lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤsni ɲɯɲaʁ ma aʑo asni mɯ́jɲaʁ tɕe , ɬɤndʐi wuma nɯ nɤʑo ɲɯtɯŋu ma aʑo ɬɤndʐi ɲɯmaʁa
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-heart SENS-be.black LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-heart NEG:SENS-be.black LNK demon real DEM 2SG SENS-2-be LNK 1SG demon SENS-not.be-1SG
Translation: You are evil, not me, you are the real demon, not me.' (2002 lhandzi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sla tungo ŋu tutinɯ ŋu , kɯrɯ ra kɯ .
Glosses: moon IPFV-be.sick be:FACT IPFV-say-PL be:FACT Tibetan PL ERG
Translation: They say that moon is getting sick, the Tibetans.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma ɯmɯntoʁ kɤmto maŋe , tɯrgi ɣɯ .
Glosses: DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-flower INF-see not.exist:SENS fir GEN
Translation: Apart from that it has no flowers, the fir.' (08-tWrgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003464#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paχɕi ndɤre pjɤtu , kɯɕɯŋgɯ
Glosses: apples ADVERS IFR.IPFV-exist former.times
Translation: (Unlike other fruits,) apples did exist (in our area), in former times.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕlaʁ ʑo ɲɤme , li .
Glosses: IDPH(I):immediately EMPH IFR-not.exist again
Translation: She suddenly disappeared, again.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tumbri ɯkʰɯkʰa ɯʁar nɯ ki ntsɯ tuste ɲɯŋu , lɤzo kɯnɤ .
Glosses: IPFV-make.noise 3SG.POSS-while 3SG.POSS-wing DEM DEM.PROX always IPFV-do.like[III] SENS-be AOR-land also
Translation: It does this with its wings when it sings, even when it lands.' (23-RmWrcWftsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣɯjpa kɯfse nɯre ri tɕe ɯmɯntoʁ ɲɯlɤt , fsaqʰe tɕe tɕe ɯmat ɲɯβze ŋu , ʁmɯrtsɯ nɯ sɤre ma .
Glosses: this.year SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:LOC LOC LNK 3SG.POSS-flower IPFV-release next.year LOC LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-grow[III] be:FACT Berchemia.yunnanensis DEM be.funny:FACT LNK
Translation: The Berchemia yunnanensis is funny because it blooms this year, but its fruits grow the next year.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo srɯnmɯ kɯŋu nɯ tɤwa nɯ kɯ mɯpjɤsɯχsɤl , ɯnmaʁ nɯ kɯ .
Glosses: 3SG râkshasî SBJ:PCP-be DEM INF-father DEM ERG NEG-IFR-realize 3SG.POSS-husband DEM ERG
Translation: The father_i did not realize that she_j was a râkshasî, her_j husband_i.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɲɯrko , ɯkʰa nɯ .
Glosses: LNK DEM SENS-be.hard 3SG.POSS-house DEM
Translation: It is hard, its house (i.e. the shell of the snail).' (26-tWcipaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤlɤjaʁ nɯ , nɯnɯ , kɯrcɤldʑa jamar ɣɤʑu rca , ɯmɤlɤjaʁ nɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-limb DEM DEM eight-piece about exist:SENS UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-limb DEM
Translation: Its limbs, it has eight ones, its limbs.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo amu nɯ tʰamtʰam kɯrcɤsqaptɯɣ tʰɯazɣɯt ŋu . pɤjkʰu jipaʁ pjɯnge cʰa .
Glosses: 1PL 1SG.POSS-mother DEM now eighty.one AOR-arrive be:FACT still 1PL.POSS-pig IPFV-feed[III] can:FACT
Translation: Our mother is now eighty-one years old, she can still feed our pigs.' (2010, 9.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mtsʰoʁlaŋ nɯnɯ pɤjkʰu maka ʑo pjɤnnɯʑɯβ ɕti ma
Glosses: water.monster DEM still completely EMPH IPFV.IFR-AUTO-sleep be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: The aquatic monster was still asleep.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo pɤjkʰu tɯsla mɯpɯtsua
Glosses: 1SG still one-month NEG-PST.IPFV-pass-1SG
Translation: It has not yet been a month since I have [come here].' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma ɯme kɯnɤ ɣnɤsqamnɯzpɤrme tʰɯazɣɯt , tɕe nɯnɯ pɤjkʰu ɯχti ra mɯnaɕar ma
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter also twenty.eight-years.old AOR-arrive LNK DEM yet 3SG.POSS-companion PL NEG-AOR:3→3-search LNK
Translation: His daughter is twenty-two years old, but she does not yet have a companion (husband).' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe tɕe cʰɯɣɯrni ŋu .
Glosses: progressively LNK LNK IPFV-be.red be:FACT
Translation: It progressively becomes red.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tʰɯwxti ɯjɯja nɤ , (...) kɯwxti ra kɯ nɯkɤndza , tɕʰi tundzanɯ kɯŋu nɯ ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe ɲɯmbinɯ .
Glosses: lnk AOR-be.big 3SG.POSS-along ADD _ SBJ:PCP-be.big PL ERG 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat what IPFV-eat-PL SBJ:PCP-be DEM progressively LNK IPFV-give-PL
Translation: As the child_j grows older, the adults_i progressively give [him/her]_j their_i food, whatever it is they_i eat.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “qʰihihi" ci tatɯt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: INTERJ once AOR:3→3-say[II] SENS-be
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯme mɯ́jnɯβdaʁ qʰe tɕendɤre ɯme nɯ , nɤkinɯ , ci ci pjɯnɯmtsɯr , ci ci pjɯnɯfka
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-daughter NEG:SENS-take.care LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM FILLER one one IPFV-AUTO-be.hungry one one IPFV-AUTO-be.full
Translation: He did not take care of his daughter, and his daughter would sometimes be hungry, sometimes have enough to eat.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre li tojɣɤt tɕe , smɤnmimitoʁ kuɕana cʰo li pjɤrɯkʰɤcɤlndʑi .
Glosses: LNK again IFR:UP-turn.around LNK ANTHR ANTHR COMIT again IFR-discuss-DU
Translation: He returned again (up there), and had again a discussion with Smanmi Metog Koshana (as he had done previously).' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ama ɯtɯmpɕɤr nɯ ! li ci pɯfɕɤt !
Glosses: INTERJ 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful SFP again once IMP-tell
Translation: Wow, what a beautiful [story]! Tell [me] another one.' (2005 tWJo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɲikuku ʑo nɯ ntsɯ tuti ɲɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: every.day EMPH DEM always IPFV-say SENS-be LNK
Translation: [The bird comes] everyday and says this every time.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “wortɕʰi nɤ wojɤr , matɤkɯndzaa" ntsɯ toti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: please ADD please NEG-IMP-2→1-eat-1SG always IFR-say SENS-be
Translation: He said again and again `Please, don't eat me.” (140427 bianfu yu huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: maka pɯnɤʁaʁi , ʁlɤwɯr ʑo ɯxtu tɤmŋɤm tɕe pɯsi ɕti
Glosses: completely PST.IPFV-have.a.good.time-1PL suddenly EMPH 3SG.POSS-belly AOR-hurt LNK AOR-die be.AFF:FACT
Translation: As we were having a party (in the mountain), his belly suddenly started to ache, and he died.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯre ri toʁde kunɯnaa .
