lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: pagašti et dani / oto / et ha-yalda .
Glosses: met.1.SG ACC Dani he-ACC ACC the-girl
Translation: I met Dani / him / the girl.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: pagašti dani / hu / ha-yalda .
Glosses: met.1.SG Dani he-NOM the-girl
Translation: I met Dani / him / the girl.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: pagašti yalda axat / šloša yeladim / mišehu .
Glosses: met.1.SG girl one / three children / somebody
Translation: I met one girl / three boys / somebody.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: pagašti et yalda axat / et šloša yeladim / et mišehu .
Glosses: met.1.SG ACC girl one / ACC three children / ACC somebody
Translation: I met one girl / three boys / somebody.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ha-iš ha-ze
Glosses: the-man the-this
Translation: this man
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: iš ze
Glosses: man this
Translation: this man
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: pagašti *(et) ha-iš ha-ze .
Glosses: met.1.SG ACC the-man the-this
Translation: I met this man.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: pagašti (*et) iš ze .
Glosses: met.1.SG ACC man this
Translation: I met this man.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ali kadin-lar-dan iki-sin-i taniyordu .
Glosses: Ali woman-pl-ABL two-AGR-ACC knew
Translation: Ali knew two of the women.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ali kadin-lar-in iki-sin-i taniyordu .
Glosses: Ali woman-pl-gen two-AGR-ACC knew
Translation: Ali knew two of the women.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ali her kitab-i okudu
Glosses: Ali every book-ACC read
Translation: Ali read every book.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Odam-a birkaç çocuk girdi .
Glosses: my-room-DAT several child entered
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Iki kiz-i taniyordum .
Glosses: two girl-ACC knew-1sg
Translation: I knew two girls.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Iki kiz taniyordum .
Glosses: two girl knew-1sg
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Ben) bir kitap oku-du-m .
Glosses: I a book read-PST-1SG
Translation: I read a book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Ben) bir kitab-ı oku-du-m .
Glosses: I a book-ACC read-PST-1SG
Translation: I read a certain book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ani lo makira (et) xeci me-ha-anašim po .
Glosses: I no know.SG.F ACC half of-the-people here
Translation: I don’t know half the people here.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: po et xeci me-ha-anašim ani lo mevin .
Glosses: here ACC half of-the-peole I no understand.SG.M
Translation: I don’t understand half of the people here.’7
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: haya kaše lešaxnea et xelek me-ha-tinokot limcoc .
Glosses: was hard convince.INF ACC part of-the-babies suck.INF
Translation: It was difficult to convince part of the babies to suck.’8
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?dan kara et exad me-ha-sfarim .
Glosses: Dan read ACC one of-the-books
Translation: Dan read one of the books.’ (original 4d)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: exad me-ha-sfarim
Glosses: one.M of-the-books.M
Translation: one of the books
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: exad ha-sfarim
Glosses: one.M the-books.M
Translation: one of the books
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: šloša me-ha-sfarim
Glosses: three.M of-the-books.M
Translation: three of the books
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: šlošet ha-sfarim
Glosses: three.M the-books.M
Translation: the three books
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ori kara et xeci me-ha-ma’amarim lifnei šavua .
Glosses: Ori read.3.SG.M ACC half of-the-articles before week
Translation: Ori read half of the articles a week ago.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??ha-yeled patax et šaloš me-ha-dlatot etmol .
Glosses: the-boy opened.3.SG.M ACC three of-the-doors yesterday
Translation: The boy opened three of the doors yesterday.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?ha-marca pagša et xelek me-ha-studentim etmol .
Glosses: the-lecturer met.3.SG.F ACC part of-the-students yesterday
Translation: The lecturer met some of the students yesterday.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: et xelek me-ha-studentim hamarca pagša etmol .
Glosses: ACC part of-the-students the-lecturer met.3.SG.F yesterday
Translation: Some of the students the lecturer met yesterday.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: et xelek me-ha-mekomot anu regilim lir’ot bi-zman biluy leily .
Glosses: ACC part of-the-places we used-to.PL.M see.INF in-time pastime nightly
Translation: Part of the places we are used to seeing on nights out’.9
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: et xelek me-ha-dvarim hu kotev be-ra’ad
Glosses: ACC part of-the-things he writes.SG.M in-shiver
Translation: Part of the things he writes with a shiver’.10
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: et kol exad me-ha-realim nitan lerape […] be-ezrat štiyat ha-mayim
Glosses: ACC all one of-the-poisons possible cure.INF in-help drinking the-water
Translation: Each of the poisons can be cured by drinking the water.’11
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Roee kana et šnei ca’acu’im .
Glosses: Roee bought.3.SG.M ACC two toys
Translation: Roee bought (the) two toys
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Keren sagra et šnei ha-xalonot .
Glosses: Keren closed.3.SG.F ACC two the-windows
Translation: Keren closed the two windows.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Una parte di/dei senatori si è astenuta / sono astenuti .
Glosses: a part.F.SG of/of.the senator.M.PL self is abstrained.F.SG / are abstrained.M.PL
Translation: A part of the senators has/have abstained.’ (Manzini & Franco 2019: 36)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: xelek me-ha-studentim kara / kar’u et ha-ma’amar .
Glosses: part.SG.M of-the-students.M.PL read.3.M.SG / read.3.PL ACC the-paper
Translation: a part of the students has/have read the paper.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: pagašti (et) xelek me-ha-studentim .
Glosses: met.1.SG ACC part of-the-students.M.PL
Translation: I met a part of the students.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Roee kana et šnei ca’acu’im
Glosses: Roee bought.3.SG.M ACC two toys
Translation: Roee bought (the two) toys.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: exad me-ha-yeladim ra’a / *ra’u seret .
Glosses: one of-the-kids.PL.M saw.SG.M  saw.PL movie
Translation: One of the kids saw a movie.’19
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: el entusiasmo vence (a) la difficultad
Glosses: the enthusiasm conquer.3.SG (to) the difficulty
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A la difficultad vence el entusiasmo
Glosses: to the difficulty conquer.3.SG the enthusiasm
Translation: Enthusiasm conquers difficulties.’ (De Jong 1996, quoted by de Swart 2003: 31)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Raiti xelek me-ha-studentim .
