lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ŋga nɯ-χtɕi-t-a tɕe a-pɯ-ndzar tɕe cʰɯ́-wɣ-ɕkʰo jɤɣ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR-wash-PST:TR-1SG LNK IRR-PFV-drip.dry LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-spread be.allowed:FACT
Translation: I have washed the clothes, let them first drip dry before putting them in the sun to dry.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbrɤz kɯ-fse lo , <cai> kɯ-fse nɯnɯra tɕe , ɯ-ŋgɯ tɯ-ci kɯ-tu nɯra pjɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-ɤrɕo tɕe , nɯnɯ “pɯ-mdzar-a" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: rice SBJ:PCP-be.like SFP dish SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL LNK 3SG.POSS-inside INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-exist DEM:PL IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.finished LNK DEM AOR-drip.dry-1SG IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: When one has completely removed the water in the rice or in a dish, one says pɯ-mdzar-a.' (definition)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pʰɯ ɲɯ-wxti tɕe , nɯra tʰamtɕɤt ma-tɤ-tɯ-ɣɤ-wxti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-price SENS-be.big LNK DEM:PL all NEG-IMP-2-CAUS-be.big
Translation: It is expensive, make it less expensive.' (2010-12)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [cʰa ɯ-tsʰi] lo-ɣɤ-tɕʰom
Glosses: alcohol 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:drink IFR-CAUS-be.too.much
Translation: He drank too much alcohol.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: cʰɤtsʰi ko-ɣɤ-tɕʰom
Glosses: alcohol.drinking IFR-CAUS-be.too.much
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ kɯ ɯ-tɕɯ ja-stʰoʁ tɕe , ɯ-xɕɤt ɯ-lɤt to-ɣɤ-tɕʰom tɕe
Glosses: old.man DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-son AOR:3→3-push LNK 3SG.POSS-strength 3SG.POSS-release IFR-CAUS-be.too.much LNK
Translation: The old man pushed his son, but exerted too much strength and…' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-ʁɤri nɯtɕu ɯ-fkrɤm a-kɤ-tɯ-ɣɤ-βdi
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-front DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:place IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.well
Translation: Place these nicely [in order] in front of the house.' (smanmi 2003.1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ] mɯ-tɤ-ɣɤ-kʰɯ-t-a .
Glosses: INF-AUTO-come.out NEG-AOR-CAUS-be.possible-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I prevented it/him from coming out.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-rŋɯl kɤ-tu] tɤ-ɣɤ-kʰɯ-t-a .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-money INF-exist AOR-CAUS-be.possible-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I made it possible for him/her to have money.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <xianling> nɯ nɯ-rga qʰendɤre , … [nɯ-ʁjoʁ kɯ-ra] nɯ mɯ-ɲɤ-ɣɤ-ra qʰe ,
Glosses: magistrate DEM AOR-be.happy LNK _ 3PL.POSS-servant SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM NEG-IFR-CAUS-be.needed LNK
Translation: The magistrate was happy, and cancelled the duties that they had to do.' (150904 cuzhi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-xɕɤt ʑo tu-ɣɤte tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-strength EMPH IPFV-CAUS-exist[III] LNK
Translation: [The rain] gives me (`makes me have') strength.' (150819 woniu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯ ɯ-kɤ-ti na-ɣɤ-me
Glosses: king DEM 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say AOR:3→3-CAUS-not.exist
Translation: He made the king unable to say anything.' (2005 tAwakWcqraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmaʁ ɯ-ɣi nɯra nɯ-rtsawa mɯ-pjɤ-nɯ-ɣɤ-wxti
Glosses: other 3SG.POSS-relative DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-importance NEG-IFR.IPFV-AUTO-CAUS-be.big
Translation: He did not consider his other relatives to be as important [as his wife].' (kWjujmAlu 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-kɯ-n-nɤmqe , ɯ-kɯ-nɤre , ɯ-kɯ-ɣɤ-kʰe nɯra ɲɯ-xcat ʑo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-AUTO-scold 3SG.POSS-laugh.at 3SG.POSS-CAUS-be.stupid DEM:PL SENS-be.many EMPH
Translation: There were many people scolding him, making fun of him, calling him stupid.' (150829 phaRrgot)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰɐ́ɟi ne-kɐ-səɣ-cʰiʔ=nəʔ mimʔ=cə
Glosses: beer IPFV-GENR-CAUS-be.sweet=DEM be.tasty=MED
Translation: Beer is tasty when one allows it to sweeten (naturally and gradually).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰɐ́ɟi ne-kɐ-wɐ-cʰiʔ=nəʔ mimʔ=cə
Glosses: beer IPFV-genr-CAUS-be.sweet=DEM be.tasty=MED
Translation: Beer is tasty when one sweetens it (e.g. by adding sugar).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤjko mɯ-tɤ-tɕur tɕe , ɴɢolo ɯ-mat nɯ ɲɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt tɕe , tɕe tɤrca pjɯ́-wɣ-ɣɤ-la tɕe , tɕe tɤjko pjɯ-sɯx-tɕur cʰa .
