lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-ɣli nɯ] li tɤ-rɤku ɯ-taʁ wuma ʑo pe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-dung DEM again INDEF.POSS-crop 3SG.POSS-on really EMPH be.good:FACT
Translation: Its dung is good (as fertilizer) for the crops.' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S89"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre [ʑɤni pɣa ni] ʑmbrɯ ɯ-taʁ kɤ-ari-ndʑi ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: lnk 3DU bird DU boat 3SG.POSS-on AOR:EAST-go[II] SENS-be
Translation: The two of them [including the bird] departed on the boat.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe <zhoujikong> tɕe mɤʑɯ li a-taʁ tɯrme pe-nɯ ma
Glosses: LNK center.for.disease.control LNK even.more again 1SG.POSS-on person be.good:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: At the district center for disease control, they are also very nice to me (as people).' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-ɣɤrʁaʁ nɯra kɯ qartsʰaz ɯ-pɯ nɯ pjɤ-mto-nɯ
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-hunt DEM:PL ERG deer 3SG.POSS-little DEM IFR-see-PL
Translation: The hunters saw the little deer.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɕɯ , ji-rɣa ra nɯ-mbala kɯ tʰa-nɯtsɯm tɕe nɯnɯ ɯ-kɯ-ɕar ɕe-tɕi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son 1PL.POSS-neighbour PL 3PL.POSS-ox ERG AOR:3→3-AUTO-take.away LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search go:FACT-1DU
Translation: My son_i, the neighbour's ox has taken him_i away, and we are looking for him_i.' (tWJo 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mpʰɯz nɯnɯ tɤjpɣom kɯ pjɤ-ndo
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-buttocks DEM ice ERG IFR-take
Translation: (The leopard's) buttocks had been caught in the ice.' (140427 qala)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <chunjie> nɯnɯ kɯ ja-nɯ-tsɯm ŋu tʰaŋ
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG AOR:3→3-VERT-take.away be:FACT SFP
Translation: It is probably him who took away Chunjie.' (150825 huluwa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ʁi tɯmgo ɲɤ-mbi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-younger.sibling food IFR-give
Translation: He gave food to his younger brother.' (nyima 2003-2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pɯ tɯ-nɯ ɲɯ-jtsʰi kɯnɤ ʑo
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-young INDEF.POSS-breast IPFV-give.to.drink also EMPH
Translation: Even when [the monkey mother] nurses her baby,…' (19-GzW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ qajɣi kɤ-kɯ-ɕke nɯra kɯ-lɤɣ nɯ na-mbi
Glosses: girl DEM ERG bread AOR-SBJ:PCP-burn DEM:pl SBJ:PCP-herd DEM AOR:3→3-give
Translation: The girl gave the shepherd pieces of bread that had burnt (to eat).' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mbro kɯ qapri tɯ-rdoʁ nɯ pjɤ-z-rɤtɕaʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-horse ERG snake one-piece DEM IFR-CAUS-trample
Translation: He made his horse trample one of the [two] snakes.' (smanmi 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “ʑmbrɯ-βɟaj nɯnɯ kɯ cʰa nɯ tú-wɣ-sɯ-ɕmi tɕe cʰa mɯm" tu-ti-nɯ pɯ-ŋu ma
Glosses: boat-oar DEM ERG alcohol DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-mix LNK alcohol be.tasty:FACT IPFV-say-PL PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: People used to say that if one mixes the alcohol [using] a boat oar, it is tasty.' (31-cha)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qandʐe ɣɯ , (...) ɯ-ɕnɤz nɯnɯ , ɯ-mtɕʰi kɯ ku-sɯ-ndɤm tɕe
Glosses: earthworm GEN _ 3SG.POSS-extremity DEM 3SG.POSS-mouth ERG IPFV-CAUS-take[III] LNK
Translation: [The earthworm's head] extremity, [the crow] takes it with its beak.' (140511 qajdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ndʑi-tɕɯ nɯ ɲimawozɤr to-sɤrmi-nɯ
Glosses: LNK 3DU.POSS-son DEM ANTHR IFR-give.a.name-PL
Translation: They called their son Nyima 'Odzer.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa nɯnɯ tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ [ɯ-mu nɯ ɯ-ɕki] (...) to-ti .
Glosses: the.aforementioned DEM INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-mother DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT _ IFR-say
Translation: The boy said to his mother (…).' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <alading> nɯ kɯ , nɤkinɯ , iɕqʰa tɤtʂu nɯ [ɯ-mu ɯ-ɕki] ɲɤ-kʰo tɕe ,
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG FILLER the.aforementioned lamp DEM 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR-give LNK
Translation: Aladin gave the lamp to his mother.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-mu ɯ-ɕki] tɤtʂu nɯ ɲɤ-kʰo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-DAT lamp DEM IFR-give
Translation: He gave his mother the lamp.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯ-kɯ-lɤɣ lu-ɕe-a ɯ-ɲɯ́-pe a-tɤ-tɯ-ti ra] kɯ-wxti ni ndʑi-pʰe ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 2DU.POSS-SBJ:PCP-herd IPFV:UPSTREAM-go-1SG QU-SENS-be.good IRR-PFV-2-say be.needed:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.big DU 3DU-DAT say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: He told the two elder [sisters] `Ask [your parents] whether it would be appropriate for me to go herding [cattle] for you'.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-ɣɤrʁaʁ kɯ [pri ɯ-taʁ] tɯdi to-lɤt
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-hunt ERG bear 3SG.POSS-on arrow IFR-release
Translation: The hunter shot an arrow at the bear.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ta-ndza
Glosses: AOR:3→3-eat
Translation: S/he/it ate it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯ kɯ ɲɤ́-wɣ-nɯsɯkʰo tɕe mɯ-pjɤ-βɟɤt .
