.1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ] mɯ-tɤ-ɣɤ-kʰɯ-t-a .
Glosses: INF-AUTO-come.out NEG-AOR-CAUS-be.possible-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I prevented it/him from coming out.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯ-rŋɯl kɤ-tu] tɤ-ɣɤ-kʰɯ-t-a .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-money INF-exist AOR-CAUS-be.possible-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I made it possible for him/her to have money.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <xianling> nɯ nɯ-rga qʰendɤre , … [nɯ-ʁjoʁ kɯ-ra] nɯ mɯ-ɲɤ-ɣɤ-ra qʰe ,
Glosses: magistrate DEM AOR-be.happy LNK _ 3PL.POSS-servant SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM NEG-IFR-CAUS-be.needed LNK
Translation: The magistrate was happy, and cancelled the duties that they had to do.' (150904 cuzhi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-xɕɤt ʑo tu-ɣɤte tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-strength EMPH IPFV-CAUS-exist[III] LNK
Translation: [The rain] gives me (`makes me have') strength.' (150819 woniu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯ ɯ-kɤ-ti na-ɣɤ-me
Glosses: king DEM 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say AOR:3→3-CAUS-not.exist
Translation: He made the king unable to say anything.' (2005 tAwakWcqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmaʁ ɯ-ɣi nɯra nɯ-rtsawa mɯ-pjɤ-nɯ-ɣɤ-wxti
Glosses: other 3SG.POSS-relative DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-importance NEG-IFR.IPFV-AUTO-CAUS-be.big
Translation: He did not consider his other relatives to be as important [as his wife].' (kWjujmAlu 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-kɯ-n-nɤmqe , ɯ-kɯ-nɤre , ɯ-kɯ-ɣɤ-kʰe nɯra ɲɯ-xcat ʑo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-AUTO-scold 3SG.POSS-laugh.at 3SG.POSS-CAUS-be.stupid DEM:PL SENS-be.many EMPH
Translation: There were many people scolding him, making fun of him, calling him stupid.' (150829 phaRrgot)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰɐ́ɟi ne-kɐ-səɣ-cʰiʔ=nəʔ mimʔ=cə
Glosses: beer IPFV-GENR-CAUS-be.sweet=DEM be.tasty=MED
Translation: Beer is tasty when one allows it to sweeten (naturally and gradually).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰɐ́ɟi ne-kɐ-wɐ-cʰiʔ=nəʔ mimʔ=cə
Glosses: beer IPFV-genr-CAUS-be.sweet=DEM be.tasty=MED
Translation: Beer is tasty when one sweetens it (e.g. by adding sugar).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɤjko mɯ-tɤ-tɕur tɕe , ɴɢolo ɯ-mat nɯ ɲɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt tɕe , tɕe tɤrca pjɯ́-wɣ-ɣɤ-la tɕe , tɕe tɤjko pjɯ-sɯx-tɕur cʰa .
Glosses: LNK pickle NEG-AOR-be.sour LNK Ribes.stenocarpum 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM IPFV-INV-take.off LNK LNK together IPFV-INV-CAUS-soak LNK LNK pickle IPFV-CAUS-be.sour can:FACT
Translation: When the pickle_i is not sour, one picks fruits from the Ribes stenocarpum_j, soaks them together [with it_i], and it_j can make the pickle sour.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-tɕur kɯ tɯ-kɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ lú-wɣ-rku qʰe maka ɲɯ-sɯ-ɤmɯ-zɣɯt qʰe , tɯ-pʰoŋbu ra kɯnɤ ɲɯ-sɯx-tɕur kɯ-fse ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.sour ERG GENR.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:UPSTREAM-INV-put.in LNK at.all IPFV-CAUS-DISTR-reach LNK GENR.POSS-body PL also SENS-CAUS-be.sour SBJ:PCP-be.like be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It is so sour that when one puts it into one's mouth, it makes everything [sour in an even way], as if one's whole body becomes sour.' (09-mi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <cai> ɯ-tɯ-tɕur mɯ́j-rtaʁ tɕe , <cu> pɯ-lat-a tɕe pɯ-ɣɤ-tɕur-a
Glosses: dish 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.sour NEG:SENS-be.enough LNK, vinegar AOR-release-1SG LNK AOR-CAUS-be.sour-1SG
Translation: As the dish was not sour enough, I added vinegar to make it sourer.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki tɤ-ndɤm tɕe , … ʑimkʰɤm ɯ-ku , tɕʰi kɯ-tu ʑo nɯ pjɯ-tɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-mto cʰa
Glosses: DEM.PROX IMP-take[III] LNK _ world 3SG.POSS-head what SBJ:PCP-exist EMPH DEM IPFV-2-INV-CAUS-see can:FACT
Translation: Take this [spyglass], it will make you able to see everything that exists in the world.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ maka nɯ-mɲaʁ tu-ɣɤ-mtɤm cʰa ri ,
Glosses: DEM ERG completely 3PL.POSS-eye IPFV-CAUS-have.sharp.eyesight[III] can:FACT LNK
