lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Piotr (szybko) dał jakiemuś chłopcu każdą naszą monetę .
Glosses: Piotr quickly gave some.DAT boy.DAT every.ACC our.ACC coin.ACC
Translation: Peter quickly gave some boy every coin of ours. Wiland (2009: 99 ex. 191a)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Piotr (szybko) dał każdą naszą monetę jakiemuś chłopcu .
Glosses: Piotr quickly gave every.ACC our.ACC coin.ACC some.DAT boy.DAT
Translation: Peter quickly gave every coin of ours to some boy. Wiland (2009: 99 ex. 192)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jakiś mieszkaniec każdego miasta nienawidzi go .
Glosses: some inhabitant.NOM every city.GEN despises it.GEN
Translation: An inhabitant of every city despises it
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ja będę czytać każdą książkę {co | którą} ty będziesz (czytać).
Glosses: I.NOM will read every book.ACC that which you will (read)
Translation: I will read every book that you will (read).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Spać , to Janek spał , ale nie odpoczął .
Glosses: sleep.INF TO John slept but not rested
Translation: Though John did sleep, he didn’t rest.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Czytać książki , to Janek czytał , ale żadnej nie napisał .
Glosses: read.INF books TO John read but none not wrote
Translation: Though John did read books, he hasn’t written any.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Czytać , to Janek czytał książki , ale żadnej nie napisał .
Glosses: read.INF TO John read books but none not wrote
Translation: Though John did read books, he hasn’t written any.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dawać ryby rekinom , to rybak dawał , ale sam nic nie zjadł .
Glosses: give.INF fish.ACC sharks.DAT TO fisherman.NOM gave but himself nothing not ate
Translation: Though the fisherman gave fish to the sharks, he himself didn’t eat.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Dawać , to rybak dawał ryby rekinom , ale sam nic nie zjadł .
Glosses: give.INF TO fisherman.NOM gave fish.ACC sharks.DAT but himself nothing not ate
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Dawać rekinom ryby , to rybak dawał , ale sam nic nie zjadł .
Glosses: give.INF sharks.DAT fish.ACC TO fisherman.nom gave but himself nothing not ate
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Dawać , to rybak dawał rekinom ryby , ale sam nic nie zjadł .
Glosses: give.INF TO rybak.NOM gave sharks.DAT fish.ACC but himself nothing not ate
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Dawać ryby , to rybak dawał rekinom , ale…
Glosses: give.INF fish.ACC TO fisherman.NOM gave sharks.DAT but
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Dawać rekinom , to rybak dawał ryby , ale…
Glosses: give.INF sharks.DAT TO fisherman.NOM gave fish.ACC but
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Rybak dawał rekinom RYBY .
Glosses: fisherman.NOM gave sharks.DAT fish.ACC
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: #Rybak dawał ryby REKINOM .
Glosses: fisherman.NOM gave fish.ACC sharks.DAT
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: #Rybak dawał REKINOM ryby .
Glosses: fisherman.NOM gave sharks.DAT fish.ACC
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: #Rybak dawał RYBY rekinom .
Glosses: fisherman.NOM gave fish.ACC sharks.DAT
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: dać komuś lanie
Glosses: give someone.DAT downpour.ACC
Translation: beat someone
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: suszyć komuś głowę
Glosses: dry someone.DAT head.ACC
Translation: reprimand someone
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Marysia dała temu kapitanowi dwa razy jedną rybę .
Glosses: Mary.NOM gave this captain.DAT two times one fish.ACC
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Marysia dała jednemu kapitanowi dwa razy tę rybę .
Glosses: Mary.NOM gave one captain.DAT two times this fish.ACC
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Marysia dała jedną rybę dwa razy temu kapitanowi .
Glosses: Mary.NOM gave one fish.ACC two times this captain.DAT
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Marysia dała tę rybę dwa razy jednemu kapitanowi .
Glosses: Mary.NOM gave this fish.ACC two times one captain.DAT
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Messi przysłał jednemu chłopcu każdą koszulkę ze swoim zdjęciem .
Glosses: Messi sent one boy.DAT every T-shirt.ACC with self’s picture
Translation: Messi sent one boy every T-shirt with his picture
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jedną książkę każdy napisał .
Glosses: one book.ACC everyone.NOM wrote
Translation: Everyone wrote one book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Co Marysia zrobiła tygrysowi ?
Glosses: What.ACC Mary.NOM did tiger.DAT
Translation: What did Mary do to the tiger?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Marysia tygrysowi odebrała OWCĘ .
Glosses: Mary.NOM tiger.DAT took away sheep.ACC
Translation: Mary took the sheep away from the tiger.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Co Marysia zrobiła owcy ?
Glosses: What.ACC Mary.NOM did sheep.DAT
Translation: What did Mary do to the sheep?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #Marysia owcę odebrała TYGRYSOWI .
Glosses: Mary.NOM sheep.ACC take away tiger.DAT
Translation: Mary took the sheep away from the tiger.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Ta książka o nim₁ zirytowała Janka₁
Glosses: this book about him irritated John .
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: o-si-ess-supnikka ?
Glosses: come-HON-PAST-INT.DEFERENTIAL
Translation: Did you arrive?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: o-si-ess-eyo ?
