lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsáá ceka=[náa ƙwaatetᵃ]RC .
Glosses: come:3SG:PRF woman:NOM=REL:SG give.birth:3SG
Translation: The woman [who gave birth today] has come.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Tɔŋɔ́lano rie=[sini detí]RC .
Glosses: slaughter:HORT goats:OBL=REL:PL bring:1SG
Translation: Let’s slaughter the goats [that I brought yesterday].
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Kwatsítúƙoe as .
Glosses: small:CAUS:COMP:IMP self:OBL
Translation: Humble yourself (lit: make yourself small).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙaio dzúíka ɨtɗɗátie áskàkᵃ .
Glosses: go:SEQ thieves:NOM sneak:3PL:SIM selves:ACC
Translation: And the thieves went slinking away (lit: sneaking themselves).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Eakwóó ɗa=n .
Glosses: man:COP this.one:NOM=DEM.SG.PROX
Translation: This one is a man.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Káwese koto ríʝá=ke .
Glosses: cut:SPS then forest=DEM.SG.DIST
Translation: And then that forest over there was cut down.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ráʝéte ɗɨ=nákᵃ .
Glosses: return:VEN:IMP one:OBL=DEM.SG.REC
Translation: Give back the earlier one.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Gaana kaɨna=nótso Lopíarɛ́ zùkᵘ .
Glosses: bad:3SG year:NOM=DEM.SG.REM Lopiar.GEN very
Translation: That year (a while back) of Lopiar was very bad.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Itíóna ɲatala=déé .
Glosses: be.important:3SG tradition:NOM=ANAPH.SG
Translation: That tradition (already discussed) is important.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsa=noo roɓa=díí Sópìàᵒ .
Glosses: come:3SG=PST people:NOM=ANAPH.PL Ethiopia:ABL
Translation: Those people (already mentioned) came from Ethiopia.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ɨtáa=bee kxánee=kᵉ .
Glosses: reach:1SG=PST there=DEM.SG.DIST
Translation: I reached there yesterday.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙaini dzígwaa naíé=ne .
Glosses: go:SEQ trade:ACC there=DEM.SG.MED
Translation: And they went to do trade just right there.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙaa=noo óŋora=ʝɨɨ tsʼɛ́dɛ́ɛ́.
Glosses: go:3SG=PST elephant(s):NOM=also there:DAT
Translation: Even the elephants went there (place already mentioned).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Pɛlɛ́mʉɔ saa tʉmɛdɔ́ɔ́.
Glosses: appear:SEQ others:NOM there:ABL
Translation: And others appeared from there (place already known).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsa ŋókᵃ .
Glosses: come:3SG dog:NOM
Translation: The dog comes.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Cɛa boroka ŋókíkᵃ .
Glosses: kill:3SG bushpig:NOM dog:ACC
Translation: The bushpig kills the dog.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Maa eméá ŋókíkᵉ .
Glosses: give:3SG meat:ACC dog:DAT
Translation: He gives meat to the dog.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Mɨta ima ŋókí .
Glosses: be:3SG child:NOM dog:GEN
Translation: It is the child of the dog.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Xɛɓa ŋókú .
Glosses: fear:3SG dog:ABL
Translation: He fears the dog.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙaa ŋókᵒ .
Glosses: go:3SG dog:INS
Translation: He goes with the dog.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɛna ŋókúkᵒ .
Glosses: not.be:3SG dog:COP
Translation: It is not a dog.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Mɨta ŋókⁱ .
Glosses: be:3SG dog:OBL
Translation: It is a dog.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsáá lɔŋɔ́t-ᵃ !
Glosses: come:PRF enemies-NOM
Translation: The enemies have come!
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Toɓuo ƙaƙaam-a kʉláɓákᵃ .
Glosses: spear:SEQ hunter-NOM bushbuck:ACC
Translation: And the hunter speared the bushbuck.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋƙá tɔbɔŋ-a=na .
Glosses: eat:1SG mush-NOM=this
Translation: I eat this meal mush.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋƙda tɔbɔŋ-a=na .
Glosses: eat:2SG mush-NOM=this
Translation: You eat this meal mush.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋƙa tɔbɔŋɔ́-á=na .
Glosses: eat:3SG mush-ACC=this
Translation: She eats this meal mush.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋƙmá tɔbɔŋ-a=na
Glosses: eat:1PL.EXC mush-NOM=this
Translation: We eat this meal mush.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋƙsna tɔbɔŋ-a=na .
Glosses: eat:1PL.INC mush-NOM=this
Translation: We all eat this meal mush.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋƙtá tɔbɔŋ-a=na .
Glosses: eat:2PL mush-NOM=this
Translation: You all eat this meal mush.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋƙáta tɔbɔŋɔ́-á=na .
Glosses: eat:3PL mush-ACC=this
Translation: They eat this meal mush.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Wetésátà mɛ̀sɛ̀-à mùɲ .
Glosses: drink:FUT:3PL beer-ACC all
Translation: They will drink all the beer.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Wetésímà mɛ̀s-à mùɲ .
Glosses: drink:FUT:1PL.EXC beer-NOM all
Translation: We will drink all the beer.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Mee kɔ́rɔ́ɓádi=[náa ɲci-a detí .]
Glosses: give:IMP thing:OBL=that I-ACC bring:1SG
Translation: Give me the thing that I brought earlier.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [Noo ŋgó-á bɛ́ɗmɛɛ bi-a], …
Glosses: when we-ACC want:1PL.EXC you-ACC …
Translation: When we were looking for you, …
Language: Ik ( translation)
Transcription: Ƙeesíá awá-kᵉ .
Glosses: go:FUT:1SG home-DAT
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ia sédà-kᵉ .
Glosses: be:3SG garden-DAT
Translation: She’s in the garden.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Tɔkɔráta kabasáá ròɓà-kᵉ .
Glosses: divide:3PL flour:ACC people-DAT
Translation: They are dividing out flour to people.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ɨɓálá ɲcì-è zùkᵘ .
Glosses: appall:3SG I-DAT very
Translation: It really appalls me.’ (Lit: ‘It is very appalling to me.’)
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ia ɦyɔa ntsí-kᵉ .
Glosses: be:3SG cattle:NOM he-DAT
Translation: He has cattle.’ (Lit: ‘There are cattle to him.’)
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙaa ɲera dakúáƙɔ̀-kᵋ .
Glosses: go:3SG girls:NOM wood:inside-DAT
Translation: The girls go for firewood.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Hɔ́nɨnɨ ɦyɔa ńtí-e ɓórékᵉ .
