lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɯtsʰot pɯ-me tɕe ,
Glosses: former.times LOC clocks PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: In former times, there were no clocks.' (29-LAntshAm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003726#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ mkʰɯrlu kɯ-fse ra pɯ-kɯ-tu me .
Glosses: former.times machine SBJ:PCP-be.like PL PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: In former times, there were no machines or things like that at all.' (140430 tWfkur)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤjmu nɯtɕu mɤ-ʑɯ ma , tɤrɲɟo tu tɕe ,
Glosses: kitchen DEM:LOC NEG-be.just LNK shelf exist:FACT LNK
Translation: In the kitchen, there are not just [the aforementioned objects], there is also a shelf (to store the cooking implements).' (2011-11-kha2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ paʁ kɯ tu-ndze tɕe , mɤʑɯ ʑo cʰɯ-tsʰu cʰa
Glosses: DEM pig ERG IPFV-eat[III] LNK even.more EMPH IPFV-be.fat can:FACT
Translation: When the pig eats it [acorns], it can grow even fatter.' (08-CkrAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ kɯ ju-zɣɯt mɯ-pjɤ-z-nɤjo ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: wolf DEM ERG IPFV-arrive NEG-IFR.IPFV-ABIL-wait EMPH LNK
Translation: The wolf could not wait [for the fox] to arrive.' (140516 huli de baofu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004010#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsɯntu kɯ ɯ-ndzrɯ mɯ́j-spʰɯt ma ɯ-tɯ-rko ɯ-tɯ-jaʁ ɲɯ-sɤre ʑo
Glosses: scissors ERG 3SG.POSS-nail NEG:SENS-can.cut LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.hard 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.thick SENS-be.ridiculous EMPH
Translation: The scissors cannot cut through her nails, as they are extremely hard and thick.' (2012, heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki tɕʰeme ki mɯ-ɲɤ-rkaŋ
Glosses: DEM.PROX girl DEM.PROX NEG-IFR-be.in.good.shape
Translation: This woman became pregnant.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-rʑaβ ʁnaʁna ʑo ndʑi-skʰrɯ mɯ-ɲɤ-βdi
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-wife both EMPH 3DU.POSS-body NEG-IFR-be.well
Translation: Both of their wives got pregnant.' (2005 Lobzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ-pɯ-mto-t-a
Glosses: NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have not seen it.' (several examples)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-mto-t-a maʁ
Glosses: AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.be:FACT
Translation: I have not seen it, (but rather…).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-mto-t-a me
Glosses: AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I have seen none/I haven't seen anything.' (several examples)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-ɣɤwu-a maʁ nɤ , tɯ-mɯ pjɯ-lɤt ɲɯ-ɕti ma
Glosses: SENS-cry-1SG not.be:FACT SFP INDEF.POSS-sky IPFV-release SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: It is not that I am crying, [I look like I am crying because] it has been raining.' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-mdoʁ tɕʰi ʑo fse mɤ-xsi , a-kɤ-ti me ma mɯ-pɯ-mto-t-a . ɯ-ndʐi kɯnɤ pɯ-mto-t-a me
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-colour what EMPH be.like:FACT NEG-GENR:know 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say not.exist:FACT LNK NEG-AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG 3SG.POSS-skin also AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I don't know which colour it_i has, I can't say because I have not seen it_i, I have not even seen any of its_i hides.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βʑɯ kɯ-fse tu-qʰe-a me
Glosses: mouse SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-hate[III]-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: Mice is what I hate most.' (`there is nothing that I hate like a mouse') (140427 bianfu yu huangshulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003838#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paʁ aɣɯɣli ma rcanɯ mɤ-ndze ʑo me
Glosses: pig produce.a.lot.of.manure:FACT LNK UNEXP:DEG NEG-eat[III] EMPH not.exist:FACT
Translation: Pigs produce a lot of manure, as they eat everything (there is nothing they don't eat).' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ mɤ-kɯ-pe me
Glosses: 1SG:GEN NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am fine (I don't have any particular problem).' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003927#S70"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ me
Glosses: NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is nothing wrong with it.' (common in metalinguistic judgments about the grammaticality of sentences)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-rca mɤ-ɣi-a mɤ-kʰɯ qʰe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-together.with NEG-come:FACT-1SG NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK
Translation: It have no other choice but to go with you/follow you.' (Nyima Wodzer 2003.2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu fka ɕti tɕe , mɤ-kɤ-ɣi mɤ-nɤz-i ri
Glosses: king order be.AFF:FACT LNK NEG-INF-come NEG-dare:FACT-1PL LNK
Translation: It is the king's order, we do not dare not to come.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑora nɯ-rɟit ʑo cʰɯ-βri-nɯ qʰe kɯmaʁ ra nɯ-rɟit nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ [tɤ-rɟit kɯ-maʁ] tú-wɣ-sɯpa qʰe
Glosses: 3PL 3PL.POSS-offspring EMPH IPFV-protect-PL LNK other PL 3PL.POSS-offspring DEM TOP INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-not.be IMPF-INV-consider LNK
Translation: (At school), [some parents] protect their own children, and as for the children of other people, they consider them as if they were not children (`as non-children').' (140501 01)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kɯ-ɕaβ me
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-catch.up not.exist:FACT
Translation: Nobody will [be able] to catchup with you.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯmɯrkʰa tɕe ɯ-sɤ-rŋgɯ maŋe
Glosses: evening LOC 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-lie.down not.exist:SENS
Translation: In the evening, it has no place to stay.' (26-NalitCaRmbWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003676#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jinde tɕe nɯ [ɯ-kɯ-ntɕʰoz] maŋe qʰe , [kɤ-mto] kɯnɤ maŋe
Glosses: nowadays LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-use not.exist:SENS LNK OBJ:PCP-see also not.exist:SENS
Translation: Nowadays nobody uses [amadou], there isn't even any to be seen.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme kʰɤɕkʰɤr ku-kɯ-ɕe maka mɯ-pɯ-jɤɣ
Glosses: girl man.seating.place IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-go at.all NEG-PST.IPFV-be.allowed
Translation: Ladies were not allowed to go to the men's seating place.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤxtsʰi ndɤre maka nɯ-nɤɕqe ra
Glosses: this.time ADVERS at.all IMP-endure[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: This time (unlike the previous times), you have absolutely to bear [the cold of the moon and the heat of the sun without making a word, otherwise we will not succeed].' (tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ma kɯ-ra mu ʑo me
Glosses: DEM apart.from SBJ:PCP-be.needed at.all EMPH not.exist:FACT
Translation: I don't need anything else at all.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmdza ra mucin ʑo mɤ-arɕɤt-tɕi
Glosses: relative PL at.all EMPH NEG-have.a.kinship.relationship:FACT-1DU
Translation: We don't have any kinship relationship at all.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo cʰo aʑo ni , nɤki , rɟɤmtsʰu ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu χsɯ-sŋi ɕɯ-nɤʁaʁ-tɕi , ɕɯ-nɤmɲole-tɕi .
