lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: wasal-a ar-raʔiːs-aːni ʔilaː dima∫q-a ʔamsi .
Glosses: arrive.PST-3SG.M the-president.M-DU.NOM in Damascus-ACC yesterday
Translation: The two presidents arrived in Damascus yesterday.’ VS (Ryding 2005: 66)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: al-ʔawlaːd-u raʔ-at bint-un
Glosses: the-boy.PL-NOM see.PST-3SG.F girl-NOM.INDF
Translation: The boys, a girl saw them.’ OVS (Mohammad 2000: 50)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔakal-a at-tuffaːħatu al-ʔawlaːd-u
Glosses: eat.PST-3SG.M the-apple the-boy.PL-NOM
Translation: The children ate the apple.’ VOS (Benmamoun 2000: 132)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: at-taːlibat-aːni ʔakal-*at/ataː
Glosses: the-student.F-DU.NOM eat.PST-*3SG.F/3DU.F
Translation: The two female students ate.’ SV
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔay-a at-tullaːb ʔaraf-uː/*-a al-ʔidӡaːbat-a ?
Glosses: which-ACC the-student.PL.M knew-3PL.M/3SG.M the-answer-ACC
Translation: Which students knew the answer?’ SVO (Alotaibi & Borsley 2013: 10)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kaːn-at / *kun-na at-taːlibaːt-u ya-ʔkul-na
Glosses: be.PST-3SG.F / be.PST-3PL.F the-student.PL.F-NOM 3-eat-PL.F
Translation: The female students were eating.’ Aux SV (Benmamoun 2000: 122)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: at-taːlibaːt-u *kaːn-at / kun-na ya-ʔkul-na
Glosses: the-student.PL.F-NOM be.PST-3SG.F / be.PST-3PL.F 3-eat-PL.F
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *kaːn-at / *kun-na *ta-ʔkul / *ya-ʔkul-na at-taːlibaːt-u
Glosses: be.PST-3SG.F / be.PST-3PL.F 3SG.F-eat / 3-eat-PL.F the-student.PL.F-NOM
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kun-na / *kaːn-at ya-ʔkul-na
Glosses: be.PST-3PL.F / be.PST-3SG.F 3-eat-PL.F
Translation: They (female) were eating.’ Aux V (Benmamoun 2000: 126)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (hum) qaraʔ-uː ad-dars-a
Glosses: they.M read.PST-3PL.M the-lesson-ACC
Translation: They read the lesson.’ SV (Soltan 2006)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: qaraʔ-uː/-*a (hum-u) ad-dars-a
Glosses: read.PST-3PL.M/*3SG.M they.M-EV the-lesson-ACC                                      VS (Soltan 2006)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: at-tullaːb-u ðahab-uː
Glosses: the-student.PL.M-NOM go.PST-3PL.M
Translation: The students left.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 95)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: at-tullaːb-u lam ya-ðhab-uː
Glosses: the-student.PL.M-NOM NEG.PST 3-go-PL.M
Translation: The students did not leave.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 95)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *at-tullaːb-u lam ðahab-uː
Glosses: the-student.PL.M-NOM NEG.PST go.PST-3PL.M
Translation: The students did not leave.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 96)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *lam t-tullaːb-u ya-ðhab-uː
Glosses: NEG.PST the-student.PL.M-NOM 3-go-PL.M
Translation: The students did not leave.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 97)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *lam l-baːriħat yu-saːfir xaːlid
Glosses: NEG.PST the-yesterday 3SG.M-travel Khalid
Translation: Khalid did not travel yesterday.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 97)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔinna an-nisaːʔ-a daxal-na makaːtib-a=hunna
Glosses: that the-women-ACC entered-PL.F office.PL-ACC=their.F
Translation: that the women entered their offices’ (Ackema & Neeleman 2003: 726)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ħaːwal-ta ʔan ta-ʔkul-a tufaħa .
Glosses: try.PST-2SG.M SM 2.M-eat-SG.SBJV apple
Translation: You tried to eat an apple.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *al-walad-a₁ yumkinu [ ʔanna t₁ ɣaːdar-a ]
Glosses: the-boy-ACC may  that  left-3SG.M 
Translation: The boy may have left.’ (Albaty 2019: 51)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: al-walad-u₁ yumkinu [ ʔan yu-ɣaːdir-a t₁ ]
Glosses: the-boy-NOM may  SM 3-leave-SG.M.SBJV  
Translation: the boy may leave’ (Albaty 2019: 54)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *yumkinu daːʔiman [ ʔan ya-drus-a ʔaħmad-u daːʔiman ]
Glosses: may always  SM 3-study-SG.M.SBJV Ahmad-NOM always 
Translation: Intended: ‘Ahmad is always capable of always studying.’ (Albaty 2019: 59)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: yumkinu daːʔiman [ ʔan ya-drus-a ʔaħmad-u bijidin ]
Glosses: may always  SM 3-study-SG.M.SBJV Ahmad-NOM seriously 
Translation: Ahmad is always capable of studying seriously.’ (Albaty 2019: 59)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *nasi-a ʔaħmad-u [ ʔan yu-ħdar-a at-taʕaːm-u . ]
Glosses: forgot.ACT-3SG.M Ahmad-NOM  SM 3-bring.PASS-SG.M.SBJV the-food-NOM 
Translation: Intended: ‘Ahmad forgot the food to be brought.’ (Albaty 2019: 204)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *nusi-a [ ʔan yu-ħdir-a ʔaħmad-u at-taʕaːm-a ]
Glosses: forgot.PASS-3SG.M  SM 3-bring.ACT-SG.M.SBJV Ahmad-NOM the-food-NOM 
Translation: Intended: ‘It was forgotten that Ahmad brought the food.’ (Albaty 2019: 205)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔakal-at at-taːlibaːt-u
Glosses: eat.PST-3SG.F the-student.PL.F-NOM
Translation: The female students ate.’ VS (Benmamoun 2000: 121)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ↪ [π:3 , ɣ:f] ⇐ [ɣ:f] ↔ /-at/
Glosses: ↪ [π:3, ɣ:f] ⇐ /-at/
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ðakar-a ʔanna l-ʕarab-a ʔaʕtaw-haː sm-a-haː .
Glosses: mention.PST-3SG.M that the-Arab-ACC gave-her name-ACC-her
Translation: He mentioned that the Arabs gave it its name.’ (Ryding 2005: 426)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔinna l-ʔamal-a taħawwal-at ʔilaː ʔawhaːm-in .
Glosses: indeed the-hope-ACC turn.PST-3SG.F into delusion-GEN.INDF
Translation: Indeed, the hope turned into delusions.’ (Ryding 2005: 423)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kaːn-a l-safiːr-u (qad) wasal-a masaːʔ-a l-dӡumʕat-i .
