lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ranjit [Chitra potə də gatte kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra book Q bought.E that know.A
Translation: Ranjit knows whether it was the book that Chitra bought.’ (Embedded scope)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ranjit [Chitra potə də gatta kiyəla] danne ?
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra book Q bought.A that know.E
Translation: Is it the book that Ranjit knows Chitra bought?’ (Matrix scope)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ranjit [Chitra aawa də-næddə kiyəla] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra came.A whether that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked whether Chitra came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ranjit [Chitra aawa (kiyəla)] kiiwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra came.A that said.A
Translation: Ranjit said (that) Chitra came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ranjit [Chitra aawa də-næddə (kiyəla)] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra came.A whether that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked if Chitra came.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [Chitra aawa *(kiyəla)], Ranjit kiiwa .
Glosses: Chitra came.A that Ranjit said.A
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Chitra aawa də-næddə *(kiyəla)], Ranjit æhuwa .
Glosses: Chitra came.A whether that Ranjit asked.A
Translation: Whether Chitra came, Ranjit asked.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ranjit [kau də aawe kiyəla] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit who Q came.E that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked who it was that came.’ (Embedded wh-question)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ranjit [Chitra də aawe kiyəla] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra Q came.E that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked whether it was Chitra that came.’ (Embedded yes-no question)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Ranjit [Chitra witəray/tamay aawe kiyəla] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra only/FOC came.E that asked.A
Translation: (lit.) ‘Ranjit asked that it was (only) Chitra that came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Chitra [ee potə] kieuwa .
Glosses: Chitra that book read.A
Translation: Chitra read that book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Chitra kieuwe [ee potə].
Glosses: Chitra read.E that book
Translation: It was that book that Chitra read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you Chitra  read.A that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know that Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa də-næddə kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you Chitra  read.A whether that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know whether Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Oyaa [kauru t kieuwa də kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you who  read.A Q that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know who read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oyaa [kau də t kieuwe kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you who Q  read.E that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know who read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa də kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you Chitra  read.A Q that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know if Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Oyaa [Chitra də t kieuwe kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you Chitra Q  read.E that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know if Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa tamay kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you Chitra  read.A FOC that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know that it was that Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oyaa [Chitra tamay t kieuwe kiyəla] danne ee potə .
Glosses: you Chitra FOC  read.E that know.E that book
Translation: It is that book that you know that it was Chitra that read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ee potə oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you Chitra  read.A that know.A
Translation: That book, you know that Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Ee potə oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa də-næddə kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you Chitra  read.A whether that know.A
Translation: That book, you know whether Chitra read t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ee potə oyaa [kau də t kieuwe kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you who Q  read.E that know.A
Translation: That book, you know who read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Ee potə oyaa [kauru t kieuwa də kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you who  read.A Q that know.A
Translation: That book, you know who read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Ee potə oyaa [Chitra də t kieuwe kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you Chitra Q  read.E that know.A
Translation: That book, you know whether Chitra read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ??Ee potə oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa də kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you Chitra  read.A Q that know.A
Translation: That book, you know whether Chitra read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ee potə oyaa [Chitra tamay t kieuwe kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you Chitra FOC  read.A that know.A
Translation: That book, you know that it is Chitra that read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ee potə oyaa [Chitra t kieuwa tamay kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: that book you Chitra  read.A FOC that know.A
Translation: That book, you know that it is the case that Chitra read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Oyaa [[Chitra t dunnə] potə] kieuwe Ranjit-ʈə .
Glosses: you Chitra  gave book read.E Ranjit-DAT
Translation: It was to Ranjit that you read the book that Chitra gave t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Chitra [[Ranjit t gatta kiənə] kaʈəkataawə] æhuwe ee potə .
Glosses: Chitra Ranjit  bought.A that rumor heard.E that book
Translation: It was that book that Chitra heard the rumor that Ranjit bought t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Oyaa [[Chitra Ranjit-ʈə tamay dunnə] potə] kieuwe .
Glosses: you Chitra Ranjit-DAT FOC gave book read.E
Translation: It was to Ranjit that you read the book that Chitra gave t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Chitra [[Ranjit ee potə tamay gatta kiənə] kaʈəkataawə] æhuwe .
Glosses: Chitra Ranjit that book FOC bought.A that rumor heard.E
Translation: It was that book that Chitra heard the rumor that Ranjit bought t.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oyaa [[Chitra Ranjit-ʈə dunnə] potə] tamay kieuwe .
Glosses: you Chitra Ranjit-DAT gave book FOC read.E
Translation: It was the book that Chitra gave to Ranjit that you read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Chitra [[Ranjit ee potə gatta kiənə] kaʈəkataawə] tamay æhuwe .
Glosses: Chitra Ranjit that book bought.A that rumor FOC heard.E
Translation: It was the rumor that Ranjit bought that book that Chitra heard.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Oyaa [[Chitra kaa-ʈə də dunnə] potə] kieuwe ?
Glosses: you Chitra who-DAT Q gave book read.E
Translation: To whom did you read the book that Chitra gave t?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Chitra [[Ranjit monəwa də gatta kiənə] kaʈəkataawə] æhuwe ?
Glosses: Chitra Ranjit what Q bought.A that rumor heard.E
Translation: What did Chitra hear the rumor that Ranjit bought t?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oyaa [[Chitra kaa-ʈə dunnə] potə] də kieuwe ?
Glosses: you Chitra who-DAT gave book Q read.E
Translation: You read the book that Chitra gave to who?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Chitra [[Ranjit monəwa gatta kiənə] kaʈəkataawə] də æhuwe ?
Glosses: Chitra Ranjit what bought.A that rumor Q heard.E
Translation: Chitra heard the rumor that Ranjit bought what?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Oyaa [[Chitra Ram-ʈə də dunnə] potə] kieuwe ?
Glosses: you Chitra Ram-DAT Q gave book read.E
Translation: Was it to Ram that you read the book that Chitra gave t?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Chitra [[Ranjit potə də gatta kiənə] kaʈəkataawə] æhuwe ?
