lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤpi ni kɯ … qajɣi nɯra kɯmɯm ʑɤni tunɯndzandʑi , ɯrkɯ kɤkɯɕke ra aʑo ɲɯ́wɣmbiandʑi , cʰa ra ʑɤni kunɯtsʰindʑi , aʑo ɯʁɟo ɲɯ́wɣjtsʰiandʑi pɯɕti
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG _ bread DEM:PL SBJ:PCP-tasty 3DU IPFV-AUTO-eat-DU 3SG.POSS-side AOR-SBJ:PCP-burn PL 1SG AOR-INV-give-1SG-DU alcohol PL 3DU IPFV-AUTO-drink-DU 1SG 3SG.POSS-diluted AOR-INV-give.to.drink-1SG-DU PST.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: Your two sisters (…) ate the tasty food and gave me the burned part of the bread, drank the alcohol and gave me diluted alcohol to drink.' (The three sisters)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [“aʑɯɣ apɯnɯpe" ɲɯkɯsɯso] ci pjɤŋu
Glosses: 3SG:GEN IRR-IPFV-AUTO-be.good IPFV-SBJ:PCP-think INDEF IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He was someone who was (always) thinking `May it be beneficial to me!” (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯnɯtɕu kɤndza kɯmɯm ɕtɤnɯndze
Glosses: 2SG DEM:LOC food SBJ:PCP-be.tasty TRAL-IMP-AUTO-eat[III]
Translation: Go and eat nice food there!' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laχtɕʰa mɯtɕʰɯmɯrɯz tu , mɤʑɯ koxtɕinri tu tɕe , ɣɯtɤnɯχtɯnɯ
Glosses: things all.kind exist:FACT also silk.thread exist:FACT LNK CISL-IMP-AUTO-buy-PL
Translation: There are all kinds of things, there are silk threads, come and buy them!' (140504 baixue gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003907#S121"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: awɯ awi ra kutɕu nɯnnɤʁaʁnɯ , anɯtɯnɯrɯmaninɯ , tɕe kutɕu akɤtɯnɯrɤʑinɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandfather 1SG.POSS-grandmother PL DEM.PROX:LOC IMP-AUTO-have.a.good.time-PL IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-recite.mantra-PL LNK DEM.PROX:LOC IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-stay-PL
Translation: Grandfathers and grandmothers, have a good time here, recite mantras and stay here (pleasantly).' (2003kandzwsqhaj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe zrɯɣ nɯ tɕe , tsuku kɯ tɯpɤcʰaʁ ɯŋgɯ tunɯɬoʁ ŋu tutinɯ ŋu tɕe mɤxsi ma ɯʑo ɲɯkɯnɯβze ci ɲɯɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK louse DEM LNK some ERG INDEF.POSS-navel 3SG-inside IPFV-AUTO-come.out be:FACT IPFV-say-PL be:FACT LNK NEG-GENR:A:know LNK 3SG IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-grow INDEF SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: The louse, some say that it comes from the navel, I don't know, it grows by itself.' (21 mdzadi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003578#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si ɯrgɤm nɯ ɣɯ ɯfkaβ nɯ , ɯʑo tonɯɲɟɯ .
Glosses: wood 3SG.POSS-box DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-cover DEM 3SG IFR-AUTO-ACAUS:open
Translation: The cover of the box opened by itself.' (150906 toutao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo pjɯkɯnɯβdeanɯ mɤra , aʑo pjɯnɯmtsaʁa jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG IPFV:DOWN-2→1-throw-1SG-PL NEG-be.needed:FACT 1SG NEG-IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-jump-1SG be.allowed:FACT
Translation: You don't need to throw me in there, I will jump by myself (of my own free will).' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo ʑo zɲɯnɯrua ɲɯntsʰi
Glosses: 1SG EMPH TRAL-IPFV-AUTO-look-1SG SENS-be.needed
Translation: I need to go and have a look by myself.' (140507 tangguowu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003933#S138"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯʑo tunɯɣɤrʁaʁ qʰe nɯ ɯkɤndza ɲɯnɯɕar ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG IPFV-AUTO-hunt LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat IPFV-AUTO-look.for be:FACT
Translation: [The cat] hunts on its own and looks for its own food by itself.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯtsa pɯqrɯta
Glosses: bowl AOR-break-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I broke the bowl (possibly on purpose).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯtsa pɯnɯqrɯta
Glosses: bowl AOR-AUTO-break-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I broke the bowl (by mistake).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: hehe aʑi ra cʰɤtɯnɯrɤrɟitnɯ mɯ́jtɯnɯsɯχsɤlnɯ
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady PL IFR-2-AUTO-have.a.child-PL NEG:SENS-2-AUTO-realize-PL
Translation: My lady, you had a child and did not notice it.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “huaguniang" ra tunɯtinɯ ɲɯŋu . nɯnɯra ʑara kɯ ɯrmi tunɯtɕɤtnɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: name PL IPFV-AUTO-say-PL SENS-be DEM:PL 3PL ERG 3SG.POSS-name IPFV-AUTO-take-PL SENS-be
Translation: They say `huaguniang', they call [this type of cows] like that.' (implied meaning: they invented their name, it is not a real name; 28 qapar) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003720#S228"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯsɯm pɯa<nnɯ>ri nɤ jukɯɕe , mɯpɯa<nnɯ>ri nɤ jukɯɕe pɯra
Glosses: LNK GENR.POSS-mind AOR-<AUTO>go[II] LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-go NEG-AOR-<AUTO>go[II] LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-go PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: Whether one liked it or not, one had to go.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S193"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ li ɯqa ɲɯβze ɲɯɕti ma ɯmɯntoʁ pɯnnɯtu kɯnɤ , ɯrɣi ra kɤmto maŋe .
Glosses: DEM again 3SG.POSS-foot IPFV-make[III] SENS-be:AFF LNK 3SG.POSS-flower PST.IPFV-AUTO-exist also 3SG.POSS-seed PL INF-see not.exist:SENS
Translation: This one also grows by its root, as even if it has flowers, [I] have never seen its seeds.' (17 ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯnɯɣɤwu ma , nɤkɯnɯɣmu me ma mɤtambi
Glosses: 2SG IMP-AUTO-cry LNK 2SG.POSS-NMLZ:S/A-APPL-be.afraid not.exist:FACT LNK NEG-1→2-give:FACT
Translation: You can cry as much as you like, nobody is afraid of you, I won't give [my daughter] to you (in marriage).' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajdo kɯ tɕʰi mɤnɯti ɕti nɤ , atɤnɯti ma ŋu cinɤ maʁ kɯ ,
Glosses: crow ERG what NEG-AUTO-say:FACT be.AFF:FACT SFP IRR-PFV-AUTO-say LNK be:FACT not.even not.be:FACT SFP
Translation: What wouldn't a crow say (a crow tells only lies), let it say what it wants, in any case none of it is true.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ ɲɤnɯkʰɤda ri , mɯpjɤpʰɤn , tɕʰeme nɯ pjɤnɯɣɤwu ɕti ,
Glosses: girl DEM IFR-convince LNK NEG-IFR-be.efficient girl DEM IFR.IPFV-AUTO-cry be.AFF:FACT
Translation: She [tried to] comfort the girl, but it was for nothing, the girl kept on crying.' (zrAntCW 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ pjɯŋgra ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɕe ɲɯrom ɕti tɕe , ɯrɣi nɯnɯ tɕu anɯmpʰɯr ɕti
Glosses: DEM IPFV:DOWN-ACAUS:make.fall before LNK LNK IPFV-be.dry be:AFF:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-seed DEM LOC PASS-AUTO-wrap:FACT be:AFF:FACT
Translation: Before [the flower] falls down, it dries up, and its seed is still wrapped in it.' (13-tCamu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɯnɤ pjɤnɯrɤma .
