lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βʑɯ sɤz kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi wxti .
Glosses: mouse COMP INF:STAT-EMPH~be.small be.big:FACT
Translation: It is a little bigger than a mouse.' (21-GzWLa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003570#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre mɤkɯftsʰi ʑo , nɤki ɯ-me ɣɯ ɯ-mi nɯ iɕqʰa tɯ-xtsa ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu cʰɤ-sɯ-rku
Glosses: LNK forcibly EMPH FILLER 3SG.POSS-daughter GEN 3SG.POSS-foot DEM the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-shoe 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IFR:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-put.in
Translation: She forced her daughter to put her foot into that shoe.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɕɯ kɯβde nɯra wuma ʑo ŋɤtɕɯkɤti pjɤ-kʰɯ-nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-son four DEM:PL really EMPH obey.to.everything(1) IFR.IPFV-obey.to.everything(2)-PL
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯ-fse a-ŋkʰor nɯ ɯ-mto mɯ-pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: you NMLZ:STAT-be.like 1SG.POSS-subject TOP 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:see NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤtsa ni ndʑi-pa ɲɯ-ʁzɤβ rca
Glosses: parents.and.children DU 3DU.POSS-BARE.INF:do SENS-be.careful SFP
Translation: The two of them do things very carefully.' (14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ tɯ-ŋga nɯ ɯ-tʂɯβ tʰɯ-jɤɣ
Glosses: LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-clothes DEM 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:sew AOR-finish
Translation: When one has finished sewing the clothes, …' (30-tWNga)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lu-ji-nɯ qʰe ɯ-nɤpɯpa tu-ɣɤ-βdi-nɯ , ɯ-ɣli ra ku-sɤpe-nɯ qʰe , cʰɯ-do ɲɯ-cʰa .
Glosses: IPFV-plant-PL LNK 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:take.care IPFV-CAUS-be.good-PL 3SG.POSS-dung PL IPFV-do.well-PL LNK IPFV-be.fibrous SENS-can
Translation: [Now people] plant [pumpkin also in higher areas], [if] they take good care of it and add enough fertilizer, it becomes fibrous (so that it can be sowed for the next year).' (140522 kAmYW tWji)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-mi ɯ-tsʰoʁ ɯ-tsʰɯɣa nɯra wuma ʑo naχtɕɯɣ-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-foot 3SG-BARE.INF:attach.to 3SG.POSS-form DEM:PL very EMPH be.the.same:FACT-DU
Translation: The way their legs [of fleas and crickets] touch the ground is very similar.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndza mɤ-ndza me-a
Glosses: BARE.INF:eat NEG-BARE.INF:eat not.exist:FACT-1SG
Translation: Whether [you] eat me or not, it amounts to the same.' (sentence obtained as the correction of a sentence I produced to translate a story in Japhug)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-qiɯ ɲɯ-mtsʰam-a , ɯ-qiɯ mɯ́j-mtsʰam-a qʰe , ɕe mɤ-ɕe maŋe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-half SENS-hear-1SG 3SG.POSS-half NEG:SENS-hear-1SG LNK BARE.INF:go NEG-BARE.INF:go not.exist:SENS
Translation: I can hear half of it, can't hear the other half, whether or not [I] go, it amounts to the same.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ŋke ta-ʑa tɕe
Glosses: INF:II-walk AOR:3→3-start LNK
Translation: When it starts moving…' (26-NalitCaRmbWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003676#S76"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: si nɯ daltsɯtsa nɯ tɯ-ɤrŋi ɲo-ʑa tɕe
Glosses: tree DEM slowly DEM INF:II-be.green IFR-start LNK
Translation: The tree slowly started to become green.' (divination 2003)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mɯ kɯ-wxtɯ~wxti ʑo tɯ-lɤt pjɤ-ʑa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big EMPH INF-throw IFR-start
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaɟy ɯ-me nɯnɯ , tɕendɤre kʰro mɤ-tɯ-rga to-ʑa
Glosses: fish 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM LNK a.lot NEG-INF:II-like IFR-start
Translation: He started not liking the mermaid that much [anymore].' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰu nɯ cʰɯmcʰɯm ʑo , tɕe , tɯ-skɤm pjɤ-sɤʑa
Glosses: lake DEM IDPH(II):slowly.retreating EMPH LNK INF:II-be.dry IFR-start
Translation: The [water of the] lake started to retreat slowly.' (nyima wodzer 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbarkʰom tɯ-ɣi pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: TOPO INF:II-come AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I came to Mbarkham before.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-rɤ-rɤt pa-ʑa
Glosses: INF:II-APASS-write AOR:3→3-start
Translation: He started writing.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤscoz ɯ-rɤt pa-ʑa
Glosses: letter 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:write AOR:3→3-start
Translation: He started writing the/a letter.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ndʑi-tɯ-ɤmɯmi ndʑi-tɯ-scit pɯ-saχaʁ ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.on.good.terms 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.happy PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH SENS-be
Translation: They were very happy together.' (2005 Lobzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-mi ɯ-tɯ-ɤjʁu kɯnɤ mɯ́j-naχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-leg 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.curved also NEG:SENS-be.the.same
Translation: [People with clubfoot] also differ in the way that their feet are curved (some have both legs curved, some only one, some have the legs rotated inwards, others rotated outwards) (160719 kAmARu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: japa tɕe pʰaʁrgot ɯ-tɯ-nɤru ɲɯ-saχaʁ ʑo tɕe
Glosses: last.year LOC boar 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-eat.crops SENS-be.extremely EMPH LNK
Translation: Last year, a boar was causing a lot of damages to the crops.' (150829 phaRrgot)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-tɯ-ɤmdzɯ kɯ-βdi mɤ-kɯ-βdi kɯnɤ ʑo cʰɯ-sɤfɕɤra-nɯ pɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: GENR:POSS-NMLZ:DEG-sit INF:STAT-be.well NEG-INF:STAT-be.well also EMPH IPFV-discuss-PL PST.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT
Translation: People would discuss whether one sat properly or not.' (31-khAjmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004079#S28"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka ɯ-tɯ-nɤ-mpɕɤr kɯ pjɤ-nɤscɤr ʑo .