Glosses: girl DEM ERG IFR-INV-rob LNK NEG-IFR-obtain
Translation: The girl had robbed him_i of it_j, he_i had not obtained it_j.' (150829 taishan zhi zhu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qapri tu-ɕe ri mɯ́j-cʰa tɕe
Glosses: snake IPFV:UP-go also NEG:SENS-can LNK
Translation: Snakes cannot go up (there in the chimney) either.' (22-kumpGatCW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-zda ɲɯ-ɕar ɲɯ-sɯsɤm tɕe tɕendɤre , ki kɯ-fse ku-ɕe nɤ ɲɯ-ɣi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion IPFV-search SENS-think LNK LNK DEM INF:STAT-be.like IPFV:EAST-go ADD IPFV:west-come
Translation: [That ant] wants to search for its companion, and goes here and fro like that.' (conversation 140501-01)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ χpɯn nɯ kɯ tɯdi ci ko-lɤt tɕendɤre iɕqʰa , qapri nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rpaʁ ʑo to-xtsɯɣ
Glosses: DEM monk DEM ERG arrow INDEF IFR:EAST-release LNK FILLER snake DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-shoulder EMPH IFR-hit
Translation: The monk shot an arrow, and it hit the snake in the shoulder.' (150820 qaprANar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯdi jɤ-lɤt-nɯ
Glosses: arrow IMP-release-PL
Translation: Shoot arrows!' (elicited, based on a story)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mɯɕtaʁ ʑo pjɤ-ŋu ri , ɲɤ-nɤɕqa qʰe , “ɯtɕʰɯtɕʰɯ" mɯ-to-ti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.cold EMPH IFR.IPFV-be LNK IFR-endure LNK INTERJ NEG-IFR-say
Translation: Although it was very cold, he (successfully) endured it, and did not say `How cold!'.' (07-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-taʁ tɯdi to-lɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-on arrow IFR-release
Translation: S/he shot at it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ɕki (...) to-ti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-DAT reported.speech IFR-say
Translation: S/he told (…) to him/her.' (many examples)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtʰɯmɤr ɣɯ ɯ-zbroŋ nɯnɯ , tu-nɯ-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu . tu-mɤmbɯr kɯ-fse ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe nɯ mɤ-naχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: seal GEN 3SG.POSS-pattern DEM IPFV:UP-AUTO-come.out SENS-be IPFV-be.protuberant SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-be LNK DEM NEG-be.the.same:FACT
Translation: The patterns on the seals (called mtʰɯmɤr) are coming out, protuberant, that is how they differ [from the other types of seals].' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤ-sni ɲɯ-ɲaʁ ma aʑo a-sni mɯ́j-ɲaʁ tɕe , ɬɤndʐi wuma nɯ nɤʑo ɲɯ-tɯ-ŋu ma aʑo ɬɤndʐi ɲɯ-maʁ-a
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-heart SENS-be.black LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-heart NEG:SENS-be.black LNK demon real DEM 2SG SENS-2-be LNK 1SG demon SENS-not.be-1SG
Translation: You are evil, not me, you are the real demon, not me.' (2002 lhandzi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sla tu-ngo ŋu tu-ti-nɯ ŋu , kɯrɯ ra kɯ .
Glosses: moon IPFV-be.sick be:FACT IPFV-say-PL be:FACT Tibetan PL ERG
Translation: They say that moon is getting sick, the Tibetans.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ma ɯ-mɯntoʁ kɤ-mto maŋe , tɯrgi ɣɯ .
Glosses: DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-flower INF-see not.exist:SENS fir GEN
Translation: Apart from that it has no flowers, the fir.' (08-tWrgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003464#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paχɕi ndɤre pjɤ-tu , kɯɕɯŋgɯ
Glosses: apples ADVERS IFR.IPFV-exist former.times
Translation: (Unlike other fruits,) apples did exist (in our area), in former times.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕlaʁ ʑo ɲɤ-me , li .
Glosses: IDPH(I):immediately EMPH IFR-not.exist again
Translation: She suddenly disappeared, again.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-mbri ɯ-kʰɯkʰa ɯ-ʁar nɯ ki ntsɯ tu-ste ɲɯ-ŋu , lɤ-zo kɯnɤ .
Glosses: IPFV-make.noise 3SG.POSS-while 3SG.POSS-wing DEM DEM.PROX always IPFV-do.like[III] SENS-be AOR-land also
Translation: It does this with its wings when it sings, even when it lands.' (23-RmWrcWftsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɣɯjpa kɯ-fse nɯre ri tɕe ɯ-mɯntoʁ ɲɯ-lɤt , fsaqʰe tɕe tɕe ɯ-mat ɲɯ-βze ŋu , ʁmɯrtsɯ nɯ sɤre ma .
Glosses: this.year SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:LOC LOC LNK 3SG.POSS-flower IPFV-release next.year LOC LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-grow[III] be:FACT Berchemia.yunnanensis DEM be.funny:FACT LNK
Translation: The Berchemia yunnanensis is funny because it blooms this year, but its fruits grow the next year.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo srɯnmɯ kɯ-ŋu nɯ tɤ-wa nɯ kɯ mɯ-pjɤ-sɯχsɤl , ɯ-nmaʁ nɯ kɯ .
Glosses: 3SG râkshasî SBJ:PCP-be DEM INF-father DEM ERG NEG-IFR-realize 3SG.POSS-husband DEM ERG
Translation: The father_i did not realize that she_j was a râkshasî, her_j husband_i.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɲɯ-rko , ɯ-kʰa nɯ .
Glosses: LNK DEM SENS-be.hard 3SG.POSS-house DEM
Translation: It is hard, its house (i.e. the shell of the snail).' (26-tWcipaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ nɯ , nɯnɯ , kɯrcɤ-ldʑa jamar ɣɤʑu rca , ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ nɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-limb DEM DEM eight-piece about exist:SENS UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-limb DEM
Translation: Its limbs, it has eight ones, its limbs.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑo a-mu nɯ tʰamtʰam kɯrcɤsqaptɯɣ tʰɯ-azɣɯt ŋu . pɤjkʰu ji-paʁ pjɯ-nge cʰa .