Glosses: be.PST-3SG.M the-ambassador-NOM (PTCL) arrive.PERF-3SG.M evening-ACC the-Friday-GEN
Translation: The ambassador had arrived Friday evening.’ (Ryding 2005: 448)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kaːn-a dӡaːsuːs-an .
Glosses: be.PST-3SG.M spy-ACC.INDF
Translation: He was a spy.’ (Ryding 2005: 635)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: laː yumkinu ʔan ya-kuːn-a ʕarabiyy-an .
Glosses: NEG.PRS may SM 3-be-SG.M.SBJV Arab-ACC.INDF
Translation: It is not possible that he is an Arab.’ (Ryding 2005: 636)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: kun-tu mutaʔakkid-an .
Glosses: be.PST-1SG certain-ACC.INDF
Translation: I was certain.’ (Ryding 2005: 635)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: sa-ʔa-kuːn-u mutaʔakkid-an .
Glosses: FUT-1SG-be-1 certain-ACC.INDEF
Translation: I will be certain.’ (Ryding 2005: 635)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔanaː (*ʔa-kuːn) mutaʔakkid-an .
Glosses: I 1SG-be certain-ACC.INDF
Translation: I am certain.’ (Ryding 2005: 634)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ya-kuːn l-dӡawwu ħaːrran fiː s-sayfi
Glosses: 3SG.M-be the-weather hot in the-summer
Translation: The weather is usually hot in the summer.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 47)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔayy fustaan Fariid kaal innu I-bint ishtarat t ?
Glosses: which dress Farid said that the-girl bought 
Translation: Which dress did Farid say that the girl bought?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *ʔayy bint Fariid kaal innu t ishtarat l-fustaan ?
Glosses: which girl Farid said that  bought the-dress
Translation: Which girl did Farid say that bought the dress?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Quante ragazze *le hanno / gli ha parlato con te ?
Glosses: how.many girls 3PL have.3PL  3SG.M have.3SG spoken with you
Translation: How many girls spoke with you?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ha-arie [ e= (*hu) taraf et ha-yeled ]
Glosses: the-lion  that 3SG.M devoured ACC the-boy 
Translation: Lit.: ‘the lion that he devoured the boy
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ha-yeled [ e= Rina ohevet (oto) ].
Glosses: the-boy  that Rina loves ACC.3SG.M 
Translation: Lit.: the boy that Rina loves (him)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔayy bint Fariid kaal inn=ha t ishtarat l-fustaan ?
Glosses: which girl Farid said that=her  bought the-dress
Translation: Lit.: ‘Which girl did Farid say that she bought the dress?’ (Kenstowicz 1989: 264)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Fariid kaal *innu/inn=ha t ishtarat l-fustaan .
Glosses: Farid said that/that=her  bought the-dress
Translation: Lit.: ‘Farid said that she bought the dress.’ (Kenstowicz 1989: 264f.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: man qaːl-a ʔaħmad ʔanna mona raʔ-at
Glosses: who said-3SG.M Ahmad that Mona see.PST-3SG.F
Translation: Who did Ahmad say that Mona saw?’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 55)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *ʔayy-u bint-in qaːl-a ʔaħmad ʔanna raʔ-at ʕali
Glosses: which-NOM girl-GEN.INDF said-3SG.M Ahmad that see.PST-3SG.F Ali
Translation: Which girl did Ahmad say that saw Ali?’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 55)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔayy-u bint-in qaːl-a ʔaħmad ʔanna-ha raʔ-at ʕali
Glosses: which-NOM girl-GEN.INDF said-3SG.M Ahmad that-her see.PST-3SG.F Ali
Translation: Which girl did Ahmad say that she saw Ali?’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 55)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: al-makaːn-u [ lladhiː ta-qsid-u-hu ] hunaː .
Glosses: the-place-NOM  REL.SG.M 2-seek-SG.M-him  here
Translation: The place which you seek (it) is here.’ (Ryding 2005: 324)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: al-siyyaːħ-u [ lladhiːna (*hum) ya-sil-uːna kulla yawm-in ]
Glosses: the-tourists-NOM  REL.PL.M them 3-arrive-PL.M every day-GEN.INDF 
Translation: the tourists who arrive every day’ (Ryding 2005: 323)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: al-siyyaːħ-u [ lladhiːna (*hum) kulla yawm-in (*hum) ya-sil-uːna (*hum) ]
Glosses: the-tourists-NOM  REL.PL.M them every day-GEN.INDF them 3-arrive-PL.M them
Translation: the tourists who arrive every day
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ∫ay-an ∫arib-a zayd-un laː ʕasiːr-an
Glosses: tea-ACC.INDF drank-3SG.M Zayd-NOM.INDF NEG.PRS juice-ACC.INDF
Translation: It was tea that Zayd drank, not juice.’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 202)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔa-ðunn-u ʔanna fiː badhdaːd-a ħasal-a l-ʔittifaːq-u
Glosses: 1SG-think.1 that in Baghdad-ACC happened-3SG.M the-agreement-NOM
Translation: I think that in Baghdad, the agreement took place.’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 203)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: qurrir-a [ ʔan yu-ħdir-a ʔaħmad-u at-taʕaːm-a ]
Glosses: decided.PASS-3SG.M  SM 3-bring-SG.M.SBJV Ahmad-NOM the-food-ACC 
Translation: It was decided for Ahmad to bring the food.’ (Albaty 2019: 205)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ʔakal-a at-tuffaːħata al-ʔawlaːd-u
Glosses: eat.PST-3SG.M the-apple the-boy.PL-NOM
Translation: The children ate the apple.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 132)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: al-ʔawlaːd-u dӡaːʔ-uː
Glosses: the-boy.PL-NOM came-3PL.M
Translation: The children came.’ (Alotaibi & Borsley 2013: 9)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *ʔawlaːd-un dӡaːʔ-uː
Glosses: boy.PL-NOM.INDF came-3PL.M
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Laː ʔaħad ʔakal-a at-tuffaːħa
Glosses: NEG somebody eat.PST-3SG.M the-apple
Translation: Nobody ate the apple.
Language: Moroccan Arabic
Transcription: kla-w lə-wlad
Glosses: eat.PST-3PL the-children
Language: Moroccan Arabic
Transcription: lə-wlad kla-w
Glosses: the-children eat.PST-3PL
Translation: The children ate.
Language: Levantine Arabic
Transcription: Neem-o lə-wlaad
Glosses: sleep.PST-3PL the-children
Language: Levantine Arabic
Transcription: Lə-wlaad neem-o
Glosses: the-children sleep.PST-3PL
Translation: The children slept.
