lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Hindi
Transcription: jab sõ dekhā nahī̃ nazarbhar kākulemuśkineyār
Glosses: when from see.PFV NEG glance-full locks-EZ-scented-EZ-beloved
Translation: Since I did not see fully her [my love’s] scented locks (FOC).’ (Wali, mid 17th c.)
Language: Magahi
Transcription: ham dekhli ham dekhlia ham dekhliain
Glosses: 1SG see-PST-1 1SG see-PST-1-3nonH 1SG see-PST-1-3H
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: vena sattu san̩ī ve talau mā d̩āl dini/dine
Glosses: 3SG-ERG sattu ACC DEM lake in throw gave
Translation: He threw the sattu (a sort of cereal) in the lake.
Language: Indo-Aryan
Transcription: (in) leljadinae
Glosses: (1SG) see-PST-1SG-V-3SG
Translation: He saw me’ (V marks the predicative function, in a language with no noun-verb polarity)
Language: Indo-Aryan
Transcription: (in) omamtanain
Glosses: (1SG) give-2SG-PRS-V-1SG
Translation: I give (it/them) to you
Language: Haryanvi
Transcription: rupay tī ustī le lo
Glosses: money ACC 3SG-ABL take take.IMP
Translation: Take the money from him
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tətirə merigi͡aiʔ t’entïrïʔiðə n’enat’əʔa bakəəʔamtï n’akəl’iʔe …
Glosses: that-2SG(POSS) quick-GEN.PL make-PF-3SG.RC huge-AUGM scraper-AUGM-ACC-3SG(POSS) take-PF(3SG.SC) …
Translation: He prepared everything and took the big scraper …
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tahari͡aa ŋojmə təbəl’iʔeŋ .
Glosses: now leg-ACC.1SG(POSS) press-INCH-PF-2SG.SC
Translation: You are squeezing my leg now.
Language: Avam
Transcription: Sənəhu͡aa ŋəðiʔə .
Glosses: larch(ACC) find-PF(3SG.SC)
Translation: He found a larch.
Language: Avam
Transcription: … bintiʔs’i nenat’aʔa kubaʔa təðaʔa
Glosses: _ wolverine huge(ACC)-AUGM skin.ACC-AUGM bring-PF(3SG.SC)
Translation: … he brought a huge skin of the wolverine.
Language: Avam
Transcription: Bəńd’ə təniʔia sʼiərtʼi dʼebtaʔa .
Glosses: all(ACC) so affair(ACC)-PL.3SG(POSS) tell-PF(3SG.SC)
Translation: He told all the news.
Language: Avam
Transcription: Tahari͡aa satəraŋku maagüǝ hünʼsʼərəədʼəə latəəj ŋonəiʔ təðaʔa .
Glosses: now polar.fox-DIM what-CL ancient(ACC) bone-ACC.PL one.more-GEN.PL bring-PF(3SG.SC)
Translation: Then the little polar fox brings some old bones.
Language: Avam
Transcription: … mirəimaʔ sojbuʔəʔ nʼenamagitə .
Glosses: _ step-NOM.PL begin.to.sound-PF-3PL.SC neighbour-ABL.PL
Translation: The steps of the neighbour resounded.
Language: Avam
Transcription: (*Sïtïŋ) tahari͡aa maaraj kotəkənduʔ .
Glosses: (*they) now any-ACC.PL destroy-ITER-AOR-3PL.SC
Translation: They kill everything.
Language: Avam
Transcription: Maaðə (*tənə) mənə muaʔkujŋuəuŋ ?
Glosses: what-ABL.ADV (*you) I torment-INTERR-EXCL-2SG.SC
Translation: Why are you tormenting me?
Language: Avam
Transcription: N’enatʼəʔa hu͡aaʔa katʼəmiʔə .
Glosses: huge(ACC)-AUGM tree(ACC)-AUGM see-AOR.3SG.SC
Translation: He noticed a tall tree.
Language: Avam
Transcription: Mənə təəśəðə təʔ ŋəmnamsuəm .
Glosses: I totally you.know be.hungry-PST-1SG.SC
Translation: I was totally hungry.
Language: Avam
Transcription: *(Mi) təndə śiəðïrmənï ŋimiľərɨʔiniʔ
Glosses: we.DU that.GEN window-PROL drag-INCH-PASS-AOR-1DU.RC
Translation: We were dragged through the window.
Language: Avam
Transcription: tahari͡aa tïmini͡a tïŋ ŋəðəʔkiʔəm
Glosses: now now you.PL(ACC) examine-RES-AOR-1SG.SC
Translation: Now I will search you.
Language: Avam
Transcription: Bejkiʔmi͡aʔku tʼüütʼü kunsïmənï mi mütəmiʔə
Glosses: Beikimyaku sleeping.bag-GEN.3SG(POSS) inside-PROL we.DU(ACC) put-AOR(3SG.SC)
Translation: Bejkimjaku puts us in her sleeping bag.
Language: Avam
Transcription: Ka’təmiʔeðu .
Glosses: look-PF-3SG.OC
Translation: He has looked at it.
Language: Avam
Transcription: kuniðe ŋətəd’üəd’əəðuŋ ?
Glosses: where-ABL find-PSTPF-3PL.OC
Translation: Where did they find it?
Language: Avam
Transcription: Bəńd’əʔ sïtï n’üəsïjt’iʔ təndə kobtu͡amtuŋ n’üəsïndïʔ .
Glosses: all-PL she kiss-PRS-3PL.SC there girl-ACC.SG-3PL(POSS) kiss-PRS-3PL.SC
Translation: All people kissed her, they kissed their girl there.
Language: Avam
Transcription: maa ńakələtəŋɨ
Glosses: what(ACC) take-FUT-INTER(3SG.SC)
Translation: What does it take?
Language: Avam
Transcription: tahari͡aa maaraj kotəkəntuʔ
Glosses: now any-ACC.PL bag-ITER-PRS-3PL.SC
Translation: They kill everything.
Language: Avam
Transcription: ŋonəiʔ śigiʔiʔ luuʔəmtu śeriʔə
Glosses: one.more-ADV ogre-GEN.PL parka-AUGM-ACC-SG.3SG(POSS) put.on-PF(3SG.SC)
Translation: He has put on once more the ogre’s parka.
Language: Avam
Transcription: Tagǝtǝ lakarїari͡aʔ maagüə saü d’indiʔəgǝj .
Glosses: that-ABL suddenly somewhat noise(ACC) hear-PF-3DU.SC
Translation: Then they suddenly heard some noise.
Language: Avam
Transcription: tətə tahari͡abiɁ /ńerəbtukuɁ/ ńimə hontïə bantu təiśüə ďeŋkuə banuɁə təti bəjkaɁa
Glosses: well now /at.first/ name(ACC) have-PTCP dog-3SG(POSS) be.available-PST(3SG.SC) white dog-AUGM that old.man
Translation: The famous white dog originally belonged to the old man.
