lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-taʁ ri zrɯɣndza kɤ-ndo-tɕi tɕe , … tɕendɤre zrɯɣ rcanɯ lɤŋɤtʂɤɣ jamar ʑo ɯ-ɕki kɤ-ta-tɕi . tɕe kɯ-mɤku nɯra tɕe , tɕe zrɯɣ nɯ lonba ʑo cʰɯ-mqlaʁ tɕe tu-ndze ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕendɤre kɯ-maqʰu tɕe nɤki ɲɯ-ŋu , tɕendɤre ku-nɯni kɯ-fse qʰe , ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯnɯ , ɯ-se nɯ lu-nɯ-tɕɤt qʰe cʰɯ-mqlaʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM 3SG-on LOC praying.mantis AOR-take-1DU LNK … LNK louse UNEXP:DEG five.or.six about EMPH 3SG-DAT AOR:EAST-put-1DU LNK SBJ:PCP-be.first DEM:PL LNK LNK louse DEM ALL EMPH IPFV-swallow LNK IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be LNK SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK DEM:CATAPH SENS-be LNK IPFV-suck[III] SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK 3SG.POSS-inside DEM 3SG.POSS-blood DEM IPFV:UPSTREAM-AUTO-take.out LNK IPFV-swallow SENS-be
Translation: (When we were little, one of my classmate had a lot of lice, and) we took a praying mantis [and put it on his clothes], then put five or six lice near it; the first ones, it swallowed them whole, and the following ones, it did the following: it would kind of suck them, drink the blood inside them, swallow it (and then throw them away).' (26-zrWGndza)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤtɕɯβraʁ tɕe , ɕɯ kɯ pa-mto nɯnɯ tɕe tɕe nɯ ɣɯ ɯʑɤɣ maʁ nɤ , ɯ-kʰa ɣɯ maʁ nɤ , ɯ-kɯmdza kɯ-fse ra ɣɯ , nɯ-tɕɯ maʁ nɤ nɯ-me tu tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕe nɯ nɯ-kɯmdza kɯ-fse kɯ-ɤrɕɤt ra , nɯ-skʰrɯ mɤ-kɯ-βdi a-pɯ-tu tɕe , “wo … ɯ-rɟit tɤ-tɕɯ sci ma tɤtɕɯβraʁ pɯ-mto-t-a"
Glosses: burdock LNK who ERG AOR:3→3-see DEM LNK LNK DEM GEN 3SG:GEN not.be:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-house GEN not.be:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-relative SBJ:PCP-be.like PL GEN 3PL.POSS-son not.be:FACT LNK 3PL.POSS-daughter exist:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-relative SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.related PL 3PL.POSS-body NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.well IRR-IPFV-exist LNK INTERJ … 3SG.POSS-child INDEF.POSS-son LNK be.born:FACT burdock AOR-see-TR:PST-1SG
Translation: The burdock, whoever saw it will have a boy or a girl, him or someone from his house or among his relatives. If someone among his relatives is pregnant, he will say `her child will be a boy, as I saw a burdock.” (26-NalitCaRmbWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ-mɤɕi kɯnɤ kɯ-rɤ-ɕtʂat nɯ , qandʐe tʰɤlwɤ-ɕtʂat tu-ti-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.rich also SBJ:PCP-APASS-spare DEM earthworm earth-sparing IPFV-say-PL
Translation: Someone who spares things (i.e., does not waste anything) even though he is rich, people call him an `earth-sparing earthworm'.' (25-akWzgumba) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003632#S125"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka ɲɯ́-wɣ-ɕɯɣ-mu mɯ-pjɤ-cʰa ma mɯ-pjɤ-mtsʰɤm matɕi ɯ-rna pjɤ-k-ɤ-sti-ci .
Glosses: at.all IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.afraid NEG-IFR.IPFV-can LNK NEG-IFR-hear because 3SG.POSS-ear IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-block-PEG
Translation: The noise could not frighten him, as he did not hear it, because his ears were blocked.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003992#S191"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbala kɯ tɤ́-wɣ-tɕʰɯ-a
Glosses: bull ERG AOR-INV-stab-1SG
Translation: The bull gored me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zgrɯtɕʰɯ tɤ-lat-a
Glosses: nudge AOR-throw-1SG
Translation: I nudged [him].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤŋaβ-di ʑo ɲɯ-mnɤm
Glosses: be.unpleasant-smell EMPH SENS-smell
Translation: There is an unpleasant smell.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ndzɤpri kɤ-ti nɯ tɕe tɯrme tu-kɯ-ndza ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK brown.bear INF-say DEM LNK people IPFV-GENR:S/O-eat SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The one called ndzɤpri (`the eating bear'), it eats people.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑɤni ɣɯ ftsoʁ ʁrɯlu ci ta-rku-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3DU GEN female.hybrid.yak hornless INDEF AOR:3→3-put.in-PL SENS-be
Translation: They gave them a hornless female yak (to take with them back to the husband's home.' (2005-stod)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɯju jmɤlu nɯnɯ tɯrme ɲɯ-ŋu , ɯ-jme kɯ-me nɯ tɕe , tɕe kɯju jmɤlu nɯnɯ ɲɯ-sɲu ɕti tɕe nɯ nɯ-sɲu tɕe tɕe iɕqʰa tɯ-rɣi cʰɯ-kɯ-χtɤr nɯ nɯ-kɯ-sɲu tu-sɤrmi-nɯ .
