lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kʰramba ma-tɤ-βze-a ra ma tɕe <lishijizai> pjɯ-tɯ-βze ɕti tɕetʰa , nɯnɯ rcanɯ <zuzubeibei> kɯ ɣɯ-nɤmqe-a-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM lie NEG-IMP-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK LNK history record IPFV-2-make[III] be:AFF:FACT LNK later generations ERG INV-scold:FACT-1SG-PL
Translation: I musn't tell lies, as you are making a historical record, and the past generations would scold me.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mɤ-tʰɯ-sta ma tɕetʰa ju-nɯ-ɕe ɕti
Glosses: IRR-NEG-PFV-wake LNK later IPFV-VERT-go be.AFF:FACT
Translation: May she not wake up (Don't wake her up), otherwise she will go away.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: roʁre nɯ kɯnɤ [wuma ʑo kɯ-xtsʰɯm] mɤ-pe ma tɕe pjɯ-qlɯt-nɯ .
Glosses: fence.rail DEM also really EMPH INF:STAT-be.thin NEG-be.good LNK LNK IPFV-break-PL
Translation: As for fence rails also, it is not good [where they are] too thin, otherwise [the hybrid yaks in the cowshed] will break them.' (150902 mkhoN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-βri nɯra qapri ɯ-βri wuma ʑo ɲɯ-fse , ɯ-rme ri kɯ-tu maŋe . tɕeri ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body DEM:PL snake 3SG.POSS-body really EMPH SENS-be.like 3SG.POSS-hair also SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:SENS LNK 3SG.POSS-limb exist:SENS
Translation: [The gecko's] body looks a little bit like the body of a snake, and it too has no hair. However, it has limbs.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kuwu nɯ iʑo kutɕu ji-ʑimkʰɤm tɕe tu ri mɤ-dɤn
Glosses: bearded.vulture DEM 1SG DEM.PROX:LOC 1PL.POSS-region LOC exist:FACT LNK NEG-be.many:FACT
Translation: Bearded vultures are found here in our region, but not many.' (2011-08-kuwu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaliaʁ nɯ to-z-nɯɣmaz ma kɤ-sat nɯ mɯ-pjɤ-cʰa
Glosses: eagle DEM IFR-CAUS-have.a.wound LNK INF-kill DEM NEG-IFR-can
Translation: He wounded the eagle, but could not kill it.' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paʁ kɯ tɕi ndze , nɯŋa kɯ tɕi ndze . tɕe [tɯrme kɤ-ndza] ndɤre mɤ-sna .
Glosses: pig ERG too eat[III]:FACT cow ERG too eat[III]:FACT LNK people INF-eat CONTRAST:FOC NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: Pigs eat it, cows eat it, but it is not good for people to eat.' (17-ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe rɟɤlpu nɯ nɯ-rga jinbala zɯ “e , a-tɕɯ ki stɤβtsʰɤt ci mɯ-ɕɯ-cʰa kɯ" ɲɤ-sɯso tɕe
Glosses: LNK king DEM AOR-be.happy although LOC INTERJ 1SG.POSS-son DEM.PROX contest INDEF NEG-APPREHENSIVE-can SFP IFR-think LNK
Translation: Although the king was happy (about that), he thought `I am worried that my son will not win the contest.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “jɤ-ɣi" kɯnɤ mɤ-kɤ-ti kɯ , “nɤ-rʑaβ ɣɯ-ku-βze-a" to-ti , rɟɤlpu nɯ ɯ-ɕki .
Glosses: IMP-come also NEG-INF-say ERG 2SG.POSS-wife CISL-IPFV-make[III]-1SG IFR-say king DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT
Translation: Although [the king had not] said `come' (i.e. `without the king saying `come”), she told the king `I am coming to become your wife.' (140511 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯjka nɯnɯ sɯŋgɯ cʰiz ɕ-ku-rɤloʁ ɲɯ-maʁ kɯ , (...) kuxtɕo ɯ-mbe ɯ-ŋgɯ ri ku-rɤloʁ
Glosses: chough DEM forest APPROX:LOC TRAL-IPFV-make.nest SENS-not.be ERG _ basket 3SG.POSS-old.one 3SG.POSS-in LOC IPFV-make.nest
Translation: The chough does not go in the forest and makes a nest there, but rather makes a nest (…) in old baskets, (…)' (22-CAGpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɤ-kɯ-nɯβlu-a tɕe , nɯnɯ kɯ-pʰɤn sɤznɤ , mɤ́ɣrɤz a-mpʰɯz ɯ-ntɕʰɯr pa-nɯ-pʰɯt
Glosses: IFR-2→1-cheat-1SG LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.efficient COMP instead 1SG.POSS-bottom 3SG.POSS-piece AOR:3→3-AUTO-take.off
Translation: You cheated me, not only was [your healing method] not efficient [to treat my illness], but it took off a chunk of my bottom. (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤr tɕe ʑŋgri nɯ nɯ-mɤrʑaβ ʑo tɕe tɯ-kɤrme cʰɯ́-wɣ-rɤɕi ri , cʰɯ-kɯ-zri maŋe , mɤ́ɣrɤz ɲɯ-mŋɤm ma .
Glosses: night LOC star DEM AOR-marry EMPH LNK GENR.POSS-hair IPFV-INV-pull LNK IPFV-PCP:SBJ-be.long not.exist:SENS instead SENS-hurt SFP
Translation: In the night when there was a shooting star, we pulled our hair (thinking that our hair would grow longer), but not only did [our hair] not grow longer, [but the only thing that it did was] it hurt.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <huangshang> nɯ kɯ ko-mɟa tɕe to-rtoʁ ri , nɤkinɯ , tɤ-mda tɕe , nɯnɯ nɤki , ɕoʁɕoʁ kɯ-qarŋe kɯ tɤ-kɤ-βzu pjɤ-ɕti .
Glosses: emperor DEM ERG IFR-catch LNK IFR-look LNK FILLER AOR-be.the.time LNK DEM FILLER paper SBJ:PCP-be.yellow ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-make IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: [Wang Taichang_i was accused of holding an imperial robe, a crime punishable by death] The emperor_j [had] him_i arrested, but when he_j examined [the so-called imperial robe]_k it turned out that it_k was [just] made of yellow paper.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo “nɯ ɕɯ tɯ-ŋu kɯ" nɯ-sɯso-t-a ri , tɤ-mda tɕe nɤkinɯ , a-ftsa pjɤ-tɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG DEM who 2-be:FACT SFP AOR-think-PST:TR-1SG LNK AOR-be.the.time LNK FILLER 1SG.POSS-ZCh IFR.IPFV-2-be
Translation: I was wondering who you were, but it turns out that you are my nephew!' (150907 yingning-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑara χsɯm ma pjɤ-me-nɯ tɕe tɕendɤre nɯ-nɯŋa ci pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: they three apart.from IFR.IPFV-not.exist-PL LNK LNK 3PL.POSS-cow INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There were only the three of them, and they had a cow.' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pʰoŋbu ra ɲɯ-wxti , ɲɯ-tsʰu ʑo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body PL SENS-big SENS-fat EMPH
Translation: Its body is big and fat.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro sɤznɤ ɲɯ-wxti . ɲɯ-mbro cʰo ɲɯ-wxti .