Translation: That [plant] can cure their blindness (cause their eyes to recover eyesight).' (140517 mogui de jing-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯ-xtsa nɯni tɤ-kɤ-sŋaʁ pjɤ-ɕti tɕe tɕendɤre , ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤ-xtɕi-ndʑi
Glosses: the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-shoe DEM:DU AOR-OBJ:PCP-enchant IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK LNK IFR-REFL-CAUS-be.small-DU
Translation: The shoes had been enchanted, and became small by themselves.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tʂu ri ɲɤ-tɯ-z-ɣɤ-βdi-t ɕti tɕe , tɕe nɯtɕu a-kɤ-tɯ-ɕe
Glosses: LNK road also IFR-2-CAUS-CAUS-be.well-PST:TR be.AFF:FACT LNK LNK DEM:LOC IRR-PFV:EAST-2-go
Translation: [Since] you have already had the road repaired (by someone else), [take that road] to go [east].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-zda cʰo ɲɯ-ɤʑɯʑu-ndʑi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion COMIT SENS-wrestle-DU
Translation: He is wrestling with his friend.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-zda ɲɯ-ɤz-nɯ-ɤʑɯʑu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion SENS-PROG-APPL-wrestle
Translation: He is wrestling his friend.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iʑo kɯrɯ ra tɕe tʂʰɤlu nɯ stu ji-kɤ-rga ɕti
Glosses: LNK 1PL Tibetan PL LNK milk.tea DEM MOST 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-like be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Milk tea is [the type of tea] that we Tibetans like best.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰaχtsa nɯ iʑo kɯrɯ tɕʰeme ra ɣɯ , nɯnɯ mɤlɤn ʑo pjɯ-tu kɯ-ra tɕe , stu ji-kɤ-nɯ-rga ɕti ,
Glosses: coloured.belt DEM 1PL Tibetan woman PL GEN DEM absolutely EMPH IPFV-exist SBJ:PCP-be.needed LNK most 1PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-APPL-like be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Coloured belts are something that we Tibetan woman must absolutely have, and it is what we like best.' (thaXtsa 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma aʑo [qajɯ nɯra kɤ-nɤrtoχpjɤt] pɯ-rga-a tɕe
Glosses: LNK 1SG bug DEM:PL INF-observe PST.IPFV-like-1SG LNK
Translation: I liked to observe bugs.' (26-quspunmbro)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯ-ta-nɤ-pe ɕti qʰe , aʑo ɲɯ-ta-nɯ-rga
Glosses: SENS-1→2-TROP-be.good be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG SENS-1→2-APPL-like
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ rɟɤlpu ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ a-pɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-rga-a ra
Glosses: DEM king 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG IRR-IPFV-INV-APPL-like-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: May the prince love me!' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme mɤ-kɤ-nɯfse nɯ ɯ-ɕki ɲɯ-ɤndzɯt
Glosses: person NEG-OBJ:PCP-know DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT SENS-bark
Translation: [The dog] is barking at the unknown person.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme mɤ-kɤ-nɯfse nɯ ɲɯ-ɤz-nɯ-ɤndzɯt
Glosses: person NEG-OBJ:PCP-know DEM SENS-PROG-APPL-bark
Translation: [The dog] is barking at the unknown person.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ aʑo ɯ-ɲɯ-kɯ-nɤ-stu-a nɤ , tɕendɤre , nɯɕimɯma ʑo ɕe-tɕi tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM 1SG QU-SENS-2→1-APPL-believe-1SG ADD LNK immediately EMPH go:FACT-1DU LNK
Translation: If you believe me, let us go [there] immediately.' (140425 shizi huli he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ ta-tɯt] nɯ ma-nɯ-tɯ-nɤ-ste
Glosses: 1SG ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM NEG-IMP-2-APPL-believe[III]
Translation: Don't believe what he said.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɤʑo tɤ-tɯ-tɯt] nɯ mɤ-stu-a
Glosses: 2SG AOR-2-say[II] DEM NEG-believe:FACT-1SG
Translation: I don't believe what you said.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ tʰamtɕɤt kɯ-dɯ~dɤn nɯ ɣɯrnɤɣɯr ʑo tu-ɣɤɕqali-nɯ tɕe , tɕendɤre rɯdaʁ nɯra ɲɯ-mu-nɯ tɕe cʰɯ-pʰɣo-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy all SBJ:PCP-be.many DEM IDPH(III):noisy.and.crowded EMPH IPFV-shout-PL LNK LNK wild.animal DEM:PL IPFV-be.afraid-PL LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-flee-PL SENS-be
Translation: The men (i.e. the hunters) all shout together in great numbers, and the wild animals being afraid flee downstream.' (150829 KAGWcAno)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ tɯrme wuma ʑo ɲɯ-kɯ-nɯɣ-mu .
