lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: smɤnba atɤtɯʑɣɤsɯrtoʁ
Glosses: doctor IRR-PFV-2-REFL-CAUS-see
Translation: You should have yourself examined by a doctor.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma βɣɯz ŋu tɕe , kʰɤrkɯ ra wuma ʑo ɣi . tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯʑɣɤsɯsat ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK badger be:FACT LNK side.of.the.house PL really EMPH come:FACT LNK DEM IPFV-REFL-CAUS-kill be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: The badger often comes near houses, and gets itself killed. (The dogs chase it and kill it, and people also kill it).' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯ tukɤʑɣɤsɯpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-INF-REFL-CAUS-go.around manner always IPFV-make-DU IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The mouse and the sparrow] took every measure to avoid [the cat].' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sloχpɯn nɯ ci nɯʑɣɤsɤpʰɤr nɤ pjɤrgɤt ci nɯnɯʑɣɤsɯɤβzu ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: teacher DEM a.little AOR-REFL-shake ADD vulture INDEF AOR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-become SENS-be
Translation: The teacher shook himself, and transformed himself into a vulture.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ɯʑo nɯnɯ rcanɯ [tɤmuj ʑo kɯfse kɯʑo] ɲɤʑɣɤsɯɤpa ,
Glosses: man 3SG DEM UNEXP:DEG INDEF.POSS-feather EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.light IFR-REFL-CAUS-become
Translation: The man, him, made himself as light as a feather.' (04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetʰa tɯji ɯŋgɯ nɯnɯra , iɕqʰa tɯrdoʁ kɯfse nɯra ɕɯndze , tɕendɤre , ɯʑo kunɯʑɣɤfstɯn cʰa
Glosses: later INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in DEM:PL FILLER one-piece SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL TRAL-eat[III]:FACT LNK 3SG IPFV-AUTO-REFL-take.care can:FACT
Translation: [This hen] will go and eat the grains in the fields, it will be able to take care of itself on its own.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑipɤri kɯpɯ~pe toβzundʑi qʰe , ʑɤni tonɯʑɣɤɕɯfkandʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-diner SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.good IFR-make-DU LNK 3DU IFR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-be.full-DU
Translation: They made a nice diner for themselves, and ate to their fill.' (160701 poucet2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006155#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯm cʰɤnɯʑɣɤsɯɤtsa
Glosses: door IFR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-be.locked
Translation: The dock locked itself.' (elicited; describes house doors with an automatic locking system)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ pamto nɯra mɯɲɤʑɣɤnɤstu .
Glosses: DEM AOR:3→3-see DEM:PL NEG-IFR-REFL-APPL-believe
Translation: He did not believe the things that he himself had [just] seen.' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006368#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa jonɯɕe tɕendɤre [ɯɣi ra cʰo] kokɤrqɯ~rqoʁnɯci ʑo ɲɤɣɤwunɯ .
Glosses: home IFR-VERT-go LNK 3SG.POSS-relative PL COMIT IFR-PEG-RECIP-hug-PL-PEG EMPH IFR-cry-PL
Translation: He went home and he and his relatives hug each other and cried.' (140512 fushang he yaomo1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯŋgɯ srɯsmɤn ra pjɯlɤtnɯ , tɕe nɯra pjɯnɯlɤtnɯ tɕe nɯra ɲɯɤmbɯ~mbinɯ ra ŋu
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in medicine PL IPFV:DOWN-release-PL LNK DEM:PL IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-release-PL LNK DEM:PL IPFV-RECIP-give-PL PL be:FACT
Translation: They put medicine [against sinus inflammation] into the [snuff tobacco]_i, and they give it_i to each other.' (30-CnAto)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qartsɯ tɤmda qʰe tɕe cʰɯɤwɯ~wumnɯ qʰe kɯdɯ~dɤn ʑo tɯtɯrca kurɤʑinɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: winter AOR-be.the.time LNK LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-RECIP-gather-PL LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many EMPH together IPFV-stay-PL SENS-be
Translation: When winter arrives, they gather and stay together in great numbers.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003608#S100"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrsa ɯrkɯ χpɯnŋga tʰamtɕɤt aɕtɤtɯwum tɕe
Glosses: cemetery 3SG.POSS-side monk-clothes all IRR-TRAL-PFV-2-gather LNK
Translation: Go and collect all the monk robes near the cemetery.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɕe ɯqa nɯ ɲɯɤndɯ~ndo , ɯtaʁ nɯ ki kɯfse kɯdɯ~dɤn ɲɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-foot DEM SENS-RECIP-take 3SG.POSS-top DEM DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many SENS-be LNK
Translation: The base (of the mushroom 刷把菌shuābǎjūnRamaria formosa) is all clustered together, but it has many top parts.' (23-tshAYCAnW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: api ɯku nɯβzuta
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 3SG.POSS-head AOR-make-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I braided my sister's hair.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯpi cʰo ndʑiku ɲɯɤβzɯ~βzundʑi ndɤre ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling COMIT 3DU.POSS-head IPFV-RECIP-make-DU LNK
Translation: She and her sister braided each other's hair.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯ ɯpɯtɯsat nɤ , nɤʑo kɯ aʑo aβra ɲɯtɯβze , aʑo pɯ~pɯsata nɤ , nɤj nɤβra ɲɯβzea , nɯ kɯfse , nɯβra ɲɯɤβzɯ~βzunɯ pjɤŋɡrɤl .
Glosses: 2SG ERG QU-AOR-2-kill ADD 2SG ERG 1SG 1SG.POSS-share IPFV-2-make[III] 1SG COND~AOR-kill-1SG ADD 2SG 2SG.POSS-share IPFV-make[III]-1SG DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like 3PL.POSS-share IPFV-RECIP-make-PL IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case-PL
Translation: If it was you who had killed [game during a hunt], you would share some of it with me, if it was me who had killed [game], I would share some of it with you, this way, people used to share [their game meat] with each other.' (160714 XsWmsna)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , tɤru ra tuonɯsnɯɲɯ~ɲaʁnɯ tɕe cʰɯɤɣɤrlɯ~rlaʁnɯ pjɤŋgrɤl
Glosses: former.times LNK chieftain PL IPFV-RECIP-do.harm-PL LNK IPFV-RECIP-CAUS-disappear-PL IPFV.IFR-be.usually.the.case
Translation: In former times, chieftains used to harm (murder) each other and destroy each other's families.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɤkɤsɯɴqʰɯ~ɴqʰindʑi tɕe , ɲɤkɤsɯɣɲɯ~ɣɲaʁndʑici ʑo
Glosses: IFR-PEG-RECIP-CAUS-be.dirty-DU LNK IFR-PEG-RECIP-CAUS-be.black-DU-PEG EMPH
Translation: They_DU made each other dirty, they blackened each other.' (elicited, can be said of children playing in a dirty place)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ jɤkɤɣɤrɤt nɯ pjɤkɤnɯsɯkʰɯ~kʰonɯci .
