lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa rɯdaʁ ra kɯ ta-tɯt nɯra , tɯrme ɯ-ɕki a-mɤ-tɤ-tɯ-ti ma
Glosses: the.aforementioned animal PL ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM:PL people 3SG.POSS-DAT IRR-NEG-PFV-2-say LNK
Translation: You will have to avoid telling humans what the animals say.' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ku-ɕe-a ɕi ma-kɤ-ɕe-a kɯ
Glosses: IPFV:EAST-go-1SG SFP NEG-IMP-go-1SG SFP
Translation: [I wonder] whether to go or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa kɯ-ɤrqʰi zɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-lɤt ma-pɯ́-wɣ-sat ra
Glosses: place SBJ:PCP-be.far LOC IPFV:DOWN-INV-release NEG-IMP-INV-kill be.needed:FACT
Translation: One has to take it far away (from the house) without killing it.' (2010-11)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm kɯnɤ kɤ-kɤ-sqa nɯra ʑatsa ma-tɤ́-wɣ-nɯβdaʁ qʰe , ɯ-taʁ ri kɯ-wɣrum ku-te
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat also AOR-OBJ:PCP-cook DEM:PL soon NEG-IMP-INV-take.care LNK 3SG.POSS-top LOC SBJ:PCP-be.white IPFV-put[III]
Translation: In the case of meat also, if one fails to take care of cooked [meat] in time, white stuff will appear on it.' (20-sWrna,60)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ sɤznɤ , nɤʑo kɯ ma-tɤ-kɯ-sɯ-ɕqraʁ-a kɯ pjɤ-mna !
Glosses: DEM COMP 2SG ERG NEG-IMP-2→1-CAUS-be.intelligent-1SG ERG PST.IFR-be.better
Translation: It would have been better if you had not made me smart!' (160711 riquet8-v2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006201#S18"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe lu-kɤ-nɯ-ji nɯ kɯ ʑru tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe mɤ-xsi . ku-nnɯ-ʑru ɕi kɯma .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-plant DEM ERG be.strong:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be LNK NEG-GENR:know:FACT DUB-AUTO-be.strong QU SFP
Translation: The cultivated [variety of Angelica] is better (than the wild one), they say, I don't know, maybe it is better.' (17-ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ku-nɯ-pʰɤn mɯ-ku-nɯ-pʰɤn mɤ-xsi ma
Glosses: DUB-AUTO-be.efficient NEG-DUB-AUTO-be.efficient NEG-GENR:know:FACT SFP
Translation: I don't know whether it is efficient or not (as medicine).' (19-GzW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003536#S100"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wo , nɯ ɕɯ ci ku-nɯ-ŋu kɯ ?
Glosses: INTERJ DEM who INDEF DUB-AUTO-be QU
Translation: Who on earth is it [who does all] that?' (2014-kWLAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-ɣe-j
Glosses: AOR:UP-come[II]-1PL
Translation: We came up.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ta-tɯt
Glosses: AOR:3→3-say[II]
Translation: S/he said it.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jwaʁ rcanɯ pɯ-rom kɯnɤ ɯ-mdzu nɯ mɤʑɯ ʑo mtɕoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf UNEXP:DEG AOR-be.dry also 3SG.POSS-thorn DEM even.more EMPH be.sharp:FACT
Translation: When its leaves have dried, the thorns (on the leaves) are even sharper.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kɯ-fse rcanɯ , <qibajin> ʑo tɤ-χtɯ-t-a . tɕe <dong> pɯ-βzu-t-a
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like UNEXP:DEG seven.or.eight.pounds EMPH AOR-buy-PST:TR-1SG LNK freeze AOR-make-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: [Nettles] like that, I bought seven or eight pounds. Then I put them in the refrigerator.' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯfɕɯndʐi nɤ-ɕki tɤ-tɯt-a ma , wuma ʑo a-tsa ʑo ɲɯ-βze
Glosses: a.few.days.ago 2SG.POSS-DAT AOR-say[II]-1SG LNK really EMPH 1SG.POSS-adapted EMPH SENS-make[III]
Translation: I already told you a few days ago, [the shoes you have sent me] fit me really well.' (conversation, 2019-05-26)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kɯ-rtoʁ jɤ-ɣe tɕe ɣɯ-nɯ́-wɣ-mbi-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-look AOR-come[II] LNK CISL-AOR-INV-give-1SG
Translation: He came to see me and gave it to me.' (conversation, 17-09-21)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kutɕu hanɯni ɲɯ-ɣɤndʐo . jɯfɕɯɕɤr tɤjpa ka-lɤt . ka-lɤt ri mɯ-pɯ-wxti . jisŋi tɕe lonba to-ndʐi .
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC a.little SENS-be.cold yesterday.night snow AOR:3→3-release AOR:3→3-release LNK NEG-PST.IPFV-be.big today LNK all IFR-ACAUS:melt
Translation: Here it is a bit cold. It snowed yesterday evening. There was snow but not much, and now it has melted completely.' (conversation, 17-11-23)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-mu nɯ tɤ-ngo qʰe ci ci nɯ-si kɯ-fse ci ci tɤ-mna kɯ-fse qʰe kɯɕnɯ-xpa ʑo tʰɯ-mdɯ .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-mother DEM AOR-be.ill LNK one one AOR-die SBJ:PCP-be.like one one AOR-be.better SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK seven-year EMPH AOR-live.up.to
Translation: Their mother got ill, and survived seven years, sometimes looking like she had died, sometimes looking like she was getting better.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯre kɯmaʁ pɕoʁ <banqian> jɤ-kɯ-ɣe nɯra tu-nɯ tɕe , tɤ-dɤn-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM:LOC other side move AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM:PL exist:FACT-PL LNK AOR-be.many-PL
Translation: (Now) there are people who have come from other places (to settle in that village), [and the number of inhabitants] has increased.' (140522 tshupa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-<dian> nɯ-me
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-electricity AOR-not.exist
Translation: Your [cellphone] is out of battery.' (you don't have any electricity anymore) (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-fsaqʰe , [ftɕar kɤ-ndzoʁ] qʰe li tu-ɬoʁ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-next.year summer AOR-ACAUS:attach LNK again IPFV-come.out
Translation: The next year, when the warm season (spring) arrives, it comes out again.' (of a perennial plant, 18-qromJoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme jɤ-ɣe tɕe <laikerenle> tu-ti , tɕe <nihao> tu-ti .