Language: Avam
Transcription: banəmtu śüküðaɁaðu tahari͡aa buəgəlïðəj ŋantəməgəśa banəmtu mütəmiɁə ďebakuə turkaɁa ńantə iśa
Glosses: dog-ACC-3SG(POSS) strangle-AOR-3SG.OC now good.words-ACC.PL pray-ITER-INF dog-ACC.3SG(POSS) send-AOR(3SG.SC) red.GEN lake-AUGM.GEN friend-LAT be-INF
Translation: The dog he strangled, praying good words he sent the dog to the ground of the red lake.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Tʼi Tes’ada n’is’emi m’apojm pod’erŋa .
Glosses: so Tesjada father-1SG(POSS) small.reindeer.caravan-ACC harness(3SG.SC)
Translation: So, my father Tesjada harnessed a small reindeer caravan.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Ŋarka Wel’i teta xasawa n’um malcaxadanta nixibtada , manma:
Glosses: big Welji farmer man child-ACC malice-DAT-3SG.DAT pull-3SG.OC pull-NARR
Translation: He caught hold of the malice of the son of the old Weli-farmer and said:
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: P’i sawo jern’a p’ib’i s’eradm , wen’ekodar’em p’in n’alkaradm .
Glosses: night good in.the.middle.of boot(PL+ACC) put.on-1SG dog-EQU out slink-1SG
Translation: In the middle of the night I put on my boots and slipped out of the tent like a dog.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Tʼet jonarʔ tída ŋobt mandalʼadʔ .
Glosses: four thousand reindeer(NOM+PL)-3SG(POSS) one-DAT assemble-3PL.RC
Translation: His four thousand reindeers assembled in one group.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Tʼiki tída jarka , podʼerjada .
Glosses: that reindeer(ACC+PL)-3SG(POSS) catch(3SG.SUBJ) harness-PL.O-3SG.OC
Translation: He caught and harnessed these reindeers.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: … n’enacaʔ jab’elmid
Glosses: _ man-PL(NOM) make.drunk-PTCP.PASS-3PL.RC
Translation: … the people get drunk.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: … Welʼi tetaʔ jamdajdʔ .
Glosses: … _ Weli.land.owner-PL(NOM) leave-3PL.RC
Translation: … the Weli-farmers left.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Tʼiki pud s’imʼi ŋawla .
Glosses: that behind-ABL me(ACC) feed(3SG.SC)
Translation: After that she gave me some food.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Xumpa°nc’iʔ s’it ŋædaradəmc‘°.
Glosses: in.vain you(ACC) send-1SG.SC-PST
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Yebtow°ʔ , ŋəmkem mǝneʔŋaney°ʔ ?
Glosses: darling(FOC) what-ACC see-2SG.SC.FOC
Translation: Darling, what can you see?
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Jaxa xara tʼaxana ŋob mʼadʼikom xodmʔ .
Glosses: river curve there-LOC one small.tent-ACC find-1SG.SC
Translation: After the bend of the river I found a small tent.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Xuc'erʔ miŋkuda ?
Glosses: how marry-3SG.OC
Translation: How could he marry her?
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Tad maneŋada .
Glosses: then behold-3SG.OC
Translation: Then he realized it.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: N’is’ada s’ita ladə .
Glosses: father-3SG(POSS) him-(ACC) hit(3SG.SC)
Translation: His father hit him.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: T’ikaxeyuda pod’erŋa .
Glosses: this-ACC.DU-3SG(POSS) harness(3SG.SC)
Translation: He harnessed those two.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: pix°dəm’i lad°əd°m .
Glosses: REFL-1SG hit-1SG.SC
Translation: I hit myself.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: pix°dəm’i lad°əw°.
Glosses: REFL-1SG hit-1SG.OC
Translation: I hit myself.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: N'is'am'i tan’a n’eb’am’i tan’a n’ud’a papakom’i tan’a .
Glosses: father-1SG(POSS) exist(3SG.SC) mother-1SG(POSS) exist(3SG.SC) young brother-DIM-1SG(POSS) exist(3SG.SC)
Translation: There is my father, my mother and my little brother.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: N'is'am'i Tes’adaŋæ pærc’etida .
Glosses: father-ACC+1SG(POSS) Tesjada-ESS call-HAB-3SG.OC
Translation: My father is called Tesjada.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Ŋobŋkuna n’is’am’i n’eb’axan’i ma:
Glosses: one-LOC father-1SG(POSS) mother-DAT-1SG(POSS) say(3SG.SC)
Translation: Once, my father told my mother:
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: N'is'am'i jil'em'amta s'erokuta s'er wad'eŋada .
Glosses: father-1SG(POSS) live-NMLZ-ACC-3SG(POSS) separate-3SG(POSS) affair tell-3SG.OC
Translation: My father told me what he lived through in detail
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: N’ud’a Way° xadawi° n’e°kaxǝnta tæwi°ʔ .
Glosses: little Waya kill-PSTPF.PTCP elder.brother-DAT.3SG(POSS) arrive-3SG.RC
Translation: Younger Waya reached the place where his murdered brother lay.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Xalm’eramtoʔ s'id’a xobaʔ n’iʔ peŋadoʔ .
Glosses: dead.body-ACC-3PL(POSS) two skin-GEN onto put-3PL.OC
Translation: They put the dead body (of their brother) onto two skins.
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Lobekuʔ n’eb’a ma: “Ŋemc’ida temna səwaʔ .
Glosses: Lobeku-GEN mother say(3SG.SC) flesh.3PL-3SG(POSS) still good-3PL
Translation: Lobeku’s mother said: “His muscles are still good.”
Language: Tundra Nenets
Transcription: Xəd°riʔ yil’ebt’e° xortanakew°.
Glosses: of.course live-CAUS-MOD try-PROB.1SG.OC
Translation: I might try and revive him.”
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Te nebrið…
Glosses: reindeer run.away-3SG.RC
Translation: The reindeer runs away.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: … to ar te kaðað
Glosses: _ such size reindeer(ACC) kill-1SG.SC
Translation: I have killed such a big reindeer.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Kiuða šer tosaujet samaðiʔ .
Glosses: morning(GEN) before come-PROB+PST(3SG.SC)-EMPH beast-3DU(POSS)
Translation: But in the morning their bear apparently came.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Otiðiʔ otiðiʔ bogl’adiʔ .
Glosses: wait-3DU.OC wait-3DU.OC bear-ACC+3DU(POSS)
Translation: They waited for their bear.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: čanda min kariʔ tonäbič
Glosses: tub-GEN+3SG(POSS) in-LOC fish-PL exist-PRF-PST+3PL.SC
Translation: (and) in a tub there were fishes
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Salba neon kariʔ noobiš .
Glosses: ice(GEN) on-PROL fish-PL(ACC) take-PRF-PST+3SG.SC
Translation: Along the ice, the bear took fishes along.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Kasiðu d’oxaraʔ
Glosses: man-PL+3PL(POSS) not.know-3PL.SC
Translation: The men do not know each other.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Kutuiðu kasiðu paroxodoxoðo karaat’i…
Glosses: some(ACC)-PL+3PL(POSS) man(ACC)-PL+3PL(POSS) steamer-ABL take.along-3PL.SC+PST
Translation: They took along some of their fellows with the steamer.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: modʼ sʼit kojtadað
Glosses: I you-ACC.SG set.up-FUT-1SG.SC
Translation: I will trick you.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: obu ɛken ponʼiŋad
Glosses: what this-LOC.ADV do-FREQ-2SG.SC
Translation: What are you doing here?
