lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰu nɯ ʁo nɯ-βde wo , a-me nɯ χtanɤ a-ftsaʁ ɯβrɤ-ɣi ma
Glosses: tiger DEM ADVERS IMP-throw SFP 1SG.POSS-daughter DEM COMP 1SG.POSS-roof.leak RH.Q-come SFP
Translation: My daughter, don't worry about the tiger, [I am more worried] that my [house] could have a roof leak.' (khu 2005)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki li pjɯ-mnat-a ɕi ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX again IPFV-repeat-1SG QU
Translation: Do I tell [the story] again?' (150908 menglang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006320#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯʑora smi cʰɯ-tɯ-nɯ-βlɯ-nɯ ŋu ɕi , <dian> cʰɯ-tɯ-nɯmbjɯm-nɯ ŋu ?
Glosses: 2PL fire IPFV-2-AUTO-burn-PL be:FACT QU electricity IPFV-2-get.warm-PL be:FACT
Translation: Do you burn a fire, or do you get warm with an electric [radiator]?' (conversation, 2013-12-13)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki a-χpi ki ɲɯ-mpɕɤr ɕi mɯ́j-mpɕɤr ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-story DEM.PROX SENS-be.beautiful QU NEG:SENS-be.beautiful
Translation: Is this story of mine beautiful or not?' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: χsɤr kʰri ɯ-taʁ tɯ-ɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ ɕi , rŋɯl kʰri ɯ-taʁ tɯ-ɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ ɕi , (...) ɕom kʰri ɯ-taʁ tɯ-ɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ ɕi , si kʰri ɯ-taʁ tɯ-ɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ ?
Glosses: gold seat 3SG.POSS-on 2-<AUTO>sit:FACT QU silver seat 3SG.POSS-on 2-<AUTO>sit:FACT QU _ iron seat 3SG.POSS-on 2-<AUTO>sit:FACT QU wood seat 3SG.POSS-on 2-<AUTO>sit:FACT
Translation: Will you sit on the golden seat, the silver seat, the iron seat or the wooden seat?' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-rcɤmbe-ŋga nɯ ŋotɕu nɯ-a<nɯ>ri kɯ ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-old.jacket-wear DEM where AOR:WEST-<AUTO>go[II] QU
Translation: Where did my beggar (`wearer of an old jacket") of a husband vanish?' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤʑɯ tɕʰi mɯ-pɯ-fɕɤt-tɕi kɯma ?
Glosses: even.more what NEG-AOR-tell-1DU QU
Translation: Which [trees] are there which we have not yet told [a story] about?' (13-tApWpjoR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003494#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯβdesqafsum-pa to-tsu , ɣe ? woja , nɯ to-tsu
Glosses: 43-year IFR-pass SFP INTERJ DEM IFR-pass
Translation: (How many years have passed since 1969?), 43 years have passed, right? Yes, that many years have passed.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: hehe kɯ-lɤɣ acɤβ , kɯ-sat-a ɲɯ-ŋu nétɕi ?
Glosses: INTERJ SBJ:PCP-herd ANTHR 2→1-kill:FACT-1SG SENS-be SFP
Translation: Shepherd Askyabs, you are preparing to kill me, right?' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: “tʂʰa mbuz ɲɯ-ŋu" to-ti-a ŋu nétɕi ?
Glosses: tea spill.overt:FACT SENS-be IFR-say-1SG be:FACT SFP
Translation: I said `The tea is abouyt to spill over', didn't I?' (26-tAGe) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003686#S14"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤ-tɕɯ tɯ-sla to-mtsʰɤt loβtɕi ?
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-son one-month IFR-full SFP
Translation: Your son is now more than one month old, right? (conversation 2013-12-02)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-rdoʁ tsa rɤʑi-j tɕe tú-wɣ-qur-nɯ raʁmaʁ
Glosses: one-piece a.little stay:FACT-1PL LNK IPFV-INV-help-PL SFP
Translation: How about only one of us staying [here] and helping them?' (180503 xiyouji 12-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-rɟit a-nmaʁ ʑo nɯ tɤ-tɯ-stu-nɯ ɕti tɕe , aʑo ɯ-tsʰɤt tsa ɲɯ-kɯ-nɤɕtʂaʁli-a-nɯ raʁmaʁ ma
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-offspring 1SG.POSS-husband EMPH DEM AOR-2-do.like-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG 3SG.POSS-proper.measure a.little IPFV-2→1-torture-1SG-PL SFP SFP
Translation: Rkangrang, you dealt with my son in the same way as you did with my husband (i.e. had him killed), don't go over the top in your torturing of me (torture me with proper measure), please?' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S185"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-jaʁmu ra to-tɕɤt kʰi , wo , tɕendɤre kɯ-ɣɤrʁaʁ nɯ kɯ kɤ-nɯɕɤmɯɣdɯ mɯ-pjɤ-cʰa kʰi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-thumb PL IFR-take.out SFP INTERJ LNK SBJ:PCP-hunt DEM ERG INF-shoot NEG-IFR-can SFP
Translation: [They say that the monkey mother] stuck out her thumb (as a sign meaning `now you can shoot'),§fn§For the context of this example, see (ex:ra.WskAt.ra.toBzu) (§sec:nouns.speech.complement).§/fn§ but the hunter could not shoot.' (19-GzW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003536#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑo ji-sɤtɕʰa kʰu pjɤ-tu ɯ-fɕɤt tu .
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-place tiger IFR.IPFV-exist 3SG.POSS-story exist:FACT
Translation: People say that there used to be tigers in our place.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯ-dɤn tsa tɯtɯrca ku-rɤʑi-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu , ɲɯ-ŋu kʰi
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.many a.little together IPFV-stay-PL SENS-be SENS-be SFP
Translation: They stay together in great number (on remote cliffs), it is said' (20-ldWGi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki kɯ-fse kɯ-ɤrɤmbɯmbri ʑo kɯ-fse tu-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu . ɲɯ-ŋu kʰi ma , aj mɯ-pɯ-mto-t-a
Glosses: DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-spread.in.patches EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-come.out SENS-be SENS-be SFP LNK 1SG NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: [The mushroom Hericium erinaceus] grows in patches (i.e. not spread evenly). So they say, I have not seen it.' (23-mbrAZim) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003604#S172"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣɤkʰɯ nɯ kɯ qaɲi kɤ-sat wuma ʑo cʰa kʰi .
