lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Russian (English translation)
Transcription: Ja zna-ju [ prixod-i-l-a *(li) Zoj-a ].
Glosses: 1SG know-PRS-1SG  come-TH-PST-F LI Zoj-NOM 
Translation: I know whether Zoe came.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dnes nikdo *(ne)volá nikomu
Glosses: Today n-body NEG.calls n-body
Translation: Today nobody is calling anybody.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jag hade velat [last / läsa boken].
Glosses: I had want.PART read . / read.INF book.DEF
Translation: I would have liked to read the book.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: John-ga [yosouijouni nihonjin-ga eigo-ga hidoku] kanji-ta .
Glosses: John.NOM than-expected the-Japanese.NOM English.NOM bad.INF think.PST
Translation: It seemed to John that the Japanese are worse at speaking English than he had expected.
Language: Georgian (English translation)
Transcription: m-xedav-t
Glosses: 1-see-PL
Translation: You(.PL) see(.PL) me.
Language: Georgian (English translation)
Transcription: g-xedav-t
Glosses: 2-see-PL
Translation: I see(.PL) you(.PL).
Language: Georgian (English translation)
Transcription: v-k′vd-eb-i
Glosses: 1-die-X-IND.PRS
Translation: I am dying.’ (originally from Hewitt 1995: p. 118)
Language: Georgian (English translation)
Transcription: mi-v-c’er-e
Glosses: X-1-write-AOR
Translation: I wrote it to her.’ (originally from Hewitt 1995: p. 190)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ba-ba-ndu ba-bol-el-a Alfredi ba-li a-kha-khil-e .
Glosses: 2-2-people 2SA-said-APL-FV 1Alfred 2-that 1SA-FUT-conquer
Translation: The people told Alfred that he will win.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Sammy ka-bol-el-wa a-li ba-keni b-ola .
Glosses: 1Sammy 1SA-say-APL-PASS 1-that 2-guests 2SA-arrived
Translation: Sammy was told that the guests arrived.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ba-sasi ba-bol-el-wa nende Sammy mbo/*a-li ba-keni ba-a-rekukha .
Glosses: 2-parents 2SA-say-APL-PASS by 1Sammy that/*1-that 2-guests 2SA-PST-leave
Translation: The parents were told by Sammy that the guests left.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Alfredi ka-a-loma a-li ba-ba-andu ba-mwekesia bali/*ali o-mu-keni k-ola .
Glosses: 1Alfred 1SA-PST-say 1-that 2-2-people 2SA-revealed 2-that/*1-that 1-1-guest 1SA-arrived
Translation: Alfred said people revealed that the guest arrived.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ne ha resi infelici (*infelice) i sostenitori .
Glosses: of.it has.3S rendered unhappy.M.PL (*unhappy.M.SG) the supporters.M.PL
Translation: He has rendered its supporters unhappy.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Olu so pé o ri bàbá òun .
Glosses: Olu say that 3SG see father LOG
Translation: Olu said that he had seen his father.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Zhangsan renwei Lisi gei ta ziji-de shu .
Glosses: Zhangsan think Lisi give 3SG self-POSS book
Translation: Zhangsan thinks that Lisi gave him his book.’ Anand (2006)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #Zhangsan shuo pashou tou-le ziji-de pibao .
Glosses: Zhangsan say pickpocket steal-PERF REFL-DE purse
Translation: Zhangsan said that the pickpocket stole his purse.’ Huang & Liu (2001)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Korra Zahir-i kovala-dı .
Glosses: Korra Zahir-ACC chase-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Zahir kovala-n-dı .
Glosses: Zahir chase-PASS-PST
Translation: Zahir was chased.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Zahir Korra tarafından kovala-n-dı .
Glosses: Zahir Korra by chase-PASS-PST
Translation: Zahir was chased by Korra.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Korra biz-i kovala-dı .
Glosses: Korra 1.PL-ACC chase-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Biz (Korra tarafından) kovala-n-dı-k .
Glosses: 1.PL.NOM Korra by chase-PASS-PST-1.PL
Translation: We were chased (by Korra).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu çukur-a düş-ül-ür .
Glosses: This hole-DAT fall-PASS-AOR
Translation: One may fall to this hole.’ Lit(eral): ‘It is fallen to this hole.’ (unaccusative)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dün maraton-da koş-ul-du .
Glosses: yesterday marathon-LOC run-PASS-PST
Translation: There was running in the marathon yesterday.’ Lit: ‘It was run in the marathon yesterday.’ (unergative)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Harp-te vur-ul-un-ur .
Glosses: war-LOC shoot-PASS-PASS-AOR
Translation: One is shot (by one) in war.’ (Özkaragöz 1986: 76)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu kitap dün oku-n-du .
Glosses: This book yesterday read-PASS-PST
Translation: This book was read yesterday.’ (canonical passive)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dün konser-de bağır-ıl-dı .
Glosses: yesterday concert-LOC shout-PASS-PST
Translation: Someone/People shouted in the concert yesterday.’ Lit: ‘It was shouted in the concert yesterday.’ (passive of unergative)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Ay , az once çukur-a düş-ül-dü .
Glosses: Oh, short before hole-DAT fall-PASS-PST
Translation: Int(ended): ‘Oh, people/someone fell to this hole a short time ago.’ Lit: ‘It was fallen to this hole a short time ago.’ (passive of unaccusative)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Birinci dünya savaş-ın-da vur-ul-un-du .
Glosses: first world war-POSS-LOC shoot-PASS-PASS-PST
Translation: Int: ‘One/Someone was shot (by someone) in WWI.’ (double passive)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: aid opa-n matses-Ø pe-e-k .