Glosses: 1PL 1SG.POSS-mother DEM now eighty.one AOR-arrive be:FACT still 1PL.POSS-pig IPFV-feed[III] can:FACT
Translation: Our mother is now eighty-one years old, she can still feed our pigs.' (2010, 9.2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰoʁlaŋ nɯnɯ pɤjkʰu maka ʑo pjɤ-n-nɯʑɯβ ɕti ma
Glosses: water.monster DEM still completely EMPH IPFV.IFR-AUTO-sleep be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: The aquatic monster was still asleep.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo pɤjkʰu tɯ-sla mɯ-pɯ-tsu-a
Glosses: 1SG still one-month NEG-PST.IPFV-pass-1SG
Translation: It has not yet been a month since I have [come here].' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma ɯ-me kɯnɤ ɣnɤsqamnɯz-pɤrme tʰɯ-azɣɯt , tɕe nɯnɯ pɤjkʰu ɯ-χti ra mɯ-na-ɕar ma
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter also twenty.eight-years.old AOR-arrive LNK DEM yet 3SG.POSS-companion PL NEG-AOR:3→3-search LNK
Translation: His daughter is twenty-two years old, but she does not yet have a companion (husband).' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe tɕe cʰɯ-ɣɯrni ŋu .
Glosses: progressively LNK LNK IPFV-be.red be:FACT
Translation: It progressively becomes red.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tʰɯ-wxti ɯ-jɯja nɤ , (...) kɯ-wxti ra kɯ nɯ-kɤ-ndza , tɕʰi tu-ndza-nɯ kɯ-ŋu nɯ ʑɯrɯʑɤri tɕe ɲɯ-mbi-nɯ .
Glosses: lnk AOR-be.big 3SG.POSS-along ADD _ SBJ:PCP-be.big PL ERG 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat what IPFV-eat-PL SBJ:PCP-be DEM progressively LNK IPFV-give-PL
Translation: As the child_j grows older, the adults_i progressively give [him/her]_j their_i food, whatever it is they_i eat.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: “qʰihihi" ci ta-tɯt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: INTERJ once AOR:3→3-say[II] SENS-be
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-me mɯ́j-nɯβdaʁ qʰe tɕendɤre ɯ-me nɯ , nɤkinɯ , ci ci pjɯ-nɯ-mtsɯr , ci ci pjɯ-nɯ-fka
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-daughter NEG:SENS-take.care LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM FILLER one one IPFV-AUTO-be.hungry one one IPFV-AUTO-be.full
Translation: He did not take care of his daughter, and his daughter would sometimes be hungry, sometimes have enough to eat.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre li to-jɣɤt tɕe , smɤnmimitoʁ kuɕana cʰo li pjɤ-rɯkʰɤcɤl-ndʑi .
Glosses: LNK again IFR:UP-turn.around LNK ANTHR ANTHR COMIT again IFR-discuss-DU
Translation: He returned again (up there), and had again a discussion with Smanmi Metog Koshana (as he had done previously).' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ama ɯ-tɯ-mpɕɤr nɯ ! li ci pɯ-fɕɤt !
Glosses: INTERJ 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.beautiful SFP again once IMP-tell
Translation: Wow, what a beautiful [story]! Tell [me] another one.' (2005 tWJo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɲikuku ʑo nɯ ntsɯ tu-ti ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: every.day EMPH DEM always IPFV-say SENS-be LNK
Translation: [The bird comes] everyday and says this every time.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “wortɕʰi nɤ wojɤr , ma-tɤ-kɯ-ndza-a" ntsɯ to-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: please ADD please NEG-IMP-2→1-eat-1SG always IFR-say SENS-be
Translation: He said again and again `Please, don't eat me.” (140427 bianfu yu huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka pɯ-nɤʁaʁ-i , ʁlɤwɯr ʑo ɯ-xtu tɤ-mŋɤm tɕe pɯ-si ɕti
Glosses: completely PST.IPFV-have.a.good.time-1PL suddenly EMPH 3SG.POSS-belly AOR-hurt LNK AOR-die be.AFF:FACT
Translation: As we were having a party (in the mountain), his belly suddenly started to ache, and he died.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯre ri toʁde ku-nɯna-a .
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC LOC a.moment PRS-rest-1SG
Translation: I am resting for a moment.' (conversation 2019-09-16)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rgɤtpu rgɤnmɯ ni kɯ [kɯki tɤ-pɤtso χsɯm ki] kɤsɯfse ʑo cʰɤ-ɣɤ-wxti-ndʑi .
Glosses: old.man old.woman DU ERG DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-child three DEM.PROX all EMPH IFR-CAUS-be.big-DU
Translation: The old man and the old woman raised all these three children.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ŋga rca mɯtɕʰimɯrɯz cʰɯ́-wɣ-βzu kʰɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes UNEXP:DEG all.kinds IPFV-INV-make be.possible:FACT
Translation: One can make all kinds of clothes (using it).' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo tu-ɬoʁ ɕti .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-in everywhere EMPH IPFV-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It grows everywhere in the fields.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʁɤndɯndɤt sɯŋgɯ ra kɯnɤ tu-ɬoʁ ɕti .
Glosses: everywhere forest PL also IPFV-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It also grows everywhere in the forest.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo kʰa ra cʰɯ-rɤpɯ . tɯ-ji ɯ-ngɯ ra cʰɯ-rɤpɯ
Glosses: everywhere EMPH house PL IPFV-litter INDEF.POSS-field 3SG-inside PL IPFV-litter
Translation: [Mice] have litter everywhere in the house, in the fields.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯfse ʑo aʁɤndɯndɤt ri tu-nnɯ-ɬoʁ qʰe , ɯ-zrɤm nɯra kɯ-tu maŋe .