Glosses: saw.1.SG part of-the-students
Translation: I saw part of the students.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vanja protivorečit sebe .
Glosses: Vanya.NOM contradicts.3SG SEBJA.DAT
Translation: Vanya contradicts himself.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Vanja ljubit svoju košku
Glosses: Vanya.NOM loves.3SG SVOJ cat.ACC
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Vane v svoem fil’me ponravilas’ Anja .
Glosses: Vanya.DAT in SVOJ movie.LOC appealed.F.SG Anya.NOM
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vane iz-za svoix/ego vkusov ponravilas’ Anja .
Glosses: Vanya.DAT because.of SVOJ/his tastes.GEN appealed.F.SG Anya.NOM
Translation: Anya pleased Vanya because of his/her tastes.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Miša isportil otnošenie Vani k sebe
Glosses: Misha.NOM damaged.M.SG attitude.ACC Vanya.GEN to SEBJA.DAT
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Miša isportil otnošenie Vani k ee rasskazu o sebe/ nem .
Glosses: Misha.NOM damaged.M.SG attitude.ACC Vanya.GEN to her story.DAT about SEBJA.LOC him.LOC
Translation: Misha damaged Vanya’s attitude towards her story about him/her.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Èta kniga] protivorečit sebe .
Glosses: this book.NOM contradicts.3SG SEBJA.DAT
Translation: This book contradicts itself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Tanino pis’mo (k) sebe
Glosses: Tanya.POSS letter to SEBJA.DAT
Translation: Tanya’s letter to herself
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Tanino pis’mo (k) Vane
Glosses: Tanya.POSS letter to Vanya.DAT
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vanja isportil ee otnošenie k sebe /[svoej sestre].
Glosses: Vanya.NOM damaged.M.SG her attitude.ACC to SEBJA.DAT SVOJ sister.DAT
Translation: Vanya damaged her attitude towards him/herself/[his/her sister].
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Èta kniga] isportila ego otnošenie k sebe /nej .
Glosses: this book.NOM damaged.F.SG his attitude.ACC to SEBJA.DAT it.DAT
Translation: This book damaged his attitude towards it/himself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Èta kniga] isportila ego otnošenie k svoemu /ee avtoru .
Glosses: this book.NOM damaged.F.SG his attitude.ACC to SVOJ its author.DAT
Translation: This book damaged his attitude towards its author.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maša kupila ego knigu o sebe /nej .
Glosses: Masha.NOM bought.F.SG his book.ACC about SEBJA.LOC her.LOC
Translation: Masha bought his book about her/himself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maša kupila ego knigu o [svoej /ee materi].
Glosses: Masha.NOM bought.F.SG his book.ACC about SVOJ her mother.LOC
Translation: Masha bought his book about [her/his mother].
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vane iz-za svoix /ego vkusov ponravilas’ Anja .
Glosses: Vanya.DAT because.of SVOJ his tastes.GEN appealed.F.SG Anya.NOM
Translation: Anya pleased Vanya because of his/her tastes.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Soldaty v svoej mnogočislennosti videli preimuščestvo .
Glosses: soldiers.NOM in SVOJ numerosity.LOC saw.PL advantage.ACC
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Soldatam v * svoej /ix mnogočislennosti videlos’ preimuščestvo .
Glosses: soldiers.DAT in SVOJ their numerosity.LOC appeared.3SG advantage.NOM
Translation: The soldiers saw an advantage in their numerosity.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Soldatam v svoej podgotovke videlos’ preimuščestvo .
Glosses: soldiers.DAT in SVOJ preparation.LOC appeared.3SG advantage.NOM
Translation: The soldiers saw an advantage in their training.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: General ne razrešaet sekretarše PRO pozvolit’ dvorniku PRO nazyvat’ sebja Valej .
Glosses: general.NOM NEG permit.3SG secretary.F.DAT  allow.INF janitor.DAT  call.INF SEBJA.ACC Valya.INS
Translation: The general does not permit the secretary to allow the janitor to call himself/him/her Valya.’ (Klenin 1974:57)²⁸
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Èta kniga] zastavila Anju PRO pereproverit’ sebja /ee .
Glosses: this book.NOM forced.F.SG Anya.ACC  recheck.INF SEBJA.ACC it.ACC 
Translation: This study made Anya recheck it/herself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Èta kniga] zastavila Anju PRO pereproverit’ svoi /ee vyvody].
Glosses: this book.NOM forced.F.SG Anya.ACC  recheck.INF SVOJ its conclusions.ACC
Translation: This study made Anya recheck her/its conclusions.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Vanja zastavil Anju PRO pereproverit’ sebja /svoi vyvody .
Glosses: Vanya.NOM forced.M.SG Anya.ACC  recheck.INF SEBJA.ACC SVOJ conclusions.ACC
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Anja poprosila soseda PRO sfotografirovat’ sebja /ee , kogda ona vernetsja .
Glosses: Anya.NOM asked.F.SG neighbor.ACC  photograph.INF SEBJA.ACC her.ACC when she.NOM returns.3SG
Translation: Anya asked the neighbor to take a picture of her/himself when she returns.’ LD binding blocked
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Anja poprosila soseda PRO sfotografirovat’ sebja zavtra .
Glosses: Anya.NOM asked.F.SG neighbor.ACC  photograph.INF SEBJA.ACC tomorrow
Translation: Anya asked the neighbor to take a picture of her/himself tomorrow.’ LD binding available
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Miša obvinil Vanju v izbienii Øego /svoej sestry .
Glosses: Misha.NOM accused.M.SG Vanya.ACC in beating.LOC his SVOJ sister.GEN
Translation: Misha accused Vanya of beating his sister.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Miša priznalsja Vane v izbienii Øego /svoej sestry .