Glosses: Chitra Ranjit book Q bought.A that rumor heard.E
Translation: Was it the book that Chitra hear the rumor that Ranjit bought t?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oyaa [[Chitra Ram-ʈə dunnə] ] potə] də kieuwe ?
Glosses: you Chitra Ram-DAT gave  book Q read.E
Translation: Was it the book that Chitra gave to Ram that you read?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Chitra [[Ranjit potə gatta kiənə] kaʈəkataawə] də æhuwe ?
Glosses: Chitra Ranjit book bought.A that rumor Q heard.E
Translation: Was it the rumor that Ranjit bought the book that Chitra heard?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kau də aawe ?
Glosses: who Q came.E
Translation: Who came?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ranjit [kau də aawe kiyəla] dannəwa .
Glosses: Ranjit who Q came.E that know.A
Translation: Ranjit knows who came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kauru-t [mamə tamay monəwa də yawanne kiyəla] hoyanne .
Glosses: everyone I FOC what Q send.E that search.E
Translation: It is me that everyone looks for what is sent.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Kauru-t [mamə tamay monəwa yawənəwa də kiyəla] hoyanne .
Glosses: everyone I FOC what send.A Q that search.E
Translation: It is me that everyone looks for what is sent.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Kauru-t [mamə tamay potə də yawanne kiyəla] hoyanne .
Glosses: everyone I FOC book Q send.E that search.E
Translation: It is me that everyone looks for whether the book is sent.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Chitra kieuwe [ee potə] tamay .
Glosses: Chitra read.E that book FOC
Translation: It was that book that Chitra read.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Ranjit [Chitra də-næddə aawe kiyəla] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit Chitra whether came.E that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked whether Chitra came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Ranjit [kauru aawa də kiyəla] æhuwa .
Glosses: Ranjit who came.A Q that asked.A
Translation: Ranjit asked who came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Kauru-t [mamə tamay potə yawənəwa də kiyəla] hoyanne .
Glosses: everyone I FOC book send.A Q that search.E
Translation: It is me that everyone looks for whether the book is sent.
Language: Czech ( translation)
Transcription: jí je jí
Glosses: she.GEN POSS she.GEN
Language: Czech ( translation)
Transcription: nás naš     e (=nas-je)
Glosses: we.GEN we.GEN-POSS
Language: Chamorro (English translation)
Transcription: kareta hu
Glosses: car POSS.1SG
Translation: my car
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: yılan(-dan) ve köpek-ten korkuyorum .
Glosses: snake(-ABL) and dog-ABL I.fear
Translation: I fear snakes and dogs.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: sɐrmɐt(-mɐ) ɐvi uruzmɐg-mɐ ʣurdtaj ?
Glosses: Sarmat(-ALL) or.Q Uruzmag-ALL you.called
Translation: Did you call Sarmat or Uruzmag?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: adɐjmag kʷəd fɐžənd ? arv-ə c’ɐχ(-ɐj) ɐvi šəʤət-ɐj rajgʷərd ?
Glosses: human how appeared sky-OBL blue-ABL or.Q clay-ABL was.born
Translation: How did the humans appear? Were they born from the sky blue or from clay?
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: ači ustur bel
Glosses: this big spade
Translation: this big spade
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: ači ustur bel-tɐ-bɐl
Glosses: this big spade-PL-SUP
Translation: on these big spades
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: kark
Glosses: ‘chicken’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: park
Glosses: ‘park’
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: karʧ-ǝ ajk
Glosses: chicken-GEN egg
Translation: chicken’s egg
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: parʧ-ǝ bǝru
Glosses: park-GEN fence
Translation: the fence of the park
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asǝ karʧ-ǝ raždɐr nɐ=fedton
Glosses: this chicken-ACC earlier NEG=I.saw
Translation: I haven’t seen this chicken begore.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: parʧ-ǝ mɐ=lǝman-ǝ fedton
Glosses: park-LOC 1SG=friend-ACC I.saw
Translation: I saw my friend in the park.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: rɐšuʁd čǝžʤǝ-tɐ ɐmɐ tǝχʤǝn lɐppu-tɐ
Glosses: beautiful girl-PL and strong boy-PL
Translation: beautiful girls and strong boys
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: nɐ kʷǝj-t-ɐj nɐ kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj tɐršǝ .
Glosses: NEG dog-PL-ABL NEG snake-PL-ABL fears
Translation: S/he fears neither dogs nor snakes.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: č’ifɐ=dɐr ɐma wazal=dɐr
Glosses: dampness=EMP and cold=EMP
Translation: dampness and cold
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: χʷarz-ɐj=dɐr fud-ɐj=dɐr či fɐ-wwid-ton
Glosses: good-ABL=EMP bad-ABL=EMP what PRV-see.PST-PST.1SG
Translation: What I have seen of the good and of the bad
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: nɐ=dɐr kʷǝj-t-ɐj nɐ=dɐr kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj tɐršǝ .
Glosses: NEG=EMP dog-PL-ABL NEG=EMP snake-PL-ABL fears
Translation: S/he fears neither dogs nor snakes.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: də=mɐm ɐsɐg zurəš ɐvi/*kɐnɐ=mɐ mɐ=quš-tɐ šajənc ?
Glosses: you=ALL.2SG real talk or.Q/or=ACC.1SG my=ear-PL deceive
Translation: Are you really talking to me or do my ears deceive me?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj tɐršǝš ɐvi kʷǝj-t-ɐj ?
Glosses: snake-PL-ABL you.fear or.Q dog-PL-ABL
Translation: Do you fear snakes or dogs?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj ɐvi kʷǝj-t-ɐj tɐršǝš ?
Glosses: snake-PL-ABL or.Q dog-PL-ABL you.fear
Translation: Do you fear snakes or dogs?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: maχ=ɐj žədtam .
Glosses: we=ACC.3SG we.knew
Translation: We knew it.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *maχ žədtam =ɐj .