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Točgoð čiki kaði läxäči neon ŋubai pudaʔ .
Glosses: then this fur(GEN) twig(ACC) on-PROL mat(ACC) lay-FUT-3PL.SC
Translation: Then they will lay a mat on the fur twigs.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Ŋubai neon ańʔ čiki mu kobaʔ läxtadaʔ
Glosses: mat(GEN) on-PROL FOC this so skin(PL) spread-FUT-3PL.SC
Translation: Over the mat, they will spread out skins.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Mud’ s’ita soiðan täneu .
Glosses: I he(ACC) good-PROL know-1SG.OC
Translation: I know him well.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Čikiruδa oomaða .
Glosses: this-LIM-3SG eat-RES-3SG.OC
Translation: Only this it had eaten.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Mod' nas'il tudaabos'.
Glosses: I not.easily recognize-PRS-1SG.OC-EP-PST
Translation: I hardly recognized him.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Sirtabiða bočka miʔ …
Glosses: salt-PRF-OBJ.PL-3SG.OC barrel(GEN) in-LAT …
Translation: They salted them into a barrel.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: dʼiribi ŋolʼu dʼaxan tobik anʼ te
Glosses: live-NARR(3SG.SC) one-LIM earth-LOC.SG mouse and reindeer
Translation: There lived on the earth a mouse and a reindeer.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: te d'oxaraða tobik , tobik d'oxaraða te
Glosses: reindeer not.know-3SG.OC mouse(ACC) mouse not.know-3SG.OC reindeer(ACC)
Translation: The reindeer does not know the mouse and the mouse does not know the reindeer.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Mod’ onaj baðaan sujðaan d’uriŋað .
Glosses: I true language-PROL.SG good-PROL.SG say-PRS-1SG.SC
Translation: I speak Enets well.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: D'urak baða ŋubtoreɁ sujðaan tɛnɛɛw
Glosses: Nenets language(ACC) also good-PROL.SG know-1SG.OC
Translation: I also speak Nenets well.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Mud’na okružkom aga bem äsi mäkuxuðda mosaxada kadabiða .
Glosses: we(PL) party.committee(GEN) big boss father(ACC) house-ABL.SG-3SG(POSS) work-LAT.SG-3SG(POSS) take-PRF-3SG.OC
Translation: An official from our party committee came to take father from his house to work.
Language: Forest Enets
Transcription: Äsij pet känitaš nu lokri toruða
Glosses: father-1SG(POSS) street-LAT go-FUT-PST(3SG.SC) door suddenly close-3SG.OC
Translation: My father went out on the street and suddenly closed the door.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: … [azü=no]A [küma]O yipesüuve .
Glosses: _ NRL-water=no]A [3DUO­ sweep-go-VM
Translation: … the water swept them both away.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: … [küma=ye]A [akishina]O chukhamove=ke=hu …
Glosses: … _ 3DU=ye]A [NRL-lunch]O eat-NCPL-NEG-VM=NZR=DIST
Translation: … they were unable to finish their lunch …
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Küma alu=lo huniye=ke=lo …
Glosses: 3DU NRL-field=LOC go.field-PROS=NZR=LOC …
Translation: While the two were about to go to the field …
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: O Kivi=ye zü aphi .
Glosses: EXCL Kivi=ye sleep PROG-CONT
Translation: Oh, Kivi is still sleeping.’ (2nd mention)
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Kivi=no zü ani .
Glosses: Kivi=no sleep PROG-NPST
Translation: Kivi (not someone else) is sleeping.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: I=no alhache heqhive .
Glosses: 1SG=no NRL-ant­ hit-kill-VM
Translation: I killed an ant.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: … azü=no küma yipesüuve .
Glosses: _ NRL-water=no 3DU­ sweep-go-VM
Translation: … the water swept them both away.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Ninga=no kuu shiva kea ?
Glosses: 1PL-child=no what do-PRF Q
Translation: What has our daughter done?
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Ni=ye ninga=sütsa chumlavai .
Glosses: 1SG=ye 1PL-daughter=voice hear-NCAP-PRF-EMPH
Translation: I no longer hear any news from our daughter.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Ninga=ye kuu shiva kea ?
Glosses: 1PL-child=ye what do-PRF Q
Translation: What has happened to our daughter?
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Pa=ye aji peleve .
Glosses: 3SG=ye NRL-blood spill-VM
Translation: He was bleeding.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Pa=no aji peleve .
Glosses: 3SG=no NRL-blood spill-VM
Translation: He threw away blood.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Akükau=no azah tsüve .
Glosses: NRL-NZP-rule-DEF=no NRL-command give-VM
Translation: The chief gave a command.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Akükau=ye azah tsüve .
Glosses: NRL-NZP-rule-DEF=ye NRL-command give-VM
Translation: The chief gave a command.’ (One interpretation: has a sarcastic reading and implies no one obeyed him.)
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Tishi=no [küma=no axone lhochuphe=püzü=no] tingu=no alau=ye Sümi=qo=ye axone lhochuuve].
Glosses: like.that=no [3DU=no NRL-ferm.soya.beans cook-eat-start=CONJ=CONN] because.of.that=no NRL-path-DEF=ye [Sumi=PL=ye NRL-ferm.soya.beans cook-eat-go-VM]
Translation: Henceforth, the two (sisters) started to cook and eat axone (a fermented soya bean dish) and consequently from then on, the Sumis have cooked and eaten axone.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: … atianu auve=mu [akimi=no li=sapüsa]
Glosses: _ NRL-children EXIST-go-VM=NEG NRL-husband=no 3SG.F=mistreat]
Translation: … despite having children, the husband mistreated her.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Kivi zü ani .
Glosses: Kivi sleep PROG-NPST
Translation: Kivi is sleeping.’ (1st mention)
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Akulu=ye ighi=va .
Glosses: NRL-light=ye come-PRF
Translation: The power has come back.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Pa=no nuva .
Glosses: 3SG=no laugh-PRF
Translation: He laughed (not anyone else).’ (answers the question: “Who laughed?”)
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: … Ampeu=no iqie .
Glosses: _ NRL-lord=no descend-EMPH
Translation: … the Lord came down.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Paza=ye Sümi .
Glosses: 3SG-mother=ye Sumi
Translation: His mother is Sumi.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Paza=no Sümi .
Glosses: 3SG-mother=no Sumi
Translation: His mother is Sumi.’ (not his father, not anyone else)
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Ni=ye atsü ani .
Glosses: 1SG=ye NRL-dog EXIST-NPST
Translation: I have a dog.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Khaghi aghuloki lakhi=lo atsünipu kini ache=ke=ti …
Glosses: long.ago NRL-time.period one=LOC NRL-sister two EXIST-PST=NZR=MED …
Translation: Once upon a time, there were two sisters …
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: No=ye axone alo cheni kea ?