Glosses: owl DEM ERG mole INF-kill really EMPH can:FACT SFP
Translation: The owl is very good at killing moles, it is said.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri ɯ-pɯ-kɯ-mto tɕi pjɤ-me wo ma , kʰicʰo ma nɯ ma ɯ-kɯ-sɯz maŋe . “pjɤ-ŋu kʰi , … pjɤ-ŋu kʰi" nɯra tu-ti-nɯ ma nɯ ma ɯ-kɯ-ti pɯ-me .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-AOR-SBJ:PCP-see also IFR.IPFV-not.exist SFP SFP rumour LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-know not.exist:SENS IFR.IPFV-be SFP _ IFR.IPFV-be SFP DEM:PL IPFV-say-PL LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: Nobody has ever seen [one-legged demons], there are only rumours, apart from that nobody knows about them. People used to say `it was [allegedly] …', but apart from that nobody said anything.' (140510 rkoNJAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qapri kɯ ɯmɤ́-wɣ-mtsɯɣ-a
Glosses: snake ERG PROB-INV-bite:FACT-1SG
Translation: The snake will perhaps bite me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: si ɯ-mat ra tu-ndze ɲɯ-ɕti . xɕaj nɯ mɤ-ndze tʰaŋ nɤ . nɤj ɯ-tɯ́-sɯz ?
Glosses: tree 3SG.POSS-fruit PL IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF grass DEM NEG-eat[III]:FACT SFP SFP 2SG QU-2-know:FACT
Translation: [The monkey] eats fruits. It probably does not eat grass. Do you know [whether it does or not]?' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ a-tɤ-fse tɕe tɕetʰa , ɬɤndʐi nɯ kɯ tʰa “iʑora ɯ-me ɲɯ-ŋu" a-nɯ-sɯsɤm tɕe , mɤ́-wɣ-ndza-j tʰaŋ
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV-be.like LNK later demon DEM ERG later 1PL 3sg.POSS-daughter SENS-be IRR-PFV-think[III] LNK NEG-INV-eat-1PL SFP
Translation: [If we do it] this way, the ogre_i will think that we are his_i daughters and maybe he_i will not eat us. (160705 poucet5-v2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕetʰa tu-ɕe-a ma kʰapa ri ku-nɤŋkɯŋke-a tɕetʰa , nɤkinɯ , <zayin> tu tʰaŋ
Glosses: later IPFV:UP-go-1SG LNK yard LOC PRS-DISTR:walk-1SG later FILLER noise exist:FACT SFP
Translation: I will go up [to my house] because [now] I am walking in the yard, there could be noise (so that we won't hear each other on the phone).' (conversation 2016-02-21)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɯŋa dɯxpa ma (...) ɯ-tɯ-mu nɯ pɯ-saχaʁ ʑo tʰaŋ ɲɯ-sɯsam-a ŋu .
Glosses: LNK cow poor LNK _ 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-fear DEM PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH SFP IPFV-think[III] be:FACT
Translation: I am thinking that the poor cow, she probably was extremely afraid (after escaping from a flood and losing a horn in the process).' (160715 nWNa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde kɤntɕʰɯ-sŋi kɤ-mto pɯ-me tɕe , pjɤ-si rca
Glosses: nowadays several-day OBJ:PCP-see PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK IFR-die SFP
Translation: [We] haven't seen him for several days, he probably died.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , nɤki , tɯ-tɯpɯ raŋri ɣɯ nɯ-kʰa nɯtɕu kʰɤβɣa pjɤ-tu rca .
Glosses: LNK former.times LNK FILLER one-household each GEN 3PL.POSS-house DEM:LOC hand.mill IFR.IPFV-exist SFP
Translation: In former times, there used to be handmills in every house, presumably (now they have disappeared).' (160705 khABGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mŋɤm mɤ-mŋɤm mɤ-xsi ri , kú-wɣ-rtoʁ ndɤre mɯ́j-pe ko .
Glosses: hurt:FACT NEG-hurt:FACT NEG-GENR:know LNK IPFV-INV-look LNK NEG:SENS-be.good SFP
Translation: I don't know whether [leprosy] hurts or not, but in any case it does not look good indeed.' (25-khArWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003644#S53"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wo , nɤki , ɲɯ-tɯ-ɕqraʁ ko , mɯ́j-tɯ-naχtɕɯɣ , nɤ-wa nɯ mɯ́j-tɯ-ntɕʰɯɣ ko .
Glosses: INTERJ filler SENS-2-be.intelligent SFP NEG:SENS-2-be.identical 2SG.POSS-father DEM NEG:SENS-2-soil SFP
Translation: You are really intelligent, you are not a common man, you are your father's son indeed.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤ-mto a-pɯ-kɯ-cʰa tɕe nɯnɯ wuma ʑo pe tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl . tɕeri ŋu maʁ mɤ-xsi matɕi .
Glosses: INF-see IRR-IPFV-GENR:S/O-can LNK DEM really EMPH be.good:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be.usually.the.case LNK be:FACT not.be:FACT NEG-GENR:know SFP
Translation: People say that if you succeed in finding it, it is very good [against poison], but I don't know if it is true or not.' (22-kuwu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯ-mbri ɯmɤ-kɯ-ŋu-ci ma .
Glosses: SENS-make.noise PROB-PEG-be-PEG SFP
Translation: It looks like [my phone] is ringing.' (160630 aba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006197#S95"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li ɯβrɤ-ɲɯ-jmɯt-a ma .
Glosses: again RH.Q-IPFV-forget-1SG SFP
Translation: I might forget again (some details of the story that I am about to tell again).' (160704 poucet4-v2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006097#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-tʰoʁ nɯra nɯ-kʰi nɯ ɣe , nɯ-tɯ-scit nɯ !
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-ground DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-luck SFP SFP 3PL.POSS-2-be.happy SFP
Translation: The people on earth (`on the ground'), how lucky they are, right? How happy there are!' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɤjkʰu hanɯni ci nɯ ma-tɤ-tɯ-fse pɯ-ra ja , hanɯni ci mɯ-pɯ-mda ja ri
Glosses: still a.little INDEF DEM NEG-IMP-2-be.like PST.IPFV-be.needed SFP a.little INDEF NEG-PST.IPFV-be.the.time SFP LNK
Translation: What a shame, if you could just have [waited] a little bit [before] doing that, the time was not yet ready.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ nɯ kɯtʂɤ-ldʑa jamar ɣɤʑu loβ . ma koŋla mɯ-kɤ-rtoʁ-a ri , ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ nɯra ɲɯ-dɤn
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-limb DEM six-long.object about exist:SENS SFP LNK really NEG-AOR-look-1SG LNK 3SG.POSS-limb DEM:PL SENS-be.many
Translation: It has about six legs, (I think…) I did not have a good look, but in any case it has a lot of legs.' (21-mdzadi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003578#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-pi ni ɣɯ fsapaʁ loβ , tɯjpu loβ , ɯ-grɤl kɯ-me ʑo ta-rku-nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU GEN cattle SFP flour.based.food SFP 3SG.POSS-order SBJ:PCP-not.exist EMPH aor:3→3-put.in-PL
Translation: [Their parents] gave her two elder sisters cattle and food in great quantity.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣi / ɣi-a
Glosses: come:FACT _ come:FACT-1SG
Translation: He comes/will come; I (will) come.
