lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso kɯ-ɣɤwu ʑo kɤ-nɯɕpɯz mɤ-spe-a ma nɯ mɯma spe-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-cry EMPH INF-imitate NEG-be.able[III]:FACT-1SG LNK DEM apart.from be.able[III]:FACT-1SG
Translation: I cannot imitate a child crying, but apart from that I can imitate [anything].' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso kɯ-dɤn nɯra tɕe , tɯ-pɤrme , ʁnɯ-pɤrme jamar mɤɕtʂa tɯ-nɯ ku-tsʰi-nɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-be.many DEM:PL LNK one-year.old two-year.old about until INDEF.POSS-breast IPFV-drink-PL
Translation: In [families where] children are numerous, [mothers] breastfeed [the children] until [they are] one or two years old.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: akɯ mɤɕtʂa ɣɯ-ku-ta-lɤt
Glosses: east until CISL-IPFV:EAST-1→2-release
Translation: I will accompany you until the [land of the] east.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S205"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-sɤŋo ʁɟa qʰe , nɯ-mtɕʰi kɤ-χpjɤt ʁɟa kɯ kú-wɣ-spa ɕti . nɯ mɤɕtʂa mɤ-kʰɯ .
Glosses: INF-hear completely LNK 3PL.POSS-mouth INF-observe completely ERG IPFV-INV-be.able be.AFF:FACT DEM until NEG-be.possible:FACT
Translation: (In order to learn the Tshobdun language, since it has no writing system), one has no choice but to listen and observe people's mouth to learn it, otherwise it is not possible.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora pɤjkʰu <yiyue> <ershiduohao> mɤɕtʂa mɯ́j-lɤt-nɯ kʰi .
Glosses: 1PL still January twentieth.plus until NEG:SENS-release-PL hearsay
Translation: [At] our [place], they will only have [vacations] on the twentieth something of January, they say.' = `They won't have [vacations] until the twentieth of January.' (conversation, 14-12-24)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma kɯtɕimke nɯnɯtɕu , akɯ ku-ru tɕe , praʁwɯ ɕaŋdi sɤ-mto , andi tɕe tɕe , ɕɯfco ɕaŋkɯ nɯ sɤ-mto tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK TOPO DEM:LOC east IPFV:EAST-look.at LNK TOPO west.from PROP-see:FACT west LNK LNK TOPO east.from DEM PROP-see:FACT LNK
Translation: In Kuchimke, looking towards the east, [the areas] to the west of Praqwu are visible, and in the west, [the areas] to the east of Shyufkyo are visible.' (150904 tshAcim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmŋɤsqɤ-rʑaʁ ɕaŋtaʁ cʰɯ-mdɯ-nɯ mɤ-ŋgrɤl tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: fifty-day up.from IPFV-live.up.to-PL NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: They cannot live more than fifty days, it is said.' (26-GZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003668#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe stu kɯ-dɤn nɯnɯ tɯ-xpa [tɯ-ɣjɤn ɕaŋtaʁ] kɯ-ɤmɯtɯɣ pɯ-me
Glosses: LNK most SBJ:PCP-be.many DEM one-year one-time up.from GENR-RECIP:meet PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: At most, we would only meet once per year (we had no opportunity to meet more than once a year).' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pɯ nɯnɯ χsɯm ɕaŋtaʁ tu mɯ́j-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-young DEM three up.from exist:FACT NEG:SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: It does not usually have more than three offsprings.' (2011-08-kuwu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-mu nɤ-wa ni ɕaŋpa , a-ɣe ɕaŋtaʁ tɤ-rɯndzaŋspa-nɯ je !
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother 2SG.POSS-father DU down.from 1SG.POSS-grandchild up.from IMP-be.careful SFP
Translation: Be careful, [all of you] from your parents (in the upper generation) to my grandson (in the lower generation).' (conversation, 29-09-2020)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wortɕʰi ʑo βɣɤru ci ɕaŋtaʁ ʑo tɤ-sɯ-ɤwɯwum-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: please EMPH miller INDEF up.from EMPH IFR-CAUS-RECIP:gather-PL LNK
Translation: Please gather [everybody], from the miller (i.e. the lowliest of servants) up [to the highest ranking person].' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mke ɕaŋpa tɕe tɕe ki tɯ-mɤmke mɤɕtʂa kɯ-zɣɯt kɯ-rɲɟi pjɯ-ŋu ra .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-neck down.from LNK LNK DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-ankle until SBJ:PCP-reach SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV-be be.needed:FACT
Translation: [Tibetan clothes] have to be long [enough] so as to reach the ankle down from the neck.' (30-tWNga)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora kɯ , nɤki , tsʰuβdɯn ɕaŋlo nɯra `stɤtpa-pɯ' tu-ti-j ŋu .