Glosses: LNK pickle NEG-AOR-be.sour LNK Ribes.stenocarpum 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM IPFV-INV-take.off LNK LNK together IPFV-INV-CAUS-soak LNK LNK pickle IPFV-CAUS-be.sour can:FACT
Translation: When the pickle_i is not sour, one picks fruits from the Ribes stenocarpum_j, soaks them together [with it_i], and it_j can make the pickle sour.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-tɕur kɯ tɯ-kɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ lú-wɣ-rku qʰe maka ɲɯ-sɯ-ɤmɯ-zɣɯt qʰe , tɯ-pʰoŋbu ra kɯnɤ ɲɯ-sɯx-tɕur kɯ-fse ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.sour ERG GENR.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:UPSTREAM-INV-put.in LNK at.all IPFV-CAUS-DISTR-reach LNK GENR.POSS-body PL also SENS-CAUS-be.sour SBJ:PCP-be.like be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It is so sour that when one puts it into one's mouth, it makes everything [sour in an even way], as if one's whole body becomes sour.' (09-mi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <cai> ɯ-tɯ-tɕur mɯ́j-rtaʁ tɕe , <cu> pɯ-lat-a tɕe pɯ-ɣɤ-tɕur-a
Glosses: dish 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.sour NEG:SENS-be.enough LNK, vinegar AOR-release-1SG LNK AOR-CAUS-be.sour-1SG
Translation: As the dish was not sour enough, I added vinegar to make it sourer.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki tɤ-ndɤm tɕe , … ʑimkʰɤm ɯ-ku , tɕʰi kɯ-tu ʑo nɯ pjɯ-tɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-mto cʰa
Glosses: DEM.PROX IMP-take[III] LNK _ world 3SG.POSS-head what SBJ:PCP-exist EMPH DEM IPFV-2-INV-CAUS-see can:FACT
Translation: Take this [spyglass], it will make you able to see everything that exists in the world.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ maka nɯ-mɲaʁ tu-ɣɤ-mtɤm cʰa ri ,
Glosses: DEM ERG completely 3PL.POSS-eye IPFV-CAUS-have.sharp.eyesight[III] can:FACT LNK
Translation: That [plant] can cure their blindness (cause their eyes to recover eyesight).' (140517 mogui de jing-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯ-xtsa nɯni tɤ-kɤ-sŋaʁ pjɤ-ɕti tɕe tɕendɤre , ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤ-xtɕi-ndʑi
Glosses: the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-shoe DEM:DU AOR-OBJ:PCP-enchant IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK LNK IFR-REFL-CAUS-be.small-DU
Translation: The shoes had been enchanted, and became small by themselves.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tʂu ri ɲɤ-tɯ-z-ɣɤ-βdi-t ɕti tɕe , tɕe nɯtɕu a-kɤ-tɯ-ɕe
Glosses: LNK road also IFR-2-CAUS-CAUS-be.well-PST:TR be.AFF:FACT LNK LNK DEM:LOC IRR-PFV:EAST-2-go
Translation: [Since] you have already had the road repaired (by someone else), [take that road] to go [east].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-zda cʰo ɲɯ-ɤʑɯʑu-ndʑi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion COMIT SENS-wrestle-DU
Translation: He is wrestling with his friend.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-zda ɲɯ-ɤz-nɯ-ɤʑɯʑu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion SENS-PROG-APPL-wrestle
Translation: He is wrestling his friend.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe iʑo kɯrɯ ra tɕe tʂʰɤlu nɯ stu ji-kɤ-rga ɕti
Glosses: LNK 1PL Tibetan PL LNK milk.tea DEM MOST 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-like be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Milk tea is [the type of tea] that we Tibetans like best.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰaχtsa nɯ iʑo kɯrɯ tɕʰeme ra ɣɯ , nɯnɯ mɤlɤn ʑo pjɯ-tu kɯ-ra tɕe , stu ji-kɤ-nɯ-rga ɕti ,
Glosses: coloured.belt DEM 1PL Tibetan woman PL GEN DEM absolutely EMPH IPFV-exist SBJ:PCP-be.needed LNK most 1PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-APPL-like be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Coloured belts are something that we Tibetan woman must absolutely have, and it is what we like best.' (thaXtsa 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma aʑo [qajɯ nɯra kɤ-nɤrtoχpjɤt] pɯ-rga-a tɕe
Glosses: LNK 1SG bug DEM:PL INF-observe PST.IPFV-like-1SG LNK
Translation: I liked to observe bugs.' (26-quspunmbro)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-ta-nɤ-pe ɕti qʰe , aʑo ɲɯ-ta-nɯ-rga
Glosses: SENS-1→2-TROP-be.good be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG SENS-1→2-APPL-like
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ rɟɤlpu ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ a-pɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-rga-a ra
Glosses: DEM king 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG IRR-IPFV-INV-APPL-like-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: May the prince love me!' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme mɤ-kɤ-nɯfse nɯ ɯ-ɕki ɲɯ-ɤndzɯt
Glosses: person NEG-OBJ:PCP-know DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT SENS-bark
Translation: [The dog] is barking at the unknown person.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme mɤ-kɤ-nɯfse nɯ ɲɯ-ɤz-nɯ-ɤndzɯt
Glosses: person NEG-OBJ:PCP-know DEM SENS-PROG-APPL-bark
Translation: [The dog] is barking at the unknown person.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ aʑo ɯ-ɲɯ-kɯ-nɤ-stu-a nɤ , tɕendɤre , nɯɕimɯma ʑo ɕe-tɕi tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM 1SG QU-SENS-2→1-APPL-believe-1SG ADD LNK immediately EMPH go:FACT-1DU LNK
Translation: If you believe me, let us go [there] immediately.' (140425 shizi huli he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ ta-tɯt] nɯ ma-nɯ-tɯ-nɤ-ste
Glosses: 1SG ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM NEG-IMP-2-APPL-believe[III]
Translation: Don't believe what he said.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤʑo tɤ-tɯ-tɯt] nɯ mɤ-stu-a
Glosses: 2SG AOR-2-say[II] DEM NEG-believe:FACT-1SG
Translation: I don't believe what you said.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ tʰamtɕɤt kɯ-dɯ~dɤn nɯ ɣɯrnɤɣɯr ʑo tu-ɣɤɕqali-nɯ tɕe , tɕendɤre rɯdaʁ nɯra ɲɯ-mu-nɯ tɕe cʰɯ-pʰɣo-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy all SBJ:PCP-be.many DEM IDPH(III):noisy.and.crowded EMPH IPFV-shout-PL LNK LNK wild.animal DEM:PL IPFV-be.afraid-PL LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-flee-PL SENS-be
Translation: The men (i.e. the hunters) all shout together in great numbers, and the wild animals being afraid flee downstream.' (150829 KAGWcAno)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ tɯrme wuma ʑo ɲɯ-kɯ-nɯɣ-mu .
Glosses: DEM ERG people really EMPH IPFV-GENR:S/O-APPL-be.afraid
Translation: It is very afraid of people.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <xiaocui> nɯ tɤ-rɯstɯnmɯ ɯ-qʰu qʰe tɕe iɕqʰa [<yuanfeng> nɯ , taʁndo mɤ-kɯ-tso nɯ cʰo] sɲikuku ʑo tɯtɯrca ɲɯ-ɤ<nɯ>ɣro-ndʑi qʰe
Glosses: ANTHR DEM AOR-marry 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK the.aforementioned ANTHR DEM speech NEG-SBJ:PCP-understand DEM COMIT every.day EMPH together IPFV-<AUTO>play-DU LNK
Translation: After she married, Xiaocui played every day with Yuanfeng, who did not understand speech.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕʰɯ kɯ-fse tɤ-tu nɤ , tɯɣrɤz ɲɯ-nɯ-ɤɣro-ndʑi nɯra pjɤ-ŋgrɤl ,
Glosses: again toy SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-exist ADD together IPFV-APPL-play-DU DEM:PL IPFV.IFR-be.usually.the.case
Translation: Whenever there was a toy_i, they(DU) played with it_i together.' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯ ɯ-sni ɲɤ-zdɯɣ
Glosses: little.girl DEM 3SG.POSS-heart IFR-suffer
Translation: The little girl was very sad.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: laʁnɯ-sŋi pjɤ-zdɯɣ-ndʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: one.or.two-day IFR.IPFV-suffer LNK
Translation: They had [worked] hard for several days.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S18"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa nɯtɕu ɕ-to-k-ɤkʰu-ci
Glosses: house DEM:LOC TRAL-IFR-PEG-call-PEG
Translation: He went and called in the direction of the house.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme ɯ-skɤt kɯ-snɯ~sna ci kɯ ʑo tú-wɣ-nɯ-ɤkʰɤzŋga-nɯ ntsɯ .
