lecslab/glosslm-corpus huggingface dataset:
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɲi˩ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a ɻ̍˩ -dʑo˥
Glosses: person INTERROG.who ACCOMP to_come to_turn_toward TOP
Translation: The first person who comes along… (literally: whoever comes along…)' (Renaming.14)
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ mi˩˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX female COP
Translation: This is a female.
Language: Tibetan
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ zo˥ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX son/young/male COP
Translation: This is a young/male.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ pʰv̩˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX male COP
Translation: This is a male.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dʑɯ˧dv̩˧-mi˩ ə˩ dʑo˩b
Glosses: female_earthworm INTERROG EXIST
Translation: Are there such things as female earthworms?/Do female earthworms exist?’ (Source: field notes.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ ʂwæ˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX castrated_male COP
Translation: This is a castrated male.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩kʰv̩˧˥ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a -dʑo˥ ɲi˧to˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ le˧-tɑ˧˥ mɤ˩ -ʂo˧~ʂo˩ tsɤ˧ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: evening ACCOMP to_come.PST TOP mouth here up_to animal_fat ABUNDANCE to_become REP AFFIRM
Translation: The story goes that in the evening, when [the dumb man] came back, [his] mouth was smeared with grease up to here, up to here!’ (Lake3.15)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ -ki˧ ə… ʂe˥ ɲi˧zo#˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ æ̃˩-ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ bo˩-ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ ʝi˧-ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ kʰv̩˩mi˩ -ki˧ tʰv̩˧-hɑ̃˩ -dʑo˥ ʂe˥ -ʂo˧~ʂo˩ tʰi˧ ki˧a -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: dog DAT hesitation meat fish one-CLF.piece chicken_meat one-CLF.piece pork one-CLF.piece beef one-CLF.piece dog DAT that_day TOP meat ABUNDANCE DUR to_give ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: To the dog, erm… [one would give] meat! A piece of fish, a piece of chicken, a piece of pork, a piece of beef… On that day [New Year's Eve], one would give the dog plenty of meat!' (Dog.35)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ njɤ˩ =bv̩˧ ʐwæ˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ ŋwɤ˧ kv̩˧˥ ʈʂæ˧˥ po˧˥ hɯ˧c -ɲi˩
Glosses: in_the_past 1SG POSS horse TOP five CLF to_rob to_take_away to_go.PST CERTITUDE
Translation: Once, long ago, five of my family’s horses were stolen!’ Literally: ‘Long ago, my horses (=my
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ mv̩˩˥ ə˧zɯ˩ ʂɯ˧ -bi˧ ə˧mi˧ tʰi˧ ʂɯ˧ -kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: 1SG daughter 1PL.INCL to_die IMM_FUT mother DUR to_die CAUS
Translation: My dear daughter… We are going to die [=we can’t avoid death, now that the tiger is
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ ɻ̍˩ʈʂʰe˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ -dʑo˥ no˧sɯ˩kv̩˩ tʰv̩˧-ɲi˧ lo˧ ʝi˧ hɯ˧c tsɯ˧˥
Glosses: 1SG given_name TOP TOP 2PL.EXCL that.day work to_do go.PST REP
Translation: As for my [daughter] Erchei Ddeema… that day, you (=the members of your
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: õ˧˥ =bv̩˧ õ˧˥ hɑ˥ dzɯ˥
Glosses: oneself POSS oneself food to_eat
Translation: One’s own food, one eats it oneself! / We eat our own produce!’ (Agriculture.68; this
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: õ˧˥ ə˧mv̩˩ ɲi˩ -ze˧
Glosses: self elder_sibling COP PFV
Translation: This is my own brother!’ (Sister.57; Sister3.58. Context: a young woman recognizes a ragged
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: õ˧˥ ʂe˥ õ˧˥ ʈʰæ˧˥
Glosses: self meat self to_bite
Translation: Each person eats her/his own slab of meat!’ (Field notes. Context: describing
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: õ˧˥ dʑɯ˩ õ˧˥ ʈʰɯ˩b
Glosses: self water self to_drink
Translation: Each drinks from her own bottle!’ (Field notes. Context: a toddler has grabbed another’s bottle; parents
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: õ˧˥ ɖæ˩˧ õ˧˥ bæ˩a
Glosses: self dust self to_sweep
Translation: one must sweep one’s
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: õ˧˥ lv̩˧ õ˧˥ li˧a
Glosses: self field self to_look_after
Translation: one must look after one’s own fields’ (elicited)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pʰæ˧b ∼ =ɻ̍˩ ɲi˩ -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: to_tie/fasten RED ASSOCIATIVE COP ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: di˩˥ ɳɯ˧ ə˧-sɯ˩kv̩˩ li˧a -dʑo˧ -ɲi˩
Glosses: earth A 1PL.INCL to_watch PROG CERTITUDE
Translation: The Earth is watching us!’ (Reward.145)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˥ ɳɯ˧ ki˧a di˩˥ ɳɯ˧ ki˧a pi˥ -ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: sky A to_give earth A to_give to_say REP PROG AFFIRM
Translation: “It is a gift of the Heavens! It is a gift of the Earth!” he said.’ (Reward.121)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˩ lɑ˧ tsʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: sheep and goat
Translation: sheep and goats
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˩ ɳɯ˧
Glosses: sheep A
Translation: by the sheep
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ bi˧c -ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_go PFV
Translation: [she/he/they…] went
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ pv̩˧c -ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_chant PFV
Translation: [she/he/they…] chanted
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ bi˧c -dʑo˥ ʈʂʰwɤ˥ ɖɯ˧ mɤ˧ -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_go TOP dinner to_get NEG ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: If [the daughter] goes back [to her mother’s home after marriage, she] cannot have dinner
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lv̩˧mi˧ so˩-ʈv̩˩ pɤ˧˥ ∼ le˧ bi˧c -ze˧
Glosses: stone a_few to_carry ACTIVITY ACCOMP to_go PFV
Translation: Tonight, I’ll bring (back) a couple of stones! I’m going back!’ (Reward.77. Context: a man
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: æ .hi .hi pi˥ le˧ bi˧c -zo˧ -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: INTJ to_say ACCOMP to_go OBLIGATIVE ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: [The mother, uncles, aunts and other relatives of the deceased wife’s family shout out a cry
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˥ lo˩dʑo˥ tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ ∼ hæ̃˩ lo˩pv̩˧˥ tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ ∼
Glosses: jade bracelet DUR to_put ACTIVITY gold ring DUR to_put ACTIVITY
Translation: They adorned her with jade bracelets. They adorned her with gold rings.’ (BuriedAlive2.29. Context: a bride is being prepared for a wedding.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˥ lo˩dʑo˥ ɲi˧ ɭɯ˧b tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: jade bracelet two CLF DUR to_put