Glosses: come-HON-PAST-INT.POLITE
Translation: Did you arrive?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: o-ass-ni ?
Glosses: come-PAST-INT.PLAIN
Translation: Did you arrive?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: senpay-nim , ce-to ka-to toy-eyo ?
Glosses: senior-ADD.HON, I.HUMBLE-too go-ok-INT.POLITE
Translation: Senior, can I come too?’ (younger student talking to an older one)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: kulay , ne-to o-ala .
Glosses: yes, you.PLAIN-too come-IMPERATIVE.PLAIN
Translation: Yes, you come too!’ (older student talking to a younger one)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: acwumeni , yeki ramyen-I eti iss-eyo ?
Glosses: older.lady, here ramen-NOM where exist-INT.POLITE
Translation: Ma’am, where is ramen?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ceki 7 pen thonglo-ey iss-e .
Glosses: there 7 number aisle-LOC exist-DEC.INTIMATE
Translation: It’s in aisle 7.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: atul , ne o-ass-e ?
Glosses: son, you.PLAIN come-PAST-INT.INTIMATE
Translation: Son, did you arrive?’ (a parent talking to a child)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: emma , o-si-ess-eyo ?
Glosses: mom, come-HON-PAST-INT.POLITE
Translation: Mom, did you arrive?’ (a child talking to a parent)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: imo , cemsim mek-ess-eyo ?
Glosses: aunt, lunch eat-PAST-INT.POLITE
Translation: Aunt, have you eaten lunch?’ (a niece talking to an aunt)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ung , ne-nun ?
Glosses: yes, you-TOP
Translation: Yes, how about you?’ (an aunt talking to a niece)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: sacang-nim , cikum chwulpalha-si eya ha pnita .
Glosses: boss-ADD.HON, now leave-HON must DEC.DEFERENTIAL
Translation: Boss, you must leave now.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ya , ne cikum ka ya ha e .
Glosses: hey, you now go must DEC.INTIMATE
Translation: Hey, you must leave now.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: alkeyss-eyo .
Glosses: okay-DEC.POLITE
Translation: Okay.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ya , ne cikum ka ya ha n-ta-ko malha-ess-canh-a !
Glosses: hey, you now go must PRS-DEC-CMP say-PST-CANH-DEC.INTIM
Translation: Hey, I said you have to go now!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: emeni , ce o-ass-supnita .
Glosses: mother, I.HUMBLE come-PAST-DEC.DEF
Translation: Mother, I came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ememi/halmeni , ce cal tanyeo-kyess-supnita .
Glosses: mother/grandmother, I well go.and.come.back-will-DEC.DEF
Translation: Mother/grandmother, I will be back safely.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ememi/halmeni , ce kassta o-lkey-yo .
Glosses: mother/grandmother, I go.and come-will-DEC.POL
Translation: Mother/grandmother, I will be back.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: caney cenyek mek-ess-na ?
Glosses: you dinner eat-PAST-DEC.FAMILIAR
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ung , mek-ess-ney .
Glosses: yes, eat-PAST-DEC.FAMILIAR
Translation: Yes, I ate.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: apenim , cenyek masisskey tusi-ess-supnikka ?
Glosses: father dinner deliciously eat.HON-PAST-INT.DEF
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ung , acwu masisskey mek-ess-ney .
Glosses: Yes very deliciously eat-PAST-DEC.FAMILIAR
Translation: Yes, I enjoyed it very much.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: emma , ce o-ass-eyo .
Glosses: mom, I.HUMBLE come-PAST-DEC.POLITE
Translation: Mom, I came.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ttal , o-ass-e ?
Glosses: daugher, come-PAST-INT.INTIMATE
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: caney-to o-ass-na ?
Glosses: you-too come-PAST-INT.FAMILIAR
Translation: Did you arrive too?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ce-nun-yo yocum yenge-lul kongpwuha-nuntey-yo acwu eleywu-eyo .
Glosses: I.HUMBLE-TOP-POLITE these days English-ACC study-CONN-POLITE very difficult-DEC.POLITE
Translation: I’m studying English these days and it’s very difficult.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Lina-ga tomato-o totta .
Glosses: Lina-NOM tomato-ACC took.PST
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: iki çocuk / *çocuk-LAR
Glosses: two child / child-PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: hét virág / *virág-ok
Glosses: seven flower / flower-PL
Translation: seven flowers
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Yergu dəgha vaze-ts .
Glosses: two boy.SG run-PST
Translation: Two boys ran.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Yergu dəgha-ner vaze-ts-in .
Glosses: two boy-PL run-PST-3PL
Translation: Two boys ran.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Amen mart vor bəzdig-ner uner vodk-i gajne-tsav .
Glosses: all person that child-PL had foot-DAT stand.up-PST
Translation: Everyone that had two or more children stood up.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Amen dəgha ir kirk-ər-ə kənadz e
Glosses: every boy 3SG.HUMAN.GEN book-PL-DEF buy.PERF be.3SG
Translation: Every boy has bought his (two or more) books.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Eğer erkek-ler tarafından aldatıldıysan sen de biz-e katıl-abil-ir-sin
Glosses: if man-PL by were.cheated you also we-DAT join-ABIL-AOR-2SG
Translation: If you have been cheated by men, you can join us.’ (one or more men)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Erkek-ler tarafından aldatılan herkes biz-e katıl-abil-ir .