Glosses: 2SG=ye NRL-fermented.soya.beans NRL-good HAB-NPST Q
Language: Mao
Transcription: Athikho Lokhoyi kahie .
Glosses: Athikho Lokho-LOC be.close ? 
Translation: Athikho is close (in spatial distance) to Lokho.
Language: Khezha Naga
Transcription: Cotsü nü coha eh mekethru dah .
Glosses: black.ant NOM red.ant LOC bite-kill PART
Translation: A black ant has killed a red ant.
Language: Mao
Transcription: Nilino Nisayi da pie .
Glosses: Nili-ERG Nisa-LOC beat give
Translation: Nili beats Nisa.
Language: Mao
Transcription: hihi a zhukoe
Glosses: PRX 1SG name-ko-e
Translation: This is my name.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Pa=ye khaghi=no o=pütsani pi uvae .
Glosses: 3SG=ye long.time=no 2SG=talk.to-pros say go-PRF-EMPH
Translation: She said a long time ago that she was going to see you and left.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Papuh=no angu=no achequ qhive .
Glosses: 3SG-father=no NRL-spear=no NRL-porcupine pierce-VM
Translation: His father impaled the porcupine with the spear.
Language: Sumi Naga
Transcription: Atsala aküthüniu alu=lo ilesü hughi=no
Glosses: NRL-day NRL-three-ORD-DEF NRL-field=LOC return go.field-come=CONN
Translation: On the third day, they returned to the field
Language: Japanese
Transcription: Taroo ga sake o nonda koto
Glosses: Taroo NOM sake ACC drink-PST that
Translation: that Taroo drank sake
Language: Japanese
Transcription: sakura ga saita koto
Glosses: cherry.blossom NOM bloom-PST that
Translation: that Cherry blossoms bloomed
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [wa ga sekwo ga motomuru] omo ni ikamasi mono wo
Glosses: I GEN lord AGT ask-ADN nurse DAT go-AUX thing EXCL
Translation: I would go as the wet nurse that my lord asks for.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [mizu no tama ni nitaru] mimu
Glosses: water GEN pearl DAT resemble-ADN see
Translation: (I) see water resembles a pearl.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [pisaki ØS opuru] kiyoki kaparani
Glosses: catalpa _ grow-ADN clear riverbank-on
Translation: on the banks of the clear river where catalpas grow
Language: Hindi
Transcription: raamne lakdii kaatii
Glosses: Ram-ERG wood.NOM cut.PERF.F
Language: Hindi
Transcription: raamne nahaayaa
Glosses: Ram-ERG bath.PERF
Language: Hindi
Transcription: raam (*ne) giraa
Glosses: Ram (*-ERG) fall.PERF
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [Saywopimye no kwo ga pire Ø purisi] yama
Glosses: Sayohime GEN child AGT scarf _ wave-PST.ADN mountain
Translation: the mountain where the child Sayohime waved her scarf
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [pisakwi Ø opuru] kiywoki kapara
Glosses: catalpa _ grow-ADN clear riverbank
Translation: the banks of the clear river where catalpas grow
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [kimi ga yuku] miti no nagate
Glosses: Lord AGT go-ADN road GEN length
Translation: the length of the road my lord travels
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [papa ga kapu] kwo
Glosses: mother AGT breed-ADN silkworm
Translation: the silkworms bred by my mother
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [asukagapa Ø yuku] se wo payami
Glosses: Asuka-river _ go.ADN shallows OBJ fast-CONJ
Translation: since the shallows where the Asuka River flows are fast
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [aki no nwo ni tuyu Ø opyeru pagwi] wo taworazu
Glosses: fall GEN field LOC dew _ cover-ADN bush.clover OBJ hand-break-not
Translation: without breaking off the dew-laden bush clover in the fall meadow
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: ware wo yami ni ya imo ga kwopitutu aru ramu ?
Glosses: I OBJ dark LOC Q wife AGT long.for-CONT be AUX-ADN
Translation: Would my wife be longing for me in the dark?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: kimi wo aga matanakuni
Glosses: lord OBJ I.AGT wait-not-NMLZ
Translation: without me waiting for you
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: aga te wo tono no wakugwo ga torite nagekamu
Glosses: my hand OBJ lord GEN child AGT take weep-AUX.ADN
Translation: Will my lord’s child take my hand and weep again tonight?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: Saywopimye no kwo ga pire Ø purisi yama
Glosses: Sayohime GEN child AGT scarf _ wave-PST.ADN mount
Translation: the mountain where the child Sayohime waved a scarf/did scarf-waving
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: kanasiki kworo ga ninwo Ø posaru kamo
Glosses: sad child-DIM AGT cloth _ hang.out-ADN Q
Translation: The sad child has hung out a piece of cloth.
Language: Basque
Transcription: Mikelek ni haserretu nau .
Glosses: Michael-ERG 1SG.NOM angry.PERF AUX
Translation: Michael angered me.
Language: Hindi
Transcription: tusaarne vah kahaanii yaad kii
Glosses: Tushar-ERG that story.NOM memory.NOM do.PERF
Translation: Tushar remembered that story.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: imo ga kopisiku wasurayenukamo
Glosses: my.lover AGT miss forget-MID-NEG.ADN-Q
Translation: Did I miss my dear and cannot forget her?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: yama kopenisi , kimi ga omopyurakuni
Glosses: mountain cross-PST you/lord AGT think-MID-NMLZ-LOC
Translation: when you came to my mind as I was crossing the mountains
Language: Assamese
Transcription: gantue xaptuk khogal korile
Glosses: song-class-ERG snake-CLASS-DAT anger made/did
Translation: The song angered the snake.
Language: Assamese
Transcription: boroxune Ramok xant korile
Glosses: rain-ERG Ram-DAT calm made/did
Translation: The rain calmed Ram.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [papa wo panarete yuku] ga kanasi sa
Glosses: mother OBJ part go.ADN AGT sad-do NMLZ
Translation: I am sad about parting from mother.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [tada pitorigo ni aru] ga kurusi sa
Glosses: only one.child DAT be.ADN AGT painful-do NMLZ
Translation: I am pained that I am the only child…
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [u no pana no saku] tukwi tatinu
Glosses: deutzia GEN flower GEN bloom month pass-PERF
Translation: it was the month when the deutzia flower blooms
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [okitu mo no pana Ø sakitara]ba ware ni tuge koso
Glosses: offing seaweed GEN flower _ bloom-PERF-if I DAT tell FOC
Translation: If seaweed flowers were to bloom in the offing, tell me. (But they would not bloom.)
Language: Turkish
Transcription: [(bir)arinin bugün cocugu soktugun]u duydum
Glosses: bee-GEN today child-ACC sting-F.NOM-3SG-ACC hear-PST-1SG
Translation: I heard that the bee/a bee (+specific) stung the child today.