Glosses: person AOR-come[II] LNK a.guest.has.arrived IPFV-say LNK hello IPFV-say
Translation: (Of a parrot which is able to say a few words) When someone comes, [the parrot] says `A guest has arrived', and says `hello'.' (24-qro) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003626#S102"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-jpum tɕe tɕendɤre tɯ-sŋi kʰro lú-wɣ-taʁ ɲɯ-kɯ-cʰa ma tɤ-xtsʰɯm tɕe tɕe , koŋla lú-wɣ-taʁ mɯ́j-sɤ-cʰa
Glosses: AOR-be.thick LNK LNK one-day much IPFV-INV-weave SENS-GENR:S/O-can LNK AOR-be.thin LNK LNK completely IPFV-INV-weave NEG:SENS-PROP-can
Translation: When [the threads] are thick, one can weave a lot in one day, when they are thin, it is not possible to weave.' (2011-06-thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑo pɯ-tɯ-nɯ-ɣe-nɯ nɯtɕu cuparkʰɤrkʰɤt a-pɯ-tɯ-ɬoʁ-nɯ tɕe aʑo tʰɤlwa ɲɯɣɲɯɣ pjɯ-ɬoʁ-a ŋu
Glosses: 2PL AOR:DOWN-2-VERT-come[II] DEM:LOC stone.step IRR-PFV:DOWN-2-come.out-PL LNK 1SG earth IDPH(II):soft IPFV:DOWN-come.out-1SG be:FACT
Translation: When you come back, take the stone steps, I will come down on the soft earth.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕetʰa pɯ-tɯ-ari tɕe , ki a-kɤ-tɯ-ɕtʰɯz tɕe , tɕetʰa ju-nɯ-ɕe-nɯ ɕti
Glosses: soon AOR:DOWN-2-go[II] LNK DEM.PROX IRR-PFV:EAST-2-turn.towards LNK soon IPFV-VERT-go-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: When you go down there, turn [this magical object] in their direction (of the râkshasas), and they will go back (from where they are from).' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁa tu ri , tɕetʰa nɯ-mbrɤt tɕe tɕe [a-<dian> nɯ-me] ndʐa ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-free.time exist:FACT LNK soon AOR-ACAUS:break LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-electricity AOR-not.exist reason be:FACT
Translation: I have time (to talk with you), but in a moment when [the phone line] disconnects, it will be because [my cellphone] is out of battery.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm nɯ́-wɣ-mbi-a tɕe , tu-ndze-a pɯ-ŋu tɕe , kʰɤxtu ri pɯ-rɤʑi-a .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat AOR-INV-give-1SG LNK IPFV-eat[III]-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK roof LOC PST.IPFV-stay-1SG
Translation: [Someone] had given me [a piece of] meat, and I was eating it, I was staying on the roof platform (and then a kite flew down and robbed it). (150909 qandZGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤɕi , qaj , stoʁ staʁpɯ nɯra mɯ~mɤ-tʰɯ́-wɣ-ɣndʑɯr nɤ kɤ-ndza mɤ-kʰɯ
Glosses: barley wheat broad.bean peas DEM:PL COND~NEG-AOR-INV-grind ADD INF-eat NEG-be.possible:FACT
Translation: If we don't grind barley, wheat, broad beans and peas, they cannot be eaten.' 06-BGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ~pɯ-nŋo nɤ , ndʑiʑo ʁnɯz ɣɯ ndʑi-ku cʰɯ́-wɣ-pʰɯt ra
Glosses: COND~AOR-be.defeated ADD 2DU two GEN 2DU.POSS-head IPFV-INV-take.off be.needed:FACT
Translation: If he fails, we will decapitate both of you.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa [srɯnloʁ-pɯ kɯ-fse na-kʰo] nɯnɯ ko-ɕtʰɯz
Glosses: the.aforementioned ring-DIM SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR:3→3-give DEM IFR:EAST-turn.towards
Translation: He_i turned the little ring that [Smanmi Metog Koshana] had given him_i in their direction (of the râkshasas). (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S161"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-pi kɯ tɯ~ta-stu] nɯ to-stu qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling ERG TOTAL~AOR:3→3-do.like DEM IFR-do.like LNK
Translation: She did everything like her elder sister.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: srɯnloʁ-pɯ kɯ-fse ci ɲɤ-kʰo .
Glosses: ring-DIM SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF IFR-give
Translation: [Smanmi Metog Koshana] gave him something like a little ring.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S150"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo [nɯ-z-nɤre-t-a] pɯ-cʰa-a
Glosses: 1SG AOR-CAUS-laugh-PST:TR-1SG AOR-can-1SG
Translation: I succeeded in making her laugh.' (140430 jin e-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003893#S166"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ʁmaʁ kɯ~kɯ-tu ʑo tʰɯ-sta-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM soldier TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist EMPH AOR-wake-PL SENS-be
Translation: All the soldiers woke up.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa kɯ-rɯru ʁmaʁmi nɯra cʰɤ-sta-nɯ .
Glosses: the.aforementioned SBJ:PCP-guard soldiers DEM:PL IFR-wake-PL
Translation: The guards woke up.' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [kɯ-wxti ni ndʑi-pʰe ta-tɯt] ri , [kɯ-wxti ni kɯ mɯ-ta-tɯt-ndʑi] ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK SBJ:PCP-big DU 3DU.POSS-DAT AOR:3→3-say[II] LNK SBJ:PCP-big DU ERG NEG-AOR:3→3-say[II]-DU SENS-be
Translation: He told it_i to the two elder [sisters]_j, but they_j did not tell it_i [to their_j parents].' (2005-stod-kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “a-pi ɲɯ-ɕpaʁ-a" ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling SENS-be.thirsty-1SG say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: She said: `Sister, I am thirsty.” (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯ ɯ-pʰe ti] nɤ , [nɯ kɯ li ta-tɯt] ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT say:FACT ADD DEM ERG again AOR:3→3-say[II] SENS-be
Translation: He told it_i to the youngest [sister]_j, and she_j told it_i [to her parents].' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo cʰa kʰro ko-tsʰi-t-a
Glosses: 1SG alcohol much IFR-drink-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I drank a lot of alcohol.' (aesop zuoke de gou-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka nɤ-βzaŋlɤn βze-a ra ma a-tɕɯ ɯ-sroʁ ko-tɯ-ri-t tɕe
Glosses: completely 2SG.POSS-payback make[III]:FACT-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-son 3SG.POSS-life IFR-2-save-PST:TR LNK
Translation: I have to return the favour, as you have saved my son's life.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-qʰu tɕe tɕʰi to-ti-a ?