Glosses: 2SG COMIT 1SG DU FILLER sea 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC three-day TRAL-have.a.good.time:FACT-1DU TRAL-do.sightseeing:FACT-1DU
Translation: You and I will go on a three day tour on the sea.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯrme ra nɯ-rca ɣɤ<tɤ>ʑu
Glosses: the.aforementioned person PL 3PL.POSS-following <2sg>exist:SENS
Translation: [I saw] you among these people.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-mtsʰɤm maka ma<ta>ŋe tɕe , nɤ-kɯ-mŋɤm tu ɯβrɤ-ŋu ma , mɤ-kɯ-pe tu ɯβrɤ-ŋu ma nɯra nɯ-sɯso-t-a .
Glosses: INF-hear at.all <2SG>not.exist:SENS LNK 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt exist:FACT RH.Q-be:FACT SFP NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good:FACT exist:FACT RH.Q-be:FACT SFP DEM:PL AOR-think-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: [I] have not heard at all about you [for some time], I was wondering whether you have some disease, whether something bad happened to you.' (phone conversation, 16-12-28)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-rkɯ mɯ-jɤ-tɯ-azɣɯt mɤɕtʂa mɯ-pɯ-ta-mtsʰɤm tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-side NEG-AOR-2-arrive until NEG-AOR-1→2-hear LNK
Translation: I did not feel your [presence] until you arrived near me.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S224"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤ-tɯ-zɣɯt tɕe , nɤki , aʑo a-kʰa a-jɤ-tɯ-z-mɤke ma nɤj nɤ-kʰa a-mɤ-jɤ-tɯ-z-mɤke ra mɯ-tɤ-tɯ-tɯt
Glosses: AOR-2-arrive LNK FILLER 1SG 1SG.POSS-house IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.first[III] LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-house IRR-NEG-PFV-2-CAUS-be.first[III] be.needed:FACT NEG-AOR-2-say[III]
Translation: You did not say “When you arrive, don't go first to your house, come to my house first.” (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe aʑo tʰam kɯki , paχɕi ci tɤ-aro-a tɕe tɕendɤre , … nɯʑora kɯnɤ ta-sɯ-ɤʁe-nɯ ra
Glosses: LNK 1SG now DEM.PROX apple INDEF AOR-have-1SG LNK LNK _ 2PL also 1→2-CAUS-be.needed.eat:FACT-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Now that I have (i.e. was given) this apple, I will give it to you also to eat.' (150904 zhongli-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɤ-rɟit χsɯm aro-a
Glosses: I INDEF.POSS-child three have:FACT-1SG
Translation: I have three children.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɤ-mu nɯ kɯ] ɕɯ ŋu nɯ maka mɯ-pjɤ-tso tɕeri
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG who be:FACT DEM at.all NEG-IFR.IPFV-know LNK
Translation: The old woman did not realize who it was.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa βdaʁmu nɯ kɯ [wuma ʑo ɯ-sɯm kɯ-sna] to-ʑɣɤpa
Glosses: the.aforementioned lady DEM ERG really EMPH 3SG.POSS-mind SBJ:PCP-be.good IFR-pretend
Translation: The lady pretended to be a good person.' (140520 ye tiane-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004044#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pja mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ nɯ-skɤt a-pɯ-tɯ-tso smɯlɤm
Glosses: bird all.kinds 3PL.POSS-speech IRR-IPFV-2-understand prayer
Translation: May you understand the speech of all species of birds!' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci kɤ-pa-tɕi , nɯstʰɯci tɤ-nɤrʑaʁ ri , [nɯstʰɯci nɤ-ku ʑru rcanɯ] mɯ-kɤ-tso-a
Glosses: one AOR-do-1DU so.much AOR-pass(time) LNK so.much 2SG.POSS-head be.strong:FACT UNEXP:DEG NEG-AOR-know-1SG
Translation: So much time has passed since we have married, I did not realize that your hair was so long.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [tɕʰi ɯ-skɤt kɯ-ŋu ra] ku-tso-a ɲɯ-ra ma tu-tɯ-ti stɯsti , mɯ́j-ɕɯftaʁ-a ɲɯ-ti
Glosses: LNK what 3SG.POSS-speech SBJ:PCP-be PL IPFV-understand-1SG SENS-be.needed LNK IPFV-2-say alone NEG:SENS-remember-1SG SENS-say
Translation: He says: `I need to understand what it is about (what objects these words refer to), otherwise if you only speak (if you only explain orally) I won't remember.” (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: a-ʁi , nɤʑo ɯ-ɲɯ-fse-a ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling 2SG QU-SENS-be.like-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯ-apa-a
Glosses: 2SG AOR-become-1SG
Translation: I became you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɯ-tɯ-apa
Glosses: 1SG AOR-2-become
Translation: You became me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁnɯz ni , [sɯŋgɯ] jo-ɕe-ndʑi .
Glosses: two DU forest IFR-go-DU
Translation: Two [men] went into the forest.' (26-tAGe) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003686#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso nɯnɯ li [sɯŋgɯ zɯ] jo-ɕe .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM again forest LOC IFR-go
Translation: The child went again into the forest.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifen-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003886#S217"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯ kɯ ɯ-wa cʰo ɯ-pi nɯra ɲɤ-βde tɕe , sɯŋgɯ ɯ-ɕki tɕe jo-ɕe .