Glosses: completely 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-TROP-be.beautiful ERG IFR-be.startled EMPH
Translation: He found her so beautiful that he was startled.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka ɯ-mɤ-tɯ-nɯɣɯ-ŋke pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo
Glosses: at.all 3SG.POSS-NEG-NMLZ:DEG-FACIL-walk IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: It was extremely inconvenient to walk [on the soft earth].' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka nɯ raz rcanɯ , ɯ-tɯ-pe ɲɯ-saχaʁ ʑo , ɯ-taʁ ɯ-tɯ-βdi , ɯ-tɯ-mpɕɤr ɲɯ-saχaʁ
Glosses: at.all DEM cloth UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.good SENS-be.extremely EMPH 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:weave 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.well 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful SENS-be.extremely
Translation: This piece of cloth is very nice, it is extremely well woven, it is extremely beautiful.' (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰɯ-wxti ɯ-tɯ-mbat ɲɯ-sɤre ʑo
Glosses: IPFV-be.big 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.easy SENS-be.ridiculous EMPH
Translation: It grows very easily.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wi a-taʁ ɯ-tɯ-ɤɣɯtʂɯn ɯ-grɤl me
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandmother 1SG-on 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.kind 3SG.POSS-order not.exist:FACT
Translation: My grandmother was extremely kind to me (so that I have to repay her).' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lɤ-ɣi-nɯ wo tɤ-rɯndzɤtsʰi-nɯ ma , nɯ-tɯ-mtsɯr-ɕpaʁ nɯ , nɯ-tɯ-ɲat nɯ
Glosses: IMP:UPSTREAM-come-PL SFP IMP-have.a.meal-PL C 2PL.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.hungry-be.thirsty SFP 2PL.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.tired SFP
Translation: Come in and have a meal, you [must be] so hungry, thirsty and tired!' (160701 poucet2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006155#S39"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-taʁ ɯ-tɯ-βdi , ɯ-tɯ-mpɕɤr !
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:weave 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.well 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful
Translation: It is woven so well, it is so beautiful!' (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004047#S162"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ si nɯ ɯ-tɯ-jpum pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM tree DEM 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.thick IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH LNK
Translation: That tree was extremely thick.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-tɯ-sɤre nɯ mɤ-ra
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.ridiculous DEM NEG-be.needed
Translation: What you [did/said)] is outrageous.' (several examples) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004087#S76"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-tɯ-sɤ-nɤkʰe nɯ mɤ-ra
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-APASS:HUM-bully DEM NEG-be.needed
Translation: You are out of line (`you should not bully people like that').' (28-qajdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paʁ nɯ ɯ-βri , nɤki , ɯ-rme kɯ-me ʑo ɯ-tsʰɯɣa ɲɯ-fse ma ɯ-tɯ-tsʰu cʰondɤre ɯ-tɯ-rʁom ɯ-tsʰɯɣa nɯ ʑo ɲɯ-fse
Glosses: pig DEM 3SG.POSS-body FILLER 3SG.POSS-hair INF:STAT-not.exist EMPH 3SG.POSS-shape SENS-be.like LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.fat COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.rough 3SG.POSS-shape DEM EMPH SENS-be.like
Translation: [The body of the elephant] resembles that of the pig in that it has no hair, in that it is fat and [its skin] is rough.' (19-RloNbutChi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe <er> ɯ-tɯ-rɤt tsa ɲɯ-fse ri , nɯ stʰɯci mɯ-ɲɯ-ŋgɤɣ
Glosses: LNK two 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-write a.little SENS-be.like LNK DEM so.much NEG-SENS-ACAUS:warp
Translation: [The constellation] looks a little bit like the way `two' is written, but not as curved.' (29-LAntshAm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rga kɯ ʑo tʰɯ-ari ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.happy ERG EMPH AOR:DOWNSTREAM-go[II] SENS-be
Translation: She went there happily.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁi , tɤ-ɣɲat cʰo tɤ-mtsɯr tɤ-ɕpaʁ kɯ mɯ́j-sɤ-cʰa tɕe , nɯna-j je
Glosses: 1sg.poss-younger.sibling NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.tired COMIT NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.hungry NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.thirsty ERG NEG:SENS-PROP-can LNK rest:FACT-1PL HORT
Translation: Brother, we are so tired, hungry and thirsty that we can't [go any further], let us rest!' (2012-qachGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004087#S138"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka ɯ-tɯ-mtsɯr kɯ kɤ-ŋke mɯ-ɲɤ-cʰa
Glosses: at.all 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-hungry ERG INF-go NEG-IFR-can
Translation: It was so hungry that it could not walk anymore.' (140515 huli he yelv-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɤ-mtsɯr nɯra ci a-nɯ-sɯɣ-ʑi ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.hungry DEM:PL a.little IRR-PFV-CAUS-ease SENS-be.needed
Translation: Let's [catch the mouse] to ease my hunger.' (140518 mao he laoshu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004030#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɕoʁɕoʁ ɯ-taʁ pɯ-kɤ-rɤt qajɣi nɯ kɯ tɯ-tɤ-mtsɯr ɲɯ-ɣɤ-pʰɤn mɤ-cʰa
Glosses: DEM paper 3SG.POSS-on AOR-OBJ:PCP-write bread DEM ERG GENR.POSS-NMLZ:ABSTRACT-be.hungry IPFV-CAUS-be.efficient NEG-can:FACT
Translation: Bread drawn on a piece of paper cannot ease one's hunger.' (160718 huabingchongji-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-wa nɯ kɯ ɯ-tɕɯ cʰo ɯ-me ni ʁnaʁna ʑo tɯ-tɯ-rqoʁ ko-βzu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-father DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 3SG.POSS-daughter du both EMPH SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-hug IFR-make
Translation: The father hugged both his son and his daughter at the same time.' (140427 xiong he mei-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑɤni tɯ-tɯ-ɕe ja-βzu-ndʑi
Glosses: 3DU SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-go AOR:3→3-make-DU
Translation: They went at the same time.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-nɯtɯfɕal-a
Glosses: SENS-have.diarrhea-1SG
Translation: I have diarrhea.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤrŋi nɯra , nɯ-tɯ-fɕɤl ci ɲɯ-βze ŋgrɤl tɕe
Glosses: infant DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-have.diarrhea INDEF SENS-make[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: Infants, they often suffer from diarrhea.' (17-xCAj) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003528#S107"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɕʰɯ to-lɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:gore IFR-throw
Translation: He stabbed him.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: to-nɯtɯtɕʰɯ tɕe pjɤ-sat
Glosses: IFR-stab LNK IFR-kill
Translation: She stabbed and killed him.' (140512 alibaba) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S285"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯpu ku-ta-nɯ tɕe , tɤ-pɤtso ɣɯ ɯ-laz ci ku-ta-nɯ ,
Glosses: moxibustion IPFV-put-PL LNK INDEF.POSS-child GEN 3SG.POSS-forehead one IPFV-put-PL
Translation: (To treat this disease), they apply moxibustion, they apply it to the forehead of the child.' (25-kACAl) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003640#S64"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯpɣaʁ lo-tɕɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: field.clearing IFR:UPSTREAM-take.out-DU
Translation: They cleared fields.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S109"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤndzɯn <laoshi> ɯ-ɕki ri kɤ-ari-a tɕe , tɯ-rʑaʁ ɕ-pɯ-nɯ-rma-a