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK what IFR-say-1SG
Translation: What did I say after that?' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S159"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ-to-ta-t-a
Glosses: NEG-IFR-put-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I did not put [the tea on the oven].' (Conversation, 28-04-2018, Dpalcan)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: koŋla tɯrme ɲɤ-k-ɤβzu-nɯ-ci
Glosses: really person IFR-PEG-become-PL-PEG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤjpa ko-lɤt
Glosses: snow IFR-release
Translation: It snowed.' (elicited, see ex:jWfCWCAr.tAjpa.kalAt above)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci to-k-ɤla-ci
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water IFR-PEG-boil-PEG
Translation: The water boiled.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤxtu ri pɯ-rɤʑi-a tɕe tɤ-mtʰɯm tu-ndze-a pɯ-ŋu ri , toʁde tɕendɤre qandʑɣi pjɤ-ɣi tɕe , nɯra mɯ-pɯ-tso-a tɕe , ndɤre a-jaʁ tɤ-mtʰɯm nɯnɯ ta-nɯ-mɟa tɕe
Glosses: terrace LOC PST.IPFV-stay-1SG LNK INDEF.POSS-meat IPFV-eat[III]-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK suddenly LNK falcon IFR:DOWN-come LNK DEM:PL NEG-AOR-understand-1SG LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-hand INDEF-meat DEM AOR:3→3:UP-AUTO-take LNK
Translation: I was on the terrace eating meat, and suddenly a falcon came down without me noticing, and took away the [piece of] meat in my hand.' (150909 qandZGi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006358#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ʁnɯ-kuxtɕo to-sɯ-mtsʰɤt tɕe
Glosses: LNK two-basket IFR-CAUS-be.full LNK
Translation: [The man] had filled two baskets (with the pears).' (chen-pear)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ ɯ-paχɕi tɯ-kuxtɕo nɯ ja-nɯ-tsɯm
Glosses: DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-apples one-basket DEM AOR:3→3-AUTO-take.away
Translation: [The boy] took away one basketful of pears.' (chen-pear)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ pɯ-ɬoʁ ri , tɕe pjɤ-sɯχsɤl ri jo-nɯ-tsɯm ɕti tɕe ɯ-kɤpa maŋe ,
Glosses: old.man DEM AOR:DOWN-come.out LNK LNK IFR-realize LNK IFR-AUTO-take.away be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-method not.exist:SENS
Translation: When the old man came down from the tree, he realized that [the pears] had been taken away, but could not do anything about it.' (chen-pear)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ta-ʁi nɯ kɯ nɯŋa ɯ-ndʐi nɯnɯ cʰɤ-rɤɣdɯt qʰendɤre cʰɤ-tʂɯβ . tɕendɤre nɤki , ta-mar tɯ-tɯɣɟaβ nɯ to-ndo qʰe , ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ko-ʑɣɤ-mpʰɯr .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-younger.sibling DEM ERG cow 3SG.POSS-skin DEM IFR-peel.skin LNK IFR-sew LNK FILLER INDEF.POSS-butter one-NMLZ:ACTION-churn DEM IFR-take LNK 3SG.POSS-inside DEM.LOC IFR-REFL-wrap
Translation: The younger brother skinned the hide of the cow and sewed it. He took one churnfull of butter, and wrapped himself inside [the hide].' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci mɯ-to-sɯ-ɤla-t-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water NEG-IFR-CAUS-be.boiling-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I did not put the water to boil.' (Conversation, 01-05-2018, Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kʰi ma kɯki koŋla nɯ ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-a-ci
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-luck LNK DEM.PROX real DEM IFR-PEG-meet-1SG-PEG
Translation: I am lucky, I (finally) met a real [Daoist master].' (150907 laoshandaoshi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ɣɯ ɯ-ʁjoʁ ɲɤ-k-ɤβzu-a-ci
Glosses: man GEN 3SG.POSS-servant IFR-PEG-become-1SG-PEG
Translation: I have become a slave of the men.' (aesop ma he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci kɤ-ta-t-a ri , <dian> mɯ-to-zwar-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water AOR-put-PST:TR-1SG LNK electricity NEG-IFR-burn-1SG
Translation: I put the water [on the oven], but did not open the electricity.' (Conversation, 04-05-2018, Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰalu ko-ɣɤ-ndʑam-a ɲɯ-maʁ
Glosses: nettle IFR-CAUS-be.warm-1SG SENS-not.be
Translation: It is not the nettles that I warmed.' (Conversation, 07-05-2018, Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-nɯʑɯβ ko-rdal-a
Glosses: INF-sleep IFR-overshoot-1SG
Translation: I overslept.' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɤ-nɯ-jmɯt-a
Glosses: IFR-AUTO-forget-1SG
Translation: I forgot.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr a-<dianhua> jɤ-tɯ-lɤt ri mɯ-pjɤ-mtsʰam-a , kʰa pɯ-a-ta tɕe
Glosses: yesterday 1SG.POSS-telephone IFR-2-release LNK NEG-IFR-hear-1SG house PST.IPFV-PASS-put LNK
Translation: Yesterday when you called [me] on the phone, I did not hear it, as [I was away and] had left the phone at home.' (conversation, 2015-06-18)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯ-fse a-ŋkʰor nɯ mɯ-pjɤ-mto-t-a
Glosses: 2SG SBJ:PCP-be.like 1SG.POSS-subject DEM NEG-IFR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have never seen anyone like you among my subjects.' (Smanmi 2003-2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤʑɯ ʑo to-mpɕɤr
Glosses: even.more EMPH IFR-be.beautiful
Translation: [The Phoenix] became even more beautiful than before.' (150901 bainiaochaofeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006296#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯrmɯmbju ɯ-pɯ nɯnɯ … ɯ-tɯɣmaz ra to-mna tɕe , ɲɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom to-cʰa .