Language: Levantine Arabic
Transcription: el-sseby-an ʕam y-erkud-u
Glosses: the-boy-PL PROG 3.M-run-PL
Language: Levantine Arabic
Transcription: ʕam y-erkud-u el-sseby-an
Glosses: PROG 3.M-run-PL the-boy-PL
Translation: The boys are running.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: La Maria *(la) riva
Glosses: the Maria 3SG.F arrive
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (*La) riva la Maria
Glosses: 3SG.F arrive the Maria
Translation: Maria arrives.’ (Samek-Lodovici 2002 based on Saccon 1993)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: La e rivada ieri , la Maria
Glosses: 3SG.F is arrived yesterday the Maria
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *La e rivá , la Maria ieri
Glosses: 3SG.F is arrived the Maria yesterday
Translation: Maria has arrived yesterday.’ (Saccon 1993: 111)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: L e venu la vivano
Glosses: 3SG.M is come.M.SG the fairy.F.SG
Translation: The fairy has arrived.’ (Fassan, Haiman & Benincá 1992: 176)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: lays-a t-taːlib-u ya-ktub-u ∫-∫iʕr
Glosses: NEG-3SG.M the-student.SG.M-NOM 3-write-SG.M the-poetry
Translation: The student does not write poetry.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 8)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: al-ʔawlaːd-u ya-llab-uː-n
Glosses: the-boy.PL-NOM 3-play-PL.M-IND
Translation: The children are playing.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 32)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ya-llab al-ʔawlaːd-u
Glosses: 3-play the-boy.PL-NOM
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: José=ra [<pro> Rosa oin-ax] xobo-n ka-ke .
Glosses: José=EV he Rosa see-SS.ABS house-LOC go-PFV
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [José-kan Rosa oin-ke-tian]=ra , (ja) xobo-n ka-ke .
Glosses: José-ERG Rosa see-PFV-DS=EV 3SG home-LOC go-PFV
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohana a-a-bon-a Maria . (Lubukusu)
Glosses: John CL1-PST-see-FV Mary 
Translation: John saw Mary.’ (* with a-a-i-bon-a)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohana a-a-i-bon-a omw-eene . (Lubukusu , AnQ: 2)
Glosses: John CL1-PST.REFL-see-FV CL1-own 
Translation: John saw himself.’ (* with a-a-bon-a)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mi-n=ra shino chekeren-ke . (Shipibo , PV: 781)
Glosses: 2SG-ERG=EV capuchin.monkey.ABS tickle-PFV 
Translation: You tickled the monkey.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mi-a=ra chekere-mee[t]-ke .
Glosses: 2SG-ABS=EV tickle-REFL.PFV
Translation: You tickled yourself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [José-kan Rosa oin-a]=ra , <pro> xobo-n ka-ke .
Glosses: José-ERG Rosa see-OS=EV she house-LOC go-PFV
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohana a-a-i-bon-a omw-eene .
Glosses: John CL1-PST.REFL-see-FV CL1-own
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ba-khasi ba-a-fwochol-a Yohan . 
Glosses: CL2-woman CL2.PST-describe-FV John 
Translation: The women described John.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ba-khasi ba-a-i-fwochol-a (bab-eene). (AnQ: 34)
Glosses: CL2-woman CL2-PST-REFL-praise-FV CL2-own 
Translation: The women described themselves.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ba-khasi ba-a-fwochol-an-a (bab-eene khu b-eene). (AnQ: 34)
Glosses: CL2-woman CL2.PST-praise-RECIP.FV CL2-own on CL2-own 
Translation: The women described each other.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wekesa a-a-i-siim-a omw-eene lukali . (?…lukali omw-eene)
Glosses: Wekesa CL1-TNS-REFL-love-FV CL1-own much much CL1-own
Translation: Wekesa loves himself a lot.’ (S&S: 40)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bab-aana ba-a-siim-an-a bab-eene khu b-eene lukali . (?…lukali b . khu b .)
Glosses: CL2-child CL2.TNS-love-RECIP.FV CL2-own on CL2-own much 
Translation: The children love each other a lot.’ (S&S: 41)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ba-khasi ba-a-i-fwochol-a {Ø / bab-eene / *ni-bo}. (AnQ: 34)
Glosses: CL2-woman CL2-PST-REFL-praise-FV Ø / CL2-own / 3SG.CL2 
Translation: The women described themselves/*them.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maria a-a-i-elesy-a omw-eene si-anua . (AnQ: 39)
Glosses: Mary CL1-PST-REFL-gave-FV CL1-own CL7-gift 
Translation: Mary gave herself a gift.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Maria a-a-w-a bab-aana bab-eene . (AnQ: 4)
Glosses: Maria CL1-PST-give-FV CL2-child CL2-own 
Translation: Maria gave the children themselves.’ (not *a-a--w-a)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Yohana a-a-i-okesy-a bab-aana omw-eene .
Glosses: Yohana CL1-PST-REFL-show-FV CL2-child CL1-own
Translation: (‘John showed the children himself.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: OK: Yohana a-a-i-okesy-a omw-eene khu b-aana . (AnQ: 39)
Glosses:  John CL1-PST-REFL-show-FV CL1-own to CL2-children 
Translation: John showed himself to the children.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohana a-a-(*i)-kachul-il-a Maria khu omw-eene . (AnQ: 39)
Glosses: John CL1-PST-(*REFL)-tell-APPL.FV Maria on CL1-own 
Translation: John told Mary about himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ??Yohana a-a-i-indekheleel-a khu omw-eene . (AnQ: 37)
Glosses: John CL1-TNS-REFL-worry-FV on CL1-own 
Translation: (‘John worries about himself.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Paulo a-a-(*i)-tib-i-a bi-raro bi-ewe . (AnQ: 13)
Glosses: Paul CL1-PST-(*REFL)-lost-ASP.FV CL13-shoe CL13-his 
Translation: Paul lost his shoes.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nicki a-a-chanu-a li-chune li-ewe omw-eene . (AnQ: 41)
Glosses: Nick CL1.PST-comb-FV CL5-hair CL5-his CL1-own 
Translation: Nick combed his own hair.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jack a-a-lom-a a-li omw-eene a-li omu-miliyu . (not *a-a-i-lom-a)
Glosses: Jack CL1.PST-say-FV CL1-that CL1-own CL1-be CL1-smart  (AnQ: 52)
Translation: Jack said that he is smart.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Yohanna a-a-i-bukul-a omw-eene khu-b-a omu-miliyu . (AnQ: 55)
Glosses: John CL1-TNS-REFL-consider-FV CL1-own INF-be-FV CL1-smart 
Translation: John considers himself to be smart.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hari {∅ /tann-annu/ tann-annu-taane / *awan-nu} hoDe-du-ko-ND-a .
Glosses: Hari {∅ / self-ACC/ self-ACC-self/ *he-ACC} hit-ASP-REFL-PST-3.SG.M
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Rashmi-ge Hari/tannu ishta-aada . (*ishta-aad-du-ko-ND-aLu)
Glosses: Rashmi-DAT Hari.NOM/self.NOM liking-becomes (*liking-become-ASP-REFL-PST-3.SG.F)
Translation: Rashmi likes Hari/herself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: E-n=ra bake boex-ai . (PV: 265)
Glosses: 1SG-ERG=EV child.ABS comb-IPFV 
Translation: I comb the child.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: E-a=ra boexe-t-ai .