Glosses: LNK animal tailless DEM man SENS-be 3SG.POSS-tail SBJ:PCP-not.exist DEM LNK LNK animal tailless DEM IPFV-be.crazy be:AFF:FACT LNK DEM AOR-be.crazy LNK LNK the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-seed IPFV-SBJ:PCP-spread DEM AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.crazy IPFV-call-PL
Translation: The `tailless animal' is the man, and `he becomes crazy', [when the crow says] that [people] became crazy, it means that they are sowing seeds.' (22-qajdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa nɯ , tʰi nɯ , kɯki ɕnat maŋtʰi ki tɤ-joʁ-a pɯ-ŋu tɕe , tʰam tɕe maŋlo nɯra tú-wɣ-joʁ ra
Glosses: just.before DEM downstream de DEM.PROX heddle downstream.one DEM.PROX AOR-lift-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK now LNK upstream.one DEM.PL IPFV-INV-lift be.needed:FACT
Translation: Just before, I had lifted the heddle on the lower (downstream) side [of the loom], now we have to lift the ones on the upper (upstream) side.' (video 20140429090403) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003776#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe srɯnloʁ-pɯ ci ɲɤ-kʰo tɕe
Glosses: LNK ring-DIM INDEF IFR-give LNK
Translation: He handed him a little ring.' (2011-4-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɬɤndʐi-pɯ-pɯ nɯra kɯ , ɯ-pʰoŋbu nɯra ko-sɤlɤɣɯ-nɯ ri ,
Glosses: demon-DIM-DIM DEM:PL ERG 3SG.POSS-body DEM:PL IFR-link-PL LNK
Translation: The little demonlings put back his body together, but…' (150909 xifangping-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006408#S89"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤkʰe pɣɤtɕɯ ndɤre pʰu mu saχsɤl
Glosses: stupid bird:DIM on.the.other.hand male female be.clear:FACT
Translation: The male and the female of the `stupid bird', as opposed [to the birds previously discussed], are easy to distinguish.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤndʑi-xtɤɣ χsɯm pjɤ-tu-nɯ
Glosses: COLL-brother three IFR.IPFV-exist-PL
Translation: There were three brothers.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤndʑi-ftsɯ~ftsoʁ χsɯm nɯ , tsʰɯntsʰɯn kɯ-pa kɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: COLL-female.yak.hybrid three DEM IDPH(II):in.order INF:STAT-AUX AOR:EAST-AUTO-come.out-PL SENS-be
Translation: [The girl, her husband] and their female hybrid yak crossed [the large river] without damage.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤ-mu nɯ kɯ ɯ-pɯ nɯnɯ ju-ɕpʰɣɤm tɕe , ʑara kɤtsa ra stɯsti ʁɟa ʑo ɕe-nɯ ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-young DEM IPFV-flee.with[III] LNK 3PL parents.and.children PL alone completely EMPH go:FACT-PL SENS-be.needed
Translation: And the mother (i.e. lioness) flees with her cubs, and they (i.e. mother and children) have to go alone (without the father).' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mu kɤtsa ci pjɤ-tu-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother parents.and.children INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist-DU LNK
Translation: There was a mother and her son.' (tWJo 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-χsɯ~χsɤr ra , a-rŋɯ~rŋɯl ra mɤ-ra kɯ ɕom rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tu-ɕe-a ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-COLL~gold PL 1SG.POSS-COLL~silver PL NEG-be.needed:FACT ERG iron stairs 3SG.POSS-on IPFV:UP-go-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I don't need things in gold or silver, I will go up the iron stairs.' (not the golden or silver stairs, 2005-Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: znɤrɣama nɯ mtʰa ɯ-kɤcu ŋu . tɕe nɯnɯtɕu tɯ-ji ɯ-ntɕʰantɕʰɯr pɯ-dɤn , jinde kʰro ɲɤ-s-qapɯ-nɯ ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ANTHR 3SG.POSS-east be:FACT LNK DEM:PL INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-fragment:COLL PST.IPFV-be:many now much IFR-CAUS-be.fallow-PL
Translation: Znargama (`The place where one calls the rain') is on the east of Mtha, there used to be many little fragments of fields, but now people have left them become fallow.' (150903 kAmYW tWji3)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤɕi nɯ tú-wɣ-χtɕi tɕʰɣaʁtɕʰɣaʁ ʑo tɕe , rdardɯl nɯra ɲɯ́-wɣ-ɣɤ-me tɕe
Glosses: LNK barley DEM IPFV-INV-wash IDPH(II):completely.clean EMPH LNK dush:COLL DEM:PL IPFV-INV-CAUS-not.exist LNK
Translation: Then one washes the barley very thoroughly, one removes all the dirt.' (2002 tWsqar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rgargɯn ni kɤ-fstɯn pɯ-ra
Glosses: old.person DU INF-serve PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: She had to take care of two old people.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S33"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-sta nɯ lɤtɕʰom nɯ ɲɯ́-wɣ-ʁɟo ʑo kʰrɯŋkʰrɯŋ ʑo qʰe tɕe ɯ-kɤlɤjme pjɯ́-wɣ-ɕtʰɯz qʰe , ɯ-mŋu nɯ pa pjɯ́-wɣ-ɕtʰɯz
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-place DEM churning.bucket DEM IPFV-INV-rinse EMPH IDPF:II:completely.clean EMPH LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-head.upside.down IPFV:DOWN-INV-turn.towards LNK 3SG.POSS-opening DEM down IPFV:DOWN-INV-turn.towards
Translation: One rinses the churning bucket very clean, and put it upside down at its place, the opening down.' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora kɯmɤlɤxso ɲɯ-tɯ-ɕti-nɯ ma tɯ-nɤma-nɯ maŋe !
Glosses: 2PL in.vain SENS-2-be.AFF LNK 2-work:FACT-PL not.exist:SENS
Translation: You are useless, you don't do any work.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-<zuoye> pɯ-βzu-ndʑi ra ma kɯmɤlɤxso ku-tɯ-rɤʑi-ndʑi mɤ-jɤɣ
Glosses: 2DU.POSS-homework IMP-make-DU be.needed:FACT LNK in.vain IPFV-2-stay-DU NEG-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Do your homework, don't stay there doing nothing.' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-pɤrtʰɤβ lɤqʰɤtɤmbɤt tu
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-between several.mountains exist:FACT
Translation: There is a distance of several mountain ranges between us.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤmtsʰu ɯ-qaɕɯqa pjɯ-ɕe tɕe , nɯnɯ ɯ-kɤ-nɤ-mɯm nɯra ɕ-tu-nɯ-tɕɤt ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: ocean 3SG.POSS-bottom:SUPER IPFV:DOWN-go LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-TROP-be.tasty DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-AUTO-take.out SENS-be
Translation: [The sperm whale] goes to the lowest depths of the ocean and catches the things it likes to eat.' (160703 jingyu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006169#S24"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-nmaʁ pɯ-kɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-husband PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be
Translation: Her ex-husband (the one who used to be her husband).' (several attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɤɣɯ-mdzu saχaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-PROP:DENOM-thorn be.extremely:FACT
Translation: It is very thorny (its degree of having thorns is extreme).' (18-NGolo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003530#S70"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤɣɯ-rtɯ~rte ʑo kʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ lɤ-tɯ-ɣe
Glosses: COMIT-hat EMPH house 3SG-inside AOR-2-come[II]
Translation: You came inside the house wearing your hat.' (You were expected to take it off before coming in, elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: laχtɕʰa kɤɣɯ-tɤ-rtɯ~rte ʑo ta-ndo
Glosses: thing COMIT-INDEF.POSS-hat EMPH AOR:3→3-take
Translation: He took the hat along with the other objects.' (Not wearing it, elicited)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tʂʰa kɤ́-tɤ-lɯ~lu
Glosses: tea COMIT-INDEF.POSS-milk
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-sno kɤ́-jɯ~jaʁ nɯ lu-ta-nɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-saddle COMIT-hand DEM IPFV-put-PL
Translation: (Then), they put the saddle with its handles.' (30-tAsno) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003758#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ́-snɯ~sno ʑo kɤ-rŋgɯ
Glosses: COMIT-saddle EMPH AOR-lie.down
Translation: [The horse] slept with its saddle.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ́-tʰɤlwɯ~lwa ɯ-zrɤm ra kɯnɤ cʰɯ́-wɣ-ɣɯt pjɯ́-wɣ-ji ri maka tu-ɬoʁ mɯ́j-cʰa
Glosses: COMIT-earth 3SG.POSS-root PL also IPFV-INV-bring IPFV-INV-plant but at.all IPFV-come.out NEG:SENS-can
Translation: Even if one takes its root with earth [around it] and plant it, it cannot grow.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lɯlu kɤ́-rɟɯ~rɟit ra kɯ ʑo βʑɯ to-ndza-nɯ .