Glosses: DEM ERG people really EMPH IPFV-GENR:S/O-APPL-be.afraid
Translation: It is very afraid of people.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <xiaocui> nɯ tɤ-rɯstɯnmɯ ɯ-qʰu qʰe tɕe iɕqʰa [<yuanfeng> nɯ , taʁndo mɤ-kɯ-tso nɯ cʰo] sɲikuku ʑo tɯtɯrca ɲɯ-ɤ<nɯ>ɣro-ndʑi qʰe
Glosses: ANTHR DEM AOR-marry 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK the.aforementioned ANTHR DEM speech NEG-SBJ:PCP-understand DEM COMIT every.day EMPH together IPFV-<AUTO>play-DU LNK
Translation: After she married, Xiaocui played every day with Yuanfeng, who did not understand speech.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕʰɯ kɯ-fse tɤ-tu nɤ , tɯɣrɤz ɲɯ-nɯ-ɤɣro-ndʑi nɯra pjɤ-ŋgrɤl ,
Glosses: again toy SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-exist ADD together IPFV-APPL-play-DU DEM:PL IPFV.IFR-be.usually.the.case
Translation: Whenever there was a toy_i, they(DU) played with it_i together.' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯ ɯ-sni ɲɤ-zdɯɣ
Glosses: little.girl DEM 3SG.POSS-heart IFR-suffer
Translation: The little girl was very sad.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laʁnɯ-sŋi pjɤ-zdɯɣ-ndʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: one.or.two-day IFR.IPFV-suffer LNK
Translation: They had [worked] hard for several days.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S18"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa nɯtɕu ɕ-to-k-ɤkʰu-ci
Glosses: house DEM:LOC TRAL-IFR-PEG-call-PEG
Translation: He went and called in the direction of the house.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme ɯ-skɤt kɯ-snɯ~sna ci kɯ ʑo tú-wɣ-nɯ-ɤkʰɤzŋga-nɯ ntsɯ .
Glosses: girl 3SG.POSS-voice SBJ:PCP-EMPH~nice INDEF ERG EMPH IPFV-INV-APPL-call-PL always
Translation: A girl who had a beautiful voice was calling them.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ji-<baogao> tɤ-lɤt , <piaozi> ɕ-tɤ-nɯŋke , <dianzhan> βzu-j ŋu
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-report IMP-release money TRAL-IMP-look.for electric.station make:FACT-1PL be:FACT
Translation: Make a report for us, go and look for money, and we will build an electrical station.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ aʁɤndɯndɤt tu-kɯ-nɯ-ŋke kʰɯ tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in everywhere IPFV-GENR:S/O-AUTO-walk be.possible:FACT LNK
Translation: One can walk [on this path] everywhere in the fields [as one wishes].' (15-06-05)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-lu koŋla ʑo kú-wɣ-nɤmdzɯ ɲɯ-ra ma ʁlɤwur ʑo tu-mbuz ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk completely EMPH IPFV-INV-look.after SENS-be.needed LNK immediately EMPH IPFV-spill.out SENS-be
Translation: One has to look after the milk [in the pan], otherwise it will overflow as soon as [it boils].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ra , ʑimkʰɤm ʑo , ɲɯ-z-nɯ-sŋom-a-nɯ cʰa-a
Glosses: people PL many EMPH IPFV-CAUS-APPL-envy-1SG-PL can:FACT-1SG
Translation: I will be able to make a lot of people envy [me for my dress].' (jinai de guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɤru ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ nɯɕimɯma ʑo iɕqʰa tɕʰeme nɯ ɲɤ-nɤ-mpɕɤr , tɕe ɲɤ-nɤ-pe .
Glosses: LNK DEM chieftain 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG immediately EMPH the.aforementioned girl DEM IFR-TROP-be.beautiful LNK IFR-TROP-be.good
Translation: The prince immediately found the girl very beautiful and fell in love with her.' (140518 huifei de muma-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-sɤtɕʰa ɯ-ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤ-xtɕi nɤ , aʑo a-βlu ci tu tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-place QU-SENS-2-TROP-be.small ADD 1SG 1SG.POSS-trick INDEF exist:FACT LNK
Translation: If you find this place too small for you, I have an idea.' (150829 taishan zhi zhu-zh,203)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-tɕur mɤ-tɕʰom tɕe , pɯ́-wɣ-nɤ-mɯm ɕti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-sour NEG-be.exceedingly:FACT LNK PST.IPFV-INV-TROP-be.tasty be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It is not too sour, and we used to find it tasty.' (17-ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo a-nɯ́-wɣ-nɤntsʰi-a ra
Glosses: 1SG IRR-PFV-INV-love-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: [Aladin thought] `May the princess love me.” (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɕɤɣ nɯ wuma ʑo pe , tɕe pjɯ́-wɣ-βlɯ tɕe ɯ-di wuma mnɤm
Glosses: DEM juniper DEM really EMPH be.good:FACT LNK IPFV-INV-burn LNK 3SG.POSS-smell really have.a.smell:FACT
Translation: The juniper is very nice, when one burns it, it has a strong smell.' (08-CAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: srɯtpʰu nɯ kɯ , ŋotɕu rɤʑi-nɯ pjɤ-sɯχsɤl matɕi , nɯ-di tu-nɤ-mnɤm pjɤ-ɕti tɕe pjɤ-mtsʰɤm .