Glosses: 1SG-ABS=EV comb-REFL.IPFV
Translation: I comb myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Oa rabé=ra boexe-anan-ai .
Glosses: DIST two=EV comb-RECIP-IPFV
Translation: These two comb each other.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wesna=ra Tsoma keen-ai . (PV: 785)
Glosses: Wesna.ABS=EV Tsoma.ABS want-IPFV 
Translation: Wesna loves/wants Tsoma.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wesna=ra ja-n-bi-x keen-ai . (not *kee-meet-ai)
Glosses: Wesna.ABS=EV 3-NOM-EM-S want-IPFV  want-REFL.IPFV
Translation: Wesna loves/wants herself.’ (Also ‘Wesna herself wants him/her/it.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wesna=ra kirika bo-ma-kaa[t]-ke . (PV: 785)
Glosses: Wesna.ABS=EV letter.ABS carry-CAUS-REFL-PFV 
Translation: Wesna sent a letter to herself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jabo=ra piti meni-anan-ke . (fieldnotes)
Glosses: they.ABS=EV food give-RECIP-PFV 
Translation: They gave each other food.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wesna-n=ra chomo ja pekáo a-ke . (PV: 787)
Glosses: Wesna-ERG=EV jar.ABS 3 behind do-PFV 
Translation: Wesna put the jar behind her(self).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ja-n=ra jawen poi rete-ke . (PV: 787)
Glosses: 3-ERG=EV 3.POSS opposite.sex.sibling.ABS kill-PFV 
Translation: She killed her brother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wesna=ra Tsoma-ki siná-ke . (PV: 783)
Glosses: Wesna=EV Tsoma-DAT get.angry.at-PFV 
Translation: Wesna got angry at Tsoma.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Wesna=ra siná-ke .
Glosses: Wesna=EV get.angry.at-PFV
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Apo jo-ke-tian=ra , e-n [pro] oina iki . (Baker 2015: 203)
Glosses: president come-PFV-DS=EV I-ERG (him) see AUX 
Translation: When the president came, I saw him.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: E-a=ra [self ?] mashi-n mii-mee[t]-ke . (PV: 792)
Glosses: I-ABS=EV [self] sand-LOC bury-REFL.PFV 
Translation: I buried myself in the sand.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jabo=ra joi yoi-anan-ai . (PV: 812)
Glosses: they.ABS=EV word.ABS tell-RECIP-IPFV 
Translation: They tell each other stories.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ləmma Almaz-ɨn tarik-u-n nəggər-at . (*nəggər-ə-w)
Glosses: Lemma.M Almaz.F-ACC story.M-DEF-ACC tell-(3.M.S)-3.F.O (*tell-3.M.S-3.M.O)
Translation: Lemma told Almaz the story.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Almaz tarik-u-(*n) tə-nəgr-ow-at nəbbər .
Glosses: Almaz.F story.M-(*ACC) PASS-tell-3..GER-3.F.O AUX
Translation: The story was told (to) Almaz.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bimi-n=ra Rosa joshin-xon-ke . (fieldnotes; PV: 694)
Glosses: fruit-ERG=EV Rosa.ABS ripen-APPL.PFV 
Translation: The fruit ripened for Rosa.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jabo=ra kokoti-bo be-xon-anan-ai . 
Glosses: they=EV fruit-PL bring-APPL-RECIP-IPFV 
Translation: They bring fruit for each other.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Shukuvenã yuina ui-veran-i .
Glosses: Shukuvena.ERG bird see-come-IPFV
Translation: Shukuvena is coming looking at birds.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Shukuvena a-vi ui-keran-i .
Glosses: Shukuvena.NOM 3-self see-come-IPFV
Translation: Shukuvena is coming looking at himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: K-askanek-s ne karistatsi au-tate-nohare-’.
Glosses: 1SG.S-wish-IPFV NE stove OPT.N.SG.S-REFL-wash-PFV
Translation: I wish the stove would wash itself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: K-askanek-s au-tate-rist-ohare-‘.
Glosses: 1SG.S-wish-IPFV OPT.N.SG.S-REFL-stove-wash-PFV
Translation: I wish the stove would wash itself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Guʃin  a-lag-eb-d-a samzareulo-s .
Glosses: yesterday grandma.NOM VER-clean-SF-SM-IPFV.3SG kitchen-DAT
Translation: G cleaned the kitchen yesterday.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bebia  a-lag-eb-d-a samzareulo-s .
Glosses: grandma.NOM yesterday VER-clean-SF-SM-IPFV.3SG kitchen-DAT
Translation: Grandma cleaned the kitchen .
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Giorgi-s mosts’on-s dzalian lamaz-i gogo Tbilisi-dan .
Glosses: Giorgi-DAT like-PRS.3SG very beautiful-NOM girl.NOM Tbilisi-from
Translation: Giorgi likes a very beautiful girl from Tbilisi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lamaz-ma kalbat’on-ma k’aba mo-i-zom-a .
Glosses: beautiful-ERG lady-ERG dress.NOM PRV-VER-try-AOR.3SG
Translation: A beautiful lady tried on a dress.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mebadur-ma da-i-tʃ’ir-a zvigen-i ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi .
Glosses: fisherman-ERG PRV-VER-catch-AOR.3SG shark-NOM last_year summer-LOC
Translation: The fisherman caught a shark last summer.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ra mo-xd-a ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: what PRV-happen-AOR.3SG last_year summer-LOC
Translation: What happened last summer?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ra da-i-tʃ’ir-a mebadur-ma ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: what PRV-VER-catch-AOR.3SG fisherman-ERG last_year summer-LOC
Translation: What did the fisherman catch last summer?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Vin da-i-tʃ’ir-a zvigen-i ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: what PRV-VER-catch-AOR.3SG shark-NOM last_year summer-LOC
Translation: Who caught a shark last summer?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ra ga-a-k’et-a mebadur-ma ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: what PRV-VER-do-AOR.3SG fisherman-ERG last_year summer-LOC
Translation: What did the fisherman do last summer?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Rvapexa da-i-tʃ’ir-a mebadur-ma ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: octopus.NOM PRV-VER-catch-AOR.3SG fisherman-ERG last_year summer-LOC
Translation: Did the fisherman catch an octopus last summer?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: S₁  S S V₁  V V
Glosses: Ma | ri | a | mi sa | di | lob | da
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mariami     sadilobda .
Glosses: ‘Mariami     dined.’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gasul ɣame-s Mariami/M sadil-ob-d-a .