Glosses: man-PL by was.cheated everybody we-DAT join-ABIL-AOR . 
Translation: Everyone who has been cheated by men can join us.’ (one or more men)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ha van-nak gyerek-e-i , emel-j-e fel a kez-é-t .
Glosses: if be.3PL child-POSS-PL raise-SBJ3SG up the hand-POSS-ACC
Translation: If you have children, raise your hand.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: turs-ə manug-ner tʃ-en xaɣ-ar-gor
Glosses: outside-DEF child-PL NEG-PRES.3PL play-NEG.PART-PROG
Translation: No children are playing outside.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: jete gin-er-e tavaʒan-v-etsar , gərnas mer xump-i-n mijanal
Glosses: if woman-PL-ABL betray-PASS-2SG.PST can.2SG.PRES our group-DAT join-INF
Translation: If you are betrayed by women, you can join our group.’ (one of more women)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: zehn Prozent / Liter / Glass von dem Wein
Glosses: ten percent.SG / liter.SG / glass.SG of the wine
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: kaks inimes-t
Glosses: 2.SG.NOM person-SG.PAR
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: kahe-d kangastelje-d
Glosses: 2-PL.NOM loom-PL.NOM
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Kaplan ağaç-lar ek-ti
Glosses: tiger tree-PL plant-PST
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Kaplan ağaç-lar ek-me-di .
Glosses: tiger tree-PL plant-NEG-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu çocuğun dilleri var mı ?
Glosses: this child.GEN tongue.PL.POSS exist Q
Translation: Does this boy have tongues?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vannak ennek a fiúnak nyelvei ?
Glosses: Have-3SG this the boy.DAT tongue.PL.POSS
Translation: Does this boy have tongues?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hat dieser Junge Zungen ?
Glosses: have.3SG this.NOM boy tongue.PL
Translation: Does this boy have tongues?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu kedinin patileri var mı ?
Glosses: this cat.GEN paw.PL.POSS exist Q
Translation: Does this cat have paws?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vannak ennek a macskának mancsai ?
Glosses: Have-3SG this the cat.DAT paw.PL.POSS
Translation: Does this cat have paws?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hat diese Katze Pfoten ?
Glosses: have.3SG this cat paw.PL ? 
Translation: Does this cat have paws?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu balığın bacakları var mı ?
Glosses: this fish.GEN leg.PL.POSS exist Q
Translation: Does this fish have legs?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vannak ennek a halnak lábai ?
Glosses: Have-3SG this the fish.DAT leg.PL.POSS
Translation: Does this fish have legs?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hat dieser Fisch Beine ?
Glosses: have.3SG this fish leg.PL ? 
Translation: Does this fish have legs?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kırk Harami-ler
Glosses: forty thief-PL
Translation: The Forty Thieves’ (from the Ali Baba legends, Underhill 1976: p. 125)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ∅ Hablo español .
Glosses:  speak Spanish
Translation: I speak Spanish.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ∅ Llueve .
Glosses:  rains
Translation: It’s raining.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Ello llueve .
Glosses: it rains
Translation: It’s raining.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Nadie dice que ∅ ganará el premio .
Glosses: no-one says that  will win the prize
Translation: No-one says that he will win the prize.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Nadie dice que él ganará el premio .
Glosses: no-one says that he will win the prize
Translation: No-one says that he will win the prize.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Paco fue a casa . Él se tomó una botella de cerveza y después él se fue al bar de fiesta .
Glosses: Paco went to home he himself took a bottle of beer and afterwards he himself went to the bar of party
Translation: Paco went home. He drunk a bottle of beer and then went to the bar to have fun.
Language: Dominican Spanish (English translation)
Transcription: Yo no lo vi , él estaba en Massachusetts , ∅ acababa de llegar .
Glosses: I not him saw he was in Massachusetts  finished of arrive
Translation: I did not see him, he was in Massachusetts, he had just arrived.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ello llueve .
Glosses: it rains
Translation: It’s raining.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *UNSTR[essed]V Assign a violation mark for every unstressed vowel .19
Glosses: *FINAL-C Assign a violation mark for every consonant standing in word-final position .
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Mimi-ka koki-lɯl koni-lɯl palli mʌk-ʌs-ʌ .
Glosses: Mimi-NOM meat-ACC duck-ACC quickly eat-PST-DECL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Mimi-ka koni-lɯl koki-lɯl palli mʌk-ʌs-ʌ .
Glosses: Mimi-NOM duck-ACC meat-ACC quickly eat-PST-DECL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Mimi-ka koki-ɾɯl koni-ɾɯl palli mʌk-ʌs-ʌ .
Glosses: Mimi-NOM meat-ACC duck-ACC quickly eat-PST-DECL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Mimi-ka koni-ɾɯl koki-ɾɯl palli mʌk-ʌs-ʌ .
Glosses: Mimi-NOM duck-ACC meat-ACC quickly eat-PST-DECL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Mimi-ka yatsʰɛ-lɯl koni-lɯl palli mʌk-ʌs-ni ?