Glosses: ANTHR teacher 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC AOR-go[II]-1SG LNK ONE-night TRAL-AOR-AUTO-stay.at-1SG
Translation: I went to Sandzin's [house], and stayed there for one night.' (conversation 160811)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ra cʰɤ-fkaβ-ndʑi qʰe tɯrma ko-ndo-ndʑi
Glosses: house PL IFR-cover-DU LNK household IFR-take-DU
Translation: They built a house and established a family.' (02-deluge 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrma tɯ-βlɯ cʰɤ-nɯ-sɤɲcɣɤɲcɣɤt-nɯ kɤ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: household NMLZ:ACTION-burn IFR-AUTO-cause.to.be.prosperous-PL INF-say SENS-be
Translation: They lead a prosperous life = they live happily ever after' (many examples)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rqo nɯtɕu tɯqartsɯ tʰa-lɤt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-throat DEM:LOC kick AOR:3→3-throw SENS-be
Translation: He kicked her in the throat.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S253"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ɕqʰe ɯβrɤ-ɣɤʑu ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-cough RH.Q-exist:SENS
Translation: You don't have a cough, do you?' (conversation, 2013-11-12)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ti tɕi mɯ-pjɤ-naχtɕɯɣ , ɯ-tɯ-sɯ-ɤʑirja kɯnɤ mɯ-pjɤ-naχtɕɯɣ ma ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-expression also NEG-PST.IPFV-be.the.same 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-CAUS-be.aligned also NEG-PST.IPFV-be.the.same LNK
Translation: The words for [father and mother] were different [between common and honorific register], and the respective orders [in which `mother' and `father' appear] were also different.' (160706 apa ama) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006211#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-re ci ɕmɯɣ ɲɤ-ɕlɯɣ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-laugh INDEF IDPH(I):laugh.suddenly IFR-drop
Translation: She giggled despite herself.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯ tatpa ta-ta ma qʰaru mucin ʑo mɯ-pa-lɤt nɤ tɤ-ari ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG DEM faith AOR:3→3-put LNK look.back at.all EMPH NEG-AOR:3→3:DOWN-release LNK AOR:UP-go[II] SENS-be
Translation: He had faith, did not look back (downwards) at all and [succeeded in] going up to [the abode of the gods]. (Norbzang)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: cʰɤtsʰi ko-ɣɤ-tɕʰom tɕe
Glosses: alcohol.drinking IFR-CAUS-be.too.much LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-βɣo nɯ pɯ-ari nɤ , ʁzɤn-rpu ʁɟa ʑo ɕ-ta-lɤt ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-FB DEM AOR:DOWN-go[II] ADD robe-bump completely EMPH TRAL-AOR:3→3 SENS-be
Translation: (As he_i fell down the throat of the giant snake_j) his lama_k went down [to the place where the snake was] and hit it_j repeatedly with his_k monastic robe [to force it_j to spit him_i out].' (2003 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jla kɯ a-taʁ ʁrɯ-rpu ta-lɤt
Glosses: hybrid.yak ERG 1SG-on horn-bump AOR:3→3-throw
Translation: The hybrid yak hit me with his horn.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑara kɯ [cʰa nɯ kʰramba-tsʰi] ka-βzu-nɯ
Glosses: 3PL ERG alcohol DEM lie-drink AOR:3→3-make-PL
Translation: They pretended to drink alcohol.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯzɣɤ-ɕar ʑo ɲɤ-βzu-nɯ
Glosses: long.time-search EMPH IFR-make-PL
Translation: They searched for it for a long time.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tó-wɣ-z-rɤŋgat tɕe , tɕendɤre nɯnɯ kɯ , iɕqʰa nɯ , tɯ-ci tɯ-tɤ-ste to-rku . tɕe `kɯki nɤ-rkuz ŋu' to-ti .
Glosses: LNK IFR-INV-CAUS-prepare.to.leave LNK LNK DEM ERG FILLER DEM INDEF.POSS-water ONE-INDEF.POSS-bladder IFR-put.in LNK DEM.PROX 2SG.POSS-present be:FACT IFR-say
Translation: He prepared his departure, and gave him a bladder full of water to take with him, and said `this is your departing present'.' (28-smAnmi.txt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-me kɯ a-rkuz rŋɯl ta-rku
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-daughter ERG 1SG.POSS-present money AOR:3→3-put.in
Translation: My daughter gave me some money (as a present for my departure) (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe aʑo nɯtɕu kɤ-ɕe a-ʁjiz mɯ́j-ɣi tɕe
Glosses: LNK 1SG DEM:LOC INF-go 1SG.POSS-want NEG:SENS-come LNK
Translation: I don't want to go there.' (150909 hua pi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɯ-ɲɟo ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe ɯ-mɲoz tú-wɣ-βzu ra
Glosses: IPFV-be.damaged before LNK 3SG.POSS-preparation IPFV-INV-make be.needed:FACT
Translation: One has to make preparations before it gets damaged.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rmi ɯ-rkoz me .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-name 3SG.POSS-special not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is no specific name (for this type of kinship relationship).' (140425 kWmdza06) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003790"></fn>
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: [sɤ-rgɯ~rga] kɯ jo-nɯ-ɕe
Glosses: GER-be.happy ERG IFR-VERT-go
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [sɤz-nɯɣ-mɯ~ɣmu] ʑo ku-χse ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: LNK GER-APPL-fear EMPH IPFV-feed[III] SENS-be.needed
Translation: It_i has to feed it_i while being afraid of it._i ' (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S101"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɤ-pi ni kɯ li [ndʑi-sɯm mɤ-sɤ-ɕɯ~ɕe] ʑo ɲɤ-ta-ndʑi
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG again 3DU.POSS-mind NEG-GER-go EMPH IFR-put-DU
Translation: The two elder brothers reluctantly left [the ducks] alone.' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤɕime nɯnɯ kɯ [ɯ-qom sɤ-ɬɯ~ɬoʁ] kɯ nɯra tʰɯtʰɤci pɯ-kɯ-fse ra lonba ʑo pjɤ-fɕɤt ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: young.lady DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-tear GER-come.out ERG DEM:PL something AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.like PL all EMPH IFR-tell SENS-be
Translation: The young lady told him everything that had happened while shedding tears.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-rte sɤz-nɯ-tɯ~ta] jɤ-ari
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hat GER-AUTO-put AOR-go[II]
Translation: He went away wearing his hat.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤɕime ra rca sɤ-mbɯ~mbɣom ʑo kɯ , iɕqʰa nɤki , rɟɤlpu ɯ-tɕɯ nɯra ɲɤ-βde-nɯ tɕe jo-nɯ-ɕe-nɯ
Glosses: young.lady PL UNEXP:DEG GER-be.in.a.hurry EMPH ERG the.aforementioned FILLER king 3SG.POSS-son DEM:PL IFR-leave-PL LNK IFR-VERT-go-PL
Translation: The princesses left the princes in a hurry and went back home.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003937#S156"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɤ-pɤtso nɯ sɤ-ɤmdzɯ~mdzɯ] ku-z-rɤʑi-nɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM GER-sit IPFV-CAUS-stay-PL
Translation: They [used to] put the children in sitting position (after having covered them in cloth).' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR 2)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mbrɯ sɤ-ŋgɯ~ŋgɯ kɯ ʑo jo-nɯ-ɕe .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-anger GER-get.angry ERG EMPH IFR-VERT-go
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤ-rŋgɯ~rŋgɯ kɯnɤ tɯ-kɤrnoʁ ɲɯ-mtɕɯr tɕe ,
Glosses: GER-lie.down also GENR.POSS-brain IPFV-turn LNK
Translation: Even lying down, one feels dizzy [one's head is turning].' (29-tAmtshAzkAkWndo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ sɤ-rkɯ~rkɯn ʑo tɤ-pɤtso cʰɯ́-wɣ-tɕɤt pjɤ-ra tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM GER-be.few EMPH INDEF.POSS-child IPFV-INV-take.out IFR.IPFV-be.needed LNK
Translation: People had to raise children with few [resources].' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤ-ŋkɯ~ŋke ʑo ɲɯ-ɤsɯ-ndza
Glosses: GER-walk EMPH SENS-PROG-eat
Translation: He is eating it while walking.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ʑo ɯ-mu ɯ-wa ɲɤ-me .