Glosses: DEM also IFR.IPFV-AUTO-work
Translation: Even so, she kept on working.' (140520 ye tiane-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004044#S375"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑmbɯlɯm cʰondɤre grɯβgrɯβ kɯfse tɤɬoʁ tɕe χploʁχploʁ kɯpa tɕe ʑɯrɯʑɤri ɲɯkɯnɤwɤt nɯ ɲɯmaʁ . tɤɬoʁ jɤznɤ ɲɯxtɕi laʁma nɯ kɯfse ɲɯnɯŋɯ~ŋu qʰe
Glosses: type.of.mushroom COMIT Matsutake SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-come.out LNK IDPH(II):spherical SBJ:PCP-auxiliary LNK progressively IPFV-SBJ:PCP-open.towards.the.exterior DEM SENS-not.be AOR-come.out when SENS-be.small only DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-AUTO-EMPH~be LNK
Translation: It is not like the (mushroom called) ʑmbɯlɯm and the Matsutake, which are spherical when they come out and progressively open towards the exterior. It is just that it is small when it comes out, [otherwise] it is already like that.' (24-zwArqhAjmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndi naʑanɯ qʰe , tɕendi zɯ mɤkɯβɟɤt ɯrca ntsɯ ɲɯnɤtɯɣ pjɤŋu .
Glosses: west AOR:WEST:3→3-start-PL LNK west LOC NEG-SBJ:PCP-obtain 3SG.POSS-following always IPFV-happen.to.be.at IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: When they started [distributing food] from the west, he always happened to be among those who could not get anything.' (28-qajdoskAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003718#S148"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯni ʑɤni nɯa<nɯ>tɯɣndʑi
Glosses: DEM:DU 3DU AOR-<AUTO>meet-DU
Translation: They met each other by themselves (it was not an arranged marriage).' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S313"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki kɯɤmtɕoʁ nɯnɯ ɯmci pjɯkɯɣi ɯstu nɯ ɲɯ́wɣznɤtɯɣ .
Glosses: DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.pointy DEM 3SG.POSS-saliva IPFV:DOWN-SBJ:PCP-come 3SG.POSS-direction DEM IPFV-CAUS-happen.to.be.at
Translation: One turns the corner [of the bib] towards the direction of the drooling saliva [of the baby].' (vid-20140506043657)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤa<nɯ>ri ri , ɯrte ɲɤnɯβde
Glosses: AOR-<VERT>go[II] LNK 3SG.POSS-hat IFR-lose
Translation: He went away, but lost his hat.' (2010-07-pear story)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ kɯ ɯrʑaβ akɤnɯte ɲɯntsʰi
Glosses: DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-wife IRR-PFV-take[III] SENS-be.better
Translation: Let him take her as his wife.' (140513 shenqi de feitan-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003981#S175"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤrɟɤntɕʰa nɯra aʑo ci pjɯkɯznɯtaa tɕe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-ornament DEM:PL 1SG INDEF IPFV-2→1-CAUS-take-1SG LNK
Translation: Can you let me wear your ornaments?' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɤrʁaʁɕa nɯra ɯzda ra ɲɯznɯkrɤm , ɲɯmbi ntsɯ pjɤŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wild.meat DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-companion PL IPFV-CAUS-AUTO-share[III]:FACT IPFV-give always IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He would share the meat from his hunt with the others, give it to them.' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤdi ʁnɯzmɯz nɯantsɤndu mɤnɯsɯχsɤl
Glosses: lady.seating.place two-kind AOR-be.exchanged.by.mistake NEG-AUTO-realize:FACT
Translation: [Your king] does not realize that two [different sisters] have been exchanged at the lady seating place.' (2003 Kunbzang, 329; see §sec:orientation.kitchen on the meaning of kʰɤdi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora ɲɯtɯɤntsɤndunɯ
Glosses: 2PL SENS-2-be.exchanged.by.mistake-PL
Translation: You are the opposite way!' (conversation 16-04-12; context: I told Tshendzin that my father and I cannot drive cars, while my mother and my wife can)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiŋga tonɯsɯɤntsɤndutɕi
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-clothes IFR-AUTO-CAUS-exchanged.by.mistake-1DU
Translation: We exchanged our clothes by mistake.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa rɟɤlpu ɯtɕɯ nɯ kɯ tɤɕime nɯ , ɯʑo ɯrɟɤlkʰɤβ nɯtɕu jonɯtsɯm qʰe
Glosses: the.aforementioned king 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG girl DEM 3SG 3SG.POSS-kingdom DEM:LOC IFR-VERT-take.away LNK
Translation: The prince took the girl back (vertitive) to his kingdom.' (140504 baixue gongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ nɯnɯβdeta nɯ ɯ́ŋu tɯci kɯ tʰɯanɯtsɯm nɯ ɯ́ŋu
Glosses: 1SG:GEN AOR-lose-PST:TR-1SG DEM QU-be:FACT INDEF.POSS-water ERG AOR-3→3-AUTO-take.away DEM QU-be:FACT
Translation: Is it the one that I lost? Is it the one that the water took away (spontaneous)?' (140427 bianfu jingji he shuiniao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɣjɤn pjɯtaznɯɕe jɤɣ ri ,
Glosses: one-time IPFV:DOWN-1→2-CAUS-VERT-go be.allowed:FACT LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ nɯ́wɣmbia , mɯnɯsɯndzaj tɕe tɕendɤre <dong> ntsɯ pɯβzuta .
