lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-nɯ kɤ-jtsʰi] na-stʰɯt tɕe tɕe tɤ-pɤtso nɯ li ɯ-sta nɯtɕu ko-ɕɯ-rŋgɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-breast INF-give.to.drink AOR:3→3-finish LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-child DEM again 3SG.POSS-bed DEM:LOC IFR-CAUS-lay
Translation: After she had finished breastfeeding, she put back the child on his bed.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯra pa-βzjoz] pa-stʰɯt tɕe ɯ-sloχpɯn nɯ kɯ taqaβ tɯ-ldʑa ɲɤ́-wɣ-mbi
Glosses: DEM:PL AOR:3→3-learn AOR:3→3-finish LNK 3SG.POSS-teacher DEM ERG needle one-CL IFR-INV-give
Translation: When he finished learning this [craft], his teacher gave him a needle.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯ-si] tɤ-rɤŋgat , tu-rɤru mɯ-nɯ-cʰa ri , _ nɯ ɯ-ɕɣa ra pɯ-tsʰoz ʑo .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-die AOR-be.about IPFV-get.up NEG-AOR-can LNK _ DEM 3SG.POSS-tooth PL PST.IPFV-be.complete EMPH
Translation: Even when she was about to die (from old age), when she was not able to get up anymore, (…) she still had all her teeth.' (27-tWCGArgu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤ-tɯ-ari tɕe , (...) tɯrme [kɤ-sat] tɤ-kɯ-rɤŋgat (...) ʁnɯz tɯ-mtɤm ri
Glosses: AOR-2-go[II] LNK _ person SBJ:PCP-kill AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.about.to _ two 2-see[III]:FACT LNK
Translation: When you go there, you will see two people who are about to be killed.' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-kɯ-ʁndɯ] tu-tɯ-ɤɣɯɣu ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hit IPFV-2-be.about.to SENS-be LNK
Translation: You are about to hit me.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ɣɯ-ɕaβ-a tɤ-ŋu tɕe , nɤʑo χcʰa nɯ a-nɯ-tɯ-ɕtʰɯz
Glosses: 1SG INV-catch.up:FACT-1SG AOR-be LNK 2SG right DEM IRR-PFV:WEST-2-turn.towards
Translation: When they are about to catch up with me, turn the [thing in your] right [hand] in [their direction].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɕɤr tɕe tu] ŋgrɤl , [tu-mbri] ŋgrɤl
Glosses: night LOC exist:FACT be.usually.the.case:FACT IPFV-call be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: [Owls] appear, howl during the night.' (22-pGAkhW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo kumpɣa cʰɯ-nɯ-χse-a] pɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: 1SG chicken IPFV-AUTO-feed[III]-1SG PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: I used to raise chickens (for my own sake).' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme ɯ-ɕki “a-βɣo" tu-kɯ-ti mɤ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: girl 3SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-FB IPFV-GENR-say NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: One cannot address a woman as `my uncle'.' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [ɕɤmɯɣdɯ kɤ-lɤt] nɯ tu-stu-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK gun INF-release DEM IPFV-do.like-PL SENS-be
Translation: People shoot with guns like that.' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-pʰɣo] tɕʰi a-tɤ-fse-j ?
Glosses: INF-flee what IRR-PFV-be.like-1PL
Translation: How will we flee?' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɤ-fsraŋ] tɕʰi tu-ste-a ?
Glosses: 2SG INF-protect what IPFV-do.like[III]-1SG
Translation: How [can] I save you?' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɣɤtɕɯ kɯ [nɤʑo kɤ-bɯwa] tɕʰi a-tɤ-ste ɕti ?
Glosses: bird ERG 2SG INF-carry.on.the.back what IRR-PFV-do.like[III] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: How will the bird carry you on its back?' (2003 zrAntCW tWrme)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɤ-fsraŋ] tɕʰi tu-ta-stu ?
Glosses: 2SG INF-protect what IPFV-1→2-do.like[III]
Translation: How [can] I save you?' (elicitation based on ex:kAfsraN.tChi.tustea)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi ci ʑo tú-wɣ-stu tɕe pʰɤn
Glosses: what INDEF EMPH IPFV-INV-do.like LNK be.efficient:FACT
Translation: What should [we] do to successfully [treat your disease]?' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɤ-wɯ nɯ kɯ tɯ~ta-stu] ʑo to-stu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-grandfather DEM ERG TOTAL~AOR:3→3-do.like EMPH IFR-do.like
Translation: He did everything like the old man.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-nmaʁ jɤ-kɯ-ɣe nɯ ɕoŋβzu mkʰɤz tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-husband AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM carpentry be.expert:FACT LNK
Translation: Her husband who came [to live in her family] is very good at carpentry.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕiʑo rcanɯ , [kɤ-taʁ] wuma ʑo mkʰɤz-tɕi
Glosses: 1DU UNEXPECTED INF-weave really EMPH be.expert:FACT-1DU
Translation: We are very good at weaving.' (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <gang> stʰɯci mɯ́j-rko qʰe , ɲɯ-mpɯ qʰe [tu-ŋgɤɣ , ɲɯ-ɤjʁu] nɯra ɲɯ-mbat
Glosses: steel as.much NEG:SENS-be.hard LNK SENS-be.soft LNK IPFV-ACAUS:bend IPFV-be.curved DEM:PL] SENS-be.easy
Translation: [Iron] is not as hard as steel, it is soft and bends easily.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [cʰɯ-wxti] ɯ-tɯ-mbat ɲɯ-sɤre ʑo
Glosses: IPFV-be.big 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.easy SENS-be.ridiculous EMPH
Translation: It grows extremely easily.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-nɯrdoʁ] ri mɤ-aɲaj ma kɯ-ndɯ-ndɯβ ɕti
Glosses: INF-pick.up also NEG-be.quick:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It takes a lot of time (it is not done quickly) to pick up [the Zanthoxyllum seeds], because they are very small.' (07-tCGom)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤtʂo ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu [staχpɯ kɤ-ji] mɤ-pe
Glosses: earth.type 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC pea INF-plant NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: Planting peas in tɤtʂo-type earth is not good.' (25-cWXCWz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-<xuetang> ɯ-tɯ-mbro <kongzhi> tu-βze-a ŋu . [mɯ-tu-kɤ-mbro] ftɕaka tu-βze-a ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-blood.sugar 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.high control IPFV-do[III]-1SG be:FACT NEG-IPFV-INF-be.high manner IPFV-do[III]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I control my blood sugar, I do what I can to prevent it from being too high'. (conversation, 15-12-05)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [qartsɤβ kɤ-kɤ-βzu ra kɤ-tɤβ] ftɕaka ɣɯ-βzu ra
Glosses: harvest AOR-OBJ:PCP-make PL INF-thresh manner INV-make be.needed:FACT
Translation: Then one has to prepare to thresh the [grains] that have been harvested.' (2010.10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-tɤβ] kú-wɣ-nɯftɕaka ra
Glosses: INF-thresh IPFV-INV-prepare be.needed:FACT
Translation: One has to prepare the threshing.' (2010.10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-wɯ kɯ “a-mɤ-jɤ-tɯ-ɣi-nɯ” ɯ-skɤt to-βzu ɕti
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-grandfather ERG IRR-NEG-PFV-2-come-PL 3SG.POSS-language IFR-make be.AFF:FACT
Translation: (By these words) our father-in-law means that he does not want us to come back' (he means: `don't you come back') (2005 tAwakWcqraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯ-βdaʁmu nɯ tu-tɯ-ndɤm] nɤ-sɯm ɯ́-ɕe ?