Glosses: we we.knew =ACC.3SG
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [asə χatt]=dɐr=ta=jɐ wəm nəjjɐfta .
Glosses: this time=too=again=ACC.3SG there s/he.caught.up
Translation: And this time too he caught up with him/her there again.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [asə=dɐr=ta=jɐ χatt] wəm nəjjɐfta .
Glosses: this=too=again=ACC.3SG time there s/he.caught.up
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: [mink’ij k’ɐbis]=dan =in aboni ravardtoncɐ .
Glosses: little puppy=QUOT =DAT.3SG today they.gave
Translation: (They say), they gave him/her a little puppy today.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?[mink’ij k’ɐbis] aboni=dan =in ravardtoncɐ .
Glosses: little puppy today=QUOT =DAT.3SG they.gave
Translation: Idem
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: alan-ɐn jɐ=mad fəččən škodta ɐvi=ta kartofʤən ?
Glosses: Alan-DAT his=mother meat.pie made or.Q=again potato.pie
Translation: Did Alan’s mother cook him a meat pie or [did she again cook him a potato pie]?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asə kʷəz šošlan-əl [ɐvi=ta χetɐg-əl fɐχɐsədi]?
Glosses: this dog Soslan-SUP or.Q=again Khetag-SUP bit
Translation: Did this dog bite Soslan or [did it again bite Khetag]?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: alan-ɐn=ta jɐ=mad fəččən škodta ɐvi kartofʤən ?
Glosses: Alan-DAT=again his=mother meat.pie made or.Q potato.pie
Translation: Reading 1: ‘What happened again: did Alan’s mother cook him a meat pie or a potato pie?’ Reading 2: ‘[Did Alan’s mother cook him a meat pie again] or did she cook him a potato pie (this time)]?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asə kʷəz=ta šošlan-əl [ɐvi χetɐg-əl fɐχɐsədi]?
Glosses: this dog=again Soslan-SUP or.Q Khetag-SUP bit
Translation: Reading 1: ‘What happened again: Did this dog bite Soslan or Khetag?’ Reading 2: ‘Did this dog again bite Soslan or (this time) Khetag?
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: alan-ɐn ɐ=madɐ fidgun ɐvi=babɐj kartofgun iskodta ?
Glosses: Alan-DAT his=mother meat.pie or.Q=again potato.pie made
Translation: Did Alan’s mother cook him a meat pie or again a potato pie?
Language: Modern Ossetic ( translation)
Transcription: alan-ɐn ɐ=madɐ fidgun iskodta ɐvi=babɐj kartofgun iskodta ?
Glosses: Alan-DAT his=mother meat.pie made or.Q=again potato.pie made
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj tɐršǝš ɐvi kʷǝj-t-ɐj tɐršǝš ?
Glosses: snake-PL-ABL you.fear or.Q dog-PL-ABL you.fear
Translation: Do you fear snakes or dogs?
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: fedtaj mɐdin-i sk’ola-j ɐvi soslan-i ʁɐwungɐ-bɐl ?
Glosses: you.saw Madina-ACC school-INESS or.Q Soslan-ACC street-SUP
Translation: Did you see Madina in the school or Soslan in the street?
Language: German (English translation)
Transcription: (Der) Hans hat jemandem geschmeichelt , aber ich weiß nicht ob (dem) Uwe oder (dem) Jan
Glosses: DEF Hans has someone.DAT flatter.PRTC but I know.PRS.1SG NEG Q DEF.DAT U . or DEF.DAT J . 
Translation: (der) Hans geschmeichelt hat. ‘Hans flattered someone, but I don’t know whether (it is) Uwe or Jan (that Hans flattered).
Language: Polish (English translation)
Transcription: Zosia coś ugotowała , ale nie wiem , (czy) ryż czy kasz-ę gryczan-ą .
Glosses: Zosia something she.cooked but NEG I.know whether rice whether porridge-ACC of.buckwheat-ACC
Translation: Zosia cooked something, but I don’t know whether (she cooked) rice or buckwheat.’ (Stanisław Dunin-Horkawicz, p.c.)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: gʷǝrziag ɐvi wǝrǝššag ?
Glosses: Georgian or.Q Russian
Translation: Russian or Georgian?
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: kɐmɐ ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐši mɐnmɐ ɐvi uruzmagmɐ ?
Glosses: who.ALL waiting you.look I.ALL or.Q Uruzmag.ALL
Translation: Who are you waiting for, for me or for Uruzmag?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: šošlan kɐjdɐr waržǝ fɐlɐ nɐ=žonǝn mɐdinɐjǝ ɐvi fatimɐjǝ .
Glosses: Soslan someone.OBL loves but NEG=I.know Madina.OBL or.Q Fatima.OBL
Translation: Soslan loves someone, but I don’t know whether (he loves) Madina or Fatima.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: ʁɐd-tɐ(-mɐ) ɐma χʷɐnχ-tɐ-mɐ sɐ=χe rajstoncɐ .
Glosses: wood-PL(-ALL) and mountain-PL-ALL 3PL=REFL they.took
Translation: They took themselves to woods and mountains.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: nɐ kʷǝj-tɐ(-ɐj) nɐ kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj tɐršǝ .
Glosses: NEG dog-PL-ABL NEG snake-PL-ABL fears
Translation: S/he fears neither dogs nor snakes.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: widag(-əl) kɐnɐ [mɐlʣəʤ-ə gubakk]-əl dɐ=k’aχ ma šk’ʷər .
Glosses: root-SUP or ant-OBL hill-SUP 2SG=leg NEG.MOD stumble.IMP.2SG
Translation: Don’t stumble upon a root or an anthill!
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: alan(-ɐn) ɐma soslan-ɐn sɐ=madɐ
Glosses: Alan-DAT and Soslan-DAT 3PL=mother
Translation: Alan and Soslan’s mother
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *alan-ɐn ɐma soslan-ɐn sɐ=madɐ
Glosses: Alan-DAT and Soslan-DAT 3PL=mother
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: šošlan(-ǝ) ɐmɐ alan-ǝ mad
Glosses: Soslan(-GEN) and Alan-GEN mother
Translation: Soslan and Alan’s mother
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: šošlan-(mɐ) ɐmɐ alan-mɐ ɐnqɐlmɐ kɐšɐm .