Glosses: drive:SEQ cattle:ACC they-GEN corral:DAT
Translation: And they drove their cattle to the corral.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Wasá dɛɛdɛɛ kwará-ᵉ .
Glosses: stand:3SG foot:DAT mountain-GEN
Translation: He’s standing at the foot of the mountain.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Mná cekíá ntsí-é zùkᵘ .
Glosses: love:3SG wife:ACC he-GEN very
Translation: He loves his wife very much.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Maráŋá muceá bì-Ø .
Glosses: good:3SG way:NOM you-GEN
Translation: Your luck is good.’ (lit: Your way is good.)
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsía awá-ᵒ .
Glosses: come:1SG home-ABL
Translation: I come from home.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Baduƙota=noo ɲɛ́ƙɛ̀-ᵓ .
Glosses: die:3SG=PST hunger-ABL
Translation: He died from hunger.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Xɛɓa ɲérà-ᵒ .
Glosses: fear:3SG girls-ABL
Translation: He’s shy of girls.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Daa ɲ́cù-Ø .
Glosses: nice:3SG I-ABL
Translation: It’s nice to me.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Cɛmáta sédìkà-ᵒ .
Glosses: fight:3PL gardens-ABL
Translation: They are fighting in the gardens.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Toɓíá=noo gasoa ɓɨs-ᵓ .
Glosses: spear:1SG=PST warthog:NOM spear-INS
Translation: I speared a warthog with a spear.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙaini fots-o gígìròkᵉ .
Glosses: go:3PL ravine-INS downside:DAT
Translation: And they went down by way of the ravine.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsímá=naa kúrúɓád-o ŋgóᵉ .
Glosses: come:1PL=PST things-INS we:GEN
Translation: We came with our things.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ráʝétuo ɲcie gáánàs-ᵓ .
Glosses: answer:3SG I:DAT badness-INS
Translation: And he answered me with hostility.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɨraa ɲɛƙa ódoicik-ó=ni .
Glosses: lack:3SG hunger:NOM days-INS=these
Translation: There is no hunger these days.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Cɛma fítés-o ƙwázìkàᵉ .
Glosses: fight:3SG washing-INS clothes:GEN
Translation: She’s washing clothes.’ (lit: ‘She is fighting with the washing of clothes.’)
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋgó-ó=naa wetím .
Glosses: we-COP=PST drink:1PL.EXC
Translation: It was we (who) drank (it).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Emó-ó bɛ́ɗ .
Glosses: meat-COP want:1SG
Translation: It is meat (that) I want.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ɲɛƙɔ-ɔ ƙaiátèè ƙàƙààƙɔ̀kᵋ .
Glosses: hunger-COP go:PLUR:3PL hunt:inside:DAT
Translation: It is (due to) hunger (that) they keep going hunting.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ámá-kᵒ .
Glosses: person-COP
Translation: It’s a person.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɛna=náá ɲ́cù-kᵒ .
Glosses: not.be:3SG=PST I-COP
Translation: It was not me!
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Deté bi cue=dííǃ
Glosses: bring:IMP you:OBL water:OBL=those
Translation: You bring that water!
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ɲ́ci nesíbine emuti ntsí .
Glosses: I:OBL listen:1SG:OPT story:OBL he:GEN
Translation: Let me listen to her story.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Túbia ima ɲ́cia páka awᵃ .
Glosses: follow:3SG child:NOM I:ACC until home:OBL
Translation: The child follows me up to home.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Kirotánía kóteré ɦyekesí bì .
Glosses: sweat:1SG for life:OBL you:GEN
Translation: I sweat for your survival.
Language: Ik ( translation)
Transcription: Éé wice , atsúǃ
Glosses: hey children:OBL come:IMP
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɛ́ɗáta búdòsì-kᵃ .
Glosses: want:3PL hidden:PASS-ACC
Translation: They want to be hidden.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Búdos-átᵃ .
Glosses: hidden:PASS-3PL:REAL
Translation: They are hidden.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ɨnɔ́mɛ́sànà bì .
Glosses: beat:FUT:IPS you[SG]:NOM
Translation: You will be beaten.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙaíánà ƙàƙààƙɔ̀kᵋ .
Glosses: go:PLUR:IPS hunt:inside:DAT
Translation: People go hunting.’ (Lit. ‘It is gone for hunting.’)
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɛ́ɗáta ɨɓáknɔ́s-kᵃ .
Glosses: want:3PL:REAL next.to:RECIP-ACC
Translation: They want to be next to each other.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ɨɓáknɔ́s-átᵃ .
Glosses: next.to:RECIP-3PL:REAL
Translation: They are next to each other.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ntsúó=noo Icéá ƙáátà-dᵉ .
Glosses: it:COP=PAST Ik:ACC go:3PL:REAL-DP
Translation: It’s where the Ik went (to).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Jʼɛʝʉkɔ́-ɔ́ sàà ròɓàᵉ .
Glosses: stay:3SG:SEQ-DP other:NOM people:GEN
Translation: And other people stayed (there).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Gaana mɛna=díí zuku ʝkᶤ .
Glosses: bad:3SG issues:NOM=those very completely
Translation: Those issues are really very bad!
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Zízaaƙótùò ròɓà mʉ̀kà .
Glosses: fat:DIST:COMP:3SG:SEQ people:NOM completely
Translation: And the people fattened up completely!
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙáá=bee abáŋa sáásɔ̀sn .
Glosses: go:3SG=PST2 my.father:NOM yesterday
Translation: My father went yesterday.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Maráŋa=noo ɦyekesa Icé .
Glosses: good:3SG=PST4 life:NOM Ik:GEN
Translation: The life of the Ik was good (back then).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Náa atsíâdᵉ , ƙaa=nanákᵃ .
Glosses: when come:1SG:DP go:3SG=PST.PRF
Translation: When I came earlier, she had (already) gone.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Tsʼɛ́dɔ́ɔ́=nɛ , tsʼéíƙotátà=nànòkᵒ .
Glosses: then:INS=DEM die.3PL:COMP=PST.PRF
Translation: By that (time), they had died out a while ago.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsíá=nàà tsʼɔ̀ɔ̀.
Glosses: come:1SG=PST just
Translation: I just came.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsésíà tsʼɔ̀ɔ̀.
Glosses: come:INT:1SG soon
Translation: I will come soon.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsésíma táá baratsᵒ .
Glosses: come:1PL.EXC next morning:INS
Translation: We will come tomorrow (i.e., next morning).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Baduƙota=nábàtsᵉ .
Glosses: die:COMP:3SG=INFR
Translation: It died, apparently.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Nábee baduƙotᵃ .
Glosses: INFR die:COMP:3SG
Translation: Apparently, it died.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Nánoo teremátᵃ .