Language: Turkish
Transcription: [cocugu bugün (bir)ari soktugun]u duydum
Glosses: child-ACC today bee sting-F.NOM-3SG-ACC hear-PST-1SG
Translation: I heard that today bees/a bee [-specific] stung the child.
Language: Turkish
Transcription: *[(bir)ari Ø cocugu bugün soktugun]u duydum
Glosses: bee _ child-ACC today sting-F.NOM-3SG-ACC hear-PST-1SG
Translation: I heard that today bees/a bee [-specific] stung the child.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: ipe pito no idurato ware wo topaba ikani ipamu
Glosses: home someone GEN where-that I OBJ ask-if how say-AUX
Translation: How should (I) say if someone in your family asks me where (you) are?
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: waga kosi wo pito Ø mikemu kamo
Glosses: IP.AGT coming OBJ someone _ see-FUT.ADN Q
Translation: Would someone see me coming?
Language: Japanese
Transcription: ano mono ga orusu o itaseba
Glosses: that person NOM watch.house ACC do-if
Translation: if that person watches over the house…
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [kokorobape wo miru] ga wokasiu mo
Glosses: kindness ACC see-ADN AGT thankful-CONCL EXCL
Translation: Seeing (someone’s) kindness makes (me) thankful.
Language: Old Japanese
Transcription: [kumo no usuku watareru] ga nibi iro naru wo
Glosses: cloud GEN shallow.pass away-ADN AGT red color become-ADN EXCL
Translation: the clouds passing thinly away become red
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Kupissa on kahvia .
Glosses: cup-INE be.PRS.3SG coffee-PAR
Translation: There is coffee in the cup.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Leikkikentällä juoksee lapsia .
Glosses: playground-ADE run-PRS.3SG child-PL-PAR
Translation: There are children running in the playground.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Pöydällä on kirja .
Glosses: table-ADE be.PRS.3SG book.NOM
Translation: There is a book on the table.
Language: Estonian
Transcription: Kirja on pöydällä .
Glosses: book.NOM be.PRS.3SG table-ADE
Translation: The book is on the table.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Useita sotilaita sai surmansa taistelussa .
Glosses: several-PL-PAR soldier-PL-PAR get-PST.3SG death-ACC.3POSS battle-INE
Translation: Several soldiers got killed (literally: ‘got their death’) in the battle.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Monia ihmisiä odotti sateessa bussia .
Glosses: many-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR wait-PST.3SG rain-INE bus-PAR
Translation: Many people were waiting for the bus in the rain.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Keittoa seurasi erilaisia liha, kala ja vihannesruokia .
Glosses: soup-PAR follow-PST.3SG differentd-PL-PAR meat fish and vegetable-dish-PL-PAR
Translation: The soup was followed by different dishes of meat, fish, and vegetables.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: tulirokkoa seuraa usein jälkitauteja
Glosses: scarlet.fever-PAR follow-PRS.3SG often complication-PL-PAR
Translation: Scarlet fever is often followed by complications.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Jotain unkarilaisia esitti siellä kansantansseja .
Glosses: some-PAR-CLIT Hungarian-PL-PAR perform-PST.3SG there folk-GEN-dance-PL-PAR
Translation: Some Hungarians were performing folk dances there.’ (from a private conversation; example courtesy of Jaakko Leino)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: kortin on saanut henkilöitä ,
Glosses: card-ACC have.PRS.3SG get-PTCP person-PL-PAR
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tuhansia ihmisiä seurasi tapahtumia ääneti .
Glosses: thousand-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG event-PL-PAR silently
Translation: Thousands of people were following / followed the events silently.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: ihmisiä seurasi puhetta esityspaikan ulkopuolellakin .
Glosses: person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG speech-PAR venue-GEN outside-ADE-also
Translation: (The venue was full, so that) there were people following the speech even outside the venue.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: sitä seurasi useita voimakkaita räjähdyksiä luolissa .
Glosses: it-PAR follow-PST.3SG several-PL-PAR powerful-PL-PAR explosion-PL-PAR cave-PL-INE
Translation: (First a minor explosion was heard and) it was followed by several powerful explosions in the caves.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Teoriastasi seuraa ongelmia .
Glosses: theory-ELA-2SG.POSS follow-PRS.3SG problem-PL-PAR
Translation: Problems will follow from your theory.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tuhansia kelkkoja palvelee matkailua .
Glosses: thousand-PL-PAR sleigh-PL-PAR serve-PRS.3SG tourism-PAR
Translation: Thousands of sleighs serve tourism.’ (Newspaper headline, Helsingin Sanomat 9.12.2000, example courtesy of Jaakko Leino)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Satojatuhansia ihmisiä jätti Suomen .
Glosses: hundred-PL-PAR-thousand-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR leave-PST.3SG Finland-ACC
Translation: Hundreds of thousands of people left Finland.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Vieraita ihmisiä haki tavaroita pienestä vaaleanpunaisesta huoneesta .
Glosses: strange-PL-PAR person-PL-PAR fetch-PST.3SG thing-PL-PAR small-ELA pink-ELA room-ELA
Translation: Strange people were fetching things from the small pink room.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Vasta .rannan mökillä ihmisiä vietti iltaa ja soitteli kitaraa .
Glosses: opposite.shore-GEN cabin-ADE person-PL-PAR spend-PST.3SG night-PAR and play-PST.3SG guitar-PAR
Translation: At the cabin on the opposite shore there were people spending the night and playing the guitar.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: että tiettyjä historiallisia muutoksia seuraa välttämättä jotakin muuta
Glosses: that certain-PL-PAR historical-PL-PAR change-PL-PAR follow-PRS.3SG necessarily something<PAR> else-PAR
Translation: 'that certain historical changes are necessarily followed by something else
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Rakensin talon~taloa .
Glosses: build-PST-1SG house-ACC~PAR
Translation: I built [and completed] a/the house.’ [ACC] / ‘I was building a/the house ~ built a/the house a bit ~ did some house-building.’ [PAR] (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Löysin kirjan~kirjat~kirjoja~*kirjaa
Glosses: find-PST-1SG book-ACC~PL.NOM~PL-PAR~*SG.PAR
Translation: I found [a/the] book.’ [SG.ACC]
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Ihailen Kallua~*Kallun .
Glosses: admire-PRS-1SG Kallu-PAR~*ACC
Language: Finnish
Transcription: ja sen on saanut tosi hienoja kirjailijoita .
Glosses: and it-ACC have.PRS.3SG get-PTCP really fine-PL-PAR writer-PL-PAR
Translation: (It is an old prize given to young writers,) and some really fine writers have won it.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: (?)Kirkkoa / *kirkon rakensi kymmeniä sukupolvia .
Glosses: church-PAR _ *ACC build-PST.3SG ten-PL-PAR generation-PL-PAR
Translation: Tens of generations built [participated in the building of] the church.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Sotilaita seurasi aina huolto .joukkoja ja kauppiaita huolto .varmuuden ylläpitämiseksi .