Glosses: cat COMIT-offspring PL ERG EMPH mouse IFR-eat-PL
Translation: The cat and its young ate the mouse.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɣɤkʰɯ nɯ ɯ-ku nɯnɯ lɯlu tsa ɲɯ-fse , ɯ-mtsioʁ ɣɤʑu ma kɤ́-rnɯ~rna lɯlu ɯ-tɯ-fse ɲɯ-sɤre ʑo .
Glosses: owl DEM 3SG.POSS-head DEM cat a.little SENS-be.like 3SG.POSS-beak exist:SENS a.part.from COMIT-ear cat 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.like SENS-be.extremely/be.funny EMPH
Translation: The owl's head looks a little like that of a cat, apart from the fact that it has a beak, it looks very much like a cat with its ears.' (22-pGAkhW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li βʑɯ kɤ́-mtɕʰɯ~mtɕʰi ci nɯ ɲɯ-fse
Glosses: again mouse COMIT-mouth INDEF DEM SENS-be.like
Translation: [The bat's] mouth is like that of a mouse.' (literally `It looks like a mouse with its mouth.' 25-qarmWrwa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003648#S11"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe jlɤkrɯ ci kɤ́-rɯ~ri ci ɲɤ-rŋo ,
Glosses: LNK rake INDEF COMIT-thread INDEF IFR-borrow
Translation: He borrowed a rake with a thread.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003852#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu kɤɣɯ-ŋkʰɯ~ŋkʰor kɯ~kɯ-ŋɤn ʑo to-ndo tɕe , tɕendɤre kɯ-mɤku nɯ sɤtɕʰa kɯ~kɯ-sɤ-scit ʑo jo-tsɯm ɲɯ-ŋu ri kɯ-maqʰu tɕe , kɯ~kɯ-sɤɣ-mu ʑo jo-tsɯm tɕe
Glosses: king COMIT-subjects TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-be.bad EMPH IFR-take LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.before DEM place TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-PROP-be.happy EMPH IFR-take.away SENS-be LNK SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-PROP-fear EMPH IFR-take.away LNK
Translation: She took the king and his subjects, all the evil ones, in the beginning she took them to nice places, but later she took them to fearful places.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S341"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰa ra tʂɯ~tʂu kú-wɣ-nɯ-tsʰi tɕe
Glosses: alcohol PL path~PERLATIVE IPFV-INV-AUTO-drink LNK
Translation: One drinks alcohol along the way [back home].' (2010-histoire10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mu tɕetʰa tɕiʑo kɯnɤ ɕe-tɕi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother later 1DU also go:FACT-1DU
Translation: Mother, you and I will go too.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora ɣɯ nɯ-ɕɤmɯɣdɯ cʰo kɯ-fse nɯ ɯ-tsʰɤt nɯ , tɕiʑo ɣɯ tɕi-tɤɲi tɯ-ldʑa pɯ-tu tɕe , nɯ kɤ-nɯ-tʰɯ-tɕi ɕti wo
Glosses: 2PL GEN 2PL.POSS-gun COMIT SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM 3SG-instead DEM 1DU GEN 1DU.POSS-staff one-long.object PST.IPFV-exist LNK DEM AOR-AUTO-spread-1DU be:AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: Instead of guns and other things like you, we_DU.EXCL only had a staff, and we_DU.EXCL used it as a bridge (to cross the river).' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe rŋgɯ nɯ to-k-ɤmɯ-rpu-ndʑi-ci tɕe , tɕendɤre ʑɤni pjɤ-nɯ-ɴɢrɯ-ndʑi
Glosses: LNK boulder DEM IFR-PEG-RECIP-bump.into-DU-PEG LNK LNK 3DU IFR-AUTO-ACAUS:shatter-DU
Translation: The boulders bumped into each other and they were pulverized.' (smanmi4.82-83)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɯ [a-mu kɯ-me] ŋu-a tɕe tɕe
Glosses: 1SG DEM 1SG.POSS-mother SBJ:PCP-exist be:FACT-1SG LNK LNK
Translation: I am someone who does not have a mother.' (2003Nyimawodzer2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo qaɕpa nɤ-rʑaβ ɕɯ kɯ tɯ́-wɣ-mbi
Glosses: 2SG frog 2SG.POSS-wife who ERG 2-INV-give:FACT
Translation: Who will give you a wife, you frog.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora <tuhanzu> ra kɯ , <qingyang> tu-ti-nɯ ŋu .
Glosses: 1PL local.Chinese PL ERG bharal IPFV-say-PL be:FACT
Translation: The local Chinese among us call it “qingyang”.' (20-xsar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯtɤz nɯʑo tɕʰi ɯ-rɯɣ tɯ-ŋu-nɯ ?
Glosses: actually 2PL what 3SG.POSS-race 2-be:FACT-PL
Translation: Actually, which type of being are you?' (2003 smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-zda ra ʑara-sɯso tu-nɯ-nɤŋkɯŋke-nɯ ɲɯ-kʰɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-companion PL 3PL-as.wish IPFV-AUTO-go.here.and.there-PL SENS-be.possible
Translation: The other [snakes] can go here and there as they wish.' (The divination 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wortɕʰi nɤʑɤ-βra a-tɤ-tɯ-ti ra
Glosses: please 2SG.POSS-turn IRR-PFV-2-say be.needed:FACT
Translation: It is your turn to say it.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-zda pjɯ́-wɣ-z-ɣɤtɕa , tɯʑo ntsɯ pjɯ-kɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤŋgi tɕe , pɯ-kɯ-nɯ-ɣɤtɕa kɯ́nɤ pjɯ-kɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤŋgi tɕe , ɯ-mbrɤzɯ kɯ-tu me tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-companion IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.wrong oneself always IPFV-GENR:S/O-REFL-be.right LNK AOR-GENR:S/O-AUTO-be.wrong also IPFV-GENR:S/O-REFL-be.right LNK 3SG.POSS-result SBJ:PCP-have not.exist:FACT IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be
Translation: If one considers that one's companion is wrong, and always considers himself to be right even if one is wrong, there is can be no good result.' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯʑo tɯ-skɤt ʑara ɣɯ-sɯxɕɤt ɲɯ-ra , ʑara nɯ-skɤt tɯʑo kɯ-sɯxɕɤt ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: LNK GENR GENR.POSS-language 3PL INV-teach:FACT SENS-be.needed 3PL 3PL.POSS-language GENR GENR:S/O-teach:FACT SENS-be.needed
Translation: One has to teach them one's language, and they have to teach you their language.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯʑo kɯ tɯ-χti ɲɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-ɕar kɯ-maʁ kɯ , tɯ-pʰama ra kɯ tɯ-χti ɲɯ-ɕar-nɯ
Glosses: GENR ERG GENR.POSS-spouse IPFV-INV-AUTO-search INF:STAT-not.be ERG GENR.POSS-parent PL ERG GENR.POSS-spouse IPFV-search-PL
Translation: One could not choose one's spouse, one's parents chose one's spouse.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯʑo kɯ tɯʑo tu-kɯ-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-βri ra kɤ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: GENR ERG GENR IPFV-GENR:S/O-AUTO-REFL-protect be.needed:FACT INF-say SENS-be
Translation: One has to protect oneself.' (04-qala1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme kɯnɤ tú-wɣ-ndza sna .