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧-tɑ˧˥ le˧ ʑi˧˥ ∼
Glosses: person all ACCOMP to_sleep ACTIVITY
Translation: Everyone was asleep.’ (BuriedAlive2.94)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧-tɑ˧˥ le˧ ʑi˧˥ -dʑo˧
Glosses: person all ACCOMP to_sleep PROG
Translation: Everyone was asleep.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁo˧dɑ˧ no˧bv̩˥-tsʰɯ˩ɻ̍˩ lɑ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧=zɯ˩ fv̩˧ ∼ -ɲi˩
Glosses: before proper_name and 3DU pleased RECP CERTITUDE
Translation: Before [my daughter married your son]… Nobbu Ci’er and [my daughter]… they used to like each other!’ (BuriedAlive2.136. Context: the unhappy wife's mother explains to the husband's mother what the matter is with her daughter.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ ??wɤ˩ -ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_bypass PFV
Translation: [She/he/they] bypassed’ (elicited example; the question marks ‘??’ are intended as an indication of the problematic status of the monosyllabic verb form)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɲi˩ mɤ˧ ɲi˩ mɤ˧ ɳv̩˥
Glosses: COP NEG COP NEG to_know/to_get_to_know
Translation: Whether it is actually the case… we don’t know!’ (Context: two persons discuss what
Language: Naish
Transcription: mv̩˩tɕo˧ mɤ˧ hɯ˧c
Glosses: downward NEG to_go.PST
Translation: [The dog, who had come to sit on the wooden platform
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ gɤ˩ dɑ˧˥ mv̩˩ dɑ˧˥ ɖɯ˧-so˩ ʂɯ˩ ʝi˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: thus upward to_strike downward to_strike several times to_do REP AFFIRM
Translation: He would give blows high and low (= hither and thither), again and again! / He would strike
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: gɤ˩ le˧ ʈʂʰo˥ -se˩ -dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥
Glosses: upward ACCOMP to_pray COMPLETION TOP then
Translation: after one has prayed [literally: prayed up (to the ancestors)]’ (Dog2.54)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: gɤ˩ se˥ -ze˧
Glosses: UPWARD to_walk PFV
Translation: walked up(ward)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁo˧dɑ˧ bi˧c -ze˧
Glosses: forward to_go PFV
Translation: to go forward
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁwæ˧gi˧ bi˧c -ze˧
Glosses: leftward to_go PFV
Translation: to go to the left
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˩lo˩ bi˧c
Glosses: rightward to_go
Translation: to go to the right
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁo˧tʰo˩ bi˧c
Glosses: backward to_go
Translation: to go backward
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: gɤ˩tɕo˧ bi˧c -ze˧
Glosses: upward to_go PFV
Translation: to go upward
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: to_eat PFV
Translation: have eaten
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ -bi˧a -ze˧b
Glosses: to_eat IMM.FUT PFV
Translation: will eat
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ mɤ˧ -bi˧a -ze˧b
Glosses: to_eat NEG IMM.FUT PFV
Translation: will not eat
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧˥ -hĩ˥
Glosses: to_strike RELATIVIZER/NOMINALIZER
Translation: who strikes
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧˥ -bi˧
Glosses: to_strike IMM.FUT
Translation: is going to strike
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: tʰi˩˥ hĩ˥ =ɻæ˩ -dʑo˥ wɤ˩˥ ʝi˧kʰv̩˥ -dʑo˥ mv̩˥ -pʰæ˧di˩
Glosses: then people PL TOP again some TOP to_understand it_seems_that
Translation: It seems that some people understood in the end!' (FoodShortage2.72)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩˥ ʈʂʰɯ˥ v̩˧ qʰwɤ˩a -pʰæ˧di˩ -dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥ kʰi˥ tʰi˧ tv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: daughter DEM CLF.individual clever it_seems_that TOP then door DUR to_support REP AFFIRM
Translation: That girl was clever, as it turned out: she propped herself against the door. / That girl reacted smartly: she immediately propped herself against the door [so as to keep the tiger out].' (Tiger.14)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ ʂɯ˧a le˧ nv̩˥ -dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥ hĩ˥ ɬo˧tɑ˧ wɤ˩˥ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ ɳɯ˧ do˩b -pʰæ˧di˩ tsɯ˧˥ -mv̩˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_die ACCOMP to_bury TOP then person to_the_side again one CLF.individual A to_see it_seems_that REP AFFIRM
Translation: When she died and was buried… apparently, someone close by had seen [what had really happened to her]!' (BuriedAlive2.24)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ lɑ˧ ɖʐv̩˧nɑ˥mi˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ -dʑo˥ ɖɯ˧-pi˧˥ tʰi˧ -kv̩˧˥ -pʰæ˧di˩ mæ˧
Glosses: dog also heron TOP TOP a_little skilful ABILITIVE it_seems_that OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: The Dog and the Heron were rather talented, it seems!' (Dog2.108)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pʰv̩˧˥ mɤ˧ tʰɑ˧˥ -ɲi˩ ho˩ mæ˧
Glosses: to_take_off NEG PERMISSIVE CERTITUDE DESIDERATIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: [I] was not able to take off [the bracelets]!' (BuriedAlive2.88)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ ʂɯ˧ -dʑo˧ dʑi˧hṽ̩˥$ mv̩˧ mɤ˧ -kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: ACCOMP to_die PROG clothes to_put_on NEG CAUS
Translation: When someone dies, [we] do not clothe [the corpse]!’ (BuriedAlive3.58)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: so˩ɲi˩-so˩hɑ̃˥ qæ˧˥ -dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥ le˧ qæ˧˥ mv̩˩ mɤ˧ -tʰɑ˧˥
Glosses: 3_days_and_nights to_burn TOP then ACCOMP to_burn to_consume/to_burn_up NEG possible
Translation: The corpse was burnt [on the pyre] for three days and three nights, but it was not possible
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʂæ˧ɖæ˧ di˩a -tʰɑ˧˥ -kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: differences_in_length EXIST PROHIB CAUS
Translation: [The tree trunks] must not be different lengths! / There must not be differences in length!’ (Housebuilding.19. Context: selecting trees that will be felled as lumber for building a house.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ no˩ ɲi˧gɤ#˥ ʂwæ˧ mɤ˧ gv̩˧
Glosses: 3SG 2SG nose tall NEG to_be/to_become
Translation: Her nose is not as prominent as yours.’ (Source: field notes.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ ɳɯ˧ õ˩dv̩˧˥ dzɯ˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: tiger A wolf to_eat PFV
Translation: The tiger ate the wolf.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: li˩˥ hwæ˧a
Glosses: tea to_buy
Translation: to buy tea
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: æ̃˩˧ hwæ˧a
Glosses: chicken to_buy
Translation: to buy chicken
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: li˩˥ hwæ˧a -ze˧b
Glosses: tea to_buy PFV
Translation: bought tea
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: æ̃˩˧ hwæ˧a -ze˧b