Glosses: swallow 3SG.POSS-little.one DEM _ 3SG.POSS-wound PL IFR-be.better LNK IPFV-fly IFR-can
Translation: The swallow's wounds healed, and it was able to fly [again].' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲimawozɤr nɯ kɯ , [srɯnmɯ nɯ pjɤ-ftɯl], … [rŋgɯ kɤ-kɯ-nɤχtɕɤn ra pjɤ-ftɯl], tɕe iɕqʰa srɯnmɯ nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-kɯ-ra nɯra [smɤnmimitoʁkuɕana ri ɕ-ko-nɤʁdɤn] pjɤ-cʰa
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG râkshasî DEM IFR-subdue _ boulder AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.fierce PL IFR-subdue LNK FILLER râkshasî DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM:PL ANTHR also TRAL-IFR:EAST-invite IFR-can
Translation: Nyima 'Odzer had subdued the râkshasî, subdued the magical boulders, and also succeeded in inviting Smanmi Metog Koshana to the east, as the râkshasî had requested. (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [zdɯm kɯ-ɲaʁ nɯ cʰɤ-sɯ-jɣɤt] pjɤ-cʰa ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: cloud SBJ:PCP-be.black DEM IFR:DOWNSTREAM-CAUSE-turn.back IFR-can SENS-be
Translation: He succeeded in making the black cloud retreat.' (25-kAmYW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰɯ-mɤɕi-ndʑi mɯ-pjɤ-cʰa-ndʑi
Glosses: IPFV-be.rich-DU NEG-IFR.IPFV-can-DU
Translation: They were unable to become rich.' (Divination)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-nɤ-pe-t-a
Glosses: PST.IPFV-TROP-be.good-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I used to like it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rgɤnmɯ nɯ kɯ li iɕqʰa <yuwang> nɯ pjɤ-k-ɤsɯ-tʂɯβ-ci
Glosses: old.woman DEM ERG again the.aforementioned net DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-sew-PEG
Translation: The old woman was sewing nets (like before).' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-jaʁ ri li kɯkɯra ntsɯ pɯ-tu tɕe pɯ-dɤn . tɕeri nɯ ɯ-qʰu li iɕqʰa stu kɯ-mɤku nɯ-kɯ-ɬoʁ nɯ-nɯ-me qʰe tɕe ɲɤ-nɯ-me
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-hand LOC again DEM.PROX:PL always PST.IPFV-exist LNK PST.IPFV-be.many LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-after again FILLER MOST SBJ:PCP-be.first AOR-SBJ:PCP-come.out AOR-AUTO-not.exist LNK LNK IFR-AUTO-not.exist
Translation: I had [warts] on my hand there, and there were a lot. But later, the [wart] that had first come out disappeared by itself, and [the rest] disappeared.' (24-pGArtsAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr kʰɯ~kʰro ʑo jo-tɯ-lɤt ri mɯ-pjɤ-mtsʰam-a ma kʰamu pɯ-asɯ-βzu-a
Glosses: yesterday EMPH~much EMPH IFR-2-release LNK NEG-IFR-hear-1SG LNK cooking PST.IPFV-PROG-make-1SG
Translation: Yesterday you called [me] many times (on the phone), but I did not hear it, as I was cooking.' (conversation, 14-12-2018)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ-nɯkʰɤda-t-a ri , mɯ́j-pʰɤn , tɕe pɯ-nɯ-ɣɤwu ɕti
Glosses: girl AOR-convince-PST:TR-1SG LNK NEG:SENS-be.efficient LNK PST.IPFV-AUTO-cry be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I comforted the girl, but to no avail, [as] she was still crying.' (2003 zrAntCW tWrme)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: praʁkʰaŋ ci pjɤ-tu qʰe , praʁkʰaŋ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu pjɤ-fsoʁ . nɯ ɯ-rkɯ nɯra rcanɯ , li nɤkinɯ , si ra pjɤ-k-ɤrŋi-ci ʑo . nɤkinɯ , mɯntoʁ kɯnɤ wuma ʑo pjɤ-dɤn , tɕe pjɤ-sɤ-scit . … ɯ-ŋgɯ lo-ɕe ri , tɕe nɯnɯtɕu rgɤtpu χsɯm kɯ , nɤki , kumbrɤl pjɤ-k-ɤsɯ-lɤt-nɯ
Glosses: cave INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK cave 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC IFR.IPFV-be.bright DEM 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC UNEXP:DEG again FILLER tree PL IFR.IPFV-PEG-be.green-PEG EMPH FILLER flower also really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.many LNK IFR.IPFV-PROP-be.happy _ 3SG.POSS-inside IFR:UPSTREAM-go LNK LNK DEM:LOC old.man three ERG FILLER chess IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-release-PL
Translation: There was a cave. Inside the cave, there was light. Around it, the trees were green, and there were many flowers, it was a very nice [place]. (…) He entered [the cave], and in there there were three old men playing chess.' (150902 qixian-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wuma ʑo pɯ-asɯ-ndza-ndʑi , pɯ-pe jamar ʑo tɕe tɕendɤre , nɯnɯ , nɤki , kʰa nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-kɯm to-ɲɟɯ
Glosses: really EMPH PST.IPFV-PROG-eat-DU PST.IPFV-be.good about EMPH LNK LNK DEM FILLER house DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-door IFR-ACAUS:open
Translation: While/Right at the moment when they were eating [the sweets] in big quantity and were [enjoying it], the door of the house opened.' (140507 tangguowu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ mɯɣʑɯsapa nɯ tɕeki nɯ tɕe a-pɯ-ɤ-rɤt tɕe pɯ-pe ma
Glosses: DEM TOPO DEM down DEM LOC IRR-IPFV-PASS-write LNK PST.IPFV-be.good LNK
Translation: It would have been better if [the name] mɯɣʑɯsapa had been written down there (on a sheet of paper where many names of locations in the mountains had been written).' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kʰa jɤ-ɣe-a ri , a-ku kɤ-nɯ-rpu-t-a
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-house AOR-come[II]-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-head AOR-AUTO-bump-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: When I came to your house, I bumped my head (on the door frame).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kʰa jɤ-ɣe-a ri , a-ku pjɯ-pʰaβ-a a-pɯ-ŋu tɕe mɯ-pɯ-nɯ-rpu-t-a .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-house AOR-come[II]-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-head IPFV-lower-1SG IRR-IPFV-be LNK NEG-PST.IPFV-AUTO-bump-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: When I came to your house, if I had lowered my head, I wouldn't have bumped it [into the door frame].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme ci pɯ-taʁ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: girl INDEF PST.IPFV-weave SENS-be
Translation: A girl was weaving.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “ɕɯ kɯ nɯ-tɯ́-wɣ-mbi tɤ-ti ma mɤ-jɤɣ" kʰɯ-ti-nɯ .
Glosses: who ERG AOR-2-INV-give IMP-say apart.from NEG-be.possible:FACT ???-say-PL
Translation: Who gave this to you, you must tell us.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “nɤ-kɤχcɤl nɤ-ʁrɯ nɯ pjɯ-tɯ-pʰɯt tɕe kɤ-nɯ-ɕe ɲɯ-kʰɯ kʰi" ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-top.of.head 2SG.POSS-horn DEM IPFV-2-take.off LNK INF-AUTO-go SENS-be.possible SFP say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: He said: “If you remove the horn on the top of your head, it will be possible for you to go wherever you want.”.' (divination 2005,101)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɯŋgɯ nɯtɕu , nɤkinɯ , wuma ʑo spjaŋkɯ kɯ-mtsɯr ci pjɤ-tu . tɕendɤre nɯnɯtɕu ɯ-kɤ-ndza aʁɤndɯndɤt pjɤ-k-ɤsɯ-ɕar-ci .
Glosses: forest DEM:LOC FILLER really EMPH wolf SBJ:PCP-be.hungry INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat everywhere IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-search-PEG
Translation: In the forest, there was a wolf, and he was looking for food everywhere.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-tɯ-ɤ́<wɣ>z-nɯkʰramba
Glosses: SENS-2-PROG<INV>-cheat
Translation: S/he is cheating you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ŋga cʰɤ-ɴɢraʁ ldʐɤβldʐɤβ ʑo ri , ɲɯ-ɤ<nɯ>sɯ-ŋga
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-clothes IFR-ACAUS:tear IDPH(II):in.shreds EMPH LNK SENS-PROG<AUTO>-wear
Translation: His clothes are torn to shreds, but he is still wearing them.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-zda kɯ ɲɯ-ɤ́-wɣ-nɯ-nɤjo
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion ERG SENS-PROG-AUTO-wait
Translation: His_i companion is waiting for him_i.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-kɯ-ɤsɯ-zgroʁ-a
Glosses: SENS-2→1-PROG-attach-1SG
Translation: You are tying me up.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: akɯ <xianzhong> ri <chuzhong> ku-osɯ-βzjoz .