Glosses: that.one dog-ERG people-ABS bite-NPST-INDICATIVE
Translation: That dog bites people.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: aid opa-Ø pe-an-e-k .
Glosses: that.one dog-ABS bite-AP-NPAST-INDICATIVE
Translation: That dog bites (me/us …).’ (Fleck 2006: 559)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Petr-as svaido akmen-is
Glosses: peter-NOM throws stone-ACC.PL
Translation: Peter is throwing stones.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Petr-as svaido-si akmen-imis
Glosses: peter-NOM throws-AP stone-INSTR.PL
Translation: Peter is throwing stones.’ (Lidz 1996: 96)
Language: Tsez (English translation)
Transcription: kid-bā [už-ā hibore-d bikori žek’-si-ƛin] eƛis
Glosses: girl-ERG boy-ERG stick-INSTR snake hit-PST.EVID-COMP said
Translation: The girl said the boy hit a snake with a stick.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ahwmad suona ulul laatt .
Glosses: Ahmed.ABS 1.SG.DAT next.to stand-PRES
Translation: Ahmed is standing next to me.’ (Nichols 2011: 401)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Zahir-i kovala-n-dı .
Glosses: Zahir-ACC chase-PASS-PST
Translation: Int: ‘Zahir was chased.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Zahir Korra-ya sataş-ır .
Glosses: Zahir Korra-DAT taunt-AOR
Translation: Zahir taunted Korra.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Zahir Korra-yı sataş-ır .
Glosses: Zahir Korra-ACC taunt-AOR
Translation: Int: ‘Zahir taunted Korra.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Korra-ya sataş-ıl-ır .
Glosses: Korra-DAT taunt-PASS-AOR
Translation: One can/might taunt Korra.’ ‘Korra might be taunted.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Kavga-da sataş-ıl-ın-ır .
Glosses: fight-LOC taunt-PASS-PASS-AOR
Translation: One is taunted (by someone) in a fight.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu oyun-da kovala-n-ıl-ır .
Glosses: this game-LOC chase-PASS-PASS-AOR
Translation: One is chased (by someone) in this game.’ Lit: ‘It is chased in this game.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dikkat et , burada çok fena kay-ıl-ır .
Glosses: attention do here very badly skid-PASS-AOR
Translation: Be careful, one skids here very badly.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Ay , dün burada çok fena kay-ıl-dı .
Glosses: Oh yesterday here very badly skid-PASS-PST
Translation: Oh, yesterday it was skidded here very badly.’ (Sezer 1991: 64)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu hava-da don-ul-ur .
Glosses: this weather-LOC freeze-PASS-AOR
Translation: One gets frozen in this weather.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Dün bu hava-da don-ul-du .
Glosses: Yesterday this weather-LOC freeze-PASS-PST
Translation: Int: ‘Yesterday, somebody got frozen in this weather.’ Lit: ‘Yesterday, it was frozen in this weather.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dün maç-ta bağır-ıl-dı/konuş-ul-du .
Glosses: yesterday game-LOC yell-PASS-PST/SPEAK-PASS-PST
Translation: Lit: ‘It was yelled/spoken in the game yesterday.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu vazo dün kır-ıl-dı .
Glosses: this vase yesterday break-PASS-PST
Translation: This vase was broken yesterday.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Harp-te ne ol-du ?
Glosses: war-LOC what be-PST
Translation: What happened in war?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Vur-ul-un-du .
Glosses: shoot-PASS-PASS-PST
Translation: Int: ‘Somebody was shot in war.’ Lit: ‘It was shot (by someone).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu oyun-da oyuncu-lar iki kez diril-ir .
Glosses: this game-LOC gamer-PL two time revive-AOR
Translation: Gamers revive twice in this game.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Oyuncu-lar diğer oyuncu-lar-ı iki kez diril-t-ir .
Glosses: gamer-PL other gamer-PL-ACC two time revive-CAUS-AOR
Translation: Gamers revive other gamers twice in this game.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu oyun-da oyuncu-lar iki kez diril-t-il-ir .
Glosses: this game-LOC gamer-PL two time revive-CAUS-PASS-AOR
Translation: Gamers are revived twice in this game.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Bu oyun-da iki kez diril-in-t-il-ir .
Glosses: this game-LOC two time revive-PASS-CAUS-PASS-AOR
Translation: Int: ‘One is revived two times in this game.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu oyun-da iki kez diril-t-il-in-ir .
Glosses: This game-LOC two time revive-CAUS-PASS-PASS-AOR
Translation: One is revived two times in this game.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Sen dün vur-ul-du-n .
Glosses: you yesterday shoot-PASS-PST-2.SG
Translation: You were shot yesterday.’ (transitive passive)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dün kitap oku-n-du .
Glosses: Yesterday book read-PASS-PST
Translation: There was book-reading yesterday.’ (object pseudo-incorporation-active)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bu oyun-da iki kez diril-in-ir .
Glosses: this game-LOC two time revive-PASS-AOR
Translation: One gets revived two times in this game.’ (unaccusative impersonal)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Öğrenci-ler okul bahçe-sin-de öğrenci-ler tarafından kitap oku-du .
Glosses: student-PL school garden-POSS-LOC student-PL by book read-PST
Translation: Int: ‘Students did book-reading in the school-yard.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Asker-ler dün asker-ler tarafından mağara-ya gir-di .