Glosses: last night-DAT Mariami.NOM dine-SF-SM-IPFV.3SG
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Bebia guʃin dilas /samzareulo-s a-lag-eb-d-a .
Glosses: grandma.NOM yesterday morning kitchen-DAT VER-clean-SF-SM-IPFV.3SG
Translation: Grandma cleaned the /kitchen yesterday morning.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-wa [ Jiro-ga ki-ta toyuu uwasa]-o kii-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  J-NOM come-PST that.say rumor-ACC hear-PST
Translation: Taro heard the rumor that Jiro came.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-wa [ Jiro-ga ki-ta toyuu shooko]-o mitsuke-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  J-NOM come-PST that.say evidence-ACC find-PST
Translation: Taro found the evidence that Jiro came.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-wa [ Jiro-ga ki-ta no]-o mi-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  J-NOM come-PST NO-ACC see-PST
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-wa [ Jiro-ga ki-ta koto]-o shit-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  J-NOM come-PST KOTO-ACC know-PST
Translation: Taro found out that Jiro came.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Erika-ga/wa kekkon shi-ta toyuu uwasa]
Glosses:  E-NOM/TOP marriage do-PST that.say rumor
Translation: the rumor that Erika got married
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Erika-ga/*wa ec kat-ta kuruma]
Glosses:  E-NOM/*TOP  buy-PST car
Translation: a/the car Erika bought
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-wa [ kawai-ta taoru]-o tanon-da .
Glosses: T-TOP  dry-PST towel-ACC ask-PST
Translation: Taro asked for a dry towel/a dried towel.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-wa [ taoru-ga kawai-ta toyuu hookoku]-o shi-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  towel-NOM dry-PST that.say report-ACC do-PST
Translation: Taro made a report that the towel dried.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Mary-o watashi-wa [ ec Bill-ni  shookaishi-ta-i toyuu kiboo]-o mottei-ru .
Glosses: M-ACC I-TOP  B-DAT  introduce-want-NPST that.say desire-ACC have-NPST
Translation: I have a desire such that I want to introduce Mary to Bill.’ (Haig 1976: 369; (25))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Ano hon-o watashi-wa [ ec  kai-ta hito]-ni ai-ta-i .
Glosses: that book-ACC I-TOP   write-PST person-to meet-want-NPST
Translation: (‘I want to meet the person who wrote that book.’) (Haig 1976: 370; (30))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?Bill-o John-ga [ Mary-ga  saketei-ru toyuu uwasa]-o kii-ta .
Glosses: B-ACC J-NOM  M-NOM  avoid-NPST that.say rumor-ACC hear-PST
Translation: John heard a rumor that Mary is avoiding Bill.’ (Saito 1985: 246; (146b))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ?*Ano hon-o John-ga [ ec  kat-ta hito]-o sagashitei-ru rasii .
Glosses: that book-ACC J-NOM   buy-PST person-ACC search-NPST seem
Translation: (‘It seems that John is looking for the person who bought that book.’) (Saito 1985: 246; (146a))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hyooronka-wa [ kyonen goosutoraitaa-ga (sono) shoosetsu-o kai-ta-to] shinjitei-ru .
Glosses: commentator-TOP  last.year ghost.writer-NOM (the) novel-ACC write-PST-COMP believe-NPST
Translation: The commentator believes that the ghost-writer wrote (the) novel last year.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Sono) shoosetsu-o hyooronka-wa [ kyonen goosutoraitaa-ga  kai-ta-to] shinjitei-ru .
Glosses: (the) novel-ACC commentator-TOP  last.year ghost.writer-NOM  write-PST-COMP believe-NPST
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hyooronka-wa [ kyonen goosutoraitaa-ga (sono) shoosetsu-o kai-ta toyuu hoodoo-o] shinjitei-ru .
Glosses: commentator-TOP  last.year ghost.writer-NOM (the) novel-ACC write-PST that.say news-ACC believe-NPST
Translation: The commentator believes the news that the ghost-writer wrote (the) novel last year.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Sono) shoosetsu-o hyooronka-wa [ kyonen goosutoraitaa-ga  kai-ta toyuu hoodoo-o] shinjitei-ru .
Glosses: (the) novel-ACC commentator-TOP  last.year ghost.writer-NOM  write-PST that.say news-ACC believe-NPST
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-ga sore-o teniire-ta toyuu/*∅ uwasa
Glosses: T-NOM it-ACC obtain-PST that.say rumor
Translation: the rumor that Taro obtained it’ (Fukui 1998: 513; (26))
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-wa Hanako-ga ki-ta to/tte/*∅ it-ta/omot-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP H-NOM come-PST TO.TTE say-PST/think-PST
Translation: Taro thought/said (that) Hanako came.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-ga sore-o teniire-ta tte/∅ yuu uwasa
Glosses: T-NOM that-ACC obtain-PST TTE YUU rumor
Translation: the rumor that Taro obtained that
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ Erika-ga ec kat-ta toyuu kuruma]
Glosses:  E-NOM  buy-PST that.say car
Translation: a/the car Erika bought
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ dareka-ga samma-o yak-u nioi]
Glosses:  someone-NOM mackerel-ACC broil-NPST smell
Translation: the smell of someone broiling a mackerel.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *[ dareka-ga samma-o yak-u toyuu nioi]
Glosses:  someone-NOM mackerel-ACC broil-NPST that.say smell
Translation: (‘the smell of someone broiling a mackerel.’)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /m , n , ɲ , ŋ/ → [mᵖ , nᵗ , nˢ , ŋᵏ] / [ __{V , w , ɾ , j}
Glosses: b .  → [m, n, ɲ, ŋ] / [__Ṽ
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /p , t , s , k/ → [ᵐp , ⁿt , ⁿs , k] / Ṽ__
Glosses: b .  → [p, t, s, k] / V__
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /nɔ/ → [ĩnᵗɔ] ‘eye’
Glosses: b . /ŋo/ → [ĩŋᵏo] ‘water’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /mɔ-ɲĩ/ → [ĩmᵖɔɲĩ ~ mᵖɔɲĩ ~ pɔɲĩ] ‘beef’
Glosses: b . /nɔ-pɤ̃ː/ → [ĩnᵗɔpɤ̃ː ~ nᵗɔpɤ̃ː ~ tɔpɤ̃ː] ‘small hole’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /tu/ → [tu ~ itu] ‘stomach’
Glosses: b . /pẽː/ → [pẽː ~ ipẽː] ‘language’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /paː-kɤ/ → [paːkɤ], *[ipaːkɤ] ‘shoe’
Glosses: b . /nɤ̃ɲo/ → [nɤ̃nˢo], *[ĩnɤ̃nˢo] ‘mouse’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /ŋjẽ-ma/ → [ĩŋᵏjẽmᵖa] ‘my liver’