Glosses: 1SG also AOR-INV-give-1SG NEG-AOR-ABIL-eat-1PL LNK LNK freeze always AOR-make-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: She gave [some edible ferns] to me, we could not eat [all of it], so I froze it.' (conversation140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯmɤkɤsɯndza nɯnɯ nɯkʰo ɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɯpɯ tunɯpanɯ ɲɯŋgrɤl ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-ABIL-eat DEM 3PL.POSS-room 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-keep(1) IPFV-AUTO-keep(2) SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: [The mice gathered food] and would keep in their room [the food] that they are not able to eat.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe li nɯkɤndza ɲɤme qʰe tɕe nɤ li , tɤrɟit ra mɤsɯχsundʑi pjɤɕti qʰe
Glosses: LNK again 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat IFR-not.exist LNK LNK ADD again INDEF.POSS-child PL NEG-ABIL-feed-DU IFR.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: They ran out of food, and were about to be unable to feed the children.' (160701 poucet2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006155#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯβlu ʑaʑa ʑo mɯtosɯtɕɤt tɕe ʑɯmkʰɤm ʑo cʰɤrɯsɯso pjɤra .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-trick early EMPH NEG-IFR-ABIL-take.out LNK a.long.time EMPH IFR-APASS-think IFR.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: He could not find a solution at first, and had to think for a long time.' (140425 ajimide1)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qaɟy ɯme nɯ kɯ , tɕe li ɯpi nɯra wuma ʑo mɯpjɤsɯβde ɲɯŋu
Glosses: fish 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM ERG LNK again 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DEM.PL really EMPH NEG-IFR-ABIL-throw SENS-be
Translation: The mermaid was reluctant to abandon her elder sisters.' (150819 haidenver-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006314#S287"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aβlu tɤsɯtɕata
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-trick AOR-ABIL-take.out-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I succeeded in finding a solution.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mbrɯtɕɯ ki mɯ́jmtɕoʁ tɕe mɯ́jspʰɯt
Glosses: knife DEM.PROX NEG:SENS-be.sharp LNK NEG:SENS-can.cut
Translation: This knife is not sharp, it cannot cut.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme laʁnɯlaχsɯm kɯnɤ mɤkɤsɯrqoʁ kɯfse kɯjpum ɲɯβze cʰa
Glosses: people two.or.three also NEG-INF-ABIL-hug SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.thick IPFV-grow can:FACT
Translation: [The fir] can grow so thick that two or three people cannot hug [its trunk].' (08-tWrgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki taqaβ ki , ɯxso taqaβ nɯ maʁ , nɤkinɯ , nɯfse taqaβ nɯ maʁ tɕe , nɯ rcanɯ , tɕʰi nɯtɯsɯsot cʰɯtɯnɯsɯtʂɯβ kʰɯ
Glosses: DEM.PROX needle DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-common needle DEM not.be:FACT FILLER like.that needle DEM not.be:FACT LNK DEM UNEXP:DEG what AOR-2-think-PST:TR IPFV-2-AUTO-CAUS/ABIL-sew be.possible:FACT
Translation: This needle is no ordinary needle, it is not a simple needle like that, [with it] you will be able to sew whatever you like.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʁar ra kotsʰoʁnɯ tɕe tɕendɤre , rɟɤlpu nɯ chonɤ aʁɤndɯndɤt junɯqambɯmbjomndʑi tɕe junɤɕɯɕendʑi ra tokʰɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wing PL IFR-attach-PL LNK LNK king DEM COMIT everywhere IPFV-fly-DU LNK IPFV-DISTR:go-DU PL IFR-be.possible SENS-be
Translation: They attached wings on her back, and she became able to fly around everywhere with the king.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: korɟɯɣ nɤ ɲɤrɟɯɣ ʑo qʰe ,
Glosses: IFR:EAST-run LNK IFR:WEST-run EMPH LNK
Translation: She ran around.' (150901 changfamei-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑosɯso junɤɕɯɕe mɯpjɤjɤɣ
Glosses: 3SG-as.wish IPFV-DISTR:go NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.allowed
Translation: [The nightingale] was not allowed to [fly] around freely.' (140519 yeying-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004040#S102"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɲɤɕe nɤ ɲɤɕe tɕe tɕendɤre , tɕendi tɕe tɕe , tɕendi tɕendi tɕe tɕendɤre mtsʰu ci ɲɤkɤtɯɣci .
Glosses: LNK IFR:WEST-go ADD IFR:WEST-go LNK LNK west LNK LNK west west LNK LNK lake INDEF IFR-PEG-meet-PEG
Translation: He went towards the west (for a long time). Very far in the west, he found a lake.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯɕna ra ɲɤnɤɕtʰɯɕtʰɯz tɕeri , nɤki , tɤpɤtso ra kʰri ɯpa kɤkɤsɯɤnbaʁ nɯ pjɤsɯχsɤl matɕi ɯdi pjɤmnɤm tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-nose PL IFR-DISTR:turn.towards LNK FILLER INDEF.POSS-child PL bed 3SG.POSS-under AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-hide DEM IFR-discover LNK 3SG.POSS-smell IFR.IPFV-have.a.smell LNK
Translation: [The ogre] pointed his nose in all directions, and discovered the children that had been hidden under the bed because of the smell.' (160704 poucet4-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤsmɯlɤm nɯ aʑo arpɣo ɣɯtʰɯlɤt tɕe , tɕe mucin mɤnɤtɯtia ma , nɯ maʁ qʰe , tunɤtɯtia ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-prayer DEM 1SG 1SG.POSS-lap CISL-AOR:DOWNSTREAM-release LNK LNK at.all NEG-DISTR:say:FACT-1SG LNK DEM not.be:FACT LNK TRAL-DISTR:say-1SG be:FACT
Translation: (When the time will come to choose your husband), put your offering (prayer) on my lap, and I will not say anything to anybody, otherwise I will tell everybody [about it].' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre ʑɯ~ʑimkʰɤm ʑo aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo ɲɤnɤtʰɯtʰu tɕe “qala ŋoj nɯari" ntsɯ toti pjɤnɤtʰɯtʰu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK EMPH~long.time EMPH eveywhere EMPH IFR-DISTR:ask LNK rabbit where AOR:WEST-go[II] always IFR-say IFR-DISTR:ask LNK
Translation: [The bear] asked around everywhere for a very long time where the rabbit had gone.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤnɤtɯti kɯ arqo ʑo kɤnɯsɯɣndzita
Glosses: IFR-DISTR:say ERG 1SG.POSS-throat EMPH AOR-AUTO-CAUS-be.hoarse-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: My voice has become hoarse (I have made my voiced become hoarse) because of speaking again and again.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɕʰeme nɯ ɕtonɤtsʰɯtsʰɤt ri , tɯ~tanɤtsʰɯtsʰɤt ʑo nɯ tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ laʁnɤlaʁ ʑo tuste pɯɕti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK girl DEM TRAL-IFR-DISTR:try LNK ITER~AOR:3→3-DISTR:try EMPH DEM girl DEM ERG IDPH(III):with.ease EMPH IPFV-do.like[III] PST.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT SENS-be
Translation: He has gone and tested the girl again and again, and each time he tested her, she answered correctly with ease.' (2005 tAwa kWcqraR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɯnɤsɲɯsɲu ntsɯ pjɤɕti tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-DISTR:be.mad always IFR.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: He always did [all sorts of] crazy things.' (150829 jidian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006338#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰi ɲɯtɯnɤme ŋu , tɕʰi ɲɯtɯnɤfsɯfse ɲɯŋu ma , nɤki jɤpʰɣo ma
Glosses: what SENS-2-make[II] be:FACT what SENS-2-DISTR:be.like SENS-be LNK FILLER IMP-flee LNK
Translation: What are you doing, what kind of foolish act are you doing, flee!' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ki atɤɲi ki lunɤkʰɯkʰrɯta tɕe aʑo lumɤkua ŋu tɕe , aqʰu lɤɣi je tɕe , atɤɲi ɯjrɯ~jroʁ ʑo lɤɣi je tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-staff DEM.PROX IPFV:UPSTREAM-drag-1SG LNK 1SG IPFV:UPSTREAM-be.first-1SG be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-after IMP:UPSTREAM-come SFP LNK 1SG.POSS-staff 3SG.POSS-trace~PERLATIVE EMPH IMP:UPSTREAM-come SFP LNK
Translation: I am going up there first, dragging this staff_i [of mine] along, come after me and follow its_i trace.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmat nɯ ɲɯrko tɕe ɲɯ́wɣnɤmɯma tɕe rʁom .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM SENS-be.hard LNK IPFV-INV-stroke LNK be.rough:FACT
Translation: Its fruit is hard and rough to the touch.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤpʰɯpʰɯ kɤɣɯt aj aʁa kume
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-alms INF-bring 1SG 1SG.POSS-free.time PRS-not.exist
Translation: I don't have time to give you alms.'(2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑarastɯsti tɕe nɯkɯnɤstɯstu maŋe ,
Glosses: 3PL-alone LNK 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-cause.trouble not.exist:SENS
Translation: When alone [without their young], [the wild yaks] have no [predators].' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S47"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤntɕʰaʁ ra cʰɤznɤmɲole
Glosses: street PL IFR-CAUS-DISTR:watch
Translation: He [took] him to do sightseeing in the city.' (140511 alading-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003953#S53"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯrɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ nɯra , maka , ɯʑo tɤkɤfstɤt ɣɯ ɯrju nɯra pjɤmtsʰɤm tɕe , mɤʑɯ ʑo toznɤjpɯjpe .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-king DEM ERG DEM:PL at.all 3SG AOR-OBJ:PCP-flatter GEN 3SG.POSS-word DEM:PL IFR-hear LNK even.more EMPH IFR-be.full.of.oneself
Translation: Hearing these words of praise, the king became even more full of himself than before.' (150830 afanti-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006380#S89"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɯntoʁ nɯra aɣrɤɣrum ɯŋgɯz kɯnɤ aqarŋɯrŋe kɯfse
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower DEM:PL be.whitish:FACT 3SG.POSS-inside:LOC also be.yellowish:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: Its flower is whitish, with a taint of yellowish.' (`it is like yellowish inside the whitish colour') (16-CWrNgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003518#S195"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri qro nɯnɯ wuma ʑo wɣrum , kɯwɣrɯ~wɣrum ʑo ŋu .
