lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: Ojuutan bür neg professor / neg professor-yg šüümžle-ne .
Glosses: student each a professor / a professor-ACC critisize-FUT
Translation: Each student will criticize a professor.
Language: Niuean (English translation)
Transcription: Takafaga tūmau nī e ia e tau ika .
Glosses: hunt always EMPH ERG he ABS PL fish
Translation: He is always fishing.
Language: Niuean (English translation)
Transcription: Takafaga ika tūmau nī a ia .
Glosses: hunt fish always EMPH ABS he
Translation: He is always fishing.
Language: Niuean ( translation)
Transcription: Ne inu kofe kono a Mele .
Glosses: PST drink coffee bitter ABS Mele
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Naan nalla paᶎam tee-r-een .
Glosses: I good fruit seek-PRS-1SG.SBJ
Translation: I am looking for (some/a) good fruit(s).
Language: Tamil ( translation)
Transcription: Maala (veegamaa) pustagam (*veegamaa) paɖi-cc-aa .
Glosses: Mala quickly book quickly read-PST-3.F.SBJ
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Balaa pustagatt-e/*pustagam [ mesai-kku kiiɭ] va-kkir-aan .
Glosses: Baala book-ACC/book  table-DAT under put-PRS-3SG.M
Translation: Balaa puts book (s) under the table.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Balaa [ peʈʈi-kku uɭɭe] paᶎam __ va-kkir-avan .
Glosses: Baala  box-DAT in fruit put-PRS-3SG.M
Translation: Bala is the one who puts fruit(s) in (the) box(es).
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Adu paᶎatt-e/*paᶎam [ peris-aa] aakkar-idu .
Glosses: it fruit-ACC/fruit  big-ADV make.PRS-3.N.SBJ
Translation: It makes (the) fruit big.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Kumaar oru iṭli maṭṭum caappiṭ-ṭ-aan .
Glosses: Kumar.NOM a Idli only eat-PST-3SG.M
Translation: Kumar ate one Idli only.
Language: Tamil ( translation)
Transcription: Maala pustagam-kuuţa paɖi-cc-aa .
Glosses: Mala.NOM book-MIR read-PST-3SG.F
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Raja naai*(-ye)₁ [PRO₁ kutikk-a] kattaya-paduthi-n-aan .
Glosses: Raja.NOM dog-ACC  drink-INF compel-make-PST-3SG.M
Translation: Raja forced a dog to drink.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription:  naan (*pustagam) anda ponnu-kiʈʈe (pustagam) kuɖu-tt-een .
Glosses: book 1SG.NOM book DEM girl-LOC book give-PST-1SG
Translation: I gave a book to this girl.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: *Pustagam Mani [Banu __ padi-ch-aal-nnu] so-n-aan .
Glosses: book Mani.NOM Banu.NOM  read-PST-3SG.F-COMP say-PST-3SG.M
Translation: Mani said that Banu read a book.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Çay ben __ iç-me-di-m .
Glosses: tea I  drink-NEG-PST-1SG
Translation: I did not do tea-drinking.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Öğretmen (ödev) öğrenci-ler-e (ödev) ver-di-∅.
Glosses: teacher.NOM homework student-PL-DAT homework give-PFV-3
Translation: The teacher gave homework to the students.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: *Kitap Ali [Ayşe-nin __ oku-duğ-un]-u biliyor .
Glosses: book Ali.NOM Ayse-GEN  read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC know.PRS.3SG
Translation: Ali knows that Ayse does book-reading.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: *Kitap Ali [Ayşe-nin __ oku-mas-ın]-ı istedi .
Glosses: book Ali.NOM Ayse-GEN  read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC want.PST.3SG
Translation: Ali wants Ayse to do book-reading.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Kitap ben [Ali-nin __ oku-duğ-un]-u düşün-mü-yor-um .
Glosses: book I Ali-GEN  read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC think-NEG-PRS-1SG
Translation: I don’t think that Ali does book-reading.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Kitap Ayşe [Ali-nin __ oku-duğ-un]-u söyle-m-iyor-∅.
Glosses: book Ayşe.NOM Ali-GEN  read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC say-NEG-IPFV-3
Translation: Ayşe doesn’t say that Ali does book-reading.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: Otto hat heute wunderbar eine charmante Mozart-Sonate gespielt .
Glosses: Otto has today beautifully a charming Mozart sonata played
Translation: Today Otto played a charming Mozart sonata beautifully.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: ??Otto hat heute wunderbar eine bestimmte Mozart-Sonate gespielt .
Glosses: Otto has today beautifully a certain Mozart sonata played
Translation: Today Otto played a certain Mozart sonata beautifully.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Gespielt hat Otto heute eine charmante Mozart-Sonate wunderbar .
Glosses: played has Otto today a charming Mozart sonata beautifully
Translation: Today Otto played a charming Mozart sonata beautifully.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: Jeder hat heute wunderbar eine charmante Mozart-Sonate gespielt .
Glosses: everyone has today beautifully a charming Mozart sonata played
Translation: Today everybody played a charming Mozart sonata beautifully.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: Max wird heute Karten spielen .
Glosses: Max will today cards play
Translation: Max will play cards today.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: *Spielen wird Max heute Karten .
Glosses: play will Max today cards
Translation: Max will play cards today.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: Karten wird Max heute spielen .
Glosses: cards will Max today 
Translation: Max will play cards today.
Language: Mongolian ( translation)
Transcription: Tujaa Dorži-d neg nom(-yg) ög-sön .
Glosses: Tujaa.NOM Dorz-DAT a book-ACC give-PST
Language: Mongolian ( translation)
Transcription: Tujaa [neg nom*(-yg)] Dorži-d __ ög-sön .
Glosses: Tujaa.NOM a book-ACC Dorz-DAT  give-PST
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: Zaxiral [neg ojuutn-yg] / [neg ojuutan] šalga-san .
Glosses: director.NOM a student-ACC / a student examine-PST
Translation: The director examined a student.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: [Neg ojuutn-yg] / *[neg ojuutan] zaxiral __ šalga-san .
Glosses: a student-ACC / a student director.NOM  examine-PST
Translation: The director examined a student.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: Tujaa Bat neg noxoj(-g) surga-san gež med-sen .
Glosses: Tujaa.NOM Bat.NOM a dog-ACC train-PST that know-PST
Translation: Tujaa knew that Bat trained a dog.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: [Neg noxoj*(-g)] Tujaa [Bat __ surga-san gež] med-sen .