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe pjɤ-ɣi tɕe qala kɯ pjɤ^-3-k^-2-ɤ́<wɣ>z^-1-nɤjo-ci tɕe
Glosses: LNK IFR:DOWN-come LNK rabbit ERG IFR.IPFV^-3-PEG^-2-<INV>PROG^-1-wait-PEG LNK
Translation: [The snow leopard]_i came down. The rabbit was waiting for him_i (there).' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003852#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qapar kɯ nɤʑo a^-6-mɤ^-5-ɣɯ^-4-tɤ^-3-tɯ́^-2-wɣ^-1-ndza
Glosses: dhole ERG 2SG IRR^-6-NEG^-5-CISL^-4-PFV^-3-2^-2-INV^-1-eat
Translation: (Let us hope that) the dhole will not come to eat you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɣurʑa kɯrcat nɯ ʑ-nɯ-a-sɯ-ɤmɯ-mtsʰɯ~mtsʰɤm-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: hundred eight DEM TRAL-AOR-RECIP-CAUS-RECIP-hear-PL SENS-be
Translation: [All] one hundred and eight [boys] went and informed each other.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: to-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-fka-nɯ ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: IFR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-be.full-PL EMPH SENS-be
Translation: They ate to their full.' (huli yu shanying-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ɲɯ-ra nɤ , a-mɤ-ɣɯ-nɯ-tɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-mbi
Glosses: QU-SENS-be.needed add IRR-NEG-CISL-PFV-2-INV-AUTO-give
Translation: If he_i needs it_j, then he_i does not have to come and give it_j to you (if he does not want to).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo pjɯ-ɤ<nɯ>tɤr mɤ-cʰa .
Glosses: 3SG IPFV-<AUTO>fall NEG-can:FACT
Translation: It cannot fall (detach) on its own (as its sticks on the clothes).' (18-qromJoR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003532#S171"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕa ʁɟa ʑo ku-o<nɯ>sɯ-ndza-j
Glosses: meat completely EMPH PRS-PROG<AUTO>-eat-1PL
Translation: We are eating only meat.' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯ-mto-t^+1-a^+2-ndʑi^+3
Glosses: AOR-see-PST:TR^+1-1SG^+2-DU^+3
Translation: I saw the two of them.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: to-k-ɤlɯlɤt-ndʑi^+3-ci^+4
Glosses: IFR-PEG-fight-DU^+3-PEG^+4
Translation: The two of them fought.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003886#S179"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤ-pɯ-kɯ-mto-t^+1-a^+2-ndʑi^+3-ci^+4
Glosses: PROB-AOR-PEG-see-PST:TR^+1-1SG^+2-DU^+3-PEG^+4
Translation: It looks like I have seen the two of them.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑi-ɣi ra , nɯni mɯ-ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-nɯ-ci
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-relative PL DEM:DU NEG-IFR-PEG-meet-PL-PEG
Translation: Their relatives did not meet them (again).' (2003 zrAntCW tWrme)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendi tɕendi tɕe mtsʰu ci ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-ci . mtsʰu kɯ-ɲɯ~ɲaʁ ci ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-ci . tɕendɤre mtsʰu kɯ-ɲɯ~ɲaʁ ci ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ tɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: west west LOC lake INDEF IFR-PEG-meet-PEG lake SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.black INDEF IFR-PEG-meet-PEG LNK lake SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.black INDEF IFR-PEG-meet LNK LNK
Translation: In the west, he found a lake, he found a lake that was very black. He found a lake that was very black, and…' (28-smAnmi 92-94) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-ŋga kɤ-tɯ-nɯ-tʂɯβ ɯβrɤ-ŋu ma
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-clothes AOR-2-AUTO-sew RH.Q-PEG-be-PEG LNK
Translation: You didn't sew your garment, did you? (worried that the subject might have sewed his/her garment)' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-ŋga kɤ-tɯ-nɯ-tʂɯβ ɯβrɤ-kɯ-ŋu-ci ma ɲɯ-nɯ-spoʁ ɕti
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-clothes AOR-2-AUTO-sew RH.Q-PEG-be:FACT-PEG LNK SENS-AUTO-have.a.hole be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It looks like you haven't sewed your garment, it still has a hole.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʂʰɯɣ jɤ-azɣɯt tʰaŋ
Glosses: probably AOR-arrive SFP
Translation: He probably has already arrived.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jo-zɣɯt ɯ-mdoʁ
Glosses: IFR-arrive 3SG.POSS-colour
Translation: It seems that he has probably arrived.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤ-nɯ-kɯ-nɯ-jmɯt-a-ci
Glosses: PROB-AOR-PEG/2→1-AUTO-forget-1SG-PEG
Translation: It looks I forgot about it.' (kɯ- = PEG)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤ-nɯ-tɯ-nɯ-jmɯt-ci
Glosses: PROB-AOR-2-AUTO-forget-PEG
Translation: It looks like you have forgotten about it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯmɤ-pɯ-ta-mto-ci
Glosses: PROB-AOR-1→2-see-PEG
Translation: It looks like I have seen you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɲɤ́-wɣ-nɯ-jmɯt-a ɯ-mdoʁ
Glosses: 3SG ERG IFR-INV-AUTO-forget-1SG 3SG.POSS-colour
Translation: It looks like he has forgotten about me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-ɣɯ-tɤ-tɯ-tʰe
Glosses: IRR-CISL-AOR-2-ask[III]
Translation: Come and ask [for her hand in marriage].' (150826 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006244#S124"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-χpi ci pɯ-fɕɤt=ó
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-story INDEF IMP-tell=SFP
Translation: Tell me a story.' (140511 yiqianlingyiye yinzi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003963#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma qacʰɣa ɣɯ ɯ-me pjɤ-ɕti ɯ-mdoʁ=o .
Glosses: LNK fox GEN 3SG.POSS-daughter IFR.IPFV-be.AFF 3SG.POSS-colour=SFP
Translation: It looks like she (the main character of the story) was the daughter of a fox.' (150909 xiaocui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006386#S161"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <aizheng> ɲɯ-pʰɤn kʰi wo
Glosses: cancer SENS-be.efficient HEARSAY SFP
Translation: It can cure cancer, it is said.' (20-grWBgrWB) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003554#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɣɤndʐo saχaʁ ʑo kʰi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.cold be.extremely:FACT EMPH HEARSAY
Translation: It is said that [during an eclipse], it is extremely cold.' (29-mWBZi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003728#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: to-kɯ-ɤtɕʰɯz-ci=nɤ to-kɯ-ɤtɕʰɯz-ci
Glosses: IFR-PEG-sneeze-PEG=ADD IFR-PEG-sneeze-PEG
Translation: He sneezed again and again.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004004#S132"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ tɯ~tɤ-tɯ-tɯt tɕe qʰe tɕe rcanɯ nɤʑo rdɤstaʁ ɲɯ-tɯ-ɤβzu
Glosses: DEM COND~AOR-2-say[II] LNK LNK LNK UNEXP:DEG 2SG stone IPFV-2-become
Translation: If you tell [them] about it, you will be turned into stone and…' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre jɤ-ari nɤ jɤ-ari ʑo nɤ
Glosses: LNK AOR-go[II] ADD AOR-go[II] EMPH ADD
Translation: He went again and again.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯra pɯ-fse nɯra pɯ-raŋ
Glosses: DEM:PL PST.IPFV-be.like DEM:PL PST.IPFV-last.a.long.time
Translation: All these things happened.' (many attestations of this sentence, occurs in traditional stories typically to avoid repeating sentences when a character tells another character what has happened previously)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tɤ-tɯ-stu=a-tɤ-tɯ-mbat-ndʑi
Glosses: IRR-PFV-2-try.hard(1)=IRR-PFV-2-try.hard(2)-DU
Translation: (While I am gone), may the two of you do your best.' (smanmi 2003.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰar-in lont-in-ka
Glosses: go-1/2PL come.out-1/2PL-EXCL
Translation: We shall rise again.'