Glosses: 1PL ERG FILLER TOPO upstream.from DEM:PL pl.n.-person IPFV-say-1PL be:FACT
Translation: We call the people [who live] in Tshobdun and further upstream `Stotpa'.' (23-tCAphW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sqamnɯ-pɤrme ɕaŋpa nɯnɯ tɯ-ɕɣa tu-nɤsci kʰɯ
Glosses: twelve-years.old down.from DEM GENR.POSS-tooth IPFV-exchange be.possible:FACT
Translation: Those under twelve years old, their teeth can be replaced.' (27-tWCGArgu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003708#S55"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤte sqamŋu-sŋi ɕɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu tɕe , nɤki , nɯ-rlaʁ tɕe nɯ-me pɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ŋu , tɕʰeme nɯ ,
Glosses: that.is fifteen-day before DEM.LOC LNK FILLER AOR-disappear LNK AOR-not.exist PST.IPFV-be SENS-be girl DEM
Translation: That is, fifteen days before, she had disappeared, that girl.' (tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɯ-sŋi χsɤ-rʑaʁ mɤɕtʂa a-mɤ-tɤ-tɯ-rɤru ra ma tɕe mɤ-pʰɤn nɯra to-ti . matɕi tɕetʰa χsɯ-sŋi χsɤ-rʑaʁ ɕɯŋgɯ ɯʑo ɲɯ-pʰɣo pjɤ-ra lo
Glosses: three-day three-night until IRR-NEG-PFV-2-get.up be.needed:FACT LNK LNK NEG-be.efficient:FACT DEM:PL IFR-say because later three-day three-night before 3SG IPFV-flee IFR.IPFV-be.needed SFP
Translation: [The rabbit] said `Don't get up until three days and three nights [have passed]', because [the rabbit was buying time] and had to flee before [the end of] these three days and nights.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsag)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ɕɯŋgɯ a-pi ra atu rɤʑi-nɯ tɕe , nɯnɯra ɣɯ nɯ-rmi tɤ-z-mɤke qʰe ,
Glosses: 1SG before 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL up.there stay:FACT-PL LNK DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-name IMP-CAUS-be.first[III] LNK
Translation: Before [you choose a name for] me, [choose] the names of my elder brothers up there first.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-xso ʑɴɢɯloʁ nɯnɯ , tɕe sqamŋu-xpa mɤɕtʂa ɯ-mat ku-tsʰoʁ mɯ́j-cʰa . pɯ́-wɣ-ji ɕimɯma , ɯ-rɣi pjɯ́-wɣ-ji ɯ-qʰu , sqamŋu-xpa kóʁmɯz nɤ ɯ-mat ku-tsʰoʁ ŋu tu-ti-nɯ ŋgrɤl tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-normal walnut DEM LNK fifteen-year until 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-attach NEG:SENS-can AOR-INV-plant just.after 3SG.POSS-seed IPFV-INV-plant 3SG.POSS-after fifteen-year only.after LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-attach be:FACT IPFV-say-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: Usually, the walnut tree cannot have walnuts until fifteen years [have passed]. Just after one has planted it, after one plants its seeds, it is only fifteen years later that it bears nuts, they say.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tʰam kɯβdesqi ɯ-ro to-pa ma <liu .jiu .nian> pɕintɕɤt
Glosses: LNK now fourty 3SG.POSS-excess IFR-pass.X.years LNK 1969 since
Translation: Now it has been forty years [we have known each other], since 1969.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕiʑo pɯ-ari-tɕi ŋu , mtsʰukʰa pɯ-ftɕɤt-tɕi ŋu , nɯ ɯ-qʰu pɕintɕɤt tɕe , nɯ-ʁgra nɯ nɯ-me ŋu
Glosses: 1DU AOR:DOWN-go[II]-1DU be:FACT lake AOR-subdue-1DU be:FACT DEM 3SG.POSS-after since LNK 2PL.POSS-enemy DEM AOR-not.exist be:FACT
Translation: We went down [into the lake], subdued the [demons in] the lake, and from that time on, your enemy is no more.' (Nyima.'Odzer 2003.2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤ-mu nɯ , nɯ ɯ-qʰu ɕaŋpɕi ʑo kɤ-rɯndzɤqʰɤjɯ ta-znɯna
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM DEM 3SG.POSS-after from.that.time.on EMPH INF-eat.without.sharing AOR:3→3-stop
Translation: From that [time] on, the mother stopped to eat on her own without sharing.' (tWJo 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr nɯtɕu iɕqʰa tɤtɕɯpɯ nɯnɯra , jɯfɕɯr jɤznɤ tu-ndze-a tɕe pɯ-apa wo ri
Glosses: yesterday DEM:LOC the.aforementioned boy DEM:PL yesterday when IPFV-eat[III]-1SG LNK PST.IPFV-be.correct SFP LNK
Translation: I should have eaten these boys yesterday.' (160705 poucet5-v2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-ŋgu jɤznɤ tɕe , ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ nɯra mɯ-cʰɯ-pʰaʁ-nɯ tɕe , tɕe nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-ndʐi kɯ-fsɯ~fse nɯ pjɯ-qaʁ-nɯ tɕe tɕe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-beginning when LNK 3SG.POSS-limb DEM:PL NEG-IPFV-cut-PL LNK LNK DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-skin SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.like DEM IPFV-remove.skin-PL LNK LNK
Translation: In the beginning, they don't cut off the limbs (from the cattle's body), and take out the skin [in such a way as to preserve its shape] exactly like [that of the living animal].' (06-BGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003408#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr <gongxun> a-ɕki jɤ-ɣe .
Glosses: yesterday ANTHR 1SG.POSS-DAT AOR-come[II]
Translation: Yesterday Gong Xun came to [see] me.' (160320, conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe smɤt tɯmda rɟɤlpu ɣɯ ɯ-ɕki nɯtɕu , nɤkinɯ , ɯ-rʑaβ ɯ-kɯ-tʰu cʰɤ-ɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK TOPO TOPO king GEN 3SG.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC FILLER 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-ask IFR:DOWNSTREAM-go LNK
Translation: He went to ask the king of the lower valley for [one his daughter to take as] a wife.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ mbro tɯ-skɤt kɯ-tso nɯnɯ ɯ-ɕki zɯ … to-ti
Glosses: DEM horse INDEF.POSS-speech SBJ:PCP-understand DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC _ IFR-say
Translation: She said … to the horse who could understand speech' (2003kAndzWsqhaj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa srɯnmɯ nɯ kɯ , … smɤnmimitoʁ kuɕana ɯ-ɕki `nɤʑo tɕʰi ɯ-rɯɣ tɯ-ŋu' to-ti ri ,
Glosses: the.aforementioned râkshasî DEM ERG _ ANTHR ANTHR 3SG.POSS-DAT 2SG what 3SG.POSS-race 2-be:FACT IFR-say LNK
Translation: The râkshasî asked Smanmi Metog Koshana, `What type of being are you?' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ ɯ-wa ɯ-pʰe nɯra pɯ-kɯ-fse nɯra to-ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-DAT DEM.PL AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM.PL IFR-say SENS-be
Translation: The boy told his father the things that had happened.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo ɯ-mɤ-ɲɯ-tɯ-stu nɤ , ʑara nɯ-ɕki tɤ-tʰe jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG QU-NEG-SENS-2-believe LNK 3PL 3PL.POSS-DAT IMP-ask[III] be.possible:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ tɤ-pɤtso nɯ ɯ-ɕki to-rɯɕmi .