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC LOC a.moment PRS-rest-1SG
Translation: I am resting for a moment.' (conversation 2019-09-16)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rgɤtpu rgɤnmɯ ni kɯ [kɯki tɤpɤtso χsɯm ki] kɤsɯfse ʑo cʰɤɣɤwxtindʑi .
Glosses: old.man old.woman DU ERG DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-child three DEM.PROX all EMPH IFR-CAUS-be.big-DU
Translation: The old man and the old woman raised all these three children.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯŋga rca mɯtɕʰimɯrɯz cʰɯ́wɣβzu kʰɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes UNEXP:DEG all.kinds IPFV-INV-make be.possible:FACT
Translation: One can make all kinds of clothes (using it).' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯji ɯŋgɯ aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo tuɬoʁ ɕti .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in everywhere EMPH IPFV-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It grows everywhere in the fields.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁɤndɯndɤt sɯŋgɯ ra kɯnɤ tuɬoʁ ɕti .
Glosses: everywhere forest PL also IPFV-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It also grows everywhere in the forest.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo kʰa ra cʰɯrɤpɯ . tɯji ɯngɯ ra cʰɯrɤpɯ
Glosses: everywhere EMPH house PL IPFV-litter INDEF.POSS-field 3SG-inside PL IPFV-litter
Translation: [Mice] have litter everywhere in the house, in the fields.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯfse ʑo aʁɤndɯndɤt ri tunnɯɬoʁ qʰe , ɯzrɤm nɯra kɯtu maŋe .
Glosses: like.that EMPH everywhere LOC IPFV-AUTO-come.out LNK 3SG.POSS-root DEM:PL SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:SENS
Translation: It grows simply like that everywhere, it has no roots.' (20-sWrna)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stɤmku nɯra , tɯci ɯrkɯ nɯra tu ma aʁɤndɯndɤt stʰɯci me
Glosses: plain DEM:PL INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-side DEM:PL exist:FACT LNK everywhere so.much not.exist:FACT
Translation: It is found in plains, or next to rivers, but it is not found everywhere.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɕɤr tɕe cʰɯnɯɬoʁnɯ tɕe , aʁɤndɯndɤt juɕenɯ mɤkɯkʰɯ
Glosses: LNK night LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-come.out-PL LNK everywhere IPFV-go-PL NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.POSSIBLE
Translation: [They make it] to prevent [animals] from coming out at night and going everywhere.' (150902 mkhoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕkrɤz ɯŋgɯ tɕi ɲɯɬoʁ , tɯrgi ɯŋgɯ tɕi ɲɯɬoʁ , ʑmbri ɯŋgɯ tɕi ɲɯɬoʁ , mbraj ɯŋgɯ tɕi ɲɯɬoʁ , tɕe sɤjku sɯŋgɯ nɯra tɕi ɲɯɬoʁ , tɕe ŋotɕuŋondɤt ʑo ɣɤʑu ɕti ri , stɤmku me , sɯŋgɯ ʁɟa ʑo tuɬoʁ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: oak 3SG.POSS-inside also SENS-come.out fir 3SG.POSS-inside also SENS-come.out willow 3SG.POSS-inside also SENS-come.out red.birch 3SG.POSS-inside also SENS-come.out LNK birch forest DEM:PL also SENS-come.out LNK everywhere EMPH exist:SENS be:AFF LNK plain whether forest completely EMPH IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: [This mushroom] grows among oaks, among firs, among willows, among red or white birch forests, you find it everywhere, whether on plains or in forest.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯŋga me , tɯxtsa me nɯ tɤtɕɯ ra kɯ ʁɟa ʑo cʰɯtʂɯβnɯ pjɤŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes whether INDEF.POSS-shoe whether DEM INDEF.POSS-son PL ERG completely EMPH IPFV-sew-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: Whether clothes or shoes, it was always the boys (not the ladies) who sewed them.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe [tɤtɕɯ ʁɟa ʑo] kɯrɤtʂɯβ pjɤɕti ma tɕʰeme kɯrɤtʂɯβ pjɤme .
Glosses: in.former.times LNK INDEF.POSS-son completely EMPH SBJ:PCP-APASS-sew IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK girl SBJ:PCP-APASS-sew IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: In former times, only boys were tailors (all tailors were boys), there were no women tailors.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo stɯsti ŋua
Glosses: 1SG alone be:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am alone.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsapaʁ kɤχsu mɯ́jmbat ma maka aki prɤku rgali stɯsti kɯ ʑo , jitɯβɣi lonba ʑo , nɯ kɯ~kɯjndʐɤz ʑo tʰaɕkɯt qʰe
Glosses: cattle INF-raise NEG:SENS-easy LNK completely down ANTHR milk.cow alone ERG EMPH 1PL.POSS-chaff all EMPH DEM TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-be.coarse EMPH AOR:3→3-eat.completely LNK
Translation: Raising cattle is difficult, down there in Praku, the milk cow alone ate all our chaff, all the big ones.' (taRrdo2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɯrdoʁ kɯ ntsɯ tɯci ɕturea
Glosses: 1SG one-piece ERG always INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV:UP-fetch[III]-1SG
Translation: It is always I alone who goes to fetch water.' (150830 san ge heshang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯβri rcanɯ , qaɕpa ɯβri nɯ anamana ʑo ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body UNEXP:DEG frog 3SG.POSS-body DEM identical EMPH SENS-be
Translation: The body of the [turtle] is identical to the body of a frog.'(140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wortɕʰi ʑo , aʑo aʁi ci apɯmtama ɯ́jɤɣ
Glosses: please EMPH 1SG 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling a.little IRR-PFV-see[III]-1SG QU-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Could I see my younger sister, please?' (140511 1001 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li ci tɤti
Glosses: again a.little.once IMP-say
Translation: Say it again!' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo amu , aʑo koŋla jɤazɣɯta
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG really AOR-arrive-1SG
Translation: Mother, it is really me who arrived (i.e. not someone else pretending to be me).' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma koŋla mɯkɤrtoʁa ri , ɯmɤlɤjaʁ nɯra ɲɯdɤn ,
Glosses: LNK really NEG-AOR-look-1SG LNK 3SG.POSS-limb DEM:PL SENS-be.many
Translation: I did not have a good look at [how many limbs it has], but it has many limbs.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kupa ɯskɤt ri ɯqiɯ jamar ma mɯ́jtsonɯ . (...) li nɯ koŋla mɯ́jtsonɯ .