Glosses: girl DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-father COMIT 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DEM:PL IFR-leave LNK forest 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC IFR-go
Translation: The girl left her father and her brothers, and went toward the forest.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ɯ-ɕki tu-rɯɕmi-a ɕti wo
Glosses: person 3SG.POSS-DAT IPFV-speak-1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: I am talking to someone [else].' (phone conversation, 2013-12-02)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <guojia> ɯ-pʰe <piaozi> ɲɯ-kɯ-sɤ-mbi
Glosses: country 3SG.POSS-DAT money IPFV-GENR:S/O-ROG-give
Translation: Ask the government for money.' (2010)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe a-pi a-ʁi ra kutɕu a-nɯ-tɯ-ɤnɯɣro-nɯ , ci ci a-tɤ-tɯ-ɤnɯmqaj-nɯ , ci ci a-tɤ-tɯ-ɤmɯmi-nɯ qʰe a-kɤ-tɯ-nɯ-rɤʑi-nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling PL here IRR-PFV-2-<AUTO>play-PL once once IRR-PFV-2-fight-PL once once IRR-PFV-2-be.on.good.terms-PL LNK IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-stay-PL
Translation: Brothers, stay here and play, fight from time to time, reconcile with each other from time to time.' (2003kandzwsqhaj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <maerjina> nɯ cʰo <alibaba> ni wuma ʑo pjɤ-k-ɤmɯmi-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR DEM COMIT ANTHR DU really EMPH PST.IFR-PEG-be.on.good.terms-DU LNK
Translation: Maerjina and Alibaba were in very good terms.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤj nɤ-mu cʰo aʑo ni aɕɣa-tɕi
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-mother COMIT 1SG DU be.of.the.same.age:FACT-1DU
Translation: I have the same age as your mother.' (`You mother and I have the same age') (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeki qro ni ɲɯ-ɤlɯlɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: down ant DU SENS-fight-DU
Translation: Down there two ants are fighting.' (conversation140501-01)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁdɯxpakɤrpu ɯ-tɕɯ cʰondɤre a-tɕɯ ni to-k-ɤlɯlɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 3SG.POSS-son DU IFR-PEG-fight-DU
Translation: The son of Gdugpa Dkarpo fought with my son.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki ɕɯŋgɯ ki pɯpɯŋunɤ , nɤʑo kɯ iɕqʰa mkʰɤrmaŋ ɣɯ nɯ-ndʐa kɯ tɤ-tɯ-alɯlɤt pɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX before DEM.PROX TOP 2SG ERG FILLER people GEN 3PL.POSS-reason ERG AOR-2-fight PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: The previous time, you fought for the sake of the people.' (140512 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɤʑo nɤ-rpɯ ɯ-ɕki , nɤkinɯ , tu-tɯ-ɤlɯlɤt ndɤre mɤ-pe
Glosses: LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-MB 3SG.POSS-DAT FILLER IPFV-2-fight LNK NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: It is not good for you to fight with your uncle.' (150826 baoliandeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-tɯ-wxti ɲɯ-naχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big SENS-be.the.same
Translation: They have the same size.' (`Their size is the same.') (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-me nɯ [nɤʑɯɣ nɤ-rʑaβ ɲɯ-kʰam-a] jɤɣ , [nɤ-rʑaβ a-kɤ-βze] jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-daughter DEM 2SG:GEN 2SG.POSS-wife SENS-give-1SG be.allowed:FACT 2SG.POSS-wife IRR-PFV-make[III] be.allowed:FACT
Translation: (If you succeed), I will agree to give my daughter to you in marriage, she can become your wife (140518 huifei de muma-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-mbrɯ a-mɤ-tɤ-ŋgɯ , a nɯ-ʁo a-mɤ-nɯ-mbi
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-be.angry(1) IRR-NEG-PFV-be.angry(2) INTERJ 2SG.POSS-be.discouraged(1) IRR-NEG-PFV-be.discouraged(2)
Translation: Don't be angry, don't feel frustrated.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ a-ʁjiz ɣi ɕti
Glosses: DEM 1SG.POSS-wish come:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I want that.' (140520 xiaoyida de huar-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004042#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-lu to-rpjɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk IFR-turn.sour
Translation: The milk turned sour.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qʰaqʰu mɤʑɯ ɲɯ-ɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ
Glosses: behind.the.house even.more SENS-be.hot
Translation: It feels even hotter behind the house.' (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɕɤr wuma ʑo kɤ-qanɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK night really EMPH AOR-be.dark aboutLNK
Translation: In the night, when it has become very dark.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯ-mɯ ɯ-tɯ-ɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ pjɤ-sɤre ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-sky 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:degree-be.hot IFR.IPFV-be.ridiculous EMPH LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɯ-nɯ-ɕe ma , mɤ-tɯ-ra
Glosses: IMP:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-go LNK NEG-2-need:FACT
Translation: Go back, [I] don't need you.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕlaʁ pjɯ-si ɕɯŋgɯ qʰe ɯ-ɕa ɯ-ndza tu-ʑa-nɯ .
Glosses: IDPH(I):immediately IPFV-die before LNK 3SG.POSS-meat 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:eat IPFV-start-PL
Translation: They start eating its flesh just before it dies.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɯ-tso kɤ-ʑa-t-a
Glosses: 1SG INF:II-understand AOR-start-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I began to understand.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe iʑo ji-kʰa kɯnɤ kɤ-fstɯn-i pɯ-ra
Glosses: LNK 1PL 1PL.POSS-house also AOR-serve-1PL PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: We also had to take care of him in our house.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-wɯ cʰo nɤ-ʁi ni pjɯ-sat-i ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-grandfather COMIT 2SG.POSS-younger.sibling DU IPFV-kill-1PL be:FACT
Translation: We will kill your grandfather and your brother.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tɯrme ra to-tɯ-ɣɯt tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG people PL IFR:UP-2-bring LNK
Translation: You(SG) brought people [here].' (150901 changfamei)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-jɯlco ra kɯ wuma pjɤ́-wɣ-nɤsma-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-neighbour PL ERG really IFR-INV-envy-DU
Translation: Their neighbours envied the two of them.' (qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe aʑo tu-ta-fsraŋ ra tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 1SG IPFV-1→2-protect be.needed:FACT LNK
Translation: I have to save you.' (150901 changfamei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006352#S205"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora nɯnɯ koŋla ʑo tu-ta-fsraŋ , tu-ta-βri ɲɯ-sɯso-j ɕti ri ,
Glosses: 1PL DEM really EMPH IPFV-1→2-protect IPFV-1→2-save IPFV-think-1PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: We really want to save you.' (niulan li de lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wortɕʰi wojɤr ʑo tu-kɯ-qur-i ra
Glosses: please please EMPH IPFV-2→1-help-1PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Please, help us.' (150827 taisui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <chuhuaiwang> cʰo nɯra , kɯmaʁ nɯra nɯ-ɕki , “ɣɯ-tu-kɯ-qur-i ɲɯ-ntsʰi" z-jo-sɯ-ti .