Glosses: a dog-ACC Tujaa.NOM Bat.NOM  train-PST that know-PST
Translation: Tujaa knew that Bat trained a dog.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: *Bi [ene nom-yg unsh-san] öchigdör .                            S[OV]Adv
Glosses: 1SG.NOM DEM book-ACC read-PST today
Translation: I read this book today.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: *Tujaa [ene nom-yg ög-sön] Dorži-d .                                 S[OV]IO
Glosses: Tujaa.NOM DEM book-ACC give-PST Dorz-DAT
Translation: Tujaa gave Dorz this book.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: *[Ene ojuutn-yg šalga-san] zaxiral .                                                  [OV]S
Glosses: DEM student-ACC examine-PST director.NOM
Translation: The director examined this student.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: *Murat öchigdör ir-sen Ankarag-aas .
Glosses: Murat today come-PST Ankara-ABL
Translation: Murat returned from Ankara yesterday.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: Tujaa öchigdör ir-sen | German-aas .
Glosses: Tujaa today come-PST  Germany-ABL
Translation: Yesterday, Tujaa came – from Germany.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: Bulgan narma-ig nee-sen .                              S[OV]
Glosses: Bulgan nose-ACC burst-PST
Translation: Literal meaning: ‘Bulgan burst a nose.’ Idiomatic meaning: ‘Bulgan beat someone.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: [Bulgan nee-sen] narma-ig .                      [SV]O
Glosses: Bulgan burst-PST nose-ACC
Translation: Literal meaning: ‘Bulgan burst a nose.’ Idiomatic meaning: ‘Bulgan beat someone.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: [Bulgan pro / ter-ig unsh-san] nom-ig .                                        [SV]O
Glosses: Bulgan  / DEM-ACC read-PST book-ACC
Translation: Bulgan read this, the book.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: Nom-ig Bulgan __ / *ter-ig unsh-san .                                        O[SV]
Glosses: book-ACC Bulgan  / DEM-ACC read-PST
Translation: Bulgan read the book.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: Tujaa [Bat neg noxoj-g surga-san gež] med-sen .
Glosses: Tujaa.NOM Bat.NOM a dog-ACC train-PST that know-PST
Translation: Tujaa knew that Bat trained a dog.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: *[ neg noxoj-g surga-san] Tujaa [Bat __ gež] med-sen .
Glosses: a dog-ACC train-PST Tujaa.NOM Bat.NOM  that know-PST
Translation: Tujaa knew that Bat trained a dog.
Language: Fong (English translation)
Transcription: Dorj [(*khurdan) Nara (khurdan) baishin (khurdan) bari-san gej] khel-sen .
Glosses: Dorj quickly Nara quickly house quickly build-PST COMP say-PST
Translation: Dorj said that Nara built a house quickly.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: *[ xurdan neg ojuutn-yg] zaxiral __ šalga-san .
Glosses:  quickly a student-ACC director.NOM  examine-PST
Translation: The director quickly examined a student.
Language: Mongolian ( translation)
Transcription: *Tujaa [ xurdan neg nom-yg] Dorži-d __ butsaa-j ög-sön .
Glosses: Tujaa.NOM  quickly a book-ACC Dorz-DAT  give.back-CV.IPFV give-PST
Language: Mongolian ( translation)
Transcription: *[ xurdan neg nom-yg] Tujaa .NOM Dorži-d __ butsaa-j ög-sön .
Glosses:  quickly a book-ACC Tujaa Dorz-DAT  give.back-CV.IPFV give-PST
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: Tujaa [(*sain) Bat (sain) neg noxoj-g (sain) surga-san gež] med-sen .
Glosses: Tujaa.NOM well Bat.NOM well a dog-ACC well train-PST that know-PST
Translation: Tujaa knew that Bat trained a dog well.
Language: Mongolian (English translation)
Transcription: *[ (sain) neg noxoj-g (sain)] Tujaa [Bat __ surga-san gež] med-sen .
Glosses:  well a dog-ACC well Tujaa.NOM Bat.NOM  train-PST that know-PST
Translation: Tujaa knew that Bat trained a dog well.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Mani [Banu book-ai padi-ch-aal enru] so-n-aan .
Glosses: Mani.NOM Banu.NOM book-ACC read-PST-3SG.F that say-PST-3SG.M
Translation: Mani said that Banu read a book.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: *[Book-ai padi-ch-aal] Mani [Banu __ enru] so-n-aan .
Glosses: book-ACC read-PST-3SG.F Mani.NOM Banu.NOM  that say-PST-3SG.M
Translation: Mani said that Banu read a book.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Naan [book-ai kuɖu-tt-een] anda ponnu-kiʈʈe .
Glosses: 1SG.NOM book-ACC give-PST-1SG DEM girl-LOC
Translation: The one who I gave a book to is that girl.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: [Book-ai padi-ch-aal] Banu .
Glosses: book-ACC read-PST-3SG.F Banu.NOM
Translation: The one who read a book is Banu.
Language: Malayalam (English translation)
Transcription: Ñaan innale kaND-atǝ Mary-(y)e aaNǝ .
Glosses: I yesterday saw-NMLZ Mary-ACC is
Translation: It is Mary that I saw yesterday.
Language: Manipuri (English translation)
Transcription: Hui-nǝ cakhi-bǝ (pot) ǝdu sem-ni .
Glosses: dog-NOM ate-NMLZ/INF thing DET apple-COP
Translation: It is an apple that the dog ate.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Dharmaa suudaaTakkaaran .
Glosses: Dharma.NOM gambler.NOM
Translation: Dharma is a gambler.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Inta suudaaTakkaaran Dharmaa .                      Jegan Murugesan , p .c .
Glosses: DEM gambler.NOM Dharma.NOM
Translation: This gambler is Dharma.
Language: Tamil ( translation)
Transcription: Dharma toT-r-aan bhiimaav-ai .
Glosses: Dharma.NOM lose-PST-3SG.M Bhima-ACC
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Shakuni dharmaa-kku kodu-tt-aan daayatt-ai .
Glosses: Shakuni.NOM Dharma-DAT give-PST-3SG.M dice-ACC
Translation: It is the dice that Shakuni gave to Dharrna.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Dharma toT-r-adu draupadi-ai .
Glosses: Dharma.NOM lose-PST-NMLZ/3SG.N Draupadi-ACC
Translation: It was Draupadi that Dharma lost to.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Dharma daayatt-il toT-r-adu tan manaivi-ai .