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤ-tɯ-spe mɤ-tɯ-rke me
Glosses: NEG-2-be.innocent(1)[III]:FACT NEG-2-be.innocent(2)[III]:FACT not.exist:FACT
Translation: You_sg are innocent.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤ-tɯ-spa=rka-ndʑi me
Glosses: NEG-2-be.innocent(1)-be.innocent(2):FACT-DU not.exist:FACT
Translation: You_du are innocent.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [mkʰɤrmaŋ [mɤ-spa-nɯ mɤ-rka-nɯ] kɯ-me] nɯ ʑimkʰɤm pjɤ-sɯ-sat pjɤ-ra rcanɯ , tɯrme ra kɯ wuma ʑo pjɤ-qʰa-nɯ
Glosses: people NEG-be.innocent(1):FACT-PL NEG-be.innocent(2):FACT-PL SBJ:PCP-not.exist DEM a.lot IFR-CAUS-kill IFR.IPFV-be.needed UNEXPECTED man PL ERG really EMPH IFR-hate-PL
Translation: As he had to have many innocent people killed, people hated him.' (hist140514 xiee de shewang-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤ-spe-a mɤ-rke-a me
Glosses: NEG-be.innocent(1)[III]:FACT-1SG NEG-be.innocent(2)[III]:FACT-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am innocent.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤ-tɯ-spe=rke me
Glosses: NEG-2-be.innocent(1)[III]-be.innocent(2)[III]:FACT not.exist:FACT
Translation: You_sg are innocent.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <hulu> nɯ si ci ɲɯ-ŋu , ɯ-mat cʰɯ-kɯ-βze ci . tɕe ɯ-mat nɯnɯ , ɯ-taʁ ku-kɯ-xtsʰɯm , ɯ-pa ɲɯ-kɯ-jpum ci cʰɯ-βze ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , nɯ <hulu> tu-sɤrmi-nɯ .
Glosses: gourd DEM tree INDEF SENS-be 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-SBJ:PCP-make[III] INDEF LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM 3SG.POSS-top IPFV:EAST-SBJ:PCP-be.thin 3SG.POSS-bottom IPFV:WEST-SBJ:PCP-be.thick INDEF IPFV-make[III] SENS-be LNK DEM gourd IPFV-call-PL
Translation: The gourd is a tree, one which grows fruits. It grows fruits that are thinner on the top part and thicker in the bottom, they are called `gourd'.' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma aro-a me qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM apart.from possess:FACT-1SG not.exist:FACT LNK
Translation: I don't have anything else.' (2003 divination)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rŋgɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɕɯ-anbaʁ-i ɯmɤ-kɯ-ntsʰi-ci ma ,
Glosses: boulder 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC TRAL-hide:FACT-1PL PROB-PEG-be.better-PEG LNK
Translation: It looks like we should go and hide in the [hollow] boulder.' (160706 poucet6) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006109#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-wa tɯrju χsɯ-ŋka tu-ti-a ɯ-j-átsɯtsu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father word three-word IPFV-say-1SG QU-X-have.time:FACT
Translation: Father, do I have time to say three sentences?' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-mɤ-pɯ-ɤtɤr kɤ-sɯso kɯ ,
Glosses: IRR-NEG-PFV-fall INF-think ERG
Translation: In order to prevent [the child] from falling down…' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: li pɯ-atɤr ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: again AOR-fall SENS-be
Language: Japhug
Transcription: cʰa ɕkɯ~ɕ-kɤ-tsʰi-t-a ʑo lu-βzi-a ŋu
Glosses: alcohol ITER~TRAL-AOR-drink-PST:TR-1SG EMPH IPFV-be.drunk-1SG be:FACT
Translation: Each time I go and drink alcohol I get drunk.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯki tɯrme kɯra ɕ-tɯ~tɤ-kɯ-tsʰɤt ʑo nɯ pjɤ́-wɣ-sat-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM.PROX person DEM:PL TRAL-TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-try EMPH DEM IFR-INV-kill-PL
Translation: All of these men who had went and tried [to discover the princesses' secret] were killed.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003937#S31"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-tɕɯ tɯ~tɯ-ŋu nɤ , pɯ-ta-sɯxɕɤt nɯ ci nɯ-ndɯn ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son COND~2-be:FACT ADD AOR-1→2-teach DEM once IMP-read be.needed:FACT
Translation: If you are my son, recite [the mantra] that I have taught you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ~tɤ-tɯ-tɯt nɤ tɕe pjɯ-ta-sat ŋu
Glosses: COND~AOR-2-say[II] ADD LNK IPFV-1→2-kill be:FACT
Translation: If you tell [people] about [it], I will kill you.' (150901 changfamei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006352#S48"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeri tɯ-mɤpa kɯnɤ , tɯ-xtsa mɯ~mɤ-pɯ-pe cʰondɤre , tɤ-rʑaʁ kɯ-rɲɟi tu-kɯ-ŋke qʰe , tɯ-mɤpa ri cimbɤrom tu-rke ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK GENR.POSS-sole also GENR.POSS-shoe COND~NEG-PST.IPFV-be.good COMIT INDEF.POSS-time SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV-GENR:S/O-walk LNK GENR.POSS-sole LOC blister IPFV-put.in[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: On the soles too, if one (wears) bad shoes and walks for a long time, one gets blisters on one's sole.' (27-tWfCAl)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: [kɯki tɕʰemɤpɯ ki si ɯ-kɯ-pʰɯt tɯ-tɤ-ɣe ʑo], nɯnɯ rgɤnmɯ nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-si ɲɯ-pʰɯt , ɯ-tɯ-ci z-ɲɯ-re ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX girl DEM.PROX wood 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-cut ITER~AOR:UP-come[II] EMPH DEM old.woman DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-wood IPFV-cut 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV:WEST-fetch[III]
Translation: Every time the girl came to cut firewood, she would cut firewood for the old woman and fetch water for her.' (150829 taishan zhi zhu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑŋgri mɤ-kɯ-tʂot ci , nɯ sɤz hanɯni kɯ-tʂot ci , nɯ sɤz hanɯni kɯ-tʂot ci , nɯ sɤz hanɯni kɯ-tʂot , tɕe kɯβde ki tu-fse tɕe , … tʰi tʰɯ-ari ɯ-jɯja cʰɯ~cʰɯ-tʂot ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: star NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.bright INDEF DEM COMP a.little SBJ:PCP-be.bright INDEF DEM COMP a.little SBJ:PCP-be.bright INDEF DEM COMP a.little SBJ:PCP-be.bright LNK four DEM.PROX IPFV-be.like LNK _ downstream AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II] 3SG.POSS-following INCR~IPFV-be.bright EMPH SENS-be LNK
Translation: [The constellation of the earthworm comprises] one non-bright star, another one slightly brighter, another one slightly brighter, another one slightly brighter, four [stars] like this (…), becoming brighter as they go downstream.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe cʰɯ~cʰɯ-mɤɕi-ndʑi nɤ cʰɯ~cʰɯ-mɤɕi-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: progressively LNK INCR~IPFV-be.rich-DU ADD INCR~IPFV-be.rich-DU LNK
Translation: They progressively became richer and richer.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S122"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɬɤndʐi nɯ rca , tɯ~tu-cʰa ʑo pjɤ-ɕti . tɕendɤre , ɯʑo nɯnɯ tɕe ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe , mɯ~mɤ-ɲɯ-cʰa ʑo pjɤ-ɕti tɕe