Glosses: ANTHR COMIT DEM:PL other DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT CISL-IPFV-2→1PL SENS-be.better TRAL-IFR-CAUS-say
Translation: He sent [someone] to the king Huai of Chu and the other ones to tell them `Come and help us'. (160721 pofuchenzhou-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ma-tʰɯ-kɯ-βlɯ-a , tɕʰorzi ɯ-ŋgɯ cʰɯ-kɯ-rku-a
Glosses: PROHIB-IMP-2→1-burn-1SG wine.jar 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-2→1-put.in-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: khɛnɛʔ anchi aina-o a-dha:p-si-ba kɛ-ni
Glosses: 2SG 1DI mirror-LOC INCL-be.visible-DU-NMLZ 2-see
Translation: You(sg) saw both of us in the mirror.’
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [χɕɤlzgoŋ ɯ-ŋgɯ kɤ-ntɕʰɤr-tɕi] nɯra pɯ-mto-t-a
Glosses: mirror 3SG.POSS-in AOR-appear-1DU DEM:PL AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I saw both of us in the mirror.' (elicitation, )
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ́j-tɯ-mbɣom ri tʰa kɯ-z-maqʰu-tɕi
Glosses: NEG:SENS-2-be.in.a.hurry LNK later 2→1-CAUS-be.after:FACT-1DU
Translation: [If] you don't hurry [up], you will get us late.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-qʰu-cʰu ɯ-stu ʑo a-mɤ-jɤ-kɯ-pʰɣo ra ma tɕe kɯ-mto tɕe kɯ-ndo ɕti tu-ti-nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-behind-APPROX.LOC 3SG.POSS-direction EMPH IRR-NEG-PFV-GENR:S/O-flee be.needed:FACT LNK LNK GENR:S/O-see:FACT LNK GENR:S/O-take:FACT be.AFF:FACT IPFV-say-PL
Translation: People say that you should not flee in the direction behind[the yeti], as it would see you and catch you.' (140510 mYWrgAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma tú-wɣ-ndza tɕe , ɲɯ-kɯ-z-nɯtɯfɕɤl ɕti
Glosses: LNK IPFV-INV-eat LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-have.diarrhea be.AFF:FACT
Translation: If you eat [mold], it causes you diarrhea.' (20-sWrna) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003564#S51"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rasti cʰo rɤjndoʁ ni , pjɯ́-wɣ-ʁndzɤr-ndʑi tɕe ɲɯ́-wɣ-z-nɯɴɢɤt-ndʑi ŋu .
Glosses: turnip COMIT turnip.root DU IPFV-INV-cut-DU LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-ACAUS:separate-DU be:FACT
Translation: One separates the turnip from its root by cutting them.' (150903 kAJar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaʑo cʰɯ-krɤɣ-nɯ tɕe tɤ-pɤtso ra kɯ nɯ qaʑo ɣɯ ɯ-ku nɯ ku-kɯ-sɯ-ndo .
Glosses: sheep IPFV-shear-PL LNK INDEF.POSS-child PL ERG DEM sheep GEN 3SG.POSS-head DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-CAUS-take
Translation: [Every time the adults] sheared the sheep's wool, they would ask the children (us) to grab the sheep's head.' (160712 smAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-ndze-a-ndʑi ra
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III]-1SG-DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: I'd like to eat them.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tu-kɯ-nɯmɢla-a jɤɣ ma nɤ-pi ni kɯ tɤ́-wɣ-nɯmɢla-a-ndʑi ɕti
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-step.over-1SG be.allowed:FACT LNK 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG AOR-INV-step.over-1SG-DU be.AFF:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pi ra , aʑɯɣ kukutɕu a-mɤ-kɤ-cʰa ci ɣɤʑu tɕe … tu-kɯ-qur-a-nɯ ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL 1SG:GEN here 1SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-can INDEF exist:SENS LNK _ IPFV-2→1-help-1SG-PL SENS-be.better
Translation: Sisters, I have a problem (something that I cannot do) here, help me!' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ [tɕʰeme pɯ~pɯ-mto-t-a-nɯ] ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯ kɯ-fse kɯ-mpɕɤr maŋe
Glosses: DEM girl TOTAL~AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG-PL 3SG.POSS-inside DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful not.exist:SENS
Translation: This is the most beautiful among all the girls I have ever seen.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: to-k-ɤlɯlɤt-ndʑi-ci
Glosses: IFR-PEG-fight-DU-PEG
Translation: They fought each other.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βdɯt a-mɤ-jɤ-zɣɯt ra ma tɯ́-wɣ-ndza
Glosses: demon IRR-NEG-PFV-arrive be.needed:FACT LNK 2-INV-eat:FACT
Translation: (She said) `[Let us hope that] the demon will not arrive, otherwise it will eat you.' (tWxtsa2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tú-wɣ-ndza-a nɯ mɤ-jɤɣ nɤ́ma nɤʑo nɤ-ndʐa pɯ-ɣe-a ɕti tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-INV-eat-1SG DEM NEG-be.allowed:FACT SFP 2SG 2SG.POSS-reason AOR:DOWN-come[II]-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: [The demon cannot] eat me, I came for you [to save you].' (tWxtsa2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɯ-tɯ-rgɤz tɕe ki tɯ́-wɣ-stu tɯ́-wɣ-nɯcʰɤmda ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: AOR-2-be.old LNK DEM.PROX 2-INV-do.like:FACT 2-INV-drink.with.a.straw:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: When you become old, they will drink you (your blood) like this with a straw (planted on your back)' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki tú-wɣ-stu tɕe ɲɯ́-wɣ-cɯ
Glosses: DEM.PROX IPFV-INV-do.like LNK IPFV-INV-open
Translation: One opens it like this.' (26-tCAkWG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɯ-tɤxɯr ʑo tó-wɣ-sɯ-lɤt tɕe tɤ-βɟu ɯ-taʁ tɕe pjɤ́-wɣ-βde .
