lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre <yinliao> to-nɯ-ndo-ndʑi , kɤndza ra to-nɯ-ndo-ndʑi qʰe , qrɤŋgɤɣ ɯ-tʰɤcu tɕe , to-nɯna-ndʑi qhe , ɲɤ-nɤmɲole-ndʑi qʰe , tɕe ko-nɯ-ɣi-ndʑi
Glosses: LNK drink IFR-AUTO-take-DU food PL IFR-AUTO-take-DU LNK TOPO 3SG.POSS-downstream LOC IFR-rest-DU LNK IFR-do.sightseeing-DU LNK LNK IFR:EAST-VERT-come-DU
Translation: The two of them took with them drinks and food, and rested and did sightseeing further down from Qrangak, and then came back.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯtɕu tɯ-tɯpɯ pjɤ-tu-nɯ
Glosses: DEM:LOC ONE-household IFR.IPFV-exist-PL
Translation: there was one household there.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003973#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯreri tsʰɤko ʁnɯz tu .
Glosses: DEM:LOC stone.mount two exist:FACT
Translation: There are two stone mounts there.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S133"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , ʁzɤmi ci pjɤ-tu-ndʑi tɕe , ndʑi-tɕɯ χsɯm pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: long.ago LOC husband.and.wife INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist-DU LNK 3DU.POSS-son three IPFV.IPFV-exist
Translation: Long ago, there was a husband and his wife, and they had three sons.' (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe lɤ-zo-nɯ kɯnɤ tɯtɯrca lu-zo-nɯ , tʰɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom-nɯ kɯnɤ tɯtɯrca cʰɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom-nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK AOR:UPSTREAM-land-PL also together IPFV:UPSTREAM-land-PL AOR:DOWNSTREAM-fly-PL also together IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-fly-PL
Translation: When they land they all land together, when they fly they all fly together.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯtɯrca kɯ-dɯ~dɤn tu-ɬoʁ-nɯ ŋu .
Glosses: together SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many IPFV-come.out-PL be:FACT
Translation: They grow together in great numbers.' (21-jmAGni) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003572#S78"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-dɯ~dɤn ʑo tɯtɯrca tu-ɬoʁ ŋu .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many EMPH together IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: They grow together in great numbers.' (21-jmAGni) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003572#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rɟit kɯngɯt tɤ-tu ri , kɯtʂɤɣ nɯ-si . kɯtʂɤɣ nɯ-si-nɯ qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child nine AOR-exist LNK six AOR-die six AOR-die-PL LNK
Translation: She had nine children, but six [of them] died. Six died, and…' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤndʑi-ʁi ni s-cʰɯ́-wɣ-qru ŋu
Glosses: COLL-sibling DU TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-welcome be:FACT
Translation: Let's invite the two brothers down here.' (Nyima wodzer2003-2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɤɕime ra , ci ɲɯ-ɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ tɕe , kɤ-nɯ-rŋgɯ-nɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lady PL a.little SENS-be.hot LNK IMP-AUTO-lie.down-PL
Translation: My lady, it is a bit hot, lie down [to sleep].' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri tɤ-mu nɯ kɯ rɟɤlpu ra mɤ-rɤʑi-nɯ tɕe , pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ pjɤ-sɯ-sat .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG king PL NEG-stay:FACT-PL LNK bird DEM IFR-CAUS-kill
Translation: The woman had the bird killed while the king was away.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wo a-ʑi ra tɕʰindʐa ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤre ŋu
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-young.lady PL why IPFV-2-laugh be:FACT
Translation: My lady, why are you laughing?' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁi , nɤki tɕetʰi tɕe , tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ ɕ-pɯ-ru tɕe , ɕɯ kɯ ɲɯ-mpɕɤr-tɕi kɯ ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling FILLER downstream LOC INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-inside TRAL-IMP:DOWN-look LNK who ERG SENS-be.beautiful-1DU SFP
Translation: Sister, go and look down there in the water, who is the most beautiful of us?' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ a-sci a-tʰɯ-ndo-nɯ ntsʰi" ɲɯ-sɯsɤm pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: one-piece ERG 1SG.POSS-instead IRR-PFV-take-PL be.better:FACT IPFV-think[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The king] was thinking: `One of [my sons] should inherit the throne.” (140510 sanpian yumao-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: iʑora tɕe ɕkɤpʰɤr tu-ti-nɯ tsuku kɯ ɕkɤjwaʁ tu-ti-nɯ ŋu ma
Glosses: 1PL LNK wild.chives IPFV-say-PL some ERG wild.chives IPFV-say-PL be:FACT LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤ-xsi ko , nɯra ɲɤ-nɯ-jmɯt-a
Glosses: NEG-GENR:know SFP DEM:PL IFR-AUTO-forget-1SG
Translation: I don't know, I forgot about these things.' (phone conversation, 2013-12-24)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: skalpa ndʑɯɣ nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , ji-nɯŋa pjɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-ntɕʰa ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: world be.destroyed:FACT DEM SENS-be LNK 1PL.POSS-cow IPFV-INV-AUTO-butcher SENS-be.better
Translation: The world is about to be destroyed, let us kill our cow.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑo kɯ-mɤku pɤjkʰu , ɯ-ɕɣa kɯ-mtɕoʁ nɯ ci ɲɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt
Glosses: 1PL SBJ:PCP-be.first still 3SG.POSS-tooth SBJ:PCP-be.sharp DEM a.little IPFV-INV-take.out
Translation: Let us first take out its sharp teeth.' (150908 menglang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑo kɯrɯ ra , nɤkinɯ , qajɣi lú-wɣ-nɯ-βzu tɕe
Glosses: 1PL Tibetan PL FILLER bread IPFV-INV-AUTO-make LNK
Translation: We Tibetans, when we make bread,' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɯʑɤra pɯ-xtɕi-j tɕe ,
Glosses: GENR PST.IPFV-be.small-1PL LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe jinde aj pɯ-mto-t-a me ri , pɯ-kɯ-xtɕi tɕe pɯ́-wɣ-mto
Glosses: LNK now 1SG AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG not.exist:FACT LNK PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.small LNK AOR-INV-see
Translation: I have not seen any [wild crane] recently, but when we were young, we did see (some).' (22-qomndroN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁʑɯnɯ tɕʰemɤli ra , ɲo-ta-nɯ tɕe , ɲo-ta tɕe ,
Glosses: young.man young.woman PL IFR-put-PL LNK IFR-put LNK
Translation: She left [there] the young men and women.' (2003kandzWsqhaj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: oma , kɯβde pjɤ-sɯ-ɣe nɤ ! kɯβde pjɤ-sɯ-ɣe qʰe , nɯnɯra ɲɤ-nɤrɯra-ndʑi ri , ɲɤ-nɤrɯra-nɯ ri ,
Glosses: INTERJ four IFR:DOWN-CAUS-come SFP four IFR:DOWN-CAUS-come LNK DEM:PL IFR-look.around-DU LNK IFR-look.around-PL LNK
Translation: He sent four (of his daughters, not three), he sent four of them, and they looked around.' (150826 baoliandeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006370#S214"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndɤre ɯ-pi ra kɯ lɤ́-wɣ-ɕaβ-ndʑi nɤ kɤ-akʰu-ndʑi ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL ERG AOR:UPSTREAM-INV-catch.up-DU LNK AOR-call-DU SENS-be
Translation: Her elder sisters and the others caught up with them and called.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ-fse ʁnɯz jɤ-ɣe-ndʑi tɕe , ji-kʰa zɯ jɤ-ɣe tɕe
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like two AOR-come[II]-DU LNK 1PL.POSS-house LOC AOR-come[II] LNK
Translation: Two [ghosts] like that came, came to our house.' (150902 qixian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006258#S136"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯŋa ra tɕi kɤ-ndza rga-nɯ , tɯrme kɯ tú-wɣ-ndza mɤ-sna .