Glosses: GER-be.small EMPH 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-father IFR-not.exist
Translation: He lost his parents when he was young.' (150827 tianluo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006250#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯra , nɤkinɯ , mɯ-tɤ-rɯndzaŋspa-nɯ jamar tɕe tɕe , ɯʑo kɯ masɤrɯrju iɕqʰa cʰa nɯ pjɤ-lwoʁ .
Glosses: girl DEM:PL FILLER NEG-AOR-pay.attention-PL about LOC LNK 3SG ERG quietly the.aforementioned alcohol DEM IFR-spill
Translation: While the girls were not paying attention, he poured the alcohol in secret.' (140508 shier ge tiaowu de gongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ masɤrɯrju kʰɤndɯn nɯ ɲɤ-ndɯn
Glosses: 3SG ERG quietly mantra DEM IFR-recite
Translation: He recited the mantra in secret.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤki tɤ-rɟit nɯ mɤsɤmdɤla ʑo to-ŋke
Glosses: DEM INDEF.POSS-child DEM in.advance EMPH IFR-walk
Translation: This child started walking early.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: stɤrɟɯɣ nɤ stɤrɟɯɣ ʑo jo-nɯ-pʰɣo
Glosses: running add running EMPH IFR-VERT-flee
Translation: She fled back home running.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ a-ɲɯ-sɤ-stɯ~stu nɯra tu-nɤme pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK DEM 1SG-IPFV-PURP-believe DEM:PL IPFV-make[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He was doing these things so that I would believe [his predictions].' (150904 yaoshu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006394#S96"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-pa nɯnɯ li kʰɤxtu nɯnɯ , tɯ-ci , tɯftsaʁ kɯ pjɯ-sɯ-spoʁ ŋgrɤl tɕe , tɕe ɯ-mɤ-pjɯ-sɤ-sɯ-spoʁ , nɯnɯtɕu tɤrɤm kɯ-fse ɲɯ́-wɣ-ta nɯmaʁnɤ cupa kɯ-fse ɲɯ́-wɣ-ta tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-under DEM again platform DEM INDEF.POSS-water leaking.water ERG IPFV-CAUS-have.a.hole be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK LNK 3SG-NEG-IPFV-CONV:PURP-CAUS-have.a.hole DEM:LOC TOPO SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-INV-put otherwise flat.stone SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-INV-put LNK
Translation: Under the top platform, the water, the leaking water can leak through [the roof], and in order to prevent it from leaking through, people put planks or flat stones there.' (26-tChWra)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯ-lɤɣ acɤβ nɯ kɯ ɯ-mɤ-sɤ-jmɯ~jmɯt], ɯ-pʰɯŋgɯ nɯ tɕu rdɤstaʁ-pɯpɯ tɕʰirdu ci ɲɤ-rku ,
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-herd Askyabs DEM ERG 3SG-NEG-PURP:CONV-forget 3SG.POSS-inside.clothes DEM LOC stone-little pebble INDEF IFR-put.in
Translation: The shepherd Askyabs put a little pebble inside his clothes so that he would not forget [to tell it].' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jisŋi tɕe tɕendɤre a-mɤ-ɲɯ-sɤ-jmɯ~jmɯt nɯ nɯ-rku-t-a ŋu
Glosses: today LNK LNK 1SG-NEG-PURP:CONV-forget DEM AOR-put-in-PST:TR-1SG be:FACT
Translation: Today I put [the pebble in my clothes] so that I would not forget [to tell you].' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯm ɲɯ-mbɤr tɕe , a-ku ɯ-mɤ-tu-sɤ-rpɯ~rpu pɯ-pʰaβ-a
Glosses: door SENS-low LNK 1SG.POSS-head 3SG-NEG-IPFV-CONV:PURP-bump AOR-lower-1SG
Translation: As the door is low, I lowered my head so as not to bump on it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mɤ-ku-sɤ-mtsɯ~mtsɯɣ ɯʑo kɯ kʰɯna ka-βraʁ
Glosses: 1SG-NEG-IPFV-CONV:PURP-bite 3SG ERG DOG AOR:3→3-attach
Translation: He tied up the dog so that it would not bite me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pɯ ɲɯ-tɯ-ʁaʁ nɤ kumpɣɤtɕɯ jamar ma me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child IPFV-CONV:IMM-hatch.out LNK sparrow about apart.from not.exist:FACT
Translation: Just after its chick has hatched, it is just [as big as] a sparrow.' (24-kWmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003618#S85"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ra kɯ pjɯ-tɯ-mto ʑo sat-nɯ ɕti .