Glosses: soldier-PL yesterday soldier-PL by cave-DAT enter-PST
Translation: Int: ‘Soldiers entered the cave yesterday.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Ali tarafından hızlı kitap oku-n-du .
Glosses: Ali by quick book read-PASS-PST
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ?Ali gizli-ce hızlı kitap oku-du .
Glosses: Ali secret-ADVZ fast book read-PST
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Ali gizli-ce hızlı hızlı kitap oku-du .
Glosses: Ali secret-ADVZ fast fast book read-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Okul-umuz bahçe-sin-de , veli-ler-imiz ve öğrenci-ler-imiz tarafından kitap oku-n-du .
Glosses: school-1.PL.POSS garden-POSS-LOC parent-PL-1.PL.POSS and student-PL-1.PL.POSS by book read-PASS-PST
Translation: In the playground of our school, there was book-reading by our students and their parents.’ (Attested online)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dün asker-ler tarafından mağara-ya gir-il-di .
Glosses: yesterday soldier-PL by cave-DAT enter-PASS-PST
Translation: There was entering into the cave by soldiers yesterday.’ (Taneri 1993)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *DP Zahir-i kovala-n-dı .
Glosses:  Zahir-ACC chase-IMP-PST
Translation: Int: ‘Someone chased Zahir.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Cuirfear é sa reilg áitiúil .
Glosses: bury[FUT-AUT] him[ACC] in-the graveyard local
Translation: He will be buried in the graveyard.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Cuirfear sé sa reilg áitiúil .
Glosses: bury[FUT-AUT] he[NOM] in-the graveyard local
Translation: He will be buried in the local graveyard.’ (Mccloskey 2007: 827)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Müfettiş-ler-in kurum-umuz-a gel-diğ(-ler)-in-i duy-du-m .
Glosses: inspector-PL-GEN institution-our-DAT come-NMLZ(-PL)-POSS-ACC hear-PST-1.SG
Translation: Int: ‘I heard that the inspectors came to our institution.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kurum-umuz-a müfettiş-ler gel-diğ(*-ler)-in-i duy-du-m .
Glosses: institution-our-DAT inspector-PL come-NMLZ(*PL)-POSS-ACC head-PST-1.SG
Translation: I heard that inspectors came to our institution.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Müfettiş-ler-in kurum-umuz-a bakanlık tarafından gönder-il-diğ(-ler)-in-i duy-du-m .
Glosses: inspector-PL-GEN institution-our-DAT ministry by send-PASS-NMLZ(-PL)-POSS-ACC hear-PST-1.SG
Translation: I heard that (the) inspectors were sent to our institution by the ministry.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kurum-umuz-a bakanlık tarafından müfettiş-ler gönder-il-diğ(*-ler)-in-i duy-du-m .
Glosses: institution-our-DAT ministry by inspector-PL send-PASS-NMLZ(*-PL)-POSS-ACC hear-PST-1.SG
Translation: I heard that inspectors were sent to our institution by the ministry.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Duy-du-m ki Ali gel-miş .
Glosses: hear-PST-1.SG COMP Ali come-PST
Translation: I heard that Ali came.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . *ki Ali gelmiş duydum .
Glosses: b . *Ali gelmiş ki duydum .
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: aapinis-’iic-ʔiiš-a
Glosses: apple-consume-3.IND-PL
Translation: They are eating apples.’ (Wojdak 2005: 3)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Korra kovala-n-dı .
Glosses: Korra chase-PASS-PST
Translation: Korra was chased.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . I am unhurried . cf . I am not rushed .
Glosses: b . *I am un . cf . I am not                                    (Wojdak 2005: 1)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *için-il çalış-ıl-dı .
Glosses: for-PASS work-PASS-PST
Translation: Int: ‘Someone worked for someone.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *(kendisi) için hediye al-dığ-ınız kişi
Glosses: self for present buy-NMLZ-POSS.2.PL person
Translation: Int: ‘the person who you bought a present for
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mehmet ben-im/*ben-i için kitap al-dı .
Glosses: Mehmet 1.SG-GEN/1.SG-ACC for book buy-PST
Translation: Mehmet bought a book for me.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mehmet Ali/*Ali-yi için kitap al-dı .
Glosses: Mehmet Ali/Ali-ACC for book buy-PST
Translation: Mehmet bought a book for Ali.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dün kümes-te bayağı yumurtla-n-mış .
Glosses: yesterday henhouse-LOC quite lay.eggs-PASS-PST
Translation: There was a lot of laying-eggs in the henhouse yesterday.’ Lit: ‘It was laid-eggs a lot in the henhouse yesterday.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . ni+kteb ‘I write’
Glosses: b . ni+ktb+u ‘we write’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . ni+tlef ‘I lose’
Glosses: b . ni+tilf+u ‘we lose’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . qara [ʔára] ‘he read’ kera [kɛ́ra] ‘he hired’
Glosses: b . qrah [ʔráːħ] ‘he read it’ krieh [krɪ́ːħ] ‘he hired it’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . Word-initial RØCV → iRØCV (prothetic vowel in italics)
Glosses: b . Word-internal: CØRØCV → CiRØCV (epenthetic vowel in italics)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: d₁ talab-ni [taˈlabni] ‘he asked me’ d₂ (ma) talabnix [talabˈniːʃ] ‘he didn’t ask me’
Glosses: e₁ talab-na [taˈlabna] ‘he asked us’ e₂ (ma) talabniex [talabˈnɪːʃ] ‘he didn’t ask us’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . jibda [yɪ́bda] ‘he begins’ (ma) jibdiex [yɪbdɪː́ʃ] ‘he does not begin’
Glosses: b . jidra [yɪ́dra] ‘he gets used to’ (ma) jidrax [yɪdráːʃ] ‘he does not get used to’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . Front apophony: PF mess ‘touch’, IMP miss
Glosses: b . Back apophony:  żamm ‘hold’ żomm
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Class II 3MSG ittenda ‘become aware of’   jittendi
Glosses:  3PL ittendéw    jittendu
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: a . kalma ‘calmness’
Glosses: b . ikkalma ‘to calm down
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Imperfect 3MSG jissuġġeríxxi NEG ma jissuġġerī́x
Glosses:  3PL jiggarantíxxu  ma jissuġġerū́x
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dan/ Dane , ce mai faci ?