Glosses: b . /ŋjẽ-pa/ → [ĩŋᵏjẽpa ~ ĩŋᵏjẽᵐpa] ‘my arm’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /kjɤ̃-ɲi/ → [kjɤ̃nˢi] ‘big head’
Glosses: b . /kjɤ̃-si/ → [kjɤ̃si ~ kjɤ̃ⁿsi] ‘skull’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /mĩ-ŋɾɛ/ → [mĩŋᵏɾɛ] ‘caiman egg’
Glosses: b . /mĩ-kɾɛ / → [mĩkɾɛ ~ mĩkɾɛ] ‘caiman burrow’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /tõ-nɔ/ → [tõnᵗɔ] ‘sibling’s eye’
Glosses: b . /sõtɔ/ → [sõtɔ ~ sõⁿtɔ] ‘tongue’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /mĩ-nɔ/ → [mĩnᵗɔ] ‘caiman eye’
Glosses: b . /mĩ-tɛ/ → [mĩtɛ ~ mĩⁿtɛ] ‘caiman leg’
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . Early falling  b . Late falling
Glosses:  (H L L)   (H H L)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . /ts/    b . /tʃ/
Glosses:  (t s s)     (t t ʃ)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . IDENT(p³)/_V ≫ IDENT(m³)/_V
Glosses: b . IDENT(m)/_V ≫ IDENT(m)/V_
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . Martha saw Susan’s picture of herself
Glosses: b . John made Bill hit himself
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: a . *John saw herself
Glosses: b . *Sarah washed themselves
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á Kēví tshē ba̋
Glosses: 1SG Kevi praise PROG
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nó lēʃə́dà phrə̅ tiō
Glosses: 2SG book read FUT
Translation: You will read the book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á ā-thuó *(ā-)tshē ba̋
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ 1SG-SELF *(1SG-)praise PROG
Translation: I am praising myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: puō puō-thuó *(puō-)tshē ba̋
Glosses: 3SG 3SG-SELF *(3SG-)praise PROG
Translation: He is praising himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nó n̄-thuó *(n̄-)tshē ba̋
Glosses: 2SG.SBJ 2SG-SELF *(2SG.OBJ-)praise PROG
Translation: You are praising yourself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: hiékō hiékō-thuó *(hiékō-)tshē ba̋
Glosses: 1PL.EXCL 1PL.EXCL-SELF *(1PL.EXCL-)praise PROG
Translation: We (but not you) are praising ourselves.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ūkō ūkō-thuó *(ūkō-)tshē ba̋
Glosses: 3PL 3PL-SELF *(3PL-)praise PROG
Translation: They are praising themselves.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á (ā-thuó) ā-tshē ba̋
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ (1SG-SELF) 1SG.OBJ-praise PROG
Translation: I am praising myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nó (n̄-thuó) n̄-tshē ba̋
Glosses: 2SG.SBJ (2SG-SELF) 2SG.OBJ-praise PROG
Translation: You are praising yourself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á ā-thuó [ lēʃə̅kí́ nū ] ā-tshē ba̋
Glosses: 1SG 1SG-SELF  school LOC  1SG-praise PROG
Translation: I am praising myself at school.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *á ā-thuó ā [ lēʃə̅kí́ nū ] tshē ba̋
Glosses: 1SG 1SG-SELF 1SG  school LOC  praise PROG
Translation: I am praising myself at school.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nó n̄-thuó [ khrə̅vā nū ] n̄-ŋū tiō
Glosses: 2SG 2SG-SELF  mirror LOC  2SG-see FUT
Translation: You will see yourself in the mirror.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Nó n̄-thuó n̄ [ khrə̅vā nū ] ŋū tiō
Glosses: 2SG 2SG-SELF 2SG  mirror LOC  see FUT
Translation: You will see yourself in the mirror.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á (||) ā-thuó (||) ā (*||) tshē (||) ba̋
Glosses: 1SG  1SG-SELF  1SG  praise  PROG
Translation: I am praising myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ [ á (ā-thuó) ] lēʃə́dà u phrǝ ʃə́ kecǝ ] lé ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  1SG (1SG-SELF)  book DEF read PERF COMP  say PERF
Translation: I said that I myself have read the book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ lēttēr ū ] [ Kēví ] pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  letter DEF   Kevi  show PERF
Translation: I showed the letter to Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *á [ ā-thuó ā ] [ Kēví ] pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  1SG-SELF 1SG   Kevi  show PERF
Translation: I showed myself to Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ [ ā-thuó ā ] kí ] [ Kēví ] pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  1SG-SELF 1SG  KI   Kevi  show PERF
Translation: I showed Kevi to myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ [ ā-thuó ā ] mhīrhī può ] ŋú
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ  1SG-SELF 1SG  picture INDEF  see
Translation: I saw a picture of myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lǝmma wɨʃʃa-w-ɨn j-aj(-ǝw)-al
Glosses: Lemma dog-DEF.M-ACC 3M.SG.S-see.IPV(-3M.SG.OBJ)-AUX.3M.SG.SBJ
Translation: Lemma sees the dog.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lǝmma ras-u-n gǝdd-ǝl-ǝ(*-w)
Glosses: Lemma REFL-his-ACC kill.PFV-3M.SG.SBJ(*-3M.SG.OBJ)
Translation: Lemma killed himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Hilés-e dasín mu-yeéts-imi
Glosses: boy-ERG girl.ABS 3FSG.OBJ-see-3MSG.SBJ.PST
Translation: The boy saw the girl
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Khín dasin-e mu-khár e-sqan-umo
Glosses: DEM.F.PROX girl-ERG 3FSG-SELF.Y.ABS 3Y.OBJ-kill-3FSG.SBJ.PST
Translation: This girl killed herself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jan go dade pismo-to na edno dete
Glosses: Jan CL.3SG.N.ACC gave.3SG letter-the.N.SG to a.N.SG child
Translation: Jan gave the letter to a child.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á lēttēr ū ā-thuó ā-pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG letter DEF 1SG-SELF 1SG-show PERF
Translation: I showed the letter to myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *á ā-thuó Kēví (ā-)pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG 1SG-SELF Kevi 1SG-show PERF
Translation: I showed myself to Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Sak r-atate-núhwe’-s
Glosses: Sak MsA-REFL-like-HAB
Translation: Sak like himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ahmed a-na-ji-penda (mwenyewe)
Glosses: Ahmed 3.SBJ-PRES-REFL-love (himself)
Translation: Amhed loves (HIMSELF).