Glosses: girl 3SG.POSS-voice SBJ:PCP-EMPH~nice INDEF ERG EMPH IPFV-INV-APPL-call-PL always
Translation: A girl who had a beautiful voice was calling them.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-<baogao> tɤ-lɤt , <piaozi> ɕ-tɤ-nɯŋke , <dianzhan> βzu-j ŋu
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-report IMP-release money TRAL-IMP-look.for electric.station make:FACT-1PL be:FACT
Translation: Make a report for us, go and look for money, and we will build an electrical station.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ aʁɤndɯndɤt tu-kɯ-nɯ-ŋke kʰɯ tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in everywhere IPFV-GENR:S/O-AUTO-walk be.possible:FACT LNK
Translation: One can walk [on this path] everywhere in the fields [as one wishes].' (15-06-05)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-lu koŋla ʑo kú-wɣ-nɤmdzɯ ɲɯ-ra ma ʁlɤwur ʑo tu-mbuz ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk completely EMPH IPFV-INV-look.after SENS-be.needed LNK immediately EMPH IPFV-spill.out SENS-be
Translation: One has to look after the milk [in the pan], otherwise it will overflow as soon as [it boils].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ra , ʑimkʰɤm ʑo , ɲɯ-z-nɯ-sŋom-a-nɯ cʰa-a
Glosses: people PL many EMPH IPFV-CAUS-APPL-envy-1SG-PL can:FACT-1SG
Translation: I will be able to make a lot of people envy [me for my dress].' (jinai de guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɤru ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ nɯɕimɯma ʑo iɕqʰa tɕʰeme nɯ ɲɤ-nɤ-mpɕɤr , tɕe ɲɤ-nɤ-pe .
Glosses: LNK DEM chieftain 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG immediately EMPH the.aforementioned girl DEM IFR-TROP-be.beautiful LNK IFR-TROP-be.good
Translation: The prince immediately found the girl very beautiful and fell in love with her.' (140518 huifei de muma-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-sɤtɕʰa ɯ-ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤ-xtɕi nɤ , aʑo a-βlu ci tu tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-place QU-SENS-2-TROP-be.small ADD 1SG 1SG.POSS-trick INDEF exist:FACT LNK
Translation: If you find this place too small for you, I have an idea.' (150829 taishan zhi zhu-zh,203)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-tɕur mɤ-tɕʰom tɕe , pɯ́-wɣ-nɤ-mɯm ɕti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-sour NEG-be.exceedingly:FACT LNK PST.IPFV-INV-TROP-be.tasty be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It is not too sour, and we used to find it tasty.' (17-ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-nɯ́-wɣ-nɤntsʰi-a ra
Glosses: 1SG IRR-PFV-INV-love-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: [Aladin thought] `May the princess love me.” (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɕɤɣ nɯ wuma ʑo pe , tɕe pjɯ́-wɣ-βlɯ tɕe ɯ-di wuma mnɤm
Glosses: DEM juniper DEM really EMPH be.good:FACT LNK IPFV-INV-burn LNK 3SG.POSS-smell really have.a.smell:FACT
Translation: The juniper is very nice, when one burns it, it has a strong smell.' (08-CAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: srɯtpʰu nɯ kɯ , ŋotɕu rɤʑi-nɯ pjɤ-sɯχsɤl matɕi , nɯ-di tu-nɤ-mnɤm pjɤ-ɕti tɕe pjɤ-mtsʰɤm .
Glosses: râkshasa DEM ERG where stay:FACT-PL IFR-realize LNK 3PL.POSS-smell IPFV-TROP-have.a.smell IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK IFR-feel
Translation: The ogre realized where they where, as it was sniffing them out and perceived [their smell].' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤ-ɣi tɕe , pɤjkʰu tu-ta-nɤ-mnɤm
Glosses: IMP-come LNK still IPFV:UP-1→2-TROP-have.a.smell
Translation: Come (here), I will smell you (to see if you have had alcohol).' (140506 loBzi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: (T) atu tɤʁaʁ ɯ-pɯ́-sɤ-scit ? …
Glosses: _ up.there party QU-PST.IPFV-PROP-be.happy …
Translation: Was the party up there nice?