Glosses: râkshasa DEM ERG where stay:FACT-PL IFR-realize LNK 3PL.POSS-smell IPFV-TROP-have.a.smell IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK IFR-feel
Translation: The ogre realized where they where, as it was sniffing them out and perceived [their smell].' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤ-ɣi tɕe , pɤjkʰu tu-ta-nɤ-mnɤm
Glosses: IMP-come LNK still IPFV:UP-1→2-TROP-have.a.smell
Translation: Come (here), I will smell you (to see if you have had alcohol).' (140506 loBzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (T) atu tɤʁaʁ ɯ-pɯ́-sɤ-scit ? …
Glosses: _ up.there party QU-PST.IPFV-PROP-be.happy …
Translation: Was the party up there nice?
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (L) pɯ-sɤ-scit a-ɬaʁ , mɤ-kɯ-sɤ-scit pɯ-me
Glosses: _ PST.IPFV-PROP-be.happy 1SG.POSS-MZ NEG-SBJ:PCP-PROP-be.happy PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: It was nice, mother-in-law, there was nothing that was not nice.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (A) aʑo ndɤre mɯ-pɯ-nɤ-sɤ-scit-a , lo-nɯtɕʰomba-a
Glosses: _ 1SG LNK NEG-PST.IPFV-TROP-PROP-be.happy-1SG IFR-have.a.cold-1SG
Translation: As far as I am concerned, I did not find [that party] nice, I caught a cold.' (TaRrdo2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-rme ɯ-ŋgɯ ri ku-ɕe tɕe tɕendɤre ku-ɕe nɤ ku-ɕe tɕe tɕe ɯ-ndʐi ɯ-ŋgɯ ri ku-otsa ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕe fsapaʁ ra kɯ nɯ nɤ-sɤɣ-dɯɣ-nɯ ŋgrɤl ma
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-hair 2SG.POSS-in LOC IPFV:EAST-go LNK LNK IPFV:EAST-go ADD IPFV:EAST-go LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-skin 3SG.POSS-in LOC IPFV-prick SENS-be LNK animal PL ERG DEM TROP-PROP-be.upset:FACT-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: [Its seeds] go into the hair [of the sheep], deeper and deeper, and stick into their skin, and the animals find this unpleasant.' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo ndɤre ɲɯ-ta-nɤ-ɣɤ-βzi
Glosses: 2SG LNK SENS-1→2-TROP-FACIL-be.drunk
Translation: You, I think that you get drunk easily.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ tɤscoz rɤt
Glosses: 3SG ERG letter write:FACT
Translation: S/he will write a/the letter.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤscoz a-rɤt
Glosses: letter PASS-write:FACT
Translation: The letter is written/has been written.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯm ɲɤ-stʰoʁ ri , kɯm pjɤ-k-ɤ-ɣɤtɯɣ-ci ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: door IFR-push LNK DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-lock-PEG be:AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: He pushed the door, but the door was locked.' (tWJo 2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004089#S20"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stuxsi ɣɯ ɯ-χcɤl ri xtɯrkɯ a-βraʁ ,
Glosses: double.yoke GEN 3SG.POSS-middle LOC hide.ripe PASS-attach:FACT
Translation: The hide rope [connecting the yoke to the plough] is attached in the middle of the double yoke.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-mu nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯm-qʰu pjɤ-k-ɤ-βraʁ-ci tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-son DEM door-back IPFV-PEG-PASS-attach-PEG LNK
Translation: The old woman's son was attached on the back of the door.' (tWJo 2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004089#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯm sɤcɯ mɤ-a-lɤt
Glosses: door key NEG-PASS-release:FACT
Translation: The door is not locked/has not been locked.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ pʰoŋ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu pɯ-a-rku-a
Glosses: DEM bottle 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC PST.IPFV-PASS-put.in-1SG
Translation: (You don't believe that) I had been put inside this bottle.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003973#S111"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jaʁmɤzdoʁzdoʁ nɯ kɯnɤ pɣa ŋu , mɤ-a-rɤt
Glosses: bird.sp . DEM also bird be:FACT NEG-PASS-write:FACT
Translation: The jaʁmɤzdoʁzdoʁ is also a bird, it is not written (in the list of bird's names that had been prepared beforehand to ask about all known bird species).' (23-RmWrcWftsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003610#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕelo kutɕu a-mci ci s-cʰɯ-βde-a , nɯ ɕɯ ɣɯ ndʑi-taʁ kɤ-kɯ-ɤ-ɲɟoʁ nɯ a-rʑaβ a-pɯ-tɯ-ŋu-ndʑi to-ti ri … tɕe ci s-cʰo-βde ri , rŋɯlɤsmɤn ɯ-taʁ ko-k-ɤ-ɲɟoʁ-ci ɕti ri , jaʁmɤcʰɯqa kɯ ɲɤ-nɯ-pɕiz qʰe ɯʑo ɯ-taʁ ko-nɯ-ɲɟoʁ .