Glosses: chicken to_buy PFV
Translation: bought chicken
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐæ˩˥ tɕʰi˧b -ze˧
Glosses: leopard to_sell PFV
Translation: sold leopards
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˩ tɕʰi˧b -ze˧b
Glosses: sheep to_sell PFV
Translation: has sold sheep
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: di˩˥ dv̩˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: earth to_dig PFV
Translation: has dug earth
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ ɳɯ˧ tʰɑ˩˥ dzɯ˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: tiger A buffalo to_eat PFV
Translation: (the
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: nv̩˩tɕʰi#˥ do˩b
Glosses: fine_chaff to_see
Translation: to see fine chaff
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pi˩ti#˥ do˩b
Glosses: nugget to_see
Translation: to see nuggets (of silver)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: nɑ˩hĩ#˥ do˩b
Glosses: Naxi to_see
Translation: to see (the) Naxi
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐæ˩˥ dzɯ˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: leopard to_eat PFV
Translation: has eaten leopards
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʑi˩˥ dzɯ˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: monkey to_eat PFV
Translation: has eaten monkeys
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: bɑ˩lɑ˩ tʰi˧ mv̩˧a
Glosses: clothes DUR to_put_on
Translation: to put on clothes’ (ComingOfAge2.37)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧mv̩˧˥ ɳɯ˧ ʐæ˩sɯ˩ tʰi˧ mv̩˧a
Glosses: elder_sibling A coarse_felt DUR to_put_on
Translation: the elder brother put on [his] coarse felt cloak’ (Sister3.57)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐɯ˧ ɖɯ˧ qʰwɤ˧˥ tʰi˧ pʰv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: liquor/spirits one CLF.bowls DUR to_pour REP AFFIRM
Translation: it is said that [she] poured a bowl of liquor [for her brother].’ (Sister3.41)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lwɤ˩˥ tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ tɕɤ˧˥ -kv̩˧˥ mæ˧ ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩
Glosses: ashes DUR to_put to_boil ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS in_the_old_times
Translation: One would add ashes and boil [linen thread], in the old times!’ (FoodShortage.71)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɑ˩mi#˥ tʰi˧ dzɯ˥
Glosses: goose DUR to_eat
Translation: eating a goose
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩˥ tʰi˧ do˩b
Glosses: daughter DUR to_see
Translation: to see (a/the)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: bi˥ gi˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: snow to_fall PFV
Translation: It has snowed.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hi˩˧ gi˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: rain to_fall PFV
Translation: It has rained.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˧bæ#˥ tsʰɯ˩a -ze˧b
Glosses: guest to_come.PST PFV
Translation: The guest has come. / The guests have come.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dɑ˧pɤ˧ tsʰɯ˩a -ze˧b
Glosses: priest to_come.PST PFV
Translation: The priest has come. / The priests have come.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: bo˩˧ tsʰo˩b -ze˧b
Glosses: pig to_jump PFV
Translation: The pig jumped.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˩ tsʰɯ˩a -ze˧b
Glosses: sheep to_come.PST PFV
Translation: The sheep have come.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ tsʰɯ˩a -ze˧b
Glosses: 3SG to_come.PST PFV
Translation: (S)he has come!
Language: Shixing
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ ti˩a
Glosses: dog to_tap/to_hit_gently
Translation: to hit a dog (gently)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ ti˩a -ze˧b
Glosses: dog to_tap/to_hit_gently PFV
Translation: has hit a dog (gently)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mo˩kv̩#˥ tʰv̩˧a -kv̩˧˥ -ze˧b mo˩kv̩#˥
Glosses: meadow_mushroom to_grow ABILITIVE PFV meadow_mushroom
Translation: [Starting in the third month,] meadow mushrooms grow. Meadow mushrooms!’ (Mushrooms.149)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Transcription: ʈʂe˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ le˧ ʁæ˩a -ɲi˩ mæ˧
Glosses: earth TOP ACCOMP to_melt/to_fall_apart CERTITUDE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: The clods of earth fall apart / the clods of earth melt [into the water].’ (Agriculture.54)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐæ˩sɯ˩ dʑo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ tʰi˧ mv̩˧a -kv̩˧˥ mæ˧
Glosses: felt TOP thus DUR to_put_on ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: This is how we used to wear felt.’ (Sister3.74)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hu˧mi˥$ ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ#˥ ʈʰɯ˩b le˧ qʰwɤ˧b -ze˧b mæ˧
Glosses: stomach medicine to_drink ACCOMP to_heal PFV OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: [nowadays, the diseased person] drinks
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖɯ˧ dzɯ˥ -ɻ̍˥ mo˩
Glosses: DELIMITATIVE to_eat INCHOATIVE DISC.PTCL:INVITATION
Translation: Please have some/please eat some [of it]!
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ tso˩a bi˧c -zo˧-ʝi˧
Glosses: 1SG to_build to_go to_have_to
Translation: I shall go and build [a bridge].’ (Renaming.13)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧mi˧ mv̩˩ ɲi˧-kv̩˧˥
Glosses: mother daughter two-CLF.persons
Translation: the mother and the daughter, the two of them’ (Lake4.93)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ -di mɤ˧ dʑo˧
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ NEG EXIST
Translation: there was no food’ (Seeds2.69)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzo˩ ɖɯ˧-pɤ˩ tso˩a ə-˩ -bi˧
Glosses: bridge one-CLF to_build INTERROG IMM_FUT
Translation: will [you] build a bridge?’ (Renaming.10)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: tʰi˧ gv̩˩a -se˩ -dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥ -no˧˥ wɤ˩˥ qwɤ˧ tʰi˧ gv̩˩a
Glosses: DUR to_make/to_build COMPLETION TOP then CNTR.TOP again/also fire_pit DUR to_make/to_build
Translation: After one has finished to build [the cupboard], well, one builds the fire pit!’ (Housebuilding.144)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˧mo˥=ɻæ˩-ɳɯ˩ ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ ʐwɤ˩a -kv̩˧˥ mæ˧
Glosses: elders=PL-A constantly to_say ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: The elders would always say…’ (Dog2.32)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hwɤ˧li˧˥ -no˧˥ ʐv̩˧kʰv̩˩ ŋwɤ˧kʰv̩˩
Glosses: cat CNTR.TOP four.years five.years
Translation: As for the cat, [it has a lifespan of] four or five years.’ (Dog2.84. Context: the previous
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ -di˩ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b ʈʰɯ˩b -di˩ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ NEG EXIST to_drink NMLZ NEG EXIST
Translation: [Before mankind had learnt to grow crops], there was nothing to eat and nothing to drink!