Glosses: DEM AOR-OBJ:PCP-throw DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-RECIP-rob-PL-PEG
Translation: The beasts fought with each other to get the [piece of cloth] that he had thrown [at them].' (150825 huluwa-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006346#S145"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɤkɤnɤntsʰɯ~ntsʰindʑici , ɲɤkɤnɤpɯ~pendʑi tɕe
Glosses: IFR-PEG-RECIP-love-DU-PEG IFR-PEG-RECIP-TROP-be.good-DU LNK
Translation: They fell in love with each other.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006290#S103"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: srɯnmɯ ra cʰɤsɯɤwɯ~wum tɕe ,
Glosses: râkshasî PL IFR-CAUS-RECIP-gather LNK
Translation: She gathered the râkhasîs together.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯsɯɤtɯ~tea ri tɕe mɤʑɯ kuondɯ~ndondʑi ɕti
Glosses: IPFV-CAUS-RECIP-put-1SG LNK LNK again IPFV:EAST-RECIP-take-DU be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I am (repeatedly) separating [two fighting ants], but they grab each other again [each time].' (conversation 14-05-01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁdɯxpa kɤrpu ɣɯ ɯtɕɯ cʰo aʑo atɕɯ nɯ tɤalɯlɤtndʑi tɕe , tɕe atɕɯ ɣɯsat pjɤŋu ri ,
Glosses: ANTHR ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 1SG 1SG.POSS-son DEM AOR-fight-DU LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-son INV-kill:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: Gdugpa dkarpo's son and my son fought with each other, and my son was about to be killed.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɕɤmɯɣdɯ tulɤtnɯ tɕe pjɯsatnɯ ɕti .
Glosses: DEM gun IPFV-release-PL LNK IPFV-kill-PL be.AFF:KILL
Translation: They shoot at it with guns and kill it.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qacʰɣa ɯtaʁ ʑo li tɯdi nɯ ci tolɤt .
Glosses: fox 3SG.POSS-on EMPH again arrow DEM INDEF IFR-release
Translation: He too shot an arrow at the fox.' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ cʰo ci kɤanɯrŋɤrɯrundʑi tɕe
Glosses: DEM COMIT a.little AOR-look.at.each.other-DU LNK
Translation: They exchanged a look with each other'. (2010-07, pear story)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `nɯtɕu tɯci zɲɯkɯsɯɤjtsʰi ɲɯntsʰi' tokɤmɯtindʑi
Glosses: DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-PASS-CAUS-drink SENS-be.better IFR-PEG-RECIP-say-DU
Translation: They said to each other `we should go there and ask for water to drink.” (Nyima wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɤndʑisqʰaj ɯrɟit nɯ tɕe “amɤtsa" tukɯɤmɯti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM COLL-sister 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM LNK 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-GENR:S/O-RECIP-say SENS-be
Translation: Children of sisters call each other `my maternal parallel cousin'.' (140425 kWmdza4)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ li bɤβbɤβ ʑo kɯpa tɕe , kɯɤmɯstʰɯ~stʰaβ ʑo kɯdɤn tuɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM again IDPH(II):growing.in.clumps EMPH SBJ:PCP-AUX LNK SBJ:PCP-RECIP-EMPH~put.against EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.many IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: [These mushrooms] grow in clumps, one against the other in great numbers.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma nɯnɯ ɯʑo ʁɟa [tɯmdʑu ɯtaʁ] kúwɣstʰaβ tɕe mɤrtsaβ ,
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG completely GENR.POSS-tongue 3SG.POSS-on IPFV-INV-put.against LNK be.spicy:FACT
Translation: If one puts it (this plant) on one's tongue (without anything else), it is spicy.' (13-tCamu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <liangshanbo> cʰondɤre pjɯɤmɯmtondʑi mɯpjɤjɤɣ tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR COMIT IPFV-RECIP-see-DU NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.allowed LNK
Translation: She and Liang Shanbo were not allowed to see each other.' (150826 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006244#S155"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kupaskɤt túwɣβzu tɕe nɯnɯ apɯŋu , iʑo ɣɯ <guoyu> ɲɯŋu tɕe , nɯnɯ kɤsɯfse ɣɯ jirju ɲɯŋu tɕe , pjɯkɯɤmɯtso ɲɯra ri , li nɯ koŋla mɯ́jtsonɯ .
Glosses: Chinese-language IPFV-INV-make LNK DEM IRR-IPFV-be 1SG GEN national.language SENS-be LNK DEM all GEN 1SG.POSS-speech SENS-be LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-RECIP-understand SENS-be.needed LNK again DEM completely NEG.SENS-understand-PL
Translation: When we speak Chinese, since it is our national language, our common language, we should be able to understand each other, but [some people in Tshobdun] do not understand it completely either.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑŋgri wuma kɯtʂot ɲɯmaʁ ri , kɯɤmɯrmbɯ~rmbat ʑo ɲɯŋu tɕe , nɯ wuma ɲɯsaχsɤl . … ɯtɯɤʑirja ɯtsʰɯɣa nɯ , … ʁnɤmcʰi tsa ɲɯfse , … ri ɲɯɤmɯrmbat .
Glosses: star really SBJ:PCP-be.bright SENS-not.be LNK SBJ:PCP-RECIP-EMPH~be.near EMPH be:FACT LNK DEM really SENS-be.clear _ 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.aligned 3SG.POSS-shape DEM _ gnam.khyi a.little be.like:FACT _ LNK SENS-RECIP-be.near
Translation: (There six stars in the Pleiades.) They are not very bright stars, but they are close to each other, and for this reason they are quite visible. The way they are aligned is a bit similar to that of the constellation Gnam.khyi, but closer to each other.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯre ri tɕe kɤamɯfsetɕi tɕe , tɕendɤre wuma ʑo pɯamɯmitɕi
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC LOC AOR-know.each.other-1DU LNK LNK really EMPH PST.IPFV-be.on.good.terms-1DU
Translation: We got to know each other there, and we were in very good terms.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: josɯɣe tɕe iɕqʰa <gengqubing> nɯ cʰo pjɤsɯɤmɯmto .