Glosses: Mimi-NOM vegetable-ACC duck-ACC quickly eat-PST-QUE
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ani . Mimi-ka  koni-lɯl palli mʌk-ʌs-ʌ .
Glosses: no . Mimi-NOM meat-ACC duck-ACC quickly eat-PST-DECL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Mimi-ka koki-lɯl twɛzi-lɯl palli mʌk-ʌs-ni ?
Glosses: Mimi-NOM meat-ACC pork-ACC quickly eat-PST-QUE
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ani . Mimi-ka koki-lɯl  palli mʌk-ʌs-ʌ .
Glosses: no . Mimi-NOM meat-ACC duck-ACC quickly eat-PST-DECL
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Mimi-ka [ koki-lɯl] [ koni-lɯl] [ p*alli] mʌk-ʌs*-ʌ .
Glosses: Mimi-NOM  meat-ACC  duck-ACC  quickly eat-PST-DECL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Fier all die wo unner der doo Hitz stöhne
Glosses: for all those who under DEM ADV heat moan
Translation: For all of those who suffer from this/that heat.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Er soll mit dem lo’n Woon fohrn .
Glosses: he shall with DEM.DAT.SG ADV.DAT.SG car drive
Translation: He ought to drive this/that car/wagon.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Auserdem fangd doo die Olympiaade […] aan .
Glosses: moreover begins ADV DET Olympics PTCL
Translation: Moreover, the Olympic Games will begin at that time.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: On-e vladik-e su me juče posetil-e/posetil-i .
Glosses: those-F.PL bishop-PL are me yesterday visit.PTCP-F.PL/M.PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: On-i star-e vladike su me juče posetil-i/*-e .
Glosses: these-M.PL old-F.PL bishop.PL are me yesterday visited-M.PL/*F.PL
Translation: These old bishops visited me yesterday.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Klaus sein Händler hat auch noch ein paar
Glosses: Klaus.DAT his.NOM dealer.NOM has too still a pair
Translation: Klaus’ dealer also has some of it.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: […] Einschüsse auf Peters Bruders Harley
Glosses:  bullet.holes on Peter.GEN brother.GEN Harley
Translation: bullet holes on Peter’s brother’s Harley
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Er is/*zijn nog [wat/veel/meer/genoeg soep] in de pot .
Glosses: there is/*are still {some/much/more/enough soup.SG} in the pot
Translation: There is still some/much/more/enough soup in the pot.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Er zijn/*is nog [wat/veel/meer/genoeg aardappelen] in de pot .
Glosses: there are/*is still {some/many/more/enough potato.PL} in the pot
Translation: There are still some/many/more/enough potatoes in the pot.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: wat aardappelen
Glosses: some potato.PL
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ella students-um pustagam padi-c-aanga .
Glosses: all students.NOM.ADD book read-PST.3PL
Translation: All students read a book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: … no (èta) mašin-a byla očen’ dorogoj
Glosses: but that car-NOM.SG.F was very expensive
Translation: but that car was very expensive’ (Czardybon 2017: 86)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jakou chte Petr [t knihu]?
Glosses: which reads Peter book
Translation: Which book does Peter read?’ (Corver 1990: 329–340)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: mit {dem/*die/*des} Stein
Glosses: with {the.DAT.M.SG/the.NOM.F.SG/the.GEN.M.SG} stone
Translation: with the stone
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Veel hangt/*hangen af van hoe er morgen gestemd wordt .
Glosses: much depends/*depend of how there tomorrow voted is
Translation: Much depends on how people will vote tomorrow.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Inho-ka choysen-ul ta ha-ess-supnita .
Glosses: Inho-NOM best-ACC all do-PST-AH.DECL.FORM
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasiri-{mas/*des}-u ka nee .
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-AH-PRS Q SFP
Translation: Does Alex run?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasiri-{masi/*desi}-ta ka nee .
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-AH-PST Q SFP
Translation: Did Alex run?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga {gakusya/siawase} des-u .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar/happy AH-PRS
Translation: Alex is a scholar/happy.’ (noun/nominal adjective)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Bernie-ga Alex-o {gakusya/siawase} ni] si-ta .
Glosses: Bernie-NOM Alex-ACC scholar/happy PRED do-PST
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Bernie-ga [Alex-o utukusi ku] si-ta .
Glosses: Bernie-NOM Alex-ACC beautiful PRED do-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga {gakusya/siawase} de at-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar/happy PRED COP-PST
Translation: Alex was a scholar/happy.’ (noun/nominal adjective)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ?Alex-ga utukusi ku at-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED COP-PST
Translation: Alex was beautiful.’ (canonical adjective)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga {gakusya/siawase} dat-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar/happy PRED.COP-PST
Translation: Alex was a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusi kat-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.COP-PST
Translation: Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga [{gakusya/siawase} de]-wa at-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar/happy PRED-FOC COP-PST
Translation: It is true that Alex was a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga [utukusi ku]-wa at-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED-FOC COP-PST
Translation: It is true that Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-ga {gakusya/siawase} de -ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar/happy PRED -PST
Translation: Alex was a scholar/happy (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-ga utukusi k -ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED -PST
Translation: Alex was beautiful (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasit-ta .