Glosses: three-turn EMPH IPFV-INV-CAUS-release LNK INDEF.POSS-mat 3SG.POSS-on LOC IFR-INV-throw
Translation: She made the [horse] run three laps and throw her on the mat.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: koxtɕɯn-ri nɯnɯ tɤ́-wɣ-χtɯ ɕimɯma ɕɤɣ nɯra wuma ɲɯ-mpɕɤr ri ,
Glosses: silk-thread DEM AOR-INV-buy immediately be.new:FACT DEM:PL really SENS-be.beautiful LNK
Translation: Silk threads are very beautiful when one has just bought them, when they are new.' (2002thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯɲɤt tʰɯ-ɣe nɯ ɯ-rca nɯtɕu tɕe , nɯŋa pɯ-kɯ-nɯrɯ nɯ tɤrca cʰɤ́-wɣ-ɣɯt , tɯ-rdoʁ . tɕe nɯnɯ cʰɤ́-wɣ-ɣɯt tɕendɤre iɕqʰa nɯ , nɤki tɯ-ci kɯ cʰɤ́-wɣ-ɣɯt qʰe
Glosses: landslide AOR:DOWNSTREAM-come[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-following DEM:LOC LOC cow PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-eat.grass DEM together IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring one-piece, LNK DEM IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring LNK FILLER DEM FILLER INDEF.POSS-water ERG IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring LNK
Translation: When the landslide occurred, it took away a cow that was grazing [there], the water took it away.' (160715 nWNa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɤŋɤxɕaj nɤki , kʰɯna kɯ tu-ndze tɕe lú-wɣ-sɯ-qioʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: plant.sp . FILLER dog ERG IPFV-eat[III] LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-vomit SENS-be
Translation: [The plant called] pɤŋɤxɕaj_i, when a dog_j eats it_i, it makes it_j vomit.' (140505 panaxCAj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <yancong> ɯ-ŋgɯ ɲɯ-ɲaʁ rcanɯ , tɕe kumpɣɤtɕɯ ra ɲɤ́-wɣ-sɯɣ-ɲaʁ-nɯ ʑo , nɯ-kɯ-ɤkʰra ra mɯ-ɲɤ-χsɤl ʑo tɕendɤre ʑɯrɯʑɤri qale tu-βze , tɯmɯ kɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-χtɕi-nɯ tɕe ɲɯ-me ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: chimney 3SG-inside IPFV-be.black UNEXP:DEG LNK sparrow PL IFR-INV-CAUS-be.black-PL EMPH 3PL.POSS-NMLZ:S/A-be.colourful PL NEG-IFR-be.clear EMPH LNK progressively wind IPFV-make[III] INDEF.POSS-weather ERG IPFV-INV-wash-PL LNK IPFV-not.exist SENS-be
Translation: As it is black inside the chimney, the sparrows were completely blackened by it, the patterns and colours [on their feathers] were not visible any more, but progressively, the wind and the rain wash them away and [the soot on their feathers] disappears.' (22-kumpGatCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003925#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cɯrmbɯ ɯ-taʁ nɯ nɯ-z-rɤʑi ɲɤ-me ma tɯ-ci to-ɣi qʰe , tɕendɤre nɤki βʑɯ ra kɤsɯfse tʰa-nɯ-tsɯm . qʰe pɯ-si-nɯ .
Glosses: stone.heap 3SG.POSS-on DEM 3PL.POSS-NMLZ:OBL-stay IFR-not.exist LNK INDEF.POSS-water IFR:UP-come LNK LNK FILLER mouse PL all AOR:DOWNSTREAM:3→3'-AUTO-take.away LNK AOR-die-PL
Translation: The place where they_j stayed on the stone heap disappeared as the water_i came up, and it_i took the mice_j downstream. And they_j died. (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-sɤtɕʰa nɯnɯ ɣɯ jɯl nɯnɯ rcanɯ kʰu kɯ lonba ʑo tʰa-ɕkɯt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-place TOP GEN villager DEM UNEXP:DEG tiger ERG all EMPH AOR:3→3'-eat SEN-be
Translation: All the villagers in their land had been eaten by a tiger.' (khu2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “mtsʰoʁlaŋ ni a-kʰɤkɯm , nɤki , a-kʰɯna ʑo a-pɯ-fse-ndʑi ra" to-ti ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe mtsʰoʁlaŋ ni kɯ pjɤ́-wɣ-nɤliɤliɤt ʑo ɕti
Glosses: water.monster DU 1SG.POSS-doorstep FILLER 1SG.POSS-dog EMPH IRR-IPFV-be.like-DU be.needed:FACT IFR-say SENS-be LNK water.monster DU ERG IFR-INV-greet.like.a.dog EMPH be.AFF:FACT
Translation: He said `May the water monsters be like dogs on my doorstep' and the water monsters greeted him like dogs.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S175"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mpʰɯz nɯnɯ tɤjpɣom kɯ pjɤ-ndo qʰendɤre ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-buttocks DEM ice ERG IFR-take LNK
Translation: (The leopard's) buttocks had been caught in the ice.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ [ɯ-mɲaʁ ɲɤ-z-nɤmbju] ʑo pjɤ-mto tɕe ,
Glosses: king DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-eye IFR-CAUS-be.bright EMPH IFR-see LNK
Translation: The king_j saw it [the thread]_i as it_i dazzled his_j eyes.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu , si kɯ-wxti a-pɯ-tu tɕe ɲɯ́-wɣ-z-maqʰu qʰe ɯʑo tu-mbro mɯ́j-cʰa .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-side DEM:LOC tree SBJ:PCP-be.big IRR-IPFV-exist LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.after LNK 3SG IPFV-be.big NEG:SENS-can
Translation: If there is a big tree_j next to it_i, it_j delays its_i growth and it_i cannot grow very big.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cān o-tēm-a kī-mākwam-ik
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG.POSS-dog-OBV PST-bit-INV
Translation: John_prox's dog_obv bit him_prox.'