Glosses: DEM INDEF.POSS-child DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR-speak
Translation: It spoke to the child.' (150831 renshen wawa-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006418#S36"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-nmaʁ ɯ-ɕki ɲɤ-kʰo tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-husband 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR-give LNK
Translation: She gave it to her husband.' (qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤŋe nɯ nɯɣ-me tɕe , tɕe tɤŋe ɯ-ɕki ʁɟa ʑo ɕ-tu-ru tɕe , tɯʑo tɯ-ɕki maka ʑo mɤ-ru
Glosses: LNK sun DEM APPL-be.afraid[III]:FACT-1SG LNK LNK sun 3SG.POSS-DAT completely EMPH TRAL-IPFV:UP-look.at LNK GENR GENR.POSS-DAT at.all EMPH NEG-look.at:FACT
Translation: [If the yeti catches you], it is afraid of the sun, it looks at the sun the whole time, and does not look at you.' (140510 mYWrgAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rte nɯ ɯ-rna ɯ-ɕki pɯ-kɯ-ɴqoʁ nɯnɯ pjɤ-mɟa tɕe ɯ-ku ɯ-taʁ to-ta .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hat DEM 3SG.POSS-ear 3SG-DAT AOR:DOWN-NMLZ:S/A-hang DEM IFR:DOWN-take LNK 3SG.POSS-head 3SG-on IFR-put
Translation: He took the hat that was hanging on his ear and put it on his head.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤŋe cʰo slɤŋe ʑŋgri ra nɯ-pʰe nɯtɕu kɤ-nɤɕqa a-pɯ-tɯ-cʰa ra ma ,
Glosses: sun COMIT moon star PL 3PL.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC INF-bear IRR-PFV-2-can be.needed:FACT LNK
Translation: [When you are] close to the sun, the moon and the stars, you will have to bear [the heat and the cold], otherwise…' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li tɕetu tɤ-ɣe qʰe , ɯ-wa ɯ-ɕki ku-nɯ-rɤʑi , tɕeki pɯ-ari qʰe , ɯ-wɯ ɯ-wi ni ndʑi-ɕki ju-nɯ-ɕe qʰe ,
Glosses: again up.there AOR:UP-go[II] LNK 3SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-DAT IPFV-AUTO-stay, down.there AOR-go[II] LNK 3SG.POSS-grand.father 3SG.POSS-grand.mother DU 3DU.POSS-DAT IPFV-AUTO-go LNK
Translation: When she comes up there, she stays at her father's house, and when she goes down there, she goes to her grandparent's place.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯre aʑo a-ɕki ɕti ma , ɯʑo ɯ-ɕki me wo .
Glosses: DEM:PROX:LOC 1SG 1SG.POSS-DAT be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-DAT not.exist:FACT SFP
Translation: (The key) is with me here, she doesn't have it.' (so she asked me for it) (conversation, 2021-01)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ nɤ-rca ɣi-a ɕti
Glosses: 1SG also 2SG.POSS-following come:FACT-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I am coming/going with you.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɤnmawombɤr ɣɯ ɯ-ɕɤrɯ ɯ-βɣi ɯ-rca tsʰɯntsʰɯn ʑo ta-wum-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-bone 3SG.POSS-ash 3SG.POSS-following IDPH(II):neat EMPH AOR:3→3-collect-PL SENS-be
Translation: They collected all of Padma 'Od-'bar's bones together with his ashes.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-jɤɣɤt ɯ-rca tɤ-se cʰɯ-nɯ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-feces 3SG.POSS-following INDEF.POSS-blood IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-come.out
Translation: (In the case of this disease), blood comes out together with the feces.' (24-pGArtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003624#S109"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕoʁ nɯnɯ tɤ-rɤku tɤ-rca ŋu , sɯjno maʁ .
Glosses: buckwheat DEM INDEF.POSS-crops INDEF.POSS-following be:FACT grass not.be:FACT
Translation: Buckwheat is a type of crops, it is not a [type of] grass.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003492#S64"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora ɣɯ nɯ-tɤ-sno kɯ-fse ɯ-tsʰɤt nɯ , tɕiʑo ɣɯ , tɕi-xɕɤndʑu χsɯ-ldʑa pɯ-tu tɕe , nɯnɯ lɤ-nɯ-βlɯ-tɕi ɕti wo
Glosses: 2PL GEN 2PL.POSS-INDEF.POSS-saddle SBJ:PCP-be.like 3SG.POSS-instead.of DEM 1DU GEN 1DU.POSS-twig three-long.object PST.IPFV-exist LNK DEM AOR-AUTO-burn-1DU be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: Instead of a saddle like yours, we had three twigs, this is what we burned.' (Kunbzang 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɤ-tsʰɤt , nɤki , si nɯ tu-ɣɯjtsi-a jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG 2SG.POSS-instead.of FILLER tree DEM IPFV-support-1SG be.possible:FACT
Translation: I can support the tree for you/instead of you (while you fetch it).' (150830 afanti-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: si maŋe tɕe tɕe nɯnɯtɕu tɕe , nɯ-si ɯ-tsʰɤt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: tree not.exist:SENS LNK LNK DEM:LOC LNK 3PL.POSS-wood 3SG.POSS-instead.of SENS-be
Translation: [Since] there are no trees, [dung] is used there to replace the firewood.' (05-tamar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ tɤ-nɯ-ndɤm tɕe aʑo a-tsʰɤt ŋu tɕe
Glosses: DEM IMP-AUTO-take[III] LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-instead.of be:FACT LNK
Translation: Take these [as a compensation] instead of having me [as your wife].' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rkaŋraŋ ɯ-tsʰɤt tsa ɲɯ-kɯ-nɤɕtʂaʁli-a-nɯ raʁmaʁ ma
Glosses: ANTHR 3SG.POSS-proper.measure a.little IPFV-2→1-torture-1SG-PL SFP SFP
Translation: Rkangrang, don't go over the top in your torturing of me (`torture me with proper measure'), please? (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tsʰɤt tu-sɯ-βzu-nɯ mɯ́j-kʰɯ ma , nɯ-kɤ-kʰo nɯ mɯ-tʰa-ɕkɯt mɤɕtʂa tu-ndze ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-proper.measure IPFV-CAUS-make-PL NEG:SENS-be.possible LNK AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM NEG-AOR:3→3-eat.completely until IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.AFF
Translation: They cannot make [the monkey eat] with measure, as it continues eating the [food] that is given to it until there is none.' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɯ-tsʰɤt nɯnɯ ɯ-pɯ ci ci ʁnɯz tu , ci ci tɯ-rdoʁ ma me tɕe núndʐa ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-proper.measure DEM 3SG.POSS-young once once two exist:FACT once once one-piece apart.from not.exist:FACT LNK for.this.reason SENS-be
Translation: This is why, depending on the circumstances, sometimes [the goat] has two kids, sometimes only one.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-taʁ zɯ kɤ-amdzɯ nɤ tɤ-lu pa-tɕɤt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-on LOC AOR-sit LNK INDEF.POSS-milk AOR:3→3-take.out SENS-be
Translation: She sat on him and milked.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕetu si ɯ-ku zɯ qaliaʁ ɣɤʑu tɕe ,
Glosses: up.there tree 3SG.POSS-top.of LOC eagle SENS:exist LNK
Translation: Up there on the top of the tree there is an eagle.' (140427 laoying mao he yezhu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ-spoʁ ŋu , ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯ so tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole be:FACT 3SG.POSS-inside DEM be.hollow:FACT LNK
Translation: Its [inside] has a hole, its inside is hollow.' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯnɯ kʰɯtsa ɯ-mŋu jamar kɯ-wxti tu ,
Glosses: LNK DEM bowl 3SG.POSS-border about SBJ:PCP-be.big exist:FACT
Translation: Some are about as big as the mouth of a bowl.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendre pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ mtsʰu ɯ-mŋu nɯtɕu `ʂɯt' to-ti to-nɯ-ɬoʁ .