Glosses: IFR-CAUS-come LNK the.aforementioned ANTHR DEM COMIT IFR-CAUS-RECIP-see
Translation: The [old man] brought them in and had them meet Geng Qubing.' (150906 qingfeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɯzda tɯrdoʁ ɯpʰe tatɯt , tɯzda kɯ li ci ɯzda nɯ ɯpʰe kɯfse ɕtatɯt nɤ , … ɣurʑa kɯrcat nɯ ʑnɯasɯɤmɯmtsʰɯ~mtsʰɤmnɯ ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: 3SG ERG 3SG.POSS-companion one-piece 3SG.POSS-DAT AOR:3→3-say INDEF.POSS-companion ERG again INDEF 3SG.POSS-companion DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT SBJ:PCP-be.like TRAL-AOR:3→3-say ADD _ hundred eight DEM TRAL-AOR-RECIP-CAUS-RECIP-hear-PL SENS-be
Translation: The boy told one of his companions, and that one went and told another one, and all one hundred and eight [boys] went and informed each other.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiʑo andʑɯβritɕi ra
Glosses: 1DU RECIP-protect:FACT-1DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: The two of us have to look out for each other.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri tɤrɟit nɯ ɲɯɤmɟɤkʰondʑi qʰe koŋla tuonɯrɯɕmɯ~ɕmindʑi kɯnɤ mɯ́jtsu ma tɕe li túwɣnɯtsɯm ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-child DEM IPFV-give.and.take-DU LNK really IPFV-RECIP-talk-DU also NEG:SENS-have.time.to LNK LNK again IPFV:UP-INV-VERT-take.away SENS-be:AFF
Translation: She_i hands the child_j to him_k and he_k takes him_j, but they_i+k don't get the time to exchange any words and she_i is taken back to heaven.' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɤkɤprɤtci
Glosses: IFR-PEG-PASS-break-PEG
Translation: It has been broken (by someone).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo aʑi ra nɯmkɤɣɯr pɯmbrɤt
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady PL 3PL.POSS-necklace AOR-ACAUS:break
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑiʑmbrɯ cʰɤmbɣaʁ .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-boat IFR:DOWNSTREAM-ACAUS:turn.over
Translation: (One day, there was a terrible storm on the ocean, and) their boat capsized.' (140511 xinbada-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003961#S18"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: popo pjɤnɯɕlɯɣ tɕe , pjɤɴɢrɯ .
Glosses: earthenware IFR-AUTO-DROP LNK IFR-ACAUS:break
Translation: She dropped the earthenware and it broke.' (2003gesar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɯtɯqlɯt qʰe pjɯɴɢlɯt ɲɯɕti .
Glosses: IPFV-CONV:IMM-break LNK IPFV-ACAUS:break SENS-be.AFF
Translation: [Twigs of willow that grow in lower altitude] break as soon as one breaks it.' (07-Zmbri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003438#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsaŋ ɕpjɯtanɯ ŋu . tɕe loŋrta ra ɕtutsʰoʁnɯ
Glosses: fumigation TRAL-IPFV-put-PL be:FACT LNK prayer.flag PL TRAL-IPFV-attach-PL
Translation: (In the morning of the first day of the year), People go [there] and make fumigation, plant prayer flags…' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S296"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯkʰɤl nɯtɕu , χsɯcɤβ , kɯβdecɤβ jamar kutsʰoʁ
Glosses: LNK one-place DEM:LOC three-pod four-pod about IPFV-attach
Translation: In each place (in each section on the stalk of the plant), three or four pods grow.' (09-stoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯkʰɤl ri , ʁnɯcɤβ , χsɯcɤβ jamar kundzoʁ cʰa
Glosses: one-place LNK two-pod three-pod about IPFV-ACAUS:attach can:FACT
Translation: In each place (section on its stalk), two or three pods can grow.' (09-stoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stɤβtsʰɤt mɯpɯtɯnɯcʰandʑi ɕti tɕe , ndʑiʁo amɤnɯmbi
Glosses: contest NEG-AOR-2-AUTO-can-DU be.AFF:FACT LNK 2DU.POSS-disappoint(1) IRR-NEG-PFV-ACAUS:disappoint(2)
Translation: [It is not that I don't want to give her to you], it is that you failed in the contest, don't feel frustrated.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁo ɲɯtɯpʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-disappoint(1) SENS-2-disappoint(2)
Translation: I am disappointed by you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki si ki ɯqa cʰɯtɯtɕɤt , jutɯtsɯm ɯtɯcʰa nɤ , … tɕe aʑo aʁo ɲɯnɯpʰia ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX tree DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-root IPFV-2-take.out IPFV-2-take.away QU-2-can:FACT ADD _ LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-disappoint(1) IPFV-AUTO-disappoint(2)-1SG be:FACT
Translation: If you succeed in uprooting this tree and carrying it away, I will admit defeat.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤjpa kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi kalɤt ri , mɯ́jʁdɯɣ , pɤjkʰu tundʐi ɲɯcʰa .
Glosses: snow SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small AOR:3→3-release LNK NEG:SENS-be.serious still IPFV-ACAUS:melt SENS-can
Translation: There was a bit of snow, but it is not serious, it can still melt.' (conversation 15-12-17)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯndʐaβ qʰe , paχɕi ra panɯlwoʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: AOR:DOWN-ACAUS:cause.to.fall LNK apple PL AOR:3→3-AUTO-spill LNK
Translation: He fell down and spilled the apples.' (2010 Tshendzin pear story)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰri ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu kombɣaʁ nɤ ɲɤmbɣaʁ tɕe
Glosses: bed 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-ACAUS:turn.over ADD IFR:WEST-ACAUS:turn.over LNK
Translation: She tossed over her bed.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003900#S226"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ χsɯɣjɤn nɯnɤmbɣaʁlaʁ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM three-times AOR-DISTR:turn.over SENS-be
Translation: [The horse Rtamchog Rinpoche] rolled over on its back three times (on the beach).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯχti ci nanɯɕar ri , tɕendɤre kɯmaqʰu qʰe pɯnɯɴɢɤtndʑi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion INDEF AOR:3→3-AUTO-search LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK AOR-ACAUS:separate-DU
Translation: She found a husband, but they eventually divorced.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S90"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo jɤɕe , tɕiʑo nɯɴɢɤttɕi ma mɤjɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG IMP-go 1DU ACAUS:separate:FACT-1DU apart.from NEG-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Go away, we absolutely have to part ways.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯfsomɯr qʰendɤre , tɯlɤt nɯ ɯtaʁ kondzoʁ qʰe … tɯrmɯkʰa tɕe tɯlɤt nɯ ɯtaʁ koɴqoʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-tomorrow.evening LNK second.sibling DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-ACAUS:attach LNK _ dusk LNK second.sibling DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-hang LNK
Translation: The next day in the evening, he clung onto the second sister. (…) At dusk, he grabbed the second sister.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S44"></fn> <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S46"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣɯjpa ɯmɯntoʁ nɯkɤlɤt nɯ pɯnnɯŋgra kɯnɤ fsaqʰe qʰe nɯ ɯsta nɯ li nɯ jamar tɕʰi kɯtu nɯ ɯmat ɲɯβze ɕti
Glosses: this.year 3SG.POSS-flower AOR-SBJ:PCP-release DEM AOR:DOWN-AUTO-ACAUS:cause.to.fall also next.year LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-place DEM again DEM about what SBJ:PCP-exist DEM 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-make[III] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Even if the flowers that have blossomed this year and fall down, the next year it makes at that place as many fruits (as there were flowers the previous year).' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯrom kɯnɤ mɤɣɤɴɢlɯt
Glosses: AOR-be.dry also NEG-FACIL-ACAUS:break:FACT
Translation: Even after it has dried up, [the wood of high mountain willow twig] does not break easily.' (07-Zmbri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003438#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zrɯɣ nɯnɤmbɣaʁlaʁ rdɯl mɤtɕɤt
Glosses: louse AOR-DISTR:ACAUS:turn.over dust NEG-take.out:FACT
Translation: When a louse rolls around, it does not raise dust.' (proverb)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ rgoŋlu nɯ nɯɕimɯma ʑo tɯnɤndʐaβlaβ joʑa tɕe jondʐaβ nɤ jondʐaβ .