Glosses: east district.school LOC junior.high.school PRS-PROG-learn
Translation: She is in junior high school at the district school.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S329"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: srɤz ɣɯ jɯm ku-osɯ-ɕar-i , lu χsɯ-xpa pɯ-ŋke-j pɯ-ra ri
Glosses: prince GEN wife PRS-PROG-search-1PL year three-year PST.IPFV-walk-1PL PST.IPFV-be.needed LNK
Translation: We are looking for the prince's wife, we had to walk for three years.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma tɤŋe me nɯtɕu tɕe , zdɯm lu-ɣi ŋu tɕe , nɯ ɯ-ngɯ nɯra , tɯ-mɯ kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ʑo asɯ-lɤt tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ βɣɤrtsʰi wuma ʑo dɤn .
Glosses: LNK sun not.exist:FACT DEM:LOC LNK cloud IPFV:UPSTREAM-come be:FACT LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in DEM:PL INDEF.POSS-sky SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small EMPH PROG-release:FACT LNK LNK DEM mosquito really EMPH be.many:FACT
Translation: When the sun has not appeared (yet, in the morning), when clouds come, and there is a little rain, the mosquitoes are particularly numerous.' (25-RmArYWG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003652#S36"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ qaprɤŋar kɯ zdɯm tu-tɕɤt ŋu tɕe tɯ-mɯ lɤt tu-ti-nɯ ŋgrɤl
Glosses: DEM TOPO ERG cloud IPFV-take.out be:FACT LNK INDEF.POSS-sky release:FACT IPFV-say-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: [The snake from] Qaprangar is releasing clouds, and it will rain.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S322"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki ɯ-mdoʁ ʑo asɯ-ndo .
Glosses: DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-colour EMPH PROG-take:FACT
Translation: It is this colour.' (23-mbrAZim) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003604#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo <dagong> ntsɯ pɯ-asɯ-βzu tɕe nɤki , pɯ-nɯŋgra ntsɯ ri , japa ri tɕe , … <kaoshi> pɯ-cʰa
Glosses: LNK everywhere EMPH work.for.salary always PST.IPFV-PROG-make LNK FILLER PST.IPFV-work.for.salary always LNK last.year LOC LNK _ examination AOR-can
Translation: She used to do migrant work everywhere, but last year (…) she passed the exam (to become a civil servant).' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯkɯre ri jɯɣi pɯ-asɯ-rtoʁ-a ɕti tɕe , maka pɯ-mto-t-a maka me
Glosses: 1SG DEM:LOC LOC book PST.IPFV-PROG-look-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK at.all AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG at.all not.exist:FACT
Translation: I was here reading books, I did not see anything.' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: woja nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ kɯmaʁ smɤn , nɯnɯ kɯ-fse <gaipian> pɯ-tu nɯnɯ pɯ-asɯ-ndza-a . tɕe nɯ tʰɯ-arɕo koʁmɯz nɤ , nɤʑo kɤ-tɯ-sɯ-ɣɯt nɯ tu-ndze-a . nɤʑo kɤ-tɯ-sɯɣɯt nɯnɯ , <gaipian> ɲɯ-ŋu ɣe , tɕe nɯ ku-osɯ-ndza-a .
Glosses: INTERJ DEM before other medicine DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like calcium.tablet PST.IPFV-exist DEM PST.IPFV-PROG-eat-1SG LNK DEM AOR-be.finished.up only.then ADD 2SG aor:east-2-CAUS-bring DEM IPFV-eat[III]-1SG 2SG aor:east-2-CAUS-bring DEM calcium.tablet SENS-be SFP LNK DEM PRS-PROG-eat-1SG
Translation: Before that I had other medicine, [another] calcium tablet like that, and that was the one I was taking. I [started] taking the [medicine] you sent me when [the previous one] was finished up. The [medicine] you sent me, the calcium tablet, I am taking that (now).' (conversation 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [tɤ-pɤtso ra kɯ az-nɯrdoʁ-nɯ ɯ-raŋ] ʑo tɕe tɕendɤre , ʑɤni daltsɯtsa ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɯ-ɤrqʰi-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-child PL ERG PROG-collect:FACT-PL 3SG.POSS-time EMPH LOC LNK 3DU slowly IFR-REFL-CAUS-be.far-DU LNK
Translation: While the children were collecting [firewood](piece by piece), [their parents] slowly moved away (from them).' (160630 poucet1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɤ-lu to-χtɯ-ndʑi , a-paχɕi ra to-χtɯ-ndʑi , <gongxun> kɯ iʑo ji-skɤt ɲɯ-ɤsɯ-βzu tɕe , `nɤ-tɤ-lu cʰo nɤ-paχɕi tɤ-χtɯ-tɕi' nɯra ɲɯ-ti .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-milk IFR-buy-DU 1SG.POSS-apple PL IFR-buy-DU ANTHR ERG 1PL 1PL.POSS-language SENS-PROG-make LNK 2SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-milk COMIT 2SG.POSS-apple AOR-buy-1DU DEM:PL SENS-say
Translation: They bought milk and apples for me, and Gong Xun (龚勋) said, speaking in our language: `We bought milk and apples for you'.' (conversation, 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-nmaʁ nɯ japandʐi ri , wuma ʑo tɤ-ngo tɕe zɯmi ʑo jɯ-nɯ-si
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-husband DEM the.year.before LOC really EMPH AOR-be.ill LNK almost EMPH PROXM-AOR-die
Translation: Her husband became sick a few years ago, and almost died.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zɯmi jɯ-pɯ́-wɣ-sat-a .
