lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯŋa qʰe qaʑo tsʰɤt nɯra pjɤ-dɤn-nɯ tɕe , nɯtɕu ɲɯ-nɯrɯ-nɯ tɕe sɯjno tu-ndza-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu ,
Glosses: cow LNK sheep goat DEM:PL IFR.IPFV-be.many-PL LNK DEM:LOC IPFV:WEST-eat.grass-PL LNK grass IPFV:UP-eat-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: There were many cows, sheep and goats, and they were eating grass there.' (150819 woniu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci ko-nɯkʰɯɣ ʑo ko-tsʰi .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water IFR:EAST-gulp EMPH IFR:EAST-drink
Translation: He gulped the water.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci kɯnɤ cʰɯ-ɕe mɯ-ɲɤ-kʰɯ . tɯ-ci cʰɯ-tsʰi mɯ-ɲɤ-kʰɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water also IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go NEG-IFR-be.possible INDEF.POSS-water IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-drink NEG-IFR-be.possible
Translation: Even water could not go [down his throat], he could not drink anymore.' (of a person suffering from throat cancer) (27-tWfCAl) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003710#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-wa nɯ kɯ cʰa ntsɯ cʰɯ-tsʰi qʰe , ɯ-me mɯ́j-nɯβdaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-father DEM ERG alcohol always IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-drink LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter NEG:SENS-take.care
Translation: Her father was drinking alcohol all the time, and did not take care of his daughter.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-sŋɯro lu-χɤβ ʑo tɕe nɯ βɣɤza nɯ ɯ-kɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ lu-nɯ-ɕe ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-breath IPFV:UPSTREAM-suck EMPH DEM LNK fly DEM 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in IPFV:UPSTREAM-AUTO-go be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [The frog]_i breathes in and the fly goes into its_i mouth by itself.' (27-qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki ɯ-ʁɤri sɯstaʁ ʑo ɯ-ɕɣa a-nɯ-xtɕi ra
Glosses: DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-before COMP EMPH 3SG.POSS-age IRR-PFV:WEST-small be.needed:FACT
Translation: May she become younger than before!' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤʑɯ ʑo ɯ-kʰa ra to-wxti tɕe ,
Glosses: even.more EMPH 3SG.POSS-house PL IFR:UP-be.big LNK
Translation: His house had become even bigger.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ ʑɯrɯʑɤri cʰɤ-wxti
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-son DEM progressively IFR:DOWNSTREAM-be.big
Translation: His son progressively grew up.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe <yimi> jamar ma tu-rɲɟi mɤ-cʰa ma
Glosses: LNK one.meter about apart.from IPFV:UP-be.long NEG-can:FACT LNK
Translation: It cannot grow longer than about one meter.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrgi ɣɯ ɯ-mat lu-rɲɟi tsa ŋu tɕe , nɤki jima popo tsa fse .
Glosses: fir GEN 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV:UPSTREAM-be.long a.little be:FACT LNK FILLER maize cob a.little be.like:FACT
Translation: The fir cone is elongated, a bit like the corncob (07-tAtho)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤr nɯ cʰɯ-rɲɟi , sŋi nɯ cʰɯ-xtɯt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: night DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.long day DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.short SENS-be
Translation: The nights are becoming longer, and the days shorter.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-kɯ-xtɕi tɕe , nɯnɯ ʑŋgri nɯ nɯ-mɤrʑaβ ɯ-raŋ tɕe , tɯ-kɤrme cʰɯ́-wɣ-rɤɕi tɕe , cʰɯ-rɲɟi ŋu to-ti-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.small LNK DEM star DEM AOR-marry 3SG.POSS-time LNK GENR.POSS-hair IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-pull LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-be.long be:FACT IFR-say-PL LNK
Translation: When we were young, people said that when there is a shooting star, if you pull your hair, it will grow longer.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤɣ nɯ li kɯ-mbɯ~mbro tu-βze cʰa
Glosses: juniper DEM again SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.high IPFV:UP-make[III] can:FACT
Translation: The juniper grows very high.' (08-CAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003442#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrgi laŋlaŋ nɯnɯ , la-βzu ɕimɯma nɯ ɲɯ-ɤrŋi ,
Glosses: fir cone DEM AOR:UPSTREAM:3→3-make immediately DEM SENS-be.green
Translation: The fir cone is green when it has just come out.' (08-tWrgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003464#S67"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ru ra kɯ-xtsʰɯ~xtsʰɯm ŋu ri , kɯ-zɯ~zri ʑo cʰɯ-βze qʰe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.thin be:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.long EMPH IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-make[III] LNK
Translation: Although its stalk is very thin, it grows very long.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɯŋgɯpɤjka nɯ ɯ-mat nɯnɯ pɤjka kɯ-fse cʰɯ-βze ,
Glosses: wild.squash DEM 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM squash SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-make[III]
Translation: Wild squash grows fruits like those of the [cultivated] squash.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso cʰo-ndzɤt
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child IFR:DOWNSTREAM-grow
Translation: The child grew up.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰam tɕe mɤʑɯ tɤ-dɤn-nɯ
Glosses: now LNK even.more AOR:UP-be.many-PL
Translation: Now they are even more numerous than before.' (140522 tshupa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004053#S84"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-tɕɯ ci to-tu
Glosses: 3du.POSS-son INDEF IFR:UP-exist
Translation: They had one son.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɕɯ to-sci ɕi , ɯ-me to-sci ?
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-son IFR-be.born QU 3SG.POSS-girl IFR-be.born
Translation: Did she have a boy or a girl?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora nɯ-ɕki ɣɯ-to-mkʰroŋ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 2PL 2PL.POSS-DAT CISL-IFR:UP-be.born SENS-be
Translation: He had come to be born in their [family].' (150825 nezha naohai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006272#S35"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsʰɤt nɯ tʰɯ-rɤpɯ tɕe , ʁnɯz ntsɯ cʰɯ-lɤt ŋgrɤl
Glosses: goat DEM AOR:DOWNSTREAM-have.young LNK two always IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-release be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: When goats have young, they give birth to two [kids] at a time.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯra cʰɯ-rɤŋgɯm ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in DEM:PL IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-lay.eggs be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It lays eggs in the fields.' (24-kWmu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003618#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ tɯ-ci pɯ-aʁe-a tɕe , a-sroʁ to-tu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in INDEF.POSS-water AOR:DOWN-be.needed.eat-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-life IFR:UP-exist
Translation: I have water in my mouth to drink, my life is back.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-rte ra ɲɤ-nɯ-βde tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-hat PL IFR:WEST-AUTO-lose LNK
Translation: [The boy] lost his hat' (Pear story 2010, Tshendzin, 12)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰu nɯ cʰɯmcʰɯm ʑo , tɕe , tɯ-skɤm pjɤ-sɤʑa tɕe mtsʰu nɯ ɲɤ-me tɕe
Glosses: lake DEM IDPH(II):slowly EMPH LNK INF:II-dry.up IFR:DOWN-start LNK lake DEM IFR:WEST-not.exist LNK
Translation: The level of the lake started to go down slowly and the lake disappeared.' (nyima2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zgoku nɯtɕu si nɯ ʑɯrɯʑɤri ɲɯ~ɲɤ-rkɯn ʑo
Glosses: mountain DEM:LOC tree DEM progressively INCR~IFR:WEST-be.few EMPH
Translation: There were fewer and fewer trees on the mountain.' (04-xiaocunzhuang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003394#S24"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤŋe nɯ ɲɯ-ɕqʰlɤt ku-nɤjɤm ra kʰi ma tɤŋe nɯ wuma ʑo nɯɣ-me kʰi .