Glosses: DEM ball DEM immediately EMPH INF:II-DISTR:ACAUS:roll IFR-start LNK IFR-ACAUS:roll add IFR-ACAUS:roll
Translation: The ball immediately started rolling over and over.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯ́wɣta tɕe , tɕe snama tɤŋke tɕe tɕe , mɤnɤŋgiolo .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV:DOWN-INV-put LNK LNK beast.of.burden AOR-walk LNK LNK NEG-DISTR:ACAUS:cause.to.glide:FACT
Translation: One puts [belly and neck bands on the burdens], so that when the beast of burden walks, [the burden] does not move around [on its back].' (30-tAsno)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤpɤtso tɤjpɣom ɯtaʁ ɲɯnɯŋgiolɯlo
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child ice 3SG.POSS-on SENS-DISTR:ACAUS:cause.to.glide
Translation: The child slides on the ice.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tamar cʰɤsɯɣndʐita
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-butter IFR-CAUS-ACAUS:melt-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I let the butter melt (by forgetting it next to a source of heat).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰru nɯ cʰɯftʂinɯ tɕe , tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯlɤtnɯ ɲɯɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: pig.iron DEM IPFV-melt-PL LNK LNK DEM IPFV:DOWN-release-PL SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: They melt the pig iron and pour it into [the mold].' (25-qraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjme nɯ … ki tufse tuznɯndzi tɕe tɕe ɲɯqɤt ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-tail DEM _ DEM.PROX IPFV-be.like IPFV-CAUS-be.vertical[III] LNK LNK IPFV-separate SENS-be
Translation: It puts its tail vertically like this and spreads (the tail feathers).' (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S73"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ ame ci tu tɕe , nɯnɯ kɯ tɯsŋaʁ paβzjoz tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG.GEN 1SG.POSS-daughter INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM ERG NMLZ:ACTION-cast.spells AOR:3→3-learn LNK
Translation: I have a daughter, and she has learned sorcery.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯme nɯ pɯrɤβzjoz ri tʰam ɯ<gongzuo> ɯma me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM AOR-APASS-learn LNK now 3SG.POSS-job 3SG.POSS-work not.exist:FACT
Translation: Her daughter went to school (studied things) but has no job now.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sqɯmpɕar kɤŋata
Glosses: TEN-money.unit AOR-owe-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I bought [it] on credit and owe [him] ten renminbi.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɯrme tu ma mɤsɤndza ma ɯmdzu me .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-hair exist:FACT LNK NEG-APASS-eat:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-thorn not.exist:FACT
Translation: It has hair, but does not prick, because it has no thorns.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mdzadi nɯ wuma ʑo sɤndza . wuma ʑo kɯndza tɕe rɤʑa .
Glosses: flea DEM really EMPH APASS-eat:FACT really EMPH GENR:S/O-eat:FACT LNK itch:FACT
Translation: Fleas bite a lot. They bite people a lot, and it itches.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯji ra kɯdɯ~dɤn kɯjɯ~jom lopɣaʁnɯ
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-field PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.wide IFR:UPSTREAM-turn.over-PL
Translation: They had ploughed many wide fields for them.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: zgoku tuɕe qʰe lurɤpɣaʁ nɤ , tɤrɤku cʰo ra pjɯji qʰe , tɕe nɯ kɯfse kurɤʑi pjɤŋu .
Glosses: mountain IPFV:UP-go LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-APASS-turn.over ADD INDEF.POSS-crops COMIT PL IPFV-plant LNK LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-stay IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The old man] lived by going to the mountain, clearing fields and planting crops.' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: slama ra ɣɯ tʰɯtʰɤci kɯfse , nɯ kɤrɤβzjoz ra ɲɯstu mɯ́jstu nɯ , … nɯnɯra nɯpʰama ra nɯɕki kɯrɤfɕɤt ɲɯra .
Glosses: student PL GEN something SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM INF-APASS-study PL SENS-be.serious NEG:SENS-be.serious DEM _ DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-parents PL 3PL.POSS-DAT GENR:S/O-report:FACT SENS-be.needed
Translation: (As a teacher), one has to tell the parents all kinds of things concerning the students, whether they try hard or not, whether they work seriously or not.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑɤɣ ɯβra kɯrkɯ~rkɯn ntsɯ ma mɯpjɤnɯta . ɯro ra lonba ɲɯrɤmbi pjɤŋu .
Glosses: 3SG:GEN 3SG.POSS-share SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.few always apart.from NEG-IFR-AUTO-put 3SG.POSS-rest PL all IPFV-APASS-give IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He would only keep a little for himself, and give away the rest.' (150902 hailibu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006316#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmŋu ma mɯnɯʁaʁ ɯqʰu tɕe , tɕe χsɯm nɯ nɯrɤmbitɕi tɕe
Glosses: five apart.from NEG-AOR-hatch 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK three DEM AOR-APASS-give-DU LNK
Translation: Only five (of the twelve eggs) hatches, and we gave three [of the chicks] [to other people].' (22-kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003588#S76"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: akumpɣa ɯpɯ kɯsɤjndɯ~jndɤt ʑo pɯŋu ri , tɕeri <xingqitian> <fangjia> tɕe tunɯɕea pɯra tɕe ɕkɤrɤɕtʂɯa .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-hen 3SG.POSS-young SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.cute EMPH PST.IPFV-be LNK LNK sunday holidays LOC IPFV:UP-VERT-go-1SG PST.IPFV-be.needed LNK TRAL-AOR-APASS-entrust.with-1SG
Translation: My chicks were very cute, but on sunday, I had to go back on holiday, and I went [to someone_i] and entrusted him/her/them_i with them. (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɤtɕɯ ra nɯɕki cʰa ɲɯrɤjtsʰia ŋgrɤl
Glosses: 1SG INDEF.POSS-son PL 3PL.POSS-DAT alcohol IPFV-APASS-give.to.drink be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: I (usually) give a drink to the guys.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amu awa ni akʰɯna ɲɤrɤmbindʑi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-father DU 1SG.POSS-dog IFR-APASS-give-DU
Translation: My parents gave my dog away.' (elicitation, 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awa kɯ aʁi aɕki kɤrɤɕtʂɯ .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father ERG 1SG.POSS-younger.brother 1SG.POSS-DAT AOR-APASS-entrust.with
Translation: My father entrusted me with my younger brother.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤfsɤri kɤβzu ci pjɯtasɯxɕɤt .