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-PST
Translation: Alex ran.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasir-anak *(at)-ta .
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-NEG COP-PST
Translation: Alex did not run.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga {gakusya/siawase} {desi/*masi}-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar/happy PRED.COP.AH-PST
Translation: Alex was a scholar/happy.’ (noun/nominal adjective)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Alex-ga [utukusi ku]-masi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED-AH-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-ga utukusi desi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.COP.AH-PST
Translation: Alex was beautiful (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusy-uu gozai-masi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful-ly exist.AHU-AH-PST
Translation: Alex was beautiful (lit., Alex existed in a beautiful manner).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasira-nai ka nee ?
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-NEG Q SFP
Translation: Does Alex not run?’ (plain)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasiri-{mas/*des}-en ka nee ?
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-AH-NEG Q SFP
Translation: Does Alex not run?’ (polite)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga hasiri-masi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM run-AH-PST
Translation: Alex ran.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga [hasiri-mas-en] {*at/desi}-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM run-AH-NEG COP.AH-PST
Translation: Alex did not run.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga {gakusya/siawase} de-wa nak-at-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar/happy PRED-FOC NEG-COP-PST
Translation: Alex was not a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusi ku(-wa) nak-at-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED-FOC NEG-COP-PST
Translation: Alex was not beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa {gakusya/siawase} de-wa *(ari)-mas-en desi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-TOP scholar/happy PRED-FOC be-AH-NEG COP.AH-PST
Translation: Alex was not a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa utukusi ku(-wa) *(ari)-mas-en desi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-TOP beautiful PRED-FOC be-AH-NEG COP.AH-PST
Translation: Alex was not beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa {gakusya/siawase} de-wa *(ari)-mas-en .
Glosses: Alex-TOP scholar/happy PRED-FOC be-AH-NEG
Translation: Alex was not a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa utukusi ku(-wa) *(ari)-mas-en .
Glosses: Alex-TOP beautiful PRED-FOC be-AH-NEG
Translation: Alex was not beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Alex-ga utukusi kat-ta        ] {des/*mas}-u].
Glosses:   Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.COP-PST AH-u
Translation: Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Alex-ga utukusi k-at-ta] (*{de ar-u/da})].
Glosses:   Alex-NOM beautiful PRED-COP-PST PRED COP-PRS/COP
Translation: Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa [gakusya desi-te], amerika-ni ryuugaku si-tei-masi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-TOP scholar PRED.COP.AH-CV America-to study abroad do-PROG-AH-PST
Translation: Alex, being a scholar, studied abroad in the US.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-wa [utukusi k-at-ta desi-te], moderu-o si-tei-masi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-TOP beautiful PRED-COP-PST AH-CV everything know-PROG-AH-PST
Translation: Alex, having been beautiful, was a model (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Gakusya desi-tara] suzuki sensei-o syookai si-mas-yoo ka ?
Glosses: scholar PRED.COP.AH-if Suzuki prof.-ACC introduce do-AH-shall Q
Translation: If (you are looking for) a scholar, shall I introduce Prof. Suzuki?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *[Utukusi k-at-ta desi-tara] doraihurawaa-ni si-ta kamosire-mas-en .
Glosses: beautiful PRED-COP-PST AH-if dried flower-into make-PST may-AH-NEG
Translation: If (it) was beautiful, I would have made it into a dried flower (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Alex-ga hasir-anak at-ta] des-u].
Glosses:   Alex-NOM run-NEG COP-PST AH-u
Translation: Alex did not run.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Alex-ga {gakusya/siawase} de-wa nak-at-ta] des-u].
Glosses:   Alex-NOM scholar/happy PRED-FOC NEG-COP-PST AH-u
Translation: Alex was not a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Alex-ga utukusi ku(-wa) nak-at-ta] des-u].
Glosses:   Alex-NOM beautiful PRED-FOC NEG-COP-PST AH-u
Translation: Alex was not beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *[ [ Alex-ga gakusya de-wa nak-at-ta] de ar/dat-u].
Glosses:   Alex-NOM scholar PRED-FOC NEG-COP-PST PRED COP/PRED.COP-PST-u
Translation: Alex was not a scholar (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-wa gakusya de-wa nak-at-ta desi-te], amerika-ni ryuugaku
Glosses: Alex-TOP scholar PRED-COP-PST NEG-COP-PST AH-te America-to study abroad
Translation: si-tei-masi-ta. do-PRG-AH-PST ‘Alex, not being a scholar, studied abroad in the US.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Alex-ga hasir-anai] des-u].
Glosses:   Alex-NOM run-NEG AH-u
Translation: Alex does not run.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Alex-ga {gakusya/siawase} de-wa nai] des-u .]
Glosses:   Alex-NOM scholar/happy PRED-FOC NEG AH-u
Translation: Alex is not a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Alex-ga utukusi ku(-wa) nai] des-u].
Glosses:   Alex-NOM beautiful PRED-FOC NEG AH-u
Translation: Alex is not beautiful.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Moo tukare-ta des-u-ne .
Glosses: already get tired-PST AH-u-SFP
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Minasan-to onazi-yooni , […] watasi-mo ganbar-u des-u .