Glosses: INFR separate:3PL
Translation: It looks like they separated.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋƙáƙóídà=bèè ?
Glosses: eat:COMP:2SG=PST2
Translation: Did you eat (it) up?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Sɨna ŋƙáƙótíà .
Glosses: CONF eat:COMP:1SG
Translation: Yes, of course I did.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Dètà=nòò ?
Glosses: bring:3SG=PST4
Translation: Did she bring (it)?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Nòò dètà .
Glosses: CONF bring:3SG
Translation: Yes, of course she did.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Tóída=ƙánaa ɲ́cìè ?
Glosses: tell:2SG=HYPO I:DAT
Translation: You would tell me?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Cɛmsna=ƙánòkᵒ .
Glosses: fight:1PL.INC=COND
Translation: We all would have fought.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: HEAD
Glosses: wikᵃ
Translation: children
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: HEAD ANAPH
Glosses: wika díí
Translation: those (specific) children
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: HEAD POSS
Glosses: wika ɲ́cì
Translation: my children
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: HEAD ANAPH POSS
Glosses: wika díí ɲ́cì
Translation: those (specific) children of mine
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: HEAD ANAPH POSS NUM
Glosses: wika díí ɲ́cìè lèɓètsè
Translation: those two (specific) children of mine
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: HEAD ANAPH POSS NUM TEMP DEM
Glosses: wika díí ɲ́cie leɓetse níi ni
Translation: those two (specific) children of mine from earlier, these
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: EpaV ŋókᵃS .
Glosses: sleep:3SG dog:NOM
Translation: The dog sleeps.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: EpáV=beeTENSE ŋókáS kurúE .
Glosses: sleep:3SG=yester dog:NOM shade:ABL
Translation: The dog slept in the shade yesterday.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: ÁtsʼáV ŋókáA ɔkákᵃO .
Glosses: gnaw:3SG dog:NOM bone:ACC
Translation: The dog gnaws the bone.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: ÁtsʼáV=beeTENSE ŋókáA ɔkááO ódàtùE
Glosses: gnaw:3SG=yester dog:NOM bone:ACC day:INS
Translation: The dog gnawed the bone all day yesterday.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: MaaV ƙaƙaamaA ɔkááO ŋókíkᵉE .
Glosses: give:3SG hunter:NOM bone:ACC dog:DAT
Translation: The hunter gives a bone to the dog.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: FekíàV ŋ̀kᵃV .
Glosses: laugh:1SG I:NOM
Translation: I laugh.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: FekitéídàVA ŋ̀kᵃO .
Glosses: laugh:CAUS:2SG I:NOM
Translation: You make me laugh.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: WetitéídaVA ŋkaO cuékᵉE .
Glosses: drink:CAUS:2SG I:NOM water:DAT
Translation: You make me drink water.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: ErútsímaAUXS atsaV sédàᵒE .
Glosses: RECENT:1PL.EXC come garden:ABL
Translation: We just came from the garden.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ŋɔ́ráAUXA=naa cɛaV riááO baratsoE=nákᵃ .
Glosses: ANTICIP:3SG=PST1 kill goat:ACC morn:INS=DEM.PST1
Translation: He already killed the goat earlier this morning.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: SáráAUX sédaS tsʼágwàV .
Glosses: DUR:3SG garden:NOM unripe
Translation: The garden is still unripe.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: NábʉƙɔtáaVA [isóméésá ɲáɓúkwi]O .
Glosses: finish:1SG:PRF to.read:NOM book:GEN
Translation: I have finished reading the book.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: ItsyaketátaaVA wáánàkᵃO .
Glosses: begin:3PL:PRF praying:ACC
Translation: They have begun praying.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: CɛmaV wikaS wáákᵒE .
Glosses: fight:3 children:NOM playing:INS
Translation: The children are busy playing.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: IaV didigwaríCS .
Glosses: be:3SG rain.top:NOM
Translation: Heaven [i.e. God] is (there).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: IaV lɔŋɔ́táCS muceékᵉCC .
Glosses: be:3 enemies:NOM way:DAT
Translation: Enemies are on the way.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: IraVCS tíyéADV .
Glosses: be:3SG like.this
Translation: It is like this.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: MɨtáV ŋkaCS bábòCC .
Glosses: be:1SG I:NOM father.your:OBL
Translation: I am your father.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: MɨtaV [awa=na]CS ŋgóᵉCC .
Glosses: be:3SG home:NOM=this we:GEN
Translation: This house is ours.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɛ́ɗmàV ŋ̀gwàA mɛ̀sO .
Glosses: want:1PL.EXC we:NOM beer:NOM
Translation: We want beer.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: MɛsɔɔCC [ŋgóá bɛ́ɗm .]CS
Glosses: beer:COP we:ACC want:1PL.EXC
Translation: It is beer (that) we want.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Mée eníí kaúdza=díí .
Glosses: not:PRF see:1SG money:NOM=ANAPH
Translation: I haven’t seen that money.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Kaúdza=díí , mée ení .
Glosses: money:NOM=ANAPH not:PRF see:1SG
Translation: That money, I haven’t seen (it).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Nesíbimaa emutaCA=[nɛS ɛ́fV]REL .
Glosses: hear:1PL.EXC:PRF story:NOM=REL sweet:3SG
Translation: We’ve heard a story that is funny.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Atsáá imaCA=[náaO ɲciaA tákíV]REL .
Glosses: come:3SG:PRF child=REL I:ACC mention:1SG
Translation: The child I mentioned earlier has come.
Language: Ik ( translation)
Transcription: [Noo ntsíá baduƙotâdᵉ]TEMP , ƙɔ́ɗɨakᵒ .
Glosses: when he:3SG die:3SG:DP cry:1SG:SEQ
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [Náa ntsíá badúƙótìkᵉ]SIMUL , ƙɔ́ɗɛ́sɨakᵒ .
Glosses: as he:3SG die:3SG:SIM cry:IPFV:1SG:SEQ
Translation: As he was dying, I was crying.
Language: Ik ( translation)
Transcription: [Na ntsa badúƙótùkᵒ]COND , ƙɔ́ɗɨakᵒ .
Glosses: if he:NOM die:3SG:SEQ cry:1SG:SEQ
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [Na ƙánoo ntsa badúƙótùkᵒ]HYPO ,
Glosses: if would’ve he:3SG die:3SG:SEQ
Translation: If he would’ve died,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: ƙɔ́ɗɨaa ƙánòkᵒ .
Glosses: cry:1SG:SEQ would’ve
Translation: I would’ve cried.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Badúƙótuo [(ntsíá) tisílíkᵉ]MANNER .