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ -di˩ -dʑo˥ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b -ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ TOP NEG EXIST CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: As for food, it’s said that there was none!’ (Seeds2.68)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzɯ˥ -di˩ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b -dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ NEG EXIST TOP so/then
Translation: As there was nothing to eat, …’ (the narrative moves on to: ‘there were some
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɬo˧pv̩˥ ti˩a -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: kow"=tow to_hit ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: It is said that [on that occasion, the whole family] will kow"=tow!’ (Sister3.138)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧˥ mv̩˩tɕo˧ ʈʂʰe˧b
Glosses: leg downward to_stretch
Translation: to stretch (one’s) leg downward
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʂv̩˧∼ʂv̩˧˥ ɖɯ˧-pʰæ˧˥
Glosses: paper one-CLF.flat_objects
Translation: a sheet of paper
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧mi˧ mv̩˩˥ ɲi˧-kv̩˧˥
Glosses: mother daughter two-CLF.persons
Translation: the mother and her daughter’ Literally: ‘mother and
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧mi˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v̩˧ lɑ˧ mv̩˩˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v̩˧
Glosses: mother DEM-CLF.individual and daughter DEM-CLF
Translation: that mother and that daughter’ (Lake.52).
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩-ʂe˩ dzɯ˥ mɤ˧ ɖo˧a pi˥ -zo
Glosses: dog"=meat to_eat NEG ought_to to_say ADVB
Translation: It’s said that one mustn’t eat dog meat! / It’s said that dog meat is something one must not
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ dʑo˥ kʰv̩˥ -ʈʂʰɯ˥ -dʑo˥ dʑɤ˩˥ ə˩pʰo˩ kʰɯ˧˥ mɤ˧ -kv̩˧˥
Glosses: in_the_past TOP dog TOP TOP INTS outside to_let NEG ABILITIVE
Translation: In the old times, one wouldn’t usually let dogs go outside! / In the old times, dogs weren’t usually allowed to leave the house!’ (Dog2.75)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖɯ˧-v̩˧ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a ɲi˧-kv̩˧˥ so˩-kv̩˩
Glosses: one-CLF.individual ACCOMP to_come.PST two-CLF three-CLF
Translation: One person came, then two, then three.’ (Field notes: explanation proposed by
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jɤ˧ŋɤ˧ -dʑo˥ ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ hæ̃˩-bɑ˥lɑ˩ hæ̃˩-bɑ˥lɑ˩-bɑ˩lɑ˩ le˧ po˧˥ jo˩ -kv̩˧˥ mæ˧
Glosses: Chengdu TOP in_the_past silk silk_clothes ACCOMP to_bring to_come ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: From Chengdu, in the past… Silk!! [The people who went on caravans] would bring back
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧ʑi˧˥ ɖɯ˩mɑ˧-ɬɑ˩tsʰo˩ pi˥ -hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ dʑo˧a -ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: grandmother GIVEN_NAME to_say REL/NMLZ one CLF.individual EXIST CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: [Among] women elders, it is said that there was one by the
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dzo˩ le˧ gv̩˩b tʰi˧ tɕɯ˥ tʰi˩˥ no˩ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a -ɲi˩ -ze˧b mæ˧ ə˩-gi˩ hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ mɤ˧ tsʰɯ˩a no˩ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a -ɲi˩ -ze˧b mæ˧
Glosses: bridge ACCOMP to_build DUR to_put then 2SG ACCOMP to_come CERTITUDE PFV AFFIRM isn't_it person one CLF.individual NEG to_come 2SG ACCOMP to_come CERTITUDE PFV AFFIRM
Translation: After the bridge is built, and left there [=and the person who built it waits for someone to cross], you come along! [=someone comes along: you, for instance!] [For a long time] nobody comes, [but at last] you come along!’ (Renaming.17)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: bv̩˧ʐv̩˧ ʝi˥ æ̃˩˧ so˩ kʰv̩˧˥a
Glosses: snake ox chicken three CLF.years
Translation: the three years of the Snake, the Ox, and the Rooster
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˧gv̩˧ ʑi˩˥ hwɤ˧ so˩ kʰv̩˧˥a
Glosses: dragon ape rat three CLF.years
Translation: the three years of the Dragon, the Ape, and the Rat
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: tʰo˧li˧ bo˩˧ jo˩ so˩ kʰv̩˧˥a
Glosses: rabbit pig sheep three CLF.years
Translation: the three years of the Rabbit, the Pig, and the Sheep
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ ʐwæ˥ kʰv̩˥ so˩ kʰv̩˧˥a
Glosses: tiger horse dog three CLF.years
Translation: the three years of the Tiger, the Horse, and the Dog
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˥ dzɑ˥ ɖʐe˧ tʰɑ˧ ʝi˥ ɻ̍̃˧ko˩ mi˧ tʰɑ˧ tʰv̩˧a
Glosses: person poor money PROH to_borrow shinbone wound PROH to_get
Translation: The poor must not borrow money; the shinbone must not receive wounds.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʐæ˩˥ do˩b ə˧mi˧ ʂɯ˧a lɑ˧ do˩b ə˧dɑ˥$ ʂɯ˧a
Glosses: panther to_see mother to_die tiger to_see father to_die
Translation: If you see a panther, it means your mother is going to die; if you see a tiger, it means your father is going
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ do˩b ə˧dɑ˥$ ʂɯ˧a ʐæ˩˥ do˩b ə˧mi˧ ʂɯ˧a
Glosses: tiger to_see father to_die panther to_see mother to_die
Translation: If you see a tiger, it means your father is going
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɳɯ˧ mɤ˧ do˩b mv̩˥ ɳɯ˧ do˩b
Glosses: person/human A NEG to_see sky/heavens A to_see
Translation: People may not see, but the heavens see!