Glosses: you-with same-way  I-also try to do my best-PRS AH-u
Translation: Like you, […] I will do my best.’ (Ogawa et al. 2020: 259)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[Ii mise dat-ta] des-u].
Glosses: good restaurant PRED.COP-PST AH-u
Translation: (It) was a good restaurant.’ (noun)17
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Pan-wa [“kyarottopan”-toka suki dat-ta] des-u-ne].
Glosses: bread-TOP carrot bread-such as fond PRED.COP-PST AH-u-SFP
Translation: As for bread, I was fond of (bread) such as “carrot bread”.’ (nominal adjective)18
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa {gakusya/siawase} des-u .
Glosses: Alex-TOP scholar/happy (PRED.COP.)AH-PRS/u
Translation: He is a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusyuu gozat-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautifully exist.AHU-PST
Translation: Alex was beautiful (lit., Alex existed in a beautiful manner).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusi i des-u .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.PRS AH-PRS
Translation: Alex is beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusi i no des-u .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.PRS COMP PRED.COP.AH-PRS
Translation: It is that Alex is beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-ga utukusi i dat-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.PRS COP-PST
Translation: Alex was beautiful (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusi i no dat-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.PRS COMP AH-PST
Translation: It was that Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [[ Hasir] -amu].
Glosses:  run EPI
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[[ Hasir-u] de] ar-oo].
Glosses:  run-u de COP-EPI
Translation: (He) will run
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *[[ Gakusya] {-amu/oo}].
Glosses:  scholar EPI
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[[ Gakusya] de] ar{-amu/oo}].
Glosses:  scholar PRED COP-EPI
Translation: (He) will be a scholar
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [[ Utukusi k] ar-{amu/oo}].
Glosses:  beautiful PRED COP-EPI
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[[ Utukusi i] de] ar-oo].
Glosses:  beautiful PRED de COP-EPI
Translation: (He) will be beautiful
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [[ Utukusi i] dar-oo].
Glosses:  beautiful PRED de.COP-EPI
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[ Utukusi i] des-yoo].
Glosses:  beautiful PRED de.COP.AH-EPI
Translation: (He) will be beautiful
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ [ Hasit-ta] des-oo].
Glosses:  run-PST de.COP-EPI
Translation: it is probable that (he) ran.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga gakusya de at-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar PRED COP.AH-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga gakusya dat-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar PRED.COP.AH-PST
Translation: Alex was a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga gakusya desi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar PRED.COP.AH-PST
Translation: Alex was a scholar.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusi ku at-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED COP-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-ga utukusi dat-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.COP-PST
Translation: Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . X ↔  /[__ Σ]
Glosses: b . Σ ↔  /[ X __ ]
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasiri-mas-en .
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-AH-u
Translation: Alex does not run.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-wa {gakusya/siawase} (de) mas-en .
Glosses: Alex-TOP scholar/happy PRED AH-u
Translation: Alex is not a scholar/happy (intended)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-wa hasiri-desi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-AH-PST
Translation: Alex ran (intended).
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . Σ ↔ ∅
Glosses: b . Σ ↔
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasir-u .
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-PRS
Translation: Alex runs.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa hasira-nai .
Glosses: Alex-TOP run-NEG
Translation: Alex does not run.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa {gakusya/siawase} de ar-u .
Glosses: Alex-TOP scholar/happy PRED COP-PRS
Translation: Alex is a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-wa {gakusya/siawase} de nai .
Glosses: Alex-TOP scholar/happy PRED NEG
Translation: Alex is not a scholar/happy.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [[ Moo tukare-ta] [ desu-ne].
Glosses:  already get tired-PST  AH-SFP
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[ Alex-ga utukusi kat-ta        ] [ desu-ne] ].
Glosses:  Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.COP-PST  AH-SFP
Translation: Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[ Alex-ga utukusi kat-ta                ] [ desu] ].
Glosses:  Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.COP-PST  AH
Translation: Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [[ Alex-ga utukusyuu gozai-masi-ta] (ne)].
Glosses:  Alex-NOM beautifully exist.AHU-AH-PST SFP
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[ Alex-ga utukusi k-at-ta] des-u(-ne)].
Glosses:  Alex-NOM beautiful PRED-COP-PST AH-u-SFP
Translation: Alex was beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mitome-rare-te i-mas-en desi-ta ka nee ?
Glosses: recognize-PASS-CV PRG-AH-NEG COP.AH-PST Q SFP
Translation: Was (it) not being recognized?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hana-ga utukusi {ku ar/*kar}-u beki da .
Glosses: flower-NOM beautiful PRED COP/PRED.COP-u should COP
Translation: Flowers should be beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Hana-ga utukusi {ku at/kat}-ta beki da .
Glosses: flower-NOM beautiful PRED COP/PRED.COP-u should COP
Translation: Flowers should have been beautiful (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hana-ga utukusi {ku ari/*kari}-mas-en .
Glosses: flower-NOM beautiful PRED COP/PRED.COP.AH-NEG
Translation: Flowers are not beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-wa utukusi ku-wa ar-mas-en {de at/dat}-ta .