Glosses: horse comp SENS-be.big SENS-be.high COMIT SENS-be.big
Translation: It is larger than a horse. Higher and larger.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-rɣi a-mɤ-pɯ-ɕe ra ma pjɯ-tsɣi mɤ-cʰa tɕe tɕendɤre a-nɯ-ɤci ʑo qʰe cʰo ftɕar a-kɤ-ndzoʁ ʑo qʰe li tu-ɬoʁ ɕti
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-grain IRR-NEG-PFV:DOWN-go be.needed:FACT LNK IPFV-be.rotten NEG-can:FACT LNK LNK IRR-PFV-get.wet EMPH LNK COMIT summer IRR-PFV-ACAUS:attach EMPH LNK again IPFV-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: One should not let its grains go into [the ground], because they cannot rot, and when they get wet and the spring comes, they grow again.' (08-qaJAGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ku nɯra rcanɯ , wuma ʑo ɲɯ-mpɕɤr cʰo kʰatoʁ ʑo ɣɤʑu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head DEM:PL UNEXP:DEG really EMPH SENS-be.beautiful COMIT variegated EMPH exist:SENS
Translation: Its head, it is very beautiful, and variegated.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɕa] tɕi ɲɯ-ndze , [ɕɤci] tɕi ɲɯ-tsʰi , [tɤ-lu ta-mar] tɕi ɲɯ-ndze
Glosses: meat also SENS-eat[III] meat.stew also SENS-drink INDEF.POSS-milk INDEF.POSS-butter also SENS-eat[III]
Translation: [Pigs] eat meat, slurp meat stew, and also eat butter and have milk.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯroz kɯ-mɯm ri maŋe , kɯroz mɤ-kɯ-ɣɤ-mɲɤt ri maŋe qʰe ,
Glosses: specially SBJ:PCP-be.tasty also not.exist:SENS specially NEG-SBJ:PCP-FACIL-be.spoiled also not.exist:SENS LNK
Translation:  `[Scoring bread] neither [makes it] specially tasty nor really [prevents it from] spoiling.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tu-rɯɕmi ri mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ , cʰɯ-nɯrɤɣo ri mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ ci ɲɤ-k-ɤβzu-ci .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-speak also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible IPFV-sing also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible INDEF IFR-PEG-become-PEG
Translation: She became unable to speak and to sing.' (150819 haidenver-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo [pjɤ-mpɕɤr] ʁo alala ri , rɤɣo ri pjɤ-mkʰɤz , tɯ-rɟaʁ ri pjɤ-mkʰɤz .
Glosses: 3SG IPFV.IFR-be.beautiful ADVERS not.only LNK song also IFR.IPFV-be.expert NMLZ:ACTION-dance also IFR.IPFV-be.expert
Translation: Not only was he good-looking, he was also very talented at singing and dancing.' (160702 luocha-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɕɯ-mŋɤm] ɯ-tɤjɯ tɕe ɲɯ-sɤzoŋzoŋ ʑo ŋu
Glosses: CAUS-hurt:FACT 3SG.POSS-addition LNK SENS-cause.numbing.sensation EMPH be:FACT
Translation: Not only does [nettle] hurt, it also causes a numbing sensation.' (140428 mtshalu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ wuma ʑo (...) tó-wɣ-raχtɕɤz , ɲɤ́-wɣ-mgrɯn . tɕe nɯ ɯ-tɤjɯ tɕe tɕendɤre li iɕqʰa nɯ , ɯ-rʑaβ ra ɲɤ-ɕar .
Glosses: king DEM ERG really EMPH _ IFR-INV-cherish IFR-INV-receive.as.guest LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-addition LNK LNK again FILLER DEM 3SG.POSS-wife PL IFR-search
Translation: The king (…) treated him well as a guest, and in addition found a wife for him.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯtsɣe ɯ-kɯ-βzu nɯ kɯ paχɕi mɯ-ɲɤ-mbi mɤra ma nɯ sɤznɤ to-nɤmqe tɕe jo-sɯx-ɕe .
Glosses: commerce 3SG.POSS-make DEM ERG apple NEG-IFR-give not.only LNK DEM COMP IFR-scold LNK IFR-CAUS-go
Translation: The merchant not only did not give him an apple, but scolded him and sent him away.' (150904 zhongli-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm nɯra tu-ndze mɤkɯjɤɣ kɯ , ɯ-di ɲɯ-ɕɯ-mnɤm
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III] not.only ERG 3SG.POSS-smell SENS-CAUS-smell
Translation: Not only does [the mouse] eat meat, it also stinks it up.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [ɯ-rqʰu nɯ ɣɯrni] laʁma ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯ sɤjku cʰo ɲɯ-naχtɕɯɣ-ndʑi ri
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-skin DEM be.red:FACT apart.from 3SG.POSS-inside DEM white.birch COMIT SENS-be.the.same-DU LNK
Translation: Apart from the fact that its bark is red, its inside is the same as that of the white birch.' (06-mbrAj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-kɤ-pu kɤ-kɤ-sqa kɯ-fse nɯra mɤ-ndze] laʁma , nɯ ɯ-ro nɯ lonba tu-ndze ɕti .
Glosses: AOR-OBJ:PCP-bake AOR-OBJ:PCP-cook SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL NEG-eat:FACT apart.from DEM 3SG.POSS-rest DEM all IPFV-eat be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Apart from the fact that it does not eat food that has been baked or cooked, it eats everything else (=apart from cooked food, it eats everything else).' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wortɕʰi wojɤr ʑo tɕʰimaʁnɤ a-ɣi ra nɯ-pʰe ɕɯ-rɤfɕɤt-tɕi (tsaʁ) ma tɕetʰa ɣɯ-nɯzdɯɣ-a-nɯ
Glosses: please please EMPH at.least 1SG.POSS-relative PL 3PL.POSS-DAT TRAL-tell:FACT-1DU just LNK later INV-worry.about:FACT-1SG-PL
Translation: Please, at least let the two of us go and inform my relatives, otherwise they will be worried about me.' (qachGa 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰimaʁ “pɯ-tɯ-χɕu" tsaʁ tu-ti-a ma
Glosses: at.least PST.IPFV-2-be.strong just IPFV-say-1SG LNK
Translation: I [should] at least say `thank you'.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe cʰɯ-βde-nɯ nɯmaʁnɤ fsapaʁ ɲɯ-mbi-nɯ ŋgrɤl ma
Glosses: LNK IPFV-throw-PL otherwise animal IPFV-give-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: (People uproot it and) either they throw it away, or give it to the animals (to eat).' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯmaʁnɤ tú-wɣ-nɯ-xsɯr , nɯmaʁnɤ <ban> tú-wɣ-βzu tɕe .