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-queen DEM IPFV-2-take[III] 2SG.POSS-mind QU-go:FACT
Translation: Do you want to become their queen?' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-rɟit ra nɯ-ɣi-nɯ ɕti tɕetʰa , [kɤ-ndza] kowa tɯ́-wɣ-βzu ɕti tɕe ku-ta-sɯ-ɤnbaʁ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-offspring PL VERT-come:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT soon INF-eat manner 2-INV-make:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK IPFV-1→2-CAUS-hide be:FACT
Translation: My children are coming back home soon, and they will try to eat you, let me hide you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri [zlawiɕɤrɤβ kɯ tɕʰoz pɯ-asɯ-zgrɯβ] ɯ-fɕɤt tu ma [jɯm pɯ-asɯ-ɕar] ɯ-fɕɤt me
Glosses: but Zlaba.shesrab ERG religion PST.IPFV-PROG-accomplish 3SG.POSS-story exist:FACT but wife:HON PST.IPFV-PROG-search 3SG.POSS-story not.exist:FACT
Translation: People say that Zlaba shesrab was studying religion, not looking for a wife.' (sras 79-80)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɲɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom] ɯ-zgra nɯ “vɯrwɯrwɯr” tu-ti ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: IPFV-fly 3SG.POSS-noise DEM ONOM IPFV-say be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: The sound it makes when it flies is `vrvr' (as its flying sound, it says `vrvr').' (26-quspunmbro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [wortɕʰi ʑo pɤjkʰu ma-tɤ-tɯ-lɤt tɕe , nɤkinɯ , pɤjkʰu a-pɯ tɯ-nɯ ɲɯ-jtsʰi-a ra] ɯ-skɤt ra to-βzu tɕe … tɕe nɯnɯ nɯ-jɤɣ tɕe tɕendɤre ɯ-pɯ nɯ ki kɯ-fse ɲɤ-ɣɤntaβ , tɕe [tɤ-lɤt jɤɣ] ɯ-skɤt kɯra to-stu
Glosses: please EMPH yet NEG-IMP-2-release LNK FILLER yet 1SG.POSS-young INDEF.POSS-breast IPFV-give.to.drink-1SG be.needed:FACT 3SG.POSS-speech PL IFR-make LNK _ LNK DEM AOR-finish LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-young DEM DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like IFR-put LNK IMP-release be.allowed:FACT 3SG.POSS-speech DEM.PROX:PL IFR-do.like
Translation: [The monkey mother] made [a sign to the hunter] meaning `Please don't shoot yet, I still have to nurse my baby.' (…) and once she had finished, she put her baby aside like that, and made a sign meaning `(now) you can shoot'.' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <donggua> cʰo <qiezi> ni tɕʰi ʑo mɯ́j-naχtɕɯɣ] ɣɯ ɯ-tɕʰa a-jɤ-tɯ-ɣɯt ra
Glosses: gourd COMIT eggplant DU what EMPH NEG:SENS-be.the.same GEN 3SG.POSS-information IRR-PFV-2-bring need:FACT
Translation: [Go there and come back to] to tell me how gourds and eggplants are different.' (yici bi yici you jinbu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[nɤʑo ju-tɯ-ɕe] a-sɯm mɯ́j-ɕe]] ndʐa ŋu
Glosses: 2SG IPFV-2-go 1SG.POSS-mind NEG:SENS-go reason be:FACT
Translation: This is because I don't want you to leave.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [“ɣa" kɤ-ti] ɯ-sɯm mɯ-pjɤ-ɕe
Glosses: yes INF-say 3SG.POSS-mind NEG-IFR.IPFV-go
Translation: He did not want to say `yes'.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɕɯ-kɤ-rŋgɯ] a-sɯm mɯ́j-ɕe
Glosses: TRAL-INF-lie.down 1SG.POSS-mind NEG:SENS-go
Translation: I don't want to go to sleep.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: daltsɯtsa tɕe tɕe kɤ-nɯ-ɕe tsa ɯ-sɯm to-ɣi .
Glosses: slowly LNK LNK INF-VERT-go a.little 3SG.POSS-mind IFR-come
Translation: He slowly started thinking of going home.' (150907 laoshandaoshi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-nɤma] tɯ-ʁjiz maka mɤ-ɣi .
Glosses: INF-work GENR.POSS-wish at.all NEG-come[III]:FACT
Translation: (When one is sick), one does not feel like working.' (27-tWfCAl)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa [χpɯn kɯ-tsʰu nɯ kɯ tɯ-ci ɕ-tu-re] nɯ ɯ-ʁjiz mɯ-pjɤ-ɣi
Glosses: the.aforementioned monk SBJ:PCP-be.fat DEM ERG INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV:UP-bring[III] DEM 3SG.POSS-wish NEG-IFR.IPFV-come
Translation: The fat monk did not feel like (going down the river and) bringing the water [up to the monastery]. (150830 san ge heshang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ʁdɯrɟɤt aʑo kɤ-ɕe] a-ʁa maŋe
Glosses: TOPO 1SG INF-go 1SG.POSS-free.time not.exist:SENS
Translation: I don't have time to go to Gdongbrgyad.' (conversation, 2016-03-20)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ [rɟɤdɯm mɯ-ɲɯ-kɤ-βzu] ɯ-ndʐa kɯ tɯ-ci kɯ-mɯɕtaʁ nɯtɕu pjɯ́-wɣ-fkri tɕe tɕe rɟɤdɯm mɤ-βze
Glosses: LNK DEM lumps NEG-IPFV-INF-make 3SG.POSS-reason ERG INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-be.cold DEM:LOC IPFV-INV-melt LNK LNK lumps NEG-make[III]
Translation: In order to prevent lumps from forming, one melts the flour in cold water [by mixing it] and lumps do not form.' (140428 rJAdWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tu-ndze] nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-di nɯ pjɤ-mtsʰɤm-nɯ tɕe tɕe jo-ɣi-nɯ .