Glosses: people PL ERG IPFV-CONV:IMM-see EMPH kill:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: People kill it as soon as they see it.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ pjɯ-tɯ-βde ʑo tɯrme nɯ pjɯ-kɯ-si pjɤ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM IPFV-CONV:IMM-throw EMPH person DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-die IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: As soon as one was thrown in there, one would die.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S154"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯtʰɯ ɲɯ-sɤ-ɕke tɕe , aʑo a-jaʁ ku-tɯ-ndo ʑo pɯ-nɯ-ɕlɯɣ-a
Glosses: pot SENS-PROP-burn LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-hand IPFV-CONV:IMM-take EMPH AOR-AUTO-drop-1SG
Translation: As the pot was burning hot, I dropped it as soon as I had grabbed it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lu-tɯ-fsoʁ ʑo qʰe tɯ-rɤma tu-ʑe ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: IPFV-CONV:IMM-be.clear EMPH LNK INF:II-work IPFV-begin[III] SENS-be
Translation: It starts working as soon as the day breaks.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-rdoʁ tɕʰi mɯ-pɯ-nnɯ-pe mɤ-xsi ma nɯnɯ nɯfse pjɤ-si
Glosses: one-piece what NEG-PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.good NEG-GENR:know LNK DEM like.that IFR-die
Translation: One [of them] died just like that, I don't know what went wrong.' (140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-mat nɯfse pjɯ-nɯ-ŋgra ɲɯ-ɕti ma ɯ-rɣi mɯ́j-nɤjtsʰɯ
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-fruit like.that IPFV-AUTO-ACAUS:cause.to.fall SENS-be.AFF LNK 3SG.POSS-seed NEG:SENS-be.useful
Translation: Its fruits fall [to the ground] just like that, it is not useful as seed.' (08-CkrAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndzok kǝ-nǝwɐtjô=ndʒês=tǝ ptʂêrǝ dʒɐspɐ̂ nǝ-kǝ-maʃe-ntʃ nǝ-ŋos
Glosses: slightly NMLZ-be.hardworking[II]=DU=TOP then quite AOR-NMLZ-be.rich[II]-DU SENS-be[I]
Translation: The two hardworking ones then became rather rich.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma [pɯ-kɤ-sat] nɯ kɤ-mto nɯ pɯ-rɲo-t-a .
Glosses: LNK AOR-OBJ:PCP-kill DEM INF-see DEM AOR-experience-TR:PST-1SG
Translation: I have seen killed ones.' (22-pGAkhW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [ɯ-rdoʁ nɯ kɯ-fse kɤ-ntsɣe] nɯ mɯ-pɯ-mto-t-a
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-grain DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like OBJ:PCP/INF-sell DEM NEG-AOR-see-TR:PST-1SG
Translation: I have not seen its grains sold like that (i.e. unprocessed).' (09-mi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003466#S51"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɣzɯtʰɯz nɯ kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe [tɯtʰɯ sɤ-χtɕi] ɲɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-pʰɯt pɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: Selaginella DEM in.the.past LNK pan OBL:PCP-wash IPFV-INV-AUTO-uproot PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: In the past, people would dig up Selaginella [to use as] a pan cleaner.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯnɯ kɤ-ɣɯt-a tɕe tɕe nɯ-nɯ-sɯɣ-ʁaʁ-a
Glosses: LNK DEM AOR:EAST-bring-1SG LNK LNK AOR-AUTO-CAUS-hatch-1SG
Translation: I brought [the eggs] and made them hatch by myself (without a hen).' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-pʰe “wortɕʰi" tɤ-ti-nɯ tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ a-jɤ-tɯ́-wɣ-ɕ-pʰɣo-nɯ ma ,
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT please IMP-say-PL LNK DEM ERG IRR-PFV-2-INV-CAUS-flee-PL LNK
Translation: Say `please' to him, and he will help you flee [from here].' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-xɕɤt tɯ~tu ʑo to-ɣɤɕqali ri tɕe ɯ-kɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ qandʐe nɯ pjɤ-nɯ-ɕ-lɯɣ tɕe ɯ-zda ra kɯ jo-nɯ-tsɯm-nɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-strength TOTAL~exist:FACT EMPH IFR-shout LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in earthworm DEM IFR:DOWN-AUTO-CAUS-get.loose LNK 3SG.POSS-companion PL ERG IFR-AUTO-take.away-PL
Translation: [The crow] shouted with all its strength, dropped the earthworm that was in its mouth, and its companion took it.' (2011-10-qajdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kupa-skɤt to-ɕ-lɯɣ-a
Glosses: Chinese-language IFR-CAUS-get.loose-1SG
Translation: I spoke Chinese by mistake.' (`I should have spoken Japhug') (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤrʁaʁkɕi nɯ kɯ nɯra ɯ-ɕombri ra ɲɤ-sɯɣ-lɯɣ
Glosses: hunting.dog DEM ERG DEM.PL 3SG.POSS-chain PL IFR-CAUS-get.loose
Translation: The hunting dog took off its chains.' (140426 liegou he zhonggo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-ŋga nɯra ɯ-mbe tʰɯ-kɯ-ɴɢraʁ nɯra] tú-wɣ-ʑ-ŋga-ndʑi ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-old.one AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:damage DEM:PL IPFV-INV-CAUS-wear-DU
Translation: [Their_i stepmother was evil], and made the two of them_i wear old and torn clothes.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɤ-ri kɤ-ʑɴɢoʁ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-thread IMP-hang
Translation: Pull the threads for me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤjŋoʁ kɯ tɯ-ŋga ko-sɯ-ʑɴɢoʁ
Glosses: hook ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes IFR-CAUS-hang
Translation: He hung the clothes on the hook.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajɯsmɤnba … tɕe nɯnɯ tɤ-fka qʰe , tɕe pjɯ-ɤtɤr . … tɕe nɯnɯ ɯ-qʰu qʰe , nɯ kɤ-sɯ-tsʰi mɯ́j-kʰɯ .