Glosses: demon DEM UNEXP:DEG INCR~IPFV-can EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK 3SG DEM LNK progressively LNK INCR~NEG-IPFV-can EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK
Translation: The demon was becoming stronger and stronger, and he was weaker and weaker.' (140513 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: laχtɕʰa ŋotɕu nɤ-kɤ-sɯso ʑo nɯnɯ , nɤ-mɲaʁ , nɤ-rna , nɤ-ɕna cʰo ra [kɯ~kɯ-spoʁ] nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕe a-kɤ-tɯ-rke qʰe
Glosses: thing where 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-think EMPH DEM 2SG.POSS-eye 2SG.POSS-ear 2SG.POSS-nose COMIT PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole DEM 3SG.POSS-in LOC IRR-PFV:EAST-2-put.in[III] LNK
Translation: Whatever things you want (from the granary), put it in your eyes, your ears, your nose etc, all the holes in your body.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wuma ʑo ɲɯ-pe ndɤre , [kɯ~kɤ-sɯso] nɯ ɲɯ-fse
Glosses: really EMPH SENS-be.good LNK TOTAL~OBJ:PCP-think DEM SENS-be.like
Translation: It is very nice, it is like everything that [I] want.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-tʰɤcu prɤscʰɯ ra [tɯ~tɤ-kɯ-rɯkʰɤrlɤn] kɯ nɯ-rdɤstaʁ nɯ ntsɯ s-cʰɤ-nɯ-ru-nɯ tɕe to-nɯ-ntɕʰoz-nɯ .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-downstream TOPO PL TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-build.house ERG 3PL.POSS-stone DEM always TRAL-IFR:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-fetch-PL LNK IFR-AUTO-use-PL
Translation: All people from Praskyu down there who built/repaired their houses went there and took stones to use for themselves.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S188"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ro nɯra [iɕqʰa pɯ~pɯ-fɕat-a] nɯra kɯ tɕe tɕe sɯjno tu-ndza-nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-rest DEM:PL just.before TOTAL~AOR-tell-1SG DEM:PL ERG LNK LNK grass IPFV-eat-PL
Translation: The rest, all the [other animals] that I have told about just before eat grass.' (05-khWna, 46
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ [spɯ~spe] nɯ to-nɤrmi ri tɤte <zhima> kɤ-ti nɯ ɲɤ-nɯ-jmɯt
Glosses: DEM TOTAL~be.able.to:FACT DEM IFR-call.name LNK that.is sesame INF-say DEM IFR-AUTO-forget
Translation: He called the names of all [the crops] he knew, but forgot to say `sesame'.' (140512 alibaba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S103"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤtʰo nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ , tɕe nɯ mɤ-fse tɕe tɕendɤre ɯ-jwaʁ nɯ nɯ~nɯ-tu nɤ nɯ~nɯ-tu qʰe
Glosses: pine DEM as.for LNK DEM NEG-be.like:FACT LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM EMPH~AUTO-exist:FACT ADD EMPH~AUTO-exist:FACT LNK
Translation: As for the pine, it is not like [the other trees], [whatever happens], its leaves (needles) are still there.' (07-tAtho) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003432#S14"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯ-nɯ-me ɕti .
Glosses: 3SG AOR-AUTO-not.exist be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [The wart] disappeared by itself.' (24-pGArtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003624#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr kɯ-pɯ~pe ci nɤ-ɕɣa kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ci a-nɯ-tɯ-ɤβzu smɯlɤm
Glosses: girl SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.good INDEF 2SG.POSS-tooth/age SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF IRR-PFV-2-become prayer
Translation: May you become a very beautiful, nice young girl.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S237"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯ-ku nɯra tɕe nɤki , ɯ-kɤχcɤl nɯra li ɲɯ-qarŋe qʰe ɲɯ-wɣrɯ~wɣrum kɯ-fse .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head DEM:PL LNK FILLER 3SG.POSS-top.head DEM:PL again SENS-be.yellow LNK SENS-EMPH~be.white SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: It is yellow and very white on the top of its head.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯ-rgɯ~rga ʑo tɯrme ra maŋe-nɯ ma
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-EMPH~like EMPH people PL not.exist:SENS-PL LNK
Translation: There are no people who like it a lot.' (160706 thotsi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006133#S24"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɣa kɤ-rɯɕmi kɯ-spɯ~spa nɯ kɯ …
Glosses: bird INF-speak SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.able DEM ERG …
Translation: The bird who was able to speak very well (said ….).' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S25"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯ-ji sna tɕe , [tɕʰi lɤ́-wɣ-nɯ-jɯ~ji] ʑo pe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field be.good LNK what AOR-INV-AUTO-EMPH~plant EMPH be.good:FACT
Translation: (The type of earth called tɤtʂo) is fit (to be used) as fields, whatever one plants in it, [the planting] will be good (successful).' (25-cWXCWz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003636#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ŋke ɯ-mɤ-ta-ʑa , ɯ-mɤ-nɯ-mɯnmu qʰe mɯ́j-sɤ-mto
Glosses: LNK INF:II-walk QU-NEG-AOR:3→3-start QU-NEG-AOR-move LNK NEG:SENS-PROP-see
Translation: If it has not started walking, if it has not moved, it is not visible.' (26-NalitCaRmbWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003676#S102"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr jɯ-mɤ-ɕ-tɤ-tʰu-t-a ʑo
Glosses: yesterday PROXM-NEG-TRAL-AOR-ask-PST:TR-1SG EMPH
Translation: Yesterday I almost did not go and ask about it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-mu nɯ ɣɯjpa kɯre mɤɕtʂa mɯ-nɯ-si
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother DEM this.year DEM.LOC until NEG-AOR-die
Translation: The old woman only died this year.' (`she did not die until this year') (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯ~mɤ-nɯ-si-a nɤ , a-tɤ-kɯ-nɯlaʁrdaβ-a ra
Glosses: COND~NEG-AOR-die-1SG ADD IRR-PFV-2→1-hit.with.forelegs-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: If [after that] I have not died [yet], hit me with your forelegs.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qajɯ kɯ-fse ra tu-ndze ɯmɤ-ŋu ma
Glosses: bug SBJ:PCP-be.like PL IPFV-eat[III] PROB-be:FACT LNK
Translation: It presumably/maybe eats bugs.' (23-pGAYaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003606#S28"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo maʁ-a
Glosses: 1SG not.be:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am not [that girl].' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɯtsʰot pɯ-me tɕe ,
Glosses: former.times LOC clocks PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: In former times, there were no clocks.' (29-LAntshAm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003726#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ mkʰɯrlu kɯ-fse ra pɯ-kɯ-tu me .