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: dʑɯ˩ ɖɯ˧-qʰv̩˧tʰv̩#˥ tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: water one-CLF.hornful DUR to_put
Translation: [People who travel all day] put a hornful of water [in their bag, so as to have something to
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ə˧mv̩˧˥ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a tʰi˩˥ go˧mi˧ ɳɯ˧ ə˧mv̩˧˥ mɤ˧ sɯ˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: elder_sibling ACCOMP to_come.PST gap_filler:well younger_sister A/TOP elder_sibling NEG to_know REP AFFIRM
Translation: [When] the big brother came back, the younger sister didn’t recognize him!’ (Sister.49)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ tsɑ˧˥ -kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥ le˧ lv̩˧˥
Glosses: ACCOMP to_row because ACCOMP to_escape
Translation: By rowing, rowing, rowing, they managed to escape!’ (Lake3.59)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lo˩dʑo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ mv̩˩tɕo˧ pʰv̩˧˥ -kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥ -ɳɯ qʰʰʰ…ə ! pi˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: bracelet thus downward to_take_off because TOP onomatopoeia:burp ! to_say REP AFFIRM
Translation: When [the man] took off [the buried woman’s bracelets], like this, [the corpse made
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mɤ˧ dʑɤ˩b ɲi˩ ə˩ sɯ˥ ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ ə˧mi˧ mv̩˩˥ ɲi˧-kv̩˧˥ zo˩no˥ ɬi˧di˩-di˩mi˩ qo˧ dzi˩a le˧-wo˥le˧-hɯ˩ -zo ə˧ʑi˧˥ ə˧pʰv̩˧ -ki˧ le˧ hɯ˧c -dʑo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ ʐæ˩˥ ɳɯ˧ le˧ ʈʰæ˧˥ lɑ˧ ɳɯ˧ le˧ ʈʰæ˧˥ -ɲi˩ pi˥ -zo
Glosses: NEG good COP INTERROG to_know once_upon_a_time mother daughter two-CLF.persons well Yongning_plain inside to_dwell went_back ADVB grandmother grandmother’s_brother ALL ACCOMP to_go.PST TOP thus panther A ACCOMP to_bite tiger A ACCOMP to_bite CERTITUDE to_say ADVB
Translation: [Elders would tell stories about the tiger eating people,] saying: “That is very bad, you know! Once upon a time, a mother and her daughter who lived in the Yongning plain went to see the grandmother and her brothers; and they were actually attacked by the big cats!”’ Literally: ‘they were bitten by the panther, by the tiger’ (Tiger.51)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʑi˧˥ -dʑo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ gv̩˧c -ɲi˩ tʰv̩˧-ʑi˧˥
Glosses: DEM.PROX-CLF.households TOP thus to_take_place CERTITUDE DEM.DIST-CLF.households
Translation: This is what happened to this household! And this is what happened to that household!' (Elders3.44. Context: the narrator reports how her grandmother used to teach children the proper way to behave by taking real"=life examples from events that had occurred within the community.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ gv̩˧c -ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: thus to_take_place CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: This is how it happened.’ (BuriedAlive.1)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ gv̩˧c -kv̩˧˥
Glosses: thus to_take_place ABILITIVE
Translation: This is how it would happen.’ (Sister3.149, Tiger.2)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pʰo˩a hɯ˧c -kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥-lɑ˩ tʰi˩˥ go˧mi˧ ʈʂʰɯ˥ v̩˧ -dʑo˥ le˧ ŋv̩˩ -zo
Glosses: to_flee/to_rush to_go.PST after then younger_sister DEM.PROX CLF TOP ACCOMP to_cry ADVB
Translation: After he rushed away, [his] younger daughter cried her eyes out!’ (Sister3.68)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hæ˧ kʰv̩˩mi˩-ʂe˩ dzɯ˥ -kv̩˧˥
Glosses: Chinese dog_meat to_eat ABILITIVE
Translation: The Chinese (Han) eat dog meat!’ (Field notes, 2012)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: pv̩˩ɭɯ˥ ɖʐɤ˧˥ ki˧ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: button to_pluck to_give REP AFFIRM
Translation: It is said that [he] plucked a [button from his jacket] and gave it [to the child]. / He
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: gɯ˩-ʝi˥ -dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥
Glosses: really TOP then
Translation: … in actual fact, …’ (Mountains.58)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ mɤ˧ dzɯ˥
Glosses: 1SG NEG to_eat
Translation: I don’t eat.
Language: Sinitic
Transcription: le˧ dzɯ˥ bi˧mi˧ go˩a
Glosses: ACCOMP to_eat stomach/belly to_ache
Translation: [If] [you] eat [of it], [your] stomach [will] hurt!’ (Field notes. Context: on the mountain, pointing out a berry that is not edible.)
Language: Eastern Gorkha Tamang
Transcription: tʰi˩˥ ə˧mv̩˧˥ ʝi˥ -hĩ˥ dʑo˥ zo˥ ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: then elder_sibling to_do REL TOP boy/son COP REP AFFIRM
Translation: The elder [of the two siblings] was a boy.’ (Sister.5)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˩zo˩ =ɻæ˩ lɑ˧ ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ tʰi˩˥ dʑɤ˩bv̩˥ -ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: girl ASSOCIATIVE with long_ago so/then to_play CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: The story goes that at that time, long ago, he would have fun [i.e. flirt] with girls!’ (Caravans.231)
Language: English
Transcription: pʰv̩˩-tɕæ˩ɻæ˥ gv̩˧ -kv̩˧˥ -ze˧b mæ˧
Glosses: very_white to_become ABILITIVE PFV AFFIRM
Translation: [after boiling, linen thread] can become really white!’ (FoodShortage.73)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hĩ˥ -ki˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ mɤ˧ pi˥
Glosses: person DAT 1-CLF.pieces NEG to_say
Translation: (S)he did not say anything to the people present! / (S)he did not greet anyone!’ (Field
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: no˩ njɤ˩ -ki˧ ɖɯ˧-sɑ˥$ hwæ˧a mɤ˧ -zo˧a
Glosses: 2SG 1ST DAT 1-CLF.things to_buy NEG OBLIG
Translation: You don't need to give me anything! / There is no need to buy any presents for me!’ (Trader.34)
Language: Naxi
Transcription: ə˧-dzɤ˧∼dzɤ˥ F dzɯ˥
Glosses: slowly FOCALIZATION to_eat
Translation: Eat slowly!/Take your time!’ (Polite invitation to eat.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ mo˩a njɤ˩ɭɯ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ gv̩˧c hĩ˥ li˧a F mɤ˧ ʁo˧
Glosses: ACCOMP old eye thus to_occur person to_look_at FOCALIZATION NEG to_be_able_to/to_manage
Translation: [The dog] got older and older; and so, its eyes could not even look at people anymore / it could not even see people anymore!’ (Dog2.80)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖɯ˧ sɑ˥ F mɤ˧ dʑo˧b
Glosses: one CLF.things FOCALIZATION NEG to_possess
Translation: [I/they] don't have anything at all / [I/they] have nothing at all.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖɯ˧ sɑ˥ F mɤ˧ ʝi˥
Glosses: one CLF.things FOCALIZATION NEG to_do
Translation: to do nothing, to slob around the place, to do bugger all
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: zo˥ F ə˧mi˧ ɳɯ˧ mv̩˩˥ -ki˧ ʐwɤ˩b
Glosses: son/man FOCALIZATION mother A daughter/girl DAT to_speak
Translation: The young man's mother talked to the young woman.’ (BuriedAlive3.161)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: no˩ mv̩˩˥ dɤ !-tʰv̩˧qo˧ dʑo˩b
Glosses: 2SG daughter DEM.EXTRA_DISTAL EXIST.animated_beings
Translation: Your daughter is [in a place that I know,] way over there.’ (BuriedAlive3.105)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: no˩ ɳɯ˧ V -zo˧a -ho˩
Glosses: 2SG A V OBLIG FUT
Translation: you must now V / you will now have to V.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ ʐwæ˧zo#˥ =bv̩˧ hu˧mi˥$ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX colt POSS stomach COP
Translation: This is the stomach
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʁæ˧bæ˧ -qo˧ ɳɯ˧ ʁæ˧bæ˧ ɖɯ˧ ɭɯ˧b -qo˧ ɳɯ˧ ɖɯ˧ ʁæ˩bæ˩
Glosses: wooden_plate inside ABL/TOP wooden_plate one CLF inside ABL/TOP one CLF.platefuls
Translation: [The sweets used to be presented] on a plate! [They were placed] on a plate; [one used to prepare] a plateful!’ (Funeral.216)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ ɬi˧pi˩
Glosses: tiger ear
Translation: tiger's ear’ (DetermCompounds6.17)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: le˧ mv̩˩pʰæ˧˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: ACCOMP to_forget PFV
Translation: [I/you…] have forgotten’ (Source: field notes. Also found in Dog.4)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: njɤ˩ ɳɯ˧ hwæ˧a -bi˧a -ze˧b
Glosses: 1SG A to_buy IMM.FUT PFV
Translation: I’m paying for it! / I’m the one who’s buying [it]!