Glosses: otherwise IPFV-INV-AUTO-fry otherwise mix IPFV-INV-make LNK
Translation: People either fry it, or mix it in salad.' (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɤr rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tɯ-nɯ-ɕe ɕi , rŋɯl rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tɯ-nɯ-ɕe ɕi , ɕom rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tɯ-nɯ-ɕe ɕi , si rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tɯ-nɯ-ɕe ?
Glosses: gold stairs 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT SFP silver stairs 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT SFP iron stairs 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT SFP wood stairs 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT
Translation: Will you go on the golden stairs, the silver stairs, the iron stairs, or the wooden stairs? (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯra ɲɯ-fse tɕe wuma ʑo ɲɯ-ŋgɯ-tɕi
Glosses: DEM:PL SENS-be.like LNK really EMPH SENS-be.poor-1DU
Translation: We are very poor like that.' (divination)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mu cʰo wuma ɲɯ-ŋgɯ-tɕi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother COMIT REALLY SENS-be.poor-1DU
Translation: My mother and I are very poor.' (divination)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-χti nɯ wuma ʑo tɯrme pe ma
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion DEM really EMPH person be.good:FACT LNK
Translation: Her husband is a very nice person.' (`he is very nice as a person.') (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɤ́-wɣ-tɕɤt tɕe nɯŋa nɯ kɯ wuma ɲɯ-nɤ-mŋɤm
Glosses: LNK DEM AOR-INV-take.out LNK cow DEM ERG really SENS-TROP-hurt
Translation: When one removes (the parasite by squeezing it out), the cow finds it very painful.' (25-zrW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka tɤɕi qaj nɯra wuma ʑo ndze .
Glosses: at.all barley wheat DEM:PL really EMPH eat[III]:FACT
Translation: [The dove] eats wheat and barley a lot.' (22-CAGpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [si kɤ-pʰaʁ] wuma ʑo cʰa-a
Glosses: tree INF-chop really EMPH can:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am very good at felling trees.' (2011-10-qajdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ tsʰɤt ɯ-ɣli nɯ cʰɯ́-wɣ-lɤt tɕe , [tɤ-rɤku wuma ʑo tu-sɤpe] cʰa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in LOC goat 3SG.POSS-manure DEM IPFV-INV-release LNK INDEF.POSS-crops really EMPH IPFV-do.well can:FACT
Translation: If one spreads goat manure on the fields, it can make the crops (grow) really well.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ fsapaʁ ra kɯ ndza-nɯ ri , wuma stʰɯci mɤ-rga-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM animal PL ERG eat:FACT-PL LNK really so.much NEG-like:FACT-PL
Translation: The animals eat it, but don't like it so much.' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰro ʑo pjɤ-ŋke pjɤ-ra tɕendɤre , pjɤ-nɯʑɯβ .
Glosses: much EMPH IFR.IPFV-walk IFR.IPFV-be.needed LNK IFR-sleep
Translation: He had had to walk a lot (on that day, was very tired), and fell asleep.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰro ʑo ɲɤ-ɕar ri mɯ-pjɤ-mto
Glosses: much EMPH IFR-search LNK NEG-IFR-see
Translation: [The prince] looked for her for a long time, but could not find her.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑɯ~ʑimkʰɤm ʑo aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo ɲɤ-nɤtʰɯtʰu
Glosses: EMPH~much EMPH everywhere EMPH IFR-DISTR:ask
Translation: [The bear] asked around [about the rabbit] everywhere for a long time.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-rʑaβ ri kɯstʰɯci ɲɯ-mpɕɤr , a-mbro ri kɯstʰɯci ɲɯ-ʑru , a-pɣɤtɕɯ ri kɯstʰɯci ɲɯ-mpɕɤr
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-wife also so.much SENS-be.beautiful 1SG.POSS-horse also so.much SENS-be.strong 1SG.POSS-bird also so.much SENS-be.beautiful
Translation: My wife is so beautiful, my horse so strong, my bird so beautiful.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɯ-kɯ-ndʐaβ nɯ to-ndzur qʰe , li pjɤ-rɟaʁ . nɯstʰamtɕɤt ʑo iɕqʰa ɯ-ɟuli nɯ pjɤ-mpɕɤr .
Glosses: AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:cause.to.roll DEM IFR-stand LNK again IFR-dance that.much EMPH the.aforementioned 3SG.POSS-flute DEM IFR.IPFV-be.beautiful
Translation: (The rich man_i started dancing under the influence of the music and fell down). The one_i who had fallen down stood up and danced again. This was the extent to which [the shepherd boy's] flute [music] was beautiful.' (`his flute music was that beautiful') (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wo nɤʑo rcanɯ tɕʰi ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤme ŋu ma , aʑo tɯ-mɯ kɯ pɯ-kɯ-sɯ-χtɕi-a , tɤndʐo nɯ !
Glosses: INTERJ 2SG UNEXP:DEG what SENS-2-do[III] be:FACT LNK 1SG INDEF.POSS-sky ERG AOR-2→1-CAUS-wash-1SG cold SFP
Translation: You, what are you doing, you caused me to be drenched by the rain.' (kWlAG 2014)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: to-k-ɤnɯmqaj-ndʑi-ci tɕe rcanɯ , ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe ko-k-ɤndɯndo-ndʑi-ci ,
Glosses: IFR-PEG-RECIP:scold-DU-EVD LNK UNEXP:DEG progressively LNK IFR-PEG-RECIP:take-DU-PEG
Translation: They scolded each other and progressively started to fight, ' (lWlu2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro rcanɯ ɯ-xɕɤt kɯ-tɯ~tu ʑo nɯ-ntsʰɤr ɲɯ-nu ,
Glosses: horse UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-strength SBJ:PCP-EMPH~exist EMPH AOR-neigh SENS-be
Translation: The horse neighed with all his strength.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ lɯlu a-pɯ-me rcanɯ , βʑɯ ɯ-tɯ-ŋɤn saχaʁ .