Glosses: leech _ LNK DEM AOR-be.full LNK LNK IPFV-fall _ LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK DEM INF-CAUS-drink NEG:SENS-be.possible
Translation: After it_i has had its fill, the leech_i [detaches and] falls down. After that, it is not possible to make it_i drink [blood].' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ maʁ kɯ tɤ-ta-sɤ<z>mbrɯ tu ɯ́-ŋu
Glosses: DEM not.be:FACT ERG AOR-1→2-<CAUS> exist:FACT QU-be:FACT
Translation: Otherwise, is it the case that I/we have made you angry?' (2005 tAwakWcqraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pʰoŋbu cʰonɤ si , tɤjtsi nɯnɯra tɯ-tɯ-xtɕɤr ku-kɤ-βzu nɯnɯ tɕe , kɤ-zbraʁ tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body COMIT tree pillar DEM:PL SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-attach IPFV-INF-make DEM LNK INF-attach IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: (Whether a person or an animal), attaching his/its body together with a tree or a pillar is called zbraʁ.' (150902 kAxtCAr)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-pi ni kɯ “nɯna-j nɤ nɯna-j" ʑo kɤtɯpa-ndʑi ri , maka ʑo kɤ-z-nɯna a-mɤ-tɤ-tɯ-kʰɯ ma ,
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG rest:FACT-1PL ADD rest:FACT-1PL EMPH say:FACT-DU LNK at.all EMPH INF-CAUS-REST IRR-NEG-PFV-2-agree LNK
Translation: Your two brothers will repeatedly say `let us rest', but you should never agree to let them rest.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pi kɯ jo-ɣi tɕe , tɯ-ci kɤ-ɕar to-z-nɯna tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling ERG IFR-come LNK INDEF.POSS-water inf-search IFR-stop LNK
Translation: His brother came and stopped looking for water.' (2002 nyimawodzer)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-sta tɤ-nɯ-sɯqaʁ-a
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-place AOR-AUTO-delimit-1SG
Translation: I delimited the site [to build] the house.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ mɤkɯftsʰi ɲɯ-kɯ-nɯsɯkʰo-a pɯ~pɯ-ɕti qʰe , kɯki aʑo sɤlaŋpʰɤn ki pjɯ-qri-a ŋu
Glosses: DEM forcing IPFV-2→1-extort-1SG COND~PST.IPFV-be.AFF LNK DEM.PROX 1SG basin DEM.PROX IPFV-break[III]-1SG be:FACT
Translation: If you [try] to take it from me forcibly, I will break this basin.' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri tɤɕime nɯ kɯ , tɕe ɯ-wa nɯ kɯ mɯ-tó-wɣ-sɯftsʰi qʰe , nɯnɯ ɕɯŋgɯ ɯ-sŋi tʰɯtʰɤci pɯ-kɯ-fse nɯnɯra ɯ-wa ɯ-tɯ-fɕɤt pjɤ-βzu
Glosses: but girl DEM ERG LNK 3SG.POSS-father DEM ERG NEG-IFR-INV-force LNK DEM before 3SG.POSS-day something PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-tell IFR-make
Translation: The girl, pressed by her father, told him everything that had happened in the day before that.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wuma ʑo ɲɯ-mŋɤm tɕendɤre mɯ-cʰɤ-ftsʰi tɕe pjɤ-ɣi tɕe
Glosses: really EMPH SENS-hurt LNK NEG-IFR-feel.better LNK IFR:DOWN-come LNK
Translation: It hurt a lot, she could not stand it and came [down to Mbarkham for treatment].' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: kɤ-anbaʁ-a
Glosses: AOR-hide-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-rɟit ra nɯ-ɣi-nɯ ɕti tɕetʰa , kɤ-ndza kowa tɯ́-wɣ-βzu ɕti tɕe ku-ta-sɯ-ɤnbaʁ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-child PL VERT-come:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT later INF-eat manner 2-INV-make:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK IPFV-1→2-CAUS-hide be:FACT
Translation: My children are about to come back and will try to eat you, let me hide you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mu nɯ kɯ tɤ-pɤtso ra kʰri ɯ-pa zɯ ko-sɯ-ɤnbaʁ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG INDEF.POSS-child PL bed 3SG.POSS-under LOC IFR-CAUS-hide
Translation: The old woman hid the children under the bed.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χpi pjɯ-fɕat-a , pjɯ-kɯ-sɯ-fɕat-a-ndʑi nɯ ʁo jɤɣ
Glosses: story IPFV-tell-1SG IPFV-2→1-CAUS-tell-1SG-DU DEM TOP.ADVERS be.acceptable:FACT
Translation: I can tell a story_i, the two of you can have me tell it_i, but …' (140511 1001 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: taʁndo mɯ́j-tɯ-tso tɕe , tɕe li tɤ-kɯ-sɯ-ʁndɯ-a
Glosses: speech NEG:SENS-2-understand LNK LNK again AOR-2→1-CAUS-hit-1SG
Translation: You are not listening [to what I say], you caused me to be beaten again.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤɣpɣa nɯnɯ , smɤn saŋrɟɤz ra kɯ ci pjɤ-sɯ-ɣɯt-nɯ tɕe , nɯ ɕɤɣ ɯ-ku qʰe pjɤ-nɯ-ɕ-lɯɣ , tɕe qajdo kɯ ci pjɤ-sɯ-ɣɯt-nɯ ri , nɯnɯ ɕkrɤz ɯ-ku pjɤ-nɯ-ɕlɯɣ ,
Glosses: bird.sp . DEM medicine buddha PL ERG once IFR:DOWN-CAUS-bring-PL LNK DEM juniper 3SG.POSS-head LNK IFR:DOWN-AUTO-CAUS-get.loose LNK crow ERG once IFR:DOWN-CAUS-bring-PL LNK DEM oak 3SG.POSS-head IFR:DOWN-AUTO-CAUS-get.loose
Translation: The buddhas_i sent the juniper bird_j to bring the medicine_k [to Gesar], but it_j dropped it_k on a juniper tree, they_i sent a crow_l, but it_l dropped it_k on an oak.' (2003 gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rʑaβ nɯ kɯ iɕqʰa , tsʰaŋ ɯ-ŋgɯ la-nɯ-rku kɯ-mɯm nɯra cʰɤ-tɕɤt tɕe tó-wɣ-sɯ-ndza-ndʑi pjɤ-ra .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-wife DEM ERG the.aforementioned cupboard 3SG.POSS-in AOR:UPSTREAM:3→3-AUTO-put.in SBJ:PCP-be.tasty DEM:PL IFR:DOWNSTREAM-take.out LNK IFR-INV-CAUS-eat-DU IFR.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: The wife had no choice but to take out the nice [food] that she had put in the cupboard and give it to [her husband and herself].' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɕɤmɯɣdɯɣ kɤ-lɤt kɯ-mkʰɤz nɯra ra ma mɤ-kɯ-spa nɯra mɤ-sɯx-ɕe-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM gun INF-release SBJ:PCP-be.expert DEM:PL be.needed:FACT LNK NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.able DEM:PL NEG-CAUS-go:FACT-PL
Translation: They need people who are good at shooting with guns, they don't let those who are not able (to shoot) go.' (150829 KAGWcAno)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɣʑo ɯ-kʰo ta-fsraŋ nɯnɯ , [ɯ-pi ni mɯ-pa-sɯ-pʰɯt] ra ɣɯ , ɣʑo ra ɣɯ nɯ-rɟɤlpu nɯ jo-ɣi .