Glosses: Dan Dan.VOC what more do.2SG
Translation: Dan, how are you?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Radu/ Radule , ce mai faci ?
Glosses: Radu/ Radu.the.VOC what more do.2SG
Translation: Radu, how are you?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Măi) Dan/ Dane , Radu/ Radule , ce mai faci ?
Glosses: VOC-P Dan Dan.VOC Radu/ Radu.the.VOC what more do.2SG
Translation: Dan/Radu, how are you?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Măi) ce mai faci ?
Glosses: VOC-P what more do.2SG
Translation: How are you?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dane mamă , ce mai faci , puiule ? Romanian
Glosses: Dan.VOC mother what more do.2SG baby.chicken.the.VOC 
Translation: Dan, how are you, my baby?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Fetelor , le puteţi crede ? Romanian Voc
Glosses: girls.the.VOC them.F can.2PL believe  
Translation: Girls, can you believe them?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Fetele , le puteţi crede ? Romanian Top
Glosses: girls.the them.F can.2PL believe  
Translation: The girls, can you believe them?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Bre) mamaie , te rog eu să mergi la doctor . Romanian
Glosses: VOC-P grandma.VOC you beseech.1SG I SBJV go.2SG to doctor 
Translation: Grandma, I implore you to see a doctor.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Vre) jaja , ti kanis eki ? Greek
Glosses: VOC-P grandma.NOM what do.2SG there ? 
Translation: Grandma, what are you doing there?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription:  bre (*mda) tataie , un’ te duci ? Romanian
Glosses: INT VOC-P INT grandpa.VOC where REFL.2SG go.2SG 
Translation: Hm, grandpa, where are you going?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Bre un’ te duci tataie ?
Glosses: VOC-P where REFL.2SG go.2SG grandpa.VOC
Translation: Intended: ‘Where are you going, grandpa?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hai (mda) bre (*mda) mamaie , e bine .
Glosses: PART INT VOC-P INT grandma.VOC is good
Translation: Ok, hm, grandma, everything is fine.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hai , e bine , bre mamaie .
Glosses: PART is good VOC-P grandma.VOC
Translation: Ok, everything is fine, grandma.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Hai bre , e bine , mamaie .
Glosses: PART VOC-P is good grandma.VOC
Translation: Intended: ‘Ok, everything is fine, grandma.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Re pedja , ti ine afta ? VS *Pedja re ,… Greek
Glosses: VOC-P kids what are these  kids VOC-P 
Translation: Hey kids, what is this?
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Bre mamaie ,    …. VS *Mamaie bre ,… Romanian
Glosses: VOC-P grandma.VOC  grandma.VOC VOC-P
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Stefanebe ,… VS *Be Stefane ,… Bulgarian
Glosses: Stefan.VOC-P  VOC-P Stefan
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: mogatsaka VS *a mogatsake ,… Setwana
Glosses: my.husband.VOC-P  VOC-P my.husband
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vre Maria ke (*vre) Kosta ,… Greek
Glosses: VOC-P Maria and VOC-P Kosta 
Translation: Maria and Kosta,…
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bre tată şi (*bre) unchişorule ,…. Romanian
Glosses: VOC-P father and VOC-P uncle.the.VOC 
Translation: Father and uncle,….
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bre majko i (*bre) leljo ,… Bulgarian
Glosses: VOC-P mother.VOC and VOC-P aunty.VOC 
Translation: Mother and aunty,…
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Tată şi unchişorule], nu plecaţi , (*bre). Romanian
Glosses: father and uncle.the.VOC not leave.IMP.2PL  
Translation: Father and uncle, don’t leave.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Măi) fraţilor şi cumnaţilor , haideţi să ne înţelegem . Romanian
Glosses: VOC-P brothers.the.VOC and brothers.in.law.the.VOC PART SBJV REFL.1PL agree.1PL 
Translation: Brothers and brothers-in-law, let’s find an agreement.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Bre , te rog eu să mergi la doctor . Romanian
Glosses: VOC-P you beseech.1SG I SBJV go.2SG to doctor 
Translation: Grandma, I implore you to see a doctor.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vre , ti kanis eki ? Greek
Glosses: VOC-P what do.2SG there ? 
Translation: Grandma, what are you doing there?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Yaa (Layla), dade amma-ye ? Arabic
Glosses: VOC-P Layla mother where-COP.3G 
Translation: Layla, where is mother?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dan , vino azi . = neutral Romanian
Glosses: Dan come.IMP.2SG today  
Translation: Dan, come today.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dane , vino azi . = informal
Glosses: Dan.VOC come.IMP.2SG today 
Translation: Dan, come today.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Măi Dane , vino azi . = very informal
Glosses: VOC-P Dan.VOC come.IMP.2SG today 
Translation: Dan, come today.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Băiat ,…. Romanian
Glosses: boy
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Băiatu’, vino te rog .