Glosses: like.that EMPH everywhere LOC IPFV-AUTO-come.out LNK 3SG.POSS-root DEM:PL SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:SENS
Translation: It grows simply like that everywhere, it has no roots.' (20-sWrna)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: stɤmku nɯra , tɯ-ci ɯ-rkɯ nɯra tu ma aʁɤndɯndɤt stʰɯci me
Glosses: plain DEM:PL INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-side DEM:PL exist:FACT LNK everywhere so.much not.exist:FACT
Translation: It is found in plains, or next to rivers, but it is not found everywhere.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɕɤr tɕe cʰɯ-nɯ-ɬoʁ-nɯ tɕe , aʁɤndɯndɤt ju-ɕe-nɯ mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ
Glosses: LNK night LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-come.out-PL LNK everywhere IPFV-go-PL NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.POSSIBLE
Translation: [They make it] to prevent [animals] from coming out at night and going everywhere.' (150902 mkhoN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕkrɤz ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕi ɲɯ-ɬoʁ , tɯrgi ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕi ɲɯ-ɬoʁ , ʑmbri ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕi ɲɯ-ɬoʁ , mbraj ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕi ɲɯ-ɬoʁ , tɕe sɤjku sɯŋgɯ nɯra tɕi ɲɯ-ɬoʁ , tɕe ŋotɕuŋondɤt ʑo ɣɤʑu ɕti ri , stɤmku me , sɯŋgɯ ʁɟa ʑo tu-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: oak 3SG.POSS-inside also SENS-come.out fir 3SG.POSS-inside also SENS-come.out willow 3SG.POSS-inside also SENS-come.out red.birch 3SG.POSS-inside also SENS-come.out LNK birch forest DEM:PL also SENS-come.out LNK everywhere EMPH exist:SENS be:AFF LNK plain whether forest completely EMPH IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: [This mushroom] grows among oaks, among firs, among willows, among red or white birch forests, you find it everywhere, whether on plains or in forest.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ŋga me , tɯ-xtsa me nɯ tɤ-tɕɯ ra kɯ ʁɟa ʑo cʰɯ-tʂɯβ-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes whether INDEF.POSS-shoe whether DEM INDEF.POSS-son PL ERG completely EMPH IPFV-sew-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: Whether clothes or shoes, it was always the boys (not the ladies) who sewed them.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe [tɤ-tɕɯ ʁɟa ʑo] kɯ-rɤ-tʂɯβ pjɤ-ɕti ma tɕʰeme kɯ-rɤ-tʂɯβ pjɤ-me .
Glosses: in.former.times LNK INDEF.POSS-son completely EMPH SBJ:PCP-APASS-sew IFR.IPFV-be.AFF LNK girl SBJ:PCP-APASS-sew IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: In former times, only boys were tailors (all tailors were boys), there were no women tailors.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo stɯsti ŋu-a
Glosses: 1SG alone be:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am alone.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: fsapaʁ kɤ-χsu mɯ́j-mbat ma maka aki prɤku rgali stɯsti kɯ ʑo , ji-tɯβɣi lonba ʑo , nɯ kɯ~kɯ-jndʐɤz ʑo tʰa-ɕkɯt qʰe
Glosses: cattle INF-raise NEG:SENS-easy LNK completely down ANTHR milk.cow alone ERG EMPH 1PL.POSS-chaff all EMPH DEM TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-be.coarse EMPH AOR:3→3-eat.completely LNK
Translation: Raising cattle is difficult, down there in Praku, the milk cow alone ate all our chaff, all the big ones.' (taRrdo2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ ntsɯ tɯ-ci ɕ-tu-re-a
Glosses: 1SG one-piece ERG always INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV:UP-fetch[III]-1SG
Translation: It is always I alone who goes to fetch water.' (150830 san ge heshang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-βri rcanɯ , qaɕpa ɯ-βri nɯ anamana ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body UNEXP:DEG frog 3SG.POSS-body DEM identical EMPH SENS-be
Translation: The body of the [turtle] is identical to the body of a frog.'(140510 wugui)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wortɕʰi ʑo , aʑo a-ʁi ci a-pɯ-mtam-a ɯ́-jɤɣ
Glosses: please EMPH 1SG 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling a.little IRR-PFV-see[III]-1SG QU-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Could I see my younger sister, please?' (140511 1001 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li ci tɤ-ti
Glosses: again a.little.once IMP-say
Translation: Say it again!' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wo a-mu , aʑo koŋla jɤ-azɣɯt-a
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG really AOR-arrive-1SG
Translation: Mother, it is really me who arrived (i.e. not someone else pretending to be me).' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma koŋla mɯ-kɤ-rtoʁ-a ri , ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ nɯra ɲɯ-dɤn ,
Glosses: LNK really NEG-AOR-look-1SG LNK 3SG.POSS-limb DEM:PL SENS-be.many
Translation: I did not have a good look at [how many limbs it has], but it has many limbs.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kupa ɯ-skɤt ri ɯ-qiɯ jamar ma mɯ́j-tso-nɯ . (...) li nɯ koŋla mɯ́j-tso-nɯ .
Glosses: Chinese 3SG.POSS-language also 3SG.POSS-half about apart.from NEG:SENS-understand-PL _ again DEM completely NEG:SENS-understand-PL
Translation: Chinese_i also, they only understand half, (…), they don't understand it_i completely/well (so one has to learn to speak their language to be able to communicate).' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɤ-ɤmɯ-tɯɣ ri pɯ-me ma <jiaotong> koŋla pɯ-me tɕe (...) kɤ-ŋke ʁɟa ʑo ju-kɯ-ɕe pɯ-ra .