Glosses: thread INF-make a.little IPFV-1→2-teach
Translation: Let me teach you how to make threads.' (vid-20140506043657)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li sloχpɯn tandota tɕe , nɯre pjɯsɤsɯxɕata pɯŋu .
Glosses: again teacher AOR:3→3-take-PST:TR-1SG LNK DEM:LOC IPFV-APASS-teach-1SG PST.IPFV-be
Translation: I too became a teacher, and I was teaching there.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɕki ɣɯnɯrɤtʰutʰe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-DAT CISL-AOR-ask.permission
Translation: He came and asked me (for information).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro nɯ kɯ ɕkɤrɯ nɯnɯ [maka mɤkɤrɤtʰutʰe] kɯ nɯfse jukɤɣi nɯ wuma ʑo pjɤqʰa ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: horse DEM ERG serow DEM at.all NEG-INF-ask.permission ERG like.that IPFV-INF-come DEM really EMPH IFR.IPFV-hate SENS-be
Translation: The horse hated that the serow came like that without asking [permission] at all.' (ma he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯme nɯnɯ <xianzhong> nɯtɕu pjɯrɤβzjoz pɯŋu ri ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM district.school DEM:LOC IPFV-APASS-learn IPFV-be LNK
Translation: (At the time when) her daughter was going to school, (her father was drinking alcohol and neglected his parental duties).' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <caichen> nɯnɯ pjɤrɤβzjoz ntsɯ . jɯɣi ntsɯ pjɤkɤsɯndɯnci .
Glosses: ANTHR DEM IFR.IPFV-APASS-learn always book always IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-read-PEG
Translation: Caichen was always studying, always reading books.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006262#S20"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕpʰɤt ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-wife DEM IFR.IPFV-APASS-patch
Translation: The wife was patching clothes.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S20"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɯsla pɯβzjoza
Glosses: three-months AOR-learn-1SG
Translation: I have learned [how to make ploughshares] for three months.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra nɯpʰe nɯtɕu , χsɯxpa nɯ pɯrɤβzjoza .
Glosses: DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC three-years DEM PST-APASS-learn-1SG
Translation: I have studied with them for three years.' (160721 XpWN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006181#S28"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑɤɣ nɯ kɤnɯtʰu nanɯjmɯt ɲɯŋu , tɕeri nɯ ma turɤtʰu mɯnɯjɤɣ ɲɯŋu ,
Glosses: 3SG:GEN DEM INF-AUTO-ask AOR:3→3-AUTO-forget SENS-be LNK DEM apart.from IPFV-APASS-ask NEG-AOR-be.allowed SENS-be
Translation: He had forgotten to ask his own [question], but he was not allowed to ask questions anymore.' (divination, 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯsi torɤŋgat .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM SBJ:PCP-die IFR-be.about
Translation: The man [had fallen ill] and was about to die.' (rkongrgyal2.2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βlama ɲɤɕarnɯ tɕe , korɤtʰunɯ ri
Glosses: lama IFR-search-PL LNK IFR-APASS-ask-PL LNK
Translation: They looked a lama and consulted him/ask for his advice.' (rkongrgyal2.2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯsɤndza tuoɣɯɣu ri ,
Glosses: LNK SBJ:PCP-APASS-eat IPFV-prepare LNK
Translation: [The râkshasî demoness] (revealed her true nature) and was about to eat someone (one of them), but …' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S378"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ julɤtnɯ tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ wuma ʑo ɲɯsɤsat … qro ri ɲɯxtɕi ɕti , tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ rcanɯ tɯkʰɤl tɕe ʁnɯz χsɯm jamar pjɯsat ɲɯŋu
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-release-PL LNK LNK DEM really EMPH SENS-APASS-kill _ pigeon also SENS-be.small be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM ERG UNEXP:DEG one-place LOC two three about IPFV-KILL SENS-be
Translation: They shoot with [scattering bullets], and it is very lethal, (…) the pigeons are small, [with scattering bullets] they kill two or three [pigeons] in one place.' (28-CAmWGdW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003712#S110"></fn>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003712#S115"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɯdaʁ nɯ ɯŋgɯ kɯsɤndza nɯ , kɯrŋi tukɯti ŋu
Glosses: wild.animals DEM 3SG.POSS-in SBJ:PCP-APASS-eat DEM beast IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: Among the animals, the carnivorous ones are called `beasts'.' (elicited, explanation of example ex:kWsAndza.GW, §sec:subject.participle.subject.relative)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯsɤtʰu ɕea
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-APASS-ask go:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am going to ask for (the girls) in marriage.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯ wuma ʑo tɤme tɕe , tɕendɤre tsʰitsuku ɕkusɤnɯrtɕanɯ tɕe , fsaŋ ra ɕpjɯtanɯ , ɕpjɯrɟaʁnɯ nɯra tɕe , tɕe tɯmɯ kusɯlɤtnɯ pjɤŋgrɤl . tɕe nɯ ɯsɤznɤma ɣɯ sɤtɕʰa nɯ znɤrɣɤma tutinɯ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-weather really EMPH AOR-not.exist LNK LNK some.things TRAL-IPFV-APASS-tease-PL LNK fumigation PL TRAL-IPFV-put-PL TRAL-IPFV-dance-PL DEM:PL LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-weather IPFV-CAUS-release-PL IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-make GEN place DEM placename IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: When there was no rain at all, people would go there and do teasing, make fumigations and dance, and cause rain to come. They call the place where these activities were performed znɤrɣɤma.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S237"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯβdaʁ ɕkúwɣnɯrtɕa
Glosses: mountain.god TRAL-IPFV-INV-tease
Translation: One teases the mountain gods.' (gloss of example ex:znArGAma).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ tsʰitsuku ɲɤndɯn tɕe kʰɤndɯn ra ɲɤβzu
Glosses: 3SG ERG whatever IFR-read LNK recitation PL IFR-read
Translation: He recited something, he recited a formula.' (140510 sanpian yumao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mtsʰalɤɣrum nɯ ɣɯ ɯrme tu ri , … mtsʰalɤɲaʁ nɯ stʰɯci mɤsɤmtsɯɣ .
Glosses: nettle.sp DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-hair exist:FACT LNK _ nettle.sp DEM much NEG-APASS:PROP-bite:FACT
Translation: Although the white nettle has hairs, it does not sting as much as the black nettle.' (19-mtshalu2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003544#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mtsʰalɤɲaʁ cʰo mtsʰalɤɣrum nɯ ʁnaʁna kɯ kɯmtsɯɣ
Glosses: nettle.sp COMIT nettle.sp DEM both ERG GENR:S/O-bite:FACT
Translation: Both black and white nettle sting.' (11-mtshalu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme [tɤɕpʰɤt ɯkɯta] kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi pjɤtu ma nɯ ma kɯrɤtʂɯβ pjɤme .