Glosses: boy.the come.IMP.2SG you pray.1SG
Translation: Young man, please come.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Băiete , vino te rog .
Glosses: boy.VOC come.IMP.2SG you pray.1SG
Translation: Young man, c’mon, come please.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Măi băiat , fii cuminte .
Glosses: VOC-P boy be.IMP.2SG wise
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Măi băiatule , ce faci ?
Glosses: VOC-P boy.the.VOC what do.2SG
Translation: My boy, what are you doing?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dane mamă , fii atent . Romanian
Glosses: Dan.VOC mother be.IMP2SG careful 
Translation: Be careful, Dan.’ (a mother addresses her son Dan)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: smæʕ-ɩ-nɩ ja mamæ Lebanese
Glosses: IMP.hear-2F.SG-me VOC-P mother 
Translation: Listen to me.’ (a mother addresses her daughter) (Robertson Rieschild 1998:623)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mancia a minestra , u papà . Sicilian from Palermo
Glosses: eat.IMP.2SG the soup the dad 
Translation: Eat the soup.’ (a father addresses his child) (Iovino & Rossi 2014: 261)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription:  Dane mamă , un’ te duci ? Romanian
Glosses: VOC-P Dan.VOC mother where REFL.2SG go.2SG 
Translation: Dan, where are you going?
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *(Măi) mamă Dane , un’ te duci ?
Glosses: VOC-P mother Dan.VOC where REFL.2SG go.2SG
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dane , nu te mai necăji , mamă . Romanian
Glosses: Dan.VOC not REFL.2SG more upset mother 
Translation: Dan, don’t worry.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Mamă , nu te mai necăji , Dane .
Glosses: mother not REFL.2SG more upset Dan.VOC
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Dane [mamă iubitoare], vino la masă . Romanian
Glosses: Dan.VOC mother loving come.IMP.2SG to table 
Translation: Intended: ‘Dan, come to eat (your loving mother tells you that).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dane [mamă dragă], vino la masă .
Glosses: Dan.VOC mother dear come.IMP.2SG to table
Translation: Dan (mom’s dear boy) come to eat.
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Dane mama , vino la masă .
Glosses: Dan.VOC mother.the come.IMP.2SG to table
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Vino la masă , tăticule .// ?Dănuţ mămico vino….
Glosses: come.IMP.2SG to table dad.the.VOC Dan.DIM mom.VOC come.IMP.2SG
Translation: Come to eat (dad tells you that)’// ‘Dan come (mom tells you that)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [Dănuţa mea ,] vezi ce faci . Romanian
Glosses: Dănuţa my mind.IMP.2SG what do.2SG
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *[Dănuţa mea] mamă , vezi ce faci .
Glosses: Dănuţa my mother mind.IMP.2SG what do.2SG
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Dănuţo mamă , vezi ce faci .
Glosses: Dănuţa.VOC mother mind.IMP.2SG what do.2SG
Translation: Dănuţa, mind what you are doing (I’m telling you as your mother).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Hai) Dane (hai) vino la masă . Romanian
Glosses: PART Dan.VOC PART come.IMP.2SG to table 
Translation: C’mon, Dan, come to eat.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Hai) mamă (hai) vino la masă .
Glosses: PART mother PART come.IMP.2SG to table
Translation: C’mon, come to eat (your mom tells you that).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: (Hai) Dane (*hai) mamă (hai) vino la masă .
Glosses: PART Dan.VOC PART mother PART come.IMP.2SG to table
Translation: C’mon, Dan, come to eat (your mom tells you that).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ar ga-m-agon-o , bicola , šen-i t’iril-i ! Georgian
Glosses: not PREV-1IO-hear-OPT aunt.VOC your-NOM crying-NOM 
Translation: Don’t let me hear you crying, aunt [addressing nephew or niece of husband]!’ (from Abuladze & Ludden 2013: 33)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Mangia la minestra , (a) papà (tuo).
Glosses: eat.IMP.2SG the soup of dad your
Translation: Eat your soup.’ (endearing address from a father to his child)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: r ǝc’ -k’ǝ -č
Glosses: 5 be.filled -CAUS -PRES
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: oλu-l b-u<wɑ́>č’e-r baba
Glosses: DEM.OBL-ERG 4-cut<>-PAST bread.4
Translation: (s)he cut bread all the time’ or ‘(s)he cut several loaves of bread’ (B95:82)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ǝg-ra ʕadam-la b-u<wɑ́>t’-oλ xo-ra-baa-∅
Glosses: that-PL person-PL 4-sleep<>-WHEN snore-AP--PRES
Translation: after these people have gone to bed, they snore’ (B95:92)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: q’ǝra qo-da-baa-r-ƛi
Glosses: child study-AP--PPT-NMLZ
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: koxaa (be .dirty) + → hypothetical: *ko<wɑ́>xa
Glosses:  → attested: koxa-báa                                                  (B95:311)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: šóše (bandage) + → hypothetical (ɑ́ suffix): *šoš-ɑ́
Glosses:  → attested (ɑ́ infix): šo<wɑ́>še, (11c)                               (B95:334)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ék (fall) + → hypothetical (ɑ́ suffix): *ek-ɑ́
Glosses:  → attested (ɑ́ infix): e<yɑ́>k, (11b)                                                   (B95:295)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Quand il est à Paris , Pierre va souvent au Louvre .
Glosses: when he is in Paris Pierre goes often to.the Louvre
Translation: (i) ‘Often when he is in Paris, Pierre goes to the Louvre.’ (ii) ‘Whenever he is in Paris, Pierre goes often to the Louvre.’ (Doetjes 2007: 686)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Quand il est à Paris , Pierre va trois fois au Louvre .