Glosses: soldier-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG always maintenance.troop-PL-PAR and vendor-PL-PAR maintenance.certainty-GEN securing-TRA
Translation: Soldiers were always followed by maintenance troops and vendors to secure the maintenance.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tyttöjä seurasi poikia .
Glosses: girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG boy-PL-PAR
Translation: [Some] girls followed [some/the] boys’ / ‘[Some/the] girls were followed by [some] boys.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Kymmeniä , ellei satoja sotilaita seurasi häntä .
Glosses: ten-PL-PAR if-NEG hundred-PL-PAR soldier-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG 3SG-PAR
Translation: Tens if not hundreds of soldiers followed him/her.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Turisteja saapuu ihastelemaan rakennusta .
Glosses: tourist-PL-PAR arrive-PRS.3SG admire-INF-ILL building-PAR
Translation: Tourists arrive to admire the building.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Olen lukemassa tätä raporttiasi .
Glosses: be-PRS.1SG read-INF-INE this-PAR report-PAR-2SG.POSS
Translation: I am reading this report of yours.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Useita autoja seisoo pihalla .
Glosses: several-PL-PAR car-PL-PAR stand-PRS.3SG yard-ADE
Translation: There are several cars standing in the yard.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Paljon autoja seisoo pihalla .
Glosses: a.lot.of car-PL-PAR stand-PRS.3SG yard-ADE
Translation: There are a lot of cars standing in the yard.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Täysi torillinen ihmisiä seurasi Valoviikkojen avajaisia Tampereella .
Glosses: full market.place.full person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG ligh.week-PL.GEN opening-PL-PAR Tampere-ADE
Translation: A full market-place-full of people was following the openings of the Illuminations in Tampere.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Suuri joukko ihmisiä seurasi Schwarzeneggerin ja olympiatulen yhteistä matkaa .
Glosses: big crowd person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG Schwarzenegger-GEN and olympic.fire-GEN joint-PAR journey-PAR
Translation: A big crowd of people followed the journey of Schwarzenegger and the Olympic Flame.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Runsaasti ihmisiä seurasi vappupuheita aurinkoisella mutta tuulise .lla kauppatorilla .
Glosses: abundant-ADV person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG 1st.of.May.speech-PL-PAR sunny-ADE but windy-ADE market.square-ADE
Translation: A lot of [lit. abundantly] people were following the 1st of May speeches on the sunny but windy market square.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: saman verran ihmisiä seurasi paikan päällä hänen hautajaisiaan .
Glosses: same-ACC amount-ACC person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG spot-GEN on-ADE 3SG-GEN funeral-PL-PAR-3POSS
Translation: (Elvis Presley’s death in 1977 immediately brought over 100 000 mourners to the gates of Graceland, and) the same amount of people followed his funeral on the spot.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: paljon ihmisiä seurasi häntä .
Glosses: a.lot.of person-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG 3SG-PAR
Translation: (Wherever He [Christ] went), a lot of people followed Him.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: minua tuijotti useita silmä .pareja varjoista .
Glosses: 1SG-PAR stare-PST.3SG several-PL-PAR eye.pair-PL-PAR shadow-PL-ELA
Translation: (Then I noticed that) I was stared at by several pairs of eyes from the shadows.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: hundredPLPAR personPLPAR have .PRS .3SG readPTCP messageACC .2SG .POSS
Glosses: (niin harva kuitenkaan vaivautuu vastaamaan)
Translation: (Even though you see that) hundreds of people have read your message, (only few bother to answer you).
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Poimin sieniä tunnin (*tunnissa).
Glosses: pick-PST.1SG mushroom-PL-PAR hour-ACC (*INE)
Translation: I picked mushrooms for (*in) an hour.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Poimin sienet tunnissa (*tunnin).
Glosses: pick-PST.1SG mushroom-PL.NOM hour-INE (*ACC)
Translation: I picked the mushrooms in (*for) an hour.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Poimin useita sieniä tunnissa (*tunnin).
Glosses: pick-PST.1SG several-PL-PAR mushroom-PL.NOM hour-INE (*ACC)
Translation: I picked several mushrooms in (*for) an hour.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Poimin kymmeniä sieniä tunnissa (*tunnin).
Glosses: pick-PST-1SG ten-PL-PAR mushroom-PL-PAR hour-INE (*ACC)
Translation: I picked tens of mushrooms in (*for) an hour.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tyttöjä seurasi useita poikia .
Glosses: girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG several-PL-PAR boy-PL-PAR
Translation: The girls were followed by several boys’ / ?? ’[Some] girls followed several boys.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Kymmeniä tyttöjä seurasi poikia .
Glosses: ten-PL-PAR girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG boy-PL-PAR
Translation: Tens of girls followed the boys’. / ??’Tens of girls were followed by boys.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tyttöjä seurasi paljon poikia
Glosses: girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG a.lot.of boy-PL-PAR
Translation: The girls were followed by a lot of boys.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Kymmeniä tyttöjä seurasi useita poikia .
Glosses: ten-PL-PAR girl-PL-PAR follow-PST.3SG several-PL-PAR boy-PL-PAR
Translation: Tens of girls were followed by several boys.’ / ’Tens of girls followed several boys.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Heikki rakastaa kolmea naista .
Glosses: Heikki love-PRS.3SG three-PAR woman-SG.PAR
Translation: Heikki loves three women.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Viisi miestä saapui .
Glosses: five.NOM man-SG.PAR arrive-PST.3SG
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Viidellä miehellä on flunssa .
Glosses: five-ADE man-SG.ADE is.PRS.3SG flu.NOM
Translation: Five men have the flu.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Monta miestä saapui .
Glosses: many-PAR man-SG.PAR arrive-PST.3SG
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Viisi (*viittä) miestä saapui .
Glosses: five.NOM (*PAR) man-SG.PAR arrive-PST.3SG
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Olen lukenut monta~kaksi kirjaa .
Glosses: have-PRS.1SG read-PTCP many-PAR~two.NOM book-SG.PAR
Translation: I have read many ~ two books [completely].’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Olen lukenut montaa~kahta kirjaa .
Glosses: have-PRS.1SG read-PRTC many-PAR-PAR~two-PAR book-SG.PAR
Translation: I have read many ~ two books [not completely]’; ‘I have been reading many ~ two books.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Eemeli rakastaa monta(a) naista .
Glosses: Eemeli love-PRS.3SG many-PAR(-PAR) woman-SG.PAR
Translation: Eemeli loves many women.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Eemeli rakastaa kahta (*kaksi) naista .
Glosses: Eemeli love-PRS.3SG two-PAR (*NOM) woman-SG.PAR
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Minua katseli monta uteliasta silmää .
Glosses: 1SG-PAR watch-PST.3SG many-PAR curious-SG.PAR eye-SG.PAR
Translation: I was watched by many curious eyes.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Monta ihmistä on rakentanut talon .
Glosses: many-PAR person-SG.PAR have.PRS.3SG build-PRTC house-ACC
Translation: Many people have built a house [each their own].
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Sata ihmistä on rakentanut talon .