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wa ɯ-ɣi ra nɯ-ɕki kó-wɣ-ndʑɯ , … tɕendɤre a-wa ɯ-ɣi ra kɯ tó-wɣ-nɤmqe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-relative PL 3PL.POSS-DAT IFR-INV-accuse _ LNK 1SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-relative PL ERG IFR-INV-scold
Translation: [The old monk] complained about my father_i to his_i parents, and my father_i's parents scolded him_i.' (08-kWqhi)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-pi ʁnɯz nɯni kɯnɤ mɯ-pjɤ́-wɣ-sɯχsɤl
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling two DEM:DU also NEG-IFR-recognize
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre rɟɤlpu ɣɯ ɯ-rʑaβ ɲɤ-k-ɤβzu-ci tɕe , tɕe ɯ-pi ni kɯ wuma ʑo , nɤkinɯ , pjɤ́-wɣ-nɤʑɤmŋɤn
Glosses: LNK king GEN 3SG.POSS-wife IFR-PEG-become-PEG LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG really EMPH FILLER IFR.IPFV-INV-envy
Translation: She_i became the queen, and her_i sisters were envious of her_i.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme wuma ʑo kɯ-pe ci pɯ-ŋu qʰe , ɯ-mu ɯ-wa ni kɯ ɲɯ-z-nɤja-ndʑi qʰe mɯ-ta-sɯ-ɣe-ndʑi ,
Glosses: girl really EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.good INDEF PST.IPFV-be LNK 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-father DU ERG SENS-CAUS-be.regrettable-DU LNK NEG-AOR:3→3'-CAUS-come[II]-DU
Translation: [His wife]_i was a very nice girl, her_i parents were unwilling to part with her_i and did not let her_i come.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯ kɯ `...' to-ti tɕendɤre qro nɯnɯ ɯ-ŋga nɯ to-nɯ-ŋga qʰe , tɕe nɯ ɯ-mke ko-rqoʁ qʰe tɕendɤre tó-wɣ-tsɯm to-nɯqambɯmbjom qʰe
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM ERG _ IFR-say LNK pigeon DEM 3SG.POSS-clothes TOP IFR-AUTO-wear LNK LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-neck IFR-hug LNK LNK IFR-INV-take.away IFR:UP-fly LNK
Translation: The smallest [daughter]_i said `…', she_i wore the pigeon skin, he_j hugged her_i neck, and she_i took him_j and flew away [with him].' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕnɯ-sŋi kɯɕnɤ-rʑaʁ nɯ́-wɣ-z-nɤʁaʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: seven-day seven-night IPFV-INV-CAUS-have.a.good.time SENS-be
Translation: [The king] let [Padma 'Od'bar] have a good time for seven days and seven nights.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ , … nɯnɯ tɕʰeme χsɯm nɯ lonba pa-sɯxɕɤt ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy DEM ERG _ DEM girl three dem all AOR:3→3'-teach SENS-be
Translation: The boy (Padma 'Od'bar) taught the whole [mantra] to the three girls.' (2005 Norbzang, 380; Padma 'Od'bar > girls)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre “jɤɣ" ti nɤ χsɤrzaŋ nɯ́-wɣ-ɕɯ-rŋo-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK be.possible:FACT say:FACT LNK artefact AOR-INV-CAUS-borrow SENS-be
Translation: [The king] said `yes' and lent the Gserbzang to [the three girls].'(2005 Norbzang, 406; girls > king)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre rɟɤlpu kɯ na-nɯsŋom ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK king ERG AOR:3→3'-envy SENS-be
Translation: The king envied [Padma 'Od'bar].' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɕetu ndɤre , pɤnmawombɤr ka-tɕɤβ-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK up.there LNK ANTHR AOR:3→3'-burn-PL SENS-be
Translation: [The king and his servants] burned Padma 'Od'bar up there.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɤ-wɯ nɯ kɯ ɲɤ́-wɣ-ngɤjtsʰi tɕe , nɤki , tɯmgo ɲɤ́-wɣ-mbi , tɯ-ci ra ɲɤ́-wɣ-j-tsʰi tó-wɣ-ɕɯ-fka tɕe tɕe
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-grandfather DEM ERG IFR-INV-give.to.eat.and.drink LNK FILLER food IFR-INV-give INDEF.POSS-water PL IFR-INV-CAUS-drink IFR-INV-CAUS-be.full LNK LNK
Translation: The old man gave him food and drinks, gave him food to eat, water to drink, gave him enough for him to eat his fill.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ jamar tɕe ci nɯni kɯ “lɯlu kɯ ɣɯ́-ndza-tɕi" ra mɯ-ɲɤ-sɯso-ndʑi kɯ , “aʑo ɣɤŋgi-a nɤ aʑo ɣɤŋgi-a" ɲɤ-sɯso-ndʑi , tɕendɤre lɯlu nɯ kɯ ci ko-mɟa , ci ɲo-mɟa tɕe , ndɤre ʁnaʁna ʑo cʰɤ́-wɣ-ndza-ndʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM about LNK INDEF DEM:DU ERG cat ERG INV-eat:FACT-1DU PL NEG-IFR-think-DU ERG 1SG be.right:FACT-1SG ADD 1SG be.right:FACT-1SG IFR-think-DU LNK cat DEM ERG one IFR:EAST-grab one IFR:WEST-grab LNK LNK both EMPH IFR-INV-eat-DU LNK
Translation: The other two were not thinking `The cat will eat us', but rather `I am right, I am right', and the cat grabbed one on his left and one on his right, and both ended up eaten by him.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu ɣɯ ɯ-ʁjoʁ nɯra kɯ ɲimawozɤr , nɯnɯ ɣɤrɤt-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu , ɣɯ-tsɯm pjɤ-ŋu tɕeri ,
Glosses: king GEN 3SG.POSS-servants DEM:PL ERG ANTHR DEM throw:FACT-PL IFR.IPFV-be INV-take.away:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: As the king's servants were about to throw him [into the lake], as they were about to take him away.' (Nyima wodzer2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɕʰira … ɣɯ ɯ-fkaβ nɯnɯ jó-wɣ-kio . tɕe nɯ tó-wɣ-cɯ tɕe nɯtɕu tɕe tɕe li , nɯɕimɯma tɕe li , ɯ-ŋga ra kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr ci , ɯ-ʁzɯɣ ra kɯ-βdɯ~βdi ci , tɕʰemɤpɯ ci , iɕqʰa tɕʰira ɣɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu to-nɯ-ɬoʁ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-jar _ GEN 3SG.POSS-cover DEM IFR-INV-slide LNK DEM IFR-INV-open LNK DEM:LOC LNK LNK again immediately LNK again 3SG.POSS-clothes PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful INDEF 3SG.POSS-appearance PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.nice INDEF girl INDEF the.aforementioned jar GEN 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:UP-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The jar's cover slid over and opened, and a girl with beautiful clothes and a very nice appearance came immediately out of it.' (150827 tianluo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ri , ku-rtoʁ tɕe ɯ-tɯ-ci nɯra pjɤ́-wɣ-lwoʁ tɕe kɯ-tu pjɤ-me qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK LNK IPFV-look LNK 3SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water DEM:PL IFR-INV-spill LNK SBJ:PCP-exist IFR.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: He_i realized that someone had spilled the water [in his_i gourd], and none was left.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɕkrɤz ɣɯ ɯ-mat nɯ tʰɣe tu-kɯ-ti ŋu
Glosses: LNK oak GEN 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM acorn IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: The fruit of the oak is called an acorn.' (08-CkrAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-ndze ŋu maʁ mɤ-xsi .
Glosses: IPFV-eat[III] be:FACT not.be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: I don't know whether [bears] eat [humans] or not.' (21-pri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003580#S112"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤŋe na-βzu qʰe ɲɯ-me ɕti .