Glosses: woman INDEF.POSS-patch 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-put SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small IFR.IPFV-exist LNK DEM apart.from SBJ:PCP-APASS-sew IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: There were a few women who made patches, but no (women) tailors.' (12-kAtsxWb) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003486#S100"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʁjoʁ ra kɯ tɯndza tuβzunɯ nɯra , ɲɯsɤnɤkʰunɯ ra pjɤɕti qʰe ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-servant PL ERG NMLZ:ACTION-eat IPFV-make-PL DEM:PL IPFV-APASS-invite-PL PL IFR.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Their servants were making food, they were inviting people.' (28-qajdoskAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003718#S131"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɕaχpa nɯra kɯ li , laχtɕʰa zɲɤsɤnɯsɯkʰonɯ
Glosses: the.aforementioned robber DEM:PL ERG again thing TRAL-IFR-APASS-rob-PL
Translation: The robbers had gone and robbed some people from their things.' (140512 alibaba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S107"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: Dai .Song ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , ɯɕaχpu nɯ kɯ ɲɤ́wɣsqɤr tɕe , nɤkinɯ , pjɤ́wɣzrɤrɤt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: ANTHR GEN FILLER 3SG.POSS-friend DEM ERG IFR-INV-ask.to.do LNK FILLER IFR-INV-CAUS-APPL-draw SENS-be
Translation: One of Dai Song's friend's asked him to draw something.' (2010-kewen-07)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɤri ɲɯ́wɣnɯβzu tɕe cʰɯ́wɣzrɤtʂɯβ ŋu
Glosses: LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-thread IPFV-INV-AUTO-make LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-APASS-sew BE:FACT
Translation: One [can] then make the thread and use it to sew things.' (13-tAsAsqAri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003496#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ tukɯti tɕe mɤʑɯ amɯtso .
Glosses: DEM IPFV-GENR-say LNK even.more DISTR-understand:FACT
Translation: If one says this, it is clearer (easier to understand).' (heard several times during elicitation sessions)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: api cʰo aʁi ni kɤsɯɤmɯtsotandʑi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling COMIT 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DU AOR-CAUS-RECIP-understand-PST:TR-1SG-DU
Translation: I helped my elder and younger brothers/sisters understanding each other.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrju tasɯɤmɯtso
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-word AOR:3→3-CAUS-???-understand
Translation: He spoke clearly'. (Literally: `He made the words understandable'; elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsosoz ndɤre , tɤamɯrmbɯ ʑo .
Glosses: next.morning LNK AOR-DISTR-pile.up EMPH
Translation: The next morning, [the bowl] was completely filled [with food].' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: taŋi tɤɣe tɕe ɣndʑɤβ amɤtɤlɯɣ ra ma ɲɯɤmɯzwɤr mbat
Glosses: drought AOR-come[II] LNK fire.hazard IRR-NEG-PFV-come.off be.needed:FACT LNK IPFV-DISTR-burn be.easy:FACT
Translation: When there is a drought, there should not be a fire as it can spread easily.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki ɣɯ ɯtɕʰa nɯnɯ , nɯɕimɯma ʑo rɟɤlkʰɤβ nɯtɕu ɲɤkɤmɯzwɤrci tɕe ɲɤkɤmɯsɯzci .
Glosses: DEM.PROX GEN 3SG.POSS-news DEM immediately EMPH kingdom DEM:LOC IFR-PEG-DISTR-burn-PEG LNK IFR-PEG-DISTR-know-PEG
Translation: The news about this spread in the whole kingdom like fire and became known to everyone.' (150820 meili de meiguihua-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006286#S79"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤndɤr nɯnɯ , … nɯβri rcanɯ , kɯso ɲɯme ʑo , ɲɯɤmɯzɣɯt ʑo ɲɯɬoʁ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-pustule DEM _ 3PL.POSS-body UNEXP:DEG SBJ:PCP-be.empty IPFV-not.exist EMPH IPFV-DISTR-reach EMPH IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: The pustules (…) come out evenly everywhere on their body, without any empty spot.' (27-kharwut) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003698#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tamar kɯnɤ , nɤki tɕʰorzi nɯ ɯmŋu me , ɯqa me nɯra ɲɯsɯɤmɯzɣɯt ʑo ɲɯmar ɲɯra
Glosses: LNK butter also FILLER alcohol.jar DEM 3SG.POSS-opening whether 3SG.POSS-bottom whether DEM:PL IPFV-CAUS-DISTR-reach EMPH IPFV-smear SENS-be.needed
Translation: [The jar maker] also to apply butter evenly to the opening and the bottom of the alcohol jar.' (30-kWrAfcAr) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003740#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ rgɤtpu nɯ pjɤmu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM old.man DEM IFR.IPFV-be.afraid LNK
Translation: The old man was afraid.' (140426 xiaohaizi he hua de shizi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɯŋgi nɯnɯ pjɤsɤɣmu tɕe pjɤnɯɣmu ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: lion DEM IFR.IPFV-PROP-be.afraid LNK IFR.IPFV-APPL-be.afraid SENS-be
Translation: The lion_i was terrifying and [the old man] was afraid of it_i.' (shizi yu nongfu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯtɕɯ nɯ fso tʰɯwxti tɕe tʰa aʑɯɣ mɤsɤscit
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-son DEM in.the.future AOR-be.big LNK later 1SG:GEN NEG-PROP-be.happy:FACT
Translation: When his son has grown up, it will not be a pleasant situation for me.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯxpa tɕe , wuma pjɤsɤmtsɯr
Glosses: one-year LNK really IPFV.IFR-PROP-be.hungry
Translation: One year, there was a famine.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯtɕu pjɯ́wɣrɤtɕaʁ apɯŋu tɕe , … ʑgrɯɣ ʑo kɯŋgio ɕti ma , nɯnɯ ɲɯsɤaʁdɤt kɯfse .
Glosses: DEM:LOC IPFV-INV-tread IRR-IPFV-be LNK _ certainly EMPH GENR:S/O-ACAUS:glide be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM SENS-PROP-slip SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: If one walks on [the moss], one will certainly slip, as it is slippery.' (03-zhenzhuquan-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003386#S25"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤndza] mɯpɯkɯnɤz ma sɤndɤɣ tutinɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: INF-eat NEG-PST.IPFV-GENR:S/A-dare LNK be.poisonous:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: We/people would not dare to eat it, because they say that it is poisonous.' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [kɤnɤjaʁ] mɤsɤnɤz ʑo ma tɯjaʁ kuotsa ɕti tɕe mŋɤm .