Glosses: Chinese 3SG.POSS-language also 3SG.POSS-half about apart.from NEG:SENS-understand-PL _ again DEM completely NEG:SENS-understand-PL
Translation: Chinese_i also, they only understand half, (…), they don't understand it_i completely/well (so one has to learn to speak their language to be able to communicate).' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɤɤmɯtɯɣ ri pɯme ma <jiaotong> koŋla pɯme tɕe (...) kɤŋke ʁɟa ʑo jukɯɕe pɯra .
Glosses: LNK INF-RECIP-meet also PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK completely transportation PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK _ INF-walk completely EMPH IPFV-GENR:S/O-go PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: We had no opportunity to meet, as there were no transportation means at all, (…) and we had no choice but to go on foot (whenever there was a meeting).' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora nɤki , cʰɤlɤnnɤ ɣɯznɯzdɯxpaj tɕe ɣɯlɤti tʰaŋ wo
Glosses: 1PL FILLER maybe INV-have.mercy:FACT-1PL LNK INV-release:FACT-1PL SFP SFP
Translation: Maybe [the ogre] will have mercy upon us and will let us go.' (160703 poucet3)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤwi nɯ ʑgrɯɣ ʑo rga
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-grand.mother DEM certainly EMPH like:FACT
Translation: Your grandmother will certainly like it.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmpja tɕe tʰi cʰɯɣi , tɤɣɤndʐo tɕe lo luɕe
Glosses: AOR-be.warm LNK downstream IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come AOR-be.cold LNK upstream IPFV:UPSTREAM-come
Translation: (Contrary to expectations), when [the weather] becomes warm it comes downstream, and when it becomes cold it goes upstream.' (24-kWmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯ ri ci (...) pjɯsɯɤtsanɯ , ndi ri li ci pjɯsɯɤtsanɯ
Glosses: east LOC one _ IPFV:DOWN-CAUS-be.planted-PL west LOC again one IPFV:DOWN-CAUS-be.planted-PL
Translation: (In former times, when people installed the loom), [they] would plant one [sharpened peg] in the east (i.e. left), another one in the west (i.e. right) (to attach the upward extremity of the warp threads).' (vid-20140429090403)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaliaʁ nɯtɕu luzo tɕe akɯ ri kuru , andi ri ɲɯru
Glosses: eagle DEM:LOC IPFV-land LNK east LOC IPFV:EAST-look west LOC IPFV:WEST-look
Translation: Eagles land there and look around (to the east and the west, looking for food).' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯndɤcu nɯtɕu , dɯxpakɤrpu ɣɯ ɯme nɯ kɯ kʰri pjɤta tɕe kɯ koru . tɕe tɕelo nɯtɕu ɲimawozɤr ɣɯ ɯkʰri nɯ pjɤtanɯ tɕe , tʰi cʰorunɯ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-west DEM:LOC ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM ERG seat IFR:DOWN-put LNK east IFR:EAST-look LNK upstream DEM:LOC ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-seat DEM IFR:DOWN-put-PL LNK downstream IFR:DOWNSTREAM-look-PL LNK
Translation: On the west side, the daughter of Gdugpa Dkarpo placed her seat and turned it towards the east. On the downstream side, [the servants] placed Nyima 'Odzer's seat, and turned it towards the upstream direction.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɤton luɕe pɯpɯŋunɤ , snama tɤton tsa lúwɣtsɯm pɯ~pɯra nɤ ɯkoŋtaʁ tusɯɤsɯɣnɯ tɕe nɯ kɯ lurɤɕi ɲɯra . tɤʑɯn pjɯɕe pɯpɯŋunɤ , ɯsɲɤt cʰɯsɯɤsɯɣnɯ ɲɯra .
Glosses: LNK uphill IPFV:UPSTREAM-go TOP beast.of.burden uphill a.little IPFV:UPSTREAM-INV-take.away COND~PST.IPFV-be.needed ADD 3SG.POSS-front.strap IPFV-CAUS-be.tight-PL LNK DEM ERG IPFV:UPSTREAM-pull SENS-be.needed downhill IPFV:DOWN-go TOP 3SG.POSS-crupper IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-be.tight-PL SENS-be.needed
Translation: When it_i goes uphill, [that is] if they need to lead the beast_i of burden on an upward slope, they need to tighten the front strap of the saddle for it_i to pull [the burden]. When it_i goes downhill, they need to tighten the crupper.' (30-tAsno)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯre turŋgɤβnɯ prɯŋprɯŋ ʑo
Glosses: DEM:LOC IPFV-attach-PL IDPH(II):solidly EMPH
Translation: They attach [the plough] there (on the hybrid yaks' horns) solidly.' (25-stuxsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ túwɣndza rca ɯtɯtɕur saχaʁ ʑo .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-INV-eat UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.sour be.extremely:FACT EMPH
Translation: When one eats it, it is very sour.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰitɕɯn paχɕi nɯ tɕe tɕe , ɯjwaʁ nɯra iʑora jipaχɕi stʰɯci mɯɲɯɤrtɯm kɯ ɲɯrɲɟi tsa
Glosses: TOPO apple DEM LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-leave DEM:PL 1PL 1PL.POSS-apple so.much NEG-SENS-be.round ERG SENS-be.long a.little
Translation: Pears (Chuchen apples), their leaves are not as round as [those of] our apples, but a bit longer.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki sɤndɤr . kɯki sɤndɤr . iʑora kɯrɯ ra tɕe sɤndɤr tukɯti ŋu .
Glosses: DEM.PROX thimble DEM.PROX thimble 1PL Tibetan PL LNK thimble IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: (Pointing to a thimble.) This is a thimble. This is a thimble. We Tibetans call it `thimble'.' (video-2014-04-29-09-5104)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɕʰeme tɯma .
Glosses: DEM girl GENR.POSS-work
Translation: This (the actions described in the previous sentences) is the work of women.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯci nɯnɯ , pɯnɯxtɕi nɤ tatɕʰoŋtɕʰoŋ , pɯnɯwxti nɤ tatɕʰoŋtɕʰoŋ .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water DEM PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.small ADD waterfall PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.big ADD waterfall
Translation: Water [falling down from a cliff], whether it is big or small, [is called] a `waterfall'.' (hist 180428 tatChoNtChoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki mtsʰɤri , kɯki aβɣo ki ataʁ ɯtɯpe nɯ
Glosses: DEM.PROX how.strange DEM:PROX 1SG.POSS-FB DEM:PROX 1SG.POSS-on 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.good SFP
Translation: How strange, this uncle of mine is so nice to me.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɯfse ntsɯ arʑaʁ ɲɯɕe ŋu . tɤnɤpɤria qʰe li ci <sanbu> juɕea qʰe , tɕe nɯ kɯfse ntsɯ sɲikuku aʁa cʰɯɕe ŋu .