Glosses: IPFV-eat DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-smell DEM IFR-perceive-PL LNK LNK IFR-come-PL
Translation: [The flies] smelled [the jam] that he was eating and came.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki [aʑo ɕkom tu-mtsʰi-a] ki ɣɯ ɯ-χpi ci pjɯ-fɕat-a
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG muntjac IPFV-lead-1SG DEM.PROX GEN 3SG.POSS-story INDEF IPFV-tell-1SG
Translation: I will tell (you) a story about this muntjac that I am leading.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɕʰeme kɯ-pe mɤ-kɯ-pe] nɯ ɣɯ koŋla ʑo ɯ-<biaozhun> ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: woman ?-be.good NEG-?-be.good DEM GEN really EMPH 3SG.POSS-criterion SENS-be
Translation: It is [one of the] criteria [by which one judges whether] a woman is good or bad.' (thaXtsa 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-tɕɯ jɤ-kɯ-ɣe] ɣɯ ɯ-tɕʰa ja-ɣɯt
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] GEN 3SG.POSS-news AOR:3→3-bring
Translation: S/he came to tell [me/you] that my son came.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: †[ɯʑo kɯ [nɯra tu-rɤt] kɤ-stʰɯt] ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG ERG DEM:PL IPFV-draw INF-finish before LNK
Translation: Before he had finished drawing it.' (160718 huashetianzu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ [nɯra kɤ-rɤt] tu-stʰɯt] ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG ERG DEM:PL INF-draw IPFV-finish before LNK
Translation: Correction of (ex:turAt.kAsthWt.CWNgW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁi kɯ [jɤ-ari] nɯtɕu tɕe , nɤkinɯ , qapi jo-rɤmbɯmbri qʰe , tɕendɤre nɯ jo-nɯɴqʰu-j qʰe , tɕe kʰa jɤ-azɣɯt-i
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling ERG AOR-go[II] DEM:LOC LOC FILLER white.stone IFR-drop.while.going LNK LNK DEM IFR-follow-1PL LNK LNK house AOR-reach-1PL
Translation: When he_i went (to the forest), our younger brother_i dropped white stones_j one by one on the way as he was going, and we followed them_j and found our way home.' (160701 poucet2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑakastaka ɯ-mdoʁ tɕi mɤ-kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ ɣɤʑu , ɯ-tsʰɯɣa tɕi mɤ-kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: each.his.own 3SG.POSS-colour also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.the.same exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-shape also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.the.same exist:SENS
Translation: Each of them (species of starfishes) has its own different colour and different shape.' (180421 haixing)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri qartsɯ tɕe tɕe ɯ-jwaʁ nɯ pjɯ-nɯɕɯrɲɟo tɕe pjɯ-ŋgra ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: LNK winter LOC LNK 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM IPFV-redden LNK IPFV-ACAUS:cause.to.fall SENS-be.AFF
Translation: In winter, its leaves redden and fall.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ la-ɕlu-nɯ cʰo la-lɣa-nɯ tɕe tɕe qandʐe tu-nɯ-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕe nɯ ɕ-tu-nɯrdoʁ tɕe tu-ndze ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM AOR:3→3-plough COMIT AOR:3→3-dig LNK LNK earthworm IPFV-AUTO-come.out SENS-be LNK DEM TRAL-IPFV-collect LNK IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: When [people] plough and dig the earth, earthworms come out, and crows go (into the fields) and pick [the earthworms] and eat them (one by one).' (140511 qajdo kW qandzxe tundze)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤɕime kɯ [tɕʰi a-tɤ-fse-a] tɕe mɤ́-wɣ-mto-a kɯ
Glosses: princess ERG what IRR-PFV-be.like-1SG LNK NEG-INV-see:FACT-1SG SFP
Translation: What should I do [in order] not to be seen by the princess?' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-wi nɯ kɯ tɤ-ri nɯ rɟɤlpu ɯ-tɕʰaʁla scʰiz pjɤ-k-ɤz-nɤndɯndo-ci tɕe , rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ [ɯ-mɲaʁ ɲɤ-z-nɤmbju] ʑo pjɤ-mto tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-grandmother DEM ERG INDEF.POSS-thread DEM king 3SG.POSS-yard APPROX.LOC IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-take.here.and.there-PEG LNK king DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-eye IFR-CAUS-be.bright EMPH IFR-see LNK
Translation: The old woman was taking the (well-spun) thread_i here and there in the yard of the king, and the king_j saw it_i as it_i dazzled his_j eyes (i.e. it_i was so well spun that it was dazzling bright).' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-jaʁ kɯ [ki tu-ste] lu-z-naʁje ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hand ERG DEM:PROX IPFV-do.like[III] IPFV-reach.into[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The cat] reaches with its paw [into the whole] like this.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-ʁar nɯ ki tu-ste] tɕe [tu-ʑ-mbri] ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wing DEM DEM.PROX IPFV-do.like[III] LNK IPFV-CAUS-make.noise SENS-be
Translation: [The grasshopper] makes noise by [moving] its wings like this.' (26-kWrNukWGndZWr)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-pɕi ju-ɕe tɕe , [ci ci pɣɤtɕɯ pjɯ-sat ju-ɣɯt], [ci ci βʑɯ pjɯ-sat ju-ɣɯt], [ci ci qaɲi ra pjɯ-sat tɕe ju-ɣɯt].
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-outside IPFV-go LNK one one bird IPFV-kill IPFV-bring one one mouse IPFV-kill IPFV-bring one one mole PL IPFV-kill LNK IPFV-bring
Translation: (When her kittens are hungry), [the cat mother] goes out and sometimes kills a bird and brings it, sometimes kills a mouse and brings it, sometimes kills a mole or something and brings it [to them].' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯ-me stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯ ɲɤ-mbi-nɯ], tɕe [nɯ-me stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯ ɲɤ-mbi-nɯ tɕe], tɕe tɕʰeme nɯ to-nɯmbrɤpɯ ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-daughter most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM IFR-give-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-daughter most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM IFR-give-PL LNK LNK girl DEM IFR-ride
Translation: They gave [him] their daughter (in marriage), and as they gave [him] their daughter (in marriage), the girl mounted [a horse].' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɤ-pɤtso nɯnɯ li sɯŋgɯ zɯ jo-ɕe]. [sɯŋgɯ zɯ jo-ɕe] tɕe tɕendɤre , pʰaʁrgot nɯ kɯ tɤ-pɤtso nɯ pa-mto tɕe
Glosses: DEM boy DEM again forest LOC IFR-go forest LOC IFR-go LNK LNK boar DEM ERG boy DEM IFR:3→3-see LNK
Translation: The boy went again into the forest, and as he went into the forest, the boar saw the boy.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sqʰi ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu kó-wɣ-sɯ-ɤmdzɯ-nɯ . sqʰi ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu ka-sɯ-ɤmdzɯ tɕe , (...) ra to-ti
Glosses: tripod 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC IFR-INV-CAUS-sit-PL tripod 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC AOR:3→3-CAUS-sit LNK _ PL IFR-say
Translation: [The woman] had them sit by the hearth. She had them sit by the hearth, and said (…).' (160703 poucet3)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [pɤnmawombɤr tɯ~tɯ-ŋu] nɤ , pɯ-ta-sɯxɕɤt nɯ nɯ-ndɯn ra
Glosses: ANTHR COND~2-be:FACT ADD AOR-1→2-teach DEM IMP-read be.needed:FACT
Translation: If you (really) are Padma 'Od'bar, recite [the mantra] that I have taught you.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯrme ɲɯ~ɲɯ-maʁ] nɤ , a-ku ɲɯ-sɤpʰar-a ŋu tɕe tɕe , jɤ-pʰɣo
Glosses: person COND~SENS-not.be ADD 1SG.POSS-head IPFV-shake-1SG be:FACT LNK LNK IMP-flee
Translation: If (the thing in the tree) is not a man, I will shake my head, and you (had better) flee.' (khu 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯrɟɯ laχtɕʰa cʰo rŋɯl ra mɯ~mɤ-jɤ-tɯ-ɣɯt] nɤ , nɤkinɯ , pjɯ-ta-sat ŋu
Glosses: fortune thing COMIT silver PL COND~NEG-AOR-2-bring ADD FILLER IPFV-1→2-kill be:FACT
Translation: If you do not bring goods and money, we will kill you.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕnɯ-rʑaʁ jamar tɤ-tsu tɕe tɕe pjɯ-rle tɕe tu-rtoʁ tɕe , tɕe ɯ-tó-pe nɤ tɕe nɯ ma mɤ-ra , ɯ-mɯ́-to-pe nɤ tɕe li tu-xtɕɤr ŋu .