Glosses: Misha.NOM confessed.M.SG Vanya.DAT in beating.LOC his SVOJ sister.GEN
Translation: Misha confessed beating his sister to Vanya.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Stol otbrasyval ten’ na svoi/ego nožki .
Glosses: table.NOM cast.M.SG shadow.ACC on SVOJ/its legs.ACC
Translation: The table cast a shadow on its legs.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vanya otbrasyval ten’ na svoi/ego ladoni .
Glosses: Vanya.NOM cast.M.SG shadow.ACC on SVOJ/his palms.ACC
Translation: Vanya cast a shadow on his palms.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Anja prodala svoju knigu o ee /svoej sestre .
Glosses: Anya.NOM sold.F.SG SVOJ book.ACC about her SVOJ sister.LOC
Translation: Anya sold her book about her sister.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Anja prodala Taninu knigu o ee /svoej sestre .
Glosses: Anya.NOM sold.F.SG Tanya.POSS book.ACC about her SVOJ sister.LOC
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maše nravitsja svoja rabota
Glosses: Masha.DAT appeals SVOJ work.NOM
Translation: Her work appeals to Masha.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: at-taːlibaːt-u ʔakal-*at/na
Glosses: the-student.PL.F-NOM eat.PST-*3SG.F/3PL.F
Translation: The female students ate.’ SV (Benmamoun 2000: 121)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔakal-at/*na at-taːlibaːt-u
Glosses: eat.PST-3SG.F/*3PL.F the-student.PL.F-NOM
Translation: The female students ate.’ VS (Benmamoun 2000: 121)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: at-taːlibat-u ʔakal-at
Glosses: the-student.SG.F-NOM eat.PST-3SG.F
Translation: The female student ate.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 121)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: at-taːlibat-aːni ʔakal-ataː
Glosses: the-student.F-DU.NOM eat.PST-3DU.F
Translation: The two female students ate.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 121)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: at-taːlibaːt-u ʔakal-na
Glosses: the-student.PL.F-NOM eat.PST-3PL.F
Translation: The female students ate.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 121)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ya-bduː ʔanna l-ʔawlaːd-a qad ħadar-uː
Glosses: 3-seem.SG.M COMP the-boy.PL-ACC PTCL come.PERF-3PL.M
Translation: It seems that the boys have come.’ (Soltan 2006: 258)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *ya-bduː-na ʔanna l-ʔawlaːd-a qad ħadar-uː
Glosses: 3-seem-PL.M COMP the-boy.PL-ACC PTCL come.PERF-3PL.M
Translation: Lit. ‘They seem that the boys have come.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: al-ʔawlaːd-u ya-bduː-na mubtahij-iːn
Glosses: the-boy.PL-NOM 3-seem-PL.M happy-PL.M.ACC
Translation: The boys look happy.’ (Soltan 2006: 259)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: dӡar-a yusuf-u
Glosses: ran.PST.ACT-3SG Yusuf-NOM
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *dӡuriy-a yusuf-u
Glosses: ran.PST.PASS-3SG Yusuf-NOM
Translation: Lit. ‘It was run by Yusuf.’ (Frajzyngier 1982: 279)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: dӡuriy-a fiː ħadiqati al-ħayawaːn
Glosses: ran.PST.PASS-3SG in garden the-animal
Translation: Lit. ‘It was walked in the zoo.’ (Frajzyngier 1982: 280)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: wasal-a ar-raʔiːs-aːni ʔilaː dima∫q-a ʔamsi .
Glosses: arrive.PST-3SG.M the-president.M-DU.NOM in Damascus-ACC yesterday
Translation: The two presidents arrived in Damascus yesterday.’ VS (Ryding 2005: 66)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: al-ʔawlaːd-u raʔ-at bint-un
Glosses: the-boy.PL-NOM see.PST-3SG.F girl-NOM.INDF
Translation: The boys, a girl saw them.’ OVS (Mohammad 2000: 50)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔakal-a at-tuffaːħatu al-ʔawlaːd-u
Glosses: eat.PST-3SG.M the-apple the-boy.PL-NOM
Translation: The children ate the apple.’ VOS (Benmamoun 2000: 132)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: at-taːlibat-aːni ʔakal-*at/ataː
Glosses: the-student.F-DU.NOM eat.PST-*3SG.F/3DU.F
Translation: The two female students ate.’ SV
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔay-a at-tullaːb ʔaraf-uː/*-a al-ʔidӡaːbat-a ?
Glosses: which-ACC the-student.PL.M knew-3PL.M/3SG.M the-answer-ACC
Translation: Which students knew the answer?’ SVO (Alotaibi & Borsley 2013: 10)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kaːn-at / *kun-na at-taːlibaːt-u ya-ʔkul-na
Glosses: be.PST-3SG.F / be.PST-3PL.F the-student.PL.F-NOM 3-eat-PL.F
Translation: The female students were eating.’ Aux SV (Benmamoun 2000: 122)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: at-taːlibaːt-u *kaːn-at / kun-na ya-ʔkul-na
Glosses: the-student.PL.F-NOM be.PST-3SG.F / be.PST-3PL.F 3-eat-PL.F
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *kaːn-at / *kun-na *ta-ʔkul / *ya-ʔkul-na at-taːlibaːt-u
Glosses: be.PST-3SG.F / be.PST-3PL.F 3SG.F-eat / 3-eat-PL.F the-student.PL.F-NOM
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kun-na / *kaːn-at ya-ʔkul-na
Glosses: be.PST-3PL.F / be.PST-3SG.F 3-eat-PL.F
Translation: They (female) were eating.’ Aux V (Benmamoun 2000: 126)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (hum) qaraʔ-uː ad-dars-a
Glosses: they.M read.PST-3PL.M the-lesson-ACC
Translation: They read the lesson.’ SV (Soltan 2006)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: qaraʔ-uː/-*a (hum-u) ad-dars-a
Glosses: read.PST-3PL.M/*3SG.M they.M-EV the-lesson-ACC                                      VS (Soltan 2006)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: at-tullaːb-u ðahab-uː
Glosses: the-student.PL.M-NOM go.PST-3PL.M
Translation: The students left.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 95)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: at-tullaːb-u lam ya-ðhab-uː
Glosses: the-student.PL.M-NOM NEG.PST 3-go-PL.M
Translation: The students did not leave.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 95)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *at-tullaːb-u lam ðahab-uː
Glosses: the-student.PL.M-NOM NEG.PST go.PST-3PL.M
Translation: The students did not leave.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 96)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *lam t-tullaːb-u ya-ðhab-uː
Glosses: NEG.PST the-student.PL.M-NOM 3-go-PL.M
Translation: The students did not leave.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 97)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *lam l-baːriħat yu-saːfir xaːlid
Glosses: NEG.PST the-yesterday 3SG.M-travel Khalid
Translation: Khalid did not travel yesterday.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 97)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔinna an-nisaːʔ-a daxal-na makaːtib-a=hunna
Glosses: that the-women-ACC entered-PL.F office.PL-ACC=their.F
Translation: that the women entered their offices’ (Ackema & Neeleman 2003: 726)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ħaːwal-ta ʔan ta-ʔkul-a tufaħa .