Glosses: die:3SG:SEQ (he:ACC) peaceful:3SG:SIM
Translation: And he died peacefully (lit. ‘he being peaceful’).
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Baduƙotáá [ɗúó ídzanâdᵉ]REASON .
Glosses: die:3SG:PRF because shoot:IPS:3SG:DP
Translation: He has died because he was shot.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [Áta ntsíá badúƙótìkᵉ]CONCESS , ńtá ƙɔ́ɗ .
Glosses: even he:ACC die:3SG:SIM not cry:1SG
Translation: Even if he dies, I will not cry.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Nábʉƙɔtáà ?
Glosses: finish:COMP:3SG:PRF[NF]
Translation: Is it finished?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ee , nábʉƙɔtákᵃ .
Glosses: yes finish:COMP:3SG:PRF[FF]
Translation: Yes, it is finished.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Cekúô ?
Glosses: woman:COP[NF]
Translation: Is it a woman?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ee , cekúó ntsaᵃ .
Glosses: yes woman:COP she:NOM
Translation: Yes, it’s a woman.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙeesída ndaíkᵉ ?
Glosses: go:INT:2SG:REAL where:DAT
Translation: You are going where?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɛ́ɗá ìsìkᵃ ?
Glosses: want:3SG:REAL what:NOM
Translation: He wants what?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ndaíó ƙeesídàdᵉ ?
Glosses: where:COP go:2SG:REAL:DP
Translation: Where are you going?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Isio bɛ́ɗᵃ ?
Glosses: what:COP want:3SG:REAL
Translation: What does he want?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ndoo óá ɲ́cìkᵃ ?
Glosses: who:COP call:3SG:REAL I:ACC
Translation: Who calls me?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ńtɛ́ɛ́nɔ́ɔ́ tákîdᵃ ?
Glosses: which:COP mean:2SG:REAL
Translation: Which (one) do you mean?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Kʉtá bie [Pakóícéo=noo dzígwì]QUOTATION
Glosses: say:1SG you:DAT Turkana:COP=PST4 buy:PLUR
Translation: I’m telling you it was the Turkana who used to buy.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Kʉtana ŋgóé taa [atsúó ɗɛ̀mʉ̀s]QUOTATION
Glosses: say:IPS we.EXC:DAT that come:IMP quickly
Translation: They are saying to us, ‘Come quickly!.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: {Enáta [toimɛnaa}OBJ barʉƙɔtmáà zùkᵘ]COMPL
Glosses: see:3PL that:ACC rich:COMP:1PL.EXC:PRF very
Translation: They see that we have become very rich.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Xɛɓá [toimɛnɔɔ maíá sílím]COMPL
Glosses: fear:1SG that:ABL ill:1SG AIDS:NOM
Translation: I am afraid that I’m ill with AIDS.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Mɨta ʝa [toimɛna ńtá nesíbi mɛnákᵃ]COMPL
Glosses: be:3SG just that[OBL] not hear:3SG words:ACC
Translation: It is just that she doesn’t understand instructions.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Zeíá ŋ́kà bù .
Glosses: big:1SG I:NOM you:ABL
Translation: I am bigger than you.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Daa ɗa=na kɨɗɔ́ɔ́
Glosses: nice:3SG this.one:NOM=this that.one:ABL
Translation: This one is nicer than that one.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Tokóbia eɗíá [ɪlɔ́ɛ ŋgókᵃ]SIM
Glosses: cultivate:PLUR:3SG grain:ACC surpass:3SG:SIM we:ACC
Translation: He cultivates grain more than us.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Sáɓúmósáta [ɨlɔ́ɨnɨ toni ɲeryaŋ]SEQ
Glosses: kill:RECIP:3PL exceed:3PL:SEQ even government[OBL]
Translation: They’re killing each other even more than the government.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Mna ɲécáyᵃ . Mná ntsa mɛ́sɛ̀kᵃ .
Glosses: love:1SG tea:NOM love:3SG she:NOM beer:ACC
Translation: I love tea. She loves beer.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Ƙaƙiésána=noo ńtí ,
Glosses: hunt:PLUR:IPFV:IPS:REAL=PST how
Translation: How did people used to go hunting,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: ńda ƙaíána=noo waa waicíkée ńtí ?
Glosses: and go:PLUR:IPS:REAL=PST pick:NOM greens:GEN how
Translation: and how did they used to go picking greens?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Itétimaa awákᵉ ,
Glosses: return:1SG:SEQ home:DAT
Translation: We returned home,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: ńda ŋgo ŋƙɛ́s tɔbɔŋɔ́ᵉ .
Glosses: and we:OBL to.eat:OBL mush:GEN
Translation: and we ate mealmush.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɛna ɲ́cùkᵒ . Bùkᵒ .
Glosses: not:3SG I:COP you:COP
Translation: It’s not me. It’s you.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Bɛɗʉƙɔta=naa ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́,
Glosses: search:COMP:1SG=PST1 hoe:NOM
Translation: I went and looked for the hoe,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: koto máa=naa ŋunetí .
Glosses: but not=PST1 find:1SG
Translation: but I did not find (it).
Language: Ik ( translation)
Transcription: Tɔkɔ́bɛsda eɗa ,
Glosses: farm:IPFV:2SG grain:NOM
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: keɗe ńtá tɔkɔ́bɛsdᶤ ?
Glosses: or not farm:IPFV:2SG
Translation: or are you not farming (it)?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: Enída mɛna gaanaakátìkᵉ ,
Glosses: see:2SG things:NOM bad:DISTR:3PL:SIM
Translation: Do you see things being bad all around,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: kori maráŋaakátìkᵉ ?
Glosses: or good:DISTR:3PL:SIM
Translation: or as being good all around?
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [Na kónító ódoue baratsoó]ADV
Glosses: when one day:GEN morning:INS
Translation: One day, in the morning,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [eɡuo taƙáka ɛ́bakᵃ]SEQ2
Glosses: put:3SG:SEQ shoes:NOM gun:ACC
Translation: and the shoes made (the shape of) a gun,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [ipuo naɓó]SEQ3
Glosses: cast:3SG:SEQ again
Translation: and he cast (them) again,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [eɡini ɛ́bakᵃ]SEQ4
Glosses: put:3PL:SEQ gun:ACC
Translation: and they made a gun.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [Náa iryámétanɛ́ gwasákᵉ]ADV1
Glosses: when get:IPS:SIM stone:DAT
Translation: When a stone is acquired,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [ŋɔɛ́ɛsɛ ɲaɓáláŋɨtᵃ]SEQ1
Glosses: grind:INCH:SPS soda.ash:NOM
Translation: soda ash is ground up.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [náa ɲaɓáláŋɨtá iwíɗímètìkᵉ]ADV2
Glosses: when soda.ash:ACC pulverize:MID:SIM
Translation: When the soda ash is ground to powder,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [páka ɲapúɗúmùƙòtùkᵒ]SEQ4
Glosses: until powdery:COMP:SEQ
Translation: until it becomes fine powder.