Glosses: LNK bird DEM lake 3SG.POSS-border DEM:LOC IDPH.I:sound IFR-say IFR:UP-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The bird came out of the shore of the lake with a noise.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰu ɯ-qa zɯ nɤrwɯ mɤ-kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ ci ɣɤʑu tɕe ,
Glosses: lake 3SG.POSS-bottom LOC jewel NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.similar INDEF exist:SENS LNK
Translation: At the bottom of the sea, there is a jewel unlike any other.' (2012 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ʁar ɯ-ndo nɯra hanɯni ɲɯ-ɲaʁ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wing 3SG.POSS-border DEM:PL a.little SENS-be.black
Translation: The extremities of its wings are a bit black.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ndo tɕe maka kɯ-tu ɲɯ-me ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-border LNK at.all SBJ:PCP-exist IPFV-not.exist SENS-be LNK
Translation: In the end, nothing is left.' (04-xiaocunzhuang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-ndʐi nɯnɯ pjɯ-χtsɤβ-nɯ tɕe tɕe tɯ-ŋga ɯ-ndo ri ku-lɤt-nɯ , tɯ-ŋga ɯ-kuŋa , ɯ-pɤloʁ ɯ-ku , ɯ-ndo nɯra ku-lɤt-nɯ , tu-sɯ-fskɤr-nɯ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-skin DEM IPFV-tan-PL LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-clothes 3SG.POSS-border LOC IPFV-release-PL INDEF.POSS-clothes 3SG.POSS-collar 3SG.POSS-sleeves 3SG.POSS-top 3SG.POSS-border DEM:PL IPFV-release-PL IPFV-CAUS-surround-PL be:FACT
Translation: They tan its hide (of the otter) and put it on the lower opening of the clothes, on the collar of clothes, the cuffs of the sleeves and the lower opening, and make it around [these openings].' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaʑmbri nɯ , tɯ-ji ɯ-ndo , tɯ-ji ɯ-mŋu nɯra aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo tu-ɬoʁ ɕti
Glosses: vine DEM INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-border INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-border DEM:PL everywhere EMPH IPFV:UP-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: The vine, it grows everywhere, on both sides of the fields.' (06-qaZmbri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cɯŋglɯɣ nɯ rɟɤskɤt ɯ-mŋu zɯ na-ta ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: pestle DEM stairs 3SG.POSS-border LOC AOR:3→3-put SENS-be
Translation: He put the pestle on the top of the stairs.' (tWJo 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʂʰa tɤ́-wɣ-rku tɕe kʰɯtsa ɯ-mŋuɕɯmŋu stʰɯci tu-zɣɯt mɤ-ra ma kɤ-ndo tɕe sɤ-ɕke
Glosses: tea AOR-INV-put.in LNK bowl 3SG.POSS-border:SUPERLATIVE so.much IPFV:UP-reach NEG-be.needed:FACT LNK INF-take LNK PROP-burn:FACT
Translation: When one pours tea, it should not reach the limit of the mouth of the bowl, otherwise it will be burning when one holds it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe pʰaʁrgot ri li ɯʑo ɯ-stu ʑo ɲɤ-ɣi qʰe , ɕɤmɯɣdɯ kɤ-lɤt mɯ-pjɤ-nɤz qʰe pʰaʁrgot jo-nɯ-ɕe .
Glosses: LNK boar also again 3SG 3SG.POSS-straight EMPH IFR:WEST-come LNK gun INF-release NEG-IFR.IPFV-dare LNK boar IFR-AUTO-go
Translation: The boar came directly at him, but he did not dare to shoot and the boar went away.' (150829 phaRrgot)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-ku kɯ-ɤmtɕoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , tɯ-taʁ ku-otsa tɕe ɲɯ-ɕɯ-mŋɤm .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-head SBJ:PCP-be.pointy SENS-be LNK GENR.POSS-on IPFV-prick LNK SENS-CAUS-hurt
Translation: [The fir needles] are pointy-headed, they prick people, it hurts.' (08-tWrgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003464#S26"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ʑmbrɯ nɯ-kɤ-χtɤr nɯ ɯ-taʁ kɤ-ɴqoʁ-nɯ ra
Glosses: DEM ship AOR-OBJ:PCP-scatter DEM 3SG.POSS-on IMP-hang-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Grab the [pieces of the] ship that have been scattered.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrmɯkʰa tɕe tɯlɤt nɯ ɯ-taʁ ko-ɴqoʁ tɕe
Glosses: evening LOC second.sibling DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-hang LNK
Translation: In the evening, he grabbed the second sister.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S46"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka ʑo ɯ-taʁ mɯ-pjɤ-pe-ndʑi qʰe , pjɤ-ŋɤn-ndʑi
Glosses: at.all EMPH 3SG.POSS-on NEG-IPFV.IFR-be.good-DU LNK NEG-IPFV.IFR-be.bad-DU
Translation: They did not treat him well, they treated him badly. (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pi ra a-taʁ nɯ-tɯ-pe pɯ-sɤre ʑo tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL 1SG.POSS-on 3PL.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.good PST.IPFV-be.ridiculous EMPH LNK
Translation: My elder brothers treated me very well.' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-taʁ stu-a mbat-a ʑo ɕti
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-on try.hard(1):FACT-1SG try.hard(2):FACT-1SG EMPH be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I will treat you well.' (2005lobzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-taʁ tɯ-mci pjɯ́-wɣ-lɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-on GENR.POSS-spit IPFV-INV-release
Translation: If one spits on it,' (08-qaJAGi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003458#S27"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁjoʁ ra nɯ-taʁ kɯnɤ kɤ-ari tɕe scoʁ-qʰu ci tu-lɤt , nɯ-ɣe tɕe tɤŋkʰɯt ci tu-lɤt
Glosses: servant PL 3PL.POSS-on also AOR:EAST-go[II] LNK ladle-back once IPFV-release AOR:WEST-come[II] LNK fist once IPFV-release
Translation: Every time she went right she would hit the servants with the back of the ladle, every time she went left she hit them with the fist.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑmbrɯ ɯ-taʁ to-ɕe tɕe jo-nɯ-ɕe
Glosses: boat 3SG.POSS-on IFR:UP-go LNK IFR-VERT-go
Translation: He took a boat and went back home.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006262#S130"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑmbrɯ ɯ-taʁ pjɤ-ɬoʁ-nɯ
Glosses: boat 3SG.POSS-on IFR:DOWN-come.out-PL
Translation: They took off the boats.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003937#S144"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe jɯɣi ɯ-taʁ tu-fɕɤt tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK book 3SG.POSS-on IPFV-tell LNK
Translation: It is told in a book, that…' (27-qaCpa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003716#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɯtsa ɯ-ŋgɯ tɯ-ci tu-rku-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: bowl 3SG.POSS-inside INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-put.in-PL LNK
Translation: People used to put water in a bowl, and…' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ tsʰɤt ɯ-ɣli nɯ cʰɯ́-wɣ-lɤt tɕe , tɤ-rɤku wuma ʑo tu-sɤpe cʰa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-inside LOC goat 3SG.POSS-manure DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-release LNK INDEF.POSS-crops really EMPH IPFV-do.well can:FACT