Glosses: try.PST-2SG.M SM 2.M-eat-SG.SBJV apple
Translation: You tried to eat an apple.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *al-walad-a₁ yumkinu [ ʔanna t₁ ɣaːdar-a ]
Glosses: the-boy-ACC may  that  left-3SG.M 
Translation: The boy may have left.’ (Albaty 2019: 51)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: al-walad-u₁ yumkinu [ ʔan yu-ɣaːdir-a t₁ ]
Glosses: the-boy-NOM may  SM 3-leave-SG.M.SBJV  
Translation: the boy may leave’ (Albaty 2019: 54)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *yumkinu daːʔiman [ ʔan ya-drus-a ʔaħmad-u daːʔiman ]
Glosses: may always  SM 3-study-SG.M.SBJV Ahmad-NOM always 
Translation: Intended: ‘Ahmad is always capable of always studying.’ (Albaty 2019: 59)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: yumkinu daːʔiman [ ʔan ya-drus-a ʔaħmad-u bijidin ]
Glosses: may always  SM 3-study-SG.M.SBJV Ahmad-NOM seriously 
Translation: Ahmad is always capable of studying seriously.’ (Albaty 2019: 59)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *nasi-a ʔaħmad-u [ ʔan yu-ħdar-a at-taʕaːm-u . ]
Glosses: forgot.ACT-3SG.M Ahmad-NOM  SM 3-bring.PASS-SG.M.SBJV the-food-NOM 
Translation: Intended: ‘Ahmad forgot the food to be brought.’ (Albaty 2019: 204)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *nusi-a [ ʔan yu-ħdir-a ʔaħmad-u at-taʕaːm-a ]
Glosses: forgot.PASS-3SG.M  SM 3-bring.ACT-SG.M.SBJV Ahmad-NOM the-food-NOM 
Translation: Intended: ‘It was forgotten that Ahmad brought the food.’ (Albaty 2019: 205)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔakal-at at-taːlibaːt-u
Glosses: eat.PST-3SG.F the-student.PL.F-NOM
Translation: The female students ate.’ VS (Benmamoun 2000: 121)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ↪ [π:3 , ɣ:f] ⇐ [ɣ:f] ↔ /-at/
Glosses: ↪ [π:3, ɣ:f] ⇐ /-at/
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ðakar-a ʔanna l-ʕarab-a ʔaʕtaw-haː sm-a-haː .
Glosses: mention.PST-3SG.M that the-Arab-ACC gave-her name-ACC-her
Translation: He mentioned that the Arabs gave it its name.’ (Ryding 2005: 426)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔinna l-ʔamal-a taħawwal-at ʔilaː ʔawhaːm-in .
Glosses: indeed the-hope-ACC turn.PST-3SG.F into delusion-GEN.INDF
Translation: Indeed, the hope turned into delusions.’ (Ryding 2005: 423)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kaːn-a l-safiːr-u (qad) wasal-a masaːʔ-a l-dӡumʕat-i .
Glosses: be.PST-3SG.M the-ambassador-NOM (PTCL) arrive.PERF-3SG.M evening-ACC the-Friday-GEN
Translation: The ambassador had arrived Friday evening.’ (Ryding 2005: 448)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kaːn-a dӡaːsuːs-an .
Glosses: be.PST-3SG.M spy-ACC.INDF
Translation: He was a spy.’ (Ryding 2005: 635)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: laː yumkinu ʔan ya-kuːn-a ʕarabiyy-an .
Glosses: NEG.PRS may SM 3-be-SG.M.SBJV Arab-ACC.INDF
Translation: It is not possible that he is an Arab.’ (Ryding 2005: 636)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kun-tu mutaʔakkid-an .
Glosses: be.PST-1SG certain-ACC.INDF
Translation: I was certain.’ (Ryding 2005: 635)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: sa-ʔa-kuːn-u mutaʔakkid-an .
Glosses: FUT-1SG-be-1 certain-ACC.INDEF
Translation: I will be certain.’ (Ryding 2005: 635)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔanaː (*ʔa-kuːn) mutaʔakkid-an .
Glosses: I 1SG-be certain-ACC.INDF
Translation: I am certain.’ (Ryding 2005: 634)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ya-kuːn l-dӡawwu ħaːrran fiː s-sayfi
Glosses: 3SG.M-be the-weather hot in the-summer
Translation: The weather is usually hot in the summer.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 47)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔayy fustaan Fariid kaal innu I-bint ishtarat t ?
Glosses: which dress Farid said that the-girl bought 
Translation: Which dress did Farid say that the girl bought?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *ʔayy bint Fariid kaal innu t ishtarat l-fustaan ?
Glosses: which girl Farid said that  bought the-dress
Translation: Which girl did Farid say that bought the dress?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Quante ragazze *le hanno / gli ha parlato con te ?