Glosses: seven-day about AOR-pass LNK LNK IPFV-untie[III] LNK IPFV-look LNK LNK QU-IFR-be.good ADD LNK DEM apart.from NEG-be.needed:FACT QU-NEG-IFR-be.good ADD LNK again IPFV-attach be:FACT
Translation: After seven days, [the doctor] unties [the splint] and looks, if [the fracture] has healed, [the splint] is not needed anymore, if it has not improved, [the doctor] attaches [the splint] again.' (140426 laxthab)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [tɯ-ndzrɯ kɯ mɯ~mɤ-nɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-qʰrɯt] qʰe mɯ́j-ŋgra .
Glosses: LNK GENR.POSS-nail ERG COND~NEG-AOR-INV-CAUS-scrape LNK NEG:SENS-ACAUS:cause.to.fall
Translation: [Nits] (are firmly attached and) will not detach unless one scrapes them with one's nail.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-nɯ-ɲat-nɯ tɕe tɯ-tɕʰa nɤ tɯ-tɕʰa nɯ , nɤki <dianxian> ɯ-taʁ , qʰe sɯku ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu tu-nɯna-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: IRR-PFV-be.tired-PL LNK one-pair LNK one-pair DEM electric.wire 3SG.POSS-on LNK treetop 3SG.POSS-on DEM LOC IPFV-rest-PL LNK
Translation: If/Whenever [the swallows] are tired (from flying), they rest in pairs on electrical wires or on trees.' (03-mWrmWmbjW-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɯna nɯ a-tɤ-ngo tɕe tɕendɤre ɲɯ-sɲu kɯ-fse ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: dog DEM IRR-PFV-be.ill LNK LNK IPFV-be.mad SBJ:PCP-be SENS-be
Translation: If a dog gets ill (from rabbies), it will become like mad.' (29-chWsYu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kɤsɯfse kɯ a-pɯ-tsʰi-nɯ tɕe nɯ kóʁmɯz nɤ kɤsɯfse cʰɯ-tsʰu-nɯ ra tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM ALL ERG IRR-PFV:DOWN-drink-PL LNK DEM only.then ADD all IPFV-be.fat-PL be.needed:FACT LNK
Translation: It is only if all [of the pigs] get to eat (hogwash) that they will all grow fat.' (i.e. a person has to be appointed to prevent the pigs from fighting, otherwise the weaker pigs would get nothing to eat).' (160708 paRtshi WkWrWru)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zraβ a-pɯ-tu kóʁmɯz nɤ tsʰɤnmu cʰɯ-rɤpɯ tɕe tɕe nɯ ɲɯ-mpʰɯl ra .
Glosses: male.goat IRR-IPFV-exist only.then ADD female.goat IPFV-bear.young LNK LNK DEM IPFV-reproduce be.needed:FACT
Translation: Nanny goats can bear young and reproduce only if a male goat is present.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm ndɤre , [nɯ-kɯ-ɣɤdi pɯ-nɯ-ŋu] kɯnɤ tu-ndze ɕti .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat LNK AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.smelly PST.IPFV-AUTO-be also IPFV-eat[III] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [Crows] eat meat even if it has become smelly.' (22-qajdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [cʰɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-βlɯ] kɯnɤ , tu-nɯt ʁo ŋu ri , ɯ-ʁrɤt nɯ ɲaʁ ʑo qʰe , maka ɲɯ-ɣɤ-mpje mɤ-cʰa .
Glosses: IPFV-INV-burn also IPFV-be.ignited ADVERS be:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-charcoal DEM be.black:FACT EMPH LNK at.all IPFV-CAUS-be.warm[III] NEG-can:FACT
Translation: Even when one burns it, although it does ignite, its charcoal is black and it does not warm anything. (17-thowum)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-ɕɣa pɯ-kɯ-ɴɢrɯ pɯ-nnɯ-ŋu], [pɯ-kɯ-ɣɤtsɯr pɯ-nnɯ-ŋu] qʰe , [qajɯ kɯ tu-ndze pɯ-nnɯ-ŋu], nɯfse tu-kɯ-mŋɤm pɯ-nnɯ-ŋu], nɯnɯ kɯ wuma ʑo nɯsmɤn .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-tooth IPFV-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:break PST.IPFV-AUTO-be AOR-SBJ:PCP-crack PST.IPFV-AUTO-be LNK bug ERG IPFV-eat[III] PST.IPFV-AUTO-be like.that IPFV-SBJ:PCP-hurt PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM ERG very EMPH heal:FACT
Translation: Whether one's tooth is broken, cracked, decayed or whether it simply hurts, he (a particular dentist) treats it very well.' (27-tApGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-sɯm pɯ-a<nɯ>ri] nɤ ju-kɯ-ɕe , [mɯ-pɯ-a<nɯ>ri] nɤ ju-kɯ-ɕe pɯ-ra
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mind PST.IPFV-<AUTO>go[II] LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-go, NEG-PST.IPFV-<AUTO>go[II] LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-go PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: One had to go whether one liked it or not.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ta-nɤla pɯ-nɯ-ŋu pɯ-nɯ-maʁ] ɕe-a ra
Glosses: AOR:3→3-agree PST.IPFV-AUTO-be PST.IPFV-AUTO-not.be IPFV:go-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I will go whether he agrees or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯŋa ŋu] ɕi , [mbro ŋu] ma , pjɯ-nɤndɤɣ ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: cow be:FACT SFP horse be:FACT LNK IPFV-be.poisoned SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: Whether it is a cow or a horse, they end up poisoned.' (25-qarmWrwa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[ɕe] [mɤ-ɕe] tɯ-me] ma kɤ-nɤma tɯ-cʰa me qʰe naχtɕɯɣ ɕti
Glosses: BARE.INF:go NEG-BARE.INF:go 2-not.exist:FACT LNK INF-work 2-can:FACT not.exist:FACT LNK be.the.same:FACT be:FACT
Translation: [It does not matter] whether you go or not, you are not able to do anything, it amounts to the same.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmɕku nɯ tɕe , ɯ-dɯχɯn wuma ʑo mɯm tɕe , … [tɕʰi <cai> tɤ́-wɣ-nɯ-βzɯ~βzu] ʑo pjɯ-tu ra .