Glosses: almost PROXM-AOR-INV-kill-1SG
Translation: He almost killed me.' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006336#S132"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-lu ʑo jɯ-pjɤ-cɯ , tɯ-mu kɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-faint(1) EMPH PROXM-IFR-faint(2) NMLZ:ACTION-fear ERG
Translation: He almost fainted from fear.' (150909 hua pi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006278#S66"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɯ-tɤxɯr jɯ-ko-ɕe ʑo tɕe , tɕe tɕe , nɯ ma mɯ-ɲɤ-cʰa tɕe
Glosses: three-turn PROXM-IFR:EAST-go EMPH LNK LNK LNK DEM apart.from NEG-IFR-can LNK
Translation: He almost completed (was about to complete) the third lap, but could not [run] any more.' (2003 sras 110-111)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯ-nɯʑɯβ ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: PROXM-sleep:FACT EMPH SENS-be
Translation: He is about to fall asleep.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯ-atar-a ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: PROXM-fall:FACT-1SG EMPH SENS-be
Translation: I am about to fall down.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-pɣi ci koŋla ʑo zɯmi jɯ-tu-kɯ-wɣrum kɯ-fse ci ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.grey INDEF completely EMPH almost PROXM-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.white SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF SENS-be
Translation: It is grey, almost like it is about to become white.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ ɯ-ndʑɯɣ nɯnɯ a-pɯ-tu tɕe tɕendɤre , pɣa ra jɯ-ɕ-ku-zo-nɯ tɕe tɕe kú-wɣ-ndo-nɯ tɕe pjɯ-si-nɯ pjɯ-ŋgrɤl ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-resin DEM IRR-IPFV-exist LNK LNK bird PL PROXM-TRAL-IPFV-land-PL LNK LNK IPFV-INV-take-PL LNK IPFV-die-PL IPFV-be.usually.the.case SENS-be
Translation: If its resin appeared, birds would get stuck in it as soon as they landed [on the tree] and would die.' (140427 yanzi yu niaolei-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁdɯxpa naχpu ɣɯ ɯ-tɕɯ kɯ a-tɕɯ sat pɯ-ŋu ri , ɲɤ-tɯ-sɤtɯta-t tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-son ERG 1SG.POSS-son kill:FACT PST.IPFV-be LNK IFR-2-separate-PST:TR LNK
Translation: The son of Klu gdugpa nagpo was about to kill (almost killed) my son, but you separated them.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤmɯɣdɯ lɤt pjɤ-ŋu ri … ɲɤ-sɯso tɕe
Glosses: gun release:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK _ IFR-think LNK
Translation: [The hunter] was about to shoot, but he thought `…” (140428 xiaohongmao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S140"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tɯ́-wɣ-ɕaβ tɤ-ŋu tɕe , aʑo kɯ ʁe nɯ ɲɯ-ɕtʰɯz-a
Glosses: 2SG 2-INV-catch.up:FACT AOR-be LNK 1SG ERG left DEM IPFV:WEST-turn.towards-1SG
Translation: When they are about to catch up with you, I will turn my left [hand] in their direction. (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wo a-wɤmɯ ra mɤ-tɯ-ɣi-nɯ ɯ́-ŋu ma , kɯ-ndza ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-brother PL NEG-2-come:FACT-PL QU-be:FACT LNK GENR:S/O-eat:FACT SENS-be
Translation: My brothers, aren't you coming, [the râkshasî] is about to eat us!' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤ-rŋgɯ~rŋgɯ kɯnɤ tɯ-kɤrnoʁ ɲɯ-mtɕɯr tɕe , “atar-a ɲɯ-ŋu" kɤ-sɯso ʑo ntɕʰɤr
Glosses: GER-lie.down also GENR.POSS-brain IPFV-turn LNK fall:FACT-1SG SENS-be INF-think EMPH appear:FACT
Translation: Even lying down, you feel dizzy, and it feels like you are about to fall down.' (29-tAmtshAzkAkWndo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki χɕɤl ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe , nɯ fse laχtɕʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ cʰɯ-tɯ-rke tɕe ɕɯ-ɴɢrɯ kɯ !
Glosses: DEM.PROX glass SENS-be LNK DEM be.like:FACT thing 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-2-put.in[III] LNK APPR-ACAUS:break SFP
Translation: This is [made of] glass, if you put it like that in something else, I am afraid it will break.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ kʰɯtsa ta-ndo tɕe , ɕa-nɯ-qrɯ kɯ !
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son DEM ERG bowl AOR:3→3-take LNK APPR:3→3-AUTO-break SFP
Translation: My son took the bowl, I am afraid that he will break it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mɯ ɕa-lɤt kɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-weather APPR:3→3-release SFP
Translation: I am afraid that it will rain.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɕɯ-tɯ-nɤma-t kɯ
Glosses: DEM APPR-2-do-PST:TR SFP
Translation: I am afraid that you will do that.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɯ-tɯ-tɯt kɯ
Glosses: APPR-2-say[II] SFP
Translation: I am afraid that you will say it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɯ-a<nɯ>ri kɯ
Glosses: APPR-<AUTO>go[II] SFP
Translation: I am afraid that he will go away.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤʑo stɤβtsʰɤt ci mɯ-ɕɯ-tɯ-cʰa] ɲɯ-sɯsam-a tɕe , nɯ ɲɯ-nɯzdɯɣ-a wo
Glosses: 2SG contest INDEF NEG-APPREHENSIVE-2-can SENS-think[III]-1SG LNK DEM SENS-be.worried-1SG SFP
Translation: I fear that you will not win the contest, this is what I am worried about.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɕɯ-maqʰu-a kɯ ʑo] ɲɤ-sɯso-nɯ tɕe rcanɯ , pɕoʁʑi kɯβde ʑo jo-ɣi-nɯ .
Glosses: APPR-be.after-1SG SFP EMPH IFR-think LNK unexpectedly corner four EMPH IFR-come-PL
Translation: Afraid of being late (thinking `I am afraid that I will be late'), they came from the four corners of the world.' (150906 toutao)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ-ɕɯ-kʰɯ kɯ nɯ-sɯso-t-a
Glosses: NEG-APPR-be.possible SFP AOR-think-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I thought it would not work.' (conversation, 02-05-2018; after opening a washing machine, expecting it would not open)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɯ-kɯ-mpɕa-a kɯ !
Glosses: APPREHENSIVE-2→1-scold-1SG SFP
Translation: I am afraid that you will scold me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰa-a ɕi mɤ-cʰa-a mɤ-xsi , pɤjkʰu xtɕi-a ɕti
Glosses: can:FACT-1SG QU NEG-can:FACT-1SG NEG-GENR:know:FACT still be.small:FACT-1SG be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I don't know whether I will be able to do it, I am still young.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯmɤ-jɤ-azɣɯt
Glosses: PROB-AOR-arrive
Translation: He probably has already arrived.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕi-ɬaʁ nɯnɯ , tɕi-taʁ ɯmɤ-pe
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-MZ DEM 1DU.POSS-on PROB-be.good:FACT
Translation: (Now that we have money), maybe our stepmother will treat us better.' (140507 tangguowu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003933#S151"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ja ndʑi-ɕki tɤ-tɯt-a ri , mɯ-ta-tɯt-ndʑi ɯmɤ-ŋu ma
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-sister 3DU.POSS-DAT AOR:3→3-say[II]-1SG LNK NEG-AOR:3→3-say[II]-DU PROB-be:FACT SFP
Translation: I have told your two elder sisters, but they presumably have not told [your parents] about it (since they have not given any answer).' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤr tɕe tu-mbri tɕe , “qaqaqaqa" tu-ti ŋu tɕe nɯnɯ pɣɤɲaʁ ŋu . “pɣɤɲaʁ ŋu" tu-ti-nɯ , ŋu tɕe ɯmɤ-ŋu ma mɤ-xsi matɕi ɕɤr ndɤre mɯ́j-sɤ-mto tɕe .