Glosses: how.many girls 3PL have.3PL  3SG.M have.3SG spoken with you
Translation: How many girls spoke with you?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ha-arie [ e= (*hu) taraf et ha-yeled ]
Glosses: the-lion  that 3SG.M devoured ACC the-boy 
Translation: Lit.: ‘the lion that he devoured the boy
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ha-yeled [ e= Rina ohevet (oto) ].
Glosses: the-boy  that Rina loves ACC.3SG.M 
Translation: Lit.: the boy that Rina loves (him)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔayy bint Fariid kaal inn=ha t ishtarat l-fustaan ?
Glosses: which girl Farid said that=her  bought the-dress
Translation: Lit.: ‘Which girl did Farid say that she bought the dress?’ (Kenstowicz 1989: 264)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Fariid kaal *innu/inn=ha t ishtarat l-fustaan .
Glosses: Farid said that/that=her  bought the-dress
Translation: Lit.: ‘Farid said that she bought the dress.’ (Kenstowicz 1989: 264f.)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: man qaːl-a ʔaħmad ʔanna mona raʔ-at
Glosses: who said-3SG.M Ahmad that Mona see.PST-3SG.F
Translation: Who did Ahmad say that Mona saw?’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 55)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *ʔayy-u bint-in qaːl-a ʔaħmad ʔanna raʔ-at ʕali
Glosses: which-NOM girl-GEN.INDF said-3SG.M Ahmad that see.PST-3SG.F Ali
Translation: Which girl did Ahmad say that saw Ali?’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 55)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔayy-u bint-in qaːl-a ʔaħmad ʔanna-ha raʔ-at ʕali
Glosses: which-NOM girl-GEN.INDF said-3SG.M Ahmad that-her see.PST-3SG.F Ali
Translation: Which girl did Ahmad say that she saw Ali?’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 55)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: al-makaːn-u [ lladhiː ta-qsid-u-hu ] hunaː .
Glosses: the-place-NOM  REL.SG.M 2-seek-SG.M-him  here
Translation: The place which you seek (it) is here.’ (Ryding 2005: 324)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: al-siyyaːħ-u [ lladhiːna (*hum) ya-sil-uːna kulla yawm-in ]
Glosses: the-tourists-NOM  REL.PL.M them 3-arrive-PL.M every day-GEN.INDF 
Translation: the tourists who arrive every day’ (Ryding 2005: 323)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: al-siyyaːħ-u [ lladhiːna (*hum) kulla yawm-in (*hum) ya-sil-uːna (*hum) ]
Glosses: the-tourists-NOM  REL.PL.M them every day-GEN.INDF them 3-arrive-PL.M them
Translation: the tourists who arrive every day
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ∫ay-an ∫arib-a zayd-un laː ʕasiːr-an
Glosses: tea-ACC.INDF drank-3SG.M Zayd-NOM.INDF NEG.PRS juice-ACC.INDF
Translation: It was tea that Zayd drank, not juice.’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 202)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔa-ðunn-u ʔanna fiː badhdaːd-a ħasal-a l-ʔittifaːq-u
Glosses: 1SG-think.1 that in Baghdad-ACC happened-3SG.M the-agreement-NOM
Translation: I think that in Baghdad, the agreement took place.’ (Aoun et al. 2010: 203)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: qurrir-a [ ʔan yu-ħdir-a ʔaħmad-u at-taʕaːm-a ]
Glosses: decided.PASS-3SG.M  SM 3-bring-SG.M.SBJV Ahmad-NOM the-food-ACC 
Translation: It was decided for Ahmad to bring the food.’ (Albaty 2019: 205)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ʔakal-a at-tuffaːħata al-ʔawlaːd-u
Glosses: eat.PST-3SG.M the-apple the-boy.PL-NOM
Translation: The children ate the apple.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 132)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: al-ʔawlaːd-u dӡaːʔ-uː
Glosses: the-boy.PL-NOM came-3PL.M
Translation: The children came.’ (Alotaibi & Borsley 2013: 9)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *ʔawlaːd-un dӡaːʔ-uː
Glosses: boy.PL-NOM.INDF came-3PL.M
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Laː ʔaħad ʔakal-a at-tuffaːħa
Glosses: NEG somebody eat.PST-3SG.M the-apple
Translation: Nobody ate the apple.
Language: Moroccan Arabic ( translation)
Transcription: kla-w lə-wlad
Glosses: eat.PST-3PL the-children
Language: Moroccan Arabic (English translation)
Transcription: lə-wlad kla-w
Glosses: the-children eat.PST-3PL
Translation: The children ate.
Language: Levantine Arabic ( translation)
Transcription: Neem-o lə-wlaad
Glosses: sleep.PST-3PL the-children
Language: Levantine Arabic (English translation)
Transcription: Lə-wlaad neem-o
Glosses: the-children sleep.PST-3PL
Translation: The children slept.
Language: Levantine Arabic ( translation)
Transcription: el-sseby-an ʕam y-erkud-u
Glosses: the-boy-PL PROG 3.M-run-PL
Language: Levantine Arabic (English translation)
Transcription: ʕam y-erkud-u el-sseby-an
Glosses: PROG 3.M-run-PL the-boy-PL
Translation: The boys are running.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: La Maria *(la) riva
Glosses: the Maria 3SG.F arrive
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (*La) riva la Maria
Glosses: 3SG.F arrive the Maria
Translation: Maria arrives.’ (Samek-Lodovici 2002 based on Saccon 1993)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: La e rivada ieri , la Maria
Glosses: 3SG.F is arrived yesterday the Maria
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *La e rivá , la Maria ieri
Glosses: 3SG.F is arrived the Maria yesterday
Translation: Maria has arrived yesterday.’ (Saccon 1993: 111)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: L e venu la vivano
Glosses: 3SG.M is come.M.SG the fairy.F.SG
Translation: The fairy has arrived.’ (Fassan, Haiman & Benincá 1992: 176)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: lays-a t-taːlib-u ya-ktub-u ∫-∫iʕr
Glosses: NEG-3SG.M the-student.SG.M-NOM 3-write-SG.M the-poetry
Translation: The student does not write poetry.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 8)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: al-ʔawlaːd-u ya-llab-uː-n
Glosses: the-boy.PL-NOM 3-play-PL.M-IND
Translation: The children are playing.’ (Benmamoun 2000: 32)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ya-llab al-ʔawlaːd-u
Glosses: 3-play the-boy.PL-NOM
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: José=ra [<pro> Rosa oin-ax] xobo-n ka-ke .