Glosses: when he is in Paris Pierre goes three times to.the Louvre
Translation: Whenever he is in Paris, Pierre goes three times to the Louvre.’ (Doetjes 2007: 705)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: La maestra rende ciascuna cartella al suo proprietario
Glosses: the teacher gives-back each schoolbag to its owner
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: La maestra rende la sua cartella a ciascun alunno
Glosses: the teacher gives-back the his schoolbag to each student
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: La maîtresse a rendu son cartable à chaque élève .
Glosses: The teacher has given-back his schoolbag to every pupil
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: La maîtresse a rendu chaque cartable à son propriétaire .
Glosses: The teacher gave-back every schoolbag to its owner                     (Boneh and Nash 2012)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Gianni glie-lo ha reso (It .) 3Dat > 3Acc
Glosses: Gianni to.him=it= has given.back 
Translation: Gianni gave it back to him
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jean le lui a rendu (Fr .) 3Acc > 3Dat
Glosses: Jean it= to.him= has given.back 
Translation: Gianni gave it back to him
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Il padrone di casa ridipinge il suo appartamento a ogni nuovo affittuario (It .)
Glosses: the owner of the.house repaints the his apartment to each new tenant
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Il padrone di casa ridipinge ogni appartamento al suo nuovo affittuario
Glosses: the owner of the.house repaints each apartment to its new tenant
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Marie a peint à chaque locataire sa maison . (Fr .)
Glosses: Mary has painted to every tenant his house
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Marie a peint à son locataire chaque maison . 
Glosses: Mary  painted to its tenant every house (Boneh and Nash 2012)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Gianni glie-l’ ha ridipinta (It .)
Glosses: Gianni to.him=it= has repainted
Translation: Gianni repainted it to his benefit
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Jean le lui a repeint (Fr .)
Glosses: Jean it= to.him= has repainted
Translation: Gianni repainted it to his benefit
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Chi la dura , la vince (It .)
Glosses: who 3acc.fsg= endures, 3acc.fsg= wins
Translation: Who endures, wins
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Me la cavo
Glosses: refl.1sg 3acc.fsg= get.out
Translation: I manage
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ce l’ ho fatta
Glosses: loc/ins 3acc.fsg= I.have made
Translation: I succeeded
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Me ne vado
Glosses: refl.1sg= from.there= I.go
Translation: I leave
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: French
Glosses: [ SubjCl [ [ [ 1/2P, se [ 3Acc, se [ 3Dat, Loc, Gen [
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Glie-lo porta (It .)
Glosses: to.him=it= he.brings
Translation: He brings it to him
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ils le lui donnent (Fr .)
Glosses: They= it= to.him/her= give.3PL
Translation: They give it to him/her
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ils me le donnent
Glosses: They= to.me= it= give.3PL
Translation: They give it to me
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: gli telefona (It .) indirect object
Glosses: ‘he calls him’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: gli danno un premio indirect/secondary object
Glosses: ‘they award him a prize’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: gli piace experiencer
Glosses: ‘He likes (it)’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: gli apre la porta benefactive
Glosses: ‘someone opens the door for him’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: gli fanno aprire la porta caused subject
Glosses: ‘they make him open the door’
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: gli lavo le mani dative of possession
Glosses: ‘I wash his hands’
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ce la siamo cavata . (It .)
Glosses: refl it are got.out
Translation: We got by
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: *Gianni vi vuole mostrarli . (It .)
Glosses: Gianni to.you wants show-them
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Gianni li vuole mostrarvi .
Glosses: Gianni them wants how-to.you
Translation: Gianni wants to show them to you
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Le lui donnent-ils ? (Fr .)
Glosses: it to.him give-they
Translation: Do they give it to him?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: i tʃama-lu sempri (Borgomanero; Piedmontese , north-western Italo-Romance)
Glosses: they call-him always
Translation: They always call him
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Gianni porta il libro a Paolo
Glosses: Gianni brings the book to Paolo
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Gianni gli porta il libro
Glosses: Gianni to.him brings the book
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Gianni lo porta a Paolo
Glosses: Gianni it brings to Paolo
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Gianni glie lo porta
Glosses: Gianni to.him= it= brings
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: O livro que lhe [ainda] não entreguei (Port . dialect)15
Glosses: The book that to.him= yet not handle
Translation: The book that I did not gave him yet
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Un mi [cchù] parra (Cosentino)16
Glosses: not me= any.more speaks
Translation: He does not speak to me any more.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: el me [sempre] dizi (Triestino)17
Glosses: he= to.me= always says
Translation: He always speaks to me.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ que le [ dios dio . (o .Sp .)19
Glosses:  that to.him= god gave 
Translation: ’… that God gave him.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: … para lo mejor conplir que lo ella non mando (o .Sp .)20
Glosses: in.order.to it= better accomplish than it= she not ordered
Translation: … in order to accomplish it better than she ordered (it)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: I porti mi-lla . (Borgomanero; Pied .)
Glosses: I= bring not=it
Translation: I’m not bringing it.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: I vangumma già-nni da dü agni .
Glosses: We= see already=us of two years
Translation: We’ve already been seeing each other for two years.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: I vônghi piö-llu .
Glosses: I= see any.more=him
Translation: I don’t see him any more.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Con che ti dare’ io bere ?21 (o .It .)