Glosses: people also IPFV-INV-eat be.good:FACT
Translation: It is also good for people to eat.' (12-Zmbroko) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003490#S29"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme tɯ-fsu ɕaŋtaʁ tu-mbro mɤ-cʰa .
Glosses: people GENR.POSS-equal.to until IPFV-be.big NEG-FACT:can
Translation: It cannot grow bigger than a person.' (`as oneself') (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mbro nɯnɯ tɯʑo tɯ-fsu jamar tu-zɣɯt cʰa .
Glosses: 3SG-NMLZ:DEG-be.high DEM GENR GENR-equal.to about IPFV:UP-reach can:FACT
Translation: As for its size, it can reach one's (`a person's') size.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ɯ-fsu jamar tu-βze cʰa .
Glosses: people 3SG-equal.to about IPFV-do[III] can:FACT
Translation: It can grow about the size of a person.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ ndʐa ŋu ɕi , nɤʑɯɣ ndʐa ŋu , aj mɯ́j-tso-a
Glosses: 1SG:GEN reason be:FACT QU 2SG:GEN reason be:FACT 1SG NEG:SENS-understand-1SG
Translation: I don't know if it is because of me, or because of you.' (that the phone line is not working well) (phone conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “tɕe ɣnɤsqaptɯ-rʑaʁ tu-tsu tɕe ɲɯ-ʁaʁ ŋu" ɲɯ-ti-nɯ ri , aʑɯɣ nɯ ɣnɤsqamnɯz tɤ-rʑaʁ mɤɕtʂa mɯ-nɯ-ʁaʁ .
Glosses: LNK twenty.one-night IPFV-pass LNK IPFV-hatch be:FACT SENS-say-PL LNK 1SG:GEN DEM twenty.two one-night until NEG-AOR-hatch
Translation: People say that [chicken eggs] hatch after twenty-one days, mine took twenty-two days to hatch.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑɤɣ nɯra tu-nɯ-ɣɤ-βdi tɕe , ɕɯ-sɤ-sqɤr mɤ-ra
Glosses: 3SG:GEN DEM:PL IPFV-AUTO-CAUS-be.well LNK TRAL-APASS-hire:FACT NEG-be.needed:FACT
Translation: He repairs his own [machines] by himself, he does not need to ask other people.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S153"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ɯʑo ʑo kɤ-mto mɯ-pɯ-rɲo-t-a .
Glosses: 1SG 3SG EMPH INF-see NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I never saw it itself.' (24-kWmu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe lu-nɯ-rɤji-nɯ tɕe , nɯ-kɤ-ndza nɯra ʑara pjɯ-nɯ-tɕɤt-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK IPFV-AUTO-plant.crops-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-OBJ.PCP-eat DEM:PL 3PL IPFV-AUTO-take.out-PL IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: They were working in the fields, and earning their own food by themselves.' (about lepers, who were settled in the special place by the government, 25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo raŋ ʑo ju-ɕe-a ra
Glosses: 1SG oneself EMPH IPFV-go-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to go there myself.' (150830 afanti-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe mɤʑɯ tɕʰi pɯ-ŋu ?
Glosses: LNK yet what PST.IPFV-be
Translation: What was there [after this one]?' (12-ndZiNgri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003488#S92"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo tɕʰi kɯ-ŋu nɯ ko-tso-nɯ tɕe tɕe cʰɤ́-wɣ-tɕɤt
Glosses: 3SG what SBJ:PCP-be DEM IFR-understand-PL LNK LNK IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-take.out
Translation: They understood what he was, and expelled him (from their group).' (140427 hanya yu gezi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pʰoŋbu tɕʰi kɯ-fse nɯ , ŋotɕu ɯ-sɤz-rɤʑi nɯnɯ ɣɯ kɯ-nɯtsa kɯ-fse ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body what SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM where 3SG-OBL:PCP-remain DEM GEN SBJ:PCP-fit SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be:AFF LNK
Translation: The way its body is like is well-adapted to the place where it lives.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕom ɣɟɯ kɯ-mbɯ~mbro ʑo , ɯ-ɣmbaj zɯ tɕʰi tu-kɯ-ndɯ ci pɯ-tu ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: iron tower SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.high EMPH 3SG.POSS-side LOC treetrunk.stairs IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:spread INDEF PST.IPFV-be SENS-be
Translation: There was a huge iron tower, with a tree-trunk stairs on its side.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤ-mbro nɯ tɕʰi ŋu
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-horse DEM what be:FACT
Translation: Who is your horse?' (about a sentient horse) (2003 smanmi2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi tɯ-rmi ?
Glosses: what 2-be.called:FACT
Translation: What is your name?' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre mɤʑɯ tɕʰi ɕku tu
Glosses: LNK yet what allium exist:FACT
Translation: What other [plants of the genus] Allium are there?' (07-Cku)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-smɤn tɤ-sɯ-βzu-t-a ri maka mɯ́j-pʰɤn , tɕe tɕʰi ʑo tú-wɣ-stu pʰɤn
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-medicine AOR-CAUS-make-PST:TR-1SG but at.all NEG:SENS-be.efficient LNK what EMPH IPFV-INV-do.like be.efficient:FACT
Translation: I had medicine made for you but it does not work, how should we do for it to work?' (nyima wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁi , ki kɯ-fse tɤjpɣom kɯ-wxti nɯtɕu , kɤ-ɕe tɕʰi tɤ-tɯ-fse-ndʑi ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling this SBJ:PCP-be.like ice SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM:LOC INF-go what AOR-2-be.like-DU
Translation: Sister, how did you cross such a big block of ice?' (Kunbzang 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɕʰi a-pɯ-ŋu-a ?
Glosses: 1SG what IRR-IPFV-be-1SG
Translation: How can it be me?' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɤɕime , tɕʰi ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤre ŋu ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lady what SENS-2-laugh be:FACT
Translation: My lady, why are you laughing?' (Not `what are you laughing at?', 2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɕʰi ɯ-spa pɯ-ŋu mɤ-xsi ma tɕe nɯ kɯ-fse pjɤ-tu
Glosses: LNK what 3SG.POSS-material PST.IPFV-be NEG-GENR:know LNK LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: It is not known what it was for, but there was something like that.' (hist140522 GJW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰindʐa ɲɯ-tɯ-ɣɤwu ŋu ?