Glosses: LNK DEM cat IRR-IPFV-not.exist UNEXP:DEG mouse 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.evil be.extremely:FACT
Translation: If there are no cats, the mice are extremely fierce (cause a lot of damages).' (21-lWlu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤŋe ɯ-rkɯ tɤ-armbat qʰe ɯ-tɯ-sɤ-ɕke pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo ri
Glosses: sun 3SG.POSS-side AOR:UP-be.near LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-burn IFR.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH LNK
Translation: When he approached the sun, it was extremely hot.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ʑo nɯnɯ ɕ-pjɯ-sat-a ra
Glosses: 1SG EMPH DEM TRAL-IPFV-kill-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to kill her myself.' (140504 baixuegongzhu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ a-xtu ɯ-tɯ-mŋɤm ɲɯ-sɤre ʑo
Glosses: 1SG also 1SG.POSS-belly 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-hurt SENS-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: Me too, my belly hurts a lot.' (literally: `the degree of my hurting is ridiculously high') (qala 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki tɯ-ci ki ɯ-tɯ-rnaʁ mɯ́j-rtaʁ
Glosses: DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-water DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.deep NEG:SENS-be.enough
Translation: This water is not deep enough.' (2010-03-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤ-tɯ-xtɕi tɕʰom-o
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.small be.too.much:FACT-SFP
Translation: You are too young.' (150828 huamulan-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki maka ɯ-tɯ-ɕqraʁ tɤ-ɣɤ-tɕʰom-a ɯβrɤ-ŋu ɣe ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX at.all 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.intelligent AOR-CAUS-be.too.much-1SG RH.Q-be:FACT SFP
Translation: I hope that I did not cause her to become too intelligent.' (hist160709 riquet6-v2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑmbri cʰo ɯ-tɯ-wxti naχtɕɯɣ
Glosses: willow COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big be.the.same:FACT
Translation: It is as big as a willow (its degree of “bigness" is the same as that of a willow).' (08-qaCti)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤtsa ni ndʑi-tɯ-ŋgɯ kɤ-ti kɯ pɯ-saχaʁ ʑo
Glosses: parent.and.child DU 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.poor INF-say ERG PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: The mother and her child were extremely poor.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-ɕpaʁ kɤ-ti kɯ pɯ-saχaʁ-nɯ ʑo pɯ-rɤʑi-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: NMLZ:ABSTRACT-thirst INF-say ERG PST.IPFV-be.extremely-PL EMPH PST.IPFV-stay-PL SENS-be
Translation: [The people there] live in extreme thirst.' (divination 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-tɯ-sɤjndɤt nɯ !
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.cute SFP
Translation: You are so cute!' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-nɤmbju kɯ [rɟɤlpu kʰɤxtɤndo kɯ-nɯjaŋsa nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-mɲaʁ na-z-nɤmbju ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu].
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.shiny ERG king side.of.the.roof SBJ:PCP-be.idle DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-eye AOR:3→3-CAUS-be.shiny EMPH SENS-be
Translation: It was so shiny that it dazzled the eyes of the king, who was staying idle on the side of the roof (of the palace).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paʁ ra ci nɯ-tɯ-ɤɣɯzrɯɣ , aʑo ci a-tɯ-ɤɣɯzrɯɣ kɯ [ci tu-pe tɕe mɯ́j-cʰa-a]
Glosses: pig PL one 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-have.a.lot.of.lice 1SG one 1SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-have.a.lot.of.lice ERG one IPFV-do[III] LNK NEG:SENS-can-1SG
Translation: Pigs have so many lice and I have so many lice that all put together, I can't bear it.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɲat kɤ-ti kɯ [ɯ-ɕtʂi ra to-ɬoʁ .]
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.tired INF-say ERG 3SG.POSS-sweat PL IFR-come.out
Translation: He was so tired that he started sweating (profusely).' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-maqʰu ɯ-xɕɤt kɯ , [kɯ-fsoʁ tɤ-rɤŋgat ri kóʁmɯz tu-ɬoʁ ŋu .]
Glosses: IPFV-be.after 3SG.POSS-strength ERG SBJ:PCP-be.light AOR-be.about LOC only.then IPFV-come.out be:FACT
Translation: [This star] is so late that it only comes out when the day is about to break.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-xtɕi ɲɯ-tɕʰom
Glosses: SENS-be.small SENS-be.too.much
Translation: It is too small.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯŋa ra nɯ-taʁ tu-dɤn tu-tɕʰom] mɯ́j-pe ma
Glosses: cow PL 3PL.POSS-on IPFV-be.many IPFV-be.too.much NEG:SENS-be.good LNK
Translation: It is not good when there are too many (ticks) on cows.' (25-xCelwi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ma aʑo maka , kɤ-nɯ-rga mɯ́j-kʰɯ ʑo ɲɯ-rga-a
Glosses: DEM apart.from 1SG at.all INF-APPL-like NEG:SENS-be.possible EMPH SENS-like-1SG
Translation: I like it a lot (to the extent that it is not possible to like it more than I do).' (140521 huangdi de xinzhuang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ma kɤ-nɯ-rga mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ ʑo ɲɯ-rga-a
Glosses: DEM apart.from INF-APPL-like NEG-INF:STAT-be.possible EMPH SENS-like-1SG
Translation: I like it a lot.' (elicitation based on ex:nW.ma.mWjkhW.Zo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rʑaβ aʑo sɤz wxti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife 1SG COMP be.big:FACT
Translation: His wife is older than me.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rna nɯ [mbro ɣɯ] sɤz ɲɯ-wxti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ear DEM horse GEN COMP SENS-be.big
Translation: Its ears are bigger than those of the horse.' (20-tArka)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri ɯ-pʰoŋbu nɯ mbro sɤz koŋla ʑo ɲɯ-wxti .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-body DEM horse COMP really EMPH SENS-be.big
Translation: Its body is bigger than [that of] a horse.' (19-rNamoN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ɣli kɯ-dɤn ɯ-stu qandʐe nɯ kɯ ɲɯ-jpum .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-dung SBJ:PCP-be.many 3SG.POSS-place earthworm DEM ERG SENS-be.thick
Translation: The earthworms that are in places where there is a lot of dung (fertilizer) are fatter.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯ a-laz ɲɯ-sna
Glosses: 1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-karma SENS-be.good
Translation: I am luckier [than you].' (140515 huli he yelv-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤru ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ sɤz ɲɯ-tɯ-rʑi !