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [Na bɛ́ɗɨdɔɔ bɛrɛ́sá hoe]ADV
Glosses: if want:2SG:SEQ to.build:NOM house:GEN
Translation: If you want to build a house,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [kawete titíríkᵃ , kɛɗɨtn , ńda sim]IMP2
Glosses: cut:IMP pole:PL reed:PL and fiber
Translation: Cut poles, reeds, and fiber,
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [iréɲuƙoiduo báckᵃ]SEQ1
Glosses: clear:COMP:2SG:SEQ area:NOM
Translation: clear away the area,
Language: Ik ( translation)
Transcription: [úgiduo ripitín]SEQ2
Glosses: dig:2SG:SEQ hole:PL:NOM
Language: Ik (English translation)
Transcription: [otídukóé titíríkᵃ]SEQ3
Glosses: pour:2SG:SEQ:DP pole:PL:NOM
Translation: and put the poles into them.
Language: Unknown language (German translation)
Transcription: The forward puts the ball into the net .
Glosses: der Stürmer befördert der Ball in das Netz
Translation: Der Stürmer befördert den Ball ins Netz.
Language: Unknown language (German translation)
Transcription: The forward fouled the defender .
Glosses: der Stürmer foulte der Verteidiger
Translation: Der Stürmer foulte den Verteidiger.
Language: Unknown language (German translation)
Transcription: The defender fouled the forward .
Glosses: der Verteidiger foulte der Stürmer
Translation: Der Verteidiger foulte den Stürmer.
Language: Unknown language (German translation)
Transcription: I enjoy being out in the woods .
Glosses: Ich genieße seiend draußen in der Wald
Translation: Ich bin gerne im Wald.
Language: Unknown language (German translation)
Transcription: Tomorrow , we'll go out into the woods .
Glosses: morgen wir.werden gehen raus in der Wald
Translation: Morgen gehen wir in den Wald.
Language: Unknown language (German translation)
Transcription: Et dixit illis angelus: Nolite timere !
Glosses: und hat_gesagt ihnen Engel: wollt_nicht fürchten
Translation: Und der Engel sagte zu ihnen: Fürchtet euch nicht. (Lukas 2, 10)
Language: Unknown language (German translation)
Transcription: mittitur infestos alter speculator in hostes …
Glosses: wird_geschickt feindliche der_eine Späher in Feinde …
Translation: Der eine Späher wird mitten unter die (feindlichen) Feinde geschickt.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ich reiste schon nach vierzehn Tagen wieder ab
Glosses: I checked yet after fourteen days again out
Translation: I left after only fourteen days
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mehr als zwölf Jahre nach der Herstellung der deutschen Einheit habe sich die Ermächtigung zur Reduzierung oder Aufhebung der Gebührenermäßigung durch Rechtsverordnung zu einer Rechtspflicht zur Aufhebung des Gebührenabschlags verdichtet .
Glosses: More than twelve years after the realisation the.GEN German.GEN unity.GEN have.SBJV itself the authorization to reduction or abolishment the.GEN reduction.of.fees through legal.decree to a legal.duty for.the abolishment the.GEN partial.payment.of.fees condensed . 
Translation: More than twelve years after the realisation of German reunification, the authorization for reduction or abolishment of a rebate of fees by decree is said to have been condensed to a legal duty of abolishment of rebates.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mehr als zwölf Jahre nachdem die deutsche Einheit hergestellt wurde , habe sich die Ermächtigung , dass die Gebührenermäßigung durch Rechtsverordnung reduziert oder aufgehoben wird , zu der Rechtspflicht verdichtet , den Gebührenabschlag aufzuheben .
Glosses: More than twelve years after the German unity realised was, have.SBJV itself the authorization, that the reduction.of.fees through legal.decree reduced or abolished is.AUX, to the legal.duty condensed the partial.payment.of.fees abolish . 
Translation: More than twelve years after German reunification was realised, the authorization to reduce or abolish a rebate by decree is said to have been condensed to a legal duty of abolishing rebates.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: njɤ˧ ʑi˩ bi˩ -zo˩ -ho˥.
Glosses: 1SG to_take to_go OBLIGATIVE DESIDERATIVE
Translation: I have to go and take [my luggage] now.' (Field notes, 2006)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: njɤ˧ bi˧ -zo˧ -ho˩.