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: (L) pɯ-sɤ-scit a-ɬaʁ , mɤ-kɯ-sɤ-scit pɯ-me
Glosses: _ PST.IPFV-PROP-be.happy 1SG.POSS-MZ NEG-SBJ:PCP-PROP-be.happy PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: It was nice, mother-in-law, there was nothing that was not nice.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: (A) aʑo ndɤre mɯ-pɯ-nɤ-sɤ-scit-a , lo-nɯtɕʰomba-a
Glosses: _ 1SG LNK NEG-PST.IPFV-TROP-PROP-be.happy-1SG IFR-have.a.cold-1SG
Translation: As far as I am concerned, I did not find [that party] nice, I caught a cold.' (TaRrdo2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-rme ɯ-ŋgɯ ri ku-ɕe tɕe tɕendɤre ku-ɕe nɤ ku-ɕe tɕe tɕe ɯ-ndʐi ɯ-ŋgɯ ri ku-otsa ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕe fsapaʁ ra kɯ nɯ nɤ-sɤɣ-dɯɣ-nɯ ŋgrɤl ma
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-hair 2SG.POSS-in LOC IPFV:EAST-go LNK LNK IPFV:EAST-go ADD IPFV:EAST-go LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-skin 3SG.POSS-in LOC IPFV-prick SENS-be LNK animal PL ERG DEM TROP-PROP-be.upset:FACT-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: [Its seeds] go into the hair [of the sheep], deeper and deeper, and stick into their skin, and the animals find this unpleasant.' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo ndɤre ɲɯ-ta-nɤ-ɣɤ-βzi
Glosses: 2SG LNK SENS-1→2-TROP-FACIL-be.drunk
Translation: You, I think that you get drunk easily.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ tɤscoz rɤt
Glosses: 3SG ERG letter write:FACT
Translation: S/he will write a/the letter.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤscoz a-rɤt
Glosses: letter PASS-write:FACT
Translation: The letter is written/has been written.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯm ɲɤ-stʰoʁ ri , kɯm pjɤ-k-ɤ-ɣɤtɯɣ-ci ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: door IFR-push LNK DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-lock-PEG be:AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: He pushed the door, but the door was locked.' (tWJo 2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004089#S20"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: stuxsi ɣɯ ɯ-χcɤl ri xtɯrkɯ a-βraʁ ,
Glosses: double.yoke GEN 3SG.POSS-middle LOC hide.ripe PASS-attach:FACT
Translation: The hide rope [connecting the yoke to the plough] is attached in the middle of the double yoke.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mu nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯm-qʰu pjɤ-k-ɤ-βraʁ-ci tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-son DEM door-back IPFV-PEG-PASS-attach-PEG LNK
Translation: The old woman's son was attached on the back of the door.' (tWJo 2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004089#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯm sɤcɯ mɤ-a-lɤt
Glosses: door key NEG-PASS-release:FACT
Translation: The door is not locked/has not been locked.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ pʰoŋ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu pɯ-a-rku-a
Glosses: DEM bottle 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC PST.IPFV-PASS-put.in-1SG
Translation: (You don't believe that) I had been put inside this bottle.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003973#S111"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jaʁmɤzdoʁzdoʁ nɯ kɯnɤ pɣa ŋu , mɤ-a-rɤt
Glosses: bird.sp . DEM also bird be:FACT NEG-PASS-write:FACT
Translation: The jaʁmɤzdoʁzdoʁ is also a bird, it is not written (in the list of bird's names that had been prepared beforehand to ask about all known bird species).' (23-RmWrcWftsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003610#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕelo kutɕu a-mci ci s-cʰɯ-βde-a , nɯ ɕɯ ɣɯ ndʑi-taʁ kɤ-kɯ-ɤ-ɲɟoʁ nɯ a-rʑaβ a-pɯ-tɯ-ŋu-ndʑi to-ti ri … tɕe ci s-cʰo-βde ri , rŋɯlɤsmɤn ɯ-taʁ ko-k-ɤ-ɲɟoʁ-ci ɕti ri , jaʁmɤcʰɯqa kɯ ɲɤ-nɯ-pɕiz qʰe ɯʑo ɯ-taʁ ko-nɯ-ɲɟoʁ .
Glosses: upstream DEM.PROX:LOC 1SG.POSS-saliva once TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-throw-1SG, DEM who GEN 2DU.POSS-on AOR-SBJ:PCP-PASS-glue DEM 1SG.POSS-wife IRR-IPFV-2-be-DU IFR-say LNK _ LNK once TRAL-IFR:DOWNSTREAM-throw LNK ANTHR 3SG.POSS-on IFR-PEG-PASS-glue-PEG be.AFF:FACT LNK ANTHR ERG IFR-AUTO-wipe LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-on IFR-AUTO-glue
Translation: He said `I will spit from here, and whoever of you two gets glued by my spit will be my wife.' He spat, and although [his spit] got glued on Rngulasman, Yagmakhyiqa wiped it off and pasted it onto herself.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tɕʰi a-nɯ-tɯ-ɤβzu ra ?
Glosses: 2SG what IRR-PFV-2-become be.needed:FACT
Translation: What do you [want to] become?' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ci a-nɯ-ɤpa-a kɯ , tɯrme ɲɯ-ɤβzu-a ci a-pɯ-kʰɯ kɯ
Glosses: human INDEF IRR-PFV-become-1SG SFP human IPFV-become-1SG a.little IRR-IPFV-be.possible SFP
Translation: If only I could become a human!' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mat tʰɯ-aβzu tɕe tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit AOR-grow LNK LNK
Translation: When its fruits grow…' (06-zrAntCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003422#S25"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu si ɯ-sno ci a-ta tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC wood 3SG.POSS-saddle INDEF PASS-put:FACT LNK
Translation: Next to [the horse], there is a wooden saddle.' (2012-qachGa2012-qachGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004087#S50"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯtɕu pɯ-a-ta ri maŋe
Glosses: DEM:LOC PST.IPFV-PASS-put LNK not.exist:SENS
Translation: [The meat] used to be there, but now it is not there [any more].' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu rŋɯl tɯ-taɴɢoʁ ɲɯ-ɤ-rku tɕe ,
Glosses: ground 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC silver one-basket SENS-PASS-put.in LNK
Translation: Inside the ground, there is a basketful of silver.' (2003 divination)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu rŋɯl qʰoʁqʰoʁ tɯ-rdoʁ pjɤ-k-ɤ-mpʰɯr-ci ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC silver ingot one-piece IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-wrap-PEG
Translation: A silver ingot had been wrapped inside.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S108"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pa , tɕʰɯŋkʰɤr ɣɯ ɯ-spjɯŋ tu-kɯ-ɣi nɯnɯre ri li ɕom a-tsʰoʁ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-down water.wheel GEN 3SG.POSS-axle IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-come DEM:LOC LOC again iron PASS-attach:FACT LNK
Translation: On the [top extremity of] the axle of the mill coming up from below, a piece of iron is attached.' (06-BGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003408#S50"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-tʰɤcu ri ɕom kɯ-ndzoʁ ci tu tɕe , nɯ tʰaʁmu rmi .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-downstream LOC iron SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:attach INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM weaving.blade call:FACT
Translation: Below, there is [a weaving implement] that has a piece of iron attached to it, it is called tʰaʁmu.' (thaXtsa 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mɯntoʁ nɯ kɯnɤ cʰɯ-ɤʑirja tɕe tɯ-kʰɤl nɯtɕu ʁnɯz , χsɯm kɯβde jamar ku-ndzoʁ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower DEM also IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.aligned LNK one-place DEM:LOC two three four about IPFV-ACAUS:attach
Translation: Its flowers are also aligned, in each place they are attached in [groups] of about two, three or four.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: xɕiri ɣɯ ɯ-mtɕʰi ra [tɤ-se kɯ] pjɤ-k-ɤ-mar-ci ʑo
Glosses: weasel GEN 3SG.POSS-mouth PL INDEF.POSS-blood ERG IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-smear-PEG EMPH
Translation: The weasel's mouth was smeared with blood.' (140518 xuezhe he huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ … ɯ-rŋa taʁɟaz to-mar
Glosses: girl DEM ERG _ 3SG.POSS-face soot IFR-smear
Translation: The lady smeared her face with soot.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mtɕʰi ɯ-taʁ tɕe tɤ-se ra pjɤ-k-ɤ-mar-ci ʑo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-on LOC INDEF.POSS-blood PL IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-smear-PEG EMPH
Translation: Its mouth was smeared with blood.' (140518 xuezhe he huangshulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004032#S19"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-smɤn ɯ-j-á-ndza ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-medicine QU-PEG-PASS-eat:FACT
Translation: Has your medicine been eaten?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑɤra ji-kʰa nɯ [jɤɣɤt tɯ-tɤkʰrɤz nɯ] ku-o-fskɤr .