Glosses: night LOC IPFV-cry LNK INTERJ IPFV-say be:FACT LNK DEM pheasant be:FACT pheasant be:FACT IPFV-say-PL be:FACT LNK PROB-be:FACT LNK NEG-GENR:know:FACT LNK night LOC NEG:SENS-PROP-see LNK
Translation: It sings at night, it makes the sound qaqaqaqa, that is the pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha. They say it is the Pucrasia macrolopha, maybe it is, we don't know, at night it is not visible.' (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɣa ra kɯ tu-ndza-nɯ ɯmɤ-kɯ-ŋu-ci ma
Glosses: bird PL ERG IPFV-eat-PL PROB-PEG-be-PEG LNK
Translation: Maybe birds eat it.' (17-thowum) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003526#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: alo tɕu rgɯnba ci ɣɤʑu ɯmɤ-kɯ-ŋu-ci tɕe
Glosses: upstream LOC temple INDEF exist:SENS PROB-PEG-be-PEG LNK
Translation: It looks like there is a temple up there.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯmɤ-cʰɯ-mɤɕi-a
Glosses: PROB-IPFV-be.rich-1SG
Translation: If only I could become rich!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “iɕqʰa rɟɤlpu ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ ɯmɤ-pjɯ-mtam-a" ntsɯ ɲɯ-sɯsɤm pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: the.aforementioned king 3SG.POSS-son DEM PROB-IPFV-see[III]-1SG always IPFV-think[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: She was thinking all the time: `If only I could see the prince!” (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “nɯ-kʰi ɣe" ti qʰe ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-luck SFP say:FACT LNK
Translation: She said: `They are so lucky.' (to have so much cattle).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “tɕiʑɤɣ ɯmɤ-pjɯ-ŋu nɤ lɤ-ɣi wo !" ntsɯ tu-ti pɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 1DU:GEN PROB-IPFV-be ADD IMP:UPSTREAM-come always SFP IPFV-say PST.IPFV-be SENS-be
Translation: He said each time: `Maybe [this cattle] will be ours, come.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rcanɯ mti pjɯrɯ ʁɟa ʑo tɤrɤmɕkʰo pɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ŋu . `nɯ a-mi pjɯ-te-a ri ɯβrɤ-sqlɯm ma' na-sɯso ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: UNEXP:DEG turquoise coral completely EMPH floor PST.IPFV-be SENS-be DEM 1SG.POSS-foot IPFV:DOWN-put[III]-1SG LNK RH.Q-collapse:FACT SFP AOR:3→3-think SENS-be
Translation: The floor was all tiled with and turquoise and coral. She thought `If I tread on it, it will not yield under my weight, will it?” (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrmɯkʰa nɤ nɯ-βɣo jɤ-azɣɯt nɤ “joβ ɯβrɤ-ɕ-tɤ-tɯ-tɯt-nɯ ?" ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: evening ADD 3PL.POSS-FB AOR-arrive ADD INTERJ RH.Q-TRAL-AOR-2-say[II]-PL say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: In the evening, their lama arrived and said: `You did not go and say joβ (to the girl), did you?' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “a-taʁ nɯtɕu , loŋbutɕʰi nɯ ɯβrɤ-ɣɯ-rŋgɯ ma" ɲɯ-sɯsɤm tɕe , nɯ ntsɯ ɯ-kɤ-nɯzdɯɣ ɲɯ-ŋu kʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC elephant DEM RH.Q-CISL-lie.down:FACT SFP IPFV-think[III] LNK DEM always 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-worry/about SENS-be HEARSAY
Translation: [The marmot]_i thinks: `The elephant_j won't come and sleep on my [hole], will it_j?', this is what it_i worried about.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mu , jɯɣmɯr tɕe kʰu ɯβrɤ-ɣi ɣe !
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother this.evening LNK tiger RH.Q-come:FACT SFP
Translation: Mother, the tiger will come this evening (to eat us), won't it?' (X1-khu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤki nɯ-tɤɲi ɯ-taʁ kɤ-rɤt nɯ ɯβrɤ-kɯ-z-nɤmɲo-a-nɯ ?
Glosses: DEM:MEDIAL 2PL.POSS-staff 3SG.POSS-on OBJ:PCP-write DEM RH.Q-2→1-CAUS-watch-1SG-PL
Translation: You wouldn't show me what is written on that staff of yours, would you?' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑo ra χsɯm nɯ , [a-rʑaβ cʰɯ-tɯ-ɣi-nɯ] ɯβrɤ-jɤɣ ?
Glosses: 2PL PL three DEM 1SG.POSS-wife IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-2-come-PL RH.Q-be.possible:FACT
Translation: The three of you, would you come [to my palace and become] my wives?' (Norzang 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kɯ-mŋɤm ɯβrɤ-ku-tu , nɤ-ɕqʰe ɯβrɤ-ku-tʰɯ ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt RH.Q-PRS-exist 2SG.POSS-cough RH.Q-PRS-be.serious
Translation: You don't have a disease (these days), do you? Your cough is not serious, is it?' (conversation, 2016-03-20)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pʰɤn ɯβrɤ-pjɯ-tu-a ri ʁdɯɣ nɯ ɯβrɤ-pjɯ-tu-a tɕe tɤ-rca cʰɯ-ɣi-a je
Glosses: be.efficient:FACT QU.R-IPFV-exist-1SG LNK harm:FACT DEM QU.R-IPFV-exist-1SG LNK INDEF.POSS-together IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come-1SG SFP
Translation: Even if I am of no use at least I will not do any harm, let me come along!' (X1-tWJo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰro ɯβrɤ-kɯ-pe-ci
Glosses: much RH.Q-PEG-be.good:FACT-PEG
Translation: [What you are proposing] does not look nice (fair).' (140506 nongfu he mogui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003925#S69"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁloŋbutɕʰi nɯ , ɯ-rme ra ɯβrɤ-kɯ-tu-ci
Glosses: elephant DEM 3SG.POSS-hair PL RH.Q-PEG-exist:FACT-PEG
Translation: The elephant, it seems that it does not have hair (on its body).' (19-RloNbutChi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003550#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki ɲɯ-tɯ-kʰɤm ɯ́-jɤɣ
Glosses: DEM.PROX IPFV-2-give[III] QU-be.possible:FACT
Translation: Could you pass [me] this thing?' (2003, conversation taRrdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki sakaβ ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu si ɯ-ɣɤ́ʑu ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX well 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC tree QU-exist:SENS
Translation: Are there trees near this well?' (140517 mogui de jing-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wortɕʰi ʑo a-tɤ-tɯ-tʰe ɯ́-jɤɣ ?