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like always 1SG.POSS-time IPFV:WEST-go be:FACT AOR-have.dinner-1SG LNK again once walk IPFV-go-1SG LNK LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like always everyday 1SG.POSS-free.time IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go be:FACT
Translation: (…), this is how I spend my time. And after dinner, I go on a walk, this is how I spend my time every day.' (conversation 2015-12-05)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ ftɕar jɤɣe qʰe , nɯ ɲɯʁaʁ qʰe
Glosses: DEM summer AOR-come[II] LNK DEM IPFV-hatch LNK
Translation: When the warm season (spring) comes, it hatches, and …' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrmɯ koɣi
Glosses: evening IFR-come
Translation: The evening came.' (many examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: taŋi toɣi
Glosses: drought IFR-come
Translation: There was a drought.' (25-kAmYW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo ɯpa ɲɤnɯɕe
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-down IFR-AUTO-go
Translation: S/he took all of it for him/herself.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: skɤrwa koɕe
Glosses: circumambulation IFR-go
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯre pjɤɬoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-laugh IFR-come.out
Translation: S/he laughed.' (elicited; refers to an involuntary action)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrmi toɬoʁ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-name IFR:UP-come.out
Translation: He became famous.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa <sanshengmu> nɯ ɣɯ ɯrɟit kondzoʁ
Glosses: the.aforementioned ANTHR DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring IFR-ACAUS:attach
Translation: Sanshengmu became pregnant with a child.' (150826 baoliandeng)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯfsaqʰe ftɕar kɤndzoʁ qʰe li tuɬoʁ .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-next.year summer AOR-ACAUS:attach LNK again IPFV-come.out
Translation: The next year, when the warm season (spring) arrives, it comes out again.' (8-qromJoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɣa kondzoʁ
Glosses: rust IFR-ACAUS:attach
Translation: It became rusted.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤjmɤɣ ɯsɤtu nɯ asɯmpa tu
Glosses: mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-exist DEM 1SG.POSS-mind exist:FACT
Translation: I have in mind (I know, I did not forget) the places where there are mushrooms.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯsɤɣmu ɯgrɤl maŋe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-fear 3SG.POSS-order not.exist:SENS
Translation: It is extremely frightening/fearsome.' (khu 2012)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂu ɯtɯmbɯt ɯgrɤl maŋe
Glosses: road 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-ACAUS:take.off 3SG.POSS-order not.exist:SENS
Translation: The road had collapsed to a considerable extent.' (2010-1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯsi tɤmda kɯnɤ nɯ kɯfse ɲɯtɯnɤre , nɯ nɤgrɤl ɯtɯme nɯ !
Glosses: 2-die:FACT AOR-be.the.time also DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-2-laugh DEM 2SG.POSS-order 3SG.POSS-not.exist SFP
Translation: Even as you are about to die, you are laughing like that, what impudence!' (140516 guowang halifa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jiwa cʰo cʰa kutshindʑi <shafa> ɯtaʁ zɯ tunɯjmɤzdɤβndʑi tɕe kurŋgɯndʑi qʰe tɕe ɯgrɤl ʑo ɲɯʑɣɤɣɤmendʑi ɲɯɕti
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-father COMIT alcohol IPFV-drink-DU sofa 3SG.POSS-on LOC IPFV-sleep.on.opposite.directions-DU LNK IPFV-lie.down-DU LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-order EMPH IPFV-REFL-CAUS-not.exist-DU SENS-be.AFF:FACT
Translation: He and my father would drink alcohol, sleep on the sofa one over the other in opposite directions, presenting themselves in a poor light.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤpɤri ɯpɯ́tu ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-dinner QU-PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: Did you have dinner?
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯtu , nɯ koʁmɯz tɤnɤpɤrij
Glosses: PST.IPFV-exist DEM just.before AOR-DENOM-dinner-1PL
Translation: We did, we just had dinner.' (conversation, 2016-04-12)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiʑo ni kɤamɯfsetɕi nɯ jinde kɯβdɤsqi ɯro topa
Glosses: 1DU DU AOR-know.each.other-1DU DEM nowadays forty 3SG.POSS-excess IFR-pass.X.years
Translation: We have known each other for more than forty years.' (`More than forty years passed', 12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯskʰrɯ mɤβdi tɕe nɯnɯ qartsʰaz ɯse ɣɯtsʰi mɤβdi ma
Glosses: GENR.POSS-body NEG-be.well:FACT LNK DEM deer 3SG.POSS-blood INV-drink:FACT NEG-be.well:FACT LNK
Translation: (People say that) when one is pregnant, it is not good to drink deer blood.' (27-qartshaz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alɤn naβzu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-answer AOR:3→3-make
Translation: He gave me an answer.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbroχpaskɤt kɤβzu ɲɯmkʰɤznɯ .
Glosses: nomad-language INF-make SENS-be.expert-PL
Translation: They speak the nomad language (i.e. Amdo Tibetan) very well.' (140522 RdWrJAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ qale atɤβze qʰe , iɕqʰa nɯ ɣɯnɯtsɯm qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM wind IRR-PFV-make[III] LNK the.aforementioned DEM INV-AUTO-take.away:FACT LNK
Translation: Whenever there is wind, it blows [this insect] away.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: (axtsa lɤtɯsɯɣɯtndʑi nɯ) atsa wuma ɲɯβze
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-shoe AOR:UPSTREAM-2-CAUS-bring-DU DEM 1SG.POSS-fit really SENS-make[III]
Translation: The shoes that you have sent me fit me very well.' (conversation, 2015-04-18)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbro nɯ kɯ rirɤβ raŋri χsɯtɤxɯr talɤt
Glosses: horse DEM ERG mountain each three-lap AOR:3→3-release
Translation: The horse made three laps around each mountain.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβderzɯɣ ʑo tówɣlɤt pjɤ́wɣsat
Glosses: four-section EMPH IFR-INV-release IFR-INV-kill
Translation: [The thief] killed him by cutting him into four pieces.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa kɯqanɯ~nɯ ɯŋgɯ zɯ , nɤkinɯ , tɯɕpɤβ kɯβderzɯɣ tɤkɤlɤt nɯnɯ kusɯɤlɤɣia cʰaa ɕti nɤ !
Glosses: house SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.dark 3SG.POSS-in LOC FILLER INDEF.POSS-corpse four-section AOR-OBJ:PCP-release DEM IPFV-CAUS-be.connected[III]-1SG can:FACT-1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: (not only this, but) I am (even) able to put together a corpse that had been cut into four pieces in a dark house.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯrtsɯɣ χsɯm tolɤt
Glosses: NMLZ:ACTION-pinch three IFR-release
Translation: He pinched him three times.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtaʁ nɯtɕu tɯqartsɯ ʁnɯz tolɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC kicking two IFR-release
Translation: He kicked two times on it.' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁnɯtɯtʂɯβ ntsɯ cʰɯ́wɣlɤt ra .
Glosses: two-NMLZ:ACTION-sew always IPFV-INV-release be.needed:FACT
Translation: It has to be sewed two times.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɣe ra ɣɯ pɤjkʰu ʑatsa <fangjia> mɯ́jlɤtnɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandchild PL GEN yet early vacation NEG:SENS-release-PL
Translation: My grandchild [and the rest of his class] are not yet on vacations.' (conversation, 2014-12-24)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯ kalɤt ɯmpʰru nɯ tu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky AOR:3→3-release 3SG.POSS-after DEM exist:FACT
Translation: It is found after it has rained.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qartsɯ tɕe tɕendɤre tɤjpa wuma ʑo kalɤt tɕe
Glosses: winter LNK LNK snow really EMPH AOR:3→3-release LNK
Translation: In winter, when a lot of snow has fallen,' (24-kWmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰɯtʰopɯ tɯrdoʁ kɯ ɯku totɕɤt .