Glosses: With what to.you= would.give I drink
Translation: How would I give you something to drink?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: I an rangiò-la . (Cairo Montenotte , Parry 2005)
Glosses: They= have fixed=it.F 
Translation: They fixed it.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: fiʎʎə-mə/-tə (Guardiaregia , Molise)
Glosses: child-my/-your 
Translation: my/your child
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: rə fiʎʎə-mə/-tə
Glosses: the child-my/-your
Translation: my/your children
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Me/ce lo porta . (It .)
Glosses: to.me/there it= he.brings
Translation: He brings it there/to me
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Porta-me-lo !/ Porta-ce-lo !
Glosses: Bring=me=it/ bring=there=it
Translation: Bring it there/to me!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Cerca di portar-me-lo/-ce-lo .
Glosses: Try to bring=to.me=it/there=it
Translation: Try to bring it to me/there.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [ A voi] [ le mie poche parole ch’ avete intese] ho =lle dette con grande fede25 (o .It .)
Glosses:  to you  the my few words that you.have you.have I.have =them said with great faith
Translation: The few words that you heard from me I pronounced with great faith.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: e [ a los otros] acomendo -los a dios26 (o .Sp .)
Glosses: and  to the others commended =them to god 
Translation: and he commended the others to god.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: me lo va a prendere . (It .)
Glosses: to.me= it= goes to fetch
Translation: S/he goes fetch it for me.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: va-mme-lo a prendere .
Glosses: go=to.me=it to fetch
Translation: Go fetch it for me.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Ella (*conoce) tal vez conoce ya conoce la receta
Glosses: she knows perhaps knows already knows the recipe(=the)
Translation: Perhaps she already knows the recipe.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Il me le donne (Fr .)
Glosses: he= to.me= it= give.3SG
Translation: He gives it to me.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Donne-le-moi !
Glosses: give.IMP =it=to.me
Translation: Give it to me!
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Il lui en donne (Fr .)
Glosses: he= to.him= of.it= gives
Translation: He gives some of it to him
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Il le lui donne . (Fr .)
Glosses: he= it= to.him/her= give.3SG
Translation: He gives it to him/her.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Le lui donne-t-il ?
Glosses: it= to.him/her= give.3SG-t-he
Translation: Does he give it to him/her?
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: [ << i , I> < an , I>>
Glosses: [ << la, v*>, <rangiò, v*>> [ rangiò
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Il a été mis fin à ce conflit
Glosses: it has been put end to this conflict
Translation: This conflict has been put an end to
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Il le lui donne .
Glosses: he it to.him give.3SG
Translation: He gives it to him.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Porta-me-lo ! (It .)
Glosses: bring=me=it
Translation: Bring it to me!
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Tout leur (*en) fait en vouloir à Paul . (Fr .)
Glosses: everything 3PL.DAT= en= make.3SG en= want.INF to Paul
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Tout leur fait lui en vouloir .
Glosses: Everything 3PL.DAT= make.3SG 3SG.DAT= en= want.INF
Translation: Everything makes them angry at him
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ⟦q because p⟧ = p ∧ O □(p)(q)
Glosses:  = p ∧ □(p)(q) ∧ ¬□(¬p)(q)
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: ⟦q because p⟧ = p ∧ O □(p)(p produce q)
Glosses:  = p ∧ □(p)(p produce q) ∧ ¬□(¬p)(¬p produce q)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maa {twaa/*tai}-nuu bulaa rayii je .
Glosses: mother.NOM 2PL.OBL/2SG.OBL-DOM call PRG.F.SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: Mother is calling you.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: {Anata/kisama}-ni-wa wakar-anai des-yoo-ne .
Glosses: 2H/2NH-DAT-TOP understand-NEG COP.ALLOC.H-PRS-SFP
Translation: You do not understand (this).
Language: Basque (English translation)
Transcription: Pette-k lan egin di-k
Glosses: Peter-ERG work do.PFV 3ERG-M
Translation: Peter worked.’ (said to a male friend)
Language: Basque (English translation)
Transcription: Pette-k lan egin di-n
Glosses: Peter-ERG work do.PFV 3ERG-F
Translation: Peter worked.’ (said to a female friend)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Tusii maa-nuu bulaa raye {o/(*je)}
Glosses: 2PL.NOM mother-DOM call PRG.M.PL be.PRS.2PL/ALLOC.PL
Translation: You are calling mother.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maa twaa-nuu bulaa rayii {e/je}
Glosses: mother.NOM 2PL.OBL-DOM call PRG.F.SG be.PRG.3SG/ALLOC.PL
Translation: Mother is calling you.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maa {twaa-nuu/*tai-nuu} bulaa rayii je .
Glosses: mother.NOM 2PL.OBL-DOM/2SG.OBL-DOM call PRG.F.SG ALLOC.PL
Translation: Mother is calling you.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Maa {tai-nuu/*twaa-nuu} bulaa rayii aa .
Glosses: mother.NOM 2SG.OBL-DOM/2PL.OBL-DOM call PRG.F.SG ALLOC.SG
Translation: Mother is calling you.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Anata-wa okaasan-o yon-dei-masi-ta .
Glosses: 2H-TOP mother-ACC call-PRG-ALLOC.H-PST
Translation: You were calling (your) mother.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Okaasan-wa anata-o yon-dei-masi-ta .
Glosses: mother-TOP 2H-ACC call-PRG-ALLOC.H-PST
Translation: (Your) mother was calling you.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kare-wa anata-ni kore-o makase-masi-ta .
Glosses: he-TOP 2H-DAT this-ACC entrust-ALLOC.H-PRS
Translation: He entrusted this to you.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kare-wa sotira-ni kore-o makase-masi-ta .