Glosses: upstream DEM.PROX:LOC 1SG.POSS-saliva once TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-throw-1SG, DEM who GEN 2DU.POSS-on AOR-SBJ:PCP-PASS-glue DEM 1SG.POSS-wife IRR-IPFV-2-be-DU IFR-say LNK _ LNK once TRAL-IFR:DOWNSTREAM-throw LNK ANTHR 3SG.POSS-on IFR-PEG-PASS-glue-PEG be.AFF:FACT LNK ANTHR ERG IFR-AUTO-wipe LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-on IFR-AUTO-glue
Translation: He said `I will spit from here, and whoever of you two gets glued by my spit will be my wife.' He spat, and although [his spit] got glued on Rngulasman, Yagmakhyiqa wiped it off and pasted it onto herself.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɕʰi a-nɯ-tɯ-ɤβzu ra ?
Glosses: 2SG what IRR-PFV-2-become be.needed:FACT
Translation: What do you [want to] become?' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ci a-nɯ-ɤpa-a kɯ , tɯrme ɲɯ-ɤβzu-a ci a-pɯ-kʰɯ kɯ
Glosses: human INDEF IRR-PFV-become-1SG SFP human IPFV-become-1SG a.little IRR-IPFV-be.possible SFP
Translation: If only I could become a human!' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mat tʰɯ-aβzu tɕe tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit AOR-grow LNK LNK
Translation: When its fruits grow…' (06-zrAntCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003422#S25"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu si ɯ-sno ci a-ta tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC wood 3SG.POSS-saddle INDEF PASS-put:FACT LNK
Translation: Next to [the horse], there is a wooden saddle.' (2012-qachGa2012-qachGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004087#S50"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu pɯ-a-ta ri maŋe
Glosses: DEM:LOC PST.IPFV-PASS-put LNK not.exist:SENS
Translation: [The meat] used to be there, but now it is not there [any more].' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu rŋɯl tɯ-taɴɢoʁ ɲɯ-ɤ-rku tɕe ,
Glosses: ground 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC silver one-basket SENS-PASS-put.in LNK
Translation: Inside the ground, there is a basketful of silver.' (2003 divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu rŋɯl qʰoʁqʰoʁ tɯ-rdoʁ pjɤ-k-ɤ-mpʰɯr-ci ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC silver ingot one-piece IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-wrap-PEG
Translation: A silver ingot had been wrapped inside.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S108"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-pa , tɕʰɯŋkʰɤr ɣɯ ɯ-spjɯŋ tu-kɯ-ɣi nɯnɯre ri li ɕom a-tsʰoʁ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-down water.wheel GEN 3SG.POSS-axle IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-come DEM:LOC LOC again iron PASS-attach:FACT LNK
Translation: On the [top extremity of] the axle of the mill coming up from below, a piece of iron is attached.' (06-BGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003408#S50"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-tʰɤcu ri ɕom kɯ-ndzoʁ ci tu tɕe , nɯ tʰaʁmu rmi .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-downstream LOC iron SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:attach INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM weaving.blade call:FACT
Translation: Below, there is [a weaving implement] that has a piece of iron attached to it, it is called tʰaʁmu.' (thaXtsa 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mɯntoʁ nɯ kɯnɤ cʰɯ-ɤʑirja tɕe tɯ-kʰɤl nɯtɕu ʁnɯz , χsɯm kɯβde jamar ku-ndzoʁ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower DEM also IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.aligned LNK one-place DEM:LOC two three four about IPFV-ACAUS:attach
Translation: Its flowers are also aligned, in each place they are attached in [groups] of about two, three or four.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: xɕiri ɣɯ ɯ-mtɕʰi ra [tɤ-se kɯ] pjɤ-k-ɤ-mar-ci ʑo
Glosses: weasel GEN 3SG.POSS-mouth PL INDEF.POSS-blood ERG IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-smear-PEG EMPH
Translation: The weasel's mouth was smeared with blood.' (140518 xuezhe he huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ … ɯ-rŋa taʁɟaz to-mar
Glosses: girl DEM ERG _ 3SG.POSS-face soot IFR-smear
Translation: The lady smeared her face with soot.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mtɕʰi ɯ-taʁ tɕe tɤ-se ra pjɤ-k-ɤ-mar-ci ʑo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-on LOC INDEF.POSS-blood PL IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-smear-PEG EMPH
Translation: Its mouth was smeared with blood.' (140518 xuezhe he huangshulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004032#S19"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-smɤn ɯ-j-á-ndza ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-medicine QU-PEG-PASS-eat:FACT
Translation: Has your medicine been eaten?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑɤra ji-kʰa nɯ [jɤɣɤt tɯ-tɤkʰrɤz nɯ] ku-o-fskɤr .