Glosses: kid-DIM one-piece ERG 3SG.POSS-head IFR-take.out
Translation: One of the little kids stuck its head out of [the wolf's belly].' (140430 lang he qizhi xiaoshanyang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aftɕɤfkɤt ci tɤtɕɤt tɕe jisŋi tɕʰi ʑo ɲɯnɤmea pe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-idea INDEF IMP-take.out LNK today what EMPH IPFV-do[III]-1SG be.good:FACT
Translation: Make me a suggestion, what should I do today?' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ami ɯtɕʰaʁ pɯɬoʁ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-leg 3SG.POSS-handicap AOR-come.out
Translation: My leg became handicapped (as the result of an accident).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ , atɕʰaʁ pjɯtɯtɕɤt ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 1SG also 1SG.POSS-handicap IPFV-2-take.out SENS-be
Translation: (Not only did you do all these crimes), you also mutilate me.' (tou dongxi de xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂɤɕpʰɤt nɯnɯ ɯqa túwɣtɕɤt tɕe , pjɯ́wɣɣɤla tɕe tɯɕɣa kɯmŋɤm pʰɤn tutinɯ
Glosses: plaintain DEM 3SG.POSS-root IPFV:UP-INV-take.out LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-soak LNK GENR.POSS-tooth SBJ:PCP-hurt be.efficient:FACT IPFV-say-PL
Translation: People say that, if one digs out the plantain's root and soak it in water, it is efficient against toothache.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɤndɯn lonba ɯʑo pjɯsɤʑe tɕe ɯqa cʰɯtɕɤt
Glosses: DEM INF-read all 3SG IPFV-start[II] LNK 3SG.POSS-root IPFV-take.out
Translation: [This monk is in charge] of reading [the sûtras] from the beginning until the end.' (160721 XpWN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯ́wɣnɤmɤle tɯjaʁ kundɤm ʑo ɕti ma , ɯtaʁ , ɯndʑɯɣ ʑo kɯfse tu .
Glosses: IPFV-INV-touch GENR.POSS-hand IPFV-take[III] EMPH be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-on 3SG.POSS-resin EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like exist:FACT
Translation: When one touches it (a type of mushroom), it sticks on one's hand, as there is some kind of resin-like thing on it.' (21-kuGrummAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯki χsɯldʑa ra ɕi , kɯβdeldʑa ra nɯnɯ , tɯʑo ɯkʰrɤt kúwɣnɯndo tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM.PROX three-long.object be.needed:FACT QU four-long.object be.needed:FACT DEM GENR 3SG.POSS-determined IPFV-INV-AUTO-take LNK
Translation: One has to control whether one needs three or four threads (for a given colour).' (vid-2014-04-29-092115)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβdesqaptɯɣ , kɯβdesqamnɯz kondo ɲɯŋu ma
Glosses: forty.one forty.two IFR-take SENS-be LNK
Translation: She is moving into her forty-one, forty two years old.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯmɯɕtaʁ kɤti kɯ [tɯpʰoŋbu kɤndo] ʑo mɯpɯsɤcʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.cold INF-say ERG GENR.POSS-body INF-take EMPH NEG-PST.IPFV-PROP-can
Translation: It was so cold that one could not help shivering.' (29-RmGWzWn2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jukɯɕe tɤʑɣɤpa nɤ , kɯm nɯ ci lacɯ , ci tʰapa nɤ , kɤanbaʁ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: IPFV-SBJ:PCP-go AOR-pretend ADD door DEM once AOR:3→3-open once AOR:3→3-close ADD AOR-hide SENS-be
Translation: She pretended to go [out], she opened the door, and then closed it, and hid [inside the house].' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: amaŋ , βdaʁmu , ci kɤpatɕi nɯstʰɯci ʑo tɤnɤrʑaʁ nɤ ri
Glosses: INTERJ lady one AOR-do-1DU so.much EMPH AOR-pass(time) ADD LNK
Translation: Oh, my lady, so much time has passed since we got married, but …' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a ! jinde kɤndʑiɣɯfsu nɯpatɕi
Glosses: INTERJ now COLL-friend AUTO-do:FACT-1DU
Translation: Let us be friends!' (smanmi 2003.1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ qapi χsɯm nɯ pata ndɤre , nɯ ɯtaʁ ndʑitʂʰa kanɯtandʑi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy DEM ERG white.stone three DEM AOR:3→3:DOWN-put LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-on 3DU.POSS-tea AOR:3→3-AUTO-put-DU
Translation: The boy placed the three stones (on the ground), and they made their tea on it.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ rɟɤlpu kɯ~kɯtu nɯ pjɯɕɯnŋama , nɯnɯ apa pjɯnɯrkea ra
Glosses: DEM king TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist DEM IPFV-CAUS-be.defeated[III]-1SG DEM 1SG.POSS-under IPFV-AUTO-put.in[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to defeat all the kings (in the world), to subjugate them.' (150821 edu de wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤku sɤrku kɯme
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-head OBL:PCP-put.in SBJ:PCP-not.exist
Translation: [Something] that is none of your business.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrʑaʁ kɯrɲɟi tukɯŋke qʰe , tɯmɤpa ri cimbɤrom turke ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-time SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV-GENR:S/O-walk LNK GENR.POSS-sole LOC blister IPFV-put.in[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: If one walks for a long time (with bad shoes), one gets blisters on one's soles.' (27-tWfCAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndaŋ talɤt ɕti
Glosses: think.about 1→2-release:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I will think about/be considerate of you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤtsɯ ɲɯrnaʁ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-secret SENS-be.deep
Translation: You are keeping the secret very well.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: alu pjɤcɯ kʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lose.conscience(1) IFR-lose.conscience(2) HEARSAY
Translation: I lost conscience (people said).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu tɤrɤru ma sala ɲɯtɯzri ɲɯŋu
Glosses: DEM:LOC IMP-get.up LNK be.a.hindrance(1) SENS-2-be.a.hindrance(2) SENS-be
Translation: Get up from there, you are in the way.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “wortɕʰi nɤ wojɤr" totinɯ tʰɯrʑi toʑɯnɯ .