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á n̄ bűnū dzə̋ krié bá
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ 2SG.OBJ let water drink PROG
Translation: I am making you drink water.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ á [ [ n̄ [ dzə̋ krié ]] bűnū ] bá ]
Glosses:  1SG.SBJ  2SG.OBJ  water drink  let  PROG
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á ā-thuó *(ā-)bűnū dzə̋ krié bá
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ 1SG-SELF *(1SG-)let water drink PROG
Translation: I am making myself drink water.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ PRO dzə̋ krié ] (*ā-)nyə̅ ba̋
Glosses: 1SG  water drink  (*1SG-)want PROG
Translation: I want to drink water.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á n̄ bűnū dzə̋ krié nyə̅ ba̋
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ 2SG.OBJ let water drink want PROG
Translation: I want you to drink water.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á ā-thuó *(ā-)bűnū dzə̋ krié (*ā-)nyə̅ ba̋
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ 1SG-SELF *(1SG-)let water drink (*1SG-)want PROG
Translation: I want myself to drink water.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ PRO [ [ ā-thuó ] *(ā-)bűnū ] [ dzə̋ krié ] ] (*ā-)nyə̅ ba̋
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ  1SG-SELF  *(1SG-)let  water drink  (*1SG-)want PROG
Translation: I want myself to drink water.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ Kēví mhīrhī può ] ŋú
Glosses: 1SG  Kevi picture INDEF  see
Translation: I saw a picture of Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ (ā-thuó) *(ā-)mhīrhī può ] ŋú
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ  1SG-SELF *(1SG-)picture INDEF  see
Translation: I saw a picture of myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nó [ (n̄-thuó) *(n̄-)mhīrhī può ] ŋú
Glosses: 2SG.SBJ  2SG-SELF *(2SG-)picture INDEF  see
Translation: You saw a picture of yourself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví [ puō-thuó *(puō-)dzȅ può ] pű ba̋
Glosses: Kevi  3SG-SELF *(3SG-)story INDEF  tell PROG
Translation: Kevi is telling a story about himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví [ ā (viē) ā-thuó *(ā-)mhīrhī ū ] ŋú
Glosses: Kevi  1SG (POSS) 1SG-SELF *(1SG-)picture DEF  see
Translation: Kevi saw my picture of myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ Kēví (viē) puō-thuó *(puō-)mhīrhī ] ŋú
Glosses: 1SG  Kevi (POSS) 3SG-SELF *(3SG-)picture  see
Translation: I saw my Kevi’s picture of himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á lēʃə́dà ū [ thēʒə́ gī ] pē-ʒə̋ ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG book DEF  bed on  CAUS-lie PERF
Translation: I put the book on the table.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á lēʃə́dà ū [ ā-thuó *(ā-)gī ] pē-ʒə̋ ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG book DEF  1SG-SELF *(1SG-)on  CAUS-lie PERF
Translation: I put the book on myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ Kēví zé ] léʃékí́ nū vő
Glosses: 1SG  Kevi with  school LOC go
Translation: I went to school with Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ ā-thuó *(ā-)zē ] léʃékí́ nū vő
Glosses: 1SG  1SG-SELF *(1SG-)with  school LOC go
Translation: I went to school with myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á *(ā-)ní́ ba̋
Glosses: 1SG *(1SG.OBJ-)be.happy PROG
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví *(puō-)rò ba̋
Glosses: Kevi *(3SG.OBJ-)be.jealous PROG
Translation: Kevi is jealous.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nó *(n̄-)nyīȅ ba̋
Glosses: 2SG *(2SG.OBJ-)be.tired PROG
Translation: You are tired.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví (*puō-)ví bá
Glosses: Kevi (*3SG.OBJ-)good PROG
Translation: Kevi is good.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: nó (*n̄-)zīʃuò sè
Glosses: 2SG (*2SG.OBJ-)ugly EMPH
Translation: You are ugly.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á (*ā-)kra̋
Glosses: 1SG (*1SG.OBJ-)white
Translation: I am white.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ich freue mich
Glosses: I please.1SG.PRES myself
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Er schämt sich
Glosses: he shame.3SG.PRES himself
Translation: He is ashamed.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á (*ā-thuó) ā-ní́ ba̋
Glosses: 1SG (*1SG.OBJ-SELF) 1SG.OBJ-be.happy PROG
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví (*puō-thuó) puō-rò ba̋
Glosses: Kevi (*3SG-SELF) 3SG-be.jealous PROG
Translation: Kevi is jealous.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Max haat *zich / zich-zelf
Glosses: Max hates *REFL  REFL-SELF
Translation: Max hates himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Max schaamt zich / *zich-zelf
Glosses: Max shames REFL  *REFL-SELF
Translation: Max is ashamed.’ (Reinhart & Reuland 1993: 665f.)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á lēttēr ū Kēví pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG letter DEF Kevi show PERF
Translation: I showed Kevi the letter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *á Kēví lēttēr ū pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG Kevi letter DEF show PERF
Translation: I showed Kevi the letter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Á [ bāll può ] [ nhīcű-jő puòpuò kēcə́ ] tsə̀ ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  ball INDEF   child-DIM every PRT  give PERF
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á Kēví₁ kí lēttēr ū  pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG Kevi KI letter DEF ____₁ show PERF
Translation: I showed the letter to Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gɨyǝ yǝ-fǝrǝz nǝkʷǝsǝnim
Glosses: dog YE-horse bit
Translation: A dog bit a (specific) horse.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Gɨyǝ fǝrǝz nǝkʷǝsǝnim
Glosses: dog horse bit
Translation: A dog bit a (nonspecific) horse.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á Kēví kí₁ ā-thuó  ā-pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG Kevi KI 1SG-SELF ____₁ 1SG-show PERF
Translation: I showed myself to Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *á puō-thuó Kēví (puō-)pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG 3SG-SELF Kevi (3SG-)show PERF
Translation: I showed Kevi himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ Kēví kí ]₁ puō-thuó  *(puō-)pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  Kevi KI  3SG-SELF ____₁ *(3SG-)show PERF
Translation: I showed himself to Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *[ puō ʒuó ] Kēví khrié ba̋
Glosses:  3SG mother  Kevi love PROG
Translation: His mother loves Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *ā-thuó á ____ ā-tshē ba̋
Glosses: 1SG-SELF 1SG.SBJ  1SG-praise PROG
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ ā-thuó ā-kí ] lēttēr ū pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  1SG-SELF 1SG-KI  letter DEF show PERF
Translation: I showed the letter to myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ ā-thuó ā-kí ] Kēví pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  1SG-SELF 1SG-KI  Kevi show PERF
Translation: I showed Kevi to myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ Kēví₁ kí ] lēttēr ū  pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  Kevi KI  letter DEF ____₁ show PERF
Translation: I showed Kevi the letter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *á [ lēttēr ū₁ kí ]  Kēví pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  letter DEF KI  ____₁ Kevi show PERF