Glosses: sun AOR:3→3'-make LNK IPFV-not.exist be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It disappears when the sun appears.' (25-RmArYWG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-taʁ ri kɯ-wɣrum ku-te , ku-kɯ-ta ci tu qʰe , nɯnɯ li kʰɯrwum ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-on LOC SBJ:PCP-be.white IPFV-put[III] IPFV-SBJ:PCP-put INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM again mold be:FACT
Translation: A white thing grows on [meat that has been left to rot], there is something that grows on it, this is also mold.' (20-sWrna)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: akɯcʰoʁle nɯ to-βzu tɕe rcanɯ ,
Glosses: east.wind DEM IFR-make LNK UNEXP:DEG
Translation: The East (North) Wind blew.' (aesop feng he taiyang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤrtsa kɯ-wxti tsa tɯ-βzu to-ʑa .
Glosses: wave SBJ:PCP-be.big a.little INF:II-make IFR-start
Translation: There started to be big waves [on the sea].' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre cʰa ɯ-skɤt ɯ-βzu lo-ʑa .
Glosses: LNK alcohol 3SG.POSS-speech 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:make IFR-start
Translation: He started drunk-talking.' (150906 qingfeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jisŋi tɯ-mɯ nɯ kɯ-fse tʰa-sɯ-ɤmɲɤm ʑo , tɤŋe tɕi mɯ-na-βzu , tɯ-mɯ tɕi mɯ-ka-lɤt
Glosses: today INDEF.POSS-sky DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR:3→3'-be.homogeneous EMPH sun also NEG-AOR:3→3'-make INDEF.POSS-weather also NEG-AOR:3→3'-release
Translation: Today the weather was uniform, there was neither sun nor rain.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-rɤrma ra nɯ-ɕki nɯtɕu , nɤki , kuxtɕo ci z-ɲɤ-rŋo ,
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-work PL 3PL.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC FILLER basket INDEF TRAL-IFR-borrow
Translation: [The leopard] borrowed a basket from the workers.' (2002 qalakWcqraq)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre rɟɤlpu ɯ-pʰe la-tsɯm ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: LNK king 3SG.POSS-DAT AOR:3→3:UPSTREAM-take.away SENS-be
Translation: He brought[the shoe] to the king.' (tWxtsa 2003)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tʰe jɤɣ
Glosses: IMP-ask[III] be.allowed:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wa kɯ , tɯrme ɣɯ ɯ-rʑaβ nɯ́-wɣ-kʰo-a ɕti nɤ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father ERG person GEN 3SG.POSS-wife AOR-INV-give-1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: My father has offered me in marriage to someone.' (150828 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo <laoshi> ɯ-ɕki ta-ndʑɯ
Glosses: 1SG professor 3SG.POSS-DAT 1→2-accuse:FACT
Translation: I will issue a complain against you to the professor.' (150826 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006244#S81"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-xtu ɯ-ŋgɯ cʰɯ-ta-rku
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-belly 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-1→2-put.in
Translation: I will put you in my belly.' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003921#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: sɯmat kɤ-kɯ-ɕtʂɯ-a
Glosses: fruit AOR-2→1-entrust.with-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-me nɯ nɤ-rʑaβ ɲɯ-ta-mbi ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-daughter DEM 2SG.POSS-wife IPFV-1→2-give be:FACT
Translation: I will give you my daughter in marriage.' (`I will give her to you as your wife') (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pi ni kɯ nɯra tɤ́-wɣ-stu-a-ndʑi ndʐa ɕti ma ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG DEM:PL AOR-INV-do.like-1SG-DU reason be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: [This is because] my two brothers treated me like that.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wa kɯ aʑo nɯ́-wɣ-rɤ-mbi-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father ERG 1SG AOR-INV-APASS-give-1SG
Translation: My father gave me away.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯ aʑo ɲɤ-kɯ-rɤ-mbi-a
Glosses: 2SG ERG 1SG IFR-2→1-APASS-give-1SG
Translation: You gave me away (without me knowing).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wɯ tɯ-ci ɲɯ-kɯ-j-tsʰi-tɕi ɯ́-jɤɣ ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandfather INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-2→1-CAUS-drink-1DU QU-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Grandfather, could you give us water to drink?' (nyima wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɯ-mɯ kɯ pɯ-kɯ-sɯ-χtɕi-a , tɤndʐo nɯ !
Glosses: 1SG INDEF.POSS-weather ERG AOR-2→1-CAUS-wash-1SG cold SFP
Translation: You caused me to be drenched by the rain, it is so cold!' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tɤ-ndze ma alo ma-lɤ-tɯ-tsɯm ma tʰa li kɯ-sɯ-ʁndɯ-a
Glosses: 2SG IMP-eat[III] LNK upstream NEG-IMP:UPSTREAM-2-take.away LNK later again 2→1-CAUS-hit-1SG
Translation: Eat it, don't take it up there, you would cause me to be beaten again.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ɕɤrɯ ɲɯ-kɯ-z-nɯntsʰo-a
Glosses: 1SG meat IPFV-2→1-CAUS-eat-1SG
Translation: You make me eat the bones.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-mto-a
Glosses: 3SG ERG 2SG IPFV-INV-CAUS-see-1SG
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ aʑo pɯ-tɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-mto
Glosses: 3SG ERG 1SG AOR-2-INV-CAUS-see
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wortɕʰi ʑo , nɤ-χsɤrzaŋ ɲɯ-kɯ-ɕɯ-rŋo-j
Glosses: please EMPH 2SG.POSS-magical.object IPFV-2→1-CAUS-borrow-1PL
Translation: Please, lend us you magical object.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-βdaχpu nɯ kɯ pjɤ-nɯmto tɕe tɕendɤre nɤ-ɕki jɤ́-wɣ-sɯ-ɣɯt-a ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-master DEM ERG IFR-find LNK LNK 2SG.POSS-DAT AOR-INV-CAUS-bring-1SG be:FACT LNK
Translation: My master found it and sent me to bring it to you.' (140513 qianshang he xiaotou-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤrndzu cʰo tatsʰi ra kɯ sɤŋu-pɯ tu-nɯ-ti-nɯ tɕe , ʁdɯrɟɤt ra sɤŋu-pɯ tú-wɣ-sɤrmi-j ŋu .