Glosses: please ADD please IFR-say-PL mercy IFR-ask-PL
Translation: [The boys] asked for mercy, saying `please' one after the other.' (160704 poucet4-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰaʁ pɯtɕʰota
Glosses: decide(1) AOR-decide(2)-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ tatɯt cʰo nɤj tutɯti nɯ tʰo ɲɯtʰɯɣ
Glosses: 3SG ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] COMIT 2SG IPFV-2-say DEM match.up(1) SENS-match.up(2)
Translation: What he said and what you are saying match up.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci tʰɯkɯrgɯ~rgɤz ɲɯɕti tɕe , ci kɯxtɕɯ~xtɕi ɲɯɕti tɕe , ndʑiŋgu mɤtʰon tɕe , aʑo mɤɣia
Glosses: one AOR-SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.old SENS-be.AFF LNK one SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SENS-be.AFF LNK 3DU.POSS-be.well.off(1) NEG-be.well.off(2):FACT LNK 1SG NEG-come:FACT-1SG
Translation: One of them is very old, the other one is very young, they are not able to take care of themselves, I will not come (to the palace and leave them behind).' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo βʑɯ ɕtia ma , nɤki , pɣa maʁa
Glosses: 1SG mouse be.AFF:FACT LNK FILLER bird not.be:FACT
Translation: (The bat said:) I am a mouse, not a bird.' (140427 bianfu yu huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɯmɯkɯmpɕi ra nɯtɕɯ pɯŋua ri , [ki kɯfse] nɯaβzua
Glosses: 1SG heaven PL 3PL.POSS-son PST.IPFV-be-1SG LNK DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-become-1SG
Translation: I used to be a son of heaven, but I became like that.' (divination 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɤʑo maʁa kɯ , amu mɤnɤmqea .
Glosses: 1SG 2SG not.be:FACT-1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-mother NEG-scold:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am not you, I will not scold my mother.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [pɯkɯcʰa] nɯ aʑo ɕtia
Glosses: AOR-SBJ:PCP-can DEM 1SG be.AFF:FACT-1SG
Translation: The one who succeeded [in doing these things] was me.' (qachGa 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stu ɯsɤdɤn nɯ [stɤmku nɯra] ŋunɯ . tɕe nɯra nɯŋgɯ tɕe tuɬoʁ ŋu tɕe
Glosses: most 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many DEM grassland DEM:PL be:FACT-PL LNK DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-inside LOC IPFV-come.out be:FACT LNK
Translation: The place where it is most numerous is the grasslands, and it grows there.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo aβlu ci tu
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-trick INDEF exist:FACT
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ nɯnɯtɕu kʰɤɴqra ci pjɤtu .
Glosses: in.former.times DEM:LOC house.in.ruin INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: In former times, there used to be a house in ruin there.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [jɯɣmɯr kɯnɤpɤri] aʑo ma mea .
Glosses: this.evening SBJ:PCP-have.dinner 1SG apart.from not.exist:FACT-1SG
Translation: This evening nobody is having dinner (at home) apart from me.' (conversation, 16-04-28)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ ʁzɤmi ci pjɤtundʑi
Glosses: in.former.times couple INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist-DU
Translation: In former times, there was a husband and his wife.' (rkangrgyal 2002.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ŋotɕu ɕpɯtɯtunɯ ?
Glosses: where TRAL-PST:IPFV-2-exist-PL
Translation: Where (in which places) have you been?' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤj kutɯtu ɯ́ŋu
Glosses: 2SG PRS-2-exist QU-be:FACT
Translation: Are you [still] alive?' (Nyima Wodzer 2003.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯtondota , kʰa ata ɕti tɕe
Glosses: NEG-IFR-take-PST:TR-1SG house PASS-put:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: I did not take it [with me], [I] left it at home.' (150830 afanti-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awa ɯkɯr ɯŋgɯ zɯ , nɯtɕu tɤrɣe ci arku tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in LOC DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-pearl INDEF PASS-put.in:FACT LNK
Translation: In my father's mouth, there is a pearl.' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯku ɯrkɯ ri ʁɟa ʑo ɯmɤlɤjaʁ ra kundzoʁ ɲɯŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head 3SG.POSS-side LOC completely EMPH 3SG.POSS-limb PL IPFV-ACAUS:attach SENS-be
Translation: Its legs are located (i.e. attached) next to its head.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤmkɯm aroa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-pillow have:FACT-1SG
Translation: I have a pillow.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯnɯ ɣɯ ɯtɕɯ sqaptɯɣ ʑo pjɤtu .
Glosses: king DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-son eleven EMPH IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: The king had eleven sons.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯtɯpɯ raŋri ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , nɯmbro pjɤtu , nɯjla pjɤtu , nɯnɯŋa pjɤtu , qaʑo pjɤtu , tsʰɤt pjɤtu .
Glosses: one-household each GEN FILLER 3PL.POSS-horse IFR.IPFV-exist 3PL.POSS-hybrid.yak IFR.IPFV-exist 3PL.POSS-cow IFR.IPFV-exist sheep IFR.IPFV-exist goat IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: Every household used to have horse(s), cow(s), hybrid yak(s), sheep and goat(s).' (150820 kAnWCkat)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tuβzea kɤcʰa nɯra lonba ʑo nɤʑɯɣ tɤɣɤtuta ɕti tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-make[III]-1SG INF-can DEM:PL all EMPH 2SG:GEN AOR-CAUS-exist-PST:TR-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: I endowed you with all the things I could make.' (140425 shizi puluomixiusi he daxiang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [nɯɕɯŋgɯ ɣɯ ɯlaχtɕʰa pɯkɯtu] nɯra ɕtúwɣsɯrtoʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: before GEN 3SG.POSS-thing PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-exist DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-INV-CAUS-look LNK
Translation: They go (there) and show [the child_i objects] that he_i used to have before (in his_i previous life, when he_i was a lama).' (160722 skWBli)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [jla nɯʁrɯ kɯtu] ra kɯnɤ , nɯrpaʁ kɯ ɲɯzrɤɕinɯ pɯŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: hybrid.yak 3PL.POSS-horn SBJ:PCP-exist DEM:PL also 3PL.POSS-shoulder ERG IPFV-CAUS-pull-PL PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: Even the hybrid yaks that had horns used to pull [the plough] with their shoulders (rather than with their horns).' (25-stuxsi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯru nɯnɯ , kɯmpɕɯ~mpɕu ʑo ŋu , [ɯmdzu ri kɯtu] me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.smooth EMPH be:FACT 3SG.POSS-thorn also SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: Its stalk, it is very smooth, and it does not have any thorns.' (11-qrontshom)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: fsapaʁ nɯ ɯŋgɯ zɯ (...) kʰɯna kɯfse ʑo , nɤki , ɯtsʰuxtoʁ kɯtu me kʰi
Glosses: animal DEM 3SG.POSS-in LOC _ dog SBJ:PCP-be.like EMPH FILLER 3SG.POSS-loyalty SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT HEARSAY
Translation: Among animals, the dog is the most loyal one.' (i.e. among animals, there isn't any one whose loyalty like that of a dog) (05-khWna)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo mɤkɯpe kumea
Glosses: 1SG NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good PRS-not.exist-1SG
Translation: I don't have any problem/anything bad.' (elicited, based on real examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu ɕea ŋu
Glosses: DEM:LOC go:FACT-1SG be:FACT
Translation: (For all these reasons) I am going there.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ~tɤtɯnɤmat rcanɯ , pe ntsɯ ɕti
Glosses: TOTAL~AOR-2-make-PST:TR UNEXP:DEG be.good:FACT always be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Everything that you do is always good.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: túwɣɕtʂo ŋu ma túwɣskɤr maʁ
Glosses: IPFV-INV-measure be:FACT LNK IPFV-INV-weigh not.be:FACT
Translation: One measures (the quantity to be used) by scooping, not by weighing.' (31-cha)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯɣɤkʰɯ ndʐa ɕti wo ma , tɕe amɲaʁ ɲɯɕɯmŋɤm ndʐa ɕti ma , ɲɯɣɤwua maʁ
Glosses: SENS-have.smoke reason be.AFF:FACT SFP LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-eye SENS-CAUS-hurt reason be.AFF:FACT LNK SENS-cry-1SG not.be:FACT
Translation: [The reason why I shed tears] is because it is smoky, and it hurts my eyes, it is not that I am crying.' (qaCpa 202)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetʰa nɤʑo tɯsi ɕti
Glosses: later 2SG 2-die:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Otherwise you will (certainly) die.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: `ɯkɤrme tɯldʑa amɤjɤtɯɣɯt ra' tɤtɯta maʁ ɯ́ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hair one-long-object IRR-NEG-PFV-2-bring be.needed:FACT AOR-say[II]-1SG not.be:FACT QU-be:FACT
Translation: Didn't I say: `Do not bring back anything, not even a hair (from her head).” (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤtɯci ɕtɤtɯnɯrut ɯ́ŋu ?