Language: Sinitic
Transcription: kɯ˩ɻ̍˧ ʈɤ˧a
Glosses: Chinese_violin to_pull
Translation: to play erhu (Chinese violin)
Language: Sinitic
Transcription: ɖɯ˧ bæ˧a mɤ˧ tsɤ˧
Glosses: one CLF.sorts NEG to_become/to_be
Translation: It’s not the same!
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˧ʁo˥ tɕɯ˧
Glosses: sky/heavens cloud
Translation: The sky is cloudy.
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: zo˥ ɳɯ˧ ʝi˥
Glosses: man A to_do
Translation: This is a man’s job! / This type of work [viz. ploughing] is
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ se˥ -ze˧b
Glosses: tiger to_walk PFV
Translation: the tiger walked’ (input tones: M on noun and H on verb)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: lɑ˧ ʂɯ˧a -ze˧b
Glosses: tiger to_die PFV
Translation: the tiger died’ (input tones: M on noun and M on verb)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: hwɤ˧mi˥$ tsʰo˧b -ze˧b
Glosses: she_cat to_jump PFV
Translation: the she-cat jumped’ (input tones: H$ on noun and Mb on verb)
Language: Shixing
Transcription: ʐwæ˥ ɣɯ˩˧
Glosses: horse skin
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: jo˩ ɲi˧gɤ˧
Glosses: sheep nose/muzzle
Translation: sheep's muzzle
Language: Naxi
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ tsʰɯ˧˥ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX goat COP
Translation: This is a sheep.
Language: French
Transcription: … Peer moo ko lekk
Glosses: _ Peer SUBJEMPH.3SG OPR to_eat
Translation: It was Peer who ate it.’ (SUBJEMPH stands for subject-emphatic, and OPR for object pronoun.)
Language: French
Transcription: … Peer lekk na
Glosses: _ Peer to_eat PFT.3SG
Translation: Peer has eaten.’ (No focused constituent.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɲi˥ le˧ gv̩˧c
Glosses: day ACCOMP to_flow/to_go_by
Translation: daytime’, interpreted by consultant F4 as having the literal meaning ‘the
Language: Naxi
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ni˧˥ gwɤ˩ -ɲi˩ mæ˧
Glosses: in_this_way to_sing CERTITUDE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: This is how [people] used to sing!’ (Caravans.51, 53, 57)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧˥ ʝi˥ gwɤ˩ -ɲi˩ mæ˧
Glosses: in_this_way to_do to_sing CERTITUDE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: This is how [people] used to sing!’ (Caravans.51, 53, 57)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: ɖwæ˧˥ fv̩˧ -hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: very happy REL one CLF.individual COP
Translation: (S)he is really happy!’ (Source: field notes.)
Language: Yongning Na
Transcription: mv̩˧ʁo˥$ dze˩a -hĩ˥ -dʑo˥ kɤ˩-nɑ˧mi˧ di˧qo˧ se˥ -dʑo˥ ə˧v̩˧˥
Glosses: heavens to_fly NMLZ TOP eagle plain to_walk TOP maternal_uncle
Translation: As the Eagle is greatest of all that fly in the sky, so the Uncle is greatest of all that walk the earth.
Language: Icelandic
Transcription: Hana vantar peninga .
Glosses: her.ACC lacks money .
Language: Icelandic
Transcription: Mér voru gefnir peningar .
Glosses: me.DAT were given money
Translation: I was given money.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: [Þeir sem í Osló hafa búið] segja að það sé fínn bær .
Glosses: those that in Oslo have lived say that it is nice town
Translation: Those that have lived in Oslo say that itʼs a nice town.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Nú rignir (*það).
Glosses: now rains it
Translation: Now it’s raining.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Það hefur einhver köttur étið mýsnar .
Glosses: there has some cat eaten the-mice
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Honum tørvar ikki at hugsa meira um tað .
Glosses: him.DAT needs not to think more about that
Translation: He doesn’t have to think more about that.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Hann tørvar ikki at hava svar til alt .
Glosses: he.NOM needs not to have answer to everything
Translation: He doesn’t have to have answers to everything.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Henni dámar at hyggja í sjónvarp .
Glosses: her.DAT likes to look at TV
Translation: She likes to watch TV.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Hon dámar at lurta eftir tónleiki .
Glosses: she.NOM likes to listen after music
Translation: She likes to listen to music.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Honum manglar at gera húsini liðug .
Glosses: him.DAT needs to make the-houses ready
Translation: He needs to finish the house.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Hann manglar at prógva tað í verki .
Glosses: he.NOM needs to prove it in work
Translation: He needs to prove it in action.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Henni nýtist ikki at hugsa um klokkuna .
Glosses: her.DAT needs not to think about the-clock
Translation: She doesn’t have to think about the clock.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Hon nýtist ikki at standa í bíðirøð .
Glosses: she.NOM need not to stand in line
Translation: She doesn’t have to stand in line.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Skúlastjórin helt talu fyri teimum , sum liðug vóru við skúlan .