Glosses: bee 3SG.POSS-house AOR:3→3-protect DEM 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU NEG-pfv:3→3-CAUS-take.off PL GEN bee PL GEN 3PL.POSS-king DEM IFR-come
Translation: The king of the bees whose hive he had protected and prevented his brothers from destroying came.' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mu rcanɯ ndʑu tɯ-ldʑa cinɤ a-mɤ-pɯ-tɯ-sɯ-qlɯt-nɯ ra
Glosses: mother UNEXP:DEG chopsticks one-stick even IRR-NEG-PFV-2-CAUS-break-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Make sure that my mother does not even need to break chopsticks.' (an idiomatic expression meaning “please take care of my mother's every need”, 2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-jaʁ nɯ kɯ tʰɤlwa ki cʰɯ-sɯ-ste nɯ ɯ-tʰɤcu cʰɯ-sɯ-βde
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hand DEM ERG earth DEM.PROX IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-do.like[III] DEM 3SG.POSS-downstream IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-throw
Translation: [The mole] does this with its forepaws, and throws the earth below.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tʂʰa ci pɯ-z-mɤke pɯ-rke
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-tea once IMP-CAUS-be.first[III] IMP-put.in[III]
Translation: Serve me some tea first.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mŋu nɯra koŋla ʑo ko-xtɕɤr ko-sɯ-ɤsɯɣ ʑo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-opening DEM:PL completely EMPH IFR-tie IFR-CAUS-be.tight EMPH
Translation: He tied the opening [of the bag] very tightly.' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <luban> kɯ rcanɯ kɯ-pɯ-pe ʑo , maka mɤ-kɯ-ɤntɕʰoʁjɤr ʑo to-ti to-sɤ-pe .
Glosses: ANTHR ERG UNEXP:DEG INF:STAT-EMPH~be.good EMPH at.all NEG-INF:STAT-be.incomplete EMPH IFR-say IFR-CAUS-be.good
Translation: Luban said [the answers] very well, without missing anything.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-lɤn kɤ-kʰo] ɯ-tɤ-tɯ-sɤ-pe-t nɤ tɕe ku-ta-wum ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-answer INF-give QU-AOR-2-CAUS-be.good-PST:TR ADD LNK IPFV-1→2-gather be:FACT
Translation: If you give a good answer [to all my questions], I will take you [as my disciple].' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-ɣndʑɯr cʰɤ-sɯ-ɤmɲɤm
Glosses: INF-grind IFR:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-be.homogeneous
Translation: He ground [the flour] very homogeneously.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paχɕi nɯ ɯ-jwaʁ kɤ-lɤt ɲɯ-z-mɤke , nɯ ɯ-qʰu tɕe ɲɯ-rɯmɯntoʁ ,
Glosses: apple DEM 3SG.POSS-leaf INF-release IPFV-CAUS-be.first[III] DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK IPFV-bloom
Translation: The apple [tree] first grows leaves, and after that blooms.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-rʑi tɕe [kɤ-fkur] mɯ́j-tɯ-wɣ-sɯx-cʰa .
Glosses: SENS-be.heavy LNK INF-carry.on.the.back NEG:SENS-2-INV-CAUS-can
Translation: It is heavy, you won't be able to carry it on your back.' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kumpɣa pʰu nɯ ɲɯ-βʁa tɕe , mu nɯra mɯ-ɲɯ-sɯx-cʰe
Glosses: fowl male DEM SENS-win LNK female DEM:PL NEG-SENS-CAUS-can[III]
Translation: (Otherwise) the roosters are too strong, and the hens cannot bear it.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯ-χpɯm pjɤ-tsʰoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-knee IFR-attach
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rkɯ nɯtɕu nɯ-χpɯm pjɯ-sɯ-tsʰoʁ , tɕe ɯ-ndzɤtsʰi ɯ-ro nɯ-kɯ-ri nɯnɯra , nɯ-ʁɤri pjɯ-χtɤr tɕe , tu-sɯ-ndze pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-side DEM:LOC 3PL.POSS-knee IPFV-CAUS-attach LNK 3SG.POSS-food 3SG.POSS-excess AOR-SBJ:PCP-remain DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-front IPFV:DOWN-scatter LNK IPFV-CAUS-eat[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The evil prince] forced them to kneel at his side, and would throw them leftovers from his food and force them to eat them.' (150821 edu de wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ŋga lɤ-tɯ-sɯ-ɣɯt-ndʑi nɯ , a-xtsa nɯ wuma ɲɯ-pe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-clothes AOR-2-CAUS-bring-DU DEM 1SG.POSS-shoe DEM really SENS-be.good
Translation: The clothes that you have sent me, the shoes are very nice.' (conversation, 15.04.18)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯjŋu kɯ-wxtɯ~wxti ʑo na-sɯ-ta-ndʑi ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: girl DEM oath SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big EMPH AOR:3→3-CAUS-put-DU SENS-be
Translation: They_DU forced the girl to swear a big oath.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso smɤn mɤkɯftsʰi tɤ-sɯ-ndza-t-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child medicine forcibly AOR-CAUS-eat-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I forced the child to eat the medicine.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ kɯnɤ tɤ-z-nɯsman-a qʰe tɤ-mna ɕti
Glosses: 1SG:GEN also AOR-CAUS-treat-1SG LNK AOR-be.better be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I had my own [bellyache] treated and it got better.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ku-kɯ-z-rɤʑi-a-nɯ ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-CAUS-stay-1SG-PL SENS-be.better
Translation: Please let me stay [here].' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S67"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mu nɤ-ndzɣi ɯ-rcʰɤβ tu-kɯ-sɯ-rtoʁ-i ra
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother 2SG.POSS-fang 3SG.POSS-interstice IPFV-2→1-CAUS-look-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: Mother, let us look at [the thing] that is in the interstice between your fangs?' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯm mɯ-cʰɯ-pe qʰe … kɯm kɯ-ɲɟɯ ɲɯ-βde qʰe laχtɕʰa ra tu-z-mɯrki
Glosses: door NEG-IPFV-close LNK _ door SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:open IPFV-leave LNK thing PL IPFV-CAUS-steal[III]
Translation: (Due to being a heavy drinker), he would [forget] to close the door, leave it open, and [as a result] have his things stolen [by other people].' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɤ-kɯ-nɯβlu-a tɕe mɤ-jɤɣ ma tɕe a-xtu kɯ-mna sɤznɤ a-mpʰɯz ɯ-ntɕʰɯr nɯ-tɯ-sɯ-pʰɯt tɕe
Glosses: IFR-2→1-cheat-1SG LNK NEG-be.allowed:FACT LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-belly INF:STAT-be.better COMP 1SG.POSS-buttock 3SG.POSS-piece AOR-2-CAUS-take.off LNK
Translation: You cheated me, it is outrageous, not only did my belly not get better, but [by misleading me] you caused a piece of my buttocks to be ripped off.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ maʁ nɤ , mɯ́j-tɯ-ɣi tɕe kɯ-sɯ-sat-a ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: DEM not.be:FACT ADD NEG:SENS-2-come LNK 2→1-CAUS-kill:FACT-1SG SENS-be