Glosses: LNK INF-touch NEG-PROP-dare:FACT EMPH LNK GENR.POSS-hand IPFV-prick.into be.AFF:FACT LNK hurt:FACT
Translation: It is such that people do not dare to touch it, as it pricks in one's hand and it hurts.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯfse kɯnɤŋkɯ~ŋke ɕea ma tɕe kʰa kɤrɤʑi ntsɯ ɲɯkɯdɯɣ
Glosses: like.that SBJ:PCP-DISTR:walk go:FACT-1SG LNK LNK house INF-stay always SENS-GENR:S/O-have.enough.of
Translation: I go to walk (without a special reason), because I don't feel well staying at home all the time.' (conversation, 2013-12-24)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kutɕu aʑosti ɲɯɕtia tɕe ɲɯsɤɣdɯɣ
Glosses: DEM:PROX:LOC 1SG-alone SENS-be.AFF-1SG LNK SENS-PROP-have.enough.of
Translation: I am here alone, and I am fed up of [being alone].' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯ kɯfse kɤrɤʑi] ɲɯdɯɣa .
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like INF-stay SENS-have.enough.of-1SG
Translation: I am fed up of living like that.' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003804#S31"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɤrɤʑi] wuma ʑo pjɤsɤɣdɯɣ .
Glosses: INF-stay really EMPH IFR.IPFV-PROP-have.enough.of
Translation: Living [there] was very difficult to endure.' (150827 taisui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006390#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯsŋi [mɯntoʁ ʁnɯz χsɯm jamar lúwɣtaʁ] ɲɯsɤcʰa
Glosses: one-day flower two three about IPFV:UPSTREAM-INV-weave SENS-PROP-can
Translation: In one day, it is possible to weave two or three patterns (on the belt).' (2011-06-thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βʑɯ [...], kɯsɤcʰa nɯra aʑo pjɯsata ŋu , mɤkɯsɤcʰa jɤkɯɤ<nɯ>ri nɯra nɯʑora kɯ pɯsatnɯ ra nɤ
Glosses: mouse _ SBJ:PCP-PROP-can DEM:PL 1SG IPFV-kill-1SG be:FACT NEG-SBJ:PCP-PROP-can AOR-<AUTO>go[II] DEM:PL 2PL ERG IMP-kill-PL be.needed:FACT SFP
Translation: The mice, I will kill the ones that (I) can (get), but the one that [I] cannot [get] and have gone away, you will have to kill them.' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe sɯŋgɯ kurɤʑi ɕti tɤɣa kɤmto me . ri [tumbri] nɯ sɤmtsʰɤm .
Glosses: LNK forest IPFV-stay be.AFF:FACT in.the.open OBJ:PCP-see not.exist:FACT LNK IPFV-make.noise DEM PROP-hear:FACT
Translation: It stays in the forest and is never seen in the open, but it can be heard singing.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯ mɯ́jlɤt tɕe tɤjmɤɣ mɯ́jsɤrndu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky NEG:SENS-release LNK mushroom NEG:SENS-PROP-obtain
Translation: It is not raining, and so it is not easy to find mushrooms.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrmi ɲɯsɤsɯz
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-name SENS-PROP-know
Translation: His name is well-known.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤʑɯ ɯrmi mɤkɯsɤspa xcat ɕti
Glosses: again 3SG.POSS-name NEG-SBJ:PCP-PROP-be.able be.many:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: There are many other [plants] whose name is not known.' (08-tWrgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003464#S51"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ajaʁ pɯɕke
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-hand AOR-burn
Translation: My hand was burnt.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: smi tʰaβlɯnɯ ri , pjɤsɤɕke qʰe , ʑakastaka jonɯrɤɕinɯ qʰe ,
Glosses: fire AOR:3→3-burn-PL LNK IFR.IPFV-PROP-burn LNK each.their.own IFR-AUTO-pull-PL LNK
Translation: They made a fire (and used their legs as tripods to make tea), but since it was burning, and each of them pulled [their legs] (and were not able to prepare food).' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <diandian> ʑo kɯrɤʑi ɲɯmɯɕtaʁ , tukɯŋke tɕe ɲɯsɤɕke
Glosses: shop EMPH GENR:S/O-stay SENS-be.cold IPFV-GENR:S/O-walk LNK SENS-PROP-burn
Translation: Staying in the shop it is cold, but walking [on the street] it is hot.' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtʰoʁ ɲɯsɤŋgio tɕe tɕoχtsi ɲɯ́wɣkio ɲɯkʰɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground SENS-PROP-ACAUS:glide LNK table IPFV-INV-glide SENS-be.possible
Translation: The ground is slippery, and one can move the table by making it glide on it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤwa nɯtʰamtɕɤt ʑo tʰɯwxti tɕe , nɯ kɯfse … ɕɯkɤɤlɯlɤt … cʰa ɕi kɯma , ɲɯsɤnɯzdɯɣ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-father so.much EMPH AOR-be.big LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like _ TRAL-INF-fight _ can:FACT QU SFP SENS-PROP-worry.about
Translation: Your father has become so old, can he go to war like that? He is cause of worry [for all of us].' (150828 huamulan-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006396#S19"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤβzjoz ɲɯmbat
Glosses: INF-learn SENS-be.easy
Translation: It is easy to learn.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si kɯwxtɯ~wxti ɲɯβze cʰa ma wuma ʑo ɲɯɣɤwxti .
Glosses: tree SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big IPFV-grow[III] can:FACT LNK really EMPH SENS-FACIL-be.big
Translation: It can grow into a hug tree, as it easily becomes huge.' (07-Zmbri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003438#S9"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme mɤkɯɲɟɯr , nɯnɯ mɤkɯɣɤrgɤz tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ tɤtʰo tusɤrminɯ ŋu .
Glosses: people NEG-SBJ:PCP-change DEM NEG-SBJ:PCP-FACIL-be.old LNK LNK DEM ANTHR IPFV-call-PL be:FACT
Translation: Persons who don't change, who don't age quickly, people call them `pines'.' (07-tAtho)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra iʑo jiji pɯkɤzmɤku nɯ iʑo ɯpʰɯt kuzmɤkuj ma ɲɯɣɤmda
Glosses: DEM:PL 1PL 1PL.POSS-field AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-be.first DEM 1PL 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:cut IPFV-CAUS-be.first-1PL LNK SENS-FACIL-be.the.time
Translation: Our fields, that have been [sowed] first, we harvest they first, because the [crops] ripen earlier [than in other places, higher up in altitude].' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa sɤtɕʰa nɯ waɟɯ ɲɯɣɤnmu .
Glosses: the.aforementioned place DEM earthquake SENS-FACIL-shake
Translation: Earthquakes are frequent in this place.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʁo ɯtɯɣɤmbi nɯ !