Glosses: former.times machine SBJ:PCP-be.like PL PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: In former times, there were no machines or things like that at all.' (140430 tWfkur)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kʰɤjmu nɯtɕu mɤ-ʑɯ ma , tɤrɲɟo tu tɕe ,
Glosses: kitchen DEM:LOC NEG-be.just LNK shelf exist:FACT LNK
Translation: In the kitchen, there are not just [the aforementioned objects], there is also a shelf (to store the cooking implements).' (2011-11-kha2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯnɯ paʁ kɯ tu-ndze tɕe , mɤʑɯ ʑo cʰɯ-tsʰu cʰa
Glosses: DEM pig ERG IPFV-eat[III] LNK even.more EMPH IPFV-be.fat can:FACT
Translation: When the pig eats it [acorns], it can grow even fatter.' (08-CkrAz)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ kɯ ju-zɣɯt mɯ-pjɤ-z-nɤjo ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: wolf DEM ERG IPFV-arrive NEG-IFR.IPFV-ABIL-wait EMPH LNK
Translation: The wolf could not wait [for the fox] to arrive.' (140516 huli de baofu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004010#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tsɯntu kɯ ɯ-ndzrɯ mɯ́j-spʰɯt ma ɯ-tɯ-rko ɯ-tɯ-jaʁ ɲɯ-sɤre ʑo
Glosses: scissors ERG 3SG.POSS-nail NEG:SENS-can.cut LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.hard 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.thick SENS-be.ridiculous EMPH
Translation: The scissors cannot cut through her nails, as they are extremely hard and thick.' (2012, heard in context)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki tɕʰeme ki mɯ-ɲɤ-rkaŋ
Glosses: DEM.PROX girl DEM.PROX NEG-IFR-be.in.good.shape
Translation: This woman became pregnant.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑi-rʑaβ ʁnaʁna ʑo ndʑi-skʰrɯ mɯ-ɲɤ-βdi
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-wife both EMPH 3DU.POSS-body NEG-IFR-be.well
Translation: Both of their wives got pregnant.' (2005 Lobzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɯ-pɯ-mto-t-a
Glosses: NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have not seen it.' (several examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯ-mto-t-a maʁ
Glosses: AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.be:FACT
Translation: I have not seen it, (but rather…).
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pɯ-mto-t-a me
Glosses: AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I have seen none/I haven't seen anything.' (several examples)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɲɯ-ɣɤwu-a maʁ nɤ , tɯ-mɯ pjɯ-lɤt ɲɯ-ɕti ma
Glosses: SENS-cry-1SG not.be:FACT SFP INDEF.POSS-sky IPFV-release SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: It is not that I am crying, [I look like I am crying because] it has been raining.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-mdoʁ tɕʰi ʑo fse mɤ-xsi , a-kɤ-ti me ma mɯ-pɯ-mto-t-a . ɯ-ndʐi kɯnɤ pɯ-mto-t-a me
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-colour what EMPH be.like:FACT NEG-GENR:know 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say not.exist:FACT LNK NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG 3SG.POSS-skin also AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I don't know which colour it_i has, I can't say because I have not seen it_i, I have not even seen any of its_i hides.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: βʑɯ kɯ-fse tu-qʰe-a me
Glosses: mouse SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-hate[III]-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: Mice is what I hate most.' (`there is nothing that I hate like a mouse') (140427 bianfu yu huangshulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003838#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: paʁ aɣɯɣli ma rcanɯ mɤ-ndze ʑo me
Glosses: pig produce.a.lot.of.manure:FACT LNK UNEXP:DEG NEG-eat[III] EMPH not.exist:FACT
Translation: Pigs produce a lot of manure, as they eat everything (there is nothing they don't eat).' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑɯɣ mɤ-kɯ-pe me
Glosses: 1SG:GEN NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am fine (I don't have any particular problem).' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003927#S70"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ me
Glosses: NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is nothing wrong with it.' (common in metalinguistic judgments about the grammaticality of sentences)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-rca mɤ-ɣi-a mɤ-kʰɯ qʰe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-together.with NEG-come:FACT-1SG NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK
Translation: It have no other choice but to go with you/follow you.' (Nyima Wodzer 2003.2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: rɟɤlpu fka ɕti tɕe , mɤ-kɤ-ɣi mɤ-nɤz-i ri
Glosses: king order be.AFF:FACT LNK NEG-INF-come NEG-dare:FACT-1PL LNK
Translation: It is the king's order, we do not dare not to come.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɯʑora nɯ-rɟit ʑo cʰɯ-βri-nɯ qʰe kɯmaʁ ra nɯ-rɟit nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ [tɤ-rɟit kɯ-maʁ] tú-wɣ-sɯpa qʰe
Glosses: 3PL 3PL.POSS-offspring EMPH IPFV-protect-PL LNK other PL 3PL.POSS-offspring DEM TOP INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-not.be IMPF-INV-consider LNK
Translation: (At school), [some parents] protect their own children, and as for the children of other people, they consider them as if they were not children (`as non-children').' (140501 01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-kɯ-ɕaβ me
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-catch.up not.exist:FACT
Translation: Nobody will [be able] to catchup with you.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯmɯrkʰa tɕe ɯ-sɤ-rŋgɯ maŋe
Glosses: evening LOC 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-lie.down not.exist:SENS
Translation: In the evening, it has no place to stay.' (26-NalitCaRmbWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003676#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jinde tɕe nɯ [ɯ-kɯ-ntɕʰoz] maŋe qʰe , [kɤ-mto] kɯnɤ maŋe
Glosses: nowadays LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-use not.exist:SENS LNK OBJ:PCP-see also not.exist:SENS
Translation: Nowadays nobody uses [amadou], there isn't even any to be seen.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰeme kʰɤɕkʰɤr ku-kɯ-ɕe maka mɯ-pɯ-jɤɣ
Glosses: girl man.seating.place IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-go at.all NEG-PST.IPFV-be.allowed
Translation: Ladies were not allowed to go to the men's seating place.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤxtsʰi ndɤre maka nɯ-nɤɕqe ra
Glosses: this.time ADVERS at.all IMP-endure[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: This time (unlike the previous times), you have absolutely to bear [the cold of the moon and the heat of the sun without making a word, otherwise we will not succeed].' (tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ ma kɯ-ra mu ʑo me
Glosses: DEM apart.from SBJ:PCP-be.needed at.all EMPH not.exist:FACT
Translation: I don't need anything else at all.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɯmdza ra mucin ʑo mɤ-arɕɤt-tɕi
Glosses: relative PL at.all EMPH NEG-have.a.kinship.relationship:FACT-1DU
Translation: We don't have any kinship relationship at all.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo cʰo aʑo ni , nɤki , rɟɤmtsʰu ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu χsɯ-sŋi ɕɯ-nɤʁaʁ-tɕi , ɕɯ-nɤmɲole-tɕi .