Glosses: LNK pigeon DEM really EMPH be.white:FACT SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.white EMPH be:FACT
Translation: The pigeon is very white.' (24-qro) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003626#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɯntoʁ rca wuma ʑo mpɕɤr tɕe kɯqarŋɯ~rŋe ʑo ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower UNEXP:DEG really EMPH be.beautiful:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.yellow EMPH be:FACT
Translation: Its flower is very beautiful, it is very yellow.' (15-babW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003512#S101"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: waɟɯ ɲɤnmu
Glosses: earthquake IFR-shake
Translation: There was an earthquake.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: manɯtɯmɯnmu ma mɤpʰɤn
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-move LNK NEG-be.efficient:FACT
Translation: Don't move, otherwise it won't work!' (2002 qala)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯŋa ɯʑo nɯnɯ , sqamŋuxpa jamar cʰɯmdɯ ɲɯŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK cow 3SG DEM fifteen-year about IPFV-live.up.to SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: A cow can live up to fifteen years.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “nɤʑo nɯ kʰrɯtsuxpa atʰɯtɯmdɯ ra nɤ" toti ɲɯŋu . tɕe “aʑo kɯnɤ kʰrɯtsu cʰondɤre tɯrʑaʁ nɯnɯ cʰɯmdɯa ra" toti
Glosses: 2SG DEM ten.thousand-year IRR-PFV-2-live.up.to be.needed:FACT SFP IFR-say SENS-be LNK 1SG also ten.thousand-year COMIT one-day DEM IPFV-live.up.to-1SG be.needed:FACT IFR-say
Translation: He said: `May you live ten thousand years! I want to live one thousand years and one more day.' (150830 afanti-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo kɯrɯskɤt kɤβzjoz nɯ cʰɯmdɯta ʑo ɕti
Glosses: 1SG Tibetan-language INF-learn DEM IPFV-be.determined EMPH be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I am determined to learn Tibetan/Gyalrong.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯra ɣɯ nɯrte nɯ ci ɯqʰu ci ʑo tonɯmɟa . tonɯmɟa qʰe jotsɯm qʰe ɯpi ra tɯkaka nɯku ɯtaʁ pjɤta .
Glosses: DEM.PL GEN 3PL.POSS-hat DEM one 3SG.POSS-after one EMPH IFR:UP-AUTO-take IFR:UP-AUTO-take LNK IFR-take.away LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL each 3PL.POSS-head 3SG.POSS-on IFR:DOWN-put
Translation: He took their crowns one after the other and put them on the heads of each of his brothers.' (160705 poucet5-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯsŋi kɤmdi tukɯrɤma , <gongfen> ʁnɯskɤrma pjɯ́wɣmɟa ma mɯpɯkɯcʰa , pɯkɯxtɕi .
Glosses: one-day INF-complete IPFV-GENR:S/O-work labour.point two-cent IPFV-INV-take apart.from NEG-PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-can PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.small
Translation: Working a complete day, I could only get two cents of labour points, as I was young.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤndza maka mɯpjɤβɟɤt .
Glosses: INF-eat at.all NEG-IFR:DOWN-obtain
Translation: He did not obtain anything to eat.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ stu kɯwxti nɯnɯ kɯ [nɯnɯ tɕʰeme nɯ mɯpɯkɤβɟɤt] nɯ wuma ʑo pjɤnɤsɤɣdɯɣ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son most SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM ERG DEM girl DEM NEG-AOR-INF-obtain DEM really EMPH IFR-TROP-be.unpleasant
Translation: The elder boy was upset that he did not get the girl.' (140513 shenqi de feitan-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003981#S209"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo ndɤre nɤtɯɕɯmtʰu nɯ !
Glosses: 2SG LNK 2PL.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-ask.a.lot.of.questions SFP
Translation: You really [like to] ask a lot of questions!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤɕime nɯ kɯ kʰa kurɤʑi tɕe , nɯndzɤtsʰi ra tuβze , nɯkʰa ra turɤwum pjɤŋu
Glosses: girl DEM ERG house IPFV-stay LNK 3PL.POSS-food PL IPFV-make[III] 3PL.POSS-house PL IPFV-tidy.up IFR.IPFV-be
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ kɯ nɯra rŋɯl nɯkɤmbi cʰo laχtɕʰa nɯkɤmbi nɯra torɤwum qʰe ,
Glosses: old.man DEM ERG DEM:PL silver AOR-OBJ:PCP-give COMIT thing AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM:PL IFR-collect LNK
Translation: The old man collected the money and the things that [the people] had given [them].' (150906 toutao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra kɯ ɯpaχɕi ra kɤwum taqurnɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-apple PL INF-gather AOR:3→3-help-PL LNK
Translation: They helped him to pick up his apples.' (pear story-Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ tɯŋga tarɤtsʰɤt/tatsʰɤt
Glosses: 3SG ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR:3→3-try
Translation: He tried the clothes.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ambro ɯjme ɲɯzri ɕi , nɤki , nɤʑo nɤkɤrme ɲɯzri nɯ] ɕɯrɤtsʰɤttɕi ra
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-tail SENS-be.long QU FILLER 2SG 2SG.POSS-hair SENS-be.long DEM TRAL-try:FACT-1DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: Let us try whether my horse's tail is longer, or your hair (let us see which, of my horse's tail and your hair, is the longest).' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <chengming> kɯ , nɯnɯ qartsʰi nɯnɯ totsʰɤt . tɕe ɲɯcʰa ɕi mɯ́jcʰa nɯra totsʰɤt tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR ERG DEM cricket DEM IFR-try LNK SENS-can QU NEG:SENS-can DEM:PL IFR-try LNK
Translation: Chengming tried the cricket, tried whether it would be victorious [in cricket fights] or not.' (150904 cuzhi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣa tʰamtɕɤt nɯ , … pjɤraχtɕinɯ , nɯku ra pjɤsɤɕɤtnɯ tɕe torɤmpɕɤrnɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: bird all DEM _ IFR-APASS-wash-PL 3PL.POSS-head PL IFR-comb-PL LNK IFR-make.up-PL SENS-be
Translation: All birds … washed, combed their hair and dressed up.' (tulao de wuya-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tukɯzrɤmpɕɤrtɕi ra
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-CAUS-make.up-1DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: Help us dressing up and making up.' (140504 huiguniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003909#S67"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ <faliedong> nɯnɯ , [nɯnɯ nɯŋgumdʑɯɣ taɣɤtɕɤtnɯ] kɯ <chake> nɯ kosɯβraʁ .