Glosses: Dharma.NOM dice-LOC lose-PST-NMLZ REFL wife-ACC
Translation: It was his₁ wife that Dharma₁ lost to in the game of dice.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Dharma daayatt-il toT-r-aan tan manaivi-ai .
Glosses: Dharma.NOM dice-LOC lose-PST-3SG.M REFL wife-ACC
Translation: It was his₁ wife that Dharma₁ lost to in the game of dice.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: *Avan-uDaia aNNaa daayatt-il toT-r-aan ellaar-ai-um .
Glosses: 3SG-GEN brother.NOM dice-LOC lose-PST-3SG.M everyone-ACC
Translation: His₁ brother lost to everyone₁ in the game of dice.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: *Avan-uDaia aNNaa daayatt-il toT-r-atu ellaar-ai-um .
Glosses: 3SG-GEN brother.NOM dice-LOC lose-PST-3SG.N everyone-ACC
Translation: His₁ brother lost to everyone₁ in the game of dice.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: [ Dharma [ Shakuni daayatt-il jei-tt-aan enru] son-n-aan]]
Glosses:  Dharma.NOM  Shakuni.NOM dice-LOC win-PST-3SG.M that say-PST-3SG.M
Translation: Dharma said that Shakuni won in (the game of) dice.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Shakuni daayatt-il jei-tt-aan enru]-naa Dharma __ son-n-aan]
Glosses:  Shakuni.NOM dice-LOC win-PST-3SG.M that-TOP Dharma.NOM  say-PST-3SG.M
Translation: That Shakuni won (in the game of) dice, Dharma said.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: [ Shakuni [ Dharma __ toT-r-aan enru] ninai-tt-adu draupadi-ai]
Glosses:  Shakuni.NOM  Dharma.NOM  lose-PST-3SG.M that say-PST-NMLZ Draupadi-ACC
Translation: It was Draupadi that Shakuni thought that Dharma lost to.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: [ Shakuni [ Dharma daayatt-il raajyatt-ai izha-pp-aan enru] son-n-aan]
Glosses:  Shakuni.NOM  Dharma.NOM dice-LOC kingdom-ACC lose-FUT-3SG.M that say-PST-3SG.M
Translation: Shakuni said that Dharma will lose (his) kingdom in (the game of) dice.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: ??[ [ Dharmaa daayatt-il __ izha-pp-aan enru]-naa Shakuni __ son-n-aan] raajyatt-ai]
Glosses:   Dharma.NOM dice-LOC  lose-FUT-3SG.M that-TOP Shakuni.NOM  say-PST-3SG.M kingdom-ACC
Translation: Shakuni said that Dharma will lose (his) kingdom in (the game of) dice.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Draupadi avan-uDaia maamaa-kku yaar-ai anupp-in-aaL ?
Glosses: Draupadi.NOM 3SG-GEN uncle-DAT who-ACC send-PST-3SG.F
Translation: Who did Draupadi send to his uncle?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Yaar-ai Draupadi anupp-in-aaL avan-uDaia maamaa-kku ?
Glosses: who-ACC Draupadi.NOM send-PST-3SG.F 3SG-GEN uncle-DAT
Translation: Who did Draupadi send to his uncle?
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: Das Buch gegeben hat Peter dem Jungen .
Glosses: the book given has Peter the boy
Translation: Peter gave the book to the boy.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: *weil das Buch gegeben Peter dem Jungen hat
Glosses: because the book given Peter the boy has
Translation: because Peter gave the book to the boy
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Öğretmen öğrenci-ler-e ödev ver-di-∅.
Glosses: teacher student-PL-DAT homework give-PFV-3
Translation: The teacher did homework-giving to the students.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Öğretmen [ödev ver-di-∅] öğrenci-ler-e __
Glosses: teacher homework give-PFV-3 student-PL-DAT 
Translation: What the teacher did to the students was homework-giving.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: [Ödev ver-di-∅] öğretmen öğrenci-ler-e __
Glosses: homework give-PFV-3 teacher student-PL-DAT 
Translation: What the teacher did to the students was homework-giving.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: [Kitap oku-duğ-un]-u ben [Ali-nin __  ] düşün-mü-yor-um .
Glosses: book read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC 1SG.NOM Ali-GEN  think-NEG-IPFV-1SG
Translation: I don’t think that Ali does book-reading.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: [Kitap oku-duğ-u]-nu ben [Ali-nin __  ] söyle-m-iyor-um .
Glosses: book read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC 1SG.NOM Ali-GEN  say-NEG-IPFV-1SG
Translation: I don’t say that Ali does book-reading.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: [ Hızlıca kitab-ı __ ] ben [Ali-nin __ oku-duğ-u]-nu düşün-m-üyor-um .
Glosses:  quickly book-ACC  1SG.NOM Ali-GEN  read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC think-NEG-IPFV-1SG
Translation: I don’t think that Ali read (s) the book rapidly.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ Acımasızca kitab-I __ ] ben [Ali-nin __ eleştir-diğ-i]-ni düşün-m-üyor-um .
Glosses:  ruthlessly book-ACC  1SG.NOM Ali-GEN  criticize-NMLZ-3SG-ACC think-NEG-IPFV-1SG
Translation: I don’t think that Ali criticized the book ruthlessly.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Ali-nin ben [anne-si-nin dün kitap oku-duğ-u]-nu duy-du-m .
Glosses: Ali-GEN 1SG.NOM mother-POSS.3SG-GEN yesterday book read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC hear-PFV-3SG
Translation: I have heard that Ali’s mother read books yesterday.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Anne-si dün kitap oku-du-∅ Ali-nin .
Glosses: mother-POSS.3SG yesterday book read-PFV-3 Ali-GEN
Translation: Ali’s mother read books yesterday.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: Ali-nin dün kitap oku-du-∅ anne-si .
Glosses: Ali-GEN yesterday book read-PFV-3 mother-POSS.3SG
Translation: Ali’s mother read books yesterday.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: *Anne-si-nin ben [Ali-nin dün kitap oku-duğ-u]-nu duy-du-m .
Glosses: mother-POSS.3SG-GEN 1SG.NOM Ali-GEN yesterday book read-NMLZ-3SG-ACC hear-PFV-3SG
Translation: I have heard that Ali’s mother read books yesterday.
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: Ella students-um pustagam padi-c-aanga .
Glosses: All students.NOM-ADD book read-PST-3PL
Translation: All students read a book.