Glosses: sun DEM IPFV:WEST-disappear IPFV-wait[III] be.needed:FACT hearsay LNK sun DEM really EMPH APPL-be.afraid[III]:FACT hearsay
Translation: [The yeti] waits for the sun to disappear [before eating the man he has caught], because he fears the sun, it is said.' (140510 mYWrgAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ma si tɤ-me tɕe li nɯ ɲɯ-pʰɯt-nɯ
Glosses: DEM apart.from wood AOR:UP-not.exist LNK again DEM IPFV-take.out-PL
Translation: When there is no other wood than this, people cut it.' (07-Zmbri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo ɯ-χti ɲɤ-me tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-companion IFR:WEST-not.exist LNK
Translation: Her husband passed away.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S111"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βdaʁmu nɯ to-ngo tɕe ɲɤ-si .
Glosses: lady DEM IFR-be.ill LNK IFR:WEST-die
Translation: The lady became ill and died.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jima ɯ-rɣi nɯ-plɯt-i
Glosses: maize 3SG.POSS-grain AOR:WEST-destroy-1PL
Translation: We have used up all the maize grains.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕetu ʑara nɯ-ɴɢarmɯ nɯ pjɤ-si kʰi tɕe ,
Glosses: up.there 3PL 3PL.POSS-hybrid.cow DEM IFR:DOWN-die hearsay LNK
Translation: Those up there, their cow died, it is said.' (Tagrdo conversation, 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: atu pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ ɕ-pɯ-sat-nɯ ra
Glosses: up.there bird DEM TRAL-IMP:DOWN-kill-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Go and kill the bird up there.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ-nɯŋa pjɤ-nɯ-ntɕʰa-nɯ
Glosses: LNK 3PL.POSS-cow IFR:DOWN-AUTO-butcher-PL
Translation: They killed their cow (for themselves to eat).' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S16"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: fsapaʁ ɯ-ŋgru pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , rɯdaʁ ɯ-ŋgru pɯ-nɯ-ŋu , nɯnɯ na-ntɕʰa-nɯ tɕe tu-tɕɤt-nɯ tɕe tɕe tu-sɯɣ-rom-nɯ .
Glosses: farm.animals 3SG.POSS-sinew PST.IPFV-AUTO-be 3SG.POSS-sinew wild.animals PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM AOR:WEST:3→3-butcher-PL LNK IPFV:UP-take.out-PL LNK LNK IPFV-CAUS-be.dry-PL
Translation: Whether it is sinew_i from a farm or a wild animal,_j after they butcher them,_j they take it_i out and dry it_i.' (150906 tWNgru) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006304#S5"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ pa-sat-nɯ tɕe tɕe ju-nɯ-ɣɯt-nɯ tɕe ɲɯ-ntɕʰa-nɯ
Glosses: DEM AOR:DOWN:3→3-kill-PL LNK LNK IPFV-VERT-bring-PL LNK IPFV:WEST-butcher-PL
Translation: After [the hunters] have killed [the animals]_i, they bring them_i home and butcher them_i.' (150829 KAGWcAno) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006420#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qartsʰi nɯ sŋi tɕe cʰɯ-nɯrɤɣo nɤ cʰɯ-nɯrɤɣo ŋu tɕe
Glosses: cicada DEM day LOC IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-sing ADD IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-sing be:FACT LNK
Translation: The cicada [was] singing all day long. (26-NalitCaRmbWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ rɤɣo cʰɯ-tɯ-ʑa qʰe , tɤrcɯrca ʑo cʰɯ-ti-nɯ to-cʰa-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM song IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CONV:IMM-start LNK together EMPH IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-say IFR-can-PL
Translation: They became able to sing along as soon as it started its song.' (140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɟuli nɯ cʰɤ-lɤt .
Glosses: flute DEM IFR:DOWNSTREAM-release
Translation: He played the flute' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003977#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯra kɯ rkɤdɯt cʰɯ-ʑ-mbri-nɯ pjɤ-mtsʰɤm .
Glosses: DEM:PL ERG horn IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-make.noise-PL IFR-hear
Translation: She heard [the hunters] blowing the horn.' (140520 ye tiane-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004044#S234"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-lɤcu cʰɯ́-wɣ-ɣɤmɯt tɕe tɯ-rtsʰɤz nɯ ɲɯ-fka ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-upstream IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-blow LNK INDEF.POSS-lung DEM SENS-be.full be:FACT
Translation: One blows [into the pig's trachea] and its lungs fill up.' (20-kAPjAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003556#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-mɯnmu nɤ ɲɯ-mɯnmu tɕe tɕe , nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ ɴɢoɕna kɯ-rɤʑi nɯ kɯ pjɯ-mtsʰɤm tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-move ADD IPFV-move LNK LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-in spider SBJ:PCP-stay DEM ERG IPFV:DOWN-feel LNK
Translation: [The fly that has been caught in the spider's web] moves and moves, and the spider inside feels it.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯmɯkɯmpɕi kɯ pɯ́-wɣ-mbi-a ŋu
Glosses: heaven ERG AOR:DOWN-INV-give be:FACT
Translation: The heavens gave it to me.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: laʁjɯɣ nɯ ɯ-taʁ nɯ ɯ-pʰe to-kʰo tɕe ,
Glosses: staff DEM 3SG.POSS-on DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR:UP-give LNK
Translation: He gave the staff to the [thief] who was on [the tiger].' (khu2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: taʁ kɯ , <piaozi> pɯ́-wɣ-mbi-j .