Glosses: LNK INF-RECIP-meet also PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK completely transportation PST.IPFV-not.exist LNK _ INF-walk completely EMPH IPFV-GENR:S/O-go PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: We had no opportunity to meet, as there were no transportation means at all, (…) and we had no choice but to go on foot (whenever there was a meeting).' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora nɤki , cʰɤlɤnnɤ ɣɯ-znɯzdɯxpa-j tɕe ɣɯ-lɤt-i tʰaŋ wo
Glosses: 1PL FILLER maybe INV-have.mercy:FACT-1PL LNK INV-release:FACT-1PL SFP SFP
Translation: Maybe [the ogre] will have mercy upon us and will let us go.' (160703 poucet3)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-wi nɯ ʑgrɯɣ ʑo rga
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-grand.mother DEM certainly EMPH like:FACT
Translation: Your grandmother will certainly like it.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mpja tɕe tʰi cʰɯ-ɣi , tɤ-ɣɤndʐo tɕe lo lu-ɕe
Glosses: AOR-be.warm LNK downstream IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come AOR-be.cold LNK upstream IPFV:UPSTREAM-come
Translation: (Contrary to expectations), when [the weather] becomes warm it comes downstream, and when it becomes cold it goes upstream.' (24-kWmu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ ri ci (...) pjɯ-sɯ-ɤtsa-nɯ , ndi ri li ci pjɯ-sɯ-ɤtsa-nɯ
Glosses: east LOC one _ IPFV:DOWN-CAUS-be.planted-PL west LOC again one IPFV:DOWN-CAUS-be.planted-PL
Translation: (In former times, when people installed the loom), [they] would plant one [sharpened peg] in the east (i.e. left), another one in the west (i.e. right) (to attach the upward extremity of the warp threads).' (vid-20140429090403)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaliaʁ nɯtɕu lu-zo tɕe akɯ ri ku-ru , andi ri ɲɯ-ru
Glosses: eagle DEM:LOC IPFV-land LNK east LOC IPFV:EAST-look west LOC IPFV:WEST-look
Translation: Eagles land there and look around (to the east and the west, looking for food).' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ndɤcu nɯtɕu , dɯxpakɤrpu ɣɯ ɯ-me nɯ kɯ kʰri pjɤ-ta tɕe kɯ ko-ru . tɕe tɕelo nɯtɕu ɲimawozɤr ɣɯ ɯ-kʰri nɯ pjɤ-ta-nɯ tɕe , tʰi cʰo-ru-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-west DEM:LOC ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM ERG seat IFR:DOWN-put LNK east IFR:EAST-look LNK upstream DEM:LOC ANTHR GEN 3SG.POSS-seat DEM IFR:DOWN-put-PL LNK downstream IFR:DOWNSTREAM-look-PL LNK
Translation: On the west side, the daughter of Gdugpa Dkarpo placed her seat and turned it towards the east. On the downstream side, [the servants] placed Nyima 'Odzer's seat, and turned it towards the upstream direction.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤton lu-ɕe pɯpɯŋunɤ , snama tɤton tsa lú-wɣ-tsɯm pɯ~pɯ-ra nɤ ɯ-koŋtaʁ tu-sɯ-ɤsɯɣ-nɯ tɕe nɯ kɯ lu-rɤɕi ɲɯ-ra . tɤʑɯn pjɯ-ɕe pɯpɯŋunɤ , ɯ-sɲɤt cʰɯ-sɯ-ɤsɯɣ-nɯ ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: LNK uphill IPFV:UPSTREAM-go TOP beast.of.burden uphill a.little IPFV:UPSTREAM-INV-take.away COND~PST.IPFV-be.needed ADD 3SG.POSS-front.strap IPFV-CAUS-be.tight-PL LNK DEM ERG IPFV:UPSTREAM-pull SENS-be.needed downhill IPFV:DOWN-go TOP 3SG.POSS-crupper IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-be.tight-PL SENS-be.needed
Translation: When it_i goes uphill, [that is] if they need to lead the beast_i of burden on an upward slope, they need to tighten the front strap of the saddle for it_i to pull [the burden]. When it_i goes downhill, they need to tighten the crupper.' (30-tAsno)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯre tu-rŋgɤβ-nɯ prɯŋprɯŋ ʑo
Glosses: DEM:LOC IPFV-attach-PL IDPH(II):solidly EMPH
Translation: They attach [the plough] there (on the hybrid yaks' horns) solidly.' (25-stuxsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ tú-wɣ-ndza rca ɯ-tɯ-tɕur saχaʁ ʑo .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-INV-eat UNEXP:DEG 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.sour be.extremely:FACT EMPH
Translation: When one eats it, it is very sour.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰitɕɯn paχɕi nɯ tɕe tɕe , ɯ-jwaʁ nɯra iʑora ji-paχɕi stʰɯci mɯ-ɲɯ-ɤrtɯm kɯ ɲɯ-rɲɟi tsa
Glosses: TOPO apple DEM LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-leave DEM:PL 1PL 1PL.POSS-apple so.much NEG-SENS-be.round ERG SENS-be.long a.little
Translation: Pears (Chuchen apples), their leaves are not as round as [those of] our apples, but a bit longer.' (07-paXCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯxpalɤskɤr a<nɯ>rŋi ntsɯ .
Glosses: whole.year <AUTO>be.green:FACT always
Translation: It remains always green the whole year.' (08-saCW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki sɤndɤr . kɯki sɤndɤr . iʑora kɯrɯ ra tɕe sɤndɤr tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: DEM.PROX thimble DEM.PROX thimble 1PL Tibetan PL LNK thimble IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: (Pointing to a thimble.) This is a thimble. This is a thimble. We Tibetans call it `thimble'.' (video-2014-04-29-09-5104)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɕʰeme tɯ-ma .
Glosses: DEM girl GENR.POSS-work
Translation: This (the actions described in the previous sentences) is the work of women.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ci nɯnɯ , pɯ-nɯ-xtɕi nɤ tatɕʰoŋtɕʰoŋ , pɯ-nɯ-wxti nɤ tatɕʰoŋtɕʰoŋ .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-water DEM PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.small ADD waterfall PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.big ADD waterfall
Translation: Water [falling down from a cliff], whether it is big or small, [is called] a `waterfall'.' (hist 180428 tatChoNtChoN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki ɕnat ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX heddle be:FACT
Translation: (Pointing to a heddle.) This is a heddle.' (vid-2014-04-29-09-0403)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki mtsʰɤri , kɯki a-βɣo ki a-taʁ ɯ-tɯ-pe nɯ
Glosses: DEM.PROX how.strange DEM:PROX 1SG.POSS-FB DEM:PROX 1SG.POSS-on 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.good SFP
Translation: How strange, this uncle of mine is so nice to me.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kɯ-fse ntsɯ a-rʑaʁ ɲɯ-ɕe ŋu . tɤ-nɤpɤri-a qʰe li ci <sanbu> ju-ɕe-a qʰe , tɕe nɯ kɯ-fse ntsɯ sɲikuku a-ʁa cʰɯ-ɕe ŋu .