Glosses: Soslan(-ALL) and Alan-ALL waiting we.wait
Translation: We are waiting for Soslan and Alan.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: ači kiwunugutɐ balχɐdton mɐsku(-j) ɐma boston-i .
Glosses: this book.PL I.bought Moscow(-LOC) and Boston-LOC
Translation: I bought these books in Moscow and Boston.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: dɐw(-bɐl) ɐma mɐdinɐ-bɐl isɐmbalttɐn .
Glosses: you.OBL-SUP and M-NOM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met you and Madina.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: *du ɐma mɐdinɐ-bɐl isɐmbalttɐn .
Glosses: you.NOM and M-NOM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met you and Madina.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?nɐ=dəwɐ gɐdə-jə kɐrɐzi ɐmɐ nɐ=kwəz-ɐj tɐršync .
Glosses: our=two cat-OBL each.other and our=dog-ABL fear.PRS.3PL
Translation: Two our cats are afraid of each other and of our dog.’ Digor Ossetic
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *nɐ=duwɐ tikiš-i kɐrɐʤe ɐma nɐ=kuj-ɐj tɐrsuncɐ .
Glosses: our=two cat-OBL each.other and our=dog-ABL fear.PRS.3PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: nɐ=duwɐ tikiš-i kɐrɐʤe-jɐ ɐma nɐ=kuj-ɐj tɐrsuncɐ .
Glosses: POSS.1PL=two cat-OBL each.other-ABL and POSS.1PL=dog-ABL fear.PRS.3PL
Translation: Idem
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *wəm ɐmɐ mɐdinɐ-jɐn didinʤətɐ ratta .
Glosses: there and M-DAT flowers gave
Translation: S/he gave flowers to her and Madina.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: wəm-ɐn ɐmɐ mɐdinɐ-jɐn didinʤətɐ ratta .
Glosses: s/he-DAT and M-DAT flowers gave
Translation: S/he gave flowers to her and Madina.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: *dɐw ɐma mɐn-bɐl isɐmbalttɐncɐ .
Glosses: you.OBL-SUP and I-SUP they.met
Translation: They met you and me.’ (intended)
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: dɐw-bɐl ɐma mɐn-bɐl isɐmbalttɐncɐ .
Glosses: you.OBL-SUP and I-SUP they.met
Translation: They met you and me.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *kʷǝj-tɐ=dɐr ɐmɐ kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj=dɐr tɐršǝ .
Glosses: dog-PL=EMP and snake-PL-ABL=EMP fears
Translation: S/he fears dogs and snakes.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kʷǝj-t-ɐj=dɐr ɐmɐ kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj=dɐr tɐršǝ .
Glosses: dog-PL-ABL=EMP and snake-PL-ABL=EMP fears
Translation: S/he fears dogs and snakes.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *nɐ=dɐr kʷǝj-tɐ nɐ=dɐr kɐlmǝ-t-ɐj tɐršǝ .
Glosses: NEG=EMP dog-PL NEG=EMP snake-PL-ABL fears
Translation: S/he fears neither dogs nor snakes.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asə gɐdə kʷəz(-ɐj) ɐvi wərə-jɐ tɐršə ?
Glosses: this cat dog-ABL or.Q rat-ABL fears
Translation: Is this cat afraid of a dog or a rat?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: zəwuʤəqɐw(-ə) ɐvi čermen-ə sɐrəš ?
Glosses: Vladikavkaz-OBL or.Q Chermen-OBL you.live
Translation: Do you live in Vladikavkaz or in Chermen?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: alan kɐmɐjdɐr tɐršə .
Glosses: Alan someone.ABL fears
Translation: Alan is afraid of someone.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: šošlan(-ɐj) ɐvi χetɐg-ɐj ?
Glosses: Soslan-ABL or.Q Khetag-ABL
Translation: Of Soslan or of Khetag?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ɐsɐgdɐr šɐ=χɐzar-ə sə i kʷəvd(-ə) fəng ɐvi žian-ə fəng ?
Glosses: really their=house-OBL what exists feast-OBL table or funeral-OBL table
Translation: What is really in their house: a feast or a wake?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kɐmɐj tɐršəš alan(-ɐj) ɐvi šošlan-ɐj ?
Glosses: who.ABL you.fear Alan-ABL or.Q Soslan-ABL
Translation: Who are you afraid of, Alan or Soslan?
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: soslan kɐmidɐr digorgom-i cardɐj fal nɐ=ʁudi kɐnun mɐcutɐ(-j) ɐvi ʤinaʁa-j .
Glosses: Soslan somewhere Digor.Valley-OBL s/he.lived but NEG=thought I.do Matsuta-OBL or.Q Dzinagha-OBL
Translation: Soslan lived somewhere in the Digor Valley, but I don’t remember whether (he lived) in Matsuta or in Dzinagha.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: nɐ=zonun mɐdinɐ(-mɐ) ɐvi fatimɐ-mɐ ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐsuj soslan , fal wonɐj kɐmɐdɐr ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐsuj .
Glosses: NEG=I.know Madina-ALL or.Q Fatima-ALL waiting looks Soslan but they.ABL someone.ALL waiting looks
Translation: I don’t know, whether Soslan is waiting for Madina or for Fatima, but he’s waiting for some one of them.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: šošlan kɐjdɐr waržə fɐlɐ nɐ=žonən mɐdinɐ(-jə) ɐvi fatimɐ-jə .
Glosses: Soslan someone.OBL loves but NEG=I.know Madina-OBL or.Q Fatima-OBL
Translation: Soslan loves someone, but I don’t know whether (he loves) Madina or Fatima.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: šošlan kɐmɐdɐr zərdta fɐlɐ=jɐ nɐ=qʷədə kɐnən šɐrmɐt(-mɐ) ɐvi wərəžmɐg-mɐ .