Glosses: up ERG money AOR:DOWN-INV-give-1PL
Translation: The ones above (i.e. the government) gave us money.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯtɕu zɯ laftaʁ cʰɤ-tɯ-kʰo-nɯ tɕe , nɯnɯ nɯ-jɯm nɯ ɕɯ-ɕar-i ra
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC token IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-2-give-PL LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-wife.of.lama DEM TRAL-look.for:FACT-1PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: [Since] you have given her a token, we will go and look for (this woman, who is to be) your wife.' (sras 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ma nɯnɯ kumpɣa nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , pɯ-nɯʑɯβ tɕe ɯ-mɲaʁ ku-sɤwi ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕeri ɯ-mɲaʁ ɯ-rqʰu nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , pjɯ-ɣi tɕe ɯ-mɲaʁrdu nɯ pjɯ-fkaβ kɯ-fse ɲɯ-ŋu ma
Glosses: LNK LNK DEM hen DEM FILLER AOR-sleep LNK 3SG.POSS-eye IPFV-close SENS-be LNK 3SG.POSS-eye 3SG.POSS-husk DEM FILLER IPFV:DOWN-come LNK 3SG.POSS-eyeball DEM IPFV:DOWN-cover SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be LNK
Translation: When the hen falls asleep, it closes its eyes. Its nictitating membrane (literally: `eye husk') comes down and covers its eyeball.' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S46"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka kʰa ntsɯ ku-kɯ-rɤʑi ku-kɯ-lkɯɣ mɯ́j-sɤ-scit .
Glosses: at.all house always IPFV-GENR:S/O-stay IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.stiff NEG:SENS-PROP-be.happy
Translation: Staying at home all the time, one feels stiff, it is not nice.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɯ-kɯ-fkaβ ʑo kɯ-fse
Glosses: IPFV:DOWN-GENR:S/O-cover EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: One feels like one is covered (oppressed).' (conversation, 14-05-01)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: staχpɯ tɤ-rɲɟi tɕe stoʁ nɯ cʰɯ-fkaβ
Glosses: pea AOR:UP-be.long LNK broad.bean DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-cover
Translation: When the pea has grown, it covers the broad bean.' (25-sthoRthAB)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ra cʰɤ-fkaβ-ndʑi
Glosses: house PL IFR-cover-DU
Translation: They built a house.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S121"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cizcʰiz ri ɲɯ-ta-nɯ tɕe tɕe , nɤki , pjɯ-fkaβ-nɯ . pjɯ-fkaβ-nɯ tɕe tɕe , ɯ-taʁ tɕe tɯ-ŋga ku-ta-nɯ , soʁma ra ku-ta-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: somewhere LOC IPFV:WEST-put-PL LNK LNK FILLER IPFV:DOWN-cover-PL IPFV:DOWN-cover-PL LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-on LOC INDEF.POSS-clothes IPFV:EAST-put-PL hay PL IPFV:EAST-put-PL LNK
Translation: They put [the pot] somewhere and cover it. They cover it, put clothes or hay on it.' (160703 araR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕkɤbɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu kú-wɣ-mpʰɯr ŋu .
Glosses: onion.bun 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC IPFV:EAST-INV-wrap be:FACT
Translation: People wrap it inside onion buns.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯrmɯmbju ɣɯ ɯ-tɯɣmaz ra to-mpʰɯr .
Glosses: swallow GEN 3SG.POSS-wound PL IPFV:UP-wrap
Translation: She bound up the wound of the swallow.' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe βzɯr ri tɕe cʰɯ́-wɣ-mpʰɯr cʰɯ́-wɣ-ʑa tɕe mɤpɕoʁ cʰu βzɯr nɯ ɯ-ɕki mɤɕtʂa cʰɯ́-wɣ-mpʰɯr .
Glosses: LNK angle LOC LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-wrap IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-start LNK opposite.side APPROX.LOC angle DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT until IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-wrap
Translation: One starts wrapping [the square piece of cloth] at one of the angles until the opposite angle [on the diagonal].' (30-mboR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ci ɣɯ-pjɯ-nɯ-tsʰi-nɯ
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water CISL-IPFV-AUTO-drink-PL
Translation: [The wild yaks] come and drink water.' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S43"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ci ɕ-pjɤ-nɯ-tsʰi .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IFR-AUTO-drink
Translation: She went [there] and drank water.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003880#S66"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɕetu zgo kɯ-mbɯ~mbro mɤɕtʂa to-ɕe , to-nɯrʁɯrʁa .
Glosses: LNK up.there mountain SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.high until IFR:UP-go IFR:UP-climb
Translation: He went up there, climbing the very high mountain.' (150825 huluwa-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006346#S151"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: praʁpa ɯ-ŋgɯ lu-ɕe tɕe lu-cɯ .
Glosses: cave 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:UPSTREAM-go LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-hibernate
Translation: (Otherwise), [the bear] goes into a cave and hibernates [there].' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕ-tɤ-ru-t-a
Glosses: TRANSL-AOR:UP-bring-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I fetched it.' (Japhug)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rə-ɕɐ-rô-ŋ
Glosses: AOR:UP-TRANSL-bring[II]-1SG
Translation: I fetched it.' (Situ)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajɯ ra tu-ndze ma tɤ-rɤku ɣɯ-tu-ndze mɤ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: bugs PL IPFV-eat[III] LNK INDEF.POSS-crops CISL-IPFV-eat[III] NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It eats bugs, and it does not come and eat the crops.' (24-ZmbrWpGa) (Japhug)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo nɯ ɲɤ-nɯ-pʰɣo matɕi tɕe , nɯmaʁnɤ ɣɯ́-ndza pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK 3SG DEM IFR-AUTO-flee LNK LNK otherwise INV-eat:FACT IFR-be
Translation: [The rabbit], he had fled, otherwise he would have been eaten.' (140427 qala cho kWrtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003852#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rɤku kɯ-fse ɣɯ-ndze mɤ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-crop SBJ:PCP-be.like CISL-eat[III]:FACT NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It does not come and eat crops.' (23-pGAYaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003606#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰu a-jɤ-ɤzɣɯt ndɤ ɣɯ́-wɣ-ndza ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: tiger IRR-PFV-arrive LNK CISL-INV-eat:FACT SENS-be
Translation: If the tiger comes, it will eat him [the man].' (kandZislama 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯ-pɯ ra nɯ-ndza ʑ-na-ɕar
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-young PL 3PL.POSS-food TRAL-AOR:3→3-search
Translation: The [cat mother] went to look for food for her [kitten].' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ʑakastaka kɯ-tu nɯnɯ ɣɯ nɯ-<gongfen> ra ʑ-ɲɯ-lat-a ɕ-tu-kʰat-a pɯ-ra .