Glosses: why SENS-2-cry be:FACT
Translation: Why are you crying?' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɕʰi kɯ tu-sɯ-βze ŋu mɤxsi ma nɯ kɯ-fse nɯ , sɯku ri ku-ndzoʁ ŋu
Glosses: LNK what ERG IPFV-CAUS-make[III] be:FACT NEG-GENR-know LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM top.of.trees LOC IPFV-ACAUS:attach be:FACT
Translation: I don't what [the wasp] uses to make [its nest_i], it_i is attached on trees like that.' (26-ndzWrnaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003678#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-ɕtʂam-a tɕe tɕʰi jamar ʑo ɣɤʑu kɯ ?
Glosses: IPFV-measure[III]-1SG LNK what about EMPH exist:SENS SFP
Translation: I will measure it with a scoop to see how much [gold] there is.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɯtsa ɯ-ŋgɯ tɯ-ci tu-rku-nɯ tɕe , nɯnɯtɕu tɤŋe nɯ pjɯ-sɯ-ntɕʰɤr-nɯ tɕe , tɕe tɕʰi jamar ko-ndza nɯnɯ , nɯnɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu pjɯ-ru-nɯ tɕe , nɯnɯ tu-rtoʁ-nɯ pjɤ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: bowl 3SG-inside INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-put.in-PL LNK DEM:LOC sun DEM IPFV-CAUS-illuminate-PL LNK LNK what about IFR-eat DEM DEM 3SG-inside DEM:LOC IPFV:DOWN-look.at-PL LNK DEM IPFV-see-PL IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: They used to put water in a bowl and let the sunlight reflect into it; they could see how much [of the sun] had been occulted (`eaten' by the eclipse).' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lɯlu ɣɯ tɕe ɯʑo ɯ-pʰoŋbu tɕʰi kɯ-zri jamar ɯ-jme nɯ kɯnɤ zri ri
Glosses: cat GEN LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-body what SBJ:PCP-be.long about 3SG.POSS-tail DEM also be.longFACT but
Translation: The cat, its body is about as long as its tail, but…' (27-qartshAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rɟit tɕʰi tɤ-kɯ-sci nɯ ʑo ɣɯ-tɕɤt kɯ-ra pjɤ-ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child what AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.born DEM EMPH INV-take.out:FACT INF:STAT-be.needed IPFV.IFR-be:AFF LNK
Translation: However many children were born, one had to raise them.' (tApAtso kAnWBdaR I)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rɟit tɕʰi to-sci
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child what IFR-be.born
Translation: Was it a boy or a girl?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi nɯ-jpum ki ɕaŋtaʁ ɲɯ-jpum mɯ́j-cʰa
Glosses: what AOR-be.thick DEM.PROX above IPFV-be.thick NEG:SENS-can
Translation: As for how thick it can grow, it cannot grow thicker than this.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi tɤ-mbro , ʁnɯ-rtsɤɣ ɕaŋtaʁ tu-mbro mɯ́j-cʰa .
Glosses: what AOR-be.tall two-stairs above IPFV-be.tall NEG:SENS-can
Translation: As for how tall it can grow, it cannot grow taller than two stairs.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma-tɯ-nɯqaɟy ma ɕɯ tɯ-ŋu mɤ-xsi
Glosses: NEG:IMP-2-fish LNK who 2-be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: Don't fish, I don't who you are.' (gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤ-ta-mbi nɤʑo qaɕpa ɕɯ kɯ tɯ́-wɣ-mbi
Glosses: NEG-1→2-give:FACT 2SG frog who ERG 2-INV-give:FACT
Translation: We won't give her to you, who would give her to you, a frog?' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɯ ɣɯ ʑo ɲɯ-kʰam-a ra kɯɣe ?
Glosses: who GEN EMPH IPFV-give:III-1SG be.needed:FACT SFP
Translation: Whom should I give [her] to (in marriage)?' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ nɤ-ku ɯ-tɯ-rɲɟi nɯ , aki ɕe-tɕi tɕe , mbro ɯ-jme cʰonɤ tú-wɣ-sɤfsu , ɕɯ kɯ ɲɯ-zri-ndʑi kɯ
Glosses: DEM 2SG.POSS-head 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.long SFP down go:FACT-1DU LNK horse 3SG.POSS-tail COMIT IPFV-INV-compare who ERG SENS-be.long-DU SFP
Translation: Your hair is very long, let us go downstairs, and compare it with a horse's tail.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tʰɤstɯɣ tɯ-kʰɤm ?
Glosses: you how.much 2-give[III]:FACT
Translation: How much [money] do you give [for it]?' (Bargaining)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsʰupa tʰɤstɯɣ tɯ-tu-nɯ ŋu ?
Glosses: village how.much 2-exist:FACT-PL be:FACT
Translation: How many [people] are you in the village?' (conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-xtsa nɯ tʰɤstɯ-maʁ tu-tɯ-ŋge ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-shoe DEM how.many-size IPFV-2-wear[III] be:FACT
Translation: What is the size of your shoes?' (Conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tɤ-rʑaʁ tʰɤstɯɣ jamar tɤ-tsu tɕe kɤ-tɯ-spa-t ?
Glosses: you INDEF.POSS-time how.many about AOR-pass LNK AOR-2-be.able-PST:TR
Translation: How long did it take you to learn it?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rʑaʁ tʰɤstɯɣ ko-zɣɯt ?
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-time how.many IFR-reach
Translation: What is the time?' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɤjtɕu lɤ-tɯ-nɯɣe pɯ-ŋu ra nɤ ?
Glosses: when AOR-2-come.back[II] PST.IPFV-be PL SFP
Translation: When did you come back home?' (taRrdo conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <jipiao> nɯ , tʰɤjtɕu ɣɯ tɤ-tɯ-χtɯ-t ?
Glosses: plane.ticket DEM when GEN AOR-2-buy-PST:TR
Translation: Your plane ticket, for what date did you buy it?' (conversation, 2014.03.19)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-wɯ kɯ-rɤrɟit jɤ-ari kɯ ɕi , tɤ-tɕɯ cʰɯ-kɯ-rɤrɟit tʰɤjtɕu pjɤ-ŋgrɤl ?
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-grandfather SBJ:PCP-have.a.child AOR-go[II] SFP QU INDEF.POSS-son IPFV-SBJ:PCP-have.a.child when IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: [You say] that your father-in-law went away to give birth to a child, but since when can a man bear children?' (tAwa kWCqraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤmkʰa ɕɯstɤ-ɟom ku-nɯ-tu kɯɣe ?
Glosses: sky how.many-fathom DUBIT-AUTO-exist SFP
Translation: How many fathoms [high] is the sky?' (tAwa kWCqraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ŋotɕu ku-tɯ-rɤʑi ?