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-AOR-AUTO-bring-PST:TR QU-be:FACT
Translation: Was it for yourself that you brought the water?
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ɕtɤnɯruta ŋu
Glosses: 1SG TRAL-AOR-AUTO-bring-PST:TR-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I brought it for myself.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri , ɯpi mɯpjɤrɤʑi qʰendɤre , ɯɬaʁ nɯ pjɤrɤʑi ɕti qʰe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling NEG-IFR.IPFV-stay LNK 3SG.POSS-aunt DEM NEG-IFR.IPFV-stay be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: But his elder brother was not there, it was his brother's wife who was there.' (140512 alibaba)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki tɕʰeme ki ndɤre aʑɯɣ apɯŋu tʂaŋ ma tɕe aʑo pɯnɯmtota ɕti tɕe
Glosses: DEM.PROX girl DEM.PROX LNK 1SG.GEN IRR-IPFV-be be.fair:FACT LNK LNK 1SG AOR-AUTO-see-PST:TR-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: This girl, it would be fair if she were mine, as it was I who found her.' (140517 buaishuohua)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo pɤnmawombɤr tutia ɕti ma , nɤj ɲɯtanɯɤkʰɤzŋga maʁ
Glosses: 1SG ANTHR IPFV-say-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK 2SG IPFV-1→2-APPL-call not.be:FACT
Translation: I am saying “Padma 'Od 'bar", it is not you that I am calling.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯɣɲɟɯ ri pɣɤtɕɯ ni ɲɯɤnɯɣrondʑi tɕe , nɯ ɲɯnɤrea ɕti wo
Glosses: window LOC bird DU SENS-play-DU LNK DEM IPFV–1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: On the window two birds were playing, this is what I was laughing about.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯndʐa kɯ nɯsi ʁo pɯmaʁ .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-reason ERG AOR-die ADVERS PST.IPFV-not.be
Translation: It was not because of this that shed died.' (150907 srWn)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [xɕiri nɯ kɯ qapri bɯxsi pjɤsat kɯŋu] nɯnɯ kotso
Glosses: weasel DEM ERG snake python IFR-kill SBJ:PCP-be DEM IFR-understand
Translation: He realized that it was the weasel that had killed the python.' (140518 xuezhe he huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo rŋgɯ ɕtia qhe , rŋɯl stea me qʰe , nɤʑo nɤŋgra apɯŋu tɕe tɤnɯndɤm
Glosses: 1SG boulder be.AFF:FACT-1SG LNK silver do.like:FACT-1SG not.exist:FACT LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-salary IRR-PFV-be LNK IMP-AUTO-take[III]
Translation: I am a boulder, I have no use of [this] silver, may this be your reward (for helping me), take it.' (divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ʑara nɯkɤnɯndza tɕe koŋla jinɯ maŋe woma
Glosses: LNK 3PL 2PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-eat LNK completely plant:FACT-PL not.exist:SENS SFP
Translation: They don't plant any [maize] for themselves to eat, (they plant it to feed their pigs).' (140522 kAmYW tWji)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯci ɯrkɯ zɯ kurɤʑia tɕe nɯre ri kunɯtsʰia ɕti ma ɯŋgɯ ri kɤaria me , ɕtunɤŋkɯŋkea ri me
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-side LOC IPFV-stay-1SG LNK DEM:LOC LOC IPFV-AUTO-drink-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-in also AOR:EAST-go[II]-1SG not.exist:FACT TRAL-IPFV-DISTR:walk-1SG also not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am staying near the water and drinking (water) there, I did not go into the water at all, I am not walking around in it.' (aesop lang he yang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯŋa ɯndza sna ma nɯ ma sna me
Glosses: cow 3SG.POSS-food be.good:FACT LNK DEM apart.from be.good:FACT not.exist:FACT
Translation: [Oat] is good as fodder for cattle, but apart from that it is not good for anything.' (08-qaJAGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[aʑo joβ tɕi ɕtɤnɯtɯta] kɯtu] me qʰe [aʑo ndɤre ɲɯɤβzua ri kɯra] me qʰe , nɤrcɯ~rca ʑo ɣia ŋu ma nɯ ma [[aʑɯɣ kɯra] kɯtu] me
Glosses: 1SG INTERJ also TRAL-AOR-AUTO-say[II]-1SG SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT LNK 1SG ADVERS IPFV-become-1SG also SBJ:PCP-be.needed not.exist:FACT LNK 2SG.POSS-EMPH~together.with EMPH come:FACT-1SG be:FACT LNK DEM apart.from 1SG:GEN SBJ:PCP-be.needed SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: I did not go and heed [the girl who was calling us], and I don't need to become anything special, I don't need anything, apart from following you.' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯŋɤn mɤnɤmandʑi maka me
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.evil NEG-do:FACT-DU at.all not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is no evil thing that they do not do/They do all kinds of evil things.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɯfse ci tɯŋu , nɯ mɤkɯnaχtɕɯɣ ci tɯŋu tɯŋu
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF 2-be:FACT DEM NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.the.same INDEF 2-be:FACT 2-be:FACT
Translation: You are (someone) like that, you are different (from normal people).' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki aʑo ajaʁ ki jamar ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG 1SG.POSS-hand DEM.PROX about exist:SENS
Translation: The wild yak horn is about as big as my hand here.' (20-RmbroN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma ɯʑo ɯmdoʁ nɯnɯ , [aj pɯmtota] nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-colour DEM 1SG AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG DEM
Translation: [The wolves] that I have seen, the colour [of their fur is brown]' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯʑo kurɤʑi] ɣɯ si ɯpa nɯtɕu jɤazɣɯtnɯ
Glosses: 3SG IPFV-stay GEN tree 3SG.POSS-down DEM:LOC AOR-arrive-PL
Translation: They arrived at the bottom of the tree where he was staying.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɲɯkɯɣɤwu] ɣɯ tɯrŋa nɯ tsa ɲɯfse tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-SBJ:PCP-cry GEN GENR.POSS-face DEM a.little SENS-be.like LNK
Translation: It looks a bit like the face of someone crying.' (18-qromJoR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯjaʁ ʁe nɯ kɯ [kɤɕpʰɤt] ɯspa nɯ pjɯ́wɣsɯstʰoʁ ŋu
Glosses: GENR.POSS-hand left DEM ERG OBJ:PCP-patch 3SG.POSS-material DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-press be:FACT
Translation: One presses with the left hand on the piece of cloth that is to be patched.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [paʁ ɯsɤχsu] ŋu , [paʁ kɤmbi] ɯspa ŋu
Glosses: pig 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-feed be:FACT pig OBJ:PCP-give 3SG.POSS-material be:FACT
Translation: It is pig fodder, it is [something that can] be given to pigs.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤrʁaʁkɕi nɯ iɕqʰa , kɯɣɤrʁaʁ , [kɤtsɯm] ɯspa kʰɯna nɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: hunting.dog DEM FILLER SBJ:PCP-hunt OBJ:PCP-take.away 3SG.POSS-material dog DEM SENS-be
Translation: Hunting dogs are dogs that are taken to hunt.' (140426 liegou he zhonggou-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [βʑɯ ɯsɤɣi] ɯstu kɯspoʁ nɯtɕu , iɕqʰa nɯnɯ zɲɯrkunɯ .