Translation: If one spreads goat manure on the fields, it can make the crops grow really well.' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S28"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <chuzu> ɯ-ŋgɯ tʰɯ-ɣe-a tɕe
Glosses: taxi 3SG.POSS-inside AOR:DOWNSTREAM-come[II]-1SG LNK
Translation: I came on a taxi.' (2010-01-Dpalcan)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tʰɤcu maŋtʰi qʰajŋgɯ nɯ kɯ , nɤki , βɣa ɯ-pa ri tɕʰɯŋkʰɤr tu tɕe , tɕʰɯŋkʰɤr ɯ-taʁ ri cʰɯ-lɤt tɕe , tɕʰɯŋkʰɤr ɯ-taʁ nɯre ri βɣɤrnɤjwaʁ kɤ-ti tu tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-downstream downstream water.trough DEM ERG FILLER mill 3SG.POSS-under LOC water.wheel exist:FACT LNK water.wheel 3SG.POSS-on LOC IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-release LNK LNK water.wheel DEM:LOC LOC blades OBJ:PCP-say exist:FACT LNK
Translation: The inferior water trough – under the mill there is a water wheel – [the water trough] directs [the water] onto that water wheel – on the water wheel there are things called `blades'.' (06-BGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003408#S23"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tʰoʁ ɯ-pa ri tu-ɬoʁ nɯra mɯ́j-cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-earth 3SG.POSS-below LOC IPFV:UP-come.out DEM:PL NEG:SENS-can
Translation: [Its shoots] cannot come out from under the ground.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɤr kʰri ɯ-taʁ zɯ pjɤ-rɤʑi tɕe ɯ-tɯ-ɣɤχsrɯ pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo .
Glosses: gold bed 3SG.POSS-on LOC IFR.IPFV-stay LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.handsome IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: He was sitting on the golden bed, very handsome.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤmtsʰu ɣɯ ɯ-rkɯ qambɯt ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu pjɤ-rɤʑi .
Glosses: ocean GEN 3SG.POSS-side sand 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IFR.IPFV-stay
Translation: He stayed on the beach.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤndʑiʁi nɯ-ŋgɯz stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯnɯ kɯ … nɯra ntsɯ tu-ti pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: COLL:siblings 3PL.POSS-among:LOC most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM ERG _ DEM:PL always IPFV-say IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The youngest among the sisters was always saying …' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-mdoʁ nɯ aj kɤ-ti mɯ́j-spe-a ma arŋi ɯ-ŋgɯz kɯnɤ pɣi kɯ-fse
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-colour DEM 1SG INF-say NEG:SENS-be.able[III]-1SG LNK be.green:FACT 3SG.POSS-inside:LOC also be.grey:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: I cannot say its colour, it is somewhere between green and grey.' (06-qaZmbri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χɕitka ɯ-raŋ tɕe , tɕendɤre pɣa ra , nɯ-kɤ-ndza maka cʰɯ-me ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , tɕendɤre ɯ-tɯ-mtsɯr pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: spring 3SG.POSS-during LNK LNK bird PL 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat at.all IPFV-not.exist SENS-be LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.hungry IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH SENS-be
Translation: In spring, the birds' food has gone out and [that crow] was extremely hungry.' (kWjujmAlu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rɤɣ ɣɤʑu ma nɤkinɯ sɲikuku ʑo ɲɯ-maʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-specific.time exist:SENS LNK filler every.day EMPH SENS-not.be
Translation: [The rut] occurs at a specific time, not every day.' (27-qartshAz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003702#S150"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯ-fsaqʰe tɕe nɯ ɯ-rɤɣ tɕe li lo-ɣi
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-next.year LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-specific.time LNK again IFR:UPSTREAM-come
Translation: It came back at exactly the same time the next year.' (22-qomndroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003598#S40"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci ɯ-mpʰru ci ʑo ko-nɯpoʁ qʰe lo-sɯ-ɣe .
Glosses: one 3SG.POSS-after one EMPH IFR-kiss LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-CAUS-come
Translation: [The mother] kissed [her children] one after the one and had them come inside.' (160701 poucet2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006155#S38"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-mpʰru tɕe tɕʰi to-ti ?
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK what IFR-say
Translation: What does it say next?' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S103"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-rdoʁ pjɤ-sat tɕe tɕeri nɯnɯ ɯ-mpʰru tɯ-sla jamar nɯnɯ tɯ-ci ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu ɯ-zda nɯ lo-ɕe nɤ cʰɤ-ɣi , lo-ɕe nɤ cʰɤ-ɣi ɲɤ-ɕar
Glosses: LNK one-piece IFR-kill LNK LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-after one-month about DEM INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-mater DEM IFR:UPSTREAM-go LNK IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come IFR:UPSTREAM-go LNK IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come IFR-search
Translation: [Someone] killed one of them, and after that, [the other one] flew along the river searching for its mate for about one month.' (22-qomndroN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ku-ɕe-a tɕe z-ɲɯ-saʁjar-a ŋu tɕe nɯ ɯ-pɤrtʰɤβ tɕe nɯʑo ra kɯ ɕ-pɯ-rla-nɯ je tɕe lɤ-tsɯm-nɯ je
Glosses: 1SG IPFV:EAST-go-1SG LNK TRAL-SENS-delay-1SG be:FACT LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in.the.middle LOC 2PL PL ERG TRAL-IMP-untie-PL SFP LNK IMP:UPSTREAM-take.away-PL SFP
Translation: I will go there and delay him_i, and in the meantime, you go there and untie him_j, and take him_j away.' (tWJo 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤki tɤtʂu nɯ a-jaʁ tɤ-kʰɤm !
Glosses: DEM:MEDIAL lamp DEM, 1SG.POSS-hand IMP:UP-give[III]
Translation: Hand over to me (up here) that lamp.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki mbro ki nɤ-jaʁ ɲɯ-kʰo-j ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX horse DEM.PROX 2SG.POSS-hand IPFV-give-1PL be:FACT
Translation: (If you succeed), we will give you this horse.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɤtʂu nɯ a-jaʁ a-nɯ-zɣɯt ra
Glosses: the.aforementioned lamp DEM 1SG.POSS-hand IRR-PFV-reach be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to obtain this lamp.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi ra na-sɯso ʑo nɯ , ɯ-jaʁ ju-nɯ-sɯ-ɤzɣɯt pjɤ-cʰa .