Glosses: Alex-TOP beautiful PRED-FOC COP-AH-NEG PRED COP/COP-PST
Translation: Alex was not beautiful (intended).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga gakusya de ar-u .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar PRED COP-PRS
Translation: Alex is a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Zyookyoo-wa) [Alex-ga utukusi i no] des-u .
Glosses: situation-TOP Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.PRS COMP PRED.COP.AH-PRS
Translation: It (= the situation) is that Alex is beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Watasi-wa [Alex-ga utukusi i no]-o sit-ter-u .
Glosses: I-TOP Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.PRS COMP-ACC know-PRF-PRS
Translation: I know that Alex is beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Zyookyoo-wa) [Alex-ga gakusya {na/*da} no] des-u .
Glosses: situation-TOP Alex-NOM beautiful PRED.COP.ADN/PRED.COP COMP PRED.COP.AH-PRS
Translation: It (= the situation) is that Alex is beautiful.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga gakusya-de-wa ari-masi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar-PRED-FOC be-AH-PST
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Alex-ga gakusya-d-wa esi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar-PRED-FOC COP-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Alex-ga gakusya-∅-wa desi-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar-PRED-FOC COP-PST
Translation: It is true that Alex was a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga utukusi i .
Glosses: Alex-NOM beautiful i
Translation: Alex is beautiful.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga gakusya {de ar-u/da}.
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar PRED COP-PRS/PRED.COP.PRS
Translation: Alex is a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Alex-ga gakusya {de ar-u/*da}] zizitu-o sitteir-u .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar PRED COP-PRS/PRED.COP.PRS fact-ACC know-PRS
Translation: I know the fact that Alex is a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Alex-ga gakusya {de ar-u/da}]-to sitteir-u .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar PRED COP-PRS/PRED.COP.PRS-COMP know-PRS
Translation: I know that Alex is a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Alex-ga gakusya {de ar-u/da} ka]-o sitteir-u .
Glosses: Alex-NOM scholar PRED COP-PRS/PRED.COP.PRS Q-ACC know-PRS
Translation: I know whether Alex is a scholar.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Bernie-ga Alex-o home-{masi/*desi}-ta .
Glosses: Bernie-NOM Alex-ACC praise-AH-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga home-rare-{masi/*desi}-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM praise-PASS-AH-PST
Translation: Alex was praised.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alex-ga siawase na {hazu/yoo} {desi/*masi}-ta .
Glosses: Alex-NOM happy COP.ADN should/seem PRED.COP.AH/AH-PST
Translation: Alex {should/seems to be} be happy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Watasi-wa desu-ne] [totemo desu-ne] tukare-ta desu-yo .
Glosses: Alex-TOP AH-PFP very AH-PFP get tired-PST AH-SFP
Translation: I got so tired.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[[[ Alex-ga gakusya de]-wa nak] at-ta] des-u].
Glosses:  Alex-NOM scholar PRED-FOC NEG COP-PST AH-u
Translation: Alex was not a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[[[ Alex-ga gakusya de]-wa ari-mas-en] desi-ta]].
Glosses:  Alex-NOM scholar PRED-FOC COP-AH-NEG AH-PST
Translation: Alex was not a scholar.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[[ Sato-ga na ] k-at-ta] des-u].
Glosses:  sugar-NOM absent  PRED-COP-PST AH-u
Translation: There was no sugar (lit., sugar was absent).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [[[ Sato-ga noo ] gozai-masi-ta] ].
Glosses:  sugar-NOM absently  AHU.exist-AH-PST 
Translation: There was no sugar (lit., sugar existed absently).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =to { [may bii] [ira-may la~laki] / [ira-may la~laki] [may bii] }.
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3SG DEM woman PL-DEM PL-man PL-DEM PL-man DEM woman
Translation: The woman saw the men.’ / *’The men saw the woman.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =to [may bii] [may laki].
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3SG DEM woman DEM man
Translation: The woman saw the man.’ / *’The man saw the woman.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Man-tanem [si Pedro] [na ponti].                                                           Actor Voice (AV)
Glosses: AV-plant NOM Pedro GEN banana
Translation: Pedro will plant a banana.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: I-tanem [nen Pedro] [su ponti] [ed lima =to].                        Patient Voice (PV)
Glosses: PV-plant GEN Pedro NOM banana OBL hand GEN.3SG
Translation: Pedro will plant the banana with his hands.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Pan-tanem [nen Pedro] [so lima =to] [ed ponti].       Instrumental Voice(IV)
Glosses: IV-plant GEN Pedro NOM hand GEN.3SG OBL banana
Translation: Pedro will plant the banana with his hands.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: In-sulat { [na laki] [su sulat] / [su sulat] [na laki] }.
Glosses: PV-write GEN man NOM letter NOM letter GEN man
Translation: A/The man wrote the letter.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: In-itd-an [na laki] [na libro] [su bii].
Glosses: ASP-give-BV GEN man GEN book NOM woman
Translation: The man gave a book to the woman.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #In-itd-an [na libro] [na laki] [su bii].
Glosses: ASP-give-BV GEN book GEN man NOM woman
Translation: Intended: * ‘The man gave a book to the woman.’ Attested: # ‘The book gave a man to the woman.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: In-sulat *(=to) { [may laki] [su sulat] / [su sulat] [may laki] }.