Glosses: cow PL ERG INF-eat like:FACT-PL people ERG IPFV-GENR:A-eat NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: Cows like to eat it, but it is not good for people.' (11-paRzwamWntoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe lɯlu nɯ wuma ʑo pe tɕe , nɯnɯ , tɯrme ra kɯ nɯ nɯ-rga-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK cat DEM really EMPH be.good:FACT LNK DEM people PL ERG DEM APPL-like:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: The cat is a very nice [animal], people like it.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe wuma ʑo mɯ~mɤ-pɯ-kɯ-tso nɤ mɤ́-wɣ-mto
Glosses: LNK really EMPH COND~NEG-PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-know LNK NEG-GENR:A-see:FACT
Translation: If you do not know it well, you won't see it.' (07-Cku) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003424#S57"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme pjɯ-sat-nɯ , tɯ-laχtɕʰa ɲɯ-kɯ-nɯsɯkʰo , tɕʰeme tɕe tu-kɯ-nɤkʰe kɯ-fse ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: people IPFV-kill-PL GENR.POSS-thing IPFV-GENR:S/O-rob woman LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-bully SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be
Translation: They did things like killing people, robbing people's things, raping women.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯʑo tu-kɯ-rɯɕmi nɯra ɯ-ɲɯ́-tso ?
Glosses: GENR IPFV-GENR:S/O-speak DEM:PL QU-SENS-understand
Translation: Does [you son] understand when people speak?' (phone conversation 15-01-13)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri tɤ-pɤtso pɯ-kɯ-ŋu tɕe , nɯ kɤ-ndza wuma ʑo pɯ-kɯ-rga .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-child PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be LNK DEM INF-eat really EMPH PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-like
Translation: When we were children, we used to like eating it a lot.' (12-ndZiNgri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003488#S126"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , iʑora tɕʰeme kɯ ʑɴɢro ɲɯ́-wɣ-lɤt , tɤ-tɕɯ ra kɯ ɟuli cʰɯ-lɤt-nɯ .
Glosses: long.ago LNK 1PL girl ERG Jews'.harp IPFV-GENR:A-release INDEF.POSS-boy PL ERG flute IPFV-release-PL
Translation: Long ago, among us women used to play the Jews' harp, while men used to play the flute.' (150907 ZNGro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kupa kɯ <gouweicao> tu-ti ŋu tɕe , kɯrɯ ra kɯ nɯ li kʰɯnajme tu-kɯ-ti ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM Chinese ERG setaria.viridis IPFV-say be:FACT LNK Tibetan PL ERG DEM again setaria.viridis IPFV-GENR-say be:FACTbe:FACT LNK
Translation: The Chinese call it `gouweicao', Tibetans call it khɯnajme.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe sɤndɤɣ tu-ti-nɯ ŋgrɤl . tɕe a-pɯ-sɯχsɤl-nɯ ʁo tɕe maka mɤ-pʰɯt-nɯ , na-pʰɯt-nɯ kɯnɤ cʰɯ-βde-nɯ ɕti . tɕe pjɯ-rɤtɕɯmtɕaʁ-nɯ ma `tɯrme ra kɯ a-mɤ-tɤ-ndo-nɯ ma ɣɯ-z-nɤndɤɣ-nɯ' ɲɯ-sɯso-nɯ .
Glosses: LNK be.poisonous:FACT IPFV-say-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK IRR-PFV-recognize-PL ADVERS LNK at.all NEG-take.out:FACT-PL AOR:3→3'-take.out-PL even IPFV-throw.away-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK AOR-tread-PL LNK people PL ERG IRR-NEG-PFV-take-PL LNK INV-CAUS-be.poisoned:FACT-PL SENS-think-PL
Translation: People say that [this species of mushroom] is poisonous. If they recognize it, they don't pick it up, even if they pick it up they throw it away and stamp on it, thinking `[This way] other people won't take it and it will not poison them.” (23-grWBgrWBftsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-sɤ-rma nɯnɯ , praʁ , praʁpa tɕe ɕ-ku-rma ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-stay.the.night DEM cliff cavern LNK TRAL-IPFV-stay.the.night SENS-be
Translation: The place where its spends the night is the cliffs, it goes to spend the night in caverns under the cliffs.' (20-xsar)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɤ-ɤstu (je)
Glosses: IMP-be.straight SFP
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-ɤstu-ndʑi (je)
Glosses: IMP-be.straight-DU SFP
Translation: Goodbye' (dual)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ku-tɯ-nɤβdi ? ɯ-ku-tɯ-pe ?