Glosses: what PL AOR:3→3-think EMPH DEM 3SG.POSS-hand IPFV-AUTO-CAUS-reach IFR.IPFV-can
Translation: He was able to get whatever he wanted.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤ-ndʐa pɯ-ɣe-a ɕti
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-reason PST:DOWN-come[II]-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I came down [here] for you.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pʰa kɤmɲɯ ɣɯ kɯ-pe ɣɯ ɯ-skɤt nɯtɕu to-βzu-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: all TOPO GEN SBJ:PCP-be.good GEN 3SG.POSS-speech DEM:LOC IFR-make-PL SENS-be
Translation: People built it there for the benefit of all of Kamyu.' (150904 tshAcim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-cʰa-a nɯra nɤj nɤ-tʰɯrʑi kɯ pɯ-cʰa-a
Glosses: AOR-can-1SG DEM:PL 2SG 2SG.POSS-mercy ERG AOR-can-1SG
Translation: I succeeded all thanks to you.' (2011 04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma jinde nɯra kɯ-fse kɤ-mtsʰɤm maŋe tɕe , smɤn ɯ-tʰɯrʑi ɯmɤ-ŋu ma
Glosses: LNK nowadays DEM:PL SBJ:PCP-be.like INF-hear not.exist:SENS LNK medicine 3SG.POSS-mercy PROB-be:FACT LNK
Translation: Nowadays we do not hear about [this disease], probably thanks to the medicine.' (27-tWfCAl)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-zdɯɣ ɯ-xɕɤt kɯ pjɯ-si ɕti ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-toil 3SG.POSS-strength ERG/INSTR IPFV-die be:AFF:FACT
Translation: [The bees] die of exhaustion.' (26 GZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003668#S40"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: prɤɕta cʰo rgɯnba ni ndʑi-pɤrtʰɤβ ri ŋu
Glosses: TOPO COMIT monastery DU 3DU.POSS-between LOC be:FACT
Translation: It is between Prashta and the monastery.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe a-wɯ cʰo a-ʁi ni pjɯ-tɯ-sat mɤ-jɤɣ
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-grandfather COMIT 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DU IPFV-2-kill NEG-be.possible:FACT
Translation: You cannot kill my grandfather and my younger brother.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbɣɤru nɯ jla ʁnɯz ni ndʑi-tʰɤβ ri ɲɯ-ɕe tɕe
Glosses: plough.beam DEM hybrid.yak two DU 3DU.POSS-between LOC IPFV:WEST-go LNK
Translation: The beam of the plough goes between the two hybrid yaks.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zaŋ cʰo raʁ ni ʁnaʁna ʑo ʁja ku-te ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: copper COMIT brass DU both EMPH verdigris IPFV-put[III] SENS-be
Translation: Both copper and brass get verdigris.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mu ɯ-wa ni kɯ ɲɯ-z-nɤja-ndʑi qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-father DU ERG IPFV-CAUS-be.a.pity-DU LNK
Translation: Her parents could not stand to part with her.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S275"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕiʑo ni wuma ʑo pɯ-amɯmi-tɕi tɕe
Glosses: 1DU DU really EMPH PST.IPFV-be.on.good.terms-1DU LNK
Translation: We were in harmony together.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pi ni ndʑi-sroʁ ko-ri tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU 3DU.POSS-life IFR-save LNK
Translation: He saved the life of his two brothers.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɕe atu <qinghai> ʑɴɢɯloʁ nɯtɕu tɕe , ʁjɯmbrɯɣ ʁzɤmi ci pjɤ-tu-ndʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: in.former.times LNK LNK up.there ANTHR ANTHR DEM:LOC LNK dragon husband.and.wife one IFR.IPFV-exist-DU LNK
Translation: In former times, in Qinghai, in the Mgolog area, there was a couple of dragons.' (150820 qaprANar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɯŋgɯ zɯ tɯrme wuma ʑo kɯ-wxti ʁnɯz tu-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: forest LOC person really EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.big two exist:FACT-DU LNK
Translation: In the forest, there are two giants.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mɲaʁ χcʰoʁe ni to-mto .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-eye left.and.right DU AOR-have.sight
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-pi ni kɯ nɤʑo nɯɣi kɤ-sɯso kɯ ʁmaʁ χsɯ-tɤxɯr kɯ pa-z-nɤkʰar-nɯ ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG 2SG come.back:FACT INF-think ERG soldier three-round ERG AOR:3→3-CAUS-surround-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Your two elder brothers, thinking that you are coming back, had [the palace] guarded on all sides by three rows of soldiers.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmaʁ si ra cʰo nɯ-mdoʁ mɤ-naχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: other tree PL COMIT 3PL.POSS-colour NEG-be.the.same:FACT
Translation: Its colour is different from that of the other trees.' (`this tree and other trees, their colours are different') 11-qrontshom)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rdɤstaʁ ra pjɯ-tʂaβ-nɯ qʰe tɯrme tu-xtsɯɣ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: stone PL IPFV-cause.to.fall-PL LNK people IPFV-hit SENS-be
Translation: [Goats and sheep], (as they climb high) cause stones (and other things) to fall and these hit people.' (tshAt-qaZo-kAlAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003420#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci ci χsɯm kɯβde ra ɲɯ-lɤt ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl . tsuku tɕe ʁnɯz jamar ma mɯ́j-lɤt ,
Glosses: one one three four PL SENS-throw SENS-be.usually.the.case . some LNK two about apart.from NEG:SENS-throw
Translation: Sometimes [dogs] have three or four [puppies], some only have two.' (05-khWna)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βʑɯ nɯ wuma ʑo ŋɤn tɕe , tɕendɤre aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo kʰa ra cʰɯ-rɤpɯ . tɯ-ji ɯ-ngɯ ra cʰɯ-rɤpɯ ,
Glosses: mouse DEM really EMPH be.evil:FACT LNK LNK everywhere EMPH house PL IPFV-bear.young INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-inside PL IPFV-bear.young
Translation: The mouse is fierce, it has pups everywhere in the house, and has pups in the fields.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-βri ra ɲɯ-ɬoʁ , nɯ-mke nɯra ɲɯ-ɬoʁ nɯ-rŋa ra brɤβbrɤβ ʑo ɲɯ-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-body PL IPFV-come.out 3PL.POSS-neck DEM:PL IPFV-come.out 3PL.POSS-face PL IDPH(II):covered.by.tiny.bumps EMPH IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: [People who suffer from this disease have little blisters] appearing on their body, on their neck and all over their face.' (27-kharwut)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qapar nɯ kɯ li , … tɤ-wi ra to-nɯɕpɯz tɕe , tɕe ɯ-skɤt ra cʰɤ-sɯ-ɤmtɕoʁ ʑo tɕe nɯra to-ti .