Glosses: garlic DEM LNK 3SG.POSS-fragrance really EMPH be.tasty:FACT LNK _ what dish AOR-INV-AUTO-EMPH~make EMPH IPFV-exist be.needed:FACT
Translation: Garlic has a nice smell, (…), whatever dish one prepares, there has to be [garlic] (in it).' (07-kWmCku)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰomba tɕe [tʰɤjtɕu ɯ-ʁjiz tɤ-ɣe] qʰe ju-nnɯ-ɣi ɕti ma
Glosses: cold LNK when 3SG.POSS-wish AOR-come[II] LNK IPFV-AUTO-come be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: A cold (the disease) comes whenever it wants (i.e. it occurs spontaneously).' (22-tAmbrWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɕʰi pɯ-nɯ-fsɤ~fse] ʑo nɤ-rca tu-kɯ-tsɯm-a ra
Glosses: what PST.IPFV-AUTO-EMPH~be.like EMPH 2SG.POSS-together IPFV-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: In any case (whatever the circumstances are like), take me with you.' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ŋotɕu nɯ-ɬɯ~ɬoʁ] ʑo wuma ʑo sɤɣdɯɣ
Glosses: where AOR-EMPH~come.out EMPH really EMPH be.annoying:FACT
Translation: No matter where it grows, it is very annoying.' (5-khArWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯz tɕe [aʑo tɕʰi tɯ~tɤ-stu-t-a] nɯ tɤ-ste je
Glosses: INTERJ LNK 1SG what TOTAL~AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG DEM IMP-do.like[III] SFP
Translation: Come on, do everything in the same way as me.' (i.e. in whatever way I act, act in this way) (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo nɤʑo kɯ iɕqʰa nɯtɕu ɣɯ-tu-kɯ-qur-a a-pɯ-ŋu] tɕe , nɯnɯ wuma ʑo pɯ-nɤ-pe-t-a ma
Glosses: 1SG 2SG ERG just.before DEM:LOC CISL-IPFV-2→1-help-1SG IRR-PST.IPFV-be LNK DEM really EMPH PST.IPFV-TROP-be.good-PST:TR-1SG LNK
Translation: If you had come and helped me right before, I would have appreciated it.' (140427 liangge shibiang he qiangdao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰam tɕe nɤki χawo [aʑo a-mi a-pɯ-tu] tɕe , nɯ rɟɤlpu ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu kɯ-rɤʑi nɯ aʑo a-pɯ-ŋu-a pɯ-ra
Glosses: now LNK FILLER if.only 1SG 1SG.POSS-leg IRR-IPFV-exist LNK DEM king 3SG.POSS-son DEM 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC SBJ:PCP-stay DEM 1SG IRR-IPFV-be-1SG PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: If only I had legs now, the one next to the prince would have had to be me.' (said by the little mermaid, who has no legs) (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯrme ra jɯ~jɤ-ɣe-nɯ] ʑo tu-nɯrmɤʑu pjɤ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: people PL ITER~AOR-come[II]-PL EMPH IPFV-show.off IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: Each time people came, he would show off.' (2011-10-qajdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mɯ kɯ~ka-lɤt ʑo zdɯmlaʁrɯʁrɯ ju-nɯ-ɬoʁ ŋu
Glosses: sky ITER~AOR-release EMPH snail IPFV-AUTO-come.out be:FACT
Translation: Each time it rains, snails come out.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [lɤ-zo-nɯ] qʰe tɯtɯrca lu-zo-nɯ , [tʰɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom-nɯ] qʰe tɯtɯrca cʰɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom-nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK AOR:UPSTREAM-land-PL LNK together IPFV:UPSTREAM-land-PL AOR:DOWNSTREAM-fly-PL LNK together IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-fly-PL
Translation: When they land they all land together, when they fly they all fly together.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɲɯ-si] ɕɯŋgɯ pɯ-nɯ-ɴɢɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: IPFV-die before AOR-AUTO-ACAUS:separate-DU
Translation: They had divorced before she died.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɬamu kɯ [ɣi-ndʑi] tɤkʰa tɕe pɯwɯ ɯ-ɕki ɯʑo kɯ ta-tɯt nɯra ci to-sɯʁjit
Glosses: ANTHR ERG come:FACT-DU about.to LNK donkey 3SG-DAT 3SG ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM IFR-remember LNK
Translation: Lhamo remembered [what] she had said to her donkey as they were about to depart (to come here).' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [amboʁ] tɤkʰa tɕe tɕe ɲɯ-mu-a tɕe , tɕe a-jaʁ ɲɯ-mɯnmu ɲɯ-ɕti qʰe
Glosses: burst:FACT about.to LNK LNK SENS-be.afraid-1SG LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-hand IPFV-move SENS-be:AFF LNK
Translation: (When I was aiming), as [the gun] was about to burst (i.e. to go off), I was afraid and my hand moved.' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɕɤr jɯ-jɤ-azɣɯt] tɕe (...) ɯ-kɤrme nɯ pjɤ-ɕɯ-ɴqoʁ
Glosses: night PROX-AOR-arrive LNK _ 3SG.POSS-hair DEM IFR-CAUS-hang
Translation: Just before the night fell, [the witch] hung her hair [on the window of the tower].' (140506 woju guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrmɯ ko-ɣi tɕe ʑatsa qanɯ pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: evening IFR-come LNK soon be.dark:FACT IPFV.IFR-be
Translation: The evening came and it was about to be dark (i.e., it was getting dark).' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-kɤ-kʰo nɯ [mɯ-tʰa-ɕkɯt] mɤɕtʂa tu-ndze ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM NEG-AOR:3→3-eat.completely until IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF
Translation: [The monkey] (cannot control its urge to eat, and) eats [the things that people] have given him it none are left (until it has completely finished eating them).' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [“jɤ-ɕe jɤɣ” mɯ-tɤ-tɯt-a] mɤɕtʂa ma-nɯ-tɯ-mɯnmu ra
Glosses: IMP-go be.allowed:FACT NEG-AOR-say[II]-1SG until NEG-IMP-2-move be.needed:FACT
Translation: Don't move until I tell [you] that you can go.' (qala 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ʑimkʰɤm ʑo tu-ndza-nɯ] mɤɕtʂa kɤ-mqlaʁ mɯ́j-βze .