Glosses: QU-PRS-2-feel.well QU-PRS-2-good
Translation: Do you feel well, are you fine?' (conversation, 16-12-28)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕiʑo ndɤ dɯxpa-tɕi ɣe , nɤ tɕendɤre , kɤ-ntɕʰa ɯ-spa ʑo ɕti-tɕi
Glosses: 1DU on.the.other.hand poor-1DU SFP LNK LNK OBJ:PCP-kill 3SG.POSS-material EMPH be.ASSERT:FACT-1DU
Translation: We, on the other hand, poor us! We are to be butchered.' (kandZislama2003.210)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-ɣi ra , nɯni mɯ-ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-nɯ-ci , pjɤ-sɤzdɯɣpa-nɯ ma
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-relatives PL DEM:DU NEG-IFR-PEG-meet-PL-PEG IFR.IPFV-be.pityful-PL LNK
Translation: Their relatives did not meet them [again], poor them.' (2003 zrAntCW tWrme)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ŋa kə-ʃî-ŋ]=tə teɲê tsə̂s-ŋ
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-know[I]-1SG=TOP DEM:PL say[I]-1SG
Translation: I will say what I know about.' (Cogtse dialect, )
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [sanam-scə̄t kə no-kə-o-mbə̂-ŋ] tə , <zengguangxianwen> u-tʰiɛ̂ ˈnə-ŋɐs
Glosses: Bsod.nams-Skyid ERG AOR.INV-NMLZ-INV-give-1SG DET name 3SG.POSS-book SENS-be[I]
Translation: What Bsod nams Skyid gave me is the book `Zengguan xianwen.” (Bragbar dialect, )
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe mtsʰu nɯ ɲɤ-me tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK lake DEM IFR-not.exist LNK
Translation: Then the lake disappeared.' (2003nyima-2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ftsoʁ nɯ ɲo-me , ɲo-nɯ-ɣɤ-me qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-female.hybrid.yak DEM IFR-not.exist IFR-AUTO-CAUS-not.exist LNK
Translation: Her female hybrid yak was gone, she lost it.' (gesar 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pi ra ɯ-jmŋo ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu , pjɤ-nɯ-rɤ-rɤt-nɯ , pjɤ-ɤ<nɯ>ɣro-nɯ qʰe , wuma ʑo pjɤ-scit-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL 3SG.POSS-dream 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC IFR.IPFV-AUTO-APASS-write-PL IFR.IPFV-<AUTO>play-PL LNK really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.happy-PL SENS-be
Translation: In her dream, her elder brothers were drawing, they were playing, they were very happy.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯra pjɤ-k-ɤ<nɯ>ɣro-nɯ-ci tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL IFR.IPFV-PEG-<AUTO>play-PL-PEG LNK
Translation: They were playing.' (140510 fengwang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003939#S33"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʂu ɯ-rkɯ zɯ si tɯ-pʰɯ pjɤ-tu , si tɯ-pʰɯ nɯ ɯ-pʰaʁ ɯ-ntsi nɯ pjɤ-rom ʑo , ɯ-pʰaʁ ɯ-ntsi nɯ pjɤ-k-ɤrŋi-ci ʑo ,
Glosses: path 3SG.POSS-side LOC tree one-tree IFR.IPFV-exist tree one-tree DEM 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM IFR.IPFV-be.dry EMPH 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-be.green-PEG EMPH
Translation: On the side of the road, there was a tree, one half of that tree was dead and the other half was green. (The divination 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕoχtsi ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu , nɤkinɯ , qajɣi kɯβde , cʰa kɯβde-pʰoŋ pjɤ-k-ɤ-ta-ci .
Glosses: table 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC FILLER bread four alcohol four-bottle IFR.IPFV-PEG-PASS-put-PEG
Translation: There were four pieces of bread and four bottles of alcohol on the table.' (140510 sanpian sheye-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo , … tɯrme ɣɯ ɯ-ʁjoʁ ɲɤ-k-ɤβzu-a-ci
Glosses: 1SG _ person GEN 3SG.POSS-servant IFR-PEG-become-1SG-PEG
Translation: (The horse realized that he had been tricked by the man and thought) I have become a slave of men!' (2014 ma he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo pɣa ɲɤ-tɯ-ɤβzu ɕti tɕe
Glosses: 2SG bird IFR-2-become be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: You have become a bird!' (160630 abao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: l̥amu ɲə-a-ʃe
Glosses: ANTHR IFR:WEST-IFR-go
Translation: Lhamu went westwards.' (Tatshi dialect, )
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɬamu ɲɤ-ɕe
Glosses: ANTHR IFR:WEST-go
Translation: Lhamu went westwards.' (Kamnyu dialect)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲə-tə-a-nɯɲɐmkʰe
Glosses: B.PREVERB-2-IFR-be.lean
Translation: You got lean.' (Tatshi dialect, heard in context)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɲɤ-tɯ-nɯɲɤmkʰe
Glosses: IFR-2-be.lean
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-kɤcu tɕe iɕqʰa mtsʰu kɯ-wɣrum nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu ko-zɣɯt-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-east LOC the.aforementioned lake SBJ:PCP-be.white DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-reach-DU
Translation: They arrived at the white lake east of there.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: alo nɤ alo kɤ-ɣe-a ma ɯ-ʁɤri ku-kɯ-ɣi tɕe , ɲɯ-ɣɯtsʰɤdɯɣ .
Glosses: upstream ADD upstream AOR:EAST-come[II]-1SG LNK 3SG.POSS-front IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-come LNK SENS-be.hot
Translation: I came [here], (eastwards from the point of origin) by [the road that lies] closer to the mountain, when one comes by the [road that is located] in the front (closer to the river), it is too hot.' (conversation, 140510)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ndzom ɯ-pa nɯtɕu tɯ-ci ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ to-nɯ-ɬoʁ tɕe
Glosses: LNK bridge 3SG.POSS-under DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC bird DEM IFR:UP-AUTO-come.out LNK
Translation: The bird came out from under the bridge, near the river.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯmɯnɤmkʰa zɯ pjɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ-nɯ .
Glosses: heaven LOC IFR:DOWN-AUTO-come.out-PL
Translation: [They] came down from heaven.' (150828 niulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006318#S48"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɲikuku ʑo tɕe tɯmɯnɤmkʰa nɯtɕu , qro χsɯm pjɯ-ɣi-nɯ
Glosses: every.day EMPH LNK heaven DEM:LOC pigeon three IPFV:DOWN-come-PL
Translation: Everyday, three pigeons came down from heaven.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <bazi> ɯ-ŋgɯ ri tɤ-ŋke-a ma , kɯ-ɤrqʰi kɤ-ɕe mɯ-ku-cʰa-a .
Glosses: yard 3SG.POSS-in LOC AOR-walk-1SG LNK SBJ:PCP-be.far INF-go NEG-PRS-can-1SG
Translation: I had a walk in the yard, I cannot go very far.' (conversation, 2017-09-21)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤmtsʰu ɯ-pɕoʁ tɕe jo-ndʑaʁ tɕe jo-ɕe .
Glosses: sea 3SG.POSS-side LOC IFR-swim LNK IFR-go
Translation: He swam towards the sea.' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟara ɯ-ŋgɯ cʰɤ-rɟɯɣ ri ,
Glosses: yard 3SG.POSS-in IFR:DOWNSTREAM-run LNK
Translation: He ran out into the yard.' (140505 bulaimei-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003911#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe jo-ŋke jo-ɕe tɕe tɕe , <changcheng> … ɯ-kɯ-βzu ra nɯ-ɕki tɕe jo-zɣɯt .