Glosses: chieftain 3SG.POSS-son DEM COMP SENS-2-be.heavy
Translation: You are heavier than the prince!' (140506 woju guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: waŋtɕin sɤznɤ ʁnɯ-pɤrme ma mɤ-xtɕi
Glosses: ANTHR COMP [two-years apart.from] NEG-be.small:FACT
Translation: He is only two years younger than Dbangcan.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr sɤz jɯsŋi kɯ ɲɯ-mpja
Glosses: yesterday COMP today ERG SENS-be.warm
Translation: Today is warmer than yesterday.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ sɤznɤ [a-pɯ-si] kɯ ɲɯ-mna
Glosses: DEM comp IRR-PFV-die ERG SENS-be.better
Translation: It is better that he dies.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-mɤku cʰɯ-kɯ-tɯt nɯ ɲɯ-tɕur tsa
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.first IPFV-SBJ:PCP-ripen DEM SENS-be.sour a.little
Translation: The [variety of apple] that ripens earlier is a bit sourer.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁmɯrcɯ sɤz ɲɯ-wxti tsa
Glosses: Garrulax COMP SENS-be.big a.little
Translation: It is a bit bigger than the Garrulax sp.' (23-qapGAmtWmtW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤɕi ɯ-rdoʁ mɯ́j-ʑɯ jamar ɲɯ-wxti
Glosses: barley 3SG.POSS-grain NEG:SENS-just.be about SENS-be.big
Translation: It is a little bigger than a grain of barley.' (28-kWpAz,104)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ru nɯra tɯ-jaʁndzu mɤ-kɯ-ʑɯ ʑo ɲɯ-jpum cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM:PL INDEF.POSS-finger NEG-INF:STAT-just.be EMPH IPFV-be.thick can:FACT
Translation: Its stalk can grow thicker than a finger.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ci tɕe , βʑɯ ndɤre mɤ-ʑɯ . βʑɯ sɤz ndɤre wxti ŋu
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF LNK mouse ADVERS NEG-just.be:FACT mouse COMP ADVERS be.big:FACT be:FACT
Translation: [The weasel] is a small [animal], but bigger than a mouse. It is bigger than a mouse.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki kɯm ki mɤ-ʑɯ-a
Glosses: DEM.PROX door DEM.PROX NEG-just.be:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am bigger than this door.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɯ-mbro ki kɯm ki mɤ-ʑɯ .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.high DEM.PROX door DEM.PROX NEG-just.be:FACT
Translation: I am bigger than this door.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qamtɕɯr nɯ ɯ-mtɕʰi nɯnɯ βʑɯ sɤznɤ mɤʑɯ ʑo amtɕoʁ
Glosses: shrew DEM 3SG.POSS-mouth DEM mouse COMP even.more EMPH be.pointy:FACT
Translation: The shrew's mouth is even sharper than that of the mouse.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-tɣa ɕaŋtaʁ] mɤ-zri .
Glosses: one-span up.from NEG-be.long:FACT
Translation: It is not longer than one handspan.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ru ra (...), [tɯ-jaʁndzu ɕaŋtaʁ] ɲɯ-jpum mɤ-cʰa ma
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk PL _ GENR.POSS-finger up.from IPFV-be.thick NEG-can:FACT LNK
Translation: Its stalk cannot grow/become thicker than a finger.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajɯβlama kɤ-ti ci tu tɕe , nɯ rca kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ci ʑo ɕti . zrɯɣ kɯnɤ me .
Glosses: bug OBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM UNEXP:DEG SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small INDEF EMPH be.AFF:FACT louse also not.exist:FACT
Translation: There is an [insect] called qajɯβlama, it is very small. It is not even as big as a louse.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: bird .sp DEM COMIT buzzard DU 3DU .POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be .big espace be .identical:FACT
Glosses: COMPAREE _ STD.MRK STANDARD _ PARAMETER espace PARAM.MRK
Translation: The qalekɯtsʰi bird is as big as the buzzard.' (literally: `The qalekɯtsʰi bird and the buzzard are identical in their degree of bigness.') (23-RmWrcWftsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qro nɯnɯ dɯdɯt cʰo ɯ-tɯ-wxti naχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: pigeon DEM dove COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big be.the.same:FACT
Translation: The pigeon is as big as a dove.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe dɯdɯt cʰo ndʑi-tɯ-wxti naχtɕɯɣ ʑo
Glosses: LNK dove COMIT 3DU.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.big be.the.same:FACT EMPH
Translation: It is as big as a dove.' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: eagle DEM 3SG .POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be .big DEM hawk COMIT espace be .identical:FACT a .little
Glosses: COMPAREE _ PARAMETER _ STANDARD STD.MRK espace PARAM.MRK PARAM.MRK
Translation: The eagle is about as big as the hawk.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: DEM again 3SG .POSS-father completely .like EMPH IFR .IPFV-be .like IFR .IPFV-be .ugly
Glosses: COMPAREE _ STANDARD PARAM.MRK _ STD.MRK PARAMETER
Translation: [The frog son] was as ugly as his father. ' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-qa nɯra li kɯmaʁ tɤjmɤɣ nɯra fsɯfse ʑo fse .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-root DEM:PL again other mushroom DEM:PL completely.identical EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: Its root is completely identical to that of other mushrooms.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-mbro tɕe , tɯrme ɯ-fsu jamar tu-βze cʰa .
Glosses: IPFV-be.high LNK man 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about IPFV-grow can:FACT
Translation: When it grows, it can grow about the size of a person.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mbro nɯ tɯ-mtʰɤɣ ɯ-fsu jamar ma tu-mbro mɤ-cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.high DEM GENR.POSS-waist 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about apart.from IPFV-be.high NEG-can:FACT
Translation: As for its size, it can grow only about as high as a person's waist.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmɕku ɯ-jwaʁ stʰɯci mɤ-rɟum
Glosses: garlic 3SG.POSS-leaf so.much NEG-be.broad
Translation: [Its leaves] are not as broad as garlic leaves.' (07-Cku)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajdo ʁnɯz jamar wxti
Glosses: crow two about be.big:FACT
Translation: It is about as big as two crows.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mat ɣɯ ɯ-ru nɯ zri tɕe , tɕe tɯ-tɣa jamar , ki jamar tu tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit GEN 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM be.long:FACT LNK LNK one-span about DEM.PROX about exist:FACT LNK
Translation: The stalk of its fruit is long, about a handspan long, about this long.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mpɕɤr ɣɯ ɯ-fsu jamar ci ɲɯ-kʰe ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful GEN 3SG.POSS-equal.in.size about INDEF SENS-be.stupid be.AFF:FACT
Translation: S/he_i is stupid to the extent of his/her_i beauty.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mpɕɤr cʰo ɯ-tɯ-kʰe nɯ ɲɯ-ɤfsuja ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful COMIT 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.stupid DEM SENS-be.of.the.same.size be.AFF:FACT
Translation: His/her beauty and his/her stupidity are equal.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi jamar kɯ-mpɕɤr nɯ , nɯ jamar ci ɲɯ-kʰe ɕti
Glosses: what about SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful DEM DEM about INDEF SENS-be.stupid be.AFF:FACT
Translation: A much as s/he is beautiful, s/he is stupid.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ pri nɯ kɯ , nɤki , tɯrme ɲɯ-fse tɕe , nɤkinɯ iɕqʰa nɯ , tɤ-rɤku tɕi tu-ndze , ɕa tɕi tu-ndze , (...) ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM bear DEM ERG FILLER man SENS-be.like LNK FILLER FILLER DEM INDEF.POSS-crops also IPFV-eat meat also IPFV-eat _ SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The bear, like a man, eats grains and meat.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-ɤnɯɣro] kɯ-fse tú-wɣ-ndza ɕti ma
Glosses: INF-play INF:STAT-be.like IPFV-INV-eat be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: People eat it for fun (as if to play, not as part of a real meal).' (08-rasti)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɤrɯ-sɯjno nɯ !