Glosses: long.time EMPH IPFV-chew-PL until INF-swallow NEG:SENS-make[III]
Translation: [The animals] do not swallow until they have chewed it for along time.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [<weixiao> kɯβde-xpa pɯ-stʰɯt-a] ɯ-qʰu tɕe tɕendɤre , <fenpeigongzuo> tɕe ʁdɯrɟɤt lɤ́-wɣ-lat-a-nɯ
Glosses: nursing.school four-year AOR-finish-1SG 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK assign.work LNK TOPO AOR:UPSTREAM-INV-release-1SG-PL
Translation: After I finished the four years of nursing school, they assigned me a work position and sent me to Gdongbrgyad.' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [smɯntʂɯɣ nɯnɯ tɤ-ɬoʁ] ɯ-qʰu tsa ri tɕe tɕe , qandʐe tu-ɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: Pleiades DEM AOR-come.out 3SG.POSS-after a.little LOC LNK LNK earthworm IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: The [constellation of the] earthworm appears a little after the Pleiades have come out.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-mɯ ka-lɤt] ɯ-mpʰru nɯ tu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky AOR:3→3-release 3SG.POSS-after DEM exist:FACT
Translation: It is found after it has rained.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [nɯ tu-tɯ-ɬoʁ] ʑo qʰe cʰɯ-pʰɯt-nɯ cʰɯ-βde-nɯ ɕti .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-IMM:CONV-come.out EMPH LNK IPFV-take.out-PL IPFV-throw-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: As soon as it comes out (in fields), [the farmers] pluck it off and throw it away.' (16-CWrNgo, 35
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [tu-tɯ-ɬoʁ] tɕe rqʰɤrqʰɤt ʑo ɲɯ-pa
Glosses: LNK IPFV-IMM:CONV-come.out LNK IDPH(II):fresh.and.firm EMPH SENS-AUX
Translation: When [this mushroom] has just come out, it is nice and firm.' (24-zwArqhAjmAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ tɤ-ɬoʁ ɕimɯma tɕe ɲɯ-ɤrʁɯrʁu
Glosses: DEM AOR-come.out immediately.after LNK SENS-be.wrinkled
Translation: When [the stalk of the fern] has just come out, it is all wrinkled.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤ-wa nɯ kɯ-fse jɤ-ari] ɕaŋpɕi nɯ tɕe mɯ-jɤ-a<nɯ>zɣɯt ɕti tɕe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-father DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-go[II] since DEM LNK NEG-AOR-<VERT>arrive be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Ever since your father went (to the mission) like that, he has not come back.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ci nɯra lɤ-azɣɯt-nɯ] ɕaŋpɕi nɯ tɕe , tɕʰeme nɯ tɯ-ɣjɤn ci kɯnɤ nɯ-nɤre kɤ-mtsʰɤm pɯ-me
Glosses: INDEF DEM:PL AOR:UPSTREAM-arrive-PL since DEM LNK girl DEM one-time INDEF also AOR-laugh OBJ:PCP-hear PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: Ever since the others had come back (to the king's palace), the girl (that they had brought with them) had not been heard laughing even once.' (qachGa 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [pɯ-nɯmdar-ndʑi] ɯ-ɣmɯr nɯtɕu tɕe mtsʰu nɯ cʰɯmcʰɯm ʑo , tɕe , tɯ-skɤm pjɤ-sɤʑa
Glosses: AOR-jump-DU 3SG.POSS-evening DEM:LOC LOC lake DEM IDPH(II):slowly EMPH LNK INF:II-dry.up IFR:DOWN-start
Translation: In the evening when they jumped [into the lake], the level of the lake started to drop slowly and the lake disappeared' (2003, Nyimawozer 2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯtɕu ʁo [tɯʑo pɯ-kɯ-xtɕi] ri rcanɯ , mtɕʰi kɯ-wxtɯ~wxti ʑo pɯ-tu .
Glosses: DEM:LOC ADVERS:TOP GENR PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.small LOC UNEXP:DEG sea.buckthorn SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big EMPH PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: There, when we were young, there was a huge sea buckthorn.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma [iʑora pɯ-xtɕi-j] jɤz tu-ndza-j mɯ-pɯ-ŋgrɤl ma
Glosses: LNK 1PL PST.IPFV-be.small-1PL when IPFV-eat-1PL NEG-PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case LNK
Translation: When we were little, we did not eat it.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tu-nɯsmɤn] ɯ-kʰɯkʰa tu-rɤma-nɯ
Glosses: LNK IPFV-treat 3SG-the.same.time IPFV-work-PL
Translation: [The lepers]_i worked (there) while [the doctor] was treating them_i.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯnɯ ju-rɟɯɣ] ɯ-kʰɯkʰa ɯ-se ku-tsʰi ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: DEM IPFV-run 3SG-the.same.time 3SG.POSS-blood IPFV-drink SENS-be:AFF
Translation: [The lion] drinks [its prey's]_i blood while it_i is (still) running.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯʑo tɤ-wxti] ɯ-jɯja tɕe ɯ-jwaʁ nɯnɯ ɲɯ~ɲɯ-ndɯβ ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG AOR-be.big 3SG.POSS-along LNK 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM INCR~IPFV-be.tiny EMPH SENS-be
Translation: As it grows big, its leaves become more and more tiny.' (09-mi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zgoku tɤ-mbro ɯ-jɯja nɯ ʑmbri tu-tɯ-ldʑɯz ʑo ŋu
Glosses: mountain AOR-be.high 3SG.POSS-along DEM willow INCR~-IPFV-be.flexible EMPH be:FACT
Translation: The higher [ones goes] in the mountain, the more the [wood] of the willows is flexible.' (07-Zmbri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɲɯ-nɯɣ-me rɯtɕi , nɯ kɯnɤ ku-χse ɲɯ-ra . tɕe [sɤz-nɯɣ-mɯ~ɣmu] ʑo ku-χse ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: DEM IPFV-APPL-fear[III] LNK DEM also IPFV-feed[III] SENS-be.needed LNK GER-APPL-fear EMPH IPFV-feed[III] SENS-be.needed
Translation: Even though it_i is afraid of it_j, it_i has to feed it_i , and it_i has to feed it_i while being afraid of it._i ' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯ-ndʐi nɯ nɤki , [ɣɯrŋi] ʁaznɤ nɯnɯ nɯnɯtɕu pjɯ-tʂɯβ-nɯ tɕe tɕe
Glosses: the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-skin DEM FILLER be.wet:FACT while DEM DEM:LOC IPFV-sew-PL LNK LNK
Translation: They would sew the skin while it was still wet.' (06-BGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora tɕe ki ɲɯ-nɯʑɯβ ʁaznɤ , [kɯ-nɯʑɯβ] nɯ kɤ-naχtʰɤβ-nɯ tɕe , jɤ-pʰɣo-nɯ !
Glosses: 2PL LNK DEM.PROX SENS-sleep while SBJ:PCP-sleep DEM IMP-take.the.opportunity-PL LNK IMP-flee-PL
Translation: Flee while this one [the ogre] is sleeping.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa srɯnmɯ nɯ to-tɕʰɯ to-nɯdrɯβ tɕe pjɤ-sat
Glosses: the.aforementioned râkshasî DEM IFR-gore IFR-repeatedly.gore LNK IFR-kill
Translation: [The rhinoceros] gored the râkshasî repeatedly and killed her.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: srɯnmɯ nɯ to-nɯdrɯβ ʑo to-tɕʰɯ
Glosses: râkshasî DEM IFR-repeatedly.gore EMPH IFR-gore
Translation: [The rhinoceros] gored the râkshasî repeatedly and killed her.' (elicited on the basis of ex:totChW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-ru nɯ ki tú-wɣ-stu] [pjɯ́-wɣ-qlɯt]
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM DEM:PROX IPFV-INV-do.like IPFV-INV-break
Translation: One breaks its stalk like this.' (14-tasa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo kɯki ntsɯ kú-wɣ-stu-a-nɯ] tɕe , [kú-wɣ-znɯkʰrɯm-a-nɯ]
Glosses: 1SG DEM:PROX always IPFV-INV-do.like-1SG-PL LNK IPFV-INV-punish-1SG-PL
Translation: They tortured me like this.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɯ sŋiɕɤr ʑo kutɕu [ki fse-a] [ndzur-a] ntsɯ ɲɯ-ra tɕe
Glosses: 1SG DEM night.and.day EMPH here DEM:PROX be.like:FACT-1SG stand:FACT-1SG always SENS-be.needed like
Translation: I have to stand like this night and day.' (The divination, 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɯ-rgɤz-i , sna nɯ-me-j tɕe [ki tɤ-fse-j] tɕe [cʰɯ́-wɣ-nɯcʰɤmda-j] ɕti
Glosses: AOR-be.old-1PL be.good AOR-not.exist-1PL LNK DEM.PROX AOR-be.like-1SG LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-drink.with.a.straw-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Now that we have become old and useless, we became like this, they drink our [blood] with straws (planted in our back).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɯ-tɯ-rgɤz tɕe [ki tɯ́-wɣ-stu] [tɯ́-wɣ-nɯcʰɤmda] ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: AOR-2-be.old LNK DEM.PROX 2-INV-do.like:FACT 2-INV-drink.with.a.straw:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: When you become old, they will drink you (your blood) like this with a straw (planted on your back)' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɤ-sŋur ʑo pjɤ-nɯʑɯβ ɕti ma , maka ʑo mɯ-pjɤ-sɯχsɤl .