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like always 1SG.POSS-time IPFV:WEST-go be:FACT AOR-have.dinner-1SG LNK again once walk IPFV-go-1SG LNK LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like always everyday 1SG.POSS-free.time IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-go be:FACT
Translation: (…), this is how I spend my time. And after dinner, I go on a walk, this is how I spend my time every day.' (conversation 2015-12-05)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ ftɕar jɤ-ɣe qʰe , nɯ ɲɯ-ʁaʁ qʰe
Glosses: DEM summer AOR-come[II] LNK DEM IPFV-hatch LNK
Translation: When the warm season (spring) comes, it hatches, and …' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrmɯ ko-ɣi
Glosses: evening IFR-come
Translation: The evening came.' (many examples)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: taŋi to-ɣi
Glosses: drought IFR-come
Translation: There was a drought.' (25-kAmYW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo ɯ-pa ɲɤ-nɯ-ɕe
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-down IFR-AUTO-go
Translation: S/he took all of it for him/herself.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: skɤrwa ko-ɕe
Glosses: circumambulation IFR-go
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-re pjɤ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-laugh IFR-come.out
Translation: S/he laughed.' (elicited; refers to an involuntary action)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rmi to-ɬoʁ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-name IFR:UP-come.out
Translation: He became famous.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa <sanshengmu> nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit ko-ndzoʁ
Glosses: the.aforementioned ANTHR DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring IFR-ACAUS:attach
Translation: Sanshengmu became pregnant with a child.' (150826 baoliandeng)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-fsaqʰe ftɕar kɤ-ndzoʁ qʰe li tu-ɬoʁ .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-next.year summer AOR-ACAUS:attach LNK again IPFV-come.out
Translation: The next year, when the warm season (spring) arrives, it comes out again.' (8-qromJoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɣa ko-ndzoʁ
Glosses: rust IFR-ACAUS:attach
Translation: It became rusted.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤjmɤɣ ɯ-sɤ-tu nɯ a-sɯmpa tu
Glosses: mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-exist DEM 1SG.POSS-mind exist:FACT
Translation: I have in mind (I know, I did not forget) the places where there are mushrooms.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-sɤɣ-mu ɯ-grɤl maŋe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-fear 3SG.POSS-order not.exist:SENS
Translation: It is extremely frightening/fearsome.' (khu 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʂu ɯ-tɯ-mbɯt ɯ-grɤl maŋe
Glosses: road 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-ACAUS:take.off 3SG.POSS-order not.exist:SENS
Translation: The road had collapsed to a considerable extent.' (2010-1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-si tɤ-mda kɯnɤ nɯ kɯ-fse ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤre , nɯ nɤ-grɤl ɯ-tɯ-me nɯ !
Glosses: 2-die:FACT AOR-be.the.time also DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-2-laugh DEM 2SG.POSS-order 3SG.POSS-not.exist SFP
Translation: Even as you are about to die, you are laughing like that, what impudence!' (140516 guowang halifa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-wa cʰo cʰa ku-tshi-ndʑi <shafa> ɯ-taʁ zɯ tu-nɯjmɤzdɤβ-ndʑi tɕe ku-rŋgɯ-ndʑi qʰe tɕe ɯ-grɤl ʑo ɲɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɣɤ-me-ndʑi ɲɯ-ɕti
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-father COMIT alcohol IPFV-drink-DU sofa 3SG.POSS-on LOC IPFV-sleep.on.opposite.directions-DU LNK IPFV-lie.down-DU LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-order EMPH IPFV-REFL-CAUS-not.exist-DU SENS-be.AFF:FACT
Translation: He and my father would drink alcohol, sleep on the sofa one over the other in opposite directions, presenting themselves in a poor light.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-pɤri ɯ-pɯ́-tu ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-dinner QU-PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: Did you have dinner?
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-tu , nɯ koʁmɯz tɤ-nɤ-pɤri-j
Glosses: PST.IPFV-exist DEM just.before AOR-DENOM-dinner-1PL
Translation: We did, we just had dinner.' (conversation, 2016-04-12)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕiʑo ni kɤ-amɯfse-tɕi nɯ jinde kɯβdɤsqi ɯ-ro to-pa
Glosses: 1DU DU AOR-know.each.other-1DU DEM nowadays forty 3SG.POSS-excess IFR-pass.X.years
Translation: We have known each other for more than forty years.' (`More than forty years passed', 12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-skʰrɯ mɤ-βdi tɕe nɯnɯ qartsʰaz ɯ-se ɣɯ-tsʰi mɤ-βdi ma
Glosses: GENR.POSS-body NEG-be.well:FACT LNK DEM deer 3SG.POSS-blood INV-drink:FACT NEG-be.well:FACT LNK
Translation: (People say that) when one is pregnant, it is not good to drink deer blood.' (27-qartshaz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-lɤn na-βzu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-answer AOR:3→3-make
Translation: He gave me an answer.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbroχpa-skɤt kɤ-βzu ɲɯ-mkʰɤz-nɯ .
Glosses: nomad-language INF-make SENS-be.expert-PL
Translation: They speak the nomad language (i.e. Amdo Tibetan) very well.' (140522 RdWrJAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ qale a-tɤ-βze qʰe , iɕqʰa nɯ ɣɯ-nɯ-tsɯm qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM wind IRR-PFV-make[III] LNK the.aforementioned DEM INV-AUTO-take.away:FACT LNK
Translation: Whenever there is wind, it blows [this insect] away.' (28-kWpAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: (a-xtsa lɤ-tɯ-sɯ-ɣɯt-ndʑi nɯ) a-tsa wuma ɲɯ-βze
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-shoe AOR:UPSTREAM-2-CAUS-bring-DU DEM 1SG.POSS-fit really SENS-make[III]
Translation: The shoes that you have sent me fit me very well.' (conversation, 2015-04-18)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro nɯ kɯ rirɤβ raŋri χsɯ-tɤxɯr ta-lɤt
Glosses: horse DEM ERG mountain each three-lap AOR:3→3-release
Translation: The horse made three laps around each mountain.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯβde-rzɯɣ ʑo tó-wɣ-lɤt pjɤ́-wɣ-sat
Glosses: four-section EMPH IFR-INV-release IFR-INV-kill
Translation: [The thief] killed him by cutting him into four pieces.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa kɯ-qanɯ~nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ , nɤkinɯ , tɯ-ɕpɤβ kɯβde-rzɯɣ tɤ-kɤ-lɤt nɯnɯ ku-sɯ-ɤlɤɣi-a cʰa-a ɕti nɤ !