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM:SIMILATIVE-grass SFP
Translation: [The princess cuts their head as easily/casually] as if it were grass.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-pʰɯt ɯ-tɯ-mbat kɯ ɲɯ-ɤrɯ-sɯjno ʑo
Glosses: INF-cut 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM:SIMILATIVE-easy ERG SENS-be.like.grass EMPH
Translation: It is as easy to cut as if it were grass.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ-ŋgɯz stu xtɕi low .
Glosses: DEM bird 3PL.POSS-among most be.small:FACT SFP
Translation: It is the smallest of all birds.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe <aizheng> kɤ-ti pɯ-me tɕe , kɤ-kɯ-nɤndza nɯ stu ʑo kɯ-ŋɤn kɤ-pa pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: long.ago LNK cancer OBJ:PCP-say PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK AOR-SBJ:PCP-have.leprosy DEM most EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.evil OBJ:PCP-consider PST.IPFV-be
Translation: In former times, nobody talked about cancer, and leprosy was considered to be the most terrible [of all diseases].' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ci ɯ-rkɯ tu-ɬoʁ tɕe , nɯ stu ɯ-kɤ-nɯ-rga ŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-side IPFV-come.out LNK DEM most 3SG.POSS-APPL-like be:FACT LNK
Translation: It grows near the water, it is what it likes the most.' (09-mi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [stu ʑo ɯ-kɤ-ndza] nɯnɯ tɯ-ŋga , tɤ-rme kɯ-fse , tɯ-ŋga nɯra ŋu .
Glosses: most EMPH 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat DEM INDEF.POSS-clothes INDEF.POSS-hair SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF.POSS-clothes DEM:PL be:FACT
Translation: What it eats most is clothes, clothes (made of animal fur).' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [stu ɯ-sɤ-dɤn] nɯ stɤmku nɯra ŋu-nɯ .
Glosses: most 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many DEM grassland DEM:PL be:FACT-PL
Translation: The place where it is most numerous is the grasslands.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [pɣa tʰamtɕɤt ɣɯ nɯ-kɯ-mpɕɤr] nɯ rmɤβja ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK bird all GEN 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful DEM peacock SENS-be
Translation: The peacock is the most beautiful of all birds.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ama , a-pi kʰu nɯ tɕʰindʐa ku-tɯ-nɤpʰɯpʰɣo tɕe [nɤʑo kɯ-fse] kɯ-sɤɣ-mu me
Glosses: SURPRISE 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling tiger DEM why PRS-2-DISTR:flee LNK 2SG SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-PROP-fear not.exist:FACT
Translation: Brother tiger, why are you running away like that, you are the most dreadful [animal].' (literally: `There is no one dreadful like you.') (2005 khu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo [nɯ kɯ-fse] ʑo maka tu-tso-a me , tu-sɯz-a me
Glosses: 1SG DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like EMPH at.all IPFV:UP-understand-1SG not.exist:FACT IPFV:UP-know-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: This is what I know best.' (literally: `There is nothing that I understand, that I know like that.' 140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo [nɯ kɯ-fse pjɯ-sɯz-a] me
Glosses: 1SG DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:DOWN-know-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: I know of no such thing.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ɕaŋtaʁ kɯ-cʰa kɯ-rkaŋ me
Glosses: 1SG up.from SBJ:PCP-can SBJ:PCP-robust not.exist:FACT
Translation: I am the most able one, the most robust one.' (literally: `There is no one that is more robust/able than me') (140425 shizi huli he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-mu nɤ-wa ni
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother 2SG.POSS-father DU
Translation: Your parents.' (many occurrences)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-ʁɤri kɯ-nɤʁaʁ tɤ-mu nɯra kɯ nɯ-sɤz-nɯmbjɯm smi cʰɯ-nɯ-βlɯ-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-before SBJ:PCP-have.a.good.time INDEF.POSS-mother DEM:PL ERG 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-warm.by.fire fire IPFV-AUTO-burn-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The old women who were resting in front of the house were burning a fire to keep themselves warm.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ɲi ɯ-nmaʁ cʰondɤre tɯ-ɬaʁ ɯ-nmaʁ ra nɯ-ɕki tɕe tɕe li “a-βɣo" tu-kɯ-nɯ-ti ɕti ma nɯ ma ʑaka ɯ-rmi me . (...) tɯ-rpɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rʑaβ ɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-ɬaʁ" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu . tɯ-βɣo ɣɯ ɯ-rʑaβ ɯ-ɕki li “a-ɬaʁ" tu-kɯ-ti ɕti .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FZ 3SG.POSS-husband COMIT GENR.POSS-MZ 3SG.POSS-husband PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK LNK again 1SG.POSS-FB IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM apart.from each 3SG.POSS-name not.exist:FACT _ GENR.POSS-MB GEN 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT LNK 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be:FACT GENR.POSS-FB GEN 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT again 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT
Translation: One calls one's father's sister's and one's mother's sister's husbands a-βɣo `my father's brother'. Apart from that they don't have their own term. One calls one's mother's brother's and one's father's brother's wives a-ɬaʁ `my mother's sister'.' (140425 kWmdza05) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003789"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁi tɤ-tɕɯ kɯmŋu tu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling INDEF.POSS-son five exist:FACT LNK
Translation: I have five younger brothers.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S270"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-βɣo ɣɯ ɯ-tɕɯ cʰondɤre ɯ-me nɯra nɯ-ɕki tɕe , tɕe kɯ-wxti ra nɯ-ɕki “a-pi" tu-kɯ-ti , kɯ-xtɕi ra nɯ-ɕki “a-ʁi" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FB GEN 3SG.POSS-son COMIT 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.big PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say SBJ:PCP-be.big PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: As for one's father's brother's sons and daughters, one calls the elder ones a-pi `my elder sibling' and the younger ones a-ʁi `my younger sibling'.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ɬaʁ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯra tɕe tɤ-tɕɯ pɯ-nɯ-ŋu tɕʰeme pɯ-nɯ-ŋu tɯ-mɤtsa ŋu (...) tɯʑo kɯnɤ “a-mɤtsa" tu-kɯ-ti , ɯʑo kɯnɤ “a-mɤtsa" tu-ti
Glosses: GENR.POSS-FZ GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM:PL LNK INDEF.POSS-son PST.IPFV-AUTO-be girl PST.IPFV-AUTO-be GENR.POSS-MZCh be:FACT _ GENR also 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-GENR-say 3SG also 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-say