Glosses: dhole DEM ERG again _ INDEF.POSS-grandmother PL IFR-impersonate LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-voice PL IFR-CAUS-be.sharp EMPH LNK DEM:PL IFR-say
Translation: The wolf was pretending to be the grandmother, and said these [words] with a sharp voice.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S91"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɯku tɕe tʰɣe kɯ-fse , kɯmaʁ si ra nɯ-mat nɯra ɕ-pjɯ-nɯ-pʰɯt tɕe tu-ndze ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: tree LNK acorn SBJ:PCP-be.like other tree PL 3PL.POSS-fruit DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-pluck LNK IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: On the trees, [the bear] plucks acorn or fruits from other trees to eat.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ŋga ɯ-taʁ ra ɯ-mat bɤbɤβ ʑo ku-ndzoʁ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes 3SG.POSS-on PL 3SG.POSS-fruit IDPH(II):in.clusters EMPH IPFV-ANTICAUS:attach
Translation: Its seeds attach in clumps to one's clothes.' (18-qromJoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-ti mɤ-kɯ-pe kɯ-fse tu-kɯ-ti] nɯnɯra tɕe , [[kɤ-nɯtsɯ kɯ-ra] ra kɯnɤ tu-kɯ-ti] nɯnɯra , tɯrme ra kɯnɤ , tɕaɣi tu-sɤrmi-nɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: INF-say NEG-NMLZ.S/A-be.good NMLZ.S/A-be.like IPFV-NMLZ.S/A-say DEM:PL LNK INF-hide NMLZ.S/A-be.needed PL also IPFV-NMLZ.S/A-say DEM:PL people PL also parrot IPFV-call-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: Those who say things that one should not say, who say even what should be concealed, even [if they are] people, they call them `parrots'. (24-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ ra ɣɯ-ku-nɯru ra ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: again INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-inside PL CISL-IPFV-eat.crops PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It also usually comes to eat crops in the fields.' (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S35"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɣɤmdzu tɕe nɯnɯ kɤ-nɤjaʁ ra mɤ-sɤ-nɤz tɕe
Glosses: be.thorny:FACT LNK DEM INF-touch PL NEG-PROP-dare:FACT LNK
Translation: It is thorny and one does not dare to touch it with the hand.' (11-qrontshom) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003482#S85"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: alo ra ɲɯ-mbɣom-nɯ qʰe
Glosses: upstream PL SENS-be.in.a.hurry-PL LNK
Translation: Those in the village, they [do things] in a hurry.' (conversation140510 tshering)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʑi ra nɯ-<bandeng> ɲɯ-ɕar-a ɕi aʑo tu-ozgrɯ-a ma
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-young.lady PL 3PL.POSS-seat IPFV-look.for-1SG QU 1SG IPFV-bend-1SG LNK
Translation: Young lady, should I look for a seat for you, or bend down [for you to sit on my back]?' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ɣɯ-ɕaβ-a tɤ-ŋu tɕe , ki srɯnloʁ-pɯ ki ɲɯ-ɕtʰɯz-a tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG INV-catch.up:FACT-1SG AOR-be LNK DEM.PROX ring-DIM DEM.PROX IPFV:WEST-turn.toward-1SG LNK
Translation: When [the râkshasas] are about to catch up with me, I will turn this little ring towards west [in their direction].' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S209"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯki tɤɲi ki lu-nɤkʰɯkʰrɯt-a tɕe
Glosses: 1SG DEM.PROX staff DEM.PROX IPFV:UPSTREAM-drag-1SG LNK
Translation: I will drag along this staff [on the ground].' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa kɯki <qingjiao> kɯki tɕe , ɯ-qa kɯ-wɣrum ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: the.aforementioned DEM.PROX plant.name DEM.PROX LNK 3SG.POSS-root SBJ:PCP-be.white SENS-be
Translation: This [plant that is called] qingjiao (in Chinese), its root is white (unlike the other qingjiao whose root is red).' (17-ndZWnW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003524#S75"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki rgɤtpu kɯki kɯ , iɕqʰa , qaʑo nɯ to-mtsʰi qʰe , li tʂu kɯ-wxti nɯtɕu jo-ɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX old.man DEM.PROX ERG the.aforementioned sheep DEM IFR-lead LNK again road SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM:LOC IFR-go LNK
Translation: The old man, leading the sheep, went to the big road.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-rʑaβ nɯ kɯ , ɯkɯki a-rʑaβ kɯki , kɯki ɕkom ki na-sɯ-ɤβzu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-wife DEM ERG DEM.PROX.EMPH 1SG.POSS-wide DEM.PROX DEM.PROX muntjac DEM.PROX AOR:3→3-CAUS-become LNK
Translation: [My son's] wife turned this wife of mine into this muntjac.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki tɕʰeme kɯra nɯ-rca aʑo tu-ɕe-a ɲɯ-ntsʰi ma mɯ́j-pe
Glosses: DEM girl DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-following 1SG IPFV:UP-go-1SG SENS-have.better apart.from NEG:SENS-be.good
Translation: I have no other choice but to go [to heaven] with these girls.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯra pɣa nɯra lonba ʑo ɲɤ-me-nɯ tɕe , ʁʑɯnɯ sqaptɯɣ ɲɤ-k-ɤpa-nɯ-ci .