Glosses: LNK IFR-walk IFR-go LNK LNK great.wall _ 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-make PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC IFR-arrive
Translation: She went [there] on foot and arrived where people were building the Great Wall.' (150827 mengjiangnv-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006290#S145"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zgo tʰɤstɯɣ ja-nnɯ-pɣaʁ-ndʑi , tɯ-ci tɕʰi jarma ja-n-nɯmɢla-ndʑi mɤ-xsi ma ,
Glosses: mountain how.many AOR:3→3-AUTO-turn.over-DU INDEF.POSS-water what about AOR:3→3-AUTO-cross-DU NEG-GENR:know LNK
Translation: It is not known how many mountains and rivers they crossed.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S50"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-kʰɯtsa sɤ-rku tsʰaŋ nɯnɯ , ta-nɤjoʁjoʁ-nɯ ta-nɯtʰaj-nɯ qʰe rcanɯ , <xuexiao> ɣɯ ɯ-<caochang> ɯ-χcɤl ʑo na-tsɯm-nɯ .
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-bowl OBL:PCP-put.in cupboard DEM AOR:3→3-lift.up.and.go.around-PL AOR:3→3-lift.up.and.carry-PL LNK UNEXP:DEG school GEN 3SG.POSS-playground 3SG.POSS-center EMPH AOR:3→3:EAST-take.away-PL
Translation: They lifted up the cupboard where we put our bowls, and carried it to the middle of the school playground.' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pɕi zɯ jú-wɣ-sco , sɤtɕʰa kɯ-ɤrqʰi zɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-lɤt ma-pɯ́-wɣ-sat ra tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-outside LOC IPFV-INV-send place SBJ:PCP-be.far LOC IPFV:DOWN-INV-release NEG-IMP-INV-kill be.needed:FACT IPFV:DOWN-GENR:S/O-say SENS-be
Translation: One has to send [the snake] outside, to a place far away without killing it, people say.' (2010-11)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-wa kɯ ɣɯ-lɤ́-wɣ-lɤt-i
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-father ERG CISL-IFR:UPSTREAM-INV-release-1PL
Translation: His father give us a ride here (from Chengdu to Mbarkham).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rŋɯl rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tɤ́-wɣ-sɯx-ɕe ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: silver stairs 3SG.POSS-on IFR:UP-INV-CAUS-go SENS-be
Translation: They made her go up the silver stairs.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɤ-mtsɯr qʰe tɕendɤre ɯ-pʰɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu iɕqʰa nɯ , qajɣi ci ɲɤ-tɕɤt tɕe to-nɯ-ndza .
Glosses: IFR-be.hungry LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-fold.of.clothes DEM.LOC FILLER DEM bread INDEF IFR-take.out LNK IFR-AUTO-eat
Translation: He became hungry, took a piece of bread from the folds of his clothes and ate it.' (150830 san ge heshang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006416#S129"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤmtsʰu ɯ-mŋu zɯ ju-tɕɤt-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: ocean 3SG.POSS-border LOC IPFV-take.out-PL LNK
Translation: [The whalers] take [the whale] to the shore.' (160703 jingyu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tʰɤjtɕu jamar nɤ-kʰa ju-ɣi-a pe ?
Glosses: 1SG when about 2SG.POSS-house IPFV-come-1SG be.good:FACT
Translation: What time should I go to your house?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-rca jɤ-ɣi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-following IMP-come
Translation: Come with me.' (several attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-rca tu-ɣi-a ra ma kutɕu aʑo-sti ku-rɤʑi-a mɯ́j-cʰa-a
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-following IPFV:UP-come-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK here 1SG-alone IPFV-stay-1SG NEG:SENS-can-1SG
Translation: I am going [to heaven] with you, I cannot stay here alone.' (02-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-rca tu-kɯ-tsɯm-a ra
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-following IPFV:UP-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: Take me with you [to heaven].' (31-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004077#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɕekɯ zɯ rŋɯl-kʰri ndi ɲɤ-ɕtʰɯz , tɕendi zɯ kɯ ko-ɕtʰɯz tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK east.DISTAL LOC silver-seat west IFR:WEST-turn.towards west.DISTAL LOC east IFR:EAST-turn.towards LNK
Translation: On the eastearn side, he turned the silver seat towards the west, and on the western side he turned [the other seat] towards the east.' (smAnmi2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ kʰɯtsa nɯ tu-ɕtʰɯz-nɯ , tɯ-mɲaʁ ɯ-pa ri tu-ɕtʰɯz-nɯ kɯ-fse tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM bowl DEM IPFV:UP-turn.towards-PL INDEF.POSS-eye 3SG.POSS-below LOC IPFV:UP-turn.towards-PL INF:STAT-be.like LNK
Translation: [The lamas] turn the bowl upwards below the eye [of the patient].' (27-tApGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-fsoʁ ɯ-jroʁ kɯ-fse ci ju-tʰi tɕe ,
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.bright 3SG.POSS-trace SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF IPFV:UNSPECIFIED-leave.trace[III] LNK
Translation: The shooting star leaves something like a bright trail.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤ-armbat tɕe ku-rtoʁ tɕe , tɕeri ɯʑo ɯ-pi ʁnɯz nɯni pjɤ-ŋu-ndʑi .
Glosses: AOR-be.close LNK IPFV-look LNK LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling two DEM:DU IFR.IPFV-be-DU
Translation: As he moved closer, he saw that [the people about to be executed] were his brothers.' (140507 jinniao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003931#S318"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ-jɤ-ɲat ʑo mɤɕtʂa jo-ɕe
Glosses: NEG-AOR-be.tired EMPH until IFR-go
Translation: He went [after them] until he became tired.' (160706 poucet6) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006109#S45"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: alo nɤ lo-rɟɯɣ atʰi nɤ cʰɤ-rɟɯɣ
Glosses: upstream ADD IFR:UPSTREAM-run downstream ADD IFR:DOWNSTREAM-run
Translation: He ran upstream and downstream.' (160720 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ndɤcu tɕe , mtsʰu kɯ-wɣrum ci ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-ci .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-west LOC lake SBJ:PCP-be.white INDEF IFR:WEST-PEG-meet-PEG
Translation: In the west from there, he came upon a white lake.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S97"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-taʁ tɤ-ari ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: tree.trunk.stairway DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-on AOR:UP-go[II] SENS-be
Translation: He went up the tree trunk stairway.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯ-ɲɟɤt kɯ tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ pjɤ-mtsaʁ qʰe pjɤ-si .