Glosses: where PRES.EGOPH-2-stay
Translation: Where are you?' (Conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ŋotɕu tɯ-ɕe ?
Glosses: where 2-go:FACT
Translation: Where are you going to?' (Common greeting used when one meets someone on the road)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qala ŋoj nɯ-ari ?
Glosses: rabbit where AOR:WEST-go[II]
Translation: Where did the rabbit go?' (qala2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑɤra ŋotɕu jɤ-tɯ-ɣe-nɯ ? ŋotɕu ɕ-pɯ-tɯ-tu-nɯ ?
Glosses: 2PL where AOR-2-come[II]-PL where TRAL-PST.IPFV-2-exist-PL
Translation: Where are you from? Where have you been?' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ŋotɕu nɤ-jaʁ nɯ-ɣe ŋu , ŋotɕu jɤ-tɯ-ɣɯt ?
Glosses: DEM where 2SG.POSS-hand AOR-come[II] be:FACT where AOR-2-bring
Translation: Where did you get it from, from where did you bring it?' (150831 renshen wawa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa raŋri ɣɯ ʑo ɯ-ftaʁ pjɤ-tu ɕti ma , tɕe ŋotɕu nɯ ŋu , ŋotɕu nɯ maʁ mɯ-pjɤ-saχsɤl .
Glosses: house each GEN EMPH 3SG.POSS-mark IFR.IPFV-exist be.AFF:FACT LNK LNK where DEM be:FACT where DEM be:FACT NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.clear
Translation: There was a mark on each of the houses, and one could not tell which [house] was [Alibaba's] and which was not.' (140512 alibaba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S183"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaprɤftsa nɯnɯ , cici jɤ-ari tɕe ɯ-ku ju-z-mɤke , cici tɕe ɯ-jme ju-z-mɤke ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe ŋotɕu nɯ ɯ-ku ŋu , ŋotɕu ɯ-jme ŋu , mɯ́j-saχsɤl
Glosses: centipede DEM sometimes AOR-go LNK 3SG.POSS-head IPFV-CAUS-be.first[III] sometimes LNK 3SG.POSS-tail IPFV-CAUS-be.first[III] SENS-be:AFF LNK where DEM 3SG.POSS-head be:FACT where 3SG.POSS-head be:FACT NEG.SENS-be.clear
Translation: The centipede, when it moves, sometimes its head goes first, sometimes its tail goes first, it is not each to tell which is its head and which is its tail.' (21-qaprAftsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ŋotɕu tɯrme tɯ-ŋu ?
Glosses: where person 2-be:FACT
Translation: Where are you from?' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-wa nɯ ŋotɕu ʑo nɯ ŋu kɯ ?
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-father DEM where EMPH DEM be:FACT SFP
Translation: Which one is my father?' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤʑɯ ŋotɕu nɯ ʑo sɤndɤɣ mɤ-xsi ma
Glosses: more where DEM EMPH be.poisonous:FACT NEG-know:GENR LNK
Translation: (Apart from this one), I don't which other [mushrooms] are poisonous.' (23-grWBgrWBftsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003602#S29"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-me nɯra qʰe me , ŋotɕu kɯ-tu nɯ qʰe kɯ-dɯ~dɤn tu-ɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-not.exist DEM:PL LNK not.exist:FACT where SBJ:PCP-exist DEM LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: In [places] where it is not found, there is none, but in [places] where it is found, it grows in great number.' (21-jmAGni) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003572#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki ŋotɕu ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl ?
Glosses: this where IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: How could this be possible?' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S32"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-lɤcu nɯtɕu qaʑo kɤtsa ci , ci kɯ kɤ-ntsɣe tʰa-ɣɯt ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-upstream DEM:LOC sheep parent.and.child INDEF one ERG OBJ:PCP-sell AOR:3→3-bring SENS-be
Translation: Upstream from there, [there was] a ewe and her young, that someone had brought them to sell.' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-xpa tɕe ci kɯ tɯ-rdoʁ pjɤ-sat .
Glosses: one-year LNK one ERG one-piece IFR-kill
Translation: One year, someone killed one [wild goose].' (22-qomndroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003598#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-nɯsman-a jɤɣ ri , mɤʑɯ ɯ-ftɕaka tsuku pjɯ-tu ra wo , tɕe tʰɯtʰɤci ʑo pjɯ-tu ra
Glosses: IPFV-treat-1SG be.possible:FACT but yet 3SG.POSS-manner some IPFV-exist be.needed:FACT SFP LNK something EMPH IPFV-exist be.needed:FACT
Translation: I can treat [your illness], but yet another method is needed, something [else] is needed.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAg) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003852#S44"></fn>
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ nɯ-rte nɯ tɕʰi ŋu ma tʰɯci ci “-ʑa" tu-ti ŋu , χsɤrʑa !
Glosses: LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-hat DEM what be:FACT LNK something INDEF … IPFV-say be:FACT golden.hat
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤ-ndʑɯɣ nɯ kɯnɤ , tʰɯci kʰɯtsa kɯ-fse ɯ-ŋgɯ tu-rku-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-resin DEM also something bowl SBJ:PCPbe.like 3SG-inside IPFV-put.in-PL LNK
Translation: The resin, people put it into something like a bowl.” (07-tAtho)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe mɤʑɯ tʰɯtʰɤci ta-nnɯ-rku-nɯ kɯma
Glosses: LNK yet something AOR:3→3-AUTO-put.in-PL SFP
Translation: They also probably gave them something else.' (02-deluge 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɯ-mqlaʁ tʰɯ-mqlaʁ ma tʰɯci fse ci ndʐa cʰɯ-ɕe ɕti
Glosses: IMP:swallow IMP:swallow LNK something be.like:FACT INDEF reason IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Swallow it, swallow it, it comes down [into your throat] for some reason.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: slama ra ɣɯ tʰɯtʰɤci kɯ-fse , kɤ-rɤ-βzjoz ra ɲɯ-stu mɯ́j-stu-nɯ , nɯ-stu ɲɯ-nɤma-nɯ mɯ́j-nɤma-nɯ , nɯnɯra nɯ-pʰama ra nɯ-ɕki kɯ-rɤfɕɤt ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: student PL GEN something SBJ:PCP-be.like INF-ANTIPASS-learn PL SENS-try.hard-PL NEG:SENS-try.hard-PL 3SG.POSS-right SENS-do-PL NEG:SENS-do-PL DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-parent PL 3PL-DAT GENR:S/O-tell SENS-be.needed
Translation: One had to tell the parents all kinds of things concerning the students, whether they try hard or not, whether they work seriously or not.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɯci nɤme-a ra , mɯci nɤ-me-a ra
Glosses: something do[III]:fact-1SG be.needed:FACT something do[III]:fact-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to do this and that (so I cannot do X).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: laχɕi ci pjɯ-βzjoz-a , tʰɯci a-kɤ-spa ci a-pɯ-tu ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: trade INDEF IPFV-learn-1SG something 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-be.able INDEF IRR-PFV-exist SENS-be.needed
Translation: I have to learn a trade, to have something I am able to do.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɯ-wɣrum ɯ-ŋgɯz kɯnɤ tʰɯci kɯ-ɤpɣɯlu kɯ-fse ci ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK SBJ:PCP-be.white 3SG.POSS-inside:LOC also something SBJ:PCP-greyish SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF be:FACT LNK
Translation: [Silver] is white with a little greyish colour.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-pa tʰɯtʰɤci to-ti-a ?