Glosses: IFR.IPFV-snore EMPH IPFV.IFR-sleep be.AFF:FACT LNK at.all EMPH NEG-IFR-realize
Translation: [The aquatic monster] was snoring in its sleep, and did not notice anything.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wuma ʑo kɯ-tso nɯra nɯ-si-nɯ nɯ-arɕo-nɯ ɕti
Glosses: really EMPH SBJ:PCP-understand DEM:PL AOR-die-PL AOR-be.finished-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: The [elders] who knew [traditional stories] really well have all died.' (conversation, 2016-03-20)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-rɟɯɣ] (kɯ) (ʑo) jo-ɕe
Glosses: INF-run ERG EMPH IFR-go
Translation: He went running.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɯɕɯŋgɯ ji-si nɯra [kɤ-fkur] ʁɟa kɯ jú-wɣ-sɯ-ɤzɣɯt-nɯ pɯ-ra .
Glosses: LNK in.former.times 1PL.POSS-wood DEM:PL INF-carry.on.the.back completely ERG IPFV-INV-CAUS-reach-PL PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: In former times, one used to transport firewood exclusively by carrying it on one's back.' (140430 tWfkur)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-ɣi ra nɯ-mɤ-kɤ-sɯz] nɯ rŋɯl nɯ ɲɤ-mbi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-relative PL 3PL.POSS-NEG-INF-know DEM silver DEM IFR-give
Translation: She_i gave him money without her_i relatives knowing (about it).' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mu nɯ kɯ rcanɯ , maka ʑo mɤ-kɤ-rɯsɯso kɯ to-nɤla
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG UNEXP:DEG at.all EMPH NEG-INF-think ERG IFR-agree
Translation: The woman accepted without thinking at all.' (150907 yingning-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-mɲaʁ kɤ-cɯ mɤ-kɤ-sɤ-cʰa] ʑo mŋɤm
Glosses: GENR.POSS-eye INF-open NEG-INF-PROP-can EMPH hurt:FACT
Translation: [This disease] hurts so much that one cannot open one's eyes.' (25-kACAl)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βʑɯ nɯ kɯ [tɕʰi kɤ-cʰa] ʑo to-nɯrdoʁ nɤ to-nɯrdoʁ
Glosses: mouse DEM ERG what INF-can EMPH IFR-collect ADD IFR-collect
Translation: The mouse collected as much [fruits] as it could.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ [tɯ-jaʁ kɤ-lɤt mɤ-kɯ-ra] tɯ-ci kɯ cʰɯ-sɯ-mtɕɯr pɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: DEM GENR.POSS-had INF-release NEG-INF:STAT-be.needed INDEF.POSS-water ERG IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-turn PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The water would make the [toy waterwheel] turn without needing to use one's hand.' (08-kWmtChW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kutɕu sɤ-mtsɯ~mtsɯr] ku-rɤʑit-a tɕe , jisŋi ndɤ tɯmɯkɯmpɕi kɯ pɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-mbi-a ɕti
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC GER-be.hungry IPFV-stay-1SG LNK today ADVERS heaven ERG AOR:DOWN-INV-AUTO-give-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I am hungry while staying here, but today the heavens have sent me down [these humans to eat].' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mtɯ ɣɤʑu tɕe , tɕe núndʐa qapɣɤmtɯmtɯ tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-crest exist:SENS LNK LNK for.this.reason hoopoe IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: It has a crest, and for this reason it is called `hoopoe'.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰemɤ-pɯ pɯ-ɕti-a qʰe tɤ-tɕɯ ra nɯ-ɕki ku-rɤʑi-a mɯ́j-naz-a qʰe kɤ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-fka mɯ-pɯ-naz-a
Glosses: girl-DIM PST.IPFV-be-1SG LNK INDEF.POSS-son PL 3PL.POSS-DAT IPFV-stay-1SG NEG:SENS-dare-1SG LNK INF-REFL-CAUS-be.full NEG-PST.IPFV-dare-1SG
Translation: As I was a little girl, I did not dare to stay at a boy's place, and thus did not dare to eat my fill.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma nɯnɯ kʰro mɤ-sɤ-mto . matɕi ɲɯ-xtɕi .
Glosses: LNK DEM much NEG-PROP-see:FACT because SENS-be.small
Translation: That [species of ant] is barely visible, because it is [so] small.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paʁ ɣɯ ɯ-ɣli dɤn [matɕi mɤ-ndze ʑo me] qʰe ɯ-ɣli dɤn
Glosses: pig GEN 3SG.POSS-manure be.many:FACT because NEG-eat[III]:FACT EMPH not.exist:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-manure be.many:FACT
Translation: Pigs create a lot of manure because they eat anything, and so they create a lot of manure.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jwaʁ nɯ (...) tu-ostɤko ʑo mɤ-cʰa ma mpɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM _ IPFV-be.straight EMPH NEG-can LNK be.soft:FACT
Translation: Its leaves do not grow straight (i.e. they hang down), as they are soft.' (07-kWmCku)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [“nɤʑo ɯ-rɯz ɣɤʑu" tɤ-tɯt-a ɯ-ndʐa] zɯ kɯ a-pa a-ma ni kɯ “mtsʰukʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕe (...) tɤrca pɯ-ɕe ma mɤ-jɤɣ”
Glosses: 2SG 3SG.POSS-supernatural.power exist:SENS AOR-say[II]-1SG 3SG.POSS-reason LOC ERG 1SG.POSS-father.HON 1SG.POSS-mother.HON DU ERG lake 3SG.POSS-in LOC _ together IMP:DOWN-go apart.from NEG-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Because I said that you had supernatural powers (§sec:hybrid indirect), my parents [said] `go together with him into the lake.'(Nyima wodzer 2003.2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [“nɯ ma-tɤ-tɯ-ste , nɯ ma-tɤ-tɯ-fse" tu-tɯ-ti-nɯ] ndʐa ŋu wo
Glosses: DEM NEG-IMP-2-do.like[III] DEM NEG-IMP-2-be.like IPFV-2-say-PL reason be:FACT SFP
Translation: (If your son wants so much to see his grandparents), this is because you (his parents always) tell him `Don't act like that, don't be like that.' (unlike grandparents, who are more lenient).' (conversation 16-08-11)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [<guojia> kɯ ta-nɯsmɤn] ɯ-tʰɯrʑi tɕe tɕe (...) tʰam tɕe wuma ʑo tɤ-pe-nɯ .