Glosses: LNK NMLZ:ACTION-regret ERG INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in IFR:DOWN-jump LNK IFR-die
Translation: (Desperate from) regret, he jumped into the water and died.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pot stʰɯci kɯ-ɤrqʰi me ri , nɯtɕu tɤ-ari ɕti tɕe
Glosses: Tibet such.as SBJ:PCP-be.far not.exist:FACT LNK DEM.LOC AOR:UP-go[II] be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: There is no [place] further away [from here] than Tibet, but he went there.' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟa pjɤ-ɕe tɕe
Glosses: Chine IFR:DOWN-go LNK
Translation: He went to China.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “rqaco pjɯ-ɕe-a" tu-kɯ-ti , “smɯlju pɯ-ari-a" tu-ti-nɯ . tɕe ma nɯnɯ zgo nɯ tu-kɯ-ɕe tɕe , akɯ tɕe pa pjɯ-kɯ-ɕe ɲɯ-ra loβ , tɕe núndʐa ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: TOPO IPFV:DOWN-go-1SG IPFV-GENR-say TOPO AOR:DOWN-go[II]-1SG IPFV-say-PL LNK LNK DEM mountain DEM IPFV:UP-GENR:S/O-go LNK east LOC down IPFV:DOWN-GENR:S/O-go SENS-be.needed SFP LNK for.this.reason SENS-be
Translation: People say `I will go (down) to Rqakyo', or `I went [down] to Smeliu', this is because one has to go up a mountain and back down its eastern side.' (150904 akW andi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006372#S15"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: alo ji-tɯ-ci cʰɯ-kɯ-ɣi , <jiaomujiao> tɯ-ci nɯ
Glosses: upstream 1PL.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-come pl.n INDEF.POSS-water DEM
Translation: Our river upstream [in Kamnyu], the Kyomkyo river…' (150820 ZNGWloR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɕʰitʰɤn cʰɤ-ɣi tɕendɤre <dianchang> cʰɤ-pʰɯt . <dianchang> cʰɤ-pʰɯt , nɯnɯ tɯɲɤt tʰɯ-ɣe nɯ ɯ-rca nɯtɕu tɕe , nɯŋa pɯ-kɯ-nɯrɯ nɯ tɤrca cʰɤ́-wɣ-ɣɯt , tɯ-rdoʁ .
Glosses: LNK mudslide IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come LNK power.station IFR:DOWNSTREAM-take.out power.station IFR:DOWNSTREAM-take.out DEM landslide AOR:DOWNSTREAM-come[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-together DEM.LOC LOC cow PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-grazing DEM together IFR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-bring one.piece
Translation: The mudslide swept away the power station. It swept away the power station, and when the landslide occurred, it took away a cow that was grazing [there].' (160715 nWNa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki tɯ-ci cʰɯ-kɯ-ɣi kɯki tú-wɣ-nɯɴqʰu lu-kɯ-ɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-water IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-come DEM.PROX IPFV-INV-follow IPFV:UPSTREAM-GENR:S/O-go LNK
Translation: [If] you follow this creek upstream…' (04-cuiniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰipʰɯɣ ɯ-pɕoʁ lu-kɯ-ɕe nɯ tɕe “lo", tɕʰimtʰa ɯ-pɕoʁ cʰɯ-kɯ-ɕe nɯ tɕe “tʰɯ-ari-a", “tʰi” tú-wɣ-nɯ-sɤrmi ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: source.of.the.river 3SG.POSS-side IPFV:UPSTREAM-gen:S/O-go DEM LNK upstream lower.reaches 3SG.POSS-side IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-GENR:S/O-go DEM LNK AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II]-1SG downstream IPFV-INV-AUTO-call SENS-be
Translation: One calls going towards the source of the river UPSTREAM, and going towards the lower reaches of the river `downstream.' (150904 akW andi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsʰuβdɯn kɯ-sɤ-sɯxɕɤt lɤ-ari-a .
Glosses: TOPO SBJ:PCP-APASS-teach AOR:UPSTREAM-go[II]-1SG
Translation: I went to Tshobdun to teach.' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S69"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟa sɤz kɯ-ɤrqʰi me ri , nɯtɕu tʰɯ-ari ɕti
Glosses: China COMIT SBJ:PCP-be.far.away not.exist:FACT LNK DEM:LOC AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: There is no [place] further away [from here] than China, but he went there.' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕɯχtsi kɤ-ari-j , kɯ-nɤmɲo
Glosses: TOPO AOR:EAST-go[II]-1PL SBJ:PCP-watch
Translation: We went to Cogtse, to visit.' (conversation, 2013-10-15)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤɣɤt ci cʰɯ-ɕe-a
Glosses: toilet a.little IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go-1SG
Translation: I am going to the bathroom.' (heard several times in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤmɲɯ mɯ-lɤ-tsɯm-a
Glosses: TOPO NEG-AOR:UPSTREAM-take.away-1SG
Translation: I did not take [my mobile phone] to Kamnyu.' (said after having come back to Mbarkham, conversation, 16-02-21)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe mbarkʰom kɯ-rɤ-βzjoz tʰɯ-ɣe-a ,
Glosses: LNK TOPO SBJ:PCP-APASS-study AOR:DOWNSTREAM-come[II]-1SG
Translation: I came to Mbarkham to study.' (140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S48"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕlaʁ ʑo tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ cʰɤ-mtsʰaʁ tɕe pjɤ-ʑɣɤ-sat .
Glosses: IDPH(I):immediately EMPH INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in IFR:DOWNSTREAM-jump LNK IFR-REFL-kill
Translation: He immediately jumped into the water to commit suicide and died.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S117"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βlama nɯra kɯ … tsʰɤtʰɤr lu-lɤt-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕe tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ s-cʰɯ-lɤt-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: lama DEM:PL ERG _ life.release IPFV-release-PL SENS-be LNK INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-release-PL LNK
Translation: The lamas perform life release and release [aquatic animals] into the water.' (140510 wugui) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003951#S14"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <wugui> nɯ tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ lo-nɯ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: turtle DEM INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in IFR:UPSTREAM-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The turtle came out of the water.' (elicited, based on a text example)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrmɯkʰa ri tɕe tɕendi ri tɤŋe ɯ-sɤ-ɕqʰlɤt pɕoʁ ri tu .
Glosses: dusk LOC LNK west LOC sun 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-disappear side LOC exist:FACT
Translation: [This star] is found in the west at dusk, at the place where the sun sets.' (29-mWBZi,76)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-rdoʁ nɯnɯ , ɕɤrpɕoʁ ko-ɕe , tɯ-rdoʁ nɯnɯ ʁmbɣi ɯ-sɤ-ɕqʰlɤt nɯtɕu ɲɤ-ɕqʰlɤt .