Language: Spanish (English translation)
Transcription: El profesor consideró [*(a) un estudiante inteligente].
Glosses: the professor considered DOM a student intelligent
Translation: The professor considered a student intelligent.
Language: Spanish (English translation)
Transcription: Juan forzó [*(a) un niño]₁ [PRO₁ a hacer los deberes].
Glosses: Juan forced DOM a boy  to do.INF the homework
Translation: Juan forced a boy to do his homework.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bat [Dorj Dulmaa-d nom-oo ög-sön gej] chang-aar khel-sen .
Glosses: Bat.NOM Dorj.NOM Dulmaa-DAT book-REFL.POSS give-PST COMP loud-INSTR say-PST
Translation: Bat said loudly that Dorj gave his book to Dulmaa.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Dulmaa-d Bat [Dorj __ nom-oo ög-sön gej] chang-aar khel-sen .
Glosses: Dulmaa-DAT Bat.NOM Dorj.NOM  book-REFL.POSS give-PST COMP loud-INSTR say-PST
Translation: Bat said loudly that Dorj gave his book to Dulmaa.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: [t₁ zu lesen]₂ hat keiner [das Buch]₁ t₂ versucht .
Glosses:  to read has nobody the book  tried
Translation: No one has tried to read the book.
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: *dass [t₁ zu lesen]₂ keiner [das Buch]₁ t₂ versucht hat .
Glosses: that  to read nobody the book  tried has
Translation: that no one has tried to read the book
Language: Tamil (English translation)
Transcription: [ Shakuni Kauravar-ukku [ daayatt-ila Dharma __  __ top-p-aan raajyatt-ai enru] son-n-aan]
Glosses:  Shakuni.NOM Kauravar-DAT  dice-LOC Dharma.NOM  lose-FUT-3SG.M kingdom-ACC that say-PST-3SG.M
Translation: Shakuni told the Kauravas that in dice, it will be the kingdom that Dharma will lose.
Language: Basque (English translation)
Transcription: Pette-k lan egin di-k
Glosses: Peter-ERG work do.PFV 3ERG.M
Translation: Peter worked.’ (said to a male friend)
Language: Korean (English translation)
Transcription: Kongpuha-e-la !
Glosses: study-SSP-IMP
Translation: Study!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kitaab parheyaa-(*o) je
Glosses: book read-IMP.2PL ALLOC.PL
Translation: Read the book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kitaab paRh-Ø
Glosses: book read-IMP.2SG
Translation: Read the book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kitaab paRh-o
Glosses: book read-IMP.2PL
Translation: Read the book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: aman kitaab paRh reyaa ii
Glosses: Aman.NOM book read PROG.M.SG ALLOC.SG
Translation: Aman is reading a book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kiran kitaab paRh rayii aa
Glosses: Kiran.NOM(F) book read PROG.F.SG ALLOC.SG
Translation: Kiran is reading a book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: aman kitaab paRh reyaa je
Glosses: Aman.NOM book read PROG.M.SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: Aman is reading a book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: aman kitaab paRh reyaa e
Glosses: Aman.NOM book read PROG.M.SG be.PRS.3SG
Translation: Aman is reading a book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *kitaab paRh-Ø ii
Glosses: book read-IMP.2SG ALLOC.SG
Translation: Read the book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *kitaab paRh-o je
Glosses: book read-IMP.2PL ALLOC.PL
Translation: Read the book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: tusii/*asii/*o kitaab paRh-o
Glosses: 2PL/1PL/3PL book read-IMP.2PL
Translation: Read the book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: tusii/*asii/*o kitaab paRheyaa je
Glosses: 2PL/1PL/3PL book read ALLOC.PL
Translation: Read the book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asii/tusii saaDii jamiin vec raye aaN/o
Glosses: 1PL.2PL 1PL.POSS.F land.F.SG sell PROG.M.PL be.PRS.1PL/2PL
Translation: We are selling our land.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: pro twaaDii/saaDii jamiin vec de-o
Glosses: pro 2PL.POSS.F/1PL.POSS.F land sell give-IMP.2PL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: pro twaaDii/saaDii jamiin vec deyaa je
Glosses: pro 2PL.POSS.F/1PL.POSS.F land sell give ALLOC.PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: sabb kitaab paRh-o
Glosses: everybody book read-IMP.2PL
Translation: Everybody read a book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: sabb kitaab paRheyaa je
Glosses: everybody book read ALLOC.PL
Translation: Everybody read a book!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: sabb kitaab paRh raye ne/je
Glosses: everybody book read PROG.M.PL be.PRS.3PL/ALLOC.PL
Translation: Everybody is reading a book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: buaa kholeyaa je
Glosses: door open ALLOC.PL
Translation: Open the door!’ (to (non)-honorific addressees OR a singular honorific addressee)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: buaa khol-o
Glosses: door open-IMP.2PL
Translation: Open the door!’ (to (non)-honorific addressees OR a singular honorific addressee)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Koyii buaa khol-o/*kholeyaa je
Glosses: Someone door open-IMP.2PL/open ALLOC.PL
Translation: Someone open the door!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: bhainjii , (vekh-o ki) koyii buaa khol-e/*khol-o
Glosses: sister.HON see-IMP.2PL that someone door open-SUBJ.3SG/open-IMP.2PL
Translation: Sister, see to it that someone opens the door.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: atiit-de gulaam nayii , bhavish-de nirmaataa ban-o
Glosses: past-GEN slave NEG future-GEN creator become-IMP.2PL
Translation: Be the creator of your future, not a slave of your past.’ (Motto- https://jagbani.punjabkesari.in/thought)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #atiit-de gulaam nayii , bhavish-de nirmaataa baneyaa je
Glosses: past-GEN slave NEG future-GEN creator become ALLOC.PL
Translation: Be the creator of your future, not a slave of your past.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: aepp download karan layii calik kar-o
Glosses: application download do.INF.OBL for click do-IMP.2PL
Translation: Click to download the application.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #aepp download karan layii calik kareyaa je
Glosses: application download do.INF.OBL for click do ALLOC.PL
Translation: Click to download the application.
Language: Magahi (English translation)
Transcription: tu dauR-l-eN-(*au)
Glosses: You.NHON run-PFV-2-ALLOC.NHON
Translation: You (a friend) ran.