Glosses: DEM each SBJ:PCP-exist DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-work.point PL TRAL-IPFV-throw-1SG TRAL-IPFV-do.everywhere-1SG PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: I had to go everywhere to count work points for every single person.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯtɕu ɕɯ-kɤ-rɤŋgɯm ndɤre kumpɣɤtɕɯ mɯ́j-nɤz
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC TRAL-INF-lay.eggs LNK sparrow NEG:SENS-dare
Translation: The sparrow does not dare to lay eggs there (on the ground).' (22-kumpGatCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003590#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma-ɕɯ-tɯ-nɤtɯti
Glosses: NEG-TRAL-2-tell.everywhere
Translation: Do not go around talking about it.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ndʑi-ŋga ɕɯ-te pjɤ-ra
Glosses: LNK 3DU.POSS-clothes TRAL-put[III]:FACT PST.IFR-be.needed
Translation: She had to make their beds (cover them with a quilt)'. (2003 kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aki ɕ-pɯ-sɤŋo
Glosses: down TRAL-IMP-listen
Translation: Go down there and listen' (many attestations).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pʰaʁrgot ci tu tɕe , nɯ ɕ-pɯ-sat ra
Glosses: boar INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM TRAL-IMP-kill be.needed:FACT
Translation: There is a boar, go and kill it.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003886#S214"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕetʰa nɯ ɬɤndʐi tɤ-mu nɯnɯ ɣi tɕe nɤʑo ɣɯ-tɯ́-wɣ-nɯsnɯɲaʁ ɕti
Glosses: later DEM ghost INDEF.POSS-mother DEM come:FACT LNK 2SG CISL-2-INV-do.harm be.AFF:FACT
Translation: The ghost woman will come and cause you harm.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯre rɤʑi-a , tɕe ɣɯ-pjɯ-kɯ-mɟa-a wo
Glosses: 1SG here stay:FACT-1SG LNK CISL-IPFV-2→1-take-1SG SFP
Translation: I am here, come and take me!' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kupa-cʰu nɯra atʰi pɕoʁ nɯra , ɯ-pɕi nɯra kɯ kɯre ri ɣɯ-cʰɯ-sɯ-χtɯ-nɯ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK Chinese-LOC DEM:PL downstream direction DEM:PL 3SG-outside DEM:PL ERG here LOC CISL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-buy-PL be:FACT
Translation: People from the Chinese areas downstream, outsiders, send people here to buy [matsutake].' (20 grWBgrWB 58) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003554#S57"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-scun pjɤ-tu tɕe , … kutɕu ɣɯ-pjɤ́-wɣ-lɤt pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fault PST:IPFV-exist LNK _ here CISL-IFR:DOWN-INV-release PST:IPFV-exist
Translation: He had broken the law, … and had been sent (down) here [to earth, as punishment].' (180501 xiyouji 08-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <jiazhang> ra ju-ɣi-nɯ tɕe <laoshi> ɯ-ɕki , tɯ-ɕki ʑo ɣɯ-ju-ɣi-nɯ ɕti netɕi ?
Glosses: parents PL IPFV-come-PL LNK teacher 3SG.POSS-DAT GENR.POSS-DAT EMPH CISL-IPFV-come-PL be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: The parents come, they come to (us) the teachers, right?.' (conversation140501 01)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li nɤki iɕqʰa nɯ tɤjlu kɤ-rku ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ ɕ-pjɤ-ɕe
Glosses: again DEM the.aforementioned DEM flour OBJ:PCP-put.in 3SG.POSS-inside LOC TRAL-IFR:DOWN-go
Translation: He went into [a bag of] flour.' (140519 chou xiaoya-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre nɯnɯ ɕ-to-nɯ-ŋke-nɯ tɕe , lu χsɯ-xpa ɕ-pjɤ-ŋke-nɯ ,
Glosses: LNK DEM TRAL-IFR-APPL-walk-PL LNK year three-year TRAL-IFR-walk-PL
Translation: The ministers went to look for [the girl], they walked for three years.' (sras 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-nŋo nɯ qʰe ci ci ɕ-tu-mɯrki kɯ-fse ma nɯ ma mɯ-ɲɯ-ɤʁe .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.defeated DEM LNK one one TRAL-IPFV-steal[III] SBJ:PCP-be.like apart.from DEM apart.from NEG-SENS-be.needed.eat
Translation: The [lion] which is defeated steals a little [meat], but apart from that has nothing to eat.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki a-tɕɯ ki tɕetu zgoku tɕe ɕ-pjɯ-ski-a ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-son DEM.PROX up.there mountain LOC TRAL-IPFV:DOWN-bury[III]-1SG SENS-be.better
Translation: Let's bury my son up there on the mountain.' (150904 cuzhi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟa ɣɯ ɯ-laχtɕʰa tu-ɣɯt-a tɕe pot zɯ ɕ-tu-ntsɣe-a , pot ɣɯ ɯ-laχtɕʰa pjɯ-ɣɯt-a tɕe , rɟa zɯ ɕ-pjɯ-ntsɣe-a .
Glosses: China GEN 3SG.POSS-thing IPFV:UP-bring-1SG LNK Tibet LOC TRAL-IPFV:UP-sell-1SG Tibet GEN 3SG.POSS-thing IPFV:DOWN-bring-1SG LNK China LOC TRAL-IPFV:DOWN-sell-1SG
Translation: I bring things [down] from central Tibet, and sell them in China.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕetʰi tɤmuj jlɤrɯcɤrna ɣɯ ɯ-pʰe nɯtɕu kɯ-mɯrkɯ cʰɯ-ɕe-a ŋu tɕe . tsʰɤt ɯ-ʁrɯ ɣɯ ɯ-ci nɯnɯ ʑ-lu-mɯrki-a ri a-qʰu zɯ lɤ-ɣe-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: downstream TOPO TOPO GEN 3SG.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC SBJ:PCP-steal IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go-1SG be:FACT LNK goat 3SG.POSS-horn GEN 3SG.POSS-water DEM TRAL-IPFV:UPSTREAM-streal[III]-1SG LNK 1SG.POSS-after LOC AOR:UPSTREAM-come[II]-PL LNK
Translation: (Tomorrow morning) I will go downstream to steal from Tamuj Jlarukyarna, and I will steal the water from the goat's horn, but when [the mountain god] comes after me…' (25-kAmYW-XpAltCin)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lo-mɯrkɯ pjɤ-cʰa tɕe lo-ɣɯt ri
Glosses: IFR:UPSTREAM-steal IFR-can LNK IFR:UPSTREAM-bring LNK
Translation: He was able to steal it and brought it upstream.' (02-montagnes-kamnyu-cz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕi-kɯm lu-pe-a je !
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-door IPFV:UPSTREAM-close[III]-1SG SFP
Translation: Let me close the door (for us).' (conversation, 03-05-2018, Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe mbroχpa ri jla nɯ s-cʰɯ-χtɯ-nɯ ʁɟa pɯ-ra .