Glosses: 1SG to_go OBLIGATIVE DESIDERATIVE
Translation: I have to go. / I’m afraid I have to leave.' (Field notes, 2006)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: njɤ˩ ʑi˩a bi˧c -zo˧a -ho˩
Glosses: 1SG to_take to_go OBLIGATIVE DESIDERATIVE
Translation: I have to go and take [my luggage] now.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: njɤ˩ bi˧c -zo˧a -ho˩
Glosses: 1SG to_go OBLIGATIVE DESIDERATIVE
Translation: I have to go. / I’m afraid I have to leave.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: … obst du noch Minga kummst
Glosses: _ whether you-SG to Munich come
Translation: whether you are coming to Munich
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ɖɯ˧-v̩˧ lɑ˧ bi˧c pi˥ -dʑo˥ ʐv̩˩-kv̩˩ tɕɯ˧˥ -kv̩˧˥ mæ˧
Glosses: one-CLF.individual only to_go.NONPAST to_say TOP four-CLF to_lead ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: If only one [man] went, he could lead four [horses]! / If a man went alone, he would lead up to four horses!’ (Caravans.119)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ɻ̍˩ʈʂʰe˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ tsʰi˧ɲi#˥ ə˧tse$˥ hɯ˧c -ɻ̍˩
Glosses: given_name today INTERROG:why to_go.PST INCEPTIVE
Translation: Why has Erchei Ddeema gone away today? / How come Erchei Ddeema has left the house?’ (BuriedAlive2.14)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ɳæ˧=ɻ̍˩ -se˧ ə˧mv̩˩ le˧ ʝi˧c ∼ -ze˧ se˧kʰɯ˩-ʁo˩ni˩ le˧ po˧˥ ʝi˧c ∼ -ze˧ pi˥ -kv̩˧˥ mæ˧ ho˧di˧ hɤ˩a -dʑo˧
Glosses: 2PL TOP elder_brother ACCOMP to_come RED PFV satin_headdress ACCOMP to_bring to_come RED PFV to_say ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS Sichuan to_go.PST.PFV PROG
Translation: When [one's brothers] had gone away [on a caravan] to Sichuan, [people in the village] would say: “You, your brother is going to come back! [He] will bring back a satin headdress [for you]!” ’ (Caravans.35)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: no˩ wɤ˩˥ tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˩ hõ˧
Glosses: 2SG again tonight to_go.IMPERATIVE
Translation: Go again tonight!’ (Reward.63)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: bo˩˧ hɑ˥ le˧ ki˧a le˧ se˩a -ze˧ njɤ˩ ɳɯ˧ no˩ -ki˧ nɑ˩ʐwɤ˥ so˩a -bi˧
Glosses: pig food ACCOMP to_give ACCOMP to_finish PFV 1SG A 2SG DAT Na_language to_teach/to_study IMM.FUT
Translation: After feeding the pigs, I will teach you Na (myself) / I shall come over for a language lesson!’ (Sentence transcribed on the fly in 2008)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: njɤ˩ mv̩˩˥ ə˩ ɲi˩
Glosses: 1SG daughter INTERROG COP
Translation: Is this my daughter? / Are you my daughter?’ (BuriedAlive3.107)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ɲi˩ ɳɯ˧ ə˧mɑ˧ -qɑ˧˥ tɕʰo˩ bi˧c
Glosses: INTERROG.who A mother COMITATIVE together to_go
Translation: Who is going to go together with mama? / Who is going to accompany mama?’ (FoodShortage2.17)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɑ˩ʁo˧ dʑo˩b
Glosses: person home EXIST.ANIMATE
Translation: there are people at home’ (Reward.11)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi˥ tʰi˧ di˩a -ɲi˩ mæ˧
Glosses: thorn DUR EXIST CERTITUDE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: There are some thorns [on barley], not? / [barley] has beard, hasn't it!’ (FoodShortage.43)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: dɑ˧pɤ˧ qʰwæ˧ -qo˧ qv̩˧ɻ̍#˥ tʰi˧ ʑi˥ -kv̩˧˥ mæ˧
Glosses: priest_of_local_religion message inside name_of_a_mountain DUR EXIST ABILITIVE OBVIOUSNESS
Translation: Mount qv̩˧ɻ̍#˥ is mentioned in the tales of the Daba priests!’ Literally: ‘Mount qv̩˧ɻ̍#˥ exists in the tales of the Daba priests’ (Mountains.120)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ə˧tso˧-mɤ˧-ɲi˩ le˧ ʂe˧a le˧ ʝi˥
Glosses: all_sorts_of_things ACCOMP to_get ACCOMP EXIST
Translation: We get all sorts of things (all the necessary paraphernalia for a ritual, a feast…) [so that] we have it (at hand for when we need it) / We get all sorts of things ready (for the ritual / the feast)!’ (Source: field notes.)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: dzɯ˥ -di˩ mɤ˧ dʑo˧b
Glosses: to_eat NMLZ NEG EXIST
Translation: there was nothing to eat / there was no food left’ (FoodShortage2.4)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ɖɯ˧ ʑi˩b =ɻ̍˩ -dʑo˥ zo˧bæ˩ ɖɯ˧ v̩˧ dʑo˩b tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: one CLF.households ASSOCIATIVE TOP dumb_man one CLF.individual EXIST REP AFFIRM
Translation: It is said that, in a household, there was a dumb man.’ (Lake3.3)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: go˧mi˧ tʰi˧ ki˧a -hĩ˥ ʈʂʰɯ˥ ʑi˩b
Glosses: younger_sister DUR to_give REL DEM.PROX CLF.households
Translation: the family to which the younger sister pledged herself… / the household which the woman entered upon marriage…’ (Sister3.18)
Language: Mande (English translation)
Transcription: Mùsò tɛ́ yàn
Glosses: woman NEG.be here
Translation: There is no woman/there are no women here.
Language: Mande (English translation)
Transcription: Mu˩so˩ tɛ˥ yan˩
Glosses: woman NEG.be here
Translation: There is no woman/there are no women here.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: Mùsó-2pt"0300 tɛ́ yàn
Glosses: woman-ART NEG.be here
Translation: The woman is not here.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: Mu˩so˥-2pt˩ tɛ˥ yan˩
Glosses: woman-ART NEG.be here
Translation: The woman is not here.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ʐæ˩˥ hwæ˧ -ze˧
Glosses: leopard to_buy PFV
Translation: has bought leopards
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: bo˩˧ hwæ˧ -ze˧
Glosses: leopard to_buy PFV
Translation: has bought pigs
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: hwæ˧ʈʂæ˥ =bv̩˧
Glosses: rat POSS
Translation: of (a/the) rat
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: bo˩ɬɑ˥ =bv̩˧
Glosses: boar POSS
Translation: of (a/the) boar
Language: Yongning Na ( translation)
Transcription: gi˧nɑ˧mi#˥ njɤ˩ɭɯ˧
Glosses: bear eye
Language: Yongning Na ( translation)
Transcription: ɲi˧zo˧ ɖɯ˩a -hĩ˥
Glosses: fish large NMLZ
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: pʰi˧ ʂɯ˧˥ -hĩ˥
Glosses: linen_cloth new NMLZ
Translation: brand new linen cloth
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰo˩˧ ʂɯ˧˥ -hĩ˥
Glosses: ladle new NMLZ
Translation: new ladle
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: qʰwɤ˧˥ ʂɯ˧˥ -hĩ˥
Glosses: bowl new NMLZ
Translation: new bowl
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ɲi˧zo˧ ɖɯ˩a ʐwæ˩
Glosses: fish large INTS
Translation: The fish is very big.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ɲi˧zo˧ ɖɯ˩a
Glosses: fish large
Translation: The fish is big.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: fish big INTS one CLS
Glosses: 鱼 大 很 一 量词
Translation: a very big fish’ (example 187 from ; her glosses and tone marking. CLS: classifier; ⁵⁵: High tone; ³³: Mid tone; ³¹: Low"=falling tone; ¹³: Low"=rising tone.)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ə˧v̩˧˥ ɖɯ˩a -hĩ˥
Glosses: uncle big NMLZ
Translation: mother's elder brother, elder maternal uncle
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ə˧v̩˧˥ tɕi˩a -hĩ˥
Glosses: uncle small NMLZ
Translation: mother's younger brother, younger maternal uncle' (Caravans.75, 76, 78, 79, 177–179, 196, 259, Elders3.23, 31, 32)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: mv̩˩zo˩ ɖɯ˩a -hĩ˥ zo˧mv̩˥ ɖɯ˩a -hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ dʑo˩b tsɯ˧˥
Glosses: young_lady large NMLZ child large NMLZ one-CLF EXIST REP
Translation: It is said that [this couple] had a big girl, a big child (=a child who thought
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: mv̩˩zo˩ ɖɯ˩a -hĩ˥ -ki˧
Glosses: young_lady large NMLZ DAT
Translation: to his elder daughter, [the father
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: lv̩˧mo˥ dʑɯ˩ le˧ qv̩˩a si˧mo˥ le˧ dze˩a -kv̩˧˥ no˩ ə˧tse˧ le˧ ʂɯ˧a mɤ˧ tʰɑ˧˥ di˩a
Glosses: old.stones water ACCOMP to_carry_away old_wood ACCOMP to_cut ABILITIVE 2SG INTERROG.why ACCOMP to_die NEG PERMISSIVE EXIST.SPATIAL
Translation: Old stones are carried away by the stream; and old wood gets chopped down! And you, why won't you die?' (Field notes. Context: jeering an elderly person. Na tradition assigns human beings a lifespan of sixty years; people getting past seventy are considered to be well past their expected lifespan.)