Language: Magahi (English translation)
Transcription: ham dauR-l-i-au
Glosses: I run-PFV-1-ALLOC.NHON
Translation: I ran.’ (said to a friend)
Language: Magahi (English translation)
Transcription: (tu) kh-o-(*au)
Glosses: You.NHON eat-IMP.NHON-ALLOC.NHON
Translation: (You) eat!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan gaDDii nayii calaa paandaa je/e
Glosses: Karan.NOM car NEG drive can.HAB.M.SG ALLOC.PL/be.PRS.3SG
Translation: Karan cannot drive a car.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (kii) karan-ne miraa-nuu kitaab dittii e (kii)
Glosses: POLQ Karan-ERG Mira-DAT book give.PFV.F.SG be.PRS.3SG POLQ
Translation: Has Karan given the book to Mira?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne miraa-nuu kitaab dittii je/e kii
Glosses: Karan-ERG Mira-DAT book give.PFV.F.SG ALLOC.PL/be.PRS.3SG POLQ
Translation: Has Karan given the book to Mira?
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: asii/tusii billii paalde aaN/o
Glosses: 1PL.NOM/2PL.NOM cat.F.SG raise.HAB.M.PL be.PRS.1PL/2PL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: o billii paaldaa e
Glosses: 3SG.NOM cat.F.SG raise.HAB.M.SG be.PRS.3SG
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: o billii paalde ne
Glosses: 3PL.NOM cat.F.SG raise.HAB.M.PL be.PRS.3PL
Translation: They raise cats.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asii/ona-ne billii paalii e
Glosses: 1PL.OBL/3PL.OBL-ERG cat.F.SG raise.PFV.F.SG be.PRS.3SG
Translation: We/they have raised a cat.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asii oss billii-nuu paaleyaa e
Glosses: 1PL.OBL that cat.F.SG-DOM raise.PFV.M.SG be.PRS.3SG
Translation: We raised that cat.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *asii/tusii billii paalde je
Glosses: 1PL.NOM/2PL.NOM cat.F.SG raise.HAB.M.PL ALLOC.PL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: o billii paaldaa je
Glosses: 3SG.NOM cat.F.SG raise.HAB.M.SG ALLOC.PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asii/ona-ne billii paalii je
Glosses: 1PL.OBL/3PL.OBL-ERG cat.F.SG raise.PFV.F.SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: We/they raise cats.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asii oss billii-nuu paaleyaa je
Glosses: 1PL.OBL that cat.F.SG-DOM raise.PFV.M.SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: We raised that cat.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *asii/tusii billii paalde saaN/so je
Glosses: 1PL.NOM/2PL.NOM cat.F.SG raise.HAB.M.PL be.PST.1PL/2PL ALLOC.PL
Translation: We/you used to raise cats.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: o billii paaldaa (*e) je
Glosses: 3SG.NOM cat.F.SG raise.HAB.M.SG be.PRS.3SG ALLOC.PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: o billii paaldaa sii je
Glosses: 3SG.NOM cat.F.SG raise.HAB.M.SG be.PST.3SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: He used to raise cats.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: maiN-nuu vekhyaa suu/e
Glosses: 1SG.DOM see.PFV.M.SG 3SG.CL/be.PRS.3SG
Translation: S/he saw me.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan roz vekhdaa suu/e
Glosses: Karan.NOM everyday see.HAB.M.SG 3SG.CL/be.PRS.3SG
Translation: Karan sees him/her everyday.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: maiN/tuu vekhdaa aaN/eN/*suu
Glosses: 1SG.NOM/2SG.NOM see.HAB.M.SG be.PRS.1SG/be.PRS.2SG/*3SG.CL
Translation: I/you see him/her.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: maiN/tuu o-nuu vekhdaa aaN/eN
Glosses: 1SG.NOM/2SG.NOM 3SG.DOM see.HAB.M.SG be.PRS.1SG/be.PRS.2SG
Translation: I/you saw him/her.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne o-nuu vekhyaa e/*suu
Glosses: Karan-ERG 3SG.DOM see.PFV.M.SG be.PRS.3SG/3SG.CL
Translation: Karan saw him/her.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #karan-ne toR dittaa suu
Glosses: Karan-ERG break give.PFV.M.SG 3SG.CL
Translation: Karan has broken it.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne maareyaa suu
Glosses: Karan-ERG hit.PFV.M.SG 3SG.CL
Translation: Karan has hit her.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne muurtiyaaN/billiyaaN vekhiyaaN ne
Glosses: Karan-ERG statue.F.PL/cat.F.PL see.PFV.F.PL be.PRS.3PL
Translation: Karan has seen the statues/cats.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne ki-nuu maareyaa
Glosses: Karan-ERG who-DOM hit.PFV.M.SG
Translation: Who did Karan hit?
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: (o-nuu) karan-ne (o-nuu) maareyaa (o-nuu)
Glosses: 3SG.DOM Karan-ERG 3SG.DOM hit.PFV.M.SG 3SG.DOM
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: (*suu) karan-ne (*suu) maareyaa suu
Glosses: 3SG.CL Karan-ERG 3SG.CL hit.PFV.M.SG 3SG.CL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne maiN-*(nuu)/tai-*(nuu) vekhyaa
Glosses: Karan-ERG 1SG-DOM/2SG-DOM see.PFV.M.SG
Translation: Karan saw me/you.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: karan-ne miraa-*(nuu)/apneaap-*(nuu) vekhyaa
Glosses: Karan-ERG Mira-DOM/self-DOM see.PFV.M.SG
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: karan-ne o-nuu maareyaa
Glosses: Karan-ERG 3SG.DOM hit.PFV.M.SG
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne kuRii-nuu/kuRii vekhyaa/vekhii
Glosses: Karan-ERG girl-DOM/girl see.PFV.M.SG/F.SG
Translation: Karan saw the girl/a girl.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne miitaa-nuu kitaab dittii
Glosses: Karan-ERG Mita-DAT book.F.SG give.PFV.F.SG
Translation: Karan gave the book to Mita.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne maiN-nuu merii maa-nuu dittaa
Glosses: Karan-ERG 1SG.DOM my mother-DAT give.PFV.M.SG
Translation: Karan gave me to my mother’, but not ‘Karan gave my mother to me.
Language: Korean (English translation)
Transcription: Kamki keli-si-ess-unikka swui-si-eyo
Glosses: cold catch-HON.PST-since rest-HON-IMP.POL
Translation: Since you have a cold, rest!