Glosses: he-TOP 2H-DAT this-ACC entrust-ALLOC.H-PRS
Translation: He entrusted this to you.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kimi-wa dare-to siawasena akubi-o si-mas-u-ka ?
Glosses: 2MH-TOP who-with happy yawn do-ALLOC.H-Q
Translation: With whom do you give a happy yawn?’ (Lyrics by Noriyuki Makihara)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: [Ore , tuutyoo mite-no toori okane-no kanri mattaku deki-nai kara] omae-ni makase-mas-u .
Glosses: I passbook see-GEN as money-GEN management never can-NEG since 2MH-DAT trust-ALLOC.H-PRS
Translation: Since, as you can see from my passbook, I cannot ever manage my money, I will leave it up to you.’ (https://trip-partner.jp/8204)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hirot-ta yatu-o anta-ni osie-masi-ta-yo .
Glosses: pick-PST thing-ACC 2MH-DAT teach-ALLOC.H-SFP
Translation: I showed you the thing I had found.’4
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Kisama-ni-wa wakar-anai des-yoo-ne .
Glosses: 2NH-DAT-TOP understand-NEG COP.ALLOC.H-EPI-SFP
Translation: You do not understand (this).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Temee-ni-wa kankee nai des-u-yone ?
Glosses: 2NH-with-TOP relation absent COP.ALLOC.H-PRS-SFP
Translation: This has nothing to do with you, right?
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Tusii (saare) syaane o .
Glosses: 2PL.NOM all smart.M.PL be.PRS.2PL
Translation: You (all) are smart.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Tusii (*saare) syaane o .
Glosses: 2PL.NOM (*all) smart.M.PL be.PRS.2PL
Translation: You (*all) are smart.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Tuu syaanaa ẽ .
Glosses: 2SG.NOM smart.M.SG be.PRS.2SG
Translation: You are smart.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: O syaane ne .
Glosses: 3PL.NOM smart.M.PL be.PRS.3PL
Translation: They are smart.’ OR ‘(S)he (honorific) is smart.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: O syaanaa e .
Glosses: 3SG.NOM smart.M.SG be.PRS.3SG
Translation: He is smart.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Tuu bajaar gayii sa͠i .
Glosses: 2SG.NOM market go.PFV.F.SG be.PST.2SG
Translation: You went to the market.’ Singular non-honorific
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Tusii bajaar gayiyãã so .
Glosses: 2PL.NOM market go.PFV.F.PL be.PST.2PL
Translation: You all went to the market.’ Plural
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Massii-jii , tusii bajaar {gaye/*gayiyãã} so .
Glosses: aunt-H 2PL.NOM market go.PFV.M.PL/go.PFV.F.PL be.PST.2PL
Translation: Aunt, you went to the market.’ Singular honorific
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: John-ga Akira-o sagasi-masi-ta .
Glosses: John-NOM Akira-ACC look for-ALLOC.H-PST
Translation: John looked for Akira (non-honorific).
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: John-ga sensei-o osagasisi-masi-ta .
Glosses: John-NOM teacher-ACC look for.OH-ALLOC.H-PST
Translation: John looked for the teacher (honorific).
Language: Unknown language ( translation)
Transcription: Taroo-wa anata-to oaisi-ta .
Glosses: Taroo-TOP 2H-with meet.OH-PST
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taroo-wa anata-to Hanako-o {#otasukesi/tasuke}-ta .
Glosses: Taroo-TOP 2H-with Hanako-ACC help.OH/help-PST
Translation: Taroo helped Hanako with you.’7
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Taroo-wa [anata-ga o-kirei da-to] {*oomoisi/omot}-ta .
Glosses: Taroo-TOP 2H-NOM H-beautiful COP-that think.OH/think-PST
Translation: Taroo thought (OH) [you were beautiful].
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hanako-ga gakkaikaizyoo-ni anata-o oturesi-ta .
Glosses: Hanako-NOM conference room-DAT 2H-ACC take.OH-PST
Translation: Hanako took (OH) you to the conference room.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: #Hanako-ga doroboo-ni anata-o gosyookaisi-ta .
Glosses: Hanako-NOM thief-DAT 2H-ACC introduce.OH-PST
Translation: Hanako introduced (OH) you to the thief.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Hanako-ga anata-ni doroboo-o gosyookaisi-ta .
Glosses: Hanako-NOM 2H-DAT thief-ACC introduce.OH-PST
Translation: Hanako introduced (OH) the thief to you.
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ano kasikoi anata
Glosses: that smart you
Translation: that smart you
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: ano [atama-ga ii] anata
Glosses: that head-NOM good you
Translation: that you who is smart
Language: Shuswap (English translation)
Transcription: [Xwexwéyt] re swet xwis-t-0-és [newt7-s] re qe7tse-s .
Glosses: all DET who like-TRANS-3SG.OBJ-3SG.SUBJ EMPH-3 DET father-3.POSS
Translation: Everyone likes his father.’ (Lai 1998, as cited in Déchaine & Wiltschko 2002)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: *Daremo-ga kare-no hahaoya-o aisite-iru .
Glosses: everyone-NOM he-GEN mother-ACC love-PRS
Translation: Everyone loves his mother.’ (Noguchi 1997: 770)
Language: Unknown language (English translation)
Transcription: Anata-dake-ga anata-no heya-ni i-ru .
Glosses: 2H-only-NOM 2H-GEN room-in be-PRS
Translation: Only you stay in your room.’ (√ referential; *bound)