Glosses: TOPO COMIT TOPO PL ERG pl.p-person.from IPFV-AUTO-say-PL LNK TOPO PL TOPO-person.from IPFV-INV-give.name-1PL be:FACT
Translation: Those from Gsar-rdzong and Da-tshang say `Sangu people', they name us, [those] of Gdong-brgyad, `Sangu people'.' (23-tCAphW)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɤ-βlɯ-a
Glosses: AOR-burn-1SG
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: smi tɤ-βlɯ-t-a
Glosses: fire AOR-burn-PST:TR-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme ci pɯ-taʁ ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: girl INDEF PST.IPFV-weave SENS-be
Translation: A girl was weaving.' (tWxsta2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ mɯntoʁ nɯ tʰa-taʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM flower DEM AOR:3→3'-weave LNK
Translation: [When] he wove this pattern, …' (150825 huluwa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006346#S95"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cɯ ɲɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt , tu-kɯ-ɕlu ,
Glosses: stone IPFV-INV-take.out IPFV-INV-plough
Translation: One has to take out the stones, to plough,' (2010-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ji nɯ lú-wɣ-ɕlu tɕe
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field DEM IPFV-INV-plough LNK
Translation: One ploughs the fields, and …' (2002-tWsqar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mɲaʁ nɯ wuma ɲɯ-mto ɲɯ-ʂa ɲɯ-ŋu nɤ́ma ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-eye DEM really SENS-be.sharp SENS-be.strong SENS-be SFP
Translation: The [eagle] has a sharp eyesight.' 140522 Kamnyu zgo, 226
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ aj pjɯ-sɯso-a tɕe nɯnɯ tɯ-tɯpʰu ɲɯ-ŋu-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM 1SG IPFV-think-1SG LNK DEM one-species SENS-be-DU LNK
Translation: In my opinion, these two [animals belong to] the same species.' (20-ldWGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɯ-rɯ-sɯso nɤ pjɯ-rɯ-sɯso tɕe ,
Glosses: IPFV-APASS-think ADD IPFV-APASS-think LNK
Translation: He thought about it over and over.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ tɕe tɕe ɯ-kʰa nɯtɕu ko-z-rɤʑi tɕe , ɲɯ-nɯʁjoʁ tu-z-rɤme pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: girl DEM LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-house DEM:LOC IFR-CAUS-stay LNK IPFV-give.orders IPFV-CAUS-work[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The witch kept the girl in the house, and gave her orders and put her to work.' (140507 tangguowu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003933#S107"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sŋi qʰe z-ɲɯ-nɯʁjoʁ tɕe kɯβʁa ra nɯ-ma z-ɲɯ-nɤme
Glosses: day LNK TRAL-IPFV-work.as.servant LNK noble PL 3PL.POSS-work TRAL-IPFV-do.work[III]
Translation: In the day, he would work as a servant, and do work for the nobles.' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɕɯ ʁnɯz nɯ pjɤ-si , tɯ-rdoʁ nɯ ɲɤ-ri qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-son two DEM IFR-die one-piece DEM IFR-remain LNK
Translation: Two of her sons died, and one remained [alive].' (Gesar 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-sroʁ kɤ-tɯ-ri-t
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-life AOR-2-save-PST:TR
Translation: You saved my life.' (150906 qingfeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006366#S109"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ʑmbrɯ nɯnɯ … rɟɤmtsʰu ɣɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ rŋgɯ tu-kɯ-nɯ-ɬoʁ nɯ ɯ-taʁ ko-rpu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-boat DEM _ sea GEN 3SG.POSS-in boulder IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-come.out DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-bump
Translation: His boat ran on a reef (a boulder coming out of the sea).' (150830 baihe jieme-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ku kɯm ɯ-taʁ kɤ-nɯ-rpu-t-a
Glosses: 1SG;POSS-head door 3SG.POSS-on AOR-AUTO-bump.into-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I bumped my head against the [top frame of the] door.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka ʑo mɯ-kɤ-rpu-a tɕe mɯ-tɤ-nɯɣmaz-a
Glosses: AT.ALL EMPH NEG-AOR-bump.into-1SG LNK NEG-AOR-be.wounded-1SG
Translation: I did not hit [the bottom] and was not injured.' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-zgroʁ sqʰi ɯ-taʁ ku-nɯ-rpe-a ndʐa ɕti
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-bracelet tripod 3SG.POSS-on IPFV-AUTO-bump[III]-1SG reason be.AFF:FACT
Translation: This is because [I accidentally made] my bracelet clang against the tripod.' (tWxtsa 2003)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: nɯ-sɤŋo je
Glosses: IMP-listen SFP
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɣɤɲaʁ nɯnɯ ɯ-skɤt ɲɯ-kɯ-sɤŋo tɕe saχsɤl ma kɤ-mto rkɯn
Glosses: pheasant DEM 3SG.POSS-voice IPFV-GENR:S/O-listen LNK be.obvious:FACT a.part.from OBJ:PCP-see be.rare:FACT
Translation: The pheasant, one can recognize its presence by listening to its voice, but it is rarely seen.' (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ŋga ɲɯ-rtaʁ ɕi mɯ́j-rtaʁ kɯ nɯ-sɤŋo
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-clothes SENS-be.enough QU NEG:SENS-be.enough SFP IMP-listen
Translation: Make sure (literally `feel whether') you have enough clothes.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe a-mu a-wa ra ka-sɤŋo tɕe lɤ-ari tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-father PL AOR:3→3'-obey LNK AOR:UPSTREAM-go[II] LNK
Translation: He listened to my parents and went there.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <xiaoqian> nɯ wuma ʑo tɕʰeme ɲɯ-pe , ɲɯ-sɤ-sɤŋo ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM really EMPH girl SENS-be.good SENS-APASS:HUM-listen
Translation: Xiaoqian is a very nice girl, she is obedient.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006262#S156"></fn>
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯmɲa nɯ cʰa pjɤ-rga qʰe
Glosses: the.aforementioned arrow DEM alcohol IFR.IPFV-like LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁzɤmi ni wuma ʑo pjɤ-rga-ndʑi .
Glosses: husband.and.wife DU really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.happy-DU
Translation: The husband and his wife were very happy.' (140506 woju guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-tʂɯnlɤn ɲɯ-ta-fsɯɣ ra
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-gratitude IPFV-1→2-repay be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to return the favour.' (150827 tianluo-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006250#S138"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-tʂɯnlɤn ɲɯ-nɯ-fsɯɣ-a
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-gratitude IPFV-AUTO-repay-1SG
Translation: I will return the favour.' (elicited, adapted from example ex:nAtsxWnlAn.YWtafsWG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ tɯtɯrca kʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ jó-wɣ-tsɯm-ndʑi
Glosses: king DEM ERG together house 3SG.POSS-in IFR-INV-take.away-DU
Translation: The king brought them together into a house.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯɣmɯr ndɤre nɤ-rca tu-kɯ-tsɯm-a ra
Glosses: this.evening LNK 2SG.POSS-following IPFV:UP-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: This evening, take me with you [to heaven].' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S47"></fn>