Glosses: José=EV he Rosa see-SS.ABS house-LOC go-PFV
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [José-kan Rosa oin-ke-tian]=ra , (ja) xobo-n ka-ke .
Glosses: José-ERG Rosa see-PFV-DS=EV 3SG home-LOC go-PFV
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Yohana a-a-bon-a Maria . (Lubukusu)
Glosses: John CL1-PST-see-FV Mary 
Translation: John saw Mary.’ (* with a-a-i-bon-a)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Yohana a-a-i-bon-a omw-eene . (Lubukusu , AnQ: 2)
Glosses: John CL1-PST.REFL-see-FV CL1-own 
Translation: John saw himself.’ (* with a-a-bon-a)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mi-n=ra shino chekeren-ke . (Shipibo , PV: 781)
Glosses: 2SG-ERG=EV capuchin.monkey.ABS tickle-PFV 
Translation: You tickled the monkey.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mi-a=ra chekere-mee[t]-ke .
Glosses: 2SG-ABS=EV tickle-REFL.PFV
Translation: You tickled yourself.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [José-kan Rosa oin-a]=ra , <pro> xobo-n ka-ke .
Glosses: José-ERG Rosa see-OS=EV she house-LOC go-PFV
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Yohana a-a-i-bon-a omw-eene .
Glosses: John CL1-PST.REFL-see-FV CL1-own
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ba-khasi ba-a-fwochol-a Yohan . 
Glosses: CL2-woman CL2.PST-describe-FV John 
Translation: The women described John.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ba-khasi ba-a-i-fwochol-a (bab-eene). (AnQ: 34)
Glosses: CL2-woman CL2-PST-REFL-praise-FV CL2-own 
Translation: The women described themselves.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ba-khasi ba-a-fwochol-an-a (bab-eene khu b-eene). (AnQ: 34)
Glosses: CL2-woman CL2.PST-praise-RECIP.FV CL2-own on CL2-own 
Translation: The women described each other.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Wekesa a-a-i-siim-a omw-eene lukali . (?…lukali omw-eene)
Glosses: Wekesa CL1-TNS-REFL-love-FV CL1-own much much CL1-own
Translation: Wekesa loves himself a lot.’ (S&S: 40)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bab-aana ba-a-siim-an-a bab-eene khu b-eene lukali . (?…lukali b . khu b .)
Glosses: CL2-child CL2.TNS-love-RECIP.FV CL2-own on CL2-own much 
Translation: The children love each other a lot.’ (S&S: 41)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ba-khasi ba-a-i-fwochol-a {Ø / bab-eene / *ni-bo}. (AnQ: 34)
Glosses: CL2-woman CL2-PST-REFL-praise-FV Ø / CL2-own / 3SG.CL2 
Translation: The women described themselves/*them.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maria a-a-i-elesy-a omw-eene si-anua . (AnQ: 39)
Glosses: Mary CL1-PST-REFL-gave-FV CL1-own CL7-gift 
Translation: Mary gave herself a gift.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maria a-a-w-a bab-aana bab-eene . (AnQ: 4)
Glosses: Maria CL1-PST-give-FV CL2-child CL2-own 
Translation: Maria gave the children themselves.’ (not *a-a--w-a)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Yohana a-a-i-okesy-a bab-aana omw-eene .
Glosses: Yohana CL1-PST-REFL-show-FV CL2-child CL1-own
Translation: (‘John showed the children himself.’)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: OK: Yohana a-a-i-okesy-a omw-eene khu b-aana . (AnQ: 39)
Glosses:  John CL1-PST-REFL-show-FV CL1-own to CL2-children 
Translation: John showed himself to the children.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Yohana a-a-(*i)-kachul-il-a Maria khu omw-eene . (AnQ: 39)
Glosses: John CL1-PST-(*REFL)-tell-APPL.FV Maria on CL1-own 
Translation: John told Mary about himself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Yohana a-a-i-indekheleel-a khu omw-eene . (AnQ: 37)
Glosses: John CL1-TNS-REFL-worry-FV on CL1-own 
Translation: (‘John worries about himself.’)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Paulo a-a-(*i)-tib-i-a bi-raro bi-ewe . (AnQ: 13)
Glosses: Paul CL1-PST-(*REFL)-lost-ASP.FV CL13-shoe CL13-his 
Translation: Paul lost his shoes.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Nicki a-a-chanu-a li-chune li-ewe omw-eene . (AnQ: 41)
Glosses: Nick CL1.PST-comb-FV CL5-hair CL5-his CL1-own 
Translation: Nick combed his own hair.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jack a-a-lom-a a-li omw-eene a-li omu-miliyu . (not *a-a-i-lom-a)
Glosses: Jack CL1.PST-say-FV CL1-that CL1-own CL1-be CL1-smart  (AnQ: 52)
Translation: Jack said that he is smart.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Yohanna a-a-i-bukul-a omw-eene khu-b-a omu-miliyu . (AnQ: 55)
Glosses: John CL1-TNS-REFL-consider-FV CL1-own INF-be-FV CL1-smart 
Translation: John considers himself to be smart.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Hari {∅ /tann-annu/ tann-annu-taane / *awan-nu} hoDe-du-ko-ND-a .
Glosses: Hari {∅ / self-ACC/ self-ACC-self/ *he-ACC} hit-ASP-REFL-PST-3.SG.M
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Rashmi-ge Hari/tannu ishta-aada . (*ishta-aad-du-ko-ND-aLu)
Glosses: Rashmi-DAT Hari.NOM/self.NOM liking-becomes (*liking-become-ASP-REFL-PST-3.SG.F)
Translation: Rashmi likes Hari/herself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: E-n=ra bake boex-ai . (PV: 265)
Glosses: 1SG-ERG=EV child.ABS comb-IPFV 
Translation: I comb the child.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: E-a=ra boexe-t-ai .