Glosses: LNK nomad LOC hybrid.yak DEM TRAL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-buy-PL completely PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: People had to buy hybrid yaks from the nomads.' (150820 kAnWCkat)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pɕi nɯra kɯ kɯre ri ɣɯ-cʰɯ-sɯ-χtɯ-nɯ ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG-outside DEM:PL ERG here LOC CISL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-buy-PL be:FACT
Translation: Outsiders send people to come here and buy [matsutake].' (20 grWBgrWB)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: atʰi ɯ-pɕi ri <chengdu> ri <diannao> ci ɕ-pa-βzjoz
Glosses: downstream 3SG.POSS-outside LOC Chengdu LOC computer INDEF TRAL-AOR:3→3-learn
Translation: He went outside of [Tibetan areas, downstream], to Chengdu, and studied computers there a little bit.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pʰɤri praʁ ɯ-ŋgɯ mɤɕtʂa ku-tsɯm qʰe , tɕe nɯtɕu ɕ-tu-ndze ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: the.opposite.side cliff 3SG.POSS-in until IPFV:EAST-take.away LNK LNK DEM:LOC TRAL-IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The eagle] takes [the young animal] to the cliff on the other side [of the river] and eats it there.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-zrɤm ju-ɕe qʰe nɯre ri , kɯmaʁ ɯ-pɕoʁ ɕ-tu-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ɕti ma
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-root IPFV-go LNK DEM:LOC LOC other 3SG.POSS-place TRAL-IPFV-come.out SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: Its root spreads and it grows there, at a different place.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-nɯ-χɕaʁ , a-nɯ-si tɕe tɕe , kɯmaʁ pɕoʁ ri li ɕ-tu-sci ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: IRR-PFV-pass.away IRR-PFV-die LNK LNK other place LOC again TRAL-IPFV-be.born SENS-be
Translation: When [the reincarnated lama] passes away, he is born in another place.' (160722 skWBli)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe saɕɯ nɯ tɯrgi ɯ-locu zɯ ɕ-to-ɬoʁ tɕe , tɕe nɯnɯ tɤ-ftsa nɯ tɤ-rpɯ sɤz lu-kɯ-maŋlo mɯ-pjɤ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK larch DEM fir 3SG.POSS-upstream LOC TRAL-IFR-come.out LNK LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-nephew DEM INDEF.POSS-MB COMP IPFV:UPSTREAM-GENR:S/O-be.upstream NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The larch grew in a place higher than the fir, but nephews could not be seated higher (i.e. upstream) than their maternal uncles (and this is why the larch became deciduous).' (08-saCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003462#S11"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <guanzi> ɯ-ŋgɯ ri ɕ-tɤ-rɯndzɤtsʰi-j .
Glosses: restaurant 3SG.POSS-in LOC TRAL-AOR-east-1PL
Translation: We went to a restaurant and ate there.' (2010-1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme kɯ-xtɕi nɯnɯra sɲikuku ʑo sɯŋgɯ ju-ɕe-nɯ tɕe , iɕqʰa nɯ , tsʰitsuku z-ɲɯ-ɕar-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu tɕe , χsɤr ra ɕ-tu-βzdɯ-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: people SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL every.day EMPH forest IPFV-go-PL LNK FILLER DEM whatever TRAL-IPFV-search-PL IFR.IPFV-be LNK gold PL TRAL-IPFV-collect-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The dwarves went into the forest every day, searching around and collecting gold there.' (140504 baixuegongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaliaʁ kɯ , … kɯ-mɤku tɕe tɕe ɯ-tʰoʁ nɯ tɕe pjɯ-nɤʁarpʰɤβ tɕe pjɯ-sat , tɕe nɯ koʁmɯz nɤ cʰɯ-nɯ-tsɯm tɕe ɕ-tu-ndze ɲɯ-ra ma ,
Glosses: eagle ERG _ SBJ:PCP-be.first LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-ground DEM LOC IPFV-hit.with.wings LNK IPFV-kill LNK DEM only.after LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-take.away LNK TRAL-IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be.needed LNK
Translation: The eagle, (in the case of prey that is too big), it has to kill them by hitting them with its wings, and then take them away and eat them.' (50819 RarphAB)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jaʁmɤzdoʁzdoʁ nɯ kɯ qajɯ ra tu-ndze ma tɤ-rɤku ɣɯ-tu-ndze mɤ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: bird.sp DEM ERG bug PL IPFV-eat[III] LNK INDEF.POSS-crops CISL-IPFV-eat NEG-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The bird jaʁmɤzdoʁzdoʁ eats bugs, and it does not come and eat the crops.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-me nɯ kɯ βɣɯz ʁnɯz ʑo ɕ-pjɤ-sat .
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-daughter DEM ERG badger two EMPH TRAL-IFR-kill
Translation: Our daughter-in-law went (to look for badgers) and killed two badgers.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ŋotɕu ŋu , kɯ-χsɤl kɯ-me kɯ-fse ɲɯ-ɕti , “jo-ɕe tɕe pjɤ-sat" tu-kɯ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM where be:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.clear SBJ:PCP-exist SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be.AFF IFR-go LNK IFR-kill IPFV-GENR-say SENS-be
Translation: It is like it is unclear where it is, it means `she went (somewhere) and killed them'.' (explanation of ex:BGWz.CpjAsat).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zgoku tɤ-ari nɤ , `hehe a-ʑi ra cʰɤ-tɯ-nɯ-rɤrɟit-nɯ mɯ́j-tɯ-nɯ-sɯχsɤl-nɯ' ɕ-ta-tɯt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: mountaintop AOR:UP-go[II] LNK INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady PL IFR-2-AUTO-have.a.child-PL NEG:SENS-2-AUTO-realize-PL TRAL-AOR:3→3-say[II] SENS-be
Translation: He went up the mountain top and said: `My lady, you had a child and did not notice it.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi ɯ-taʁ to-ɕe tɕe ɕ-tɤ-ru
Glosses: stairs 3SG.POSS-on IFR:UP-go LNK TRAL-AOR:UP-look
Translation: He went up the stairs and looked up.' (08-kWqhi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa mɯ-pɯ-rɤʑi tɕe tɕe , ftɕar nɯ wuma ʑo βɣɯz pjɤ-rɯŋɯŋɤn tɕe maka , kɯmtʰoʁ ra kɯnɤ ju-ɣi ɣɯ-ɲɯ-sloʁ pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: house NEG-PST.IPFV-stay LNK LNK summer DEM really EMPH badger IFR.IPFV-cause.damage LNK completely threshold PL also IPFV-come CISL-IPFV-dig.up IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He was not at home, and badgers were causing a lot of damage that summer, they came and even dug up the threshold of the house.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ to-ɕe tɕe ɕ-pjɤ-ru ri ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM IFR:UP-go LNK TRAL-AOR:DOWN-look LNK
Translation: The boy went up and looked down.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci nɯ kɯ tʂʰa ko-ta , ci nɯnɯ , sɯku nɯtɕu kɯ-nɯsuwa jo-ɕe . … tɕe nɯnɯ sɯku tɕe to-ɕe tɕe ku-rɤʑi pjɤ-ŋu ri , tɕendɤre pjɯ-ru tɕe , ɯ-tʂʰa nɯ to-k-ɤla-ci tɕe mbuz pjɤ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: one DEM ERG tea IFR-put one DEM treetop DEM:LOC SBJ:PCP-stand.guard IFR:UP-go _ LNK DEM treetop LOC IFR:UP-go LNK IPFV-stay IFR.IPFV-be LNK LNK IPFV-look LNK 3SG.POSS-tea DEM IFR-PEG-boil-PEG LNK overflow:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: One [of the two men] prepared tea, the other one went up the tree to stand guard. He went up, and as he was there, he saw [down there] that the tea had boiled and was about to boil over.' (26-tAGe) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003686#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯnɯ jɤ-tsɯm tɕe ɕ-pɯ-sat ra