Translation: One's mother's sister's children, whether boy or girl, are one's maternal parallel cousins (tɯ-mɤtsa). (…) One calls [them] a-mɤtsa, and they also reply a-mɤtsa.' (140425 kWmdza04) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003788"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jinde tʰam tɕe “a-pi a-ʁi" tu-nɯ-ti-nɯ ŋu ma
Glosses: nowadays now LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-AUTO-say-PL be:FACT LNK
Translation: Nowadays [maternal parallel cousins] call [each other] a-pi `my elder sibling' and a-ʁi `my younger sibling'(casually).' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rpɯ nɯ kɯnɤ “a-ftsa" tu-ti , tɤ-ɬaʁ nɯ kɯnɤ “a-ftsa" tu-ti
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-MB DEM also 1SG.POSS-ZCH IPFV-say INDEF.POSS-MZ DEM also 1SG.POSS-ZCH IPFV-say
Translation: Both the maternal uncle and the maternal aunt call [their sister's children] a-ftsa.' (140425 kWmdza04) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003788"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɕʰeme ɲɯ-ŋu-a tɕe a-sqʰaj ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯ-ɕki tɕe "a-ftsa" tu-ti-a ŋu . … a-wɤmɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ra nɯ-ɕki tɕe "a-ʁi" tu-ti-a kɯ-ra ŋu . ʑara kɯ a-ɕki "a-ɲi" tu-ti-nɯ tɕe , aʑo kɯ "a-ʁi" tu-ti-a ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG girl SENS-be-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-sister GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-FZCh IPFV-say-1SG be:FACT _ 1SG.POSS-brother GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG INF:STAT-be.needed be:FACT 3PL ERG 1SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-FZ IPFV-say-PL LNK 1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-say-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I am a woman, and so I call my sisters' children a-ftsa `my nephew', (…) and my brother's children_i a-ʁi `my younger sibling'. They_i call me a-ɲi `my father's sister' and I call them a-ʁi `my younger sibling' (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɤ-tɕɯ a-pɯ-ŋu-a qʰe tɕe , a-xtɤɣ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯnɯra nɯ-ɕki a-mdɯ ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG INDEF.POSS-son IRR-IPFV-be-1SG LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-brother GEN 3SG.POSS-offpsring DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-BCh be:FACT
Translation: If I were a man, I would call my brother's children a-mdɯ `my parallel nephew'.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme tɕe tɕe tɯ-mdɯ me .
Glosses: girl LNK LNK GENR.POSS-BCh not.exist:FACT
Translation: Women do not have [any relative that can be called with the term] tɤ-mdɯ `parallel nephew'. (140425 kWmdza02) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003786"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯtɕu tɕe tɕe li “a-mdɯ" tu-tɯ-ti , woja , tɕʰeme ɯ-rɟit nɯ “a-ftsa" tu-tɯ-ti , tɯ-mu tɯ-mu kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ cʰo kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ ŋu .
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC LNK again 1SG.POSS-BCh IPFV-2-say INTERJ girl 3SG.POSS-child DEM 1SG.POSS-ZCh IPFV-2-say GENR.POSS-mother GENR.POSS-father SBJ:PCP-be.the.same COMIT SBJ:PCP-be.the.same be:FACT
Translation: (Question: How do ♂I address a-wa ɯ-xtɤɣ ɯ-ɣe ɯ-ɕki my father's brother's grandchildren? Response:) `In that case, ♂you say a-mdɯ `♂my brother's son'; in the case of a girl's child (FBDCh) you say a-ftsa `my sister's son', like [siblings sharing] the same parents.' (elicitation, 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-rɟit ra kɯ (...) aʑo a-sqʰaj ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ra nɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-mɤtsa" tu-ti-nɯ , nɯnɯra , ɣɯ nɯ-rɟit ra nɯ-ɕki qʰe li , “a-mɤtsa" tu-nɯ-ti-nɯ
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-offspring PL ERG (...) 1SG 1SG.POSS-sister GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MFZ IPFV-say-PL DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring PL 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK again 1SG.POSS-MZCh IPFV-AUTO-say-PL
Translation: My children (…) call my sister's children_i a-mɤtsa, and also called their_i children a-mɤtsa.' (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-rpɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-rpɯ" tu-kɯ-ti , ɯ-ɣe ɯ-ɕki tɕe “a-rpɯ" tu-kɯ-ti kɯ-ŋgrɤl ɲɯ-ŋu , iʑora kɯrɯ kɯ tɕe .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-MB GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-GENR-say 3SG.POSS-grandchild 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-GENR-say INF:STAT-be.usually.the.case SENS-be 1PL Tibetan ERG LNK
Translation: One calls one's maternal uncle's children and his grandchildren a-rpɯ `my maternal uncle', among us Tibetans.' (140425 kWmdza07) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003791"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ɲi ɯ-rɟit ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯ ɯ-ɕki tɕe tɕe “a-ftsa" tu-tɯ-ti kɯ-ra .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-FZ 3SG.POSS-offspring GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT LNK LNK 1SG.POSS-FZ IPFV-2-say INF:STAT-be.needed
Translation: You have to say a-ftsa `my sister's child' to the child of the child of your paternal cross-aunt.' (elicitation, 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯra tɕe tɯʑo sɤz a-pɯ-wxti-nɯ qʰe “a-pi" tu-kɯ-ti , tɯʑo sɤz a-pɯ-xtɕi-nɯ qʰe “a-ʁi" tu-kɯ-nɯ-ti ɕti . “a-xtɤɣ" ra tu-o<nɯ>mɯ-ti-nɯ ɕti .
Glosses: DEM:PL LNK GENR COMP IRR-IPFV-be.big-PL LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say GENR COMP IRR-IPFV-be.small-PL LNK 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling IPFV-GENR-AUTO-say be.AFF:FACT 1SG.POSS-brother PL IPFV-<AUTO>RECIP-say-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Those (ego's husband's or wife's siblings), if they are elder than oneself, one calls them a-pi `my elder sibling'; if they are younger one calls them a-ʁi `my younger sibling'. They also call each other a-xtɤɣ`my brother' and the like.' (140425 kWmdza05) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003789"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤndʑi-mɤtsa nɯni tɕe ci ku-pa-ndʑi kɯ-kʰɯ ɲɯ-ŋu , kɯ-ŋgrɤl ɲɯ-ŋu , mɤ-kɯ-ʁdɯɣ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: COLL-MZCh DEM:DU LNK one IPFV-make-DU INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be INF:STAT-be.usually.the.case SENS-be NEG-INF:STAT-be.harmful SENS-be
Translation: For two maternal parallel cousins, it is possible to get married, it is the custom, it is not wrong.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤndʑi-wɤmɯ-snom ɯ-rɟit nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ , (...) ɯnɯni li ci ku-pa-ndʑi kɯ-kʰɯ ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕeri nɯnɯ ɲɯ-rkɯn .