Glosses: PV-write GEN.3SG DEM man NOM letter NOM letter DEM man
Translation: The man wrote the letter.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: In-sulat *(=da) { [ira-may la~laki] [su sulat] / [su sulat] [ira-may la~laki] }.
Glosses: PV-write GEN.3PL PL-DEM PL-man NOM letter NOM letter PL-DEM PL-man
Translation: The men wrote the letter.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: In-sulat { [na laki] [may sulat] / [may sulat] [na laki] }.
Glosses: PV-write GEN man DEM letter DEM letter GEN man
Translation: A/The man wrote the letter.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: In-sulat (=ira) { [na laki] [ira-may sulat] / [ira-may sulat] [na laki] }.
Glosses: PV-write NOM.3PL GEN man PL-DEM letter PL-DEM letter GEN man
Translation: A/The man wrote the letters.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =to ([ed eskuelaan]) [may bii] ([ed eskuelaan]) [may laki].
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3SG OBL school DEM woman OBL school DEM man
Translation: The woman saw the man (at school).’ (agent < theme) *’The man saw the woman (at school).’ (theme < agent)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =da { [ira-may la~laki] [may bii] / [may bii] [ira-may la~laki] }.
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3PL PL-DEM PL-man DEM woman DEM woman PL-DEM PL-man
Translation: The men saw the woman.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =to (=ira) { [may laki] [ira-may bi~bii] / [ira-may bi~bii] [may laki] }.
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3SG NOM.3PL DEM man PL-DEM PL-woman PL-DEM PL-woman DEM man
Translation: The man saw the women.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =da (=ira) [ira-may la~laki] [ira-may bi~bii].
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3PL NOM.3PL PL-DEM PL-man PL-DEM PL-woman
Translation: The men saw the women.’ (agent < theme) * ‘The women saw the men.’ (theme < agent)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =to [yay bii] [may laki].
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3SG DEM.AUTH woman DEM man
Translation: This woman saw the man.’ (agent < theme) * ‘The man saw this woman.’ (theme < agent)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: S<in>ipa =to [may laki] [may bola].
Glosses: PV-kick GEN.3SG DEM man DEM ball
Translation: The man kicked the ball.’ (agent < theme)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #S<in>ipa =to [may bola] [may laki].
Glosses: PV-kick GEN.3SG DEM ball DEM man
Translation: Intended: * ‘The man kicked the ball.’ (theme < agent) Attested: # ‘The ball kicked the man.’ (agent < theme)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =to [may bii] [may bulag ya laki].
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3SG DEM woman DEM blind LK man
Translation: The woman saw the blind man.’ (agent < theme)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #A-nengneng =to [may bulag ya laki] [may bii].
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3SG DEM blind LK man DEM woman
Translation: Intended: * ‘The woman saw the blind man.’ (theme < agent) Attested: # ‘The blind man saw the woman.’ (agent < theme)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Q . Siopa so a-nengneng =to [may laki]?
Glosses:  who NOM PV-see GEN.3SG DEM man
Translation: Who did the man see?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A .# A-nengneng =to [may bii] [may laki].
Glosses:  PV-see GEN.3SG DEM woman DEM man
Translation: Intended: * ‘The man saw [the woman].’ (theme < agent) Attested: # ‘The woman saw the man.’ (agent < theme)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: P<in>a-akis =to [may ogaw] [may balolaki].
Glosses: PV-CAUS-cry GEN.3SG DEM child DEM bachelor
Translation: The young man made the child cry.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: In-dayew [na laki] [so sarili =to =n ának].
Glosses: PV-praise GEN man NOM self GEN.3SG LK PL.child
Translation: The man praised his own children.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: S<in>aliw [na ma~maestra] [so lib~libro na san-sakey].
Glosses: PV-buy GEN PL-teacher NOM PL-book LK each-one
Translation: The teachers bought each other’s books.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: In-dayew (=ira) [na laki] [ira-may sarili =to =n ának].
Glosses: PV-praise NOM.3PL GEN man PL-DEM self GEN.3SG LK PL.child
Translation: The man praised his own children.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: S<in>aliw (=ira) [na ma~maestra] [ira-may lib~libro na san-sakey].
Glosses: PV-buy NOM.3PL GEN PL-teacher PL-DEM PL-book LK each-one
Translation: The teachers bought each other’s books.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mat’ ljubit doč .
Glosses: mother.NOM.CC loves daughter.NOM.CC
Translation: The mother loves the daughter.’ (SVO) * ‘The daughter loves the mother.’ (OVS)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Die Mutter sieht die Tochter .
Glosses: the.NOM.CC mother sees the.NOM.CC daughter
Translation: The mother sees the daughter.’ (SVO) * ‘The daughter sees the mother.’ (OVS)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: A-nengneng =to [ ira-may la~laki] [ may bii].
Glosses: PV-see GEN.3SG  PL-DEM PL-man DEM woman
Translation: The woman saw the men.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: S<in>ipa =to [ may bola] [ may laki].
Glosses: PV-kick GEN.3SG  DEM ball  DEM man
Translation: Intended: ‘The man kicked the ball.