Translation: I showed Kevi the letter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á lēʃə́dà può Kēví pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ book INDEF Kevi show PERF
Translation: I showed Kevi a book
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á lēʃə́dà può piē Kēví pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ book INDEF PIE Kevi show PERF
Translation: I showed a book to Kevi
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví lēttēr può thú-piē n̄ tsə̀ ʃə́
Glosses: Kevi letter INDEF write-PIE 2SG.OBJ give PERF
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví lēʃə́dà può khà-piē n̄ tsə̀ ʃə́
Glosses: Kevi book INDEF give.TR-PIE 2SG.OBJ give PERF
Translation: Kevi gave you a book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví lēʃə́dà può khà(*-piē) ʃə́
Glosses: Kevi book INDEF give.TR(*-PIE) PERF
Translation: Kevi gave a book.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Kēví lēttēr può thú(*-piē) ʃə́
Glosses: Kevi letter INDEF write(*-PIE) PERF
Translation: Kevi wrote a letter.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á lēʃə́dà può (*ā-)piē ā-thuó *(ā-)pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ book INDEF (*1SG-)PIE 1SG-SELF *(1SG-)show PERF
Translation: I showed a book to myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á ā-thuó *(ā-)piē Kēví(*ā-)pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ 1SG-SELF (*1SG-)PIE Kevi*(1SG-)show PERF
Translation: I showed myself to Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á ā-thuó *(ā-)piē ā-thuó *(ā-)pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ 1SG-SELF *(1SG-)PIE 1SG-SELF *(1SG-)show PERF
Translation: I showed myself to myself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: puō *(puō-thuó) puō-tshē ba̋
Glosses: 3SG *(3SG-SELF) 3SG-praise PROG
Translation: He is praising himself.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: puō puō tshē ba̋
Glosses: 3SG 3SG-SELF 3SG-praise PROG
Translation: He is praising him.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Jan heed ‘m gewasse
Glosses: Jan has him washed
Translation: Jan washed him/himself’ (Rooryck & Vanden Wyngaerd 2011: 35)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: ūkō ūkō-thuó huò-niē-huò tshē ba̋
Glosses: 3PL 3PL-SELF some-NIE-some praise PROG
Translation: They are praising each other.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *á [ (ū-thió) ū-ʒuó ] [ thēmiè puòpuò kēcə́ ] pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  (IMP-SELF) IMP-mother   person every PRT  show PERF
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: á [ [ thēmiè puòpuò kēcə́ ] kí ] [ (ū-thió) ū-ʒuó ]  pēkiē ʃə́
Glosses: 1SG  person every PRT  KI   (IMP-SELF) IMP-mother  ____ show PERF
Translation: I showed everyone his mother.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [á n̄ thsē ba̋] mú [nó Kēví thsē tiō]
Glosses: 1SG.SBJ 2SG.OBJ praise PROG and 2SG.SBJ Kevi praise FUT
Translation: I am praising you and you will praise Kevi.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Taro-ga [[yamome-dearu] zyosei-ni] atta .
Glosses: Taro-NOM [[widow-COP] woman-DAT] met
Translation: Taro met a woman who is a widow.’ (widow > woman)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: #Taro-ga [[zyosei-dearu] yamome-ni] atta .
Glosses: Taro-NOM [[woman-COP] widow-DAT] met
Translation: Taro met a widow who is a woman.’ (woman > widow)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: John-un [Mary-ka (cikum-to) keysokhayse tambay-lul pi-n-tako] mit-nun-ta-nun kes-i sasil-i-ni ?
Glosses: John-TOP [Mary-NOM now-also continuously cigarette-ACC smoke-PRES-COMP] believe-PRES-DECL-ADN thing-NOM truth-COP-Q
Translation: Is it true that John believes that Mary continues to smoke?’ (embedded clause > believe)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: John-un [Mary-ka (cikum-to) keysokhayse tambay-lul pi-n-tako] malhay-ss-ta .
Glosses: John-TOP [Mary-NOM now-also continuously cigarette-ACC smoke-PRES-COMP] say-PAST-DECL
Translation: John says that Mary continues to smoke.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: John-i selun-i nem-ess-ko ku-ka caki-ka ciwenha-l swu eps-∅-ta-nun kes-ul a(l)-n-ta-nun kes-i sasil-i-ni ?
Glosses: John-NOM thirty-NOM over-PERF-and he-NOM self-NOM apply-cannot-PRES-DECL-ADN thing-ACC know-PRES-DECL-ADN thing-NOM truth-COP-Q
Translation: Is it true that John is over thirty and he knows he cannot apply?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: John-un casin-i mwununghata-nun kes-ul al-kena/tunci , (ku-ka) wuwulcung-ey kelliess-∅-ta-nun kes-i sasil-i-ni ?
Glosses: John-TOP self-NOM incompetent-ADN thing-ACC know-or he-NOM depression-DAT is.suffering-PRES-DECL-ADN thing-NOM truth-COP-Q
Translation: Is it true that John knows that he is incompetent or he is depressed?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [Mary-ka keysokhayse tambay-lul pi-n-tako] John-i t mit-nun-ta-nun kes-i sasil-i-ni ?
Glosses: Mary-NOM continuously cigarette-ACC smoke-PRES-COMP John-NOM  believe-PRES-DECL-ADN thing-NOM truth-COP-Q
Translation: Is it true that Mary continues to smoke, John believes?
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: John-i Mary-ka mwusep-ta(-ko) sayngkakha-n-ta .
Glosses: John-TOP Mary-NOM scary/be-afraid-of-DECL-COMP think-PRES-DECL
Translation: John thinks that Mary is scary.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lo studente ha letto il libro .
Glosses: the student.M.SG has read the book.3.M.SG
Translation: The student has read the book
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lo studente che < lo studente > ha letto il libro .
Glosses: the student.M.SG that has read the book.M.SG
Translation: the student that read the book
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Il libro che lo studente ha letto < il libro >.
Glosses: the book.M.SG that the student.M.SG has read . 
Translation: The book that the the student has read
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: È lo studente che < lo studente > ha letto il libro .
Glosses: Is the student.M.SG that has read the book.M.SG
Translation: It is the student that has read the book
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: È il libro che lo student ha letto < il libro >.
Glosses: Is the book.M.SG that the student.M.SG has read . 
Translation: It is the book that the student has read
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: [ È [ una sua battaglia che [ la deputata non abbandona]
Glosses:  Is  a her battle.F.SG that  the deputy.F.SG not abandon.3.SG
Translation: It is a battle of her that the deputy won’t leave
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: È un incremento che neppure gli assessori sanno spiegare
Glosses: Is an increase that even.NEG the city-councilors know explain
Translation: It is an increase that even the city councilors are not able to explain’ (Italian, tut-2968)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: C’est un outrage que nous n’ acceptons pas
Glosses: It.is an outrage that we NEG accept NEG
Translation: It is an outrage that we don’t accept’ (French, Spoken-Rhap_D2006-2)
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: È una campionessa che la Gran Bretagna rimpiangerà a lungo .
Glosses: Is a championF.S that that Great Britain regretFUT for long
Translation: She is a champion that Great Britain will regret for a long time’ (ID: ISST-TANL-2357)