Glosses: Soslan someone.ALL talked but=ACC.3SG NEG=thought I.do Sarmat-ALL or.Q Uruzmag-ALL
Translation: Soslan talked to someone, but I don’t remember whether (he talked to) Sarmat or Uruzmag.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: dɐw(-bɐl)/*du ɐma mɐdinɐ-bɐl isɐmbalttɐn .
Glosses: you.OBL-sup/you.NOM and M-NOM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met you and Madina.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: park park .NOM parʧ-ǝ park-OBL
Glosses: wǝng street.NOM wǝnʤ-ǝ street-OBL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: park ɐmɐ wǝnʤ-ǝ
Glosses: park and street-OBL
Translation: in/of the street and the park
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: soslan lešken-i cɐruj ɐma mɐdinɐ=dɐr .
Glosses: Soslan Lesken-OBL lives and Madina=EMP
Translation: Soslan lives in Lesken, and Madina too.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: *mɐdinɐ=dɐr ɐma soslan lešken-i cɐruj .
Glosses: Madina=EMP and Soslan Lesken-OBL lives
Translation: *‘Madina too and Soslan lives in Lesken.
Language: Polish (English translation)
Transcription: Jan prze a Piotr pod-pisał list do prezydenta .
Glosses: Jan PRV CTR Peter PRV-wrote letter to president
Translation: Jan copied and Peter signed the letter to the president.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *šošlan nǝ χetɐg=ta ra-fǝšta pišmo prezident-mɐ .
Glosses: Soslan PRV Khetag=CTR PRV-wrote letter president-all
Translation: Soslan wrote and Khetag copied, the letter to the president.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: sǝd-*(tɐn) ɐmɐ kʷǝd-tɐn
Glosses: go.PST-PST.1SG and cry.PST-PST.1SG
Translation: I was walking and crying
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: cɐw-*(gɐ) =ma kɐw-gɐ
Glosses: go.PRS-CVB and cry-PRS.CVB
Translation: walking and crying
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: dəwɐ bɐχ-ə
Glosses: two horse-NUM
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: *dəwɐ bɐχ-tɐ/-tə
Glosses: two horse-PL/-PL.NUM
Translation: Digor Ossetic
Language: Modern Ossetic ( translation)
Transcription: duwɐ bɐχ-i
Glosses: two horse-NUM
Language: Modern Ossetic ( translation)
Transcription: *duwɐ bɐχ-tɐ/-ti
Glosses: two horse-PL/-PL.NUM
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: dəwɐ bɐχ-ɐj
Glosses: two horse-ABL
Translation: from two horses
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: dəwɐ bɐχ-ɐn
Glosses: two horse-DAT
Translation: for two horses
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: dəwɐ bɐχ-aw
Glosses: two horse-EQU
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: ɐrtɐ kižg-i/?kizgɐ ɐma duwɐ biččew-e-bɐl isɐmbaldtɐn .
Glosses: three girl-NUM/girl.NOM and two boy-NUM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met three girls and two boys.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: ɐnɐ cuppar bɐχ-i/ ?bɐχ/ bɐχ-e-mɐj ɐma gal-ɐj .
Glosses: without four horse-NUM horse/ horse-NUM-ABL and bull-ABL
Translation: without four horses and a bull.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: asə kʷəz faron ɐrtɐ lɐppu/-jə/-jəl ɐmɐ čəžg-əl fɐχasədi .
Glosses: this dog last.year three boy/-NUM/-SUP and girl-SUP bit
Translation: This dog last year bit three boys and a girl.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: ɐrtɐ kižg-e-bɐl ɐma duwɐ biččew-e-bɐl
Glosses: three girl-NUM-SUP and two boy-NUM-SUP
Translation: on three girls and two boys
Language: Modern Ossetic ( translation)
Transcription: ?ɐrtɐ kizgɐ ɐma duwɐ biččew-e-bɐl
Glosses: three girl and two boy-NUM-SUP
Language: Modern Ossetic ( translation)
Transcription: ɐrtɐ kižg-i ɐma duwɐ biččew-e-bɐl
Glosses: three girl-NUM and two boy-NUM-SUP
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: dɐw ɐma mɐdinɐ-bɐl isɐmbalttɐn .
Glosses: you.OBL-sup and M-NOM-SUP I.met
Translation: I met you and Madina.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: zɐrdɐ (ɐ)ma wod-i
Glosses: heart and soul-OBL
Translation: in the soul and the heart
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kižgi-tɐ (ɐ)ma biččew-t-ɐn
Glosses: girl-PL and boy-PL-DAT
Translation: for girls and boys
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: k’oʁo-tɐ (ɐ)mɐ žok’o-t-ǝl
Glosses: mosquito-PL and mushroom-PL-SUP
Translation: about mosquitoes and mushrooms
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: zɐrdɐ-i (ɐ)ma wod-i
Glosses: heart-OBL and soul-OBL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?mɐ=χi(sɐj) ɐmɐ šošlan-ɐj rappɐlǝdtɐn .
Glosses: 1SG=REFL.ABL and Soslan-ABL I.praised
Translation: I praised myself and Soslan.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?ɐrmɐšt mɐ=χi(wǝl) ɐmɐ šošlan-ǝl ɐwwɐndǝn .
Glosses: only 1SG=REFL.SUP and Soslan-SUP I.believe
Translation: I only trust myself and Soslan.
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: doǧum yer-i
Glosses: birth place-POSS.3SG
Translation: birth place
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: (siz-in) doǧum yer-iniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: (siz-in) doǧum yer-iniz ve tarih-iniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place-POSS.2PL and date-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place and date’, Kharytonava (2012: 175)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (siz-in) doǧum yer-i ve tarih-iniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place-POSS.3SG and date-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place and date
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (siz-in) doǧum yer ve tarih-iniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place and date-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place and date
Language: Turkish (English translation)
Transcription: *(siz-in) doǧum-in yer ve tarih-iniz
Glosses: you.PL-GEN birth place and date-POSS.2PL
Translation: your birth place and date’ (intended)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Tom-ga tyokoreeto Mike-ga keeki-o tabeta .