Glosses: LNK DEM ANTHR DEM DEM 3PL.POSS-leader AOR:3→3-choose-PL ERG ANTHR DEM IFR-CAUS-attach
Translation: Feridun, the one they had chosen as their leader, had Zohak attached.' (140514 xiee de shewang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕiʑo kɯmŋupɤrme acʰɤttɕi
Glosses: 1DU five-years differ.in.age:FACT-1DU
Translation: We have a five year difference.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯdɤn kɯmɲi ci cʰɤtnɯ ma nɯ kɯfse rcanɯ pakuku ʑo kɯdɤn ʑo ɲɯɕarnɯ .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.many SBJ:PCP-be.few INDEF differ:FACT-PL LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like UNEXP:DEG every.year EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.many EMPH IPFV-search-PL
Translation: They differ in that some [eat fern] a lot or fewer, but they search a lot [of fern] every year.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤjkʰu ɯku mɤjqe
Glosses: yet 3SG.POSS-head NEG-be.able.to.lift[III]:FACT
Translation: [The baby] is not yet able to lift up his head.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtʰoʁ ɲɯɤrɴɢlɯm
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground SENS-be.caved.in
Translation: The ground is caved in.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu ri ataʁ wuma kusna ,
Glosses: king also 1SG.POSS-on really PRS-be.kind
Translation: The king is very kind with me.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lɤtɕɤt ma nɤʑo amtɕʰot ɯkɯndza mɤtɯsna
Glosses: IMP:UPSTREAM-take.out LNK 2SG 1SG.POSS-offering 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat NEG-2-be.worthy:FACT
Translation: Spit it out, you are not worthy of being the one eating my offering.' (2014 kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme kɤndza mɤsna
Glosses: person INF-eat NEG-be.fit:FACT
Translation: It is unfit for people to eat.' (12-Zmbroko) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003490#S93"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤɕqʰe ɯɲɯ́mna ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-cough QU-SENS-be.better
Translation: Is your cough getting better?' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯɲɯ́tɯmna
Glosses: QU-SENS-2-be.better
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯfse pjɯkɤfɕɤt sɤz ɯɲɯ́mna ?
Glosses: like.that IPFV-INF-tell COMP QU-SENS-be.better
Translation: Is it better [to explain how to weave with video] than simply by telling it like that (without video)?' (vid-20140429090403) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003776#S161"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe paʁtsʰi ɲɯrɯre pjɤŋu ri ,
Glosses: LNK hogwash IPFV-take.care[III]:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: While he was taking care of the hogwash….' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤrndu sɤznɤ pɯrndeta
Glosses: INF-obtain COMIT AOR-get.into.trouble-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I not only did not obtain anything, but in addition I got into trouble.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo stɯsti ʑo tuɕe qʰe , tɕe kʰro ʑo ɲɯrnde kʰi .
Glosses: 3SG alone EMPH IPFV:UP-go LNK LNK a.lot EMPH SENS-obtain[III] HEARSAY
Translation: She goes [up there in the mountain], and found a lot of mushrooms (they say).' (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [tɤspɯ tɕe toβzu] tɕe [qajɯ ɲoβzu] ma kɤnɯqambɯmbjom ɯxɕɤt kɯ nɯnɯ ɯʁar ɯndzom ɣɯ ɯqa nɯra torɤspɯ qʰe ɲɤrɯqajɯ
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-pus LNK IFR:UP-make LNK worm IFR:WEST-make LNK INF-fly 3SG.POSS-strength ERG DEM 3SG.POSS-wing 3SG.POSS-bridge GEN 3SG.POSS-bottom DEM:PL IFR:UP-DENOM-pus LNK IFR:WEST-DENOM-worm
Translation: [Its wing] had pus and worms grew in it, it flew so much that the base of its wing festered and had worms.' (22-qomndroN)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [ɯrʑaβ nɯ ɯskʰrɯ mɯnɯkɯβdi] nɯ , cʰɤrɤrɟit
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wide DEM 3SG.POSS-body NEG-AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.well DEM IFR-DENOM-child
Translation: His wife, who was pregnant, gave birth to a child.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrɟit kɯngɯt tɤtu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child nine AOR-exist
Translation: She had nine children.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S15"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɯʁar kɯβde ɣɤʑu ma , ɯpʰaʁ ɯntsi ri kɯwxti ci , kɯxtɕi ci tɕe … nɯnɯqambɯmbjom ri tɕe nɯnɯ lusɯɤlotʰi ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-wing four exist:SENS LNK 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair LOC SBJ:PCP-be.big INDEF SBJ:PCP-be.small INDEF LNK _ AOR-fly LNK LNK DEM IPFV:UPSTREAM-CAUS-DENOM-up-downstream SENS-be
Translation: [The butterfly] has four wings, on each side a big one and a small one. (…) When it flies, it aligns [its wings] along the `upstream-downstream' axis.' (26-qambalWla)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯmaʁ xɕaj nɯra arɯldʑaŋkɯ kɯfse ma
Glosses: LNK other grass DEM:PL DENOM-green:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK
Translation: The other plants [around it] are [very] green.' (22-BlamajmAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003584#S103"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯɤrɯmɯntoʁ nɯ !
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM-flower SFP
Translation: It is as [worthless] as a flower.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯtɯwɣrum kɯ ɲɯɤrɯtɤjpa ʑo
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.white ERG SENS-DENOM-snow EMPH
Translation: It is white as snow.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjwaʁ ɯtsʰɯɣa nɯnɯ kɯɤrɯtaqaβ kɯfse naχtɕɯɣ ri ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf 3SG.POSS-shape DEM SBJ:PCP-DENOM-needle SBJ:PCP-be.like be.identical:FACT LNK
Translation: The shape of its leaves is similar [to those of the fir] in that they are like needles.' (11-mYAm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003474#S65"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯru nɯra tɤkɯɤrɤrqʰɯ~rqʰioʁ kɯfse ci ŋu qʰe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM:PL AOR-SBJ:PCP-DENOM-groove SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF be:FACT LNK
Translation: Its stalk is like it has had many groovings on it.' (14-sWNgWJu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003506#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo aʑɯβ ɲɤkɤrɤrɤɣci
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-sleep IFR-PEG-DENOM-predicted.time-PEG
Translation: I feel sleepy at the expected time.' (elicited, can be said when one feels sleepy at the same hour in the afternoon when one went to sleep the previous days)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯɤɣɯmdzu , ɯtaʁ tɤmdzu ɲɯdɤn kɤti ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: SENS-DENOM:PROP-thorn 3SG.POSS-on INDEF.POSS-thorn SENS-be.many OBJ:PCP-say SENS-be
Translation: [The word] ɲɯ-ɤɣɯ-mdzu means `there are a lot of thorns on it'.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯru cʰo ɯfkaβ ra aɣɯmdoʁ ʑo arŋi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk COMIT 3SG.POSS-cover PL DENOM-colour:FACT EMPH be.green:FACT
Translation: Its stalk and its cap are the same green colour.' (of a species of mushroom) (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɴɢoɕna ɲɯɤɣɯjɯ~jaʁ ɲɯɤɣɯmɯ~mi , ɯmɤlɤjaʁ ɲɯdɤn
Glosses: spider SENS-DENOM-EMPH~arm SENS-DENOM-EMPH~leg 3SG.POSS-limbs SENS-be.many
Translation: The spider has many arms and legs, its limbs are numerous.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrʑaβ nɯ kɯ , … <huangdi> ɣɯ ɯrte nɯ χsɯm ʑo pjɤzɣɯŋgɯ~ŋgɯ pjɤnɤrte
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife DEM ERG _ emperor GEN 3SG.POSS-hat DEM three EMPH IFR-CAUS-DENOM-EMPH~inside IFR-wear
Translation: His wife wore three imperial crowns one on the top of the other.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [ɯʁɤri tatɯt] cʰo [ɯqʰu tatɯt] nɯra maka mɯpjɤkɤɣɯʂwaŋci
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-before AOR:3→3-say[II] COMIT 3SG.POSS-after AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM:PL at.all NEG-IPFV.IFR-PEG-DENOM-pair-PEG
Translation: The things he said in the beginning and those that he said later did not correspond to each other.' (contradicted each other) (2011-10-qajdo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmu ra anɯkɯɤɣɯrɯz qʰe , nɯ nɯɕɣɤrgu apɯsna , tɯʑo tɯɕɣɤrgu ɲɯsna
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mother PL IRR-PFV-GENR:S/O-inherit LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-tooth.quality IRR-IPFV-be.good GENR GENR.POSS-tooth.quality SENS-be.good
Translation: If one inherits from one's mother's [lineage], and [people from] one's mother's [lineage] have good tooth quality, then one will (also) have good tooth quality.' (27-tWCGArgu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si kɯɤɣɯrtɯ~rtaʁ ki kɯfse ɲɯɕarnɯ
Glosses: tree SBJ:PCP-DENOM-EMPH~branch this SBJ:PCP-be.this.way IPFV-search-PL
Translation: They search for a tree having a lot of branches like this.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɕʰeme nɯ kɯɤɣɯrɟɯ~rɟit ci pɯŋu
Glosses: the.aforementioned woman DEM SBJ:PCP-DENOM-EMPH~child INDEF PST.IPFV-be
Translation: This woman had a lot of children.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤɣɯrɟɯ~rɟit ʑo jonɯɕenɯ
Glosses: COMIT-children EMPH IFR-VERT-go-PL
Translation: She/They went back with their children.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯɤndʑirɣandʑi
Glosses: SENS-DENOM-neighbour-DU
Translation: They are one next to the other.' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri tɯtɯrdoʁ tɯtɯrdoʁ ɲɯŋu ma kɯɤndʑirɣa kɯfse kɯɤrɤkʰɯm~kʰɤl kɯfse maŋe .
Glosses: LNK one-one-piece one-one-piece SENS-be LNK SBJ:PCP-DENOM-neighbour SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-DENOM-EMPH~place SBJ:PCP-be.like not.exist:SENS
Translation: [This type of mushroom grows] one by one [in isolation], not one next to the other (clustered together), not in patches.' (24-zwArqhAjmAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003630#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aɣɯmdzu tɕe , [kɤnɤjaʁ] sɤŋaβ .
Glosses: have.thorns:FACT LNK INF-touch.with.hand DENOM:PROP-unpleasant:FACT
Translation: It is thorny, and unpleasant to touch with the hand.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: srɯnmɯ nɯ kɯ ʑa [kɤti ɯrqo mɤkɯɬoʁ] tɕe [kɤti kɯnɤŋaβ] toʑɣɤpa tɕe ,
Glosses: demoness DEM ERG early INF-say 3SG.POSS-throat NEG-SBJ:PCP-come.out LNK INF-say SBJ:PCP-DENOM:TROP-unpleasant IFR-pretend LNK
Translation: The demoness pretended to be to be embarrassed to say it for a long time.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsʰɤwɤre nɯnɯ , aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo tɕe , ɯjaʁpa nɯ wuma ʑo ɲɯɲɟoʁ tɕe , tsʰi kɯfse ʑo mɤkɯsɤɣa tɤa<nɯ>ri kɯnɤ pjɯɤtɤr mɯ́jcʰa .
Glosses: gecko DEM everywhere EMPH LNK 3SG.POSS-hand-under DEM really EMPH SENS-PASS-glue LNK what SBJ:PCP-be.like EMPH NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.accessible AOR:UP-<AUTO>go[II] also IPFV-fall NEG:SENS-can
Translation: The gecko, the palms of its paws are very adhesive, and no matter how steep and inaccessible the places it goes up to, it cannot fall down.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: praʁ ɯtaʁ ɲɯnɤɣa
Glosses: cliff 3SG.POSS-on SENS-not.feel.vertigo
Translation: He does not feel vertigo on the cliff.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: matɤtɯsɤmbrɯ
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-DENOM:PROP-anger
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɤkɯɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ tɕe ndzɯpe ntsɯ ɲɯ́wɣβzu pɯra .
Glosses: girl DEM AOR-GENR:S/O-<AUTO>sit LNK sitting.position always IPFV-INV-make PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: Women, when they sat, had to sit with both legs folded on one side, without crossing legs.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɬɤndʐitɤlɤtsʰaʁ tusɤrminɯ ɲɯŋu ma ,
Glosses: delphinium IPFV-DENOM:CAUS-name-PL SENS-be LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯrmi nɯ ɬɤndʐitɤlɤtsʰaʁ totɕɤtnɯ tɕe nɯ ɲɯŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-name DEM delphinium IFR-take.out-PL LNK DEM SENS-be
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li tɯɕtʂi ʑo pjɯtɕɤt tumŋɤm ŋu .