Language: Korean (English translation)
Transcription: Na-lul 1SG .ACC
Glosses: follow-come-IMP ttala-o-la ! 
Translation: Follow me!’ (Rally cry)
Language: Korean (English translation)
Transcription: Na-lul ttala-o-#la/ala !
Glosses: 1SG.ACC follow-come-IMP
Translation: Follow me!’ (Specific student-teacher interaction)
Language: Korean (English translation)
Transcription: Yumi-ka Inho-hanthey [choysen-ul ta ha-la/*ela-ko] malha-ess-ta
Glosses: Yumi-NOM Inho-to best-ACC all do-IMP.COMP say-PST-DEC.PLAIN
Translation: Yumi told Inho to do his best.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan-ne keyaa ki mira kal aayegii je
Glosses: Karan-ERG say.PFV.M.SG that Mira tomorrow come.FUT.F.SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: Karan said that Mira will come tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kidde-naal karan-ne keyaa ki [mira aayegii je]
Glosses: who.GEN-with Karan-ERG say.PFV.M.SG that Mira come.FUT.F.SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: With whom did Karan say that Mira will come?
Language: French ( translation)
Transcription: Vous êtes/*es loyal
Glosses: 2PL be.2PL/be.2SG loyal.M.SG
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: saare jaa-o/jaayaa je
Glosses: all go-IMP.2PL/go ALLOC.PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: tuu kii kar reyaa eN
Glosses: 2SG.NOM what do PROG.M.SG be.PRS.2SG
Translation: What are you doing?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: roTTii khaa reyaa aaN
Glosses: bread.F.SG eat PROG.M.SG be.PRS.1SG
Translation: I am eating the bread.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: tuu kii kittaa sii
Glosses: 2SG.OBL what do.PFV.M.SG be.PST.3SG
Translation: What did you do?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: roTTii khaadii sii
Glosses: bread.F.SG eat.PFV.F.SG be.PST.3SG
Translation: I ate the bread.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ye] bhi meri tarah haiN . jahaaN pro dana dekha , udhar pro gaye or pet bhar kar pro uR gaye
Glosses: 3PL.NOM also 1SG.GEN.F.SG like be.PRS.3PL where pro seed.M.SG.ACC see.PFV.M.SG there pro go.PFV.M.PL and stomach fill having pro rise go.PFV.M.PL
Translation: They (topic) are also like me. Where (they cont.topic) see a seed, there (they cont.topic) go and having filled (their) stomach, (they cont.topic) fly away.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: jaa-o/jaayaa je
Glosses: go-IMP.2PL/go ALLOC.PL
Translation: Go!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #ae sac nayii e
Glosses: this truth NEG be.PRS.3SG
Translation: This is not true.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: maiN bajaar jaa-v-aaN-g-aa je
Glosses: 1SG.NOM market go-SUBJ-1SG-FUT-M.SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: I will go to the market.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *tusii bajaar jaa-v-o-g-e je
Glosses: 2PL.NOM market go-SUBJ-2PL-FUT-M.PL ALLOC.PL
Translation: You will go to the market.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: maiN baazaar jaa-v-aaN-g-aa (*aaN)
Glosses: 1SG.NOM market go-SUBJ-1SG-FUT-M.SG be.PRS.1SG
Translation: I will go to the market.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: maiN maar-Ø-aaN-g-ii suu
Glosses: 1SG.NOM hit-SUBJ-1SG-FUT-F.SG 3SG.CL
Translation: I will hit him/her.
Language: Magahi (English translation)
Transcription: Santeeaa Banteeaa-ke kahk-ain ki Ram-ke Sita-se baat karek-e chah-au
Glosses: Santee Bantee-DAT told-ALLOC.HHON that Ram-DAT Sita-INS talk do-INF should-ALLOC.NHON
Translation: Santee told Bantee that Ram should talk to Sita (said to a teacher).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karan twaaDe-naal/*tere-naal bajaar gayaa sii je
Glosses: Karan.NOM 2PL.GEN-with/2SG.GEN-with market go.PFV.M.SG be.PST.3SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: Karan went to the market with you.
Language: Korean (English translation)
Transcription: Ne-na cal ha-si-eyo
Glosses: you-na well do-HON-DEC.POL
Translation: Mind your own business.’ (Lit: ‘YOU do well.’)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: weil in seinem Traum im Mittelalter in Europa alle Frauen schön beautiful
Glosses: because in his dream in.the Middle.Ages in Europe all women waren were
Translation: [… ] because in his dream in the Middle Ages in Europe all women were beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Thorolf hat Bier gekauft .
Glosses: Thorolf has beer bought
Translation: Thorolf bought beer.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Wein] hat Thorolf gekauft , nicht Bier .
Glosses: wine has Thorolf bought not beer
Translation: Thorolf bought wine, not beer.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Chiara hat ein neues Auto gekauft .
Glosses: Chiara has a new car bought
Translation: Chiara bought a new car.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [EIN NEUES AUTO] hat sie gekauft !? Ich dachte , sie wollte ein neues Fahrrad kaufen !
Glosses: A new car has she bought I thought she wanted a new bike buy
Translation: She bought a new car? I thought she was going to buy a new bike!