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-house DEM balcony one-row DEM IPFV:EAST-PASS-surround
Translation: Our house is surrounded by one row of balcony.' (2011-11-kha2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kʰa ɯ-rkɯ nɯnɯ [tɯ-ji] a-fskɤr .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-house 3SG.POSS-side DEM INDEF.POSS-field PASS-surround:FACT
Translation: The sides of my house are surrounded by fields.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki sɤtɕʰa ki , ɯ-rkɯ tʰamtɕɤt [praʁ] kɯ ku-fskɤr ɲɯ-ɕti
Glosses: DEM.PROX place DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-side all cliff ERG IPFV:EAST-surround SENS-be.AFF
Translation: The sides of this place are all surrounded by cliffs.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso ɯ-smɤn a-mbi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child 3SG.POSS-medicine PASS-give:FACT
Translation: The child has been given his medicine.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso ra tɤ-lu a-jtsʰi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child PL INDEF.POSS-milk PASS-give.to.drink:FACT
Translation: The children have been given milk to drink.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora ɕɤxɕo ku-oβdoʁβdi-j
Glosses: 1PL these.days PRS-be.in.good.health-1PL
Translation: These days we are in good health.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci tʰamtɕɤt tɤ-se sɯ-ɤpa-j
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water all INDEF.POSS-blood CAUS-become:FACT-1SG
Translation: Let us turn all the water into blood.' (2003 smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki ji-βdaʁmu kɯ ki kɯ-fse , nɤki , sɯŋgɯ pɣa nɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-ɤβzu-j
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1PL.POSS-queen ERG DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like FILLER forest bird AOR-INV-CAUS-become-1PL
Translation: Our queen has transformed us into bird from the forest.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cupa kɤ-tɕɤt tɕe ɲɯ-ɴqa ma praʁ ɕ-pjɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt ɲɯ-ra … tɕe nɯ tɯ-mpɕar tɯ-mpɕar ɲɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-ɤβzu ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: stone.slab INF-take.out LNK SENS-be.hard LNK cliff TRAL-IPFV-INV-take.off SENS-be.needed _ LNK DEM one-sheet one-sheet IPFV-INV-CAUS-become SENS-be.needed
Translation: To extract stone slabs, one has to chop the rocks sheet by sheet (layer by layer).’ (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mu [ɯ-ɕɣa kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi] [kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr] ʑo na-sɯ-ɤβzu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-age SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful EMPH AOR:3→3-CAUS-become SENS-be
Translation: He made his mother become young and beautiful.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: xɕiri kɯ-fse nɯra kɯrŋi mɯ-ɲɯ-ɤ-rtsi lo .
Glosses: weasel SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL beast.of.prey NEG-SENS-PASS-count SFP
Translation: Weasel and the like do not count as beasts of prey (I think).' (150822 kWrNi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006260#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-pi ɯ-ɕki kɯmtɕʰɯ ci nɯ-sɤ-mbi-a
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 3SG.POSS-DAT toy INDEF AOR-ROG-give-1SG
Translation: I asked my elder brother/sister to give me a toy.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe a-ʁi nɯre ri , nɯ-sɤ-mbi-nɯ
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM:LOC LOC AOR-ROG-give-PL
Translation: They asked for my younger brother (to come to marry their daughter) there.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S188"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wɯ , tɯ-mgo kɤ-sɤ-mbi , tɯ-ci kɤ-sɤ-jtsʰi ɯβrɤ-tu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandfather INDEF.POSS-food OBJ:PCP-ROG-give INDEF.POSS-water OBJ:PCP-ROG-give.to.drink opt-exist:FACT
Translation: Grandfather, would there be food or water that [we could] ask for [you to give us]?' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: †pjɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɤɕɤt-ndʑi to-rɤmpɕoʁ~mpɕɤr-ndʑi ,
Glosses: IFR-REFL-comb-DU IFR-EMPH~make.up-DU
Translation: Intended meaning: `They combed themselves and made themselves beautiful.' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-ku pjɤ-nɯ-sɤɕɤt-ndʑi to-rɤmpɕoʁ~mpɕɤr-ndʑi ,
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-head IFR-AUTO-comb-DU IFR-EMPH~make.up-DU
Translation: They combed their hair and made themselves beautiful.' (correction of the previous example)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jmŋo ɯ-ŋgɯ sɯŋgi ko-ntɕʰɤr
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-dream 3SG.POSS-in lion IFR-appear
Translation: He dreamt of a tiger / A tiger appeared to him in a dream.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jmŋo ɯ-ŋgɯ ko-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ntɕʰɤr
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-dream 3SG.POSS-in IFR-REFL-CAUS-appear
Translation: He made himself appear to her in a dream.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S97"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo ku-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-fstɯn cʰa
Glosses: 3SG IPFV-AUTO-REFL-serve can:FACT
Translation: It [will] be able to take care of itself on its own.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006298#S146"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤ-kɯ-tso to-ʑɣɤpa , <tangseng> nɯ kɯ .
Glosses: NEG-SBJ:PCP-understand IFR-pretend ANTHR DEM ERG
Translation: He pretended not to have understood, Tangseng.' (180503 xiyouji 12-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo ʁgra ɯ-jaʁ nɯtɕu ɲɯ-tɯ-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-kʰo ʑo ɯmɤ-kɯ-ɕti-ci ?