Glosses: 2SG COMIT 1SG DU FILLER sea 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC three-day TRAL-have.a.good.time:FACT-1DU TRAL-do.sightseeing:FACT-1DU
Translation: You and I will go on a three day tour on the sea.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯrme ra nɯ-rca ɣɤ<tɤ>ʑu
Glosses: the.aforementioned person PL 3PL.POSS-following <2sg>exist:SENS
Translation: [I saw] you among these people.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: kɤ-mtsʰɤm maka ma<ta>ŋe tɕe , nɤ-kɯ-mŋɤm tu ɯβrɤ-ŋu ma , mɤ-kɯ-pe tu ɯβrɤ-ŋu ma nɯra nɯ-sɯso-t-a .
Glosses: INF-hear at.all <2SG>not.exist:SENS LNK 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt exist:FACT RH.Q-be:FACT SFP NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good:FACT exist:FACT RH.Q-be:FACT SFP DEM:PL AOR-think-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: [I] have not heard at all about you [for some time], I was wondering whether you have some disease, whether something bad happened to you.' (phone conversation, 16-12-28)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-rkɯ mɯ-jɤ-tɯ-azɣɯt mɤɕtʂa mɯ-pɯ-ta-mtsʰɤm tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-side NEG-AOR-2-arrive until NEG-AOR-1→2-hear LNK
Translation: I did not feel your [presence] until you arrived near me.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S224"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: jɤ-tɯ-zɣɯt tɕe , nɤki , aʑo a-kʰa a-jɤ-tɯ-z-mɤke ma nɤj nɤ-kʰa a-mɤ-jɤ-tɯ-z-mɤke ra mɯ-tɤ-tɯ-tɯt
Glosses: AOR-2-arrive LNK FILLER 1SG 1SG.POSS-house IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.first[III] LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-house IRR-NEG-PFV-2-CAUS-be.first[III] be.needed:FACT NEG-AOR-2-say[III]
Translation: You did not say “When you arrive, don't go first to your house, come to my house first.” (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʑo tʰam kɯki , paχɕi ci tɤ-aro-a tɕe tɕendɤre , … nɯʑora kɯnɤ ta-sɯ-ɤʁe-nɯ ra
Glosses: LNK 1SG now DEM.PROX apple INDEF AOR-have-1SG LNK LNK _ 2PL also 1→2-CAUS-be.needed.eat:FACT-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Now that I have (i.e. was given) this apple, I will give it to you also to eat.' (150904 zhongli-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɤ-rɟit χsɯm aro-a
Glosses: I INDEF.POSS-child three have:FACT-1SG
Translation: I have three children.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɤ-mu nɯ kɯ] ɕɯ ŋu nɯ maka mɯ-pjɤ-tso tɕeri
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG who be:FACT DEM at.all NEG-IFR.IPFV-know LNK
Translation: The old woman did not realize who it was.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iɕqʰa βdaʁmu nɯ kɯ [wuma ʑo ɯ-sɯm kɯ-sna] to-ʑɣɤpa
Glosses: the.aforementioned lady DEM ERG really EMPH 3SG.POSS-mind SBJ:PCP-be.good IFR-pretend
Translation: The lady pretended to be a good person.' (140520 ye tiane-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004044#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: pja mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ nɯ-skɤt a-pɯ-tɯ-tso smɯlɤm
Glosses: bird all.kinds 3PL.POSS-speech IRR-IPFV-2-understand prayer
Translation: May you understand the speech of all species of birds!' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ci kɤ-pa-tɕi , nɯstʰɯci tɤ-nɤrʑaʁ ri , [nɯstʰɯci nɤ-ku ʑru rcanɯ] mɯ-kɤ-tso-a
Glosses: one AOR-do-1DU so.much AOR-pass(time) LNK so.much 2SG.POSS-head be.strong:FACT UNEXP:DEG NEG-AOR-know-1SG
Translation: So much time has passed since we have married, I did not realize that your hair was so long.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe [tɕʰi ɯ-skɤt kɯ-ŋu ra] ku-tso-a ɲɯ-ra ma tu-tɯ-ti stɯsti , mɯ́j-ɕɯftaʁ-a ɲɯ-ti
Glosses: LNK what 3SG.POSS-speech SBJ:PCP-be PL IPFV-understand-1SG SENS-be.needed LNK IPFV-2-say alone NEG:SENS-remember-1SG SENS-say
Translation: He says: `I need to understand what it is about (what objects these words refer to), otherwise if you only speak (if you only explain orally) I won't remember.” (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: a-ʁi , nɤʑo ɯ-ɲɯ-fse-a ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling 2SG QU-SENS-be.like-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯ-apa-a
Glosses: 2SG AOR-become-1SG
Translation: I became you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo nɯ-tɯ-apa
Glosses: 1SG AOR-2-become
Translation: You became me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁnɯz ni , [sɯŋgɯ] jo-ɕe-ndʑi .
Glosses: two DU forest IFR-go-DU
Translation: Two [men] went into the forest.' (26-tAGe) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003686#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso nɯnɯ li [sɯŋgɯ zɯ] jo-ɕe .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM again forest LOC IFR-go
Translation: The child went again into the forest.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifen-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003886#S217"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯ kɯ ɯ-wa cʰo ɯ-pi nɯra ɲɤ-βde tɕe , sɯŋgɯ ɯ-ɕki tɕe jo-ɕe .