Language: Yongning Na ( translation)
Transcription: zo˧bæ˩ ɖɯ˧-v̩˧
Glosses: dumb_person one-CLF.individual
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: zo˧bæ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˥ v̩˧
Glosses: dumb_person DEM.PROX CLF.individual
Translation: this dumb person’ (Lake4.6)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: zo˧bæ˩ tʰv̩˥ v̩˧
Glosses: dumb_person DEM.DIST CLF.individual
Translation: that dumb person’ (Lake4.12-14)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: mɤ˧ zo˧bæ˩
Glosses: NEG stupid
Translation: [No, you are] not stupid!
Language: Yongning Na ( translation)
Transcription: ɖɯ˧ dɑ˧˥ tʰi˧ dɑ˧˥
Glosses: one CLF.blows DUR to_strike
Language: Laze (English translation)
Transcription: no˩bv̩˧ ʈʂʰɯ˥ dzi˧b le˧ ʑi˩b tʰi˧ mv̩˧a -kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: given_name DEM.PROX CLF.sets/pairs ACCOMP to_bring_along DUR to_put_on CAUS
Translation: Nobbu brought that set [of clothes], and made [her] wear [the clothes].’ (BuriedAlive3.73)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ə˧mi˧ pæ˧kʰwɤ#˥ so˩ ɭɯ˧ ki˧a mæ˧
Glosses: INTJ silver_coin three CLF to_give DISC.PTCL
Translation: Wow! [(S)he] is giving you three silver coins!
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: mv̩˩zo˩ tʰv̩˥ ɭɯ˧b
Glosses: girl DEM.DIST CLF.generic
Translation: that girl’ (Coming­Of­Age2.60; Tiger2.139, 141, 147)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ə˧v̩˧˥ tʰv̩˥ v̩˧
Glosses: uncle DEM.DIST CLF.individual
Translation: that uncle’ (Tiger2.109)
Language: Tibetan (English translation)
Transcription: ʂɯ˧-hɑ̃˧˥ gv̩˧c ɖɯ˧-ɲi$˥ ə˧mi˧ lɑ˧ mv̩˩˥ tʰi˧ to˧∼to˧ ŋv̩˩a -ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: seven-CLF.nights to_elapse one-CLF.days mother and daughter DUR to_hug to_cry CERTITUDE REP AFFIRM
Translation: On the eighth day (literally: the day after seven days had gone by), mother and daughter fell into each other's arms and wept!' (BuriedAlive3.129)
Language: Tibetan (English translation)
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɲi˩ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a ɻ̍˩ -dʑo˥
Glosses: person INTERROG.who ACCOMP to_come to_turn_toward TOP
Translation: The first person who comes along… (literally: whoever comes along…)' (Renaming.14)
Language: Tibetan (English translation)
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ mi˩˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX female COP
Translation: This is a female.
Language: Tibetan (English translation)
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ zo˥ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX son/young/male COP
Translation: This is a young/male.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ pʰv̩˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX male COP
Translation: This is a male.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: dʑɯ˧dv̩˧-mi˩ ə˩ dʑo˩b
Glosses: female_earthworm INTERROG EXIST
Translation: Are there such things as female earthworms?/Do female earthworms exist?’ (Source: field notes.)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˥ ʂwæ˧ ɲi˩
Glosses: DEM.PROX castrated_male COP
Translation: This is a castrated male.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: mv̩˩kʰv̩˧˥ le˧ tsʰɯ˩a -dʑo˥ ɲi˧to˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ le˧-tɑ˧˥ mɤ˩ -ʂo˧~ʂo˩ tsɤ˧ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: evening ACCOMP to_come.PST TOP mouth here up_to animal_fat ABUNDANCE to_become REP AFFIRM
Translation: The story goes that in the evening, when [the dumb man] came back, [his] mouth was smeared with grease up to here, up to here!’ (Lake3.15)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: kʰv̩˩mi˩ -ki˧ ə… ʂe˥ ɲi˧zo#˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ æ̃˩-ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ bo˩-ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ ʝi˧-ʂe#˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥$ kʰv̩˩mi˩ -ki˧ tʰv̩˧-hɑ̃˩ -dʑo˥ ʂe˥ -ʂo˧~ʂo˩ tʰi˧ ki˧a -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: dog DAT hesitation meat fish one-CLF.piece chicken_meat one-CLF.piece pork one-CLF.piece beef one-CLF.piece dog DAT that_day TOP meat ABUNDANCE DUR to_give ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: To the dog, erm… [one would give] meat! A piece of fish, a piece of chicken, a piece of pork, a piece of beef… On that day [New Year's Eve], one would give the dog plenty of meat!' (Dog.35)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ njɤ˩ =bv̩˧ ʐwæ˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ ŋwɤ˧ kv̩˧˥ ʈʂæ˧˥ po˧˥ hɯ˧c -ɲi˩
Glosses: in_the_past 1SG POSS horse TOP five CLF to_rob to_take_away to_go.PST CERTITUDE
Translation: Once, long ago, five of my family’s horses were stolen!’ Literally: ‘Long ago, my horses (=my
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: njɤ˩ mv̩˩˥ ə˧zɯ˩ ʂɯ˧ -bi˧ ə˧mi˧ tʰi˧ ʂɯ˧ -kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: 1SG daughter 1PL.INCL to_die IMM_FUT mother DUR to_die CAUS
Translation: My dear daughter… We are going to die [=we can’t avoid death, now that the tiger is
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: njɤ˩ ɻ̍˩ʈʂʰe˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ -dʑo˥ no˧sɯ˩kv̩˩ tʰv̩˧-ɲi˧ lo˧ ʝi˧ hɯ˧c tsɯ˧˥
Glosses: 1SG given_name TOP TOP 2PL.EXCL that.day work to_do go.PST REP
Translation: As for my [daughter] Erchei Ddeema… that day, you (=the members of your
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: õ˧˥ =bv̩˧ õ˧˥ hɑ˥ dzɯ˥
Glosses: oneself POSS oneself food to_eat
Translation: One’s own food, one eats it oneself! / We eat our own produce!’ (Agriculture.68; this