Glosses: 2SG enemy 3SG.POSS-hand DEM:LOC IPFV-2-AUTO-REFL-give EMPH PROB-PEG-be.AFF-PEG
Translation: (By doing that), aren't you handing yourself over to your own enemy?' (2014niulan li de lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre mbro kɯ “ɲɯ-pe" to-ti ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕendɤre tɯrme nɯ kɯ to-ʑɣɤ-nɯmbrɤpɯ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe tɕe tɯrme nɯ mbro ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu to-ɕe ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK horse ERG SENS-be.good IFR-say SENS-be LNK man DEM ERG IFR-REFL-ride SENS-be LNK LNK man DEM horse 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IFR:UP-go SENS-be LNK
Translation: The horse said `good' and let himself be mounted by the man, and the man rode on him.' (ma he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-lɤcu nɯtɕu jo-ɕe tɕe lo-ʑɣɤ-maŋlo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-upstream DEM:LOC IFR-go LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-REFL-be.upstream
Translation: [The wolf] went to a place upstream [from the lamb], he placed himself upstream.' (2014 lang he yang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯʑo pjɯ-kɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤtɕa ra ma , tɯ-zda pjɯ́-wɣ-z-ɣɤtɕa , tɯʑo (...) pɯ-kɯ-nɯ-ɣɤtɕa kɯnɤ pjɯ-kɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤŋgi tɕe , ɯ-mbrɤzɯ kɯ-tu me tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: GENR IPFV-GENR:S/O-REFL-be.wrong be.needed:FACT LNK GENR.POSS-companion IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.wrong GENR _ IPFV-GENR:S/O-REFL-be.wrong also IPFV-GENR:S/O-AUTO-be.right LNK 3SG.POSS-result SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT IPFV-GENR:S/O-say SENS-be
Translation: One has to recognize one's mistakes; if one considers one's companions to be wrong, and if one consider oneself to be always right even if one is wrong, there will be no [good] result.' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ma-pɯ-tɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɤ-ɕke
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-REFL-PROP?-burn
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tʰoʁ zɯ pɯ-ʑɣɤɕpʰaβ-a
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground LOC AOR-lay.flat-1SG
Translation: I laid flat on the ground.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tʰoʁ ɕpʰɤβɕpʰɤβ ʑo ɲɯ-rɤʑi , kɤ-nɯqambɯmbjom mɯ́j-cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground IDPH(II):laying.flat EMPH SENS-stay INF-fly NEG:SENS-can
Translation: The bird is staying on the ground without moving, it cannot fly.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso nɯ ki kɯ-fse lu-xtʰom-nɯ ku-ɕɯ-rŋgɯ-nɯ pɯ-maʁ ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:UPSTREAM-put.horizontally-PL IPFV-CAUS-lie.down-PL PST.IPFV-not.be
Translation: People would not lie the babies down horizontally like this.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rdɤstaʁ nɯ ɯ-tɯ-rʑi kɯ ɯ-tʰoʁ pjɤ́-wɣ-tʂaβ tɕe pjɤ́-wɣ-sat .
Glosses: stone DEM 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.heavy ERG 3SG.POSS-ground IFR:DOWN-INV-cause.to.fall LNK IFR:DOWN-INV-kill
Translation: The stones [in the wolf's belly] were so heavy that they caused him to fall down and die.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe rŋgɯ nɯni (...) to-k-ɤmɯ-rpu-ndʑi tɕe pjɤ-ɴɢrɯ-ndʑi tɕe tʂɤndo pjɤ-ndʐaβ-ndʑi .
Glosses: LNK boulder DEM:DU _ IFR-PEG-RECIP-bump-DU LNK IFR:DOWN-ACAUS:shatter-DU LNK side.of.the.road IFR:DOWN-ACAUS:cause.to.roll-DU
Translation: The two boulders bumped into each other, shattered, and rolled down the side of the road.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S135"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯ-ʁi nɯ kɤ-ŋke mɯ-ɲɤ-cʰa tɕe tɕendɤre lo-ndom ɕti tɕe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM INF-walk NEG-IFR-can LNK LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-ACAUS:put.horizontally be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: His younger brother was not able to walk anymore, and lay down.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ku lo lo-ru tɕe pjɤ-ndʐaβ , tɕe kɤ-nɯ-rɤru mɤ-kɯ-cʰa nɯ , tɕe lo-ndom tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head upstream IFR:UPSTREAM-look LNK IFR:DOWN-ACAUS:cause.to.fall LNK INF-AUTO-get.up NEG-SBJ:PCP-can DEM LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-ACAUS:put.horizontally IPFV-GENR:S/O-say SENS-be
Translation: He fell down, head looking upstream, not able to get up by himself, so one says lo-ndom.' (elicited, explanation of example ex:londom)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʂu nɯtɕu ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-xtʰom tɕe pɯ-kɯ-si to-ʑɣɤpa .
Glosses: road DEM:LOC IFR:WEST-REFL-put.horizontally LNK AOR-SBJ:PCP-die IFR-pretend
Translation: He laid down on the road horizontally and pretended to be dead.' (140517 huli he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci kɯ-wxtɯ~wxti nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ko-mtsaʁ . tɕe nɯtɕu ko-ʑɣɤ-tʂaβ qʰe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big DEM 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-jump LNK DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-REFL-cause.to.roll LNK
Translation: He jumped into the river, he let himself roll into it.' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006368#S199"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯstʰɯci pjɯ-sɯzdɯɣ-a mɯ́j-pe ɲɤ-sɯso tɕe ko-ʑɣɤɕtʰɯz .
Glosses: 3SG so.much IPFV-cause.to.worry-1SG NEG:SENS-be.good IFR-think LNK IFR-reveal.oneself
Translation: She thought: “It is not good of me to cause him so much worries”, and she revealed her true identity to him.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-fka
Glosses: IMP-REFL-CAUS-be.full
Translation: Eat to your fill!' (a common polite expression)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯ , tɤ-muj stʰɯci a-tɤ-tɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤ-ʑo , nɤ-mbro nɯnɯ qale stʰɯci a-tɤ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤ-mbjom tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG DEM INDEF.POSS-feather so.much IRR-PFV-2-REFL-CAUS-be.light 2SG.POSS-horse DEM wind so.much IRR-PFV-REFL-CAUS-be.quick LNK
Translation: [If] you make yourself as light as a feather, and your horse makes itself as quick as the wind, [you will succeed].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: to-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-mbɣom ʑo jo-nɯ-ɕe tɕe ɯ-jilco ra nɯ-ɕki to-ti .
Glosses: IFR-REFL-CAUS-be.in.a.hurry EMPH IFR-VERT-go LNK 3SG.POSS-villager PL 3PL.POSS-DAT IFR-say
Translation: He hastened to go back [to the village], and told it to the other villagers.' (150902 hailibu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006316#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: porɤt nɯ kɯnɤ tɕetu kʰɤrka nɯtɕu tɕe pjɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-ɴqoʁ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: small.spider DEM also up.there ceiling DEM:LOC LOC IPFV:DOWN-REFL-CAUS-hang be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: The small spider also lets itself hang down from the ceiling.' (26-mYaRmtsaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003674#S94"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo daltsɯtsa ʑo li , masɤrɯrju ʑo , srɯtpʰu nɯ ɯ-ɕki ko-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤrmbat .
Glosses: 3SG slowly EMPH again in.secret EMPH ogre DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR:EAST-REFL-CAUS-be.near
Translation: He moved closer to the ogre slowly in secret.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɤrqʰi pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo ri , nɯ kɯnɤ jo-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤzɣɯt .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:degree-be.far IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH LNK DEM also IFR-REFL-CAUS-reach
Translation: [China]_i was very far, but even so he managed to reach it_i.' (140511 alading-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003953#S22"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: smɤnba a-tɤ-tɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-rtoʁ
Glosses: doctor IRR-PFV-2-REFL-CAUS-see
Translation: You should have yourself examined by a doctor.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma βɣɯz ŋu tɕe , kʰɤrkɯ ra wuma ʑo ɣi . tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-sat ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK badger be:FACT LNK side.of.the.house PL really EMPH come:FACT LNK DEM IPFV-REFL-CAUS-kill be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: The badger often comes near houses, and gets itself killed. (The dogs chase it and kill it, and people also kill it).' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯ tu-kɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-pjɤl kowa ntsɯ tu-βzu-ndʑi pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-INF-REFL-CAUS-go.around manner always IPFV-make-DU IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The mouse and the sparrow] took every measure to avoid [the cat].' (lWlu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sloχpɯn nɯ ci nɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɤpʰɤr nɤ pjɤrgɤt ci nɯ-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤβzu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: teacher DEM a.little AOR-REFL-shake ADD vulture INDEF AOR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-become SENS-be
Translation: The teacher shook himself, and transformed himself into a vulture.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ɯʑo nɯnɯ rcanɯ [tɤ-muj ʑo kɯ-fse kɯ-ʑo] ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤpa ,
Glosses: man 3SG DEM UNEXP:DEG INDEF.POSS-feather EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.light IFR-REFL-CAUS-become
Translation: The man, him, made himself as light as a feather.' (04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕetʰa tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯnɯra , iɕqʰa tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ-fse nɯra ɕɯ-ndze , tɕendɤre , ɯʑo ku-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-fstɯn cʰa
Glosses: later INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in DEM:PL FILLER one-piece SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL TRAL-eat[III]:FACT LNK 3SG IPFV-AUTO-REFL-take.care can:FACT
Translation: [This hen] will go and eat the grains in the fields, it will be able to take care of itself on its own.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-pɤri kɯ-pɯ~pe to-βzu-ndʑi qʰe , ʑɤni to-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-fka-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-diner SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.good IFR-make-DU LNK 3DU IFR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-be.full-DU
Translation: They made a nice diner for themselves, and ate to their fill.' (160701 poucet2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006155#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯm cʰɤ-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤtsa
Glosses: door IFR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-be.locked
Translation: The dock locked itself.' (elicited; describes house doors with an automatic locking system)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ pa-mto nɯra mɯ-ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-nɤ-stu .
Glosses: DEM AOR:3→3-see DEM:PL NEG-IFR-REFL-APPL-believe
Translation: He did not believe the things that he himself had [just] seen.' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006368#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa jo-nɯ-ɕe tɕendɤre [ɯ-ɣi ra cʰo] ko-k-ɤ-rqɯ~rqoʁ-nɯ-ci ʑo ɲɤ-ɣɤwu-nɯ .
Glosses: home IFR-VERT-go LNK 3SG.POSS-relative PL COMIT IFR-PEG-RECIP-hug-PL-PEG EMPH IFR-cry-PL
Translation: He went home and he and his relatives hug each other and cried.' (140512 fushang he yaomo1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ srɯsmɤn ra pjɯ-lɤt-nɯ , tɕe nɯra pjɯ-nɯ-lɤt-nɯ tɕe nɯra ɲɯ-ɤmbɯ~mbi-nɯ ra ŋu
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in medicine PL IPFV:DOWN-release-PL LNK DEM:PL IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-release-PL LNK DEM:PL IPFV-RECIP-give-PL PL be:FACT
Translation: They put medicine [against sinus inflammation] into the [snuff tobacco]_i, and they give it_i to each other.' (30-CnAto)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qartsɯ tɤ-mda qʰe tɕe cʰɯ-ɤ-wɯ~wum-nɯ qʰe kɯ-dɯ~dɤn ʑo tɯtɯrca ku-rɤʑi-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: winter AOR-be.the.time LNK LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-RECIP-gather-PL LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many EMPH together IPFV-stay-PL SENS-be
Translation: When winter arrives, they gather and stay together in great numbers.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003608#S100"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrsa ɯ-rkɯ χpɯn-ŋga tʰamtɕɤt a-ɕ-tɤ-tɯ-wum tɕe
Glosses: cemetery 3SG.POSS-side monk-clothes all IRR-TRAL-PFV-2-gather LNK
Translation: Go and collect all the monk robes near the cemetery.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɕe ɯ-qa nɯ ɲɯ-ɤ-ndɯ~ndo , ɯ-taʁ nɯ ki kɯ-fse kɯ-dɯ~dɤn ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-foot DEM SENS-RECIP-take 3SG.POSS-top DEM DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many SENS-be LNK
Translation: The base (of the mushroom 刷把菌shuābǎjūnRamaria formosa) is all clustered together, but it has many top parts.' (23-tshAYCAnW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pi ɯ-ku nɯ-βzu-t-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 3SG.POSS-head AOR-make-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I braided my sister's hair.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pi cʰo ndʑi-ku ɲɯ-ɤ-βzɯ~βzu-ndʑi ndɤre ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling COMIT 3DU.POSS-head IPFV-RECIP-make-DU LNK
Translation: She and her sister braided each other's hair.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯ ɯ-pɯ-tɯ-sat nɤ , nɤʑo kɯ aʑo a-βra ɲɯ-tɯ-βze , aʑo pɯ~pɯ-sat-a nɤ , nɤj nɤ-βra ɲɯ-βze-a , nɯ kɯ-fse , nɯ-βra ɲɯ-ɤ-βzɯ~βzu-nɯ pjɤ-ŋɡrɤl .
Glosses: 2SG ERG QU-AOR-2-kill ADD 2SG ERG 1SG 1SG.POSS-share IPFV-2-make[III] 1SG COND~AOR-kill-1SG ADD 2SG 2SG.POSS-share IPFV-make[III]-1SG DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like 3PL.POSS-share IPFV-RECIP-make-PL IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case-PL
Translation: If it was you who had killed [game during a hunt], you would share some of it with me, if it was me who had killed [game], I would share some of it with you, this way, people used to share [their game meat] with each other.' (160714 XsWmsna)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , tɤru ra tu-o-nɯsnɯɲɯ~ɲaʁ-nɯ tɕe cʰɯ-ɤ-ɣɤ-rlɯ~rlaʁ-nɯ pjɤ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: former.times LNK chieftain PL IPFV-RECIP-do.harm-PL LNK IPFV-RECIP-CAUS-disappear-PL IPFV.IFR-be.usually.the.case
Translation: In former times, chieftains used to harm (murder) each other and destroy each other's families.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɤ-k-ɤ-sɯ-ɴqʰɯ~ɴqʰi-ndʑi tɕe , ɲɤ-k-ɤ-sɯɣ-ɲɯ~ɣɲaʁ-ndʑi-ci ʑo
Glosses: IFR-PEG-RECIP-CAUS-be.dirty-DU LNK IFR-PEG-RECIP-CAUS-be.black-DU-PEG EMPH
Translation: They_DU made each other dirty, they blackened each other.' (elicited, can be said of children playing in a dirty place)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ jɤ-kɤ-ɣɤrɤt nɯ pjɤ-k-ɤ-nɯsɯkʰɯ~kʰo-nɯ-ci .