Glosses: girl DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-father COMIT 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DEM:PL IFR-leave LNK forest 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC IFR-go
Translation: The girl left her father and her brothers, and went toward the forest.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɯrme ɯ-ɕki tu-rɯɕmi-a ɕti wo
Glosses: person 3SG.POSS-DAT IPFV-speak-1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: I am talking to someone [else].' (phone conversation, 2013-12-02)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <guojia> ɯ-pʰe <piaozi> ɲɯ-kɯ-sɤ-mbi
Glosses: country 3SG.POSS-DAT money IPFV-GENR:S/O-ROG-give
Translation: Ask the government for money.' (2010)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe a-pi a-ʁi ra kutɕu a-nɯ-tɯ-ɤnɯɣro-nɯ , ci ci a-tɤ-tɯ-ɤnɯmqaj-nɯ , ci ci a-tɤ-tɯ-ɤmɯmi-nɯ qʰe a-kɤ-tɯ-nɯ-rɤʑi-nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling PL here IRR-PFV-2-<AUTO>play-PL once once IRR-PFV-2-fight-PL once once IRR-PFV-2-be.on.good.terms-PL LNK IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-stay-PL
Translation: Brothers, stay here and play, fight from time to time, reconcile with each other from time to time.' (2003kandzwsqhaj)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <maerjina> nɯ cʰo <alibaba> ni wuma ʑo pjɤ-k-ɤmɯmi-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR DEM COMIT ANTHR DU really EMPH PST.IFR-PEG-be.on.good.terms-DU LNK
Translation: Maerjina and Alibaba were in very good terms.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤj nɤ-mu cʰo aʑo ni aɕɣa-tɕi
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-mother COMIT 1SG DU be.of.the.same.age:FACT-1DU
Translation: I have the same age as your mother.' (`You mother and I have the same age') (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕeki qro ni ɲɯ-ɤlɯlɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: down ant DU SENS-fight-DU
Translation: Down there two ants are fighting.' (conversation140501-01)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ʁdɯxpakɤrpu ɯ-tɕɯ cʰondɤre a-tɕɯ ni to-k-ɤlɯlɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 3SG.POSS-son DU IFR-PEG-fight-DU
Translation: The son of Gdugpa Dkarpo fought with my son.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ki ɕɯŋgɯ ki pɯpɯŋunɤ , nɤʑo kɯ iɕqʰa mkʰɤrmaŋ ɣɯ nɯ-ndʐa kɯ tɤ-tɯ-alɯlɤt pɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX before DEM.PROX TOP 2SG ERG FILLER people GEN 3PL.POSS-reason ERG AOR-2-fight PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: The previous time, you fought for the sake of the people.' (140512 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe nɤʑo nɤ-rpɯ ɯ-ɕki , nɤkinɯ , tu-tɯ-ɤlɯlɤt ndɤre mɤ-pe
Glosses: LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-MB 3SG.POSS-DAT FILLER IPFV-2-fight LNK NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: It is not good for you to fight with your uncle.' (150826 baoliandeng-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑi-tɯ-wxti ɲɯ-naχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big SENS-be.the.same
Translation: They have the same size.' (`Their size is the same.') (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo a-me nɯ [nɤʑɯɣ nɤ-rʑaβ ɲɯ-kʰam-a] jɤɣ , [nɤ-rʑaβ a-kɤ-βze] jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-daughter DEM 2SG:GEN 2SG.POSS-wife SENS-give-1SG be.allowed:FACT 2SG.POSS-wife IRR-PFV-make[III] be.allowed:FACT
Translation: (If you succeed), I will agree to give my daughter to you in marriage, she can become your wife (140518 huifei de muma-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ-mbrɯ a-mɤ-tɤ-ŋgɯ , a nɯ-ʁo a-mɤ-nɯ-mbi
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-be.angry(1) IRR-NEG-PFV-be.angry(2) INTERJ 2SG.POSS-be.discouraged(1) IRR-NEG-PFV-be.discouraged(2)
Translation: Don't be angry, don't feel frustrated.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɯ a-ʁjiz ɣi ɕti
Glosses: DEM 1SG.POSS-wish come:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I want that.' (140520 xiaoyida de huar-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004042#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɤ-lu to-rpjɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk IFR-turn.sour
Translation: The milk turned sour.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: qʰaqʰu mɤʑɯ ɲɯ-ɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ
Glosses: behind.the.house even.more SENS-be.hot
Translation: It feels even hotter behind the house.' (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe ɕɤr wuma ʑo kɤ-qanɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK night really EMPH AOR-be.dark aboutLNK
Translation: In the night, when it has become very dark.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯ-mɯ ɯ-tɯ-ɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ pjɤ-sɤre ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-sky 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:degree-be.hot IFR.IPFV-be.ridiculous EMPH LNK
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tʰɯ-nɯ-ɕe ma , mɤ-tɯ-ra
Glosses: IMP:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-go LNK NEG-2-need:FACT
Translation: Go back, [I] don't need you.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ɕlaʁ pjɯ-si ɕɯŋgɯ qʰe ɯ-ɕa ɯ-ndza tu-ʑa-nɯ .
Glosses: IDPH(I):immediately IPFV-die before LNK 3SG.POSS-meat 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:eat IPFV-start-PL
Translation: They start eating its flesh just before it dies.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: aʑo tɯ-tso kɤ-ʑa-t-a
Glosses: 1SG INF:II-understand AOR-start-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I began to understand.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe iʑo ji-kʰa kɯnɤ kɤ-fstɯn-i pɯ-ra
Glosses: LNK 1PL 1PL.POSS-house also AOR-serve-1PL PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: We also had to take care of him in our house.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤ-wɯ cʰo nɤ-ʁi ni pjɯ-sat-i ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-grandfather COMIT 2SG.POSS-younger.sibling DU IPFV-kill-1PL be:FACT
Translation: We will kill your grandfather and your brother.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: nɤʑo tɯrme ra to-tɯ-ɣɯt tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG people PL IFR:UP-2-bring LNK
Translation: You(SG) brought people [here].' (150901 changfamei)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ndʑi-jɯlco ra kɯ wuma pjɤ́-wɣ-nɤsma-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-neighbour PL ERG really IFR-INV-envy-DU
Translation: Their neighbours envied the two of them.' (qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: tɕe aʑo tu-ta-fsraŋ ra tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 1SG IPFV-1→2-protect be.needed:FACT LNK
Translation: I have to save you.' (150901 changfamei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006352#S205"></fn>
Language: Japhug
Transcription: iʑora nɯnɯ koŋla ʑo tu-ta-fsraŋ , tu-ta-βri ɲɯ-sɯso-j ɕti ri ,
Glosses: 1PL DEM really EMPH IPFV-1→2-protect IPFV-1→2-save IPFV-think-1PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: We really want to save you.' (niulan li de lu-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: wortɕʰi wojɤr ʑo tu-kɯ-qur-i ra
Glosses: please please EMPH IPFV-2→1-help-1PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Please, help us.' (150827 taisui-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: <chuhuaiwang> cʰo nɯra , kɯmaʁ nɯra nɯ-ɕki , “ɣɯ-tu-kɯ-qur-i ɲɯ-ntsʰi" z-jo-sɯ-ti .
Glosses: ANTHR COMIT DEM:PL other DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT CISL-IPFV-2→1PL SENS-be.better TRAL-IFR-CAUS-say
Translation: He sent [someone] to the king Huai of Chu and the other ones to tell them `Come and help us'. (160721 pofuchenzhou-zh)
Language: Japhug
Transcription: ma-tʰɯ-kɯ-βlɯ-a , tɕʰorzi ɯ-ŋgɯ cʰɯ-kɯ-rku-a
Glosses: PROHIB-IMP-2→1-burn-1SG wine.jar 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-2→1-put.in-1SG
Language: Japhug
Transcription: khɛnɛʔ anchi aina-o a-dha:p-si-ba kɛ-ni
Glosses: 2SG 1DI mirror-LOC INCL-be.visible-DU-NMLZ 2-see
Translation: You(sg) saw both of us in the mirror.’