Glosses: mouse 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-come 3SG.POSS-place hole DEM:LOC the.aforementioned DEM TRAL-IPFV-put.in-PL
Translation: People put [the flower of the burdock] in the holes which mice come out from (as a trap).' (13-tCamu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ [<cai> tɕʰi tandza] nɯ ɣɯ ɯmdoʁ nɯ ɲɯndɤm ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG ERG vegetable what AOR:3→3-eat DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-colour DEM IPFV-take[III] SENS-be
Translation: It takes the colour of whatever vegetable it has eaten.' (25-caiqajW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ŋotɕu jɤkɯɤri] ɯstu nɯtɕu kɯmɤrʑaβ kɯɕe ra tutinɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: where AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] 3SG.POSS-place DEM:LOC SBJ:PCP-marry GENR:S/O-go:FACT be.needed:FACT IPFV-say-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: People say that whatever place [the ladybug] flies to, is where one has to go to get married.' (26-kWlAGpopo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯjaʁ tɕʰi nɯkɯɣe ʑo] tundze
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hand what AOR:WEST-SBJ:PCP-come[II] EMPH IPFV-eat[III]
Translation: It eats whatever it can get its hands on.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [[ɕɯ kɯ [kɯmɯrkɯ kɯŋu] lukɤtɕɤt] pɯkɯcʰa] nɯ , asci rɟɤlpu cʰɯtasɯndonɯ ŋu
Glosses: who ERG SBJ:PCP-steal SBJ:PCP-be IPFV-INF-take.out AOR-SBJ:PCP-can DEM 1SG.POSS-instead king IPFV-1→2-CAUS-take-PL be:FACT
Translation: Whoever succeeds in catching (the one who) is the thief, I will make him king in my stead.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɕɯ ɯtɯji kɯnɤtɯɣ] nɯnɯra kɯ tɤmtʰɯm kusqanɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: who 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-field SBJ:PCP-happen.to.be DEM:PL ERG INDEF.POSS-meat IPFV-cook-PL LNK
Translation: Whoever_i [it is] whose_i fields happen to be [the ones that are to be ploughed by the whole village_j], those people_i cook meat (for the village_j).' (150909 kWnWjlAmtshi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ [ɯ_ipʰɯ ri kɯwxti] [ɯʑo_i ri kɯsna] ŋu
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-price also SBJ:PCP-be.big 3SG also SBJ:PCP-be.good be:FACT
Translation: [Silver] is (a metal that is) both expensive (whose price is big) and nice.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ qajɯ kɯsɤjlɯ~jloʁ nɯ joɣi tɕe , [ɯʑo ri kɯwxti], [ɯʑo ri kɯsɤjlɯ~jloʁ] ci pjɤŋu .
Glosses: DEM bug SBJ:PCP-EMPH~disgusting DEM IFR-come LNK 3SG also SBJ:PCP-be.big 3SG also SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.disgusting INDEF IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The disgusting creature (the toad) came, it was big and disgusting.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [tɯrɣi pɯ~paɣɯtndʑi ʑo] nɯnɯ lojindʑi .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-seed TOTAL~AOR:3→3:DOWN-bring-DU EMPH DEM IFR-plant-DU
Translation: They planted all the seeds that they had brought (down from heaven).' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo tɯ~tɤfsea] nɯ tɤfse tɕe
Glosses: 1SG TOTAL~AOR-be.like-1SG DEM IMP-be.like LNK
Translation: Do everything like I do.' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh,18)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <zhengfu> kɯ [kɯ~kɯngo], nɯnɯ [kɯ~kɤkɯnɤndza ʑo] nɯ , andi comuco tɕetu taʁ ri , nɤki tsʰupa ci tu tɕe , ɯnɯre tosɯɤwɯwum .
Glosses: government ERG TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-be.sick DEM TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-have.leprosy EMPH DEM west TOPO up.there up LOC FILLER village INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM:LOC IFR-CAUS-gather
Translation: In the west up there in Kyomkyo there is a village. The government gathered all the sick people, all the lepers, up there.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ [nɯnɯβdeta] nɯ ɯ́ŋu
Glosses: 1SG:GEN AOR-AUTO-throw-PST:TR-1SG DEM QU-be:FACT
Translation: Is it the one that I lost?' (140427 bianfu jingji he shuiniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [atu tɯmɯkɤrŋi kɯ ɯjaʁ nɯkɤkʰo] nɯ , smɤnmimitoʁ nɯnɯ ɣɯ [nɯkɤkʰo] nɯnɯ , koɕtʰɯz
Glosses: LNK up.there heavenly(god) ERG 3SG.POSS-hand AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM ANTHR DEM GEN AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM IFR:EAST-turn.towards
Translation: He turned [the magical object] that the god from heaven had given him, that Smanmi Metog had given him, [in the direction of the râkshâsas].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯzgo ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɯʑo [ɯkɤtsʰi] tunɯrke ɲɯkʰɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mountain 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC 3SG 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-drink IPFV-AUTO-put.in[III] SENS-be.possible
Translation: [The camel] can store the [water] that it drinks in its hump.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯʑo [stu ɯsɤtɕʰa ɯkɤnɯrga] nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG most 3SG.POSS-place 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-APPL-like DEM
Translation: The place that it likes most…' (20-xsar 10)