Glosses: DEM.PL bird DEM.PL all EMPH IFR-not.exist LNK young.man eleven IFR-PEG-become-PL-PEG
Translation: All those birds disappeared, and became eleven young men.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki χpi nɯ pɯpɯŋu nɤ ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX story DEM TOP LNK
Translation: As far as this story goes,' (11 examples in the corpus)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤki nɯ-tɤɲi ɯ-taʁ kɤ-rɤt nɯ ɯβrɤ-kɯ-z-nɤmɲo-a-nɯ
Glosses: DEM:MEDIAL 2PL.POSS-staff 3SG.POSS-on OBJ:PCP-write DEM RH.Q-2→1-CAUS-watch-1SG-PL
Translation: You wouldn't show me what is written on that staff of yours, would you?' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤki nɤ-tɤ-ri nɯ ŋotɕu pɯ-tu
Glosses: DEM:MEDIAL 2SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-thread DEM where PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: That thread of yours, where is it from?' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki χsɤr pɣɤtɕɯ ki nɤ-jaʁ ɲɯ-kʰam-a ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX gold bird DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-hand IPFV-give[III]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: (If you succeed) I will give you this golden bird.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯtɕu a-tɯrsa ŋu , tɕe nɤʑo kɯ [nɯ aʑo a-ɕɤrɯ nɯnɯra] a-tɤ-tɯ-tɕɤt tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM:LOC 1SG.POSS-tomb be:FACT LNK 2SG ERG DEM 1SG 1SG.POSS-bone DEM:PL IRR-PFV-2-take.out LNK
Translation: My tomb is there, if you take out my bones, …' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: kɯki , aʑo [ki a-ku ki] pɯ-pʰɯt ra
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-head DEM.PROX IMP-cut be.needed:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: amaŋ amaŋ , atʰi ki kɯ `a-βɣo mɤ-a<nɯ>tɯɣ-a tɕe a-scawa' ɲɯ-sɯsɤm ɲɯ-ŋu ɣe
Glosses: INTERJ:SURPRISE INTERJ:SURPRISE downstream DEM.PROX ERG 1SG.POSS-uncle NEG-<auto>meet:FACT-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-poor SENS-think[III] SENS-be SFP
Translation: The one down there, he is thinking `Poor me, I will not meet my lama', isn't he?' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pa , aki nɯ staʁlupa kɤ-βde ɯ-spa nɯ mɤ-nɯ-xsi ri ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father down DEM born.in.the.year.of.the.tiger OBJ:PCP-throw.away 3SG.POSS-material DEM NEG-AUTO-GENR:know LNK
Translation: Father, the one down there, I don't know if he is a [boy] born in the year of the Tiger, to be thrown [into the lake], but…' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [sɯkɤku nɯtɕu] ɯ-pʰe nɯtɕu lo-zɣɯt-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: treetop DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC IFR:UPSTREAM-reach-DU LNK
Translation: [The tiger and the fox] arrived at [the place where the one who was] on the treetop [was].' (2012-x1-khu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɯŋgɯ kɤ-kɯ-nɯχtɕɤn tɕe tɕe si tʰamtɕɤt kɯ nɯnɯ pjɯ-kɯ-sat kɯ-ŋgrɤl ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: forest AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.dangerous LNK LNK tree all ERG DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-kill SBJ:PCP-be.usually.the.case SENS-be
Translation: The fierce/dangerous forest, it was (a place where) all the trees would kill [people thrown into it].' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora tʰɯ-dɤn-i qʰe , kʰa nɯ tʰamtɕɤt mɯ-ɲɯ-ɤmɯ-xtɕʰɯt-i qʰe
Glosses: 1PL AOR-be.many-1PL LNK house DEM all NEG-SENS-RECIP-have.enough.place-1PL LNK
Translation: There was more of us [than before], and so many of us could not fit in the house.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S94"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤtsa ra kɤsɯfse kɯ wuma ʑo pjɤ-nɯ-rga-nɯ
Glosses: parents.and.children PL all ERG really EMPH IFR.IPFV-APPL-like-PL
Translation: Everybody in the family liked her very much.' (140429 qingwa wangzi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003890#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-ʁi nɯra lonba aʑo kɯ tɤ-nɤpɯpa-t-a
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM:PL all 1SG ERG AOR-take.care-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: It was I who took care of all my younger brothers and sisters.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR4)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-wa nɯ tɕʰi kɯ-fse ci pɯ-ŋu kɯ] lonba a-kʰɤcɤl pɯ-fɕɤt ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father DEM what SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF PST.IPFV-be SFP all 1SG.POSS-discussion IMP-tell be.needed:FACT
Translation: Tell me all about what happened to my father.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-zda rɯdaʁ ɯ-kɯ-ndza tʰamtɕɤt nɯnɯra nɯ-rmi lonba kɯrŋi tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-companion animal 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat all DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-name all beast IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: All those that eat the other animals, their generic name is `beast'.' (150822 kWrNi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [ɯ-zda ra kɯ~kɯ-tu] kɯ nɯ-rʑaβ na-nɯ-ɕar-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-companion PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist ERG 3PL.POSS-wife AOR:3→3-AUTO-look.for-PL SENS-be
Translation: All of his companions took [other women] as their wives.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <wangbapi> nɯ kɯ , tɯrju kɯ~kɯ-pe , kɯ-mpɕɤr tʰamtɕɤt spɯ~spe ʑo to-ti ri
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG word TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-be.good SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful all TOTAL~be.able:FACT EMPH IFR-say LNK
Translation: Wang Bapi had said all the nice and pleasant words that he could [to convince the old man].' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑara kɯ iɕqʰa sɤtɕʰa ɣɯ ɯ-rɟɤlpu tʰa-nɯ-ndo-nɯ ndɤre pʰa mkʰɤrmaŋ ʑo ta-sɤpe-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3PL ERG the.aforementioned place GEN 3SG.POSS-king AOR:3→3-AUTO-take-PL LNK whole population EMPH AOR:3→3-do.good-PL SENS-be
Translation: They became kings of this place, and treated well the whole population.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma pʰa ɯ-pʰoŋbu ʑo ɯ-mdzu tu ri , ɯ-mat ɯ-taʁ ʑo ɯ-mdzu me ,
Glosses: LNK whole 3SG.POSS-body EMPH 3SG.POSS-thorn exist:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit 3SG.POSS-on EMPH 3SG.POSS-thorn not.exist:FACT
Translation: It has thorns on its whole body, but no thorns on its fruits.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo_i pʰa ɯ_i-pʰoŋbu
Glosses: 3SG whole 3SG.POSS-body
Translation: Its whole body' (several attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku tɯrme ra kú-wɣ-mtsɯɣ-nɯ tɕe mɯ́j-ʁdɯɣ , tsuku tɯrme ra … kú-wɣ-mtsɯɣ-nɯ tɕe tɕe , wuma ʑo cʰɯ́-wɣ-z-nɯɣmbɤβ-nɯ qʰe ɲɯ́-wɣ-z-nɯtɯfɕɤl-nɯ qʰe ku-rŋgɯ-nɯ ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: some people PL IPFV-INV-bite-PL LNK NEG.SENS-be.serious some people PL _ IPFV-INV-bite-PL LNK LNK really EMPH IPFV-INV-CAUS-swell-PL LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-have.diarrhea-PL LNK IPFV-lie.down-PL SENS-be.needed
Translation: Some people, when they are stung (by bees) are fine, other people, when they are stung, it causes them swelling and diarrhea and they have to lie down.' (26-ndzWrnaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: `pjɯ-nɯβle-a ɲɯ-ra' ɲɤ-sɯso tɕe , kɯmtɕʰɯ tsuku ɲɤ-kʰo tɕe ,
Glosses: IPFV-cheat[III]-1SG SENS-be.needed IFR-think LNK toy some IFR-give LNK
Translation: She thought `Let's cheat him' and gave him some toys.' (2012 Norbzang)