Glosses: Tom-NOM chocolate Mike-NOM cake-ACC ate
Translation: Tom ate some chocolate and Mike ate some cake.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Tom-ga tyokoreeto-ga tabeta Mike-ga keeki-o tabeta .
Glosses: Tom-NOM chocolate-ACC ate Mike-NOM cake-ACC ate
Translation: Tom ate some chocolate and Mike ate some cake.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: mɐdinɐ jɐ=moj*(-mɐ) ɐnqɐlmɐ kɐšə šošlan=ta jɐ=wuš-mɐ ɐnqɐlmɐ kɐšə .
Glosses: Madina 3SG=husband-ALL waiting looks Soslan=CTR 3SG=wife-ALL waiting looks
Translation: Madina (is waiting) for her husband, while Soslan is waiting for his wife.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: mɐdinɐ gorɐt-mɐ fɐccɐwuj fatimɐ=ba ʁɐdɐ*(-mɐ) fɐccɐwuj .
Glosses: Madina city-ALL leaves Fatima=CTR forest-ALL leaves
Translation: Madina is leaving for the city, and Fatima is leaving for the forest.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: *mɐdinɐ iskodta ɐma soslan baχʷardta k’ere .
Glosses: Madina made and Soslan ate pie
Translation: Madina cooked and Soslan ate, the pie.’ (intended reading)
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: nijjerɐg-i ječi dzurd-tɐ rafunχtontsɐ alan-i mast .
Glosses: parent-OBL that word-PL they.boiled Alan-OBL ire
Translation: Those words of the parent’s boiled up Alan’s ire.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *qɐwu-mɐ šošlan ɐmɐ=ta mɐdinɐ ɐrbasǝdǝštǝ .
Glosses: village-ALL Soslan and=again Madina they.arrived
Translation: To the village Soslan arrived and, again, Madina.’ (intended)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ɐž ɐmɐ dɐw-ɐn
Glosses: I.NOM and you-DAT
Translation: for me and you
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: woj ɐma Alan-ɐn sɐ=χɐdzarɐ ɐgɐr mink’ij ɐj .
Glosses: s/he.OBL and Alan-DAT their=house too small is
Translation: Their house is too small for him and Alan.
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: mɐn-*(mɐ) ɐvi uruzmɐg-mɐ ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐši ?
Glosses: I.OBL-ALL or.Q Uruzmag-ALL waiting you.look
Translation: Are you waiting for me or for Uruzmag?
Language: Modern Ossetic (English translation)
Transcription: mɐn-(mɐ) ɐma uruzmɐg-mɐ ɐnʁɐlmɐ kɐši ?
Glosses: I.OBL-ALL and Uruzmag-ALL waiting you.look
Translation: You are waiting for me and Uruzmag?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: doxtar
Glosses: (dox.tár)
Translation: girl
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: doxtar+amme
Glosses: (dox.tar)(am.mé)
Translation: girl+aunt ‘cousin
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: fɒrsi zabɒn=ast .
Glosses: (fɒr.sí) (za.bɒ́.nast)
Translation: Persian language=COP.3SG ‘Persian is a language.’ [[N] [[N] V]]
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: fɒrsi+zabɒn=ast .
Glosses: (fɒr.si)(za.bɒ́.nast)
Translation: Persian+language=COP.3SG ‘S/he is a speaker of Persian.’ [[[N+N] V]]
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ɒlmɒn junɒn=o bord .
Glosses: Germany Greece=OM beat.3SG
Translation: Germany beat Greece.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [fɒrsi+zabɒn]
Glosses: (fɒr.si)(za.bɒ́n)
Translation: Persian+language ‘speaker of Persian
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [fɒrsi]+zabɒn
Glosses: (fɒr.si)(za.bɒ́n)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: fɒrsi+[zabɒn]
Glosses: (fɒr.si)(za.bɒ́n)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: mɒdarbozórg mídune [(ke) ɒnɒnɒse reside].
Glosses: Grandmother DUR.know.3SG that pineapple.ART ripen.PP.3SG
Translation: Grandmother knows that the pineapple has ripened.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: mɒdarbozórg migé [(ke) ɒnɒnɒsé residé].
Glosses: grandmother DUR.say.3SG that pineapple.ART ripen.PP.3SG
Translation: Grandmother says that the pineapple has ripened.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: mídunam [ɒlmɒ́n junɒ́n=o bórd].
Glosses: DUR.know.1SG Germany Greece=OM beat.3SG
Translation: I know (that) Germany beat Greece.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [un] tɒbéʃ=e .
Glosses: that Tabesh=COP.3SG
Translation: That is Tabesh.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [un] tɒ́b=eʃ=e .
Glosses: that loll swing=POSS.3SG=COP.3SG
Translation: That is his/her loll swing.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: nili=o landan did=im .
Glosses: Nili=OM London saw=1PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ɒlmɒn faɢat [junɒn]=o bord .
Glosses: Germany only Greece=OM beat.3SG
Translation: It was only Greece that Germany beat.
Language: Japanese ( translation)
Transcription: [ dare-ka ] -ga hashitta .
Glosses:  who-KA  -NOM ran
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ dare-ga hashitta-ka ] oshiete .
Glosses:  who-NOM ran-KA  tell
Translation: Tell me who ran.’ (Wh-Question)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ Hanako-ka Jiro-ka]-ga hashitta .
Glosses:  Hanako-KA Jiro-KA-NOM ran . 
Translation: Either Hanako or Jiro ran.’ (declarative disjunction)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ [Hanako-ga hashitta-ka] [Jiro-ga hashitta-ka]] oshiete .
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA tell
Translation: Tell me which is true: It seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran?’ (AltQ)
Language: Japanese ( translation)
Transcription: [ Dare-ka ] -ga hashitta .