Glosses: again GENR.POSS-sweat EMPH IPFV-take.out IPFV-hurt be:FACT
Translation: It hurts again so much that it causes one to sweat.' (25-kACAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa si kʰoŋrɤl tɤkɤri nɯ ɯŋgɯ kɯnɤ li … tuɕe qʰe , tɕe ɯpa tusɤkʰɯnɯ . ɯpa smi pjɯ́wɣβlɯ qʰe tɤkʰɯ tusɯxɕenɯ qʰe ,
Glosses: the.aforementioned tree hollow AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-in also again _ IPFV:UP-go LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-down IPFV:UP-DENOM:CAUS-smoke-PL 3SG.POSS-down fire IPFV-INV-burn LNK INDEF.POSS-smoke IPFV:UP-CAUS-go-PL LNK
Translation: [When the bear_i] goes up in a hollow tree, [the hunters] smoke it_i from the bottom (of the tree), they make a fire and send the smoke upwards (towards the bear, to smoke it out).' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤdaʁ tosɯfsaŋ qʰe , cʰɤmqlaʁ qʰe ,
Glosses: Khatag IFR-DENOM:CAUS-fumigation LNK IFR-swallow LNK
Translation: She fumigated the khatag and swallowed it.' (Gesar 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯndzɤtsʰi nɯ kɯmɯ~mɯm ʑo tusɤftɕake qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-meal DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.tasty EMPH IPFV-prepare[III] LNK
Translation: She would (each time) prepare a meal (for the old woman).' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jindzɤtsʰi ftɕaka tɤβze
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-meal manner IMP-make[III]
Translation: Prepare a meal for us!' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ [ɯjwaʁ ɲɯlɤt] tɕendɤre [ɯmat ɲɯβze]
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-leaf IPFV-release LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-make[III]
Translation: [The Zanthoxyllum] makes leaves and grows fruits.' (07-tCGom)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤrɯm nɯnɯ , tɯmtɕʰi ɯtaʁ ʑmbɤr ɲɯkɯɬoʁ ŋu . tɕe wuma ʑo rɯʁlɤwɯr
Glosses: mouth.ulcer DEM INDEF.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-on ulcer IPFV-SBJ:PCP-come.out be:FACT LNK really EMPH DENOM-suddenly
Translation: [The disease called] kʰɤrɯm is an ulcer which appears on the mouth. It happens very suddenly.' (25-khArWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003644#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɤstɯɣ kɯra nɯ cʰɯ́wɣrɤtɣa
Glosses: how.much SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-DENOM-handspan
Translation: One measures how long [the clothes have to be weaved] by handspan.' (vid-20140429092115)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pjɤ́wɣrɤrzɯ~rzɯɣ tɕe kɯβderzɯɣ ʑo tówɣlɤt , pjɤ́wɣsat .
Glosses: IPFV-INV-DENOM-EMPH~section LNK four-section EMPH IFR-INV-release IFR-INV-kill
Translation: [The thief] killed him by cutting him into four pieces.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯjɯ , ɯsɤndo [tɯjaʁ kɯ kúwɣrɤspra kɯkʰɯ] jamar mɤɕtʂa cʰɯ́wɣβʑoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-handle 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-take GENR.POSS-hand ERG IPFV-INV-DENOM-handful SBJ:PCP-be.possible about until IPFV-INV-peel/sharpen
Translation: One sharpens its handle until it can be held in one's hand.' (13-tAsAsqAri)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯtɕu awi cʰo amu ni turɤmandʑi ,
Glosses: DEM:LOC 1SG.POSS-grandmother COMIT 1SG.POSS-mother DU IPFV-DENOM:TR-work-DU
Translation: My grandmother and my mother were working there.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa nɯra ɲɯnɤme .
Glosses: house DEM:PL SENS-DENOM:TR-work[III]
Translation: [Her daughter] does the housework.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ rɟɤlpu ɯma tunɤme
Glosses: 3SG ERG king 3SG.POSS-work IPFV-DENOM:TR-work[III]
Translation: He did the work of a king.' (2003 qachGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003372#S196"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰu cʰondɤre mbro ni torɤkrɤzndʑi . … [tɯrɟit kɤ́wɣnɯskʰrɯ tɕe , ɯpɯ nɯ tɕʰi jamar tɕe tukɤsci nɯ], tonɯkrɤzndʑi .
Glosses: tiger COMIT horse DU IFR-DENOM:INTR-discussion-DU _ GENR.POSS-offspring AOR-INV-be.pregnant.from LNK 3SG.POSS-child DEM what about LNK IPFV-INF-be.born DEM IFR-DENOM:TR-discussion-DU
Translation: The tigress and the mare had a discussion, they discussed how long it would take for the child to be born after one gets pregnant.' (20-tArka) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003566#S33"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li kɤtɤβ kúwɣnɯftɕaka ra … tɤtɕɯ ra kɯ tɕendɤre kɤtɤβ ftɕaka túwɣβzu tɕe ,
Glosses: again INF-thresh IPFV-INV-DENOM-manner be.needed:FACT _ INDEF.POSS-boy PL ERG LNK INF-thresh manner IPFV-INV-make LNK
Translation: (After…), one has to prepare the threshing, the men prepare to thresh [the crops].' (2010-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯɣɤmdzu tɕe tɤmdzu ɣɤʑu kɤti ŋu ma kɯdɤn mɤkɯdɤn nɯra maʁ
Glosses: SENS-DENOM:PROP-thorn LNK INDEF.POSS-thorn exist:SENS OBJ:PCP-say be:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-be.a.lot NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.a.lot DEM:PL not.be:FACT
Translation: [The word] ɲɯ-ɣɤ-mdzu means `it has thorns', it does not [specify whether] there are many or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰa ɲɯɣɤkʰɯnɯ
Glosses: house SENS-DENOM-smoke-PL
Translation: There is smoke coming out from their house.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S194"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrnomɕɤrɯ ɣɯ ɯtsɯr loɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-rib-bone GEN 3SG.POSS-crack IFR:UPSTREAM-go
Translation: His ribs got fractured.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [aʑo … qartsʰi ɲɤkɤpaaci] pɯɣɤjmŋota
Glosses: 1SG _ cricket IFR-PEG-become-1SG-PEG AOR-DENOM-dream-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I dreamed that I had become a cricket.' (150904 cuzhi-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki tɤrka ki tɤrɤku aɣɯɕkat
Glosses: DEM.PROX mule DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-crop PASS-DENOM-LOAD:FACT
Translation: This mule has been loaded with (burdens containing) crops.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɣɤrdɯl nɯ , ɯʑo ɯtaʁ rdɯl tukɯɬoʁ nɯ ŋu , kɯnɯrdɯl nɯ , ɯʑo ɯtaʁ rdɯl kɤkɯndzoʁ nɯ ŋu
Glosses: INF:STAT-DENOM-dust DEM 3SG 3SG.POSS-on dust IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-come.out DEM be:FACT INF:STAT-DENOM-dust DEM 3SG 3SG.POSS-on dust AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:attach DEM be:FACT
Translation: kɯ-ɣɤ-rdɯl means that dust is coming up from it, and kɯ-nɯ-rdɯl means that dust is attached on it.' (elicited definition)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: sɯlɤmgrɯβdɤn kɯ [ɯtʰu] tɤtɯzmɤkut ŋu tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR ERG 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:ask AOR-2-CAUS-be.first-PST:TR be:FACT LNK
Translation: Bsod.nam sgrub.ldan, you were the first to ask [her hand in marriage].' (sras 2003)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <maji> nɯnɯ [ɯsni mɤkɯɲaʁ] pjɤnɯmdoʁ
Glosses: ANTHR DEM 3SG.POSS-heart NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.black PST.IFR-DENOM-colour
Translation: Ma Ji looked like someone who was not evil.' (160702 luocha) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006135#S45"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: stonka tɕe li , nɤki , pɯnɯɣur qʰe , li pjɯtsɣi qʰe mɯɲɯsna ɕti .