Glosses: house SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.dark 3SG.POSS-in LOC FILLER INDEF.POSS-corpse four-section AOR-OBJ:PCP-release DEM IPFV-CAUS-be.connected[III]-1SG can:FACT-1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: (not only this, but) I am (even) able to put together a corpse that had been cut into four pieces in a dark house.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mɯrtsɯɣ χsɯm to-lɤt
Glosses: NMLZ:ACTION-pinch three IFR-release
Translation: He pinched him three times.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu tɯqartsɯ ʁnɯz to-lɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC kicking two IFR-release
Translation: He kicked two times on it.' (150824 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁnɯ-tɯ-tʂɯβ ntsɯ cʰɯ́-wɣ-lɤt ra .
Glosses: two-NMLZ:ACTION-sew always IPFV-INV-release be.needed:FACT
Translation: It has to be sewed two times.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ɣe ra ɣɯ pɤjkʰu ʑatsa <fangjia> mɯ́j-lɤt-nɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandchild PL GEN yet early vacation NEG:SENS-release-PL
Translation: My grandchild [and the rest of his class] are not yet on vacations.' (conversation, 2014-12-24)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mɯ ka-lɤt ɯ-mpʰru nɯ tu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky AOR:3→3-release 3SG.POSS-after DEM exist:FACT
Translation: It is found after it has rained.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qartsɯ tɕe tɕendɤre tɤjpa wuma ʑo ka-lɤt tɕe
Glosses: winter LNK LNK snow really EMPH AOR:3→3-release LNK
Translation: In winter, when a lot of snow has fallen,' (24-kWmu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsʰɯtʰo-pɯ tɯ-rdoʁ kɯ ɯ-ku to-tɕɤt .
Glosses: kid-DIM one-piece ERG 3SG.POSS-head IFR-take.out
Translation: One of the little kids stuck its head out of [the wolf's belly].' (140430 lang he qizhi xiaoshanyang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ftɕɤfkɤt ci tɤ-tɕɤt tɕe jisŋi tɕʰi ʑo ɲɯ-nɤme-a pe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-idea INDEF IMP-take.out LNK today what EMPH IPFV-do[III]-1SG be.good:FACT
Translation: Make me a suggestion, what should I do today?' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mi ɯ-tɕʰaʁ pɯ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-leg 3SG.POSS-handicap AOR-come.out
Translation: My leg became handicapped (as the result of an accident).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ , a-tɕʰaʁ pjɯ-tɯ-tɕɤt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG also 1SG.POSS-handicap IPFV-2-take.out SENS-be
Translation: (Not only did you do all these crimes), you also mutilate me.' (tou dongxi de xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʂɤɕpʰɤt nɯnɯ ɯ-qa tú-wɣ-tɕɤt tɕe , pjɯ́-wɣ-ɣɤ-la tɕe tɯ-ɕɣa kɯ-mŋɤm pʰɤn tu-ti-nɯ
Glosses: plaintain DEM 3SG.POSS-root IPFV:UP-INV-take.out LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-soak LNK GENR.POSS-tooth SBJ:PCP-hurt be.efficient:FACT IPFV-say-PL
Translation: People say that, if one digs out the plantain's root and soak it in water, it is efficient against toothache.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kɤ-ndɯn lonba ɯʑo pjɯ-sɤʑe tɕe ɯ-qa cʰɯ-tɕɤt
Glosses: DEM INF-read all 3SG IPFV-start[II] LNK 3SG.POSS-root IPFV-take.out
Translation: [This monk is in charge] of reading [the sûtras] from the beginning until the end.' (160721 XpWN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ́-wɣ-nɤmɤle tɯ-jaʁ ku-ndɤm ʑo ɕti ma , ɯ-taʁ , ɯ-ndʑɯɣ ʑo kɯ-fse tu .
Glosses: IPFV-INV-touch GENR.POSS-hand IPFV-take[III] EMPH be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-on 3SG.POSS-resin EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like exist:FACT
Translation: When one touches it (a type of mushroom), it sticks on one's hand, as there is some kind of resin-like thing on it.' (21-kuGrummAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɯki χsɯ-ldʑa ra ɕi , kɯβde-ldʑa ra nɯnɯ , tɯʑo ɯ-kʰrɤt kú-wɣ-nɯ-ndo tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM.PROX three-long.object be.needed:FACT QU four-long.object be.needed:FACT DEM GENR 3SG.POSS-determined IPFV-INV-AUTO-take LNK
Translation: One has to control whether one needs three or four threads (for a given colour).' (vid-2014-04-29-092115)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯβdesqaptɯɣ , kɯβdesqamnɯz ko-ndo ɲɯ-ŋu ma
Glosses: forty.one forty.two IFR-take SENS-be LNK
Translation: She is moving into her forty-one, forty two years old.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-mɯɕtaʁ kɤ-ti kɯ [tɯ-pʰoŋbu kɤ-ndo] ʑo mɯ-pɯ-sɤ-cʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.cold INF-say ERG GENR.POSS-body INF-take EMPH NEG-PST.IPFV-PROP-can
Translation: It was so cold that one could not help shivering.' (29-RmGWzWn2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ju-kɯ-ɕe tɤ-ʑɣɤpa nɤ , kɯm nɯ ci la-cɯ , ci tʰa-pa nɤ , kɤ-anbaʁ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: IPFV-SBJ:PCP-go AOR-pretend ADD door DEM once AOR:3→3-open once AOR:3→3-close ADD AOR-hide SENS-be
Translation: She pretended to go [out], she opened the door, and then closed it, and hid [inside the house].' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: amaŋ , βdaʁmu , ci kɤ-pa-tɕi nɯstʰɯci ʑo tɤ-nɤrʑaʁ nɤ ri
Glosses: INTERJ lady one AOR-do-1DU so.much EMPH AOR-pass(time) ADD LNK
Translation: Oh, my lady, so much time has passed since we got married, but …' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a ! jinde kɤndʑi-ɣɯfsu nɯ-pa-tɕi
Glosses: INTERJ now COLL-friend AUTO-do:FACT-1DU
Translation: Let us be friends!' (smanmi 2003.1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ qapi χsɯm nɯ pa-ta ndɤre , nɯ ɯ-taʁ ndʑi-tʂʰa ka-nɯ-ta-ndʑi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy DEM ERG white.stone three DEM AOR:3→3:DOWN-put LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-on 3DU.POSS-tea AOR:3→3-AUTO-put-DU
Translation: The boy placed the three stones (on the ground), and they made their tea on it.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ rɟɤlpu kɯ~kɯ-tu nɯ pjɯ-ɕɯ-nŋam-a , nɯnɯ a-pa pjɯ-nɯ-rke-a ra