Glosses: the-principal held speech for those that done were with the-school
Translation: ʽThe principal gave a speech for those who were graduating.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Hon fer ikki í baðikarið , um har hava verið mýs .
Glosses: she goes not in the-bathtub if in-that-place have been mice
Translation: ʽShe doesnʼt go into the bathtub if there have been mice there.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Tey vilja keypa ein bil , sum vælegnaður er til eina barnafamilju .
Glosses: they want buy a car that well-suited is for a family-with-children
Translation: ʽThey want to buy a car that is suitable for a family with children.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Øll , sum einki høvdu etið , vóru svong .
Glosses: all that nothing had eaten were hungry
Translation: ʽEverybody who hadnʼt eaten anything was hungry.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Tillukku til øll , sum vald vórðu .
Glosses: congratulations to all that elected were
Translation: ʽCongratulations to all who were elected.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Lønarhækking er tað , sum ovast er á breddanum .
Glosses: salary-raise is that which topmost is on the-page
Translation: ʽSalary raise is at the top of the agenda.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Kennir tú onkran , sum verið hevur í Kekkia ?
Glosses: know you anybody that been has in Czech-Republic
Translation: ʽDo you know anybody that has been to the Czech Republic?ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Tá varð nógv dansað heima við hús .
Glosses: then was much danced home with house
Translation: ʽThen there was a lot of dancing at home.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Tá varð tað tosað saman um kvøldarnar .
Glosses: then was there talked together during the-evenings
Translation: ʽThen people would talk during the evening.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Í fleiri dagar varð tað etið og drukkið .
Glosses: in many days was there eaten and drunk
Translation: ʽPeople were eating and drinking for several days.ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Í Havn regnar / regnar tað ofta .
Glosses: in Tórshavn rains _ rains it often
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Fríggjadagin bleiv / bleiv tað skotin ein hvítabjørn har .
Glosses: the-Friday was _ was there shot a polar_bear there
Translation: ʽLast Friday a polar bear was shot there.ʼ
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tað hevði onkur etið súreplið .
Glosses: there had somebody eaten the-apple
Translation: Somebody had eaten the apple.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tað keypti onkur húsini hjá Róa .
Glosses: there bought somebody the-houses of Rói
Translation: Somebody bought Rói’s house.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Tað hevði onkur tikið súkkluna hjá mær .
Glosses: there had somebody taken the-cycle of me
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Tað hevur helst eingin lisið hana til enda .
Glosses: there has probably nobody read her to end
Translation: Probably no-one has read it to the end.
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Kennir tú onkran , sum hevur verið í Kekkia ?
Glosses: know you anybody that has been in Czech-Republic
Translation: ʽDo you know anybody that has been to the Czech Republic?ʼ
Language: Faroese
Transcription: Onkur hevði etið súreplið .
Glosses: somebody had eaten the-apple
Translation: Somebody had eaten the apple.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: * (Hän) puhuu englantia .
Glosses: _ (s/he) speak:3 English:PAR
Translation: S/he speaks English.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: * (Ele) fala inglês .
Glosses: _ (he) speak:3 English:PAR
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tässä istuu mukavasti .
Glosses: here sit:3 comfortably
Translation: One can sit comfortably here.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: Aqui vende camisa .
Glosses: here sell:3 shirt . 
Translation: T-shirts are sold here.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Pekkai väittää [että häni/j/Øi/*j puhuu englantia hyvin].
Glosses: Pekka claim:3 that 3SG/Ø speak:3 English well
Translation: Pekka claims that he speaks English well.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: João afirma que elei/j/Øi/*j fala inglês bem .
Glosses: João claim:3 that he/Ø speak:3 English well
Translation: John claims that he speaks English well.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: João afirma que no Brasil fala inglês muito bem .
Glosses: John claim:3 that in.the Brazil speak:3 English very well
Translation: John claims that in Brazil people speak English very well.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Jari sanoo että tässä istuu mukavasti .
Glosses: Jari say:3 that here sit:3 comfortably
Translation: Jari says that one can sit comfortably here.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Nyt täytyy pestä auntonsa .
Glosses: Now must:3 wash car:POSS;RFL
Translation: One must wash one’s car now.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Täällä voi ostaa auton / * auto .
Glosses: Here can:3 buy car:ACC / / car:NOM
Translation: You can buy a car here.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Tänne tulee mielellään [PRO ostamaan keramiikkaa].
Glosses: here come:3 with.pleasure PRO buy.INF pottery
Translation: It is nice to come here to buy pottery.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: João/se levantou a mão na sala para fazer pergunta .
Glosses: John/one raised:3 the hand in.the classroom to ask:INF question
Translation: John/one raised his hand to ask questions in the class.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: ?* Na sala_de_aula levanta a mão para fazer pergunta .
Glosses: _ in.the classroom raise:3 the hand to make:INF question
Translation: In classrooms, one raises his hand to ask questions.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: No Brasil só trabalha pra ganhar dinheiro .
Glosses: In.the Brazil only work:3 to earn money
Translation: In Brazil one only works to earn money.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: * Naquela escola de culinária prepara doce com maestria/ com atenção .
Glosses: _ in.that school of culinary prepare:3 sweet with mastery/ with attention
Translation: One prepares sweets with mastery/with attention in that culinary school.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: * Naquela escola de culinária prepara doce para alimentar criança .
Glosses: _ in.that school of culinary prepare:3 sweet to feed:INF child . 
Translation: One prepares sweets to feed the children in that culinary school.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: * Naquele hospital nasce com saúde .
Glosses: _ in.that hospital born:3 with healthy
Translation: Intended: ‘One who is born in that hospital is healthy.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Sitä huolestuu helposti .
Glosses: EXPL get.worried easily
Translation: One gets worried easily.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: * Naquela casa teme a morte .
Glosses: _ In.that house fear:3 the death
Translation: Intended: ‘One fears the death in that house.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Sitä ei tiedä milloin kuolee .
Glosses: EXPL not know:3 when die:3
Translation: One doesn’t know when one dies.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: Na semana passada entrou um cara na minha casa .
Glosses: In.the week last enter:PST.3 a man in.the my house
Translation: Last week a man (= a thief) entered my house.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: Morre Maria da Silva .
Glosses: Die.PRS:3 Maria da Silva .
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: * Morreu a Maria da Silva .
Glosses: _ Died:3 the Maria of.the Silva
Translation: Do you remember what happened 10 years ago? Maria da Silva died.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: Cabe muita camisa nessas gavetas .
Glosses: Fit:3 a.lot T-shirt in.these drawers
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: [Essas gavetas] cabem muita camisa .