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-house DEM balcony one-row DEM IPFV:EAST-PASS-surround
Translation: Our house is surrounded by one row of balcony.' (2011-11-kha2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-kʰa ɯ-rkɯ nɯnɯ [tɯ-ji] a-fskɤr .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-house 3SG.POSS-side DEM INDEF.POSS-field PASS-surround:FACT
Translation: The sides of my house are surrounded by fields.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki sɤtɕʰa ki , ɯ-rkɯ tʰamtɕɤt [praʁ] kɯ ku-fskɤr ɲɯ-ɕti
Glosses: DEM.PROX place DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-side all cliff ERG IPFV:EAST-surround SENS-be.AFF
Translation: The sides of this place are all surrounded by cliffs.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso ɯ-smɤn a-mbi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child 3SG.POSS-medicine PASS-give:FACT
Translation: The child has been given his medicine.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso ra tɤ-lu a-jtsʰi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child PL INDEF.POSS-milk PASS-give.to.drink:FACT
Translation: The children have been given milk to drink.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora ɕɤxɕo ku-oβdoʁβdi-j
Glosses: 1PL these.days PRS-be.in.good.health-1PL
Translation: These days we are in good health.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ci tʰamtɕɤt tɤ-se sɯ-ɤpa-j
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water all INDEF.POSS-blood CAUS-become:FACT-1SG
Translation: Let us turn all the water into blood.' (2003 smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki ji-βdaʁmu kɯ ki kɯ-fse , nɤki , sɯŋgɯ pɣa nɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-ɤβzu-j
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1PL.POSS-queen ERG DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like FILLER forest bird AOR-INV-CAUS-become-1PL
Translation: Our queen has transformed us into bird from the forest.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cupa kɤ-tɕɤt tɕe ɲɯ-ɴqa ma praʁ ɕ-pjɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt ɲɯ-ra … tɕe nɯ tɯ-mpɕar tɯ-mpɕar ɲɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-ɤβzu ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: stone.slab INF-take.out LNK SENS-be.hard LNK cliff TRAL-IPFV-INV-take.off SENS-be.needed _ LNK DEM one-sheet one-sheet IPFV-INV-CAUS-become SENS-be.needed
Translation: To extract stone slabs, one has to chop the rocks sheet by sheet (layer by layer).’ (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mu [ɯ-ɕɣa kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi] [kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr] ʑo na-sɯ-ɤβzu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-age SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful EMPH AOR:3→3-CAUS-become SENS-be
Translation: He made his mother become young and beautiful.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: xɕiri kɯ-fse nɯra kɯrŋi mɯ-ɲɯ-ɤ-rtsi lo .
Glosses: weasel SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL beast.of.prey NEG-SENS-PASS-count SFP
Translation: Weasel and the like do not count as beasts of prey (I think).' (150822 kWrNi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006260#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo a-pi ɯ-ɕki kɯmtɕʰɯ ci nɯ-sɤ-mbi-a
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 3SG.POSS-DAT toy INDEF AOR-ROG-give-1SG
Translation: I asked my elder brother/sister to give me a toy.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe a-ʁi nɯre ri , nɯ-sɤ-mbi-nɯ
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM:LOC LOC AOR-ROG-give-PL
Translation: They asked for my younger brother (to come to marry their daughter) there.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S188"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-wɯ , tɯ-mgo kɤ-sɤ-mbi , tɯ-ci kɤ-sɤ-jtsʰi ɯβrɤ-tu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandfather INDEF.POSS-food OBJ:PCP-ROG-give INDEF.POSS-water OBJ:PCP-ROG-give.to.drink opt-exist:FACT
Translation: Grandfather, would there be food or water that [we could] ask for [you to give us]?' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: †pjɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɤɕɤt-ndʑi to-rɤmpɕoʁ~mpɕɤr-ndʑi ,
Glosses: IFR-REFL-comb-DU IFR-EMPH~make.up-DU
Translation: Intended meaning: `They combed themselves and made themselves beautiful.' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑi-ku pjɤ-nɯ-sɤɕɤt-ndʑi to-rɤmpɕoʁ~mpɕɤr-ndʑi ,
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-head IFR-AUTO-comb-DU IFR-EMPH~make.up-DU
Translation: They combed their hair and made themselves beautiful.' (correction of the previous example)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-jmŋo ɯ-ŋgɯ sɯŋgi ko-ntɕʰɤr
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-dream 3SG.POSS-in lion IFR-appear
Translation: He dreamt of a tiger / A tiger appeared to him in a dream.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-jmŋo ɯ-ŋgɯ ko-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ntɕʰɤr
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-dream 3SG.POSS-in IFR-REFL-CAUS-appear
Translation: He made himself appear to her in a dream.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S97"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo ku-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-fstɯn cʰa
Glosses: 3SG IPFV-AUTO-REFL-serve can:FACT
Translation: It [will] be able to take care of itself on its own.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006298#S146"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤ-kɯ-tso to-ʑɣɤpa , <tangseng> nɯ kɯ .
Glosses: NEG-SBJ:PCP-understand IFR-pretend ANTHR DEM ERG
Translation: He pretended not to have understood, Tangseng.' (180503 xiyouji 12-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo ʁgra ɯ-jaʁ nɯtɕu ɲɯ-tɯ-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-kʰo ʑo ɯmɤ-kɯ-ɕti-ci ?