Glosses: COLL-brother-sister 3SG.POSS-offspring DEM TOP _ DEM:DU again one IPFV-make-DU INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be LNK DEM SENS-be.rare
Translation: Cross-cousins (the children of siblings of different gender) can also get married, but it is rare.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤndʑi-xtɤɣ ɯ-rɟit nɯ tɤ-ŋu tɕe tɕe , ci kú-wɣ-pa maka mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: COLL-brother 3SG.POSS-children DEM AOR-be LNK LNK one IPFV-INV-make at.all NEG-INF:STAT-be.possible SENS-be
Translation: As for brothers' children, it is completely impossible for them to marry each other.' (140427 kWmdza stWnmW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɯ praʁwɯ rɟitpa ŋu-a tɕe , a-rɟit ni praʁwɯ rɟitpa kɯnɤ kɯ-ɤ-rtsi ŋu-ndʑi ,
Glosses: 1SG DEM TOPO lineage be:FACT-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-offspring DU TOPO lineage also SBJ:PCP-PASS-count be:FACT-DU
Translation: I am (Tshendzin) from the lineage of Praqwu, and [therefore] my two children also count as being from the lineage of Praqwu.' (140426 rJitpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mu pɕoʁ nɯ tɤ́-wɣ-rtsɯz tɕe , tɯ-mu pɕoʁ rɟitpa tu-kɯ-rtsi ŋu , tɯ-wa pɕoʁ pa-rtsɯz-nɯ tɕe , li tɯ-wa pɕoʁ rɟitpa nɯ pjɯ-rtsi-nɯ ɕti
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mother side DEM AOR:UP-INV-count LNK GENR.POSS-mother side lineage IPFV:UP-GENR:S/O-count be:FACT GENR.POSS-father side DEM AOR:DOWN-count-PL LNK GENR.POSS-mother side lineage DEM IPFV:DOWN-count-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: When one counts from one's mother's side, one is counted as being from the lineage on one's mother's side, when people count from one's father's side (downwards), they count as being from one's father lineage.' (140426 rJitpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯrme nɯ-kɯ-ɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɤ nɯ-kɯ-ɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɯ rɟitpa tu-kɯ-ti ŋu . a-pɯ-ŋu tɕe , taʁrdo ra ɣɯ nɯ-rɟit nɯnɯ , (...) tɤ-tɕɯ pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , tɕʰeme pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , tɯrme ɯ-kʰa z-jɤ-kɯ-mɤtɕɯ , jɤ-kɯ-mɤrʑaβ , nɯra ɣɯ nɯ-rɟit nɯ-rɟit nɯ-rɟit kɯ-fse nɯ-kɯ-ɤmpʰɯmpʰri nɯnɯra tɕe (taʁrdo) rɟitpa tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK people AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations ADD AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations DEM lineage IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT IRR-IPFV-be LNK TOPO PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring DEM _ INDEF.POSS-son PST.IPFV-AUTO-be girl PST.IPFV-AUTO-be people 3SG.POSS-house TRAL-AOR-SBJ:PCP-adopted.as.son AOR-SBJ:PCP-marry DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-offspring SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-SBJ:PCP-across.generations DEM:PL LNK TOPO lineage IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be
Translation: People [related to each other] generation after generations are called a lineage. For instance, the children from Taqrdo, (…) male or female, whether they have left and been adopted as sons in someone else's household or have married away, their children's children's children, generation after generation, are called the lineage [of Taqrdo].' (140425 kWmdza08) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003792"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯʑo tɕʰeme ɣɯ tɯ-rɟit nɯnɯ kɯ tɕe tɕe tɯ-wɤmɯ ra nɯ-rɟit nɯ-ɕki tɕe li “a-rpɯ a-ɬaʁ" tu-ti-nɯ kɯ-ra .
Glosses: GENR girl GEN GENR.POSS-offspring DEM ERG LNK LNK GENR.POSS-brother PL 3PL.POSS-offspring 3PL.POSS-DAT LNK again 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-say-PL INF:STAT-be.needed
Translation: One's children (EGO being a woman) call one's brother's children a-rpɯ `my mother's brother' or a-ɬaʁ `my mother's sister'. (140425 kWmdza01) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003785"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ɲi ɣɯ ɯ-ɣe kɯ tɕe tɕe , nɤj nɤ-ɕki “a-rpɯ" tu-ti kɯ-ra ɕti .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-FZ GEN 3SG.POSS-grandchild ERG LNK LNK 2SG 2SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-MB IPFV-say INF:STAT-be.needed be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Your father's sister's grandchildren have to call you `my mother's brother'.' (elicitation 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑo ji-wi nɯnɯ tsʰapa nɯ-kɯ-ɣe pjɤ-ŋu . (...) aʑo tɤ-nɯkoŋtso-a ɯ-qʰu tɕe , tsʰapa ju-ɕe-a tɕe , tsʰapa nɯ ji-kɯmdza ʁɟa ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , (...) tɕe a-rpɯ a-ɬaʁ ntsɯ tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ra ma nɯ-<beifen> ɲɯ-mbro , (...) tɤ-pɤtso kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ra kɯ nɯ a-pʰe “a-ftsa a-ftsa" tu-ti-nɯ , “a-rpɯ a-ɬaʁ" kɤ-ti ɲɯ-ra , tɕendɤre tu-ti-a kɯ-zgɤt ɲɯ-ɕti ri nɯnɯ aʑo mɯ́j-nɤx-tʂaŋ-a
Glosses: 1PL 1PL.POSS-grandmother DEM TOPO AOR:WEST-SBJ:PCP-come[II] IFR.IPFV-be _ 1SG AOR-work-1SG 3SG.POSS-after LNK TOPO IPFV-go-1SG LNK TOPO DEM 1PL.POSS-relative completely SENS-be LNK _ LNK 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ always IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be.needed LNK 3PL.POSS-age.rank SENS-be.high _ INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small PL ERG DEM 1SG.POSS-DAT 1SG.POSS-ZCh 1SG.POSS-ZCh IPFV-say-PL 1SG.POSS-MB 1SG.POSS-MZ INF-say SENS-be.needed LNK IPFV-say-1SG INF:STAT-be.needed SENS-be.AFF LNK DEM 1SG NEG:SENS-TROP-be.fair-1SG
Translation: [One of] our grandmothers was from Tshapa (…) After I started working, when I went to Tshapa, everybody there is a relative of ours, (…) I had to call all of them `my mother's brother, my mother's sister', because they are of higher 辈分bèifenage rank, (…) [even] small children called me `my sister's son', and I had to call them `my mother's brother, my mother's sister'. Although this was what I had to say, I found it unfair.' (2010-06)