Glosses: DEM AOR-OBJ:PCP-throw DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-RECIP-rob-PL-PEG
Translation: The beasts fought with each other to get the [piece of cloth] that he had thrown [at them].' (150825 huluwa-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006346#S145"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɤ-k-ɤ-nɤntsʰɯ~ntsʰi-ndʑi-ci , ɲɤ-k-ɤ-nɤ-pɯ~pe-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: IFR-PEG-RECIP-love-DU-PEG IFR-PEG-RECIP-TROP-be.good-DU LNK
Translation: They fell in love with each other.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006290#S103"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: srɯnmɯ ra cʰɤ-sɯ-ɤ-wɯ~wum tɕe ,
Glosses: râkshasî PL IFR-CAUS-RECIP-gather LNK
Translation: She gathered the râkhasîs together.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-sɯ-ɤ-tɯ~te-a ri tɕe mɤʑɯ ku-o-ndɯ~ndo-ndʑi ɕti
Glosses: IPFV-CAUS-RECIP-put-1SG LNK LNK again IPFV:EAST-RECIP-take-DU be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I am (repeatedly) separating [two fighting ants], but they grab each other again [each time].' (conversation 14-05-01)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁdɯxpa kɤrpu ɣɯ ɯ-tɕɯ cʰo aʑo a-tɕɯ nɯ tɤ-alɯlɤt-ndʑi tɕe , tɕe a-tɕɯ ɣɯ-sat pjɤ-ŋu ri ,
Glosses: ANTHR ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 1SG 1SG.POSS-son DEM AOR-fight-DU LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-son INV-kill:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: Gdugpa dkarpo's son and my son fought with each other, and my son was about to be killed.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɕɤmɯɣdɯ tu-lɤt-nɯ tɕe pjɯ-sat-nɯ ɕti .
Glosses: DEM gun IPFV-release-PL LNK IPFV-kill-PL be.AFF:KILL
Translation: They shoot at it with guns and kill it.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qacʰɣa ɯ-taʁ ʑo li tɯdi nɯ ci to-lɤt .
Glosses: fox 3SG.POSS-on EMPH again arrow DEM INDEF IFR-release
Translation: He too shot an arrow at the fox.' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ cʰo ci kɤ-anɯrŋɤrɯru-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: DEM COMIT a.little AOR-look.at.each.other-DU LNK
Translation: They exchanged a look with each other'. (2010-07, pear story)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: `nɯtɕu tɯ-ci z-ɲɯ-kɯ-sɯ-ɤ-j-tsʰi ɲɯ-ntsʰi' to-k-ɤmɯ-ti-ndʑi
Glosses: DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-PASS-CAUS-drink SENS-be.better IFR-PEG-RECIP-say-DU
Translation: They said to each other `we should go there and ask for water to drink.” (Nyima wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɤndʑi-sqʰaj ɯ-rɟit nɯ tɕe “a-mɤtsa" tu-kɯ-ɤmɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM COLL-sister 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM LNK 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-GENR:S/O-RECIP-say SENS-be
Translation: Children of sisters call each other `my maternal parallel cousin'.' (140425 kWmdza4)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ li bɤβbɤβ ʑo kɯ-pa tɕe , kɯ-ɤmɯ-stʰɯ~stʰaβ ʑo kɯ-dɤn tu-ɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM again IDPH(II):growing.in.clumps EMPH SBJ:PCP-AUX LNK SBJ:PCP-RECIP-EMPH~put.against EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.many IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: [These mushrooms] grow in clumps, one against the other in great numbers.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma nɯnɯ ɯʑo ʁɟa [tɯ-mdʑu ɯ-taʁ] kú-wɣ-stʰaβ tɕe mɤrtsaβ ,
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG completely GENR.POSS-tongue 3SG.POSS-on IPFV-INV-put.against LNK be.spicy:FACT
Translation: If one puts it (this plant) on one's tongue (without anything else), it is spicy.' (13-tCamu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <liangshanbo> cʰondɤre pjɯ-ɤmɯ-mto-ndʑi mɯ-pjɤ-jɤɣ tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR COMIT IPFV-RECIP-see-DU NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.allowed LNK
Translation: She and Liang Shanbo were not allowed to see each other.' (150826 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006244#S155"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kupa-skɤt tú-wɣ-βzu tɕe nɯnɯ a-pɯ-ŋu , iʑo ɣɯ <guoyu> ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , nɯnɯ kɤsɯfse ɣɯ ji-rju ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , pjɯ-kɯ-ɤmɯ-tso ɲɯ-ra ri , li nɯ koŋla mɯ́j-tso-nɯ .
Glosses: Chinese-language IPFV-INV-make LNK DEM IRR-IPFV-be 1SG GEN national.language SENS-be LNK DEM all GEN 1SG.POSS-speech SENS-be LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-RECIP-understand SENS-be.needed LNK again DEM completely NEG.SENS-understand-PL
Translation: When we speak Chinese, since it is our national language, our common language, we should be able to understand each other, but [some people in Tshobdun] do not understand it completely either.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑŋgri wuma kɯ-tʂot ɲɯ-maʁ ri , kɯ-ɤmɯ-rmbɯ~rmbat ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , nɯ wuma ɲɯ-saχsɤl . … ɯ-tɯ-ɤʑirja ɯ-tsʰɯɣa nɯ , … ʁnɤmcʰi tsa ɲɯ-fse , … ri ɲɯ-ɤmɯ-rmbat .
Glosses: star really SBJ:PCP-be.bright SENS-not.be LNK SBJ:PCP-RECIP-EMPH~be.near EMPH be:FACT LNK DEM really SENS-be.clear _ 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.aligned 3SG.POSS-shape DEM _ gnam.khyi a.little be.like:FACT _ LNK SENS-RECIP-be.near
Translation: (There six stars in the Pleiades.) They are not very bright stars, but they are close to each other, and for this reason they are quite visible. The way they are aligned is a bit similar to that of the constellation Gnam.khyi, but closer to each other.' (29-mWBZi)