Translation: Otherwise, by not coming, you are about to get me killed.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm ɲɤ-z-ɣɤdi-t-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat IFR-CAUS-have.a.stench-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I let the meat spoil.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <wugui> ɯ-kɯ-ntsɣe ɣɤʑu tɕe , nɯnɯra nɯ-ɕki li ɯ-ndza ra kɤ-χtɯ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: turtle 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-sell exist:SENS LNK DEM.PL 3PL.POSS-DAT again 3SG.POSS-food PL OBJ:PCP-buy exist:SENS
Translation: There are people_i who sell turtles_j, and one [can] buy their_j food from them_i.' (140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <shangdian> ɯ-ŋgɯ kɤ-χtɯ ɣɤʑu
Glosses: shop 3SG.POSS-inside OBJ:PCP-buy exist:SENS
Translation: It [can] be bought in a shop.' (28-CAmWGdW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɤnmawombɤr kɯ … tɤ́-wɣ-sɯ-χtɯ-a ŋu
Glosses: ANTHR ERG _ AOR-INV-CAUS-sell-1SG be:FACT
Translation: It is Padma 'Od'bar who sold it to me.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm ɯ-kɯ-ntsɣe ɯ-ɕki tɕe tɤ-mtʰɯm ɕ-to-sɯ-χtɯ qʰe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-sell 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC INDEF.POSS-meat TRAL-IFR-CAUS-buy LNK
Translation: She sent him to buy meat at the butcher's.' (160701 poucet2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕaχpa ʁnɯz nɯ kɯ , nɤki , <alibaba> ɣɯ ɯ-kɯm nɯtɕu <fenbi> kɯ , nɤkinɯ , kɯ-ɤrtɯm ci to-sɯ-rɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: thief two DEM ERG FILLER ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-door DEM:LOC chalk ERG FILLER SBJ:PCP-be.round INDEF IFR-CAUS-write-DU
Translation: The two thieves drew a circle on Alibaba's door.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jaʁ kɯ ju-mɯrʁɯz ɲɯ-cʰa ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hand ERG IPFV-scratch SENS-can
Translation: [The mole] can scratch it with its claws.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ??ɯʑo kɯ sɲɯɣjɯ kɯ tɤscoz pa-sɯ-rɤt
Glosses: 3SG ERG pen ERG letter AOR:3→3-CAUS-write
Translation: (intended meaning:) `S/he wrote the letter with the pen.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ sɲɯɣjɯ ta-ndo tɕe tɤscoz pa-sɯ-rɤt
Glosses: 3SG ERG pen AOR:3→3:UP-take LNK letter AOR:3→3-CAUS-write
Translation: S/he took the pen and wrote the letter with it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰa kɯ ló-wɣ-sɯ-βzi
Glosses: alcohol ERG IFR-INV-CAUS-become.drunk
Translation: He became drunk from the alcohol.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤlɤβ kɯ tɯtʰɯ pɯ-ɕɯ-fkaβ-a
Glosses: cover ERG pan AOR-CAUS-cover-1SG
Translation: I covered the pan with a cover.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mu ɯ-wa ni kɯ ɲɯ-z-nɤja-ndʑi qʰe mɯ-ta-sɯ-ɣe-ndʑi ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-father DU ERG SENS-CAUS-be.a.shame-DU LNK NEG-AOR:3→3:UP-CAUS-come-DU
Translation: Her parents could not stand to part with her, and did not let her come.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ji ɲɯ-nɤja .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-field SENS-be.a.shame
Translation: These fields, what a shame (nobody is taking care of them).' (150903-friche)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro ɯ-jme cʰo nɤ-kɤrme tú-wɣ-sɯ-ɤfsuja ra
Glosses: horse 3SG.POSS-tail COMIT 2SG.POSS-hair IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.of.same.size be.needed:FACT
Translation: Let us compare [the length of] the horse's tail and that of your hair.' (`Let us see which is longest.') (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯlpa ɯ-pɕi tɕe cʰɤ-sɯ-rɟɯɣ .
Glosses: village 3SG.POSS-outside LOC IFR:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-run
Translation: He ran away from the village carrying her [on his back].' (150829 jidian-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro nɯnɯ ɯ-ku pjɤ-sɯ-pʰɯt tɕe , ɯ-ku nɯnɯ ʑara ɣɯ nɯ-kɤntɕʰaʁ ɣɯ ɯ-kɯm nɯtɕu to-sɯ-ɕɯ-ɴqoʁ .
Glosses: horse DEM 3SG.POSS-head IFR-CAUS-take.off LNK 3SG.POSS-head DEM 3PL GEN 3PL.POSS-street DEM 3SG.POSS-door DEM:LOC IFR:UP-CAUS-CAUS-hang
Translation: She had [people] behead the horse, and hang its head on the city gate.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-sɯ-spoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM ERG IPFV-INV-CAUS-CAUS-have.a.hole SENS-be
Translation: One makes a hole [into it] with this.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci nɯ tɕe tɕe smi pjɯ́-wɣ-βlɯ tɕe nɯ smɯmba nɯ kɯ ɯ-rme nɯ kú-wɣ-sɯ-sɯ-βɣɯt ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: one DEM LNK LNK fire IPFV-INV-burn LNK DEM flame DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-hair DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-CAUS-burn.off SENS-be.needed
Translation: The other [method to remove chicken feathers] is to make a fire and burn off the feathers with the flames.' (150907 kAnWtChWwWt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-ta-sɯ-sɯ-rɤt
Glosses: AOR-1→2-CAUS-CAUS-write
Translation: I made you write it_i with it_j .
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-tɯtsɣe ra mɯ-ɲɯ-kɤ-ɣɤ-kʰɯ ftɕaka ntsɯ tu-βze pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 2DU.POSS-commerce PL NEG-IPFV-INF-CAUS-be.possible manner always IPFV-make[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He was always trying [by all means] to make it impossible for them to manage their business.' (150825 baishe zhuan-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-pi ni tɤ-tɯ-βri-t ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU AOR-2-save-PST:TR be:FACT
Translation: You saved your two elder brothers.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki a-tɤ-tɯ-ndze qʰe qʰe ɯ-qa nɯtɕu tɯ-ndzrɯ jamar ci ʑo a-nɯ-tɯ-sɯɣ-ri ma
Glosses: DEM.PROX IRR-PFV-2-eat[III] LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-bottom DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-nail about INDEF EMPH IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-remain LNK
Translation: When you eat this, leave a [quantity of] about a nail [from it in the bowl].' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma jinde tɕe ku-χsu-j me kɯ-ɲo ntsɯ tu-ndza-j ɕti ma
Glosses: LNK nowadays LNK IPFV-raise-1PL not.exist:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.ready always IPFV-eat-1PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Nowadays we do not raise [chicken] anymore, we eat `ready-made' [eggs].' (22-kumpGa)