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-down something IFR-say-1SG
Translation: What did I say after that?' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004055#S69"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki mbro ki ɲɯ-kɤ-ntsɣe tɕe , [kɯmaʁ tʰɯci] ɲɯ-kɤ-sɤndu to-nɯkrɤz-ndʑi
Glosses: DEM:PROX horse DEM:PROX IPFV-INF-sell LNK other something IPFV-INF-exchange IFR-discuss-DU
Translation: They discussed about selling their horse, and exchanging it for something else.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-nɯ-βlɯ tɕe ɕkrɤz wuma ʑo pe ma nɯnɯ , nɯnɯ ɣɯ ɯ-smɯmba nɯ sɤɕke , tɕendɤre tsʰitsuku kú-wɣ-sqa tɕe , ʑaʑa ʑo ku-ɣɤ-smi cʰa , tsʰitsuku tú-wɣ-sɯ-ɤla tɕe , ʑaʑa tu-sɯ-ɤle cʰa .
Glosses: INF-AUTO-burn LNK oak really EMPH be.good:FACT LNK DEM DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-flame DEM burning LNK whatever IPFV-INV-cook LNK soon EMPH IPFV-CAUS-be.cooked can:FACT whatever IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.boiling LNK soon IPFV-CAUS-CAUS-be.boiling[III] can:FACT
Translation: For burning, oak is very good, the flames [from its wood] are very hot, whatever one cooks, it cooks it quickly, whatever one boils, it boils it quickly.' (08-CkrAz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003444#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯtɕu kɯnɤ ɯ-jaʁ ɯ-ntsi tɤɲi pjɯ-sɤtse ɯ-jaʁ ɯ-ntsi kɯ tsʰitsuku ɲɯ-z-nɤme qhe , ʑara nɯ-ndzɤtsʰi tu-βze , fsapaʁ ra nɯ-ndzɤtsʰi ɲɯ-βze
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC also 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair staff IPFV-plant[III] 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair ERG whatever IPFV-CAUS-do[III] LNK 3PL 3PL.POSS-food IPFV-make[III] animal PL 3PL.POSS-food IPFV-make[III]
Translation: Even like that, she supports herself with a staff in one hand, and with the other hand she does all kinds of things, makes their food, she makes food for the animals.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsʰitsuku mɯ-to-ti , qʰe tɕendɤre kɯ-rŋgɯ jo-nɯɕe qʰe ko-nɯ-rŋgɯ .
Glosses: whatever NEG-IFR-say LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-lay.down IFR-go.back LNK IFR-AUTO-lay.down
Translation: He did not said anything, went back to sleep and laid down in bed.' (150902 qixian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006258#S90"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕaχkɤr kʰɯtsa nɯ ʁo tʰam qʰe ɕɯmɤɕɯ kɯ ku-nɯ-ntɕʰoz-nɯ ɕti
Glosses: tin bowl DEM ADVERS now LNK anybody ERG IPFV-AUTO-use-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Now anybody can use tin bowls.' (unlike before, when only important people could use it, 160702 khWtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ciscʰiz , tɤtsʰoʁ ɯ-taʁ kɯ-fse , tɤ-jtsi ɯ-taʁ kɯ-fse , nɯnɯra , nɯnɯtɕu kú-wɣ-βraʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: somewhere nail 3SG-ON SBJ:PCP-be.like, INDEF.POSS-pillar 3SG-ON SBJ:PCP-be.like, DEM:PL DEM:LOC IPFV-INV-attach LNK
Translation: One attaches [their noseband] somewhere, like on a nail, on a pillar.' (150902 kAxtCAr) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006308#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ciscʰiz ri tú-wɣ-z-nɯndzɯ tɕe ɲɯ́-wɣ-ta .
Glosses: DEM somewhere LOC IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.vertical LNK IPFV:WEST-INV-put
Translation: One puts it vertically somewhere.' (14-tasa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003510#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pɯwɯ , [ŋotɕu lɤ-tɯ-rŋgɯ ʑo qʰe], nɯtɕu rɤʑi-tɕi ŋu ma ,
Glosses: 1SG-donkey where AOR:UPSTREAM-2-lay.down EMPH LNK DEM:LOC stay:FACT-1DU be:FACT because
Translation: My donkey, we will stay wherever you lay down.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tʰɤjtɕu fsaŋ kɤ-ta tɤ-ra] ʑo tɕe nɯnɯ tu-βlɯ-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: when fumigation INF-put AOR-be.needed EMPH LNK DEM IPFV-burn-PL LNK
Translation: Whenever there is need to make fumigations, they burn it.' (15-YaBrWG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɕʰi kɤ-cʰa] ʑo cʰɯ-pʰɯt-nɯ ,
Glosses: what INF-can EMPH IPFV-remove-PL
Translation: People do whatever they can to remove [this plant].' (12-Zmbroko) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003490#S116"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lú-wɣ-sti tɕe tɕe nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ [tɕʰi pɯ-nɯ-ŋɯ~ŋu] nɯ ɲɯ-mɲɤt mɯ́j-cʰa
Glosses: IPFV-INV-block LNK LNK DEM 3SG-inside what PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM IPFV-be.spoiled NEG:SENS-can
Translation: One seals [its opening] and whatever [food] is inside will not be spoiled.' (150828 kodAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɕʰi tɤ-tɯ-nɯ-tɯ~tɯt] ʑo ju-ɣi ɕti
Glosses: what AOR-2-AUTO-say[II] EMPH IPFV-come be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Whatever you say will come.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tɕʰi kɯ-stɯ~stu-a ʑo ŋu
Glosses: 2SG what 2→1-do.like:FACT-1SG EMPH be:FACT
Translation: Whatever you do to me [will be fine].' (28-qajdoskAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003718#S38"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯsqar nɯ kɯrɯ tɯrme ra mɤ-kɯ-rga maka ʑo me , [ɕɯ pɯ-nɯ-ŋɯ~ŋu] ʑo , tɯsqar a-pɯ-tu qʰe , tɕendɤre , nɯ-kɤ-ndza tu-rtaʁ ɕti ,
Glosses: tsampa DEM Tibetan person PL NEG-SBJ:PCP-like at.all EMPH not.exist:FACT who PST.IPFV-AUTO-be EMPH tsampa IRR-IPFV-exist LNK LNK 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat IPFV-be.enough be:AFF:FACT
Translation: Among Tibetan people, everybody likes tsampa (`there is no one who does not like it'), no matter who, if they have tsampa, they have enough to eat.' (2002 tWsqar2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [ɕɯ kɯ pa-nɯ-mtɯ~mto-nɯ] ʑo kɯki ɣɯ , nɯ-kʰa ɣɯ nɯ-mɯntoʁ nɯ cʰondɤre nɯ-ɕoŋpʰu nɯra tɕe , mɤʑɯ nɯ-<cai> nɯra , pjɯ-ɣɤmɯ-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK who ERG AOR:3→3-see-PL EMPH DEM.PROX GEN 3PL.POSS-house GEN 3PL.POSS-flower DEM COMIT 3PL.POSS-tree DEM:PL LNK yet 3PL.POSS-vegetable DEM:PL IPFV-praise-PL LNK