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: õ˧˥ ə˧mv̩˩ ɲi˩ -ze˧
Glosses: self elder_sibling COP PFV
Translation: This is my own brother!’ (Sister.57; Sister3.58. Context: a young woman recognizes a ragged
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: õ˧˥ ʂe˥ õ˧˥ ʈʰæ˧˥
Glosses: self meat self to_bite
Translation: Each person eats her/his own slab of meat!’ (Field notes. Context: describing
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: õ˧˥ dʑɯ˩ õ˧˥ ʈʰɯ˩b
Glosses: self water self to_drink
Translation: Each drinks from her own bottle!’ (Field notes. Context: a toddler has grabbed another’s bottle; parents
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: õ˧˥ ɖæ˩˧ õ˧˥ bæ˩a
Glosses: self dust self to_sweep
Translation: one must sweep one’s
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: õ˧˥ lv̩˧ õ˧˥ li˧a
Glosses: self field self to_look_after
Translation: one must look after one’s own fields’ (elicited)
Language: Yongning Na ( translation)
Transcription: pʰæ˧b ∼ =ɻ̍˩ ɲi˩ -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: to_tie/fasten RED ASSOCIATIVE COP ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: di˩˥ ɳɯ˧ ə˧-sɯ˩kv̩˩ li˧a -dʑo˧ -ɲi˩
Glosses: earth A 1PL.INCL to_watch PROG CERTITUDE
Translation: The Earth is watching us!’ (Reward.145)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: mv̩˥ ɳɯ˧ ki˧a di˩˥ ɳɯ˧ ki˧a pi˥ -ɲi˩ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: sky A to_give earth A to_give to_say REP PROG AFFIRM
Translation: “It is a gift of the Heavens! It is a gift of the Earth!” he said.’ (Reward.121)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: jo˩ lɑ˧ tsʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: sheep and goat
Translation: sheep and goats
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: jo˩ ɳɯ˧
Glosses: sheep A
Translation: by the sheep
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: le˧ bi˧c -ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_go PFV
Translation: [she/he/they…] went
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: le˧ pv̩˧c -ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_chant PFV
Translation: [she/he/they…] chanted
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: le˧ bi˧c -dʑo˥ ʈʂʰwɤ˥ ɖɯ˧ mɤ˧ -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_go TOP dinner to_get NEG ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: If [the daughter] goes back [to her mother’s home after marriage, she] cannot have dinner
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: lv̩˧mi˧ so˩-ʈv̩˩ pɤ˧˥ ∼ le˧ bi˧c -ze˧
Glosses: stone a_few to_carry ACTIVITY ACCOMP to_go PFV
Translation: Tonight, I’ll bring (back) a couple of stones! I’m going back!’ (Reward.77. Context: a man
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: æ .hi .hi pi˥ le˧ bi˧c -zo˧ -kv̩˧˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: INTJ to_say ACCOMP to_go OBLIGATIVE ABILITIVE REP AFFIRM
Translation: [The mother, uncles, aunts and other relatives of the deceased wife’s family shout out a cry
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: jo˥ lo˩dʑo˥ tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ ∼ hæ̃˩ lo˩pv̩˧˥ tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ ∼
Glosses: jade bracelet DUR to_put ACTIVITY gold ring DUR to_put ACTIVITY
Translation: They adorned her with jade bracelets. They adorned her with gold rings.’ (BuriedAlive2.29. Context: a bride is being prepared for a wedding.)
Language: Yongning Na ( translation)
Transcription: jo˥ lo˩dʑo˥ ɲi˧ ɭɯ˧b tʰi˧ kʰɯ˧˥
Glosses: jade bracelet two CLF DUR to_put
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧-tɑ˧˥ le˧ ʑi˧˥ ∼
Glosses: person all ACCOMP to_sleep ACTIVITY
Translation: Everyone was asleep.’ (BuriedAlive2.94)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: hĩ˥ ɖɯ˧-tɑ˧˥ le˧ ʑi˧˥ -dʑo˧
Glosses: person all ACCOMP to_sleep PROG
Translation: Everyone was asleep.
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ʁo˧dɑ˧ no˧bv̩˥-tsʰɯ˩ɻ̍˩ lɑ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧=zɯ˩ fv̩˧ ∼ -ɲi˩
Glosses: before proper_name and 3DU pleased RECP CERTITUDE
Translation: Before [my daughter married your son]… Nobbu Ci’er and [my daughter]… they used to like each other!’ (BuriedAlive2.136. Context: the unhappy wife's mother explains to the husband's mother what the matter is with her daughter.)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: le˧ ??wɤ˩ -ze˧
Glosses: ACCOMP to_bypass PFV
Translation: [She/he/they] bypassed’ (elicited example; the question marks ‘??’ are intended as an indication of the problematic status of the monosyllabic verb form)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ɲi˩ mɤ˧ ɲi˩ mɤ˧ ɳv̩˥
Glosses: COP NEG COP NEG to_know/to_get_to_know
Translation: Whether it is actually the case… we don’t know!’ (Context: two persons discuss what
Language: Naish (English translation)
Transcription: mv̩˩tɕo˧ mɤ˧ hɯ˧c
Glosses: downward NEG to_go.PST
Translation: [The dog, who had come to sit on the wooden platform
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ gɤ˩ dɑ˧˥ mv̩˩ dɑ˧˥ ɖɯ˧-so˩ ʂɯ˩ ʝi˥ tsɯ˧˥ mv̩˧
Glosses: thus upward to_strike downward to_strike several times to_do REP AFFIRM
Translation: He would give blows high and low (= hither and thither), again and again! / He would strike
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: gɤ˩ le˧ ʈʂʰo˥ -se˩ -dʑo˥ tʰi˩˥
Glosses: upward ACCOMP to_pray COMPLETION TOP then
Translation: after one has prayed [literally: prayed up (to the ancestors)]’ (Dog2.54)
Language: Yongning Na (English translation)
Transcription: gɤ˩ se˥ -ze˧
Glosses: UPWARD to_walk PFV
Translation: walked up(ward)