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Dugar [ mi:sgɘi zagaha ɘdj-ɘ: /ɘdi-xɘ gɘžɘ] han-a:
Glosses: Dugar  cat.NOM fish eat-PST /eat-POT COMP think-PST
Translation: Dugar thought that a cat ate / will eat the fish.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Dugar [mi:sgɘi zagaha ɘdj-ɘ: gɘžɘ] han-a: xarin mi:sgɘi zagaha ɘdj-ɘ:-güi
Glosses: Dugar cat.NOM fish eat-PST COMP think-PST but cat fish eat-PST-NEG
Translation: Dugar thought that a cat ate the fish, but a cat didn’t eat the fish.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Dugar [ mi:sgɘi-n zagaha ɘdj-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ-n’] han-a:
Glosses: Dugar.NOM  cat-GEN fish eat-PART-ACC-3 think-PST
Translation: Dugar remembered a cat’s eating the fish.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: #Dugar [mi:sgɘi-n zagaha ɘdj-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ-n’] han-a: xarin mi:sgɘi zagaha ɘdj-ɘ:-güi
Glosses: Dugar cat-GEN fish eat-PART-ACC-3 think-PST but cat fish eat-PST-NEG
Translation: #‘Dugar remembered a cat’s eating the fish, but a cat didn’t eat the fish.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Bi Badma tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ: gü gɘžɘ mɘdɘ-nɘ-güi-b…
Glosses: 1SG.NOM Badma.NOM cart break-PST Q COMP know-PRS-NEG-1SG
Translation: I don’t know whether Badma broke the cart…
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: # …(xarin) Sajana [Badm-i:n tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ] han-a:
Glosses: (but) Sajana.NOM Badma-GEN cart break-PART-ACC think-PST
Translation: # ‘…(but) Sajana remembered that Badma broke the cart.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: …(xarin) Sajana [Badma tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ: gɘžɘ] han-a:
Glosses: (but) Sajana.NOM Badma.NOM cart break-PST COMP think-PST
Translation: …(but) Sajana thought that Badma broke the cart.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Garag-ai xojor-to Sajana [Badm-i:n tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ-n’] han-a:
Glosses: day-GEN two-DAT Sajana.NOM Badma-GEN cart break-PART-ACC-3 think-PST
Translation: On Tuesday Sajana remembered Badma’s breaking the cart.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Badma tɘrgɘ garag-ai nɘgɘn-dɘ ɘmdɘlɘ-ʒɘ ɘxil-ɘ:
Glosses: Badma.NOM cart day-GEN one-DAT break-CVB begin-PST
Translation: Badma began to break the cart on Monday.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: #Badma tɘrgɘ garag-ai gurban-da ɘmdɘlɘ-ʒɘ ɘxil-ɘ:
Glosses: Badma.NOM cart day-GEN three-DAT break-CVB begin-PST
Translation: Badma began to break the cart on Wednesday.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Sɘsɘg gar-ga-x-a: bai-ga:n üxibü-jɘ: han-a:
Glosses: Seseg go.out-CAUS-POT-REFL be-PFCT child-ACC.REFL think-PST
Translation: Seseg remembered her future child.’ (lit. ‘her child that will be caused to go out of her’)
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: #Badma naiman tarxi-tai mi:sgɘi-(ɘ) hana-na
Glosses: Badma eight head-COM cat-(ACC) think-PRS
Translation: # ‘Badma is remembering an eight-headed cat.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Badm-ain tarxi so: naiman tarxi-tai mi:sgɘi or-o:
Glosses: Badma-GEN head in eight head-COM cat come-PST
Translation: Badma thought of an eight-headed cat.’ (lit. ‘An eight-headed cat came into Badma’s head.’)
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Sɘsɘg gar-ga-x-a: bai-ga:n üxibü-n tuxai-ga: hana-na
Glosses: Seseg go.out-CAUS-POT-REFL be-PFCT child-NOM about-ACC.REFL think-PRS
Translation: Seseg is thinking about her future child.’ ✓ Context: Seseg is not pregnant.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: ?Badma naiman tarxi-tai mi:sgɘi tuxai hana-na
Glosses: Badma eight head-COM cat about think-PRS
Translation: Badma is thinking about an eight-headed cat.’ ✓ Context: Badma is imagining a non-existing magical animal.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Sajana Badm-i:jɘ han-a:
Glosses: Sajana.NOM Badma-ACC think-PST
Translation: Sajana remembered Badma.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Ojuna [Sajan-i:n du: du:la-ʒa bai-x-i:jɘ] hana-na
Glosses: Ojuna Sajana-GEN song sing-CVB be-POT-ACC think-PRS
Translation: Ojuna is remembering that Sajana is singing a song.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Üsɘgɘldɘr Sɘlmɘg Badm-i:n hain xüdɘl-dɘg-i:jɘ türü:∫ɘnxijɘ: han-a:
Glosses: yesterday Selmeg Badma-GEN well work-HAB-ACC for.the.first.time think-PST
Translation: Yesterday Selmeg thought for the first time of Badma working well.’ ✓ Context A: We have all known for a long time that Badma works very well. Selmeg, however, didn’t have any thoughts on whether Badma worked well until yesterday. Comment: ‘Ojlgoxo ‘understand, sense’ is better fit for this context, but hanaxa is acceptable too.’9 # Context B: We don’t know if Badma works well. Selmeg didn’t have any thoughts on whether Badma worked well until yesterday.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Ju: honin ? Ju: xɘ-x-ɘ: bai-na-∫?
Glosses: what news what do-POT-REFL be-PRS-2SG
Translation: How are you? What are you planning to do?
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Badm-i:n tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ-n’ han-a:-b . Tɘrgɘ zaha-lsa-x-u: ali ügi:-g hur-a:d jɘrɘ-xɘ-m
Glosses: Badma-GEN cart break-PART-ACC-3 think-PST-1SG cart fix-SOC-POT-Q DISJ no-Q ask-CVB2 go-POT-1SG
Translation: I remembered that Badma broke a cart. I plan to go ask whether he needs any help to fix it.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Urdanai grɘg-u:d gazar xabtagar gɘžɘ buru: hana-dag bai-ga:
Glosses: former Greek-PL Earth flat COMP wrong think-HAB be-PST
Translation: Ancient Greeks mistakenly thought that the Earth is flat.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Gansa greg-u:d bɘ∫ɘ ! # Dugar gazar-ai xabtagar bai-ga:∫-i:jɘ hana-dag
Glosses: only Greek-PL not  Dugar Earth-GEN flat be-PART-ACC think-HAB
Translation: Intended: ‘Not only Greek people (had this opinion)! Dugar thinks that the Earth is flat.’ Comment: ‘The reply of the second person contradicts what the first one says.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: #Bi Badma tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ: gü gɘžɘ mɘdɘ-nɘ-güi-b , Sajana [Badm-i:n tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ] hana-na gü ?
Glosses: 1SG.NOM Badma.NOM cart break-PST Q COMP know-PRS-NEG-1SG Sajana.NOM Badma-GEN cart break-PART-ACC think-PRS Q
Translation: Intended: ‘I don’t know whether Badma broke the cart or not. Does Sajana think/remember that Badma broke the cart?