Glosses: one-piece DEM east IFR:EAST-go one-piece DEM sun 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-disappear DEM:LOC IFR:WEST-disappear
Translation: One [of the feathers] went to the east, another one disappeared in the direction where the sun sets.' (140510 sanpian yumao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003947#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤŋe ɲɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: sun IFR:WEST-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The sun rose (from the east, towards the west)'. (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora tɕe “sɤrndzu kɤ-ari-a" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: 1PL LNK TOPO AOR:EAST-go[II]-1SG IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: We (in Kamnyu) say “I went (eastwards) to Sarndzu.' (150904 akW andi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006372#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <jinchuan> nɯ-azɣɯt-i ri
Glosses: TOPO AOR:WEST-arrive-1PL LNK
Translation: When we arrived in Jinchuan…' (2010-1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-rca aʑo kɯnɤ <faguo> ɲɯ-ɣi-a .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-following 1SG also France IPFV:WEST-come-1SG
Translation: I am going with you to France.' (conversation, 2013)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ (<dianhua>) ku-lɤt ɕti ma , aʑo ɲɯ-lat-a mɤ-kʰɯ tɕe , andi ku-rɤʑi tɕe ɯ-<dianhuahaoma> a-kɤ-ti mɤ-kʰɯ
Glosses: 3SG ERG phone IPFV:WEST-release be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG IPFV:WEST-release-1SG NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK west IPFV-stay LNK 3SG.POSS-phone.number 1SG.POSS-INF-say NEG-be.possible:FACT
Translation: It is he who calls [me on the phone], I cannot call him, he lives in the west (in France), I cannot say his phone number.' (conversation, 16-12-28)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: andi smɤnmimitoʁkuɕana ɕɯ-nɤʁdan-a ra tɕe , ɲɯ-ɕe-a tɕe , kɤ-ɣe-a tɕe a-pɯ-ŋu
Glosses: west ANTHR TRAL-invite:FACT-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK IPFV:WEST-go-1SG LNK AOR:EAST-come[II]-1SG LNK IRR-IPFV-be
Translation: I am going to the west to invite Smanmi Metog Koshana [to our realm], let us do [the wedding] when I come [back].' (smAnmi 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ rɟɤkɤr ɲɯ-ɕe kɯ-ra ,
Glosses: DEM India IPFV:WEST-go SBJ:PCP-be.needed
Translation: That [daughter] has to go to India.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ χwɤr ku-ɕe kɯ-ra ɕti ,
Glosses: DEM TOPO IPFV:EAST-go SBJ:PCP-be.needed be.AFF:FACT
Translation: That [daughter] has to go to Hor.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qapri nɯ kɯ kɯ-cʰu pʰɤri li kɤ́-wɣ-tɕɤt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: snake DEM ERG east-APPROX.LOC opposite.bank again AOR:EAST-INV-take.out SENS-be
Translation: The snake took him to the opposite bank.' (divination 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-cʰu pʰɤri nɯtɕu ɯ-wa ko-tsɯm tɕe ,
Glosses: east-APPROX.LOC opposite.bank DEM.LOC 3SG.POSS-father IFR:EAST-take.away LNK
Translation: He took his father to the opposite bank of the river.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-<beifen> kɯ-mbro nɯra lu-maŋlo-nɯ ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-seniority SBJ:PCP-be.high DEM.PL IPFV:UPSTREAM-be.upstream-PL
Translation: The elders [sit] higher (i.e. upstream).' (31-khAjmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004079#S59"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ tɤ-ftsa nɯ tɤ-rpɯ sɤz lu-kɯ-maŋlo mɯ-pjɤ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-ZS DEM INDEF.POSS-MB COMP IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.upstream NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: (In former times) nephews (were not allowed to) be seated higher (i.e. upstream) than their maternal uncles.' (08-saCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003462#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo ɲɯ-tɯ-maŋlo ɕti ma aʑo ɲɯ-maŋtʰi-a ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG SENS-2-be.upstream be.AFF:FACT LNK 1SG SENS-be.downstream-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: You are upstream and I am downstream.' (2014, lang he yang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-pa pɯ-ari tɕe tɕe , a-wɤmɯ ɯ-ɣe pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , a-sqʰaj ɣɯ ɯ-ɣe pɯ-nɯ-ŋu tɕe aʑo tɤrcɯrca “a-ɣe" tu-ti-a ɕti .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-down AOR:DOWN-go[II] LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-brother 3SG.POSS-grandchild PST.IPFV-AUTO-be 1SG.POSS-sister GEN 3SG.POSS-grandchild PST.IPFV-AUTO-be LNK 1SG together 1SG.POSS-grandchild IPFV-say-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: In the [generation] below [that of my nephews], I say a-ɣe `my grandchild' (to all grandnephews), whether they are my brother's grandchildren or my sister's granchildren.' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-tɯ-sɤ-scit kɯ nɯ tɤ-rʑaʁ nɯ-ari mɯ-pjɤ-tso .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-be.happy ERG DEM INDEF.POSS-time AOR:WEST-go[II] NEG-IFR-understand
Translation: It was so nice there that he did not realize that [a lot of] time had passed.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S273"></fn>
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: kɤntɕʰɯ-sla ɲɤ-ɕqʰlɤt ri
Glosses: several-months IFR:WEST-disappear LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɯ-xpa jɤ-tsu-j ,
Glosses: three-year AOR:UNSPECIFIED-pass-1SG
Translation: We have been [together] for three years [now], and …' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: praʁkʰaŋ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu lo-ɕe ɲɯ-ŋu tɕeri
Glosses: cave 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:UPSTREAM-go SENS-be LNK
Translation: He went into the cave.' (140425 shizi huli he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ lɤ-ɣi-ndʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-in IMP:UPSTREAM-come-DU LNK
Translation: Come inside the house.' (140507 tangguowu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003933#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ nɯ kɯ kɯm lo-stʰoʁ tɕe , ɯ-ŋgɯ lo-ɕe .
Glosses: wolf DEM ERG door IFR:UPSTREAM-push LNK 3SG.POSS-in IFR:UPSTREAM-go
Translation: The wolf pushed the door open and went in.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-pɕi cʰɤ-ɬoʁ .