Glosses: These drawers fit:3PL a.lot T-shirt
Translation: It fits a lot of things in these drawers.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: * Na semana passada entrei eu na minha casa nova .
Glosses: _ In.the week last enter:PST.1 I in.the my house new
Translation: I entered my new house last week.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Pariisissa minä olen käynyt (mutten Roomassa).
Glosses: Paris:INE I be:1 visited but.not Rome:INE
Translation: I've been to PARIS (but not Rome).
Language: Greek
Transcription: edo pezun pedja .
Glosses: here play:3PL child:PL
Translation: Children play here.
Language: Greek
Transcription: edo epezan pedia prosektika / me ti hrisi bala / epitides
Glosses: here played:3PL child:PL carefully / with the golden ball / on_purpose
Translation: Children play here carefully/with the golden ball/on purpose.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: João afirma que elei/j / Øi/*j fala inglês bem .
Glosses: DP claim:3 that he / Ø speak:3 English well
Translation: John claims that he speaks English well.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Jari sanoo että (hän) istuu mukavasti tässä .
Glosses: Jari say:3 that (he) sit:3 comfortably here
Translation: Jari says that he sits comfortably here.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: João1 me contou que (ele1) vende cachorro quente na praia .
Glosses: João1 me tell:PST.3 that (he1) sell:3 hot dog in.the beach
Translation: João told me that he sells hot dogs at the beach.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: João me contou que na praia vende cachorro quente .
Glosses: João me tell:PST.3 that in.the beach sell:3 dog hot
Translation: João told me that hot dogs are sold at the beach.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: * Aqui vendeu camisa .
Glosses: _ here sell:PST.3 T-shirt
Translation: One sold T-shirts here.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: ?* Na escola de culinária preparou doce .
Glosses: _ in.the school of culinary prepare:PST.3 sweet
Translation: At the culinary school someone prepared sweets.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: Aqui já / por muito tempo vendeu camisa .
Glosses: here once / for much time sell:PST.3 T-shirt
Translation: One sold T-shirts here for a long period of time/once.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: Matou um rapaz no show do Zezé di Camargo e Luciano ontem .
Glosses: Killed:PST.3 a guy in.the show of.the Zezé di Camargo e Luciano yesterday
Translation: A guy was killed at Zezé di Camargo e Luciano’s show yesterday.
Language: Brazilian Portuguese
Transcription: Telefonou aí da CEB pra você .
Glosses: Telephone:PST.3 there of.the CEB to you
Translation: Someone from CEB called you.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Olen väsynyt .
Glosses: be.1SG tired
Language: Finnish
Transcription: Sataa (vettä).
Glosses: Rains (water)
Translation: It is raining.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: (Sitä) leikkii lapsia kadulla .
Glosses: SITÄ play children in.street
Translation: There are children playing in the street.
Language: Finnish
Transcription: NAMA LAPSET sitä olisivat oppineet uimaan .
Glosses: these children SITÄ have.COND.3PL learn to.swim
Translation: THESE CHILDREN would have learned to swim.
Language: Romance
Transcription: (Ello) tiene que haber otro paso .
Glosses: ELLO should that to_be other path
Translation: It should be other paths.
Language: Romance
Transcription: (Ello) no está lloviendo aquí pero allá sí .
Glosses: ELLO not is raining here but there yes
Translation: It is not raining here, but it is there.
Language: Romance
Transcription: (Ello) casi no ha pasado ni u vehicolo .
Glosses: ELLO almost not has passed no a vehicle
Translation: Almost no vehicle has passed.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: * Ello yo no sé por_qué mi papá me puso Almeida .
Glosses: _ ELLO I not know why my dad me called.3SG Almeida
Translation: *`I don't know why my dad named me Almeida.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Ello ... así decían .
Glosses: ELLO so say.IMP.3PL
Translation: Well, that’s how they were saying it.
Language: Thai
Transcription: Mary thích Tom . Và Ø cũng thích Peter .
Glosses: Mary like Tom and Ø also like Peter
Translation: Maryi likes Tom. Shei also likes Peter.
Language: Thai
Transcription: Mary thích Tom . Nhưng Peter không thích Ø .
Glosses: Mary like Tom but Peter NEG like Ø
Translation: Mary likes Tomi. But Peter does not like himi.
Language: Thai
Transcription: (Nó) mưa bây-giờ đấy .
Glosses: NÓ rain now PRT
Translation: It is about to rain now.
Language: Thai
Transcription: (Nó) không có cái bút nào .
Glosses: NÓ NEG exist CLF pen any
Translation: There are no pens.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Nó) ngã thằng bé .
Glosses: NÓ fall CLS boy
Translation: A/the boy fell.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Nó) chết cá tao .
Glosses: NÓ die fish mine
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Nó) cháy cái nhà kho .
Glosses: NÓ burnt CLF house store
Translation: A warehouse burned.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (Nó) cháy cái nhà kho rồi
Glosses: NÓ burnt CLF house store already
Translation: A warehouse burned.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (#Nó) cháy cái nhà kho rồi
Glosses: NÓ burnt CLF house store already
Translation: A warehouse burned.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nó sẽ mưa bây-giờ đấy .
Glosses: NÓ FUT rain now PRT
Translation: It will rain now.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Sẽ nó mưa bây-giờ đấy .
Glosses: FUT NÓ rain now PRT
Translation: It will rain now.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nó sẽ không có cái bút nào .
Glosses: NÓ FUT NEG exist CLF pen any
Translation: There will be no pens.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Sẽ nó không có cái bút nào .
Glosses: FUT NÓ NEG exist CLF pen any
Translation: There will be no pens.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Nó sẽ ngã thằng bé .
Glosses: NÓ FUT fall CLF little
Translation: A/The boy will fall.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: *Sẽ nó ngã thằng bé .
Glosses: FUT NÓ fall CLF little
Translation: A/The boy will fall.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Thằng Nam thì/là sẽ ăn cái này đấy .
Glosses: CLF Nam TOP/TOP FUT eat CLF this PRT
Translation: As for Nam, he will eat this thing.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Cái này thì/là thằng Nam sẽ ăn đấy .
Glosses: CLF this TOP/TOP CLF Nam FUT eat PRT
Translation: As for this thing, Nam will eat it.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: Lúc khác thì/là thằng Nam sẽ ăn cái này đấy .
Glosses: time other TOP/TOP CLF Nam FUT eat CLF this PRT
Translation: At another time, Nam will eat this thing.
Language: Unknown language
Transcription: (*nó) Trên bàn (*nó) thì/là (nó) sẽ không có cái bút nào
Glosses: NÓ On table NÓ TOP/TOP NÓ FUT NEG exist clf pen any
Translation: On the table, there will be no pens.