Glosses: 2SG enemy 3SG.POSS-hand DEM:LOC IPFV-2-AUTO-REFL-give EMPH PROB-PEG-be.AFF-PEG
Translation: (By doing that), aren't you handing yourself over to your own enemy?' (2014niulan li de lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre mbro kɯ “ɲɯ-pe" to-ti ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕendɤre tɯrme nɯ kɯ to-ʑɣɤ-nɯmbrɤpɯ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe tɕe tɯrme nɯ mbro ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu to-ɕe ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK horse ERG SENS-be.good IFR-say SENS-be LNK man DEM ERG IFR-REFL-ride SENS-be LNK LNK man DEM horse 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IFR:UP-go SENS-be LNK
Translation: The horse said `good' and let himself be mounted by the man, and the man rode on him.' (ma he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-lɤcu nɯtɕu jo-ɕe tɕe lo-ʑɣɤ-maŋlo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-upstream DEM:LOC IFR-go LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-REFL-be.upstream
Translation: [The wolf] went to a place upstream [from the lamb], he placed himself upstream.' (2014 lang he yang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯʑo pjɯ-kɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤtɕa ra ma , tɯ-zda pjɯ́-wɣ-z-ɣɤtɕa , tɯʑo (...) pɯ-kɯ-nɯ-ɣɤtɕa kɯnɤ pjɯ-kɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤŋgi tɕe , ɯ-mbrɤzɯ kɯ-tu me tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: GENR IPFV-GENR:S/O-REFL-be.wrong be.needed:FACT LNK GENR.POSS-companion IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.wrong GENR _ IPFV-GENR:S/O-REFL-be.wrong also IPFV-GENR:S/O-AUTO-be.right LNK 3SG.POSS-result SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT IPFV-GENR:S/O-say SENS-be
Translation: One has to recognize one's mistakes; if one considers one's companions to be wrong, and if one consider oneself to be always right even if one is wrong, there will be no [good] result.' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma-pɯ-tɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɤ-ɕke
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-REFL-PROP?-burn
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tʰoʁ zɯ pɯ-ʑɣɤɕpʰaβ-a
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground LOC AOR-lay.flat-1SG
Translation: I laid flat on the ground.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tʰoʁ ɕpʰɤβɕpʰɤβ ʑo ɲɯ-rɤʑi , kɤ-nɯqambɯmbjom mɯ́j-cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground IDPH(II):laying.flat EMPH SENS-stay INF-fly NEG:SENS-can
Translation: The bird is staying on the ground without moving, it cannot fly.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso nɯ ki kɯ-fse lu-xtʰom-nɯ ku-ɕɯ-rŋgɯ-nɯ pɯ-maʁ ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:UPSTREAM-put.horizontally-PL IPFV-CAUS-lie.down-PL PST.IPFV-not.be
Translation: People would not lie the babies down horizontally like this.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rdɤstaʁ nɯ ɯ-tɯ-rʑi kɯ ɯ-tʰoʁ pjɤ́-wɣ-tʂaβ tɕe pjɤ́-wɣ-sat .
Glosses: stone DEM 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.heavy ERG 3SG.POSS-ground IFR:DOWN-INV-cause.to.fall LNK IFR:DOWN-INV-kill
Translation: The stones [in the wolf's belly] were so heavy that they caused him to fall down and die.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe rŋgɯ nɯni (...) to-k-ɤmɯ-rpu-ndʑi tɕe pjɤ-ɴɢrɯ-ndʑi tɕe tʂɤndo pjɤ-ndʐaβ-ndʑi .
Glosses: LNK boulder DEM:DU _ IFR-PEG-RECIP-bump-DU LNK IFR:DOWN-ACAUS:shatter-DU LNK side.of.the.road IFR:DOWN-ACAUS:cause.to.roll-DU
Translation: The two boulders bumped into each other, shattered, and rolled down the side of the road.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S135"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯ-ʁi nɯ kɤ-ŋke mɯ-ɲɤ-cʰa tɕe tɕendɤre lo-ndom ɕti tɕe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM INF-walk NEG-IFR-can LNK LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-ACAUS:put.horizontally be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: His younger brother was not able to walk anymore, and lay down.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ku lo lo-ru tɕe pjɤ-ndʐaβ , tɕe kɤ-nɯ-rɤru mɤ-kɯ-cʰa nɯ , tɕe lo-ndom tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head upstream IFR:UPSTREAM-look LNK IFR:DOWN-ACAUS:cause.to.fall LNK INF-AUTO-get.up NEG-SBJ:PCP-can DEM LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-ACAUS:put.horizontally IPFV-GENR:S/O-say SENS-be
Translation: He fell down, head looking upstream, not able to get up by himself, so one says lo-ndom.' (elicited, explanation of example ex:londom)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂu nɯtɕu ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-xtʰom tɕe pɯ-kɯ-si to-ʑɣɤpa .