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-discourage(1) 3SG-NMLZ:DEG-FACIL-ACAUS:discourage(2) SFP
Translation: You are so easily discouraged!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtɤrʑaʁ ɯɲɯ́ɣɤɕe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-time QU-SENS-FACIL-go
Translation: Is the time passing quickly for you?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯɕqraʁ tɕe ɲɯɣɤɕɯftaʁ
Glosses: SENS-be.intelligent LNK SENS-FACIL-memorize
Translation: He is intelligent, he has a good memory.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe qaʑo kɯwxti nɯra ɣɯ qʰe , nɯrme ɲɯrɲɟi qʰe ɲɯnɯɣɯkrɤɣ , kɯxtɕi nɯra ɣɯ , nɯrme ɲɯxtɯt qʰe , mɯ́jnɯɣɯkrɤɣ .
Glosses: LNK sheep SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM:PL GEN LNK 3PL.POSS-hair SENS-be.long LNK SENS-FACIL-shear SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-hair SENS-be.short LNK NEG:SENS-FACIL-shear
Translation: The big sheep, their wool is long and thus easy to shear, the small ones, their wool is short and difficult to shear.' (160712 smAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci nɯ xɕaj ɯmdoʁ tsa ɯkɯndo nɯ mɤnɯɣɯmto . tɕe wuma ʑo mɯ~mɤpɯkɯtso nɤ mɤ́wɣmto
Glosses: INDEF DEM grass 3SG.POSS-colour a.little 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-take DEM NEG-FACIL-see:FACT LNK really EMPH COND~NEG-PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-understand LNK NEG-INV-see
Translation: The other one, which has the colour of grass, is not easy to see; unless you know it very well, you won't see it.' (07-Cku) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003424#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ mɯ́jnɯɣɯti
Glosses: DEM NEG:SENS-FACIL-say
Translation: This [meaning] is difficult to express (in Japhug).' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯnɯ tʰɤlwa ɲɯɣɲɯɣ zɯ toɕe qʰe , maka ɯmɤtɯnɯɣɯŋke pjɤsaχaʁ ʑo ,
Glosses: girl DEM earth IDPH(II):soft LOC IFR:UP-go LNK at.all 3SG.POSS-NEG-NMLZ:DEG-FACIL-walk PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: The girl went up the [path made of] soft earth, and it was extremely difficult to walk on it.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂu ɯrkɯ ɲɯɤrmbat tɕe , ɲɯnɯɣɯɕe
Glosses: path 3SG.POSS-side SENS-be.close LNK SENS-FACIL-go
Translation: [This place] is close to the road, it is easy to go there.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laʁjɯɣ nɤʑo tɤnɯndɤm je
Glosses: staff 2SG IMP-AUTO-take[III] SFP
Translation: Take the staff.' (2005 khu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤkinɯ , tɤtɯnɯrdoʁ , aj tɤnɯndota me
Glosses: 2SG FILLER AOR-2-pick.up 1SG AOR-AUTO-take-TR:PST-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: It is you who collected [the fruits], I did not take them.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lunɯrɤjinɯ tɕe , nɯkɤndza nɯra ʑara pjɯnɯtɕɤtnɯ pjɤŋu
Glosses: IPFV-AUTO-APASS-plant-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat DEM:PL 3PL IPFV-AUTO-take.out-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: (As they were receiving treatment), they were working in the fields, and earning their own food by themselves.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕom kɯ scoʁ cʰɯkɤsɯβzu nɯ , tɯtsʰi ɯŋgɯ nɯra apɯɤnɯrku qʰe ɲɯɲaʁ .
Glosses: iron ERG ladle IPFV-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make DEM rice.gruel 3SG.POSS-in DEM:PL IRR-IPFV-PASS-AUTO-put.in LNK IPFV-be.black
Translation: Ladles that are made of iron (iron ladles), whenever they are put in rice gruel, they blacken.' (30-Com) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003736#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯʁrɯ nɯnɯ tʰɯrgɤz tɕe tɕe nɯ ɯʑo pjɯɤ<nɯ>tɤr ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-horn DEM AOR-be.old LNK LNK DEM 3SG IPFV:DOWN-<auto>fall SENS-be
Translation: When its antlers age, they fall off by themselves.' (27-qartshAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pakuku ʑo junɯɕenɯ tɕe nɯtɕu li ɣɤ<nɯ>ʑu ɕti .
Glosses: every.year EMPH IPFV-come.back-PL LNK there again <AUTO>exist:SENS be.AFF:FACT
Translation: They come back every year, and it is still there.' (20 grWBgrWB)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <gaoyucheng> kɯ ɯlaχtɕʰa … pɯa<nɯ>sɯfkur ɣɯ ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɯjaʁ cʰɤtsɯm ri ,
Glosses: ANTHR ERG 3SG.POSS-thing _ PST.IPFV-<AUTO>PROG-carry DEM 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-hand IFR:DOWNSTREAM-take.away LNK
Translation: Gao Yucheng put his hand in the things (bag) that he was carrying on his back.' (150902 qixian-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe jikɤnɯraχtɕɤz ra jɤɣenɯ , iʑora tunɯʑɣɤraχtɕɤzi ,
Glosses: LNK 1PL-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-cherish PL AOR-come[II]-PL 1PL IPFV-AUTO-REFL-cherish-1PL
Translation: When people we cherish come, or when we [wish] to treat ourselves,' (30 macha)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tutɯ́wɣndza ɯɲɯsɯsɤm qʰe atɤtɯ́wɣnɯndza ɲɯntsʰi
Glosses: IPFV-2-INV-eat QU-IPFV-think[III] LNK IRR-PFV-2-INV-AUTO-eat SENS-be.better
Translation: If it wants to eat you, let it eat you!' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯnɯ , kɯ , nɯnɯtɕu kɯnɤ pjɤnnɯrga ɕti .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG DEM:LOC also IFR:IPFV-AUTO-APPL-like be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Even like that, the boy still loved her.' (140510 sanpian sheye-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003945#S117"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤku pɯnɯχtɕi
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-head IMP-AUTO-wash
Translation: Wash your head.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɯsroʁ konɯri ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG ERG 3SG.POSS-life IFR-AUTO-save SENS-be
Translation: He saved his own life.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯci ɯŋgɯ ɯʁrɯm pjɯkɯntɕʰɤr nɯ pjɤnɯmto tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in 3SG.POSS-shade IPFV-SBJ:PCP-shine DEM IFR-AUTO-see LNK
Translation: She saw her [own] reflection in the water.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrpa ci tolɤt ri , si nɯ ɯtaʁ mɯtoxtsɯɣ kɯ ɯʑo ɣɯ ɯjaʁ ʑo tonɯxtsɯɣ .
Glosses: axe once IFR-release LNK tree DEM 3SG.POSS-on NEG-IFR-hit ERG 3SG GEN 3SG.POSS-hand EMPH IFR-AUTO-hit
Translation: He swung the axe but did not hit the tree, and instead hit his own arm.' (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤtsa ra χsɯm nɯ kɯscɯ~scit ʑo kunɯrɤʑinɯ pjɤŋu ,
Glosses: COLL:family PL three DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.happy EMPH IPFV-AUTO-stay-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The three of them lived happily.' (Gesar 2003)