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-outside IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come.out
Translation: She came out of the house.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S27"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤmɯɣdɯ ɯ-lɤcu ɯ-mŋu ri qandʑi cʰɯ-rku-nɯ
Glosses: musket 3SG.POSS-upstream 3SG.POSS-opening LOC bullet IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-put.in-PL
Translation: They load the bullet into the [barrel] of the musket from the opening [the muzzle]' (28-CAmWGdW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003712#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ mɯzi nɯ tu-nɯt tɕe tɕe qandʑi nɯ lu-βde tɕe ju-ɕe ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: DEM gunpowder DEM IPFV-burn LNK LNK bullet DEM IPFV:UPSTREAM-throw LNK IPFV:UNSPECIFIED-go SENS-be
Translation: The gunpowder flares and drives the bullet out (of the barrel of the muzzle).' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: scapa lo-χɕoʁ
Glosses: sword IFR:UPSTREAM-take.out
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre “tɤ-fkɯm ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕe tʰɯ-ɕe ɲɯ-ntsʰi wo" to-ti . tɕendɤre <dongguoxiansheng> nɯ kɯ iɕqʰa tɤ-fkɯm ɯ-ŋgɯ jɯɣi nɯra tsuku lo-tɕɤt , … spjaŋkɯ nɯ nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ cʰɤ-rku .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-bag 3SG.POSS-in LOC IMP:DOWNSTREAM-go SENS-be.better SFP IFR-say LNK ANTHR DEM ERG the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-bag 3SG.POSS-in book DEM:PL some IFR:UPSTREAM-take.out _ wolf DEM DEM 3SG.POSS-in IFR:DOWNSTREAM-put.in
Translation: Mr. Dongguo said: `Why don't you go into the bag [to hide]', took out some of the books from the bag, and put the wolf into it.' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <suoluomen> nɯ kɯ aʑo kɯki pʰoŋ ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕe tʰɯ́-wɣ-rku-a ŋu ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG 1SG DEM.PROX bottle 3SG.POSS-in LOC AOR:DOWNSTREAM-INV-put.in-1SG be:FACT
Translation: Solomon put me in this bottle.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mar-rgɤm ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ χwɤr ra ɣɯ nɯ-rɟɤβlun tʰamtɕɤt ɣɯ nɯ-ku nɯ pjɤ-rku
Glosses: butter-box 3SG.POSS-in LOC TOPO PL GEN 3PL.POSS-ministers ALL GEN 3PL.POSS-head DEM TRAL-IFR:DOWN-put.in
Translation: He had put the heads of all the ministers of Hor in a butter box.' (gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-sloχpɯn nɯ kɯ rgɤm ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ , nɤkinɯ , χɕɤlmdoŋ ci to-tɕɤt tɕe ɲɤ-mbi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-teacher DEM ERG box 3SG.POSS-in LOC FILLER spyglass INDEF IFR:UP-take.out LNK IFR-give
Translation: His teacher took a spyglass from a box and gave it to him.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: taqaβ nɯ ɯ-rna ri spoʁ tɕe , tɕe nɯtɕu tɤ-ri ɲɯ́-wɣ-rʁe ,
Glosses: needle DEM 3SG.POSS-ear LOC have.a.hole:FACT LNK LNK DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-thread IPFV:WEST-INV-pass.through
Translation: The needle has an eye at its tip, and one passes the thread though it.' (12-kAtsxWb) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003486#S29"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯŋa ɯ-ndʐi tʰɯ-kɤ-rɤɣdɯt ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ko-ɕe .
Glosses: cow 3SG.POSS-skin IPFV-OBJ:PCP-distend 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-go
Translation: He went into the distended hide of the cow.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rna ɯ-ŋgɯ xɕelwi ko-ɕe ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-ear 3SG.POSS-in tick IFR:EAST-go SENS-be
Translation: A tick went into his ear.' (kAndZislama 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ɕa ɯ-ŋgɯ kɤ-ari qʰe , koŋla ɯ-ŋgɯ ʑo ku-ɕe ɕti .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-flesh 3SG.POSS-in AOR:EAST-go[II] LNK completely 3SG.POSS-in EMPH IPFV:EAST-go be.AFF:FACT
Translation: When [its thorn] goes into the flesh, it penetrates completely.' (17-xCAj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-rme nɯ ɯ-pɕi ɲɤ-ɕtʰɯz , ɯ-ndʐi nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ ko-ɕtʰɯz tɕe tɕe to-ŋga .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hair DEM 3SG.POSS-outside IFR:WEST-turn.towards 3SG.POSS-skin DEM 3SG.POSS-in IFR:EAST-turn.towards LNK LNK IFR-wear
Translation: He turned the fur [of the jacket]_i towards the outside, and the leather towards the inside and wore it_i.' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mbri ɯ-kʰɯkʰa ɯ-ʁar nɯ kɯra ntsɯ tu-ste ŋu ma jɯ-kɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom tɤ-kɯ-rɤŋgat nɯ kɯ-fse , ɯ-ʁar nɯ ɲɯ-qɤt nɤ ku-wum … ŋu
Glosses: AOR-make.noise 3SG.POSS-while 3SG.POSS-wing DEM DEM.PROX:PL always IPFV-do.like[III] be:FACT LNK PROXM-SBJ:PCP-fly IPFV-SBJ:PCP-prepare DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like 3SG.POSS-wing DEM IPFV:WEST-separate ADD IPFV:EAST-gather _ be:FACT
Translation: When it sings, it does this with its wings, as if it is about to fly, it [repeatedly] spreads its wings and then folds them back.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɤ-ɣɤrɤt tɕe ɯ-rɟit ra kɯ ko-rɤɕi-nɯ ɲɤ-rɤɕi-nɯ ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: IFR:DOWN-throw LNK 3SG.POSS-offspring PL ERG IFR:EAST-pull IFR:WEST-pull-PL EMPH SENS-be
Translation: She threw them_i down there, and her children tore them_i apart (pulled them_i right and left in a disorderly way).' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S349"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lɯlu nɯ kɯ ci ko-mɟa , ci ɲo-mɟa tɕe
Glosses: cat DEM ERG one IFR:EAST-grab one IFR:WEST-grab LNK
Translation: The cat grabbed one from his left and one from his right.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɟiga ki kɯ-fse ku-ɕe nɤ ɲɯ-ɣi , ku-ɕe nɤ ɲɯ-ɣi ,
Glosses: zigzag DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:EAST-go ADD IPFV:WEST-come IPFV:EAST-go ADD IPFV:WEST-come
Translation: The zigzags go left and right.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤdi nɯnɯ tɕe atʰi tu-ti-nɯ . ɕaŋlo nɯ tɕe alo tu-ti-nɯ , kʰɤɕkʰɤr nɯ tɕe kutɕu pɕoʁ pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , kutɕu pɕoʁ pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , tɕekɯ tu-ti-nɯ . tɕe “nɤʑo tɕekɯ kɤ-nɯ-ɕe" nɯra tu-ti-nɯ .