Glosses: road DEM:LOC IFR:WEST-REFL-put.horizontally LNK AOR-SBJ:PCP-die IFR-pretend
Translation: He laid down on the road horizontally and pretended to be dead.' (140517 huli he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ci kɯ-wxtɯ~wxti nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ko-mtsaʁ . tɕe nɯtɕu ko-ʑɣɤ-tʂaβ qʰe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big DEM 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-jump LNK DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-REFL-cause.to.roll LNK
Translation: He jumped into the river, he let himself roll into it.' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006368#S199"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯstʰɯci pjɯ-sɯzdɯɣ-a mɯ́j-pe ɲɤ-sɯso tɕe ko-ʑɣɤɕtʰɯz .
Glosses: 3SG so.much IPFV-cause.to.worry-1SG NEG:SENS-be.good IFR-think LNK IFR-reveal.oneself
Translation: She thought: “It is not good of me to cause him so much worries”, and she revealed her true identity to him.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-fka
Glosses: IMP-REFL-CAUS-be.full
Translation: Eat to your fill!' (a common polite expression)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯ , tɤ-muj stʰɯci a-tɤ-tɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤ-ʑo , nɤ-mbro nɯnɯ qale stʰɯci a-tɤ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤ-mbjom tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG DEM INDEF.POSS-feather so.much IRR-PFV-2-REFL-CAUS-be.light 2SG.POSS-horse DEM wind so.much IRR-PFV-REFL-CAUS-be.quick LNK
Translation: [If] you make yourself as light as a feather, and your horse makes itself as quick as the wind, [you will succeed].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: to-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-mbɣom ʑo jo-nɯ-ɕe tɕe ɯ-jilco ra nɯ-ɕki to-ti .
Glosses: IFR-REFL-CAUS-be.in.a.hurry EMPH IFR-VERT-go LNK 3SG.POSS-villager PL 3PL.POSS-DAT IFR-say
Translation: He hastened to go back [to the village], and told it to the other villagers.' (150902 hailibu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006316#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: porɤt nɯ kɯnɤ tɕetu kʰɤrka nɯtɕu tɕe pjɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-ɴqoʁ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: small.spider DEM also up.there ceiling DEM:LOC LOC IPFV:DOWN-REFL-CAUS-hang be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: The small spider also lets itself hang down from the ceiling.' (26-mYaRmtsaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003674#S94"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo daltsɯtsa ʑo li , masɤrɯrju ʑo , srɯtpʰu nɯ ɯ-ɕki ko-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤrmbat .
Glosses: 3SG slowly EMPH again in.secret EMPH ogre DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR:EAST-REFL-CAUS-be.near
Translation: He moved closer to the ogre slowly in secret.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɤrqʰi pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo ri , nɯ kɯnɤ jo-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤzɣɯt .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:degree-be.far IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH LNK DEM also IFR-REFL-CAUS-reach
Translation: [China]_i was very far, but even so he managed to reach it_i.' (140511 alading-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003953#S22"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: smɤnba a-tɤ-tɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-rtoʁ
Glosses: doctor IRR-PFV-2-REFL-CAUS-see
Translation: You should have yourself examined by a doctor.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma βɣɯz ŋu tɕe , kʰɤrkɯ ra wuma ʑo ɣi . tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-sat ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK badger be:FACT LNK side.of.the.house PL really EMPH come:FACT LNK DEM IPFV-REFL-CAUS-kill be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: The badger often comes near houses, and gets itself killed. (The dogs chase it and kill it, and people also kill it).' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯ tu-kɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-pjɤl kowa ntsɯ tu-βzu-ndʑi pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-INF-REFL-CAUS-go.around manner always IPFV-make-DU IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The mouse and the sparrow] took every measure to avoid [the cat].' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sloχpɯn nɯ ci nɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɤpʰɤr nɤ pjɤrgɤt ci nɯ-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤβzu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: teacher DEM a.little AOR-REFL-shake ADD vulture INDEF AOR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-become SENS-be
Translation: The teacher shook himself, and transformed himself into a vulture.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ɯʑo nɯnɯ rcanɯ [tɤ-muj ʑo kɯ-fse kɯ-ʑo] ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤpa ,
Glosses: man 3SG DEM UNEXP:DEG INDEF.POSS-feather EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.light IFR-REFL-CAUS-become
Translation: The man, him, made himself as light as a feather.' (04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetʰa tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯnɯra , iɕqʰa tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ-fse nɯra ɕɯ-ndze , tɕendɤre , ɯʑo ku-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-fstɯn cʰa
Glosses: later INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in DEM:PL FILLER one-piece SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL TRAL-eat[III]:FACT LNK 3SG IPFV-AUTO-REFL-take.care can:FACT
Translation: [This hen] will go and eat the grains in the fields, it will be able to take care of itself on its own.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑi-pɤri kɯ-pɯ~pe to-βzu-ndʑi qʰe , ʑɤni to-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-fka-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-diner SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.good IFR-make-DU LNK 3DU IFR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-be.full-DU
Translation: They made a nice diner for themselves, and ate to their fill.' (160701 poucet2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006155#S16"></fn>