Glosses: country ERG AOR:3→3-heal 3SG.POSS-mercy LNK LNK _ now LNK really EMPH AOR-be.good-PL
Translation: Thanks to the fact that [our] country['s governement] has healed them, (…) now they are much better.' (140522 RdWrJAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsʰupa ci pjɤ-tu tɕe tɕendɤre , [kʰu kɯ tɤ́-wɣ-ndza-nɯ] ɯ-xɕɤt kɯ tɤ-mu kɤtsa ci pjɤ-ri-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: village INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK LNK tiger ERG AOR-INV-eat-PL 3SG.POSS-strength ERG INDEF.POSS-mother COLL:family INDEF IFR.IPFV-remain-DU LNK
Translation: There was a village, but a tiger had eaten them (i.e. the villagers) so that only a mother and her daughter remained.' (khu 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <huangdi> (...) tú-wɣ-sɯ-ndo-a tɤ-cʰa tɤ-ŋu tɕe (...) <jiaohuang> nɯ ʑgrɯɣ tú-wɣ-sɯ-ndo-a cʰa tɕe , ɕ-tɤ-ti ra
Glosses: emperor _ IPFV-INV-CAUS-take-1SG AOR-can AOR-be LNK _ pope DEM certainly IPFV-INV-CAUS-take-1SG can:FACT LNK TRAL-IMP-go be.needed:FACT
Translation: Since [the golden fish] has succeeded in making me emperor, he will certainly succeed in making me pope, go and tell him that.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɕɯ ɯ-mɤ-tu-sɤz-nɯtɕʰombɯ~mba tɯ-ŋga kɯ-jaʁ tɤ-ʑ-ŋga-t-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son 3SG.POSS-NEG-IPFV-PURP:CONV INDEF.POSS-clothes SBJ:PCP-be.thick AOR-CAUS-wear-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: In order to prevent my son from catching a cold, I made him wear heavy clothes.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [kɯpɤz nɯ mɯ-ɲɯ-kɤ-βzu kɤ-nɯmga], iʑɤra , ji-mtʰɯm nɯra <binggui> tu-χtɯ-j tɕe nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ ri pjɯ-nɯ-rku-j ɕti ma
Glosses: LNK type.of.bug DEM NEG-IPFV-INF-grow INF-want.from 1PL 1PL.POSS-meat DEM:PL refrigerator IPFV-buy-1PL LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in LOC IPFV-auto-put.in-1PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: In order to prevent kɯpɤz bugs from growing (in the meat), we buy refrigerators and put our meat in it.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯrɯ-skɤt kɤ-βzjoz kɤ-nɯmga-t-a tɕe , mbarkʰom mɤɕtʂa jɤ-ɣe-a ŋu .
Glosses: Gyalrong-language INF-learn AOR-want.from-PST:TR-1SG LNK TOPO until AOR-come[II]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I came all the way up to Mbarkham to learn the Gyalrong language.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbarkʰom ju-ɣi-a nɯ , kɯrɯ-skɤt kɤ-βzjoz kɤ-nɯmga ŋu
Glosses: TOPO IPFV-come-1SG DEM Gyalrong-language INF-learn INF-want.from be:FACT
Translation: (The reason why) I come to Mbarkham is to learn the Gyalrong language.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ra kɯ ɯ-<shipin> jo-lɤt-nɯ tɕe [nɯnɯ ɯ-kɤ-nɤmɲo] ɯ-spa jo-lɤt-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: people PL ERG 3SG.POSS-video IFR-release-PL LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-watch 3SG.POSS-material IFR-release-PL SENS-be
Translation: People send him this video for him to watch it.' (conversation 2019-02-26)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯrɯ-skɤt ɯ-kɯ-βzjoz] ɯ-spa , mbarkʰom mɤɕtʂa jɤ-ɣe-a ŋu .
Glosses: Gyalrong-language 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-learn 3SG.POSS-material TOPO until AOR-come[II]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I came all the way up to Mbarkham to learn the Gyalrong language.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-ɣɤrʁaʁ ra kɯ tu-ndo-nɯ . [nɯ-kɯ-qur] tu-ndo-nɯ pjɤ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-hunt PL ERG IPFV-take-PL 3pl.POSS-SBJ:PCP-help IPFV-take-PL IPFV.IFR-be.usually.the.case
Translation: (In former times), hunters would take [dogs] (on a hunt). They would take dogs to help them (i.e., as their helpers).' (05-khWna)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora ɣɯ tɕʰi tu-fse-j tɕe ji-tɯ-ci ɣɤʑu (...) tu-tɯ-tʰe ɯ-tɯ́-cʰa
Glosses: 1PL GEN what IPFV-be.like-1PL LNK 1PL.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water exist:SENS _ IPFV-2-ask[III] QU-2-can:FACT
Translation: Can you ask for us what we [need to] do in order to have water?' (said by villagers living in a desert where there is no water, divination 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯra kɯ tɕʰi a-tɤ-stu-nɯ tɕe nɯ-tɯ-ci ɣɤʑu ?
Glosses: DEM ERG what IRR-PFV-do.like-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water exist:SENS
Translation: What should they do in order to have water?' (divination 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lu-zɣɯt ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe nɯtɕu ku-ɣɤrat-a tɕetʰa a-mɤ-lɤ-zɣɯt
Glosses: IPFV:UPSTREAM-arrive before LNK DEM:LOC IPFV-throw-1SG later IRR-NEG-PFV:UPSTREAM-arrive
Translation: Before it arrives, I will throw [the enchanted white stone], so that it does not arrive.' (25-kAmYW-XpAltCin)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰa tɕi ko-tsʰi matɕi lo-βzi ɕti ri
Glosses: alcohol also IFR-drink LNK IFR-be.drunk be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: He had also drunk alcohol, since he was drunk.' (140506 loBzi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤxɕo pɤnmawombɤr jo-nɯ-ɣi ɯmɤ-kɯ-ŋu-ci ma , kʰa ɲɯ-ɣɤkʰɯ-nɯ
Glosses: these.days ANTHR IFR-VERT-come PROB-PEG-be-PEG LNK house SENS-have.smoke-PL
Translation: Maybe Padma 'Od'bar came back in the last few days, since there is smoke coming out from their house.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯfɕɯɕɤr ɯβrɤ-pɯ-tɯ-nɯʑɯβ-ci ma nɤ-mɲaʁ ɲɯ-ɣɯrni
Glosses: last.night RH.Q-PST.IPFV-2-sleep-PEG LNK 2SG.POSS-eye SENS-be.red
Translation: It seems that you did not sleep (well) last night, since your eyes are red.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma-jɤ-tɯ-ɕe ma tɯ-ndʐaβ
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-go LNK 2-ACAUS:cause.to.roll.down:FACT
Translation: Don't go (to the temple on the mountain to do circumambulations), you might fall down.' (conversation, conversation 15-12-05)