Glosses: hundred person-SG.PAR have.PRS.3SG build-PRTC house-ACC
Translation: A hundred people have built a/the house [together or each their own].’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tässä on montaa~viittä kahvia .
Glosses: here-INE be.PRS.3SG many-PAR-PAR~five-PAR coffee-SG.PAR
Translation: Here is coffee of many ~ five kinds.’ (C)
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tässä on monta~viisi kahvia .
Glosses: here-INE be.PRS.3SG many-PAR~five.NOM coffee-SG.PAR
Translation: Here are many ~ five [portions of] coffee.’ (C)
Language: Fore
Transcription: Yaga:wama wá aegúye .
Glosses: pig-ERG man 3SG.OBJ.hit.3SG.SU.IND
Translation: The pig attacks the man.
Language: Warlpiri
Transcription: Tyarntu wiringki=tyu yarlkirnu .
Glosses: dog big-ERG=1.SG.OBJ bite-PST
Translation: The big dog bit me.
Language: Warlpiri
Transcription: Tyarntungku=tyu yarlkirnu wiringki .
Glosses: dog-ERG=1.SG.OBJ bite-PST big-ERG
Translation: The big dog bit me.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: omad atilomiri lematim
Glosses: 3A atilomi-U lematim.V
Translation: It lematims atilomi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: udeloto dosotumun rodones
Glosses: udeloto dosotum-U rodones.V
Language: Nyulnyulan
Transcription: gooyarr=arda aarli minØnyagal ?
Glosses: two=Q fish 2-TR-[PST]-catch-REC.PST
Translation: Was it two fish that you caught?
Language: Nyulnyulan
Transcription: ngay=arda nga .n .k .iid .a broomengan , gardi joo=warda ?
Glosses: 1MIN=Q go PN-ALL or 2MIN=Q
Translation: Will I go to Broome today or will it be you?
Language: Urarina
Transcription: hanone mẽsahe aunai=ɲa ?
Glosses: morning message hear-2=Q
Translation: Did you hear the message in the morning?
Language: Urarina
Transcription: ta kure kwitʉkʉi=ɲe ?
Glosses: Q price know-2=NEG
Translation: Don’t you know the price?’ (: 832, 834)
Language: Sheko
Transcription: n̩=māākām .
Glosses: 1SG=tell-put-IRR
Translation: I will tell.
Language: Sheko
Transcription: n̩=māākā ?
Glosses: 1SG=tell-put
Translation: Shall I tell?
Language: Sabanê
Transcription: ineyintali .
Glosses: fall-V-PRET.NEUT-DECL
Translation: (S)he fell.
Language: Sabanê
Transcription: ineyintala ?
Glosses: fall-V-PRET.NEUT-Q
Translation: Did (s)he fall?’ (: 205)
Language: Uralic
Transcription: sä tuut .
Glosses: 2SG come-2SG
Language: Uralic
Transcription: tuut sä ?
Glosses: come-2SG 2SG
Language: Uralic
Transcription: tulet=ko sinä ?
Glosses: come-2SG=Q 2SG
Language: Austronesian
Transcription: matayal kísu mafúti ?
Glosses: AG.FOC-work 2SG.NOM AG.FOC-sleep
Translation: Are you going to work or sleep?’ (: 651)
Language: Guiqiong
Transcription: zo gutɕhiɐŋ dʐi lɐ , mɛdʐi ?
Glosses: 3SG PN COP Q NEG-COP
Translation: Is (s)he a Guiqiong or not?’ (: 305)
Language: Indo-European
Transcription: tu the phedílu , ki na ?
Glosses: 2SG.NOM to arrive.PFV-SG.M ?Q NEG
Translation: Did you receive it or not?
Language: Tsezic
Transcription: me ya łok neqše ya lac’ák liše ?
Glosses: 2SG.ERG or water(IV)-Q IV-bring-PRS or food(IV)-Q IV-do-PRS
Translation: Will you bring water or make the meal?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: serga rengan tangpe mo , shingga rengan tangpe ya ?
Glosses: gold-LOC ladder bridge-INF Q wood-LOC ladder bridge-INF Q
Translation: Should I put up a silver ladder or a wooden ladder?
Language: Khoe
Transcription: uri ra arib .a tamas ga io !gû ra arib .a ?
Glosses: jump PROG dog-3SG.M NEG-3SG.F POT STAT-if walk PROG dog-3SG.M
Translation: Does the dog jump or does the dog walk?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: no matukar ikiwinan=i dylup=i e sarang ?
Glosses: 2SG PN go-N.PST-FUT.2SG=Q PN=Q or PN
Translation: Will you go to Matukar, Dylup, or Sarang?’ (: 310)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: matukar ikiwinan=i e dylup ikiwinan=i ?
Glosses: PN go-N.PST-FUT.2SG=Q or PN go-N.PST-FUT.2SG=Q
Translation: Will you go to Matukar or Dylup (or perhaps neither)?’ (: 311)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kaa ii diinate massitaattollayyonni ?
Glosses: 2SG.VOC 1SG.GEN money.ACC take-E-2SG-PRS.PFV-2SG-CONF-NEG-Q
Translation: You have taken my money, haven’t you?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: amkhe hamsi tɨkharaʔo ?
Glosses: 2SG.GEN-lice swap-SUP 2AS-GO-PST-Q
Translation: Did you go to swap lice?’ (i.e. ‘Did you go to have sex?’)
Language: Yauyos Quechua
Transcription: wasiymaŋ hamuŋki=chu ?
Glosses: house-1-DAT come-2=Q.FOC
Translation: Do you come to my house?
Language: Yauyos Quechua
Transcription: wasiymaŋ=chu hamuŋki ?
Glosses: house-1-DAT=Q.FOC come-2
Translation: Do you come to my house?
Language: Qiang
Transcription: ʔũ ʐme ŋuəna ?
Glosses: 2SG PN COP-2SG-Q
Language: Qiang
Transcription: the: ʐme ŋuəØŋua ?
Glosses: 3SG PN COP-(3SG)-Q
Translation: Is (s)he a Qiang?’ (: 180)
Language: Timor-Alor-Pantar
Transcription: ane nala ?
Glosses: 2SG.INAL-name what
Translation: What is your name?
Language: Timor-Alor-Pantar
Transcription: ane maa ?
Glosses: 2SG.INAL-name who
Translation: What is your name?’ (: 129)
Language: Tungusic
Transcription: si i:le ŋened’enni , [d’ulavi=gu , tatkittula=gu]?
Glosses: 2SG which-ALL go-PRS-2SG home-ALL-REFL.POSS=Q school-ALL=Q
Translation: Where are you going, [home or to school]?
Language: Mongolic
Transcription: čii jaa .xsə=ji , [tɔlgɔ=čin’ ubudǰææn=ʊʊ]?
Glosses: 2SG do.what-P.PFV=Q head=2SG.POSS hurt-PROG-PRS=Q
Translation: What’s up, [is your head aching]?
Language: Tungusic
Transcription: i:le unazai [amä:zala=nu zuliezele=nu]?