Glosses: DEM girl DEM IMP-take.away LNK TRAL-IMP-kill be.needed:FACT
Translation: Take this girl [to the forest] and kill her.' (140504 baixuegongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003907#S38"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe a-kʰa ra ɣɯ-ta-rɤroʁrɯz , a-mgo ra ɣɯ-ta-βzu ŋu ɕi
Glosses: LNK 1SG.POSS-house PL CISL-AOR:3→3-tidy 1SG.POSS-food PL CISL-AOR:3→3-make be:FACT QU
Translation: Is it [the neighbour's wife who took pity on me] and came and tidied my house and made food for me?' (150827 tianluo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci ci ɯ-mi kɯ iɕqʰa , lɯlu ɣɯ ɯ-mi nɯra z-ɲɯ-z-nɤtsʰɣɤz . kɯra ɕ-tu-ste tɕe ɕ-ku-nɯrtɕe ra pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: one one 3SG.POSS-foot ERG FILLER cat GEN 3SG.POSS-foot DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-CAUS-bump DEM:PROX:PL TRAL-IPFV-do.like[III] LNK TRAL-IPFV-tease[III] PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The mouse] sometimes went and touched the cat's legs with its paw, it [went and] teased [the cat] like that.' (150902 dashu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-loʁ ɯ-ŋgɯ ri z-ju-sɯ-mtsʰɤt ʑo z-ju-ski
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-nest 3SG.POSS-inside LOC TRAL-IPFV-CAUS-be.full EMPH TRAL-IPFV-bury[III]
Translation: [The mole]_i goes to its nest_j and buries [so much of the food_k it_i has collected that it_i] fills it_j up.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑɴɢɯloʁ pɯ-kɯ-ŋgra nɯra ɕ-tu-nɯrdoʁ qʰe , nɯra z-ju-ski .
Glosses: walnut AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:cause.to.fall DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-collect.one.by.one LNK DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-bury[III]
Translation: It goes and collects the walnuts that have fallen [on the ground] one by one, and goes [to its nest] and buries them [there].' (28-qapar) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003720#S174"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-ari ndɤre jɯɣi nɯ ɕ-ta-ru ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: AOR:DOWN-go[II] LNK book DEM TRAL-AOR:UP:3→3-bring SENS-be
Translation: He went down [to the bottom of the ocean] and brought up the sutra.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki sɤlaŋpʰɤn ki nɤʑo ŋotɕu z-jɤ-tɯ-ru-t ŋu ?
Glosses: DEM.PROX basin DEM.PROX 2SG where TRAL-AOR-2-bring-PST:TR be:FACT
Translation: Where did you get this washbasin from?' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: atu tɤ-mtʰɯm ɕ-pɯ-re
Glosses: up.there INDEF.POSS-meat TRAL-IMP:DOWN-bring[III]
Translation: Bring [down] the meat from up there.' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤcɯ z-ɲɯ-re-a
Glosses: key TRAL-IPFV:WEST-bring[III]-1SG
Translation: I will fetch the key (over there, towards the east).' (heard in context, 2014)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰa qaliaʁ nɯ kɯ a-rɟit ɣɯ-nɯ-re
Glosses: later eagle DEM ERG 1SG.POSS-child CISL-AUTO-bring[III]:FACT
Translation: The eagle will come and take my child away.' (140427 laoying mao he yezhu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kutɕu ʑo rdɤstaʁ ɣɯ-ɲɯ-ru-ndʑi iʑora ɣɯ ra mɤ-ŋgrɤl ɯ-maʁ ma
Glosses: here EMPH stone CISL-IPFV:WEST-bring-DU 1PL GEN be.needed:FACT NEG-be.usually.the.case QU-not.be:FACT LNK
Translation: They come here to take stones away, as if we did not need them.' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕekɯ taʁrdo ra kɤ-ɣe-ndʑi
Glosses: east TOPO PL AOR:EAST-come[II]-DU
Translation: They came to Tagrdo (and looked for stones).' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ popo to-ndo tɕe , tɯ-ci ʑ-lo-ru ri ,
Glosses: girl DEM ERG earthenware IFR-take LNK INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IFR:UPSTREAM-bring LNK
Translation: The woman took an earthenware jar and brought water.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑ-lo-ru ri ci ra mɯ-lo-ɕqʰlɤt-nɯ
Glosses: TRAL-IFR:UPSTREAM-look LNK INDEF PL NEG-IFR:UPSTREAM-disappear-PL
Translation: He went there and had a look up there, but the other ones had not [yet] disappeared.' (tWJo 2005) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004089#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɯ-ci ɕɯ-kɤ-ru] nɯ-ʁjiz kɯ-ɣi maka ʑo pjɤ-me
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-INF-bring 3PL.POSS-wish SBJ:PCP-come at.all EMPH IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: None of them wanted to fetch water [anymore].' (150830 san ge heshang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯki χsɤr pɣɤtɕɯ ki ɕɯ-kɯ-ru] ɕɯ pɯ-kɯ-cʰa nɯ a-sci rɟɤlpu cʰɯ-ta-sɯ-ndo-nɯ ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX gold bird DEM.PROX TRAL-SBJ:PCP-bring who AOR-SBJ:PCP-can DEM 1SG.POSS-instead king IPFV-1→2-CAUS-take-PL be:FACT
Translation: Whoever among you succeeds in finding and bringing this golden bird here, I will give him the throne.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lo-ɕe-nɯ tɕe , ɲimawozɤr nɯ staʁlu pjɤ-ŋu tɕe ɯ-kɯ-ru lo-ɕe-nɯ ,
Glosses: IFR:UPSTREAM-go-PL LNK ANTHR DEM year.of.the.tiger IFR.IPFV-be LNK 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-bring IFR:UPSTREAM-go-PL
Translation: They went up there, Nyima 'Odzer was born in the year of the tiger and they went to take him (downstream).' (nyima2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-ci nɯnɯ ɯ-ɣɯ-kɯ-nɯ-ru] tɯrme ra , nɤkinɯ , jɤ-ɣe-nɯ tɕe , nɯnɯ si ɯ-pa nɯtɕu , spoz tu-sɯ-zwɤr-nɯ ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water DEM 3SG.POSS-CISL-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-bring people PL FILLER AOR-come[II] LNK DEM tree 3SG.POSS-under DEM.LOC incense IPFV-CAUS-burn-PL
Translation: Whenever people came to take water [from the well], [the demon] forced them to burn incense under the tree.' (140512 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kɯ-rtoʁ jɤ-ɣe-a ri , mɯ-nɯ-atɯɣ-tɕi , mɯ-pɯ-ta-mto .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see AOR-come[II]-1SG LNK NEG-AOR-meet-1DU NEG-AOR-1→2-see
Translation: I came to see you but I did not see you.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: †ɣɯ-jɤ-ta-rtoʁ ri mɯ-pɯ-ta-mto
Glosses: CISL-AOR-1→2-look LNK NEG-AOR-1→2-see
Translation: Intended meaning: `I came to see you but I did not see you.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤnɤmmtsʰu kɯ kɤ-ntsɣe cʰɤ-ɣɯt ri mɯ́j-sɯ-ntsɣe ndɤre ,
Glosses: ANTHR ERG OBJ:PCP-sell IFR:DOWNSTREAM-bring LNK NEG:SENS-ABIL-sell LNK
Translation: Bsod.nams.mtsho brought them [to Mbarkham] to sell, but could not sell them.' (conversation, 14.05.10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi ɯ-kɯ-pa jɤ-tɯ-ɣe ?