Glosses: please EMPH IRR-PFV-2-ask[III] QU-be.possible:FACT
Translation: Can you ask [for me]?' (divination 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤɣ , jɤɣ !
Glosses: be.possible:FACT be.possible:FACT
Translation: Yes, yes!' (divination 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “nɤ-nmaʁ nɯ a-tɤ-sɯsu” ɯ-ɲɯ́-tɯ-sɯsɤm nɤ , kɯki tɤ-ndze
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-husband DEM IRR-PFV-live QU-SENS-2-think[III] ADD DEM.PROX IMP-eat[III]
Translation: If you want your husband to live, eat this!' (150909 hua pi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006278#S164"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ nɯ ŋu ci ma me ɲɯ-sɯsɤm qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM ERG DEM be:FACT INDEF apart.from not.exist:FACT SENS-think[III] LNK
Translation: It believed that it was like that.' (`The sparrow believed that making a nest in the chimney was safe, but in the end it was asphyxiated by the smoke and died.') (160707 kumpGAtCW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑa zɣɯt-a ci ma me nɯ-sɯso-t-a ri , tɤ-mda tɕe pjɤ-k-ɤrqʰi-ci .
Glosses: soon arrive:FACT-1SG INDEF apart.from not.exist:FACT AOR-think-PST:TR-1SG LNK AOR-be.the.time LNK IFR.IPFV-PEG-be.far-PEG
Translation: I thought that I would arrive quickly, but it turns out that it was very far.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajdo kɯ tɕʰi mɤ-nɯ-ti ɕti nɤ , a-tɤ-nɯ-ti ma ŋu cinɤ maʁ kɯ , nɯ sɤznɤ kɯ-scɯ-scit rɤʑi-tɕi
Glosses: crow ERG what NEG-AUTO-say:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK IRR-PFV-AUTO-say LNK be:FACT even not.be:FACT SFP DEM COMP SBJ:PCP-EMPH~happy stay:FACT-1DU
Translation: What wouldn't a crow say (a crow tells only lies), let it say what it wants, in any case none of it is true, let us live [together] happily rather (than worrying about that).' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-mɯrkɯ ŋu-a cinɤ maʁ kɯ
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-steal be:FACT-1SG even not.be SFP
Translation: Anyway it is not I who am the thief.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ nɯ , … kɯrcɤ-ldʑa jamar ɣɤʑu] ɯ-mdoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-limb DEM _ eight-piece about exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-colour
Translation: It looks like [the spider] has eight limbs.' (26-mYaRmtsaR-48) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003672#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [iɕqʰa nɯ [kɤntɕʰɯ-sŋi ʑo tu-ndza-nɯ] ɲɯ-rtaʁ] ɯ-mdoʁ
Glosses: the.aforementioned DEM several-day EMPH IPFV-eat-PL SENS-be.enough 3SG.POSS-colour
Translation: It looks like [the meat from one of those] is enough [for the lions] to eat for several days.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χpɯn kɯ-tsʰu nɯ maka mɯ-ɲɯ-mɯnmu tɕe ku-nɯ-rɤʑi pjɤ-ɕti ma [kɯ-ɕe] mɯ-pjɤ-nɯmdoʁ .
Glosses: monk SBJ:PCP-be.fat DEM at.all NEG-IPFV-move LNK IPFV-AUTO-stay IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK SBJ:PCP-go NEG-IFR.IPFV-look.like
Translation: The fat monk was not moving and remained there, and did not look like he was going [anywhere].' (150830 san ge heshang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯ-ɕe] ɲɯ-tɯ-nɯmdoʁ
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-go SENS-2-look.like
Translation: You look like you are going.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯrme kɯ-pe ci] ɲɯ-nɯmdoʁ
Glosses: person SBJ:PCP-be.good INDEF SENS-look.like
Translation: He looks like someone nice.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr nɤ-ɕɣa kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ʑo , tɯrme ntsɯ tɯ-ndze mɤ-kɯ-ra ci a-nɯ-tɯ-ɤβzu smɯlɤm
Glosses: girl SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful 2SG.POSS-tooth/age SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small EMPH people always 2-eat[III]:FACT NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.needed INDEF IRR-PFV-2-become prayer
Translation: May you become a very beautiful, nice and young girl who does not have to eat humans.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ tɤ-nɯ-ndɤm tɕe tɯ-mɤɕi smɯlɤm
Glosses: DEM IMP-AUTO-take[III] LNK 2-be.rich:FACT prayer
Translation: Take (this cattle and, and may you be rich!' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora kɯnɤ tɯ-scit-nɯ tɕe nɯ , nɯ-kɯ-mŋɤm ra a-pɯ-me smɯlɤm nɤ !
Glosses: 2PL also 2-be.happy:FACT LNK DEM 2PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt PL IRR-IPFV-not.exist prayer SFP
Translation: May you be happy and be free from any disease.' (conversation, 15-01-02)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: smɯlɤm nɯ na-ndɯn-nɯ ndɤre , “ki ɯ-ʁɤri nɯ sɯstaʁ ʑo kɯ-ɤcʰɯcʰa , ki ɯ-ʁɤri nɯ sɯstaʁ ʑo kɯ-pe … a-nɯ-βze smɯlɤm" ta-tɯt-nɯ
Glosses: prayer DEM AOR:3→3-read-PL LNK DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-before DEM COMP EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.capable DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-before DEM COMP EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.good _ IRR-PFV-make[III] prayer AOR:3→3-say[II]-PL
Translation: They recited the prayer, and said `May you become even stronger and better than before.” (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo a-tʰɯ-tɯ-mɤɕi ɲɯ-nɯ-smɯlam-a
Glosses: 2SG IRR-PFV-2-be.rich SENS-DENOM-prayer-1SG
Translation: I wish that you will become rich.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-mu ɯ-wa ni] ʁnaʁna ɲɤ-si-ndʑi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-father du both IFR-die-DU
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯkɯra <xuexiao> ɲɯ-rga-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM.PROX:PL school SENS-like-PL
Translation: Those (the children) like school.' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤɕi nɯ , pɣa ra nɯstʰi mɤ-rga-nɯ .
Glosses: barley DEM bird PL that.much NEG-like:FACT-PL
Translation: The barley, the birds don't like it so much.' (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-pi ni] tʂu kɯ-wxti nɯtɕu jo-ɕe-ndʑi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU road SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM:LOC IFR-go-DU
Translation: His two elder brothers went [along] the big road.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯmɯnɤmkʰa nɯtɕu [qro χsɯm] pjɯ-ɣi-nɯ
Glosses: heaven DEM:LOC pigeon three IPFV:DOWN-come-PL
Translation: (Every day), three pigeon came down from heaven.' (02-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰu ɣɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu [mtsʰoʁlaŋ] to-nɯ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: lake GEN 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC water.monster IFR-AUTO-come.out
Translation: A water monster came out of the lake.' (2011-04-smanmi)