Glosses: which-LOC travel-SUBJ-2SG back-N-LOC=Q front-N-LOC=Q
Translation: Where will you travel, [in the front or in the back]?’ (: 812)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: naliak assiksiu , [kuuvviaq wall’u saayuq]?
Glosses: which-ABS.3DU.SG like-2SG.3SG.Q coffee.ABS.SG or tea.ABS.SG
Translation: Which do you want, [coffee or tea]?
Language: Barbacoan
Transcription: (iya) pipeyu .
Glosses: 1-TOP bathe-EGO
Language: Barbacoan
Transcription: (ñu/ya) pipewe .
Glosses: 2/3 bathe-N.EGO
Translation: You/(s)he bathed.
Language: Barbacoan
Transcription: (ñuya) pipeyu ?
Glosses: 2-FOC bathe-EGO
Language: Barbacoan
Transcription: (yaa) pipen ?
Glosses: 3-FOC bathe-N.EGO.Q
Translation: Did (s)he bathe?’ (: 136-137)
Language: Ainu
Transcription: makanak pakno sirtuyma ruwe ?
Glosses: what till-ADV appearance-be.far Q
Translation: How far is it?’
Language: Ainu
Transcription: tanto e=nepki humi pirka a ya ?
Glosses: this-day 2SG.S=work EV.N be.good PFV.PL Q
Translation: Did you work well today?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: eani hunna e=koysoytak ?
Glosses: 2SG who 2SG.S=to.APPL-talk
Translation: Who are you talking to?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: nep tap eciki sir okay ya ?
Glosses: what EMPH 2PL.A-do EV.N COP Q
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: e=cikiri arka ru=he ?
Glosses: 2SG.S=foot-POSS hurt EV.N=Q
Language: Ainu
Transcription: tampe ne ya ?
Glosses: this-thing COP Q
Translation: Is it this thing?
Language: Ainu
Transcription: niebiegor ?
Glosses: what-thing-have
Translation: What thing is there?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi ral(o)?
Glosses: 2SG drink-FIN.Q
Translation: Did you drink?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: if pʰrɨl(o)?
Glosses: 3SG come-Q
Translation: Did (s)he come?’ (: 116)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi rad=la ?
Glosses: 2SG drink-FIN=Q
Translation: Did you drink?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi rad=lu ?
Glosses: 2SG drink-FIN=Q
Translation: Did you drink?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: ɨtɨk pʰrɨdʒ=la ?
Glosses: father come-IND=Q
Translation: Has father come?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: ɨtɨk=la pʰrɨdʒ ?
Glosses: father=Q come-IND
Translation: Is it father who has come?’ (: 124)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰin tʰamdʒi pʰvoux tʰamdʒi ŋa turʰpɨrʰk ɲitʰadɣun ?
Glosses: 2PL what.kind REFL-village-LOC what.kind animal meat-?only eat-HAB-IND-PL
Translation: What kinds of animal meat do you eat in your village?’ (: 132)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi tʰa .ktoχ vid=ŋa ?
Glosses: 2SG where-DAT go-IND=Q
Translation: Where are you going (roughly)?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: aŋ pʰrɨdʒ=at ?
Glosses: who come-IND=Q
Translation: Who came?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: tʃʰi sidʒ=ŋa jɨsrudʒ ?
Glosses: 2SG what=Q OBJ-pursue-IND
Translation: Whom do you pursue?
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: sidʒ ɲivɣ=ŋa jivdʒ ?
Glosses: what person=Q have-IND
Translation: What (kind of) man is (here)?’ (: 124)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: [tunɨdʒlu qanɨdʒlu] pʰanpʰarar humdʒ .
Glosses: go.upstream-FUT-N-DUB go.downstream-FUT-N-DUB not.know-CVB.NAR.3SG be-IND
Translation: He does not know [whether to go upstream or downstream].’ (: 209)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: if pʰrɨrla ?
Glosses: 3SG come-Q
Translation: Did (s)he really come?’ (: 116)
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: [jagut imŋ pʰrɨdʒlu] if pʰanpʰaradʒ .
Glosses: how.3PL 3PL come-IND-DUB 3SG not.know-IND
Translation: He does not understand [how they came there].
Language: Nivkh
Transcription: [jagur pʰrɨdʒlu] pʰanpʰaradʒ .
Glosses: how.3SG come-IND-DUB not.know-IND
Translation: (He) does not understand [how (he) came (there)].’ (: 220)
Language: Alutor
Transcription: matka talɣuŋi ?
Glosses: Q POT-kill.wild.reindeer-POT.PFV[3SG.S]
Translation: Will he kill a wild reindeer?
Language: Alutor
Transcription: miɣɣa ivi ?
Glosses: who.ABS.SG say-3SG.S[PFV]
Translation: Who said (that)?’ (: 293, 294)
Language: Koryak
Transcription: met’ke jenny ejemke ?
Glosses: Q maybe NEG-come-CIRC
Language: Koryak
Transcription: meki ibi ?
Glosses: who.ABS.SG say-3SG.S[PFV]
Translation: Who said (that)?
Language: Kerek
Transcription: milˀej jallajuŋin ?
Glosses: gun take-PRF-3SG.O
Translation: Will you take this gun?
Language: Kerek
Transcription: maki jatči ?
Glosses: who.ABS.SG come-PRF
Translation: Who came?’ (: 156, 157)
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: koolo enmec ɣeɣjewiɣǝt ?
Glosses: INTJ already PF-awaken-2SG
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: tite ŋan ŋotqen nǝqitǝqin ?
Glosses: when DEICT DEM.3SG.ABS HAB-E-freeze-E-3SG
Translation: When does it freeze there?’ (: 86, 72)
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: anə kəkel , ətlon iˀam , reqəlˀetərko:n ?
Glosses: so INTJ Q why what-E-DUR-E-PROG.VOC
Translation: Oh my! Why, what on earth are you doing?
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: knin qitkineŋ çizen ?
Glosses: PP.2SG-POSS brother be.available-PRS-3SG
Translation: Do you have a brother?’ (: 214)
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: k’e ç‘eˀļen k’oļki ?
Glosses: who COM.V-2SG.3SG come-INF.V
Translation: With whom have you come?
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: mankes kǝmman mniļ kmeçknen ?
Glosses: where-Q PP.1SG-POSS all INF.III-disappear-CIRC
Translation: Where have all my (people?) gone?’ (: 134, 214)
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: isxenk nzǝlaɬin kza kǝmank ?
Glosses: father-LOC IMPRS-give-FUT-2SG.OBJ.O you me-DAT
Translation: Will father give you to me?
Language: West Itelmen
Transcription: isxenk nzǝlaɬum kza kǝmank ?
Glosses: father-LOC IMPRS-give-FUT-1SG.OBJ.IO you me-DAT
Translation: Will father give you to me?’ (: 3)
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: mynlerkyn ?
Glosses: IMP.1PL-go-IPFV
Translation: Let us fly!
Language: Chukchi
Transcription: minky .ty mynlerkyn ?
Glosses: over.where IMP.1PL-go-IPFV
Translation: Over what place shall we fly?’ (: 325)