Glosses: DEM king TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist DEM IPFV-CAUS-be.defeated[III]-1SG DEM 1SG.POSS-under IPFV-AUTO-put.in[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to defeat all the kings (in the world), to subjugate them.' (150821 edu de wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ku sɤ-rku kɯ-me
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-head OBL:PCP-put.in SBJ:PCP-not.exist
Translation: [Something] that is none of your business.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rʑaʁ kɯ-rɲɟi tu-kɯ-ŋke qʰe , tɯ-mɤpa ri cimbɤrom tu-rke ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-time SBJ:PCP-be.long IPFV-GENR:S/O-walk LNK GENR.POSS-sole LOC blister IPFV-put.in[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: If one walks for a long time (with bad shoes), one gets blisters on one's soles.' (27-tWfCAl)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndaŋ ta-lɤt ɕti
Glosses: think.about 1→2-release:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I will think about/be considerate of you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-tsɯ ɲɯ-rnaʁ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-secret SENS-be.deep
Translation: You are keeping the secret very well.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-lu pjɤ-cɯ kʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lose.conscience(1) IFR-lose.conscience(2) HEARSAY
Translation: I lost conscience (people said).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯtɕu tɤ-rɤru ma sala ɲɯ-tɯ-zri ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: DEM:LOC IMP-get.up LNK be.a.hindrance(1) SENS-2-be.a.hindrance(2) SENS-be
Translation: Get up from there, you are in the way.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “wortɕʰi nɤ wojɤr" to-ti-nɯ tʰɯrʑi to-ʑɯ-nɯ .
Glosses: please ADD please IFR-say-PL mercy IFR-ask-PL
Translation: [The boys] asked for mercy, saying `please' one after the other.' (160704 poucet4-v2)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tʰaʁ pɯ-tɕʰot-a
Glosses: decide(1) AOR-decide(2)-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ta-tɯt cʰo nɤj tu-tɯ-ti nɯ tʰo ɲɯ-tʰɯɣ
Glosses: 3SG ERG AOR:3→3-say[II] COMIT 2SG IPFV-2-say DEM match.up(1) SENS-match.up(2)
Translation: What he said and what you are saying match up.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci tʰɯ-kɯ-rgɯ~rgɤz ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe , ci kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe , ndʑi-ŋgu mɤ-tʰon tɕe , aʑo mɤ-ɣi-a
Glosses: one AOR-SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.old SENS-be.AFF LNK one SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SENS-be.AFF LNK 3DU.POSS-be.well.off(1) NEG-be.well.off(2):FACT LNK 1SG NEG-come:FACT-1SG
Translation: One of them is very old, the other one is very young, they are not able to take care of themselves, I will not come (to the palace and leave them behind).' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo βʑɯ ɕti-a ma , nɤki , pɣa maʁ-a
Glosses: 1SG mouse be.AFF:FACT LNK FILLER bird not.be:FACT
Translation: (The bat said:) I am a mouse, not a bird.' (140427 bianfu yu huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɯmɯkɯmpɕi ra nɯ-tɕɯ pɯ-ŋu-a ri , [ki kɯ-fse] nɯ-aβzu-a
Glosses: 1SG heaven PL 3PL.POSS-son PST.IPFV-be-1SG LNK DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-become-1SG
Translation: I used to be a son of heaven, but I became like that.' (divination 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɤʑo maʁ-a kɯ , a-mu mɤ-nɤmqe-a .
Glosses: 1SG 2SG not.be:FACT-1SG ERG 1SG.POSS-mother NEG-scold:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am not you, I will not scold my mother.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [pɯ-kɯ-cʰa] nɯ aʑo ɕti-a
Glosses: AOR-SBJ:PCP-can DEM 1SG be.AFF:FACT-1SG
Translation: The one who succeeded [in doing these things] was me.' (qachGa 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: stu ɯ-sɤ-dɤn nɯ [stɤmku nɯra] ŋu-nɯ . tɕe nɯra nɯ-ŋgɯ tɕe tu-ɬoʁ ŋu tɕe
Glosses: most 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.many DEM grassland DEM:PL be:FACT-PL LNK DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-inside LOC IPFV-come.out be:FACT LNK
Translation: The place where it is most numerous is the grasslands, and it grows there.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-βlu ci tu
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-trick INDEF exist:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ nɯnɯtɕu kʰɤɴqra ci pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: in.former.times DEM:LOC house.in.ruin INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: In former times, there used to be a house in ruin there.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [jɯɣmɯr kɯ-nɤpɤri] aʑo ma me-a .
Glosses: this.evening SBJ:PCP-have.dinner 1SG apart.from not.exist:FACT-1SG
Translation: This evening nobody is having dinner (at home) apart from me.' (conversation, 16-04-28)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ ʁzɤmi ci pjɤ-tu-ndʑi
Glosses: in.former.times couple INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist-DU
Translation: In former times, there was a husband and his wife.' (rkangrgyal 2002.2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ŋotɕu ɕ-pɯ-tɯ-tu-nɯ ?
Glosses: where TRAL-PST:IPFV-2-exist-PL
Translation: Where (in which places) have you been?' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤj ku-tɯ-tu ɯ́-ŋu
Glosses: 2SG PRS-2-exist QU-be:FACT
Translation: Are you [still] alive?' (Nyima Wodzer 2003.2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ-to-ndo-t-a , kʰa a-ta ɕti tɕe
Glosses: NEG-IFR-take-PST:TR-1SG house PASS-put:FACT be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: I did not take it [with me], [I] left it at home.' (150830 afanti-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wa ɯ-kɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ , nɯtɕu tɤ-rɣe ci a-rku tɕe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in LOC DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-pearl INDEF PASS-put.in:FACT LNK
Translation: In my father's mouth, there is a pearl.' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