Glosses: 1SG-ABS=EV comb-REFL.IPFV
Translation: I comb myself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oa rabé=ra boexe-anan-ai .
Glosses: DIST two=EV comb-RECIP-IPFV
Translation: These two comb each other.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Wesna=ra Tsoma keen-ai . (PV: 785)
Glosses: Wesna.ABS=EV Tsoma.ABS want-IPFV 
Translation: Wesna loves/wants Tsoma.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Wesna=ra ja-n-bi-x keen-ai . (not *kee-meet-ai)
Glosses: Wesna.ABS=EV 3-NOM-EM-S want-IPFV  want-REFL.IPFV
Translation: Wesna loves/wants herself.’ (Also ‘Wesna herself wants him/her/it.’)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Wesna=ra kirika bo-ma-kaa[t]-ke . (PV: 785)
Glosses: Wesna.ABS=EV letter.ABS carry-CAUS-REFL-PFV 
Translation: Wesna sent a letter to herself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jabo=ra piti meni-anan-ke . (fieldnotes)
Glosses: they.ABS=EV food give-RECIP-PFV 
Translation: They gave each other food.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Wesna-n=ra chomo ja pekáo a-ke . (PV: 787)
Glosses: Wesna-ERG=EV jar.ABS 3 behind do-PFV 
Translation: Wesna put the jar behind her(self).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ja-n=ra jawen poi rete-ke . (PV: 787)
Glosses: 3-ERG=EV 3.POSS opposite.sex.sibling.ABS kill-PFV 
Translation: She killed her brother.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Wesna=ra Tsoma-ki siná-ke . (PV: 783)
Glosses: Wesna=EV Tsoma-DAT get.angry.at-PFV 
Translation: Wesna got angry at Tsoma.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Wesna=ra siná-ke .
Glosses: Wesna=EV get.angry.at-PFV
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Apo jo-ke-tian=ra , e-n [pro] oina iki . (Baker 2015: 203)
Glosses: president come-PFV-DS=EV I-ERG (him) see AUX 
Translation: When the president came, I saw him.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: E-a=ra [self ?] mashi-n mii-mee[t]-ke . (PV: 792)
Glosses: I-ABS=EV [self] sand-LOC bury-REFL.PFV 
Translation: I buried myself in the sand.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jabo=ra joi yoi-anan-ai . (PV: 812)
Glosses: they.ABS=EV word.ABS tell-RECIP-IPFV 
Translation: They tell each other stories.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ləmma Almaz-ɨn tarik-u-n nəggər-at . (*nəggər-ə-w)
Glosses: Lemma.M Almaz.F-ACC story.M-DEF-ACC tell-(3.M.S)-3.F.O (*tell-3.M.S-3.M.O)
Translation: Lemma told Almaz the story.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Almaz tarik-u-(*n) tə-nəgr-ow-at nəbbər .
Glosses: Almaz.F story.M-(*ACC) PASS-tell-3..GER-3.F.O AUX
Translation: The story was told (to) Almaz.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bimi-n=ra Rosa joshin-xon-ke . (fieldnotes; PV: 694)
Glosses: fruit-ERG=EV Rosa.ABS ripen-APPL.PFV 
Translation: The fruit ripened for Rosa.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jabo=ra kokoti-bo be-xon-anan-ai . 
Glosses: they=EV fruit-PL bring-APPL-RECIP-IPFV 
Translation: They bring fruit for each other.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Shukuvenã yuina ui-veran-i .
Glosses: Shukuvena.ERG bird see-come-IPFV
Translation: Shukuvena is coming looking at birds.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Shukuvena a-vi ui-keran-i .
Glosses: Shukuvena.NOM 3-self see-come-IPFV
Translation: Shukuvena is coming looking at himself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: K-askanek-s ne karistatsi au-tate-nohare-’.
Glosses: 1SG.S-wish-IPFV NE stove OPT.N.SG.S-REFL-wash-PFV
Translation: I wish the stove would wash itself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: K-askanek-s au-tate-rist-ohare-‘.
Glosses: 1SG.S-wish-IPFV OPT.N.SG.S-REFL-stove-wash-PFV
Translation: I wish the stove would wash itself.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Guʃin  a-lag-eb-d-a samzareulo-s .
Glosses: yesterday grandma.NOM VER-clean-SF-SM-IPFV.3SG kitchen-DAT
Translation: G cleaned the kitchen yesterday.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bebia  a-lag-eb-d-a samzareulo-s .
Glosses: grandma.NOM yesterday VER-clean-SF-SM-IPFV.3SG kitchen-DAT
Translation: Grandma cleaned the kitchen .
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Giorgi-s mosts’on-s dzalian lamaz-i gogo Tbilisi-dan .
Glosses: Giorgi-DAT like-PRS.3SG very beautiful-NOM girl.NOM Tbilisi-from
Translation: Giorgi likes a very beautiful girl from Tbilisi.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Lamaz-ma kalbat’on-ma k’aba mo-i-zom-a .
Glosses: beautiful-ERG lady-ERG dress.NOM PRV-VER-try-AOR.3SG
Translation: A beautiful lady tried on a dress.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mebadur-ma da-i-tʃ’ir-a zvigen-i ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi .
Glosses: fisherman-ERG PRV-VER-catch-AOR.3SG shark-NOM last_year summer-LOC
Translation: The fisherman caught a shark last summer.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ra mo-xd-a ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: what PRV-happen-AOR.3SG last_year summer-LOC
Translation: What happened last summer?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ra da-i-tʃ’ir-a mebadur-ma ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: what PRV-VER-catch-AOR.3SG fisherman-ERG last_year summer-LOC
Translation: What did the fisherman catch last summer?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vin da-i-tʃ’ir-a zvigen-i ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: what PRV-VER-catch-AOR.3SG shark-NOM last_year summer-LOC
Translation: Who caught a shark last summer?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ra ga-a-k’et-a mebadur-ma ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: what PRV-VER-do-AOR.3SG fisherman-ERG last_year summer-LOC
Translation: What did the fisherman do last summer?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Rvapexa da-i-tʃ’ir-a mebadur-ma ʃarʃan zapxul-ʃi ?