Glosses: lady.seating.place DEM LNK downstream IPFV-say-PL elder.lady.seating.place DEM LNK upstream IPFV-say-PL man.seating.place DEM LNK here side PST.IPFV-AUTO-be here side PST.IPFV-AUTO-be eastwards IPFV-say-PL LNK 1SG eastwards IMP:EAST-AUTO-go DEM:PL IPFV-say-PL
Translation: For the seating of the ladies, they say DOWNSTREAM, for that of the elder ladies they say UPSTREAM, for that of the men, whether it is here or here, they say EASTWARDS, they say `go over there EASTWARDS'. (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ pɯ-nɯ-xtɕi-nɯ pɯ-nɯ-wxti-nɯ tɕe kʰɤɕkʰɤr tɕu ku-ɕe-nɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.small-PL PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.big-PL LNK men.seating.place LOC IPFV:EAST-go-PL
Translation: Men, whether they are young or older, go to the men's EASTWARD seating place.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: saŋdi nɯtɕu si ɲɯ-ta-nɯ
Glosses: seating.place DEM:LOC wood IPFV:WEST-put-PL
Translation: They put the firewood on the WESTWARD seating place (that is opposite the men's EASTWARD seating place).' (31-khAjmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004079#S36"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-sqar nɯ tʰɯ-ari tɕe tɕe , nɤki , kɯki tú-wɣ-stu tɕe cʰɯ́-wɣ-ɣnda .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-intersection.of.warp.threads DEM AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II] LNK LNK FILLER DEM.PROX IPFV-INV-do.like LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-tamp
Translation: As the intersection of the [upper and lower] warp threads goes down, one does this to tamp it down.' (vid-20140429090403) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003776#S57"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-taʁ cʰo ɯ-pa ɣɯ ɯ-ʁjar ni pjɯ-ɤqɤtʂʰa-ndʑi , nɯtɕu tɯ-jlɤβ ɲɯ́-wɣ-rʁe tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-top COMIT 3SG.POSS-bottom GEN 3SG.POSS-warp DU IPFV-be.crossed-DU DEM.LOC INDEF.POSS-weft IPFV:WEST-INV-insert LNK
Translation: The upper and lower warp threads are crossed, and at [the crossing place] one inserts the weft.' (additional explanation provided while transcribing the video from which fig:loom1 is taken).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕnat kɯ tɤ-ri ra tɕe nɯ kɯ tú-wɣ-sɯ-joʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: heddle ERG INDEF.POSS-thread PL LNK DEM ERG IPFV:UP-INV-CAUS-raise LNK
Translation: One lifts the [warp] threads with the heddles.' (2011-06-thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qartsɯ tɕe ku-cɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: winter LOC IPFV-hibernate SENS-be
Translation: In winter, [the bear] hibernates.' (21-pri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003580#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe qartsɯ tɕe nɯnɯ si kʰoŋrɤl tɤ-kɯ-ɤri nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯmaʁ tu-cɯ , nɯmaʁnɤ , praʁpa ɯ-ŋgɯ lu-ɕe tɕe lu-cɯ .
Glosses: LNK winter LOC DEM wood hollow.tree AOR:UP-SBJ:PCP-go[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-in otherwise IPFV:UP-hibernate otherwise cave 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:UPSTREAM-go LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-hibernate
Translation: In winter, it either hibernates in a hollow tree, or goes into a cave and hibernates (there).' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: si ɯ-ngɯ tɤ-kɯ-so , ɯ-ŋgɯ tɤ-kɯ-rom , nɯnɯ pjɯ-saχsi tɕe , nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ ɕ-tu-cɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: wood 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-be.hollow 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-be.dried DEM IPFV-do.completely LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in TRAL-IPFV:UP-hibernate SENS-be
Translation: Trees whose inside is hollow, whose inside is dried out, [the bear] hollows it completely, goes up [the hole] and hibernates there.' (21-pri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003580#S53"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤmɲɯ tɕe tɕe mɯŋi kɤ-ɕe tɤ-ra tɕe , “mɯŋi ɲɯ-ɕe-a" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu . tɕe mɯŋi tɕe kɤmɲɯ nɯ tɕe tɕe , nɤki , “kɤmɲɯ kɤ-ɣe-a , kɤmɲɯ ku-ɕe-a ŋu" nɯra tu-ti-nɯ .
Glosses: TOPO LOC LNK TOPO INF-go AOR-be.needed LNK TOPO IPFV:WEST-go-1SG IPFV-GENR:S/O-say be:FACT LNK TOPO LOC TOPO DEM LNK LNK FILLER TOPO AOR:EAST-come[II]-1SG pl.n IPFV:EAST-go-1SG be:FACT DEM:PL IPFV-say-PL
Translation: When one has to go from Kamnyu to Mengi, one says `I am going (westwards) to Mengi, and from Mengi to Kamnyu, people say `I came (eastwards) to Kamnyu, I am going (eastwards) to Kamnyu.' (150904 akW andi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯŋi ɲɯ-sɤx-ɕe tʂu nɯnɯre ri ,
Glosses: TOPO IPFV:WEST-OBL:PCP-go path DEM:LOC LOC
Translation: On the road (from Kamnyu) towards Mengi…' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: akɯ pɕoʁ nɯ mɯŋi ŋu , andi pɕoʁ praʁwɯ ŋu .
Glosses: east side DEM TOPO be:FACT west side TOPO be:FACT
Translation: Mengi is in the east, and Praqwu (a small locality in Kamnyu) is in the west.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɤmɲɯ tɕe tɕe <erchacun> ɲɯ-kɯ ... ku-kɯ-ɕe tɕe tɕe , nɯnɯ “ku-ɕe-a" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu . <erchacun> tɕe kɤmɲɯ a-nɯ-ɣi-nɯ tɕe nɯ `kɤmɲɯ nɯ-ari-a , kɤmɲɯ nɯ-ɣe-a" nɯra tu-ti-nɯ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK TOPO LOC LNK TOPO _ IPFV:EAST-GENR:S/O-go LNK LNK DEM IPFV:EAST-go-1SG IPFV-GENR:S/O-say be:FACT TOPO LOC TOPO IRR-PFV:WEST-come-PL LNK DEM TOPO AOR:WEST-go[II]-1SG TOPO AOR:WEST-come[II]-1SG DEM:PL IPFV-say-PL be:FACT
Translation: When one goes from Kamnyu to Erchacun, one says `I go (eastwards)', and when people come to Kamnyu from Erchacun, they says `I went, I came (westwards).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯrtsɤɣ nɯ kɯ , nɤki , tɯrme ra ɣɯ nɯ-fsapaʁ nɯ cʰɯ-ndze , … qaʑo tsʰɤt nɯ cʰɯ-ndze pjɤ-ŋu ,
Glosses: leopard DEM ERG FILLER people PL GEN 3PL.POSS-animal DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-eat[III] _ sheep goat DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-eat[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The snow leopard was eating farm animals, eating …., sheep and goats.' (qala kWCqraR 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri qandʐe kɯ tʰɤlwa ʁɟa cʰɯ-ndze ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: LNK earthworm ERG earth completely IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF
Translation: The earthworm only eats earth.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rkɯ kɯ-fse ku-ʑe tɕe , mɯ-kɤ-arɕo mɤɕtʂa ku-ndze ɣɤʑu ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-side SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:EAST-being[III] LNK NEG-AOR:EAST-be.finished until IPFV:EAST-eat[III] exist:SENS
Translation: Sometimes [the eclipse] starts on one side, and `eats' [the moon] until it [disappears] completely.' (29-mWBZi)