Glosses:  who-KA  -NOM ran
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ Dare-ga hashitta-ka ] (oshiete).
Glosses:  who-NOM ran-KA  tell
Translation: (Tell me) who ran.’ (Wh-Question)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-ga [ nani-ka ] -o mita .
Glosses: Taro-NOM  what-KA  -ACC saw
Translation: Taro saw something.’ (∃-statement)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ Taro-ga nani-o mita-ka ] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Taro-NOM what-ACC saw-KA  tell
Translation: (Tell me) who ran?’ (Wh-Question)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ Dare-o hihanshita gakusei ] -ka-ga taihosareta .
Glosses:  who-ACC criticized student  -KA-NOM be.arrested
Translation: A student or other who had criticize someone was arrested.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Dare-ka-ga hashitta-ra oshie-masu .
Glosses: who-KA-NOM ran-COND tell-POL
Translation: I will tell you if anyone runs.’ *‘I will tell you if someone runs but I don’t know who.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Dare-ka-ga hashitta . Sorede , boku-wa sore-ga dare-da-ka shitteiru .
Glosses: who-KA-NOM ran . And, I-TOP it-NOM who-COP-KA know
Translation: Someone ran, and I know who that is.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Dare-ka-ga hashitta . Sorede , boku-wa sore-ga dare-da-ka shira-nai .
Glosses: who-KA-NOM ran . And, I-TO it-NOM who-COP-KA know-NEG
Translation: Someone ran, and I don’t know who that is.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-ga [ Hanako-ka (matawa) Jiro-ka]-o mita .
Glosses: Taro-NOM  Hanako-KA or Jiro-KA-ACC saw
Translation: Taro saw Hanako or Jiro.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ [Hanako-ga hashitta-ka] [Jiro-ga hashitta-ka]] mitai-da .
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA seem-COP
Translation: It seems that Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (✓∨-statement) *‘Which seems to be true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran?’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ [Hanako-ga hashitta-ka] [Jiro-ga hashitta-ka]] daroo .
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA may.well.be
Translation: It might well be that Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (✓∨-statement) *‘Which might well be true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran?’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ [Hanako-ga hashitta-mitai-ka] [Jiro-ga hashitta-mitai-ka]] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-seem-KA Jiro-NOM ran-seem-KA tell
Translation: (Tell me) which is true: It seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran?’ (✓AltQ) *‘(Tell me) it seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran.’ (*∨-statement)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ [Hanako-ga hashitta-daroo-ka] [Jiro-ga hashitta-daroo-ka]] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-may.well.be-KA Jiro-NOM ran-may.well.be-KA tell
Translation: (Tell me) which is true: Hanako might well have run or Jiro might well have run.’ (✓AltQ) *‘(Tell me) Hanako might well have run or Jiro might well have run.’ (*∨-statement)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [[ Hanako-ka Jiro-ka]-ga hashitta-ka] oshiete .
Glosses:  Hanako-KA Jiro-KA-NOM ran-KA tell . 
Translation: Tell me whether or not Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (✓YNQ) *‘Tell me which is true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [[ [Hanako-ga hashitta-ka] [Jiro-ga hashitta-ka]] mitai-ka] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA seem-KA tell
Translation: Tell me whether or not it seems to be that Hanako or Jiro ran.’ (✓YNQ) *‘Tell me which is true: Taro saw Hanako or he saw Jiro.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Watashi-wa [[ Hanako-ka Jiro-ka]-ga hashitta-ka] shir-anai .
Glosses: I-TOP  Hanako-KA Jiro-KA-NOM ran-KA know-NEG
Translation: I don’t know whether or not either Hanako or Jiro ran.’ (✓ YNQ) ‘I don’t know which is true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Watashi-wa [ [Hanako-ga hashitta-ka] [Jiro-ga hashitta-ka]] mitai-ka] shir-anai .
Glosses: I-TOP  Hanako-NOM ran-KA Jiro-NOM ran-KA seem-KA know-NEG
Translation: I don’t know whether or not it seems that either Hanako or Jiro ran.’ (✓YNQ) ‘I don’t know which seems to be true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Watashi-wa [Taro-ga [ dare-ka]-o mita-ka] shira-nai .
Glosses: I-TOP Taro-NOM  who-KA-ACC saw-KA know-NEG
Translation: I don’t know whether Taro saw someone.’ (✓ YNQ) ‘I don’t know whom Taro saw.’ (*whQ)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Watashi-wa [ [Hanako-ga hashitta-mitai-na-no-ka] [Jiro-ga hashitta-mitai-na-no-ka]] shitteiru .
Glosses: I-TOP  Hanako-NOM ran-seem-COP-GEN-KA Jiro-NOM ran-seem-COP-GEN-KA know
Translation: I know which is true: it seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran.’ (✓AltQ) ‘I know that it seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran.’ (*∨-statement)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [Sono paati-e-wa [Hanako-ga ________ itta-mitai-na-no-ka] [Jiro-ga ________ itta-mitai-na-no-ka]] (oshiete).
Glosses: the party-to-TOP Hanako-NOM  went-seem-COP-GEN-KA Jiro-NOM  went-seem-COP-GEN-KA tell
Translation: Tell me which is true: it seems that Hanako went to the party or it seems that Jiro went to the party.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [Sono paati-e-wa [Hanako-ga ________ itta-daroo-ka] [Jiro-ga ________ itta-daroo-ka]] (watashi-ni-wa wakara-nai).
Glosses: the party-to-TOP Hanako-NOM  went-may.well.be-KA Jiro-NOM  went-may.well.be-KA I-DAT-TOP know-NEG
Translation: I don’t know which is true: Hanako may well have gone to the party or Jiro may well have gone to the party.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Taro-ga [ Hanako-ka {matawa/*soretomo/soreka/∅} Jiro-ka -o mita .
Glosses: Taro-NOM  Hanako-KA or Jiro-KA -ACC saw . 