Glosses: octopus.NOM PRV-VER-catch-AOR.3SG fisherman-ERG last_year summer-LOC
Translation: Did the fisherman catch an octopus last summer?
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: S₁  S S V₁  V V
Glosses: Ma | ri | a | mi sa | di | lob | da
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Mariami     sadilobda .
Glosses: ‘Mariami     dined.’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Gasul ɣame-s Mariami/M sadil-ob-d-a .
Glosses: last night-DAT Mariami.NOM dine-SF-SM-IPFV.3SG
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bebia guʃin dilas /samzareulo-s a-lag-eb-d-a .
Glosses: grandma.NOM yesterday morning kitchen-DAT VER-clean-SF-SM-IPFV.3SG
Translation: Grandma cleaned the /kitchen yesterday morning.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-wa [ Jiro-ga ki-ta toyuu uwasa]-o kii-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  J-NOM come-PST that.say rumor-ACC hear-PST
Translation: Taro heard the rumor that Jiro came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-wa [ Jiro-ga ki-ta toyuu shooko]-o mitsuke-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  J-NOM come-PST that.say evidence-ACC find-PST
Translation: Taro found the evidence that Jiro came.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Taro-wa [ Jiro-ga ki-ta no]-o mi-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  J-NOM come-PST NO-ACC see-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-wa [ Jiro-ga ki-ta koto]-o shit-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  J-NOM come-PST KOTO-ACC know-PST
Translation: Taro found out that Jiro came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ Erika-ga/wa kekkon shi-ta toyuu uwasa]
Glosses:  E-NOM/TOP marriage do-PST that.say rumor
Translation: the rumor that Erika got married
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ Erika-ga/*wa ec kat-ta kuruma]
Glosses:  E-NOM/*TOP  buy-PST car
Translation: a/the car Erika bought
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-wa [ kawai-ta taoru]-o tanon-da .
Glosses: T-TOP  dry-PST towel-ACC ask-PST
Translation: Taro asked for a dry towel/a dried towel.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-wa [ taoru-ga kawai-ta toyuu hookoku]-o shi-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP  towel-NOM dry-PST that.say report-ACC do-PST
Translation: Taro made a report that the towel dried.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mary-o watashi-wa [ ec Bill-ni  shookaishi-ta-i toyuu kiboo]-o mottei-ru .
Glosses: M-ACC I-TOP  B-DAT  introduce-want-NPST that.say desire-ACC have-NPST
Translation: I have a desire such that I want to introduce Mary to Bill.’ (Haig 1976: 369; (25))
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Ano hon-o watashi-wa [ ec  kai-ta hito]-ni ai-ta-i .
Glosses: that book-ACC I-TOP   write-PST person-to meet-want-NPST
Translation: (‘I want to meet the person who wrote that book.’) (Haig 1976: 370; (30))
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?Bill-o John-ga [ Mary-ga  saketei-ru toyuu uwasa]-o kii-ta .
Glosses: B-ACC J-NOM  M-NOM  avoid-NPST that.say rumor-ACC hear-PST
Translation: John heard a rumor that Mary is avoiding Bill.’ (Saito 1985: 246; (146b))
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?*Ano hon-o John-ga [ ec  kat-ta hito]-o sagashitei-ru rasii .
Glosses: that book-ACC J-NOM   buy-PST person-ACC search-NPST seem
Translation: (‘It seems that John is looking for the person who bought that book.’) (Saito 1985: 246; (146a))
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hyooronka-wa [ kyonen goosutoraitaa-ga (sono) shoosetsu-o kai-ta-to] shinjitei-ru .
Glosses: commentator-TOP  last.year ghost.writer-NOM (the) novel-ACC write-PST-COMP believe-NPST
Translation: The commentator believes that the ghost-writer wrote (the) novel last year.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: (Sono) shoosetsu-o hyooronka-wa [ kyonen goosutoraitaa-ga  kai-ta-to] shinjitei-ru .
Glosses: (the) novel-ACC commentator-TOP  last.year ghost.writer-NOM  write-PST-COMP believe-NPST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hyooronka-wa [ kyonen goosutoraitaa-ga (sono) shoosetsu-o kai-ta toyuu hoodoo-o] shinjitei-ru .
Glosses: commentator-TOP  last.year ghost.writer-NOM (the) novel-ACC write-PST that.say news-ACC believe-NPST
Translation: The commentator believes the news that the ghost-writer wrote (the) novel last year.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: (Sono) shoosetsu-o hyooronka-wa [ kyonen goosutoraitaa-ga  kai-ta toyuu hoodoo-o] shinjitei-ru .
Glosses: (the) novel-ACC commentator-TOP  last.year ghost.writer-NOM  write-PST that.say news-ACC believe-NPST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-ga sore-o teniire-ta toyuu/*∅ uwasa
Glosses: T-NOM it-ACC obtain-PST that.say rumor
Translation: the rumor that Taro obtained it’ (Fukui 1998: 513; (26))
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-wa Hanako-ga ki-ta to/tte/*∅ it-ta/omot-ta .
Glosses: T-TOP H-NOM come-PST TO.TTE say-PST/think-PST
Translation: Taro thought/said (that) Hanako came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-ga sore-o teniire-ta tte/∅ yuu uwasa
Glosses: T-NOM that-ACC obtain-PST TTE YUU rumor
Translation: the rumor that Taro obtained that
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ Erika-ga ec kat-ta toyuu kuruma]
Glosses:  E-NOM  buy-PST that.say car
Translation: a/the car Erika bought
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ dareka-ga samma-o yak-u nioi]
Glosses:  someone-NOM mackerel-ACC broil-NPST smell
Translation: the smell of someone broiling a mackerel.