Translation: Whoever saw it, the flowers and the trees and the vegetables of their house, they praised it.' (150824 yuanding-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006270#S29"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤɕime ri tɯ-rdoʁ ma me , tɕendɤre nɯʑo [ɕɯ ɣɯ nɯ-nɯ-kʰɯ~kʰo-t-a] ʑo mɯ́j-nɯtɯtʂaŋ ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: lady also one-piece apart.from not.exist:FACT LNK 2PL who GEN AOR-AUTO-give-PST:TR-1SG EMPH NEG:SENS-be.fair be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: There is only one princess, and regardless of whom among you all I give her hand to, it will be unfair.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ŋotɕu nɯ́-wɣ-tɯ~ta] ʑo kɯpɤz ɲɯ-βze ɲɯ-ɕti
Glosses: where IPFV-INV-INDEFINITE~put EMPH type.of.bug IPFV-grow SENS-be.AFF
Translation: Bugs will grow wherever you put [the meat].' (28-kWpAz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003714#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤsɯfse kɯ ʑo ta-nɯ maʁ
Glosses: all ERG EMPH put:FACT-PL not.be:FACT
Translation: Not everybody puts it.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɲɯrɯri kɯ `nɯnɯ ɲɯ-pe' ntsɯ to-ti-nɯ
Glosses: everybody ERG DEM SENS-be.good always IFR-say-PL
Translation: Everybody said `It is nice!” (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku ɲaʁ , tsuku aqarŋɯrŋe ,
Glosses: some be.black:FACT some be.light.yellow:FACT
Translation: Some are black, some are light yellow.' (140505 stonka mWntoR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003917#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci ɣɯ tɤ-tɕɯ , ci ɣɯ tɕʰeme tɯ~tɤ-tu nɤ , ʁzɤmi ku-kɤ-sɯ-βzu
Glosses: one GEN INDEF.POSS-son one GEN INDEF.POSS-son COND~AOR-exist LNK husband.and.wife IPFV-INF-CAUS-make
Translation: If one of them has a boy, and the other one has a girl, let us make them husband and wife.' (2003 zrAntCW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci tʰɯ-kɯ-rgɯ~rgɤz ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe , ci kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: one AOR-SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.old C-be.AFF LNK one AOR-SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.old C-be.AFF LNK
Translation: One of them has grown very old, and one of them is very small.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora ci kɯ a-tɯci ci ju-tɯ-ɣɯt-nɯ ɯ́-jɤɣ
Glosses: 2PL one ERG 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water a.little IPFV-2-bring-PL QU-be.possible:FACT
Translation: Could one of you bring me some water?' (150904 zhongli-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ li qaʑo nɯ kɯ-ɲaʁ tu , kɯ-wɣrum tu , kɯ-ɤɣɯnɯɕɯr kɯ-fse tu , kɯ-ɤrŋɯlɯz tu , tɕe nɯnɯ ʑaka ɯ-mdoʁ tu ma
Glosses: LNK DEM again sheep DEM SBJ:PCP-be.black exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.white exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.reddish SBJ:PCP-be.like exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.blueish exist:FACT LNK DEM each.his.own 3SG.POSS-colour exist:FACT LNK
Translation: There are black sheep, white ones, reddish ones, blueish ones, each has his own colour (they come in all types of colors).' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li ʑaka nɯ-rmi tu ,
Glosses: again each.his.own 3PL.POSS-name exist:FACT
Translation: Each have their own names.' (150903 tWmNu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006280#S10"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma kɯmaʁ nɯra aj mɯ́j-sɯχsal-a ri , tɤkʰepɣɤtɕɯ nɯ sɯχsal-a
Glosses: LNK other DEM:PL 1SG NEG:SENS-recognize but bird.sp DEM recognize:FACT-1SG
Translation: The other ones I don't recognize them, but the tɤkʰepɣɤtɕɯ bird, I do recognize it.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmaʁ/kɯɕte nɯ-tɯ-ta-t ŋu ɯ-maʁ ?
Glosses: other AOR-2-put-TR:PST be:FACT QU-not.be:FACT
Translation: Did you put it somewhere else?' (elicitated1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmaʁ/kɯɕte ci nɯ-tɯ-ta-t ŋu ɯ-maʁ ?
Glosses: other INDEF AOR-2-put-TR:PST be:FACT QU-not.be:FACT
Translation: Did you put something else?' (elicitated1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɯ-sŋi mɤ-kɯ-tsu qʰe li kɯmaʁ ci ju-ɣɯt qʰe , li ɯ-zda ɲɯ-nɯ-ɕar ɲɯ-ɕti . tɕe nɯnɯ maka kɯjka nɯ ŋɤn ma , ɯ-zda nɯ nɯ-me ɯ-qʰu mɤ-kɯ-nɤrʑaʁ tɕe kɯmaʁ ɲɯ-ɕar ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe mɯ́j-pe tu-ti-nɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: three-day NEG-INF:STAT-pass LNK again other INDEF IPFV-bring LNK again 3SG.POSS-companion IPFV-AUTO-search SENS-be.AFF LNK DEM completely pyrrhocorax DEM be.evil:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-companion DEM AOR-not.exist 3SG.POSS-after NEG-INF:STAT-spend.time LNK other IPFV-search SENS-be.AFF LNK NEG:SENS-be.good IPFV-say-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: Not even three days [after hunters kill its mate, the Pyrrhocorax] brings another one, it looks for another mate. People say that the Pyrrhocorax is not nice, because not long after its mate has died, it looks for another one, it is not good.' (22-CAGpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003586#S79"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-jaʁ kɯ ki tu-ste lu-z-naʁje ɲɯ-ŋu ri , tɕe ci nɯ kɯ ɯ-jaʁ ku-mtsɯɣ ɲɯ-ɕti qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hand ERG DEM:PROX IPFV-do.like[III] IPFV-reach.into[III] SENS-be but LNK INDEF DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-hand IPFV-bite SENS-be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: [The cat]_i reaches with its_i paw [into the hole] like this, but the other one (the weasel) bites its_i paw.' (27-spjaNkW)