Glosses: autumn LNK again FILLER AOR-DENOM-frost LNK again IPFV-rot LNK NEG-IPFV-be.good be.AFF:FACT
Translation: In autumn, when [the Arisaema consanguineum] get frosted, it rots and dies.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯɣur pata , kɯdɤn ʑo mɯpata .
Glosses: frost AOR:3→3-put SBJ:PCP-be.many EMPH NEG-AOR:3→3-put
Translation: There was a bit of frost, but not much.' (conversation, 15-12-17)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤsaχsɯ ɯpɯ́tu ?
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-lunch QU-PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: Did you have lunch?' (both heard in context several times)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jaʁmɤcʰɯqa lɤnɯχpɯnbu
Glosses: ANTHR AOR:UPSTREAM-DENOM-master
Translation: Yagmakhyiqa became the master.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χpɯnbu lando
Glosses: master AOR:3→3:UPSTREAM-take
Translation: He became the master.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯnɯmtsʰalu , mtsʰalu ɯkɯpʰɯt joɣi
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-DENOM-nettle nettle 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-take.out IFR-come
Translation: She came to collect nettle.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: lufsoʁ ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɕendɤre kɯnɯqaɟy ntsɯ juɕe pjɤŋu . tɕendɤre qaɟy ntsɯ ʑlutɕɤt pjɤŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: IPFV-be.day before LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-DENOM-fish always IPFV-go IFR.IPFV-be LNK fish always TRAL-IPFV:UPSTREAM-take.out IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: [The fisherman] always went fishing before daybreak.' (140512 yufu yu mogui)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯrkoŋtoŋ nɯnɯ ci tondo tɕe tonɤɲi tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-femur DEM INDEF IFR-take LNK IFR-DENOM-walking.stick LNK
Translation: He picked one of its femurs up and used it as a walking stick.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯŋa kɯfse , qaʑo kɯfse nɯra cʰɯnɤrme ŋgrɤl . nɯnɯ ɯrme cʰɯpʰɯt ŋgrɤl ma ,
Glosses: cow SBJ:PCP-be.like sheep SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-DENOM:TR-hair be.usually.the.case:FACT DEM 3SG.POSS-hair IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-take.off be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: [Bats] remove the hair of cows and sheep, they remove their hair.' (25-qarmWrwa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aχpɯm ɲɯmŋɤm ri , mɤkɯsɤɕqa maŋe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-knee SENS-hurt LNK NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.bearable not.exist:SENS
Translation: My knee hurts, but nothing unbearable.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tamar ʁɟa ʑo kumarnɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-butter completely EMPH IPFV-smear-PL
Translation: They smeared it completely with butter.' (30-komar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtɕɯ nɯ , soz tɕe , rɤru tɤkʰa tɕe , tɕʰeme nɯ ɣɯ … ɯjme pɕoʁ nɯtɕu ntsɯ cʰɯmkɯm pjɤŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM morning LOC get.up:FACT moment LOC girl DEM GEN _ 3SG.POSS-tail side DEM:LOC always IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-head.towards IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The man, in the morning, when he was about to get up, had his head towards the tail of the woman.' (rkoNrJAl2002)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯci kondzom
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water IFR-form.a.bridge.of.ice
Translation: A bridge of ice formed over the river.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rirɤβ tʰɤstɯɣ japɣaʁ , tɯci tʰɤstɯɣ jamɢla mɤxsi ma ,
Glosses: mountain how.many AOR:3→3-cross INDEF.POSS-water how.many AOR:3→3-step.over NEG-GENR:know LNK
Translation: It is not now how many mountains and rivers he crossed.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qapri ɣɯ ɯmdʑu ɲɯɣɤplaʁplaʁ ʑo
Glosses: snake GEN 3SG.POSS-tongue SENS-DEIPH:INTR-flicking EMPH
Translation: The snake's tongue is flicking.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qapri kɯ ɯmdʑu ɲɯsɤplaʁplaʁ ʑo
Glosses: snake ERG 3SG.POSS-tongue SENS-DEIPH:TR-flicking EMPH
Translation: The snake is flicking its tongue.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qapri kɯ ɯmdʑu plaʁnɤplaʁ ʑo ɲɯɤsɯstu
Glosses: snake ERG 3SG.POSS-tongue IDPH(III):flickering EMPH SENS-PROG-do.like
Translation: The snake is flicking its tongue.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe qapri qaɕpa … pjɤɣɤɟɯɣlɯɣ ʑo ɕti
Glosses: LNK snake frog _ IPFV.IFR-DEIDPH:INTR-wiggling EMPH be.AFF:FACT
Translation: There were [many] snakes and frogs wiggling [everywhere].' (2003 kWBRa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: skɤrwa kɤnɯxɯra ʑo kɤaria
Glosses: circumambulation AOR-DENOM-turn-1SG EMPH AOR-go[II]-1SG
Translation: I made circumambulations [again and again].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: xɯrnɤxɯr ʑo kɤrɯskɤrwaa
Glosses: IDPH(III):turn EMPH AOR-DENOM-circumambulation-1SG
Translation: I made circumambulations [again and again].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: bɤβnɤbɤβ ʑo paβde
Glosses: IDPH(III):heavy.object EMPH AOR:3→3:DOWN-throw
Translation: He threw [stones] down, going `boom' [on the ground] again and again.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɴɢoɕna me , porɤt me , ɯpɯ tɤtu tɕe , kɯki iɕqʰa , … ɯtaʁ nɯnɯre boʁboʁ ʑo kundzoʁnɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK big.spider whether small.spider whether 3SG.POSS-young AOR-exist LNK DEM.PROX the.aforementioned _ 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IDPH(II):in.group EMPH IPFV-ACAUS:attach-PL LNK
Translation: When spiders_i, whether big ones or small ones, have offspring_j, those_j attach in clusters on them_j.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɯzɤpɯ ra nɯmu ɯɕki kokɤboʁboʁnɯci ma ɲɯnɤndʐonɯ
Glosses: puppy PL 3PL.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR-PEG-DEIDPH-in.group-PL-PEG LNK SENS-DENOM-cold-PL
Translation: The puppies huddled against their mother, as they feel cold.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmɤɕi ra ɣɯ , nɯtɕɯ nɯra kɯ tɕʰeme ci pjɤkɤznɤboʁboʁnɯci
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.rich PL GEN 3PL.POSS-son DEM:PL ERG girl INDEF PST.IPFV-PEG-PROG-DEIDPH-in.group-PL-PEG
Translation: Children from rich [families] were grouped around a girl.' (160630 abao-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯlonɤtsoʁndʑi kɯ tɯpɣaʁ lotɕɤtndʑi
Glosses: NEG-IFR-DENOM-silverweed-DU ERG field.clearing IFR:UPSTREAM-take.out-DU
Translation: They did not collect silverweed, and cleared fields for farming (instead).' (31-deluge)