Glosses: what 3SG.POSS-do AOR-2-come[II]
Translation: What did you come to do?' (nine examples in the corpus)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi ɣɯ-tɤ-tɯ-pa-t
Glosses: what CISL-AOR-2-eat-PST:TR
Translation: What did you do upon coming here?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɯ ra nɯ-kʰa tɕe ɕ-pɯ-tɯ-rɤ-tʂɯβ tɤ-ti ra
Glosses: who PL 3PL.POSS-house LOC TRAL-AOR-2-APASS-sew IMP-say be.needed:FACT
Translation: Say where (whose house) you went and did some seawing.' (140512 alibaba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S156"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-wa ɯ-kɯ-rtoʁ mɯ~mɤ-jɤ-tɯ-ɣe nɤ aʑo mɯ-pɯ-kɯ-mto-a .
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-look COND~NEG-AOR-2-come[II] LNK 1SG NEG-AOR-2→1-1SG
Translation: If you had not come to see your father, you would not have seen me.' (you saw me, but your father was not here)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-wa mɯ~mɤ-ɣɯ-jɤ-tɯ-rtoʁ nɤ pɯ-sɤzdɯxpa
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-father COND~NEG-CISL-AOR-2-look LNK PST.IPFV-be.pitiful
Translation: If you had not come and seen your father, he would have been sorry.' (but you did see him, so he does not feel sorry)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-nɯ ɯ-kɯ-tsʰi ɲɯ-ɕti-a tɕe , jɤ-azɣɯt-a tɕe , tɯ-nɯ ci mɤ-ɕɯ-kɤ-tsʰi nɯ mɯ́j-cʰa-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-breast 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-drink SENS-be.AFF-1SG LNK AOR-arrive-1SG LNK INDEF.POSS-breast INDEF NEG-TRAL-INF-drink DEM NEG:SENS-can-1SG
Translation: I am [a toddler] who [still] drinks [his mother's] milk, when I arrived, I could not help but go and drink milk.' (Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁmaʁ χsɯ-tɤkʰar kɯ ɲɯ-ɤz-nɤkʰar-nɯ ɕti tɕe , ɕɯ-kɤ-mɯrkɯ mɤ-tɯ-cʰa
Glosses: soldier three-rounds ERG SENS-PROG-surround-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK TRAL-INF-steal NEG-2-can:FACT
Translation: Three circles of soldiers will be surrounding it, you will not be able to [go there and] steal it.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qʰe potɯrʑi kɯ nɤ-kɯm ɣɯ-kɤ-cɯ mɤ-atsu ma
Glosses: LNK ANTHR ERG 2SG.POSS-door CISL-INF-open NEG-have.the.time.to LNK
Translation: Bod.rje does not have time to come and open the door for you.' (2010 meimei de gushi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrsa ɕɯ-kɤ-mtɕʰot to-mda ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: grave TRAL-INF-make.offerings IFR-be.the.time SENS-be
Translation: It was time to [go and] make offerings for the graves.' (160630 abao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006197#S67"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɯ-kɤ-ru mɯ~mɤ-pɯ-tɯ-cʰa ŋu nɤ nɤ-srɤm nɤ-sroʁ lɤt-i
Glosses: TRAL-INF-bring COND~NEG-AOR-2-can be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-root 1SG.POSS-life throw:FACT-1PL
Translation: If you do not succeed in going and bringing it here, we will destroy your root and your life.' (Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo ɕɯ-kɤ-mɯrkɯ a-pɯ-tɯ-cʰa nɤ aʑo cʰɯ-sɯ-jɣat-a jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG TRAL-INF-steal IRR-IPFV-2-can LNK 1SG IPFV-CAUS-go.back-1SG be.agreed:FACT
Translation: If you succeed in going and stealing it, I can make him to go back there.' (02-montagnes-kamnyu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɯtsʰot pɯ-me tɕe nɯnɯ cʰɯ-ɬoʁ lu-ɕqʰlɤt nɯra ɕ-tu-kɯ-ru tɕe , nɯnɯ kɤ-rɤru mda mɤ-mda cʰondɤre kɯ-rɤma kɤ-ɕe mda mɤ-mda nɯtɕu ɕ-tu-kɯ-ru pɯ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: LNK long.ago LNK clock PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come.out IPFV:UPSTREAM-disappear DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV:up-GENR:S/O-look LNK DEM INF-get.up be.the.time:FACT NEG-be.time:FACT COMIT SBJ:PCP-work INF-go be.time:FACT NEG-be.time:FACT DEM:LOC TRAL-IPFV:up-GENR:S/O-look PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: In former times, there were no clocks, and people used to go and watch when [these stars] came out or disappeared [to find out] whether it was time to get up or go to work.' (29-LAntshAm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003726#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯɕimɯma ʑo tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ pjɤ-ɕe qʰe iɕqʰa tɤɕime kɯ ɯ-sɤcɯ pɯ-kɤ-nɯ-ɕlɯɣ nɯ ɕ-pjɤ-mto .