Translation: Taro saw Hanako or Jiro.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Hanako-ga hashitta-ka ] {matawa/*soretomo/soreka/∅} [Jiro-ga hashitta-ka] ] mitai-da .
Glosses:   Hanako-NOM ran-KA or Jiro-NOM ran-KA seem-COP
Translation: It seems that Hanako ran or Jiro ran.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Hanako-ga hashitta-mitai-ka ] {*matawa/soretomo/soreka/∅} [ Jiro-ga hashitta-mitai-ka ]].
Glosses:   Hanako-NOM ran-seem-KA or Jiro-NOM ran-seem-KA
Translation: Which is true: It seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran?
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [[ Hanako-ga hashitta-mitai-ka] matawa [ Jiro-ga hashitta-mitai-ka] -da].
Glosses:  Hanako-NOM ran-seem-KA or  Jiro-NOM ran-seem-KA COP
Translation: It seems that Hanako ran or it seems that Jiro ran.’ (∨-statement)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ dare-ka]-ga hashitta .
Glosses:  who-KA-NOM ran . 
Translation: Taro saw someone.’ (∃-statement)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ dare-ga hashitta-ka].
Glosses:  who-NOM ran-KA
Translation: (Tell me) who ran?’ (Wh-Question)
Language: Japanese ( translation)
Transcription: Hanako-ga hashitta-ka ?
Glosses: Hanako-NOM ran-KA
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: *Hanako-wa [ dare-ga hashitta-ka (da) -to ] shinjiteiru .
Glosses: Hanako-TOP  who-NOM ran-KA COP C  believe
Translation: Intended: ‘Hanako believes that someone ran.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: *[ dare-ga hashitta-ka ] mitai da .
Glosses:  who-NOM ran-KA seem COP
Translation: Intended: ‘It seems that someone ran.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [[ Hanako-ka Jiro-ka]-ga hashitta-ka] (oshiete).
Glosses:  Hanako-KA Jiro-KA-NOM ran-KA tell
Translation: Tell me whether or not Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (✓YNQ) *‘Tell me which is true: Hanako ran or Jiro ran.’ (*AltQ)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: *Hanako-wa [ dare-ga hashitta-ka (da) -to/∅ ] shinjiteiru .
Glosses: Hanako-TOP  who-NOM ran-KA COP C/C  believe
Translation: Intended: ‘Hanako believes that someone ran.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Hanako-wa [ dare-ka-ga hashitta-to ] shinjiteiru .
Glosses: Hanako-TOP  who-KA-NOM ran-C  believe
Translation: Hanako believes that someone ran.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ dare-ka-ga hashitta ] mitai da .
Glosses:  who-KA-NOM ran  seem COP
Translation: It seems that someone ran.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Hanako-wa [ dare-ka-ga hashira-nakerebanaranai-to ] shinjiteiru .
Glosses: Hanako-TOP  who-KA-NOM run-must-C believe
Translation: Hanako believes that someone must run.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: *Hanako-wa [ dare-ga hashira-nakerebanaranai-ka (da) -to/∅] shinjiteiru .
Glosses: Hanako-TOP  who-NOM ran-must-KA COP C/C believe
Translation: Intended: ‘Hanako believes that there is someone who must run.
Language: Japanese ( translation)
Transcription: Dare-ga hashitta-no-desu-ka ?
Glosses: who-NOM ran-NMNL-POL-KA ?
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: Dono gakusei-ga hashitta-no-desu-ka ?
Glosses: which student-NOM ran-NMNL-POL-KA ? 
Translation: Which student ran?’ ⇒ (presupposes) Some student ran.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: #Dono-hannin-ka-o mitsuke-tara oshiete kudasai .
Glosses: which-culprit-KA-ACC find-if tell POL
Translation: If you find a culprit, please tell us.’ (Intended)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: #Dono-hannin-ka-ga gakusei-no naka-ni i-masu-ka ?
Glosses: which-culprit-KA-NOM students-GEN among-LOC be-POL-KA
Translation: Is there a culprit among the students?’ (Intended)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: #[ Sono hon-o nusunda ] dare-ka-o mitsuke-tara oshiete kudasai .
Glosses:  the book-ACC steal who-KA-ACC find-if tell POL
Translation: If you find a person who stole the book, please tell us.’ (Intended)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: #[ Sono hon-o nusunda ] dare-ka-ga gakusei-no naka-ni i-masu-ka ?
Glosses:  the book-ACC steal who-KA-NOM students-GEN among-LOC be-POL-KA
Translation: Is there anyone who stole the book among the students?’ (Intended)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: *Taro-wa [Hanako-ga hashitta-ka ∅ Jiro-ga hashitta-ka C ∃] shinjiteiru .
Glosses: Taro-TOP Hanako-NOM ran-KA or Jiro-NOM ran-KA  believe
Translation: Intended: ‘Taro believes that either Hanako ran or Jiro ran.
Language: Japanese ( translation)
Transcription: Hanako-ga hashitta-ka matawa Jiro-ga hashitta-ka *(da).
Glosses: Hanako-NOM ran-KA or Jiro-NOM ran-KA COP
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: *Dare-ga hashitta-ka da .
Glosses: who-NOM ran-KA COP
Translation: Someone ran.’ (Intended)
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ Dare-ga kita-kara-ka ] Taro-wa yorokondeita .
Glosses: who-NOM came-because-KA  Taro-TOP was.happy
Translation: For some person x, because x came, Taro was happy, but I don’t know who it is.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ Dare-ni au-tame-ka ] Taro-wa hayaku daigaku-ni kita .
Glosses: who-DAT meet-in.order.to-KA  Taro-TOP early university-GOAL came
Translation: For some person x, to meet x, Taro came, but I don’t know who it is.
Language: Japanese (English translation)
Transcription: [ Dare-ka-ga kita-kara ] Taro-wa yorokondeita .
Glosses: who-KA-NOM came-because  Taro-TOP was.happy
Translation: Because someone came, Taro was happy.’ ⇏ The speaker does not know who made Taro happy.