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: #[Badm-i:n tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ] Sajana han-a:-güi , Badma tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:-güi
Glosses: Badma-GEN cart break-PART-ACC Sajana.NOM think-PST-NEG Badma.NOM cart break-PST-NEG
Translation: Intended: ‘Sajana didn’t think/remember that Badma broke the cart, (and) Badma didn’t break the cart.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Sajana [Badm-i:n tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:∫-tɘ-n’] ɘtig-ɘ:, xarin Badma tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:-güi
Glosses: Sajana Badma-GEN cart break-PART-DAT-3 believe-PST but Badma cart break-PST-NEG
Translation: Sajana believed that Badma broke the cart (lit. ‘in Badma’s breaking the cart’), but Badma didn’t break the cart.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Sajana [Sɘsɘg-ɘi xada dɘ:rɘ gar-a:∫a-da] naida-na , xarin Sɘsɘg xada dɘ:rɘ gar-a:-güi
Glosses: Sajana Seseg-GEN mountain up go.to-PART-DAT hope-PRS but Seseg mountain up go.to-PST-NEG
Translation: Sajana hopes that Seseg went up the mountain (lit. ‘in Seseg’s going up the mountain’), but Seseg didn’t go up the mountain.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Darima Sajan-i:n Burjati tuxai du: du:l-a:∫-i:jɘ han-a:, Sɘsɘg Sajan-i:n Burjati tuxai du: du:l-a:∫-i:jɘ han-a:, Narana baha Sajan-i:n Burjati tuxai du: du:l-a:∫-i:jɘ han-a:
Glosses: Darima Sajana-GEN Buryatia about song sing-PART-ACC think-PST Seseg Sajana-GEN Buryatia about song sing-PART-ACC think-PST Narana also Sajana-GEN Buryatia about song sing-PART-ACC think-PST
Translation: Darima remembered Sajana’s singing a song about Buryatia, Seseg remembered Sajana’s singing a song about Buryatia, and Narana also remembered Sajana’s singing a song about Buryatia.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Sajana [ Badm-i:n Xurumxa:n-ha: jɘr-ɘ:d bai-ga:∫-i:jɘ-n’] [ gɘr-tɘ xulgai∫an or-o: gɘžɘ] han-a:
Glosses: Sajana  Badma-GEN Kurumkan-ABL come-CVB2 be-PART-ACC-3  house-DAT burglar go.in-PST COMP think-PST
Translation: Sajana recalled the/an event of Badma returning from Kurumkan, (thinking) that a burglar entered the house.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Sajana [Badma tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ: gɘžɘ] han-a:
Glosses: Sajana.NOM Badma.NOM cart break-PST COMP think-PST
Translation: Sajana thought that Badma broke the cart.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Badma bɘ∫ɘg bɘ∫ɘ-žɘ ɘxil-ɘ:
Glosses: Badma letter write begin-PST
Translation: Badma began to write a letter.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: [Ojuna üxibü: türɘ-žɘ], Badma ɘsɘgɘ bolo-bo
Glosses: Ojuna.NOM child give.birth.to Badma.NOM father become-PST2
Translation: As Ojuna gave birth to a child, Badma became a father.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Üsɘgɘldɘr Badma bɘ∫ɘg bɘ∫ɘ-žɘ ɘxil-ɘ:, ba münödɘr (Badma) baha ti:-žɘ ɘxil-ɘ:
Glosses: yesterday Badma letter write begin-PST and today (Badma) also do.so begin-PST
Translation: Yesterday Badma began to write a letter, and today he also began to do so [= write a letter].
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Badma [Sajana bulj-a: gɘ-žɘ] han-a:, Ojuna baha ti:-žɘ / *ti:-mɘ / *tɘrɘn-i:jɘ han-a:
Glosses: Badma.NOM Sajana.NOM win-PST say think-PST Ojuna.NOM also do.so  do.so-ADJ  that-ACC think-PST
Translation: Badma thought that Sajana won, Ojuna also thought so.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: <Sajana> [ Badma jɘr-ɘ: gɘ-žɘ] <Sajana> mɘdɘ-nɘ
Glosses: Sajana  Badma come-PST say-CVB Sajana know-PRS
Translation: Sajana knows that Badma came.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: <za:bol> Rinčin <za:bol> ajaga <za:bol> uga:-xa
Glosses: certainly Rinchin certainly dishes certainly wash-POT
Translation: Rinchin will certainly wash the dishes.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: *[ Badma tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-hɘn gɘ-žɘ] Sajan-i:jɘ ga:r-u:l-a:
Glosses:  Badma cart break-PFCT say-CVB Sajana-ACC anger-CAUS-PST
Translation: Intended: ‘That Badma broke the cart angered Sajana.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: [ ɘnɘ tɘrgɘ-n] Sajan-i:jɘ ga:r-u:l-a:
Glosses:  this cart-NOM Sajana-ACC anger-CAUS-PST
Translation: This cart angered Sajana.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: [ Badm-i:n tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:∫ɘ-n’] Sajan-i:jɘ ga:r-u:l-a:
Glosses:  Badma-GEN cart break-PART-3.NOM Sajana-ACC anger-CAUS-PST
Translation: That Badma broke the cart angered Sajana.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Sajana [Badm-i:n tɘrgɘ ɘmdɘl-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ-(n’)] han-a:
Glosses: Sajana.NOM Badma-GEN cart break-PART-ACC-(3) think-PST
Translation: Sajana remembered that Badma broke the cart.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Bi [Dugar-ai Baigal-ha: jɘr-ɘ:∫-i:jɘ] mɘdɘ-nɘ-b
Glosses: 1SG.NOM Dugar-GEN Baikal-ABL come--ACC know-PRS-1SG
Translation: I know that Dugar returned from Baikal.’ ✓ Context A ( Yesterday Dugar returned from Baikal. # Context B ( Dugar is currently on his way here, returning from Baikal. # Context C ( Next week Dugar will return from Baikal.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Badma [Darim-i:n dɘn türgö:r ma∫ina:r jab-a:∫-i:jɘ] hana-na , xarin Badma [ (Darima) dɘn türgö:r ma∫ina:r jab-a: gɘžɘ] hana-na-güi
Glosses: Badma Darima-GEN too.much quickly by.car go-PART-ACC think-PRS but Badma (Darima) too.much quickly by.car go-PST COMP think-PRS-NEG
Translation: Paraphrase: ‘Badma remembers an event of Darima’s driving too quickly, but he doesn’t think that Darima drove too quickly.
Language: Barguzin (English translation)
Transcription: Darima [gɘr-tɘ xulgai∫an or-o: gɘžɘ] hana-na , xarin tɘrɘ axa-n’ Xurumxa:n-ha: jɘrɘ-hɘn bai-ga:
Glosses: Darima.NOM house-DAT thief.NOM enter-PST COMP think-PRS but that brother-3.NOM Kurumkan-ABL come-PFCT be-PST
Translation: Darima thinks that a thief entered the house, but it was her brother coming back from Kurumkan.