Glosses: immediately EMPH INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-inside IFR:DOWN-go LNK the.aforementioned lady ERG 3SG.POSS-key AOR:DOWN-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-drop DEM TRAL-IFR-see
Translation: He immediately went into the water and saw there the key that the lady had dropped by mistake.' (140510 fengwang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɤr pɣa , χsɤr mbro nɯnɯra cʰo ki tɤɕime kɯra tɕiʑo rcanɯ , wuma ʑo pɯ-zdɯɣ-tɕi tɕe , nɯ kóʁmɯz ɕ-pɯ-rndu-tɕi ŋu
Glosses: gold bird gold horse DEM:PL COMIT DEM.PROX girl DEM.PROX:PL 1DU UNEXP:DEG really EMPH PST.IPFV-suffer-1DU LNK DEM only.then TRAL-AOR-obtain-1DU be:FACT
Translation: We had to endure a lot of hardships before obtaining this golden bird, this golden horse and this girl.' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo mɯ́j-cʰa-a , … nɯ sɤznɤ a-ɕ-pɯ-si-a ɲɯ-mna
Glosses: 1SG NEG:SENS-can-1SG _ DEM COMP IRR-TRAL-PFV-die-1SG SENS-be.better
Translation: I am a good-for-nothing, I had better just [go and] die.' (140425 shizi puluomixiusi he daxiang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003798#S21"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[tɤ-mu ɯ-kɯ-rtoʁ] tɤ-tɕɯ jɤ-kɯ-ɤri] nɯ a-ʁi ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see INDEF.POSS-son AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] DEM 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling be:FACT
Translation: The boy who went to see the old lady is my brother.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: †a-ʁi kɯ ɯ-kɯ-rtoʁ jɤ-kɯ-ɤri tɤ-mu nɯ a-ɬaʁ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling ERG 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] INDEF.POSS-mother DEM 1SG.POSS-MZ be:FACT
Translation: Intended meaning: `The old lady that my younger brother went to see is my aunt.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-ʁi kɯ z-ja-rtoʁ] tɤ-mu nɯ a-ɬaʁ ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling ERG TRAL-AOR:3→3-see INDEF.POSS-mother DEM 1SG.POSS-MZ be:FACT
Translation: The old lady that my younger brother went to see is my aunt.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ɣɯ-jɤ-kɯ-qru tɤ-tɕɯ
Glosses: 3SG-CISL-AOR-SBJ:PCP-meet INDEF.POSS-boy
Translation: The boy who had come to look for her' (The three sisters)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-si
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-die
Translation: The dead one' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mtʰɯm ʁɟa ʑo ma nɯ ma , nɤki , tɯjpu mɤ-kɯ-ndza ci tu tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-meat completely EMPH LNK DEM apart.from FILLER flour.based.food NEG-SBJ:PCP-eat INDEF exist:FACT LNK
Translation: There is [an animal like the mouse] which only eats meat, not food made from flour.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li nɯnɯ kɯnɤ ɯ-kɯ-mto ɣɤʑu , ɯ-mɤ-kɯ-mto ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: again DEM also 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see exist:SENS 3SG.POSS-NEG-SBJ:PCP-see exist:SENS
Translation: There are [people] who see (find) it, and people who don't.' (20-sWrna)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kɯ-tʰu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-ask
Translation: The one asking for my [hand] (in marriage)' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ɕki ɯ-kɯ-tʰu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-DAT 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-ask
Translation: The one who asks me about it.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ma nɤ-kɯ-mbi me
Glosses: DEM apart.from 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-give not.exist:FACT
Translation: Nobody will give you another [daughter in marriage].' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe , ɯ-kɯ-rga pɯ-dɤn .
Glosses: DEM before LNK 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-like PST.IPFV-be.many
Translation: Before, there used to be many people who liked it.' (12-Zmbroko)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-pe tú-wɣ-nɤma tɕe li tɯʑo tɯ-kɯ-pe tu
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.good IPFV-INV-make LNK again GENR GENR.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.good exist:FACT
Translation: If one does good things, one will also have good things.' (140518 mao he laoshu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-kɯ-ra nɯra a-tɤ-tɯ-ste qʰendɤre aʑo nɯnɯ , nɤki , ku-nɤtsi-a jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM:PL IRR-PFV-2-do.like[III] LNK 1SG DEM FILLER IPFV-hide[III]-1SG be.possible:FACT
Translation: If you do the things I need, I will keep it secret.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕaχpa ra ɣɯ nɯ-kɯ-mna nɯ wuma ʑo pjɤ-nɯrɤŋom .
Glosses: bandit PL GEN 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.better DEM really EMPH IFR-be.upset
Translation: The chief of the bandits was very upset.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri nɯra ɯ-ɕɯ-kɯ-pʰɯt ra kɯ-tu me ma ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-TRAL-SBJ:PCP-cut PL SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT LNK
Translation: But nobody goes and picks it.'(11-paRzwamWntoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa qaʑo ɯ-kɯ-ntsɣe tʰɯ-kɯ-ɣe nɯ ɯ-pʰe
Glosses: the.aforementioned sheep 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-sell AOR:DOWNSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT
Translation: [He told] the person who had come to sell the sheep.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-kɯ-ndza ju-kɯ-ɣi nɯ pɣa ci ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat IPFV-SBJ:PCP-come DEM bird INDEF SENS-be
Translation: The one who comes to eat [the fruits] is a bird.' (2012-qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑu ɯ-ku jamar ɲɯ-kɯ-jpum ɣɤʑu nɤ , kɯ-wxti .
Glosses: chopsticks 3SG.POSS-head about IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.thick exist:SENS SFP SBJ:PCP-be.big
Translation: There are [maggots] that grow as thick as the tip of a chopstick, the big ones.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-mat nɯnɯ , ɯ-taʁ ku-kɯ-xtsʰɯm , ɯ-pa ɲɯ-kɯ-jpum ci cʰɯ-βze ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , nɯ <hulu> tu-sɤrmi-nɯ .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM 3SG.POSS-up IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.thin 3SG.POSS-down IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.thick INDEF IPFV-make[III] SENS-be LNK DEM gourd IPFV-call-PL
Translation: It has a fruit that is thinner [in diameter] on the upper part, and thicker on the lower part, people call it `gourd'.' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑɤɣ nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ ɯ-nmaʁ pɯ-kɯ-ŋu tsʰɯraŋ nɯ pjɤ-mto
Glosses: 3SG:GEN DEM before 3SG.POSS-husband PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be ANTHR DEM IFR-see
Translation: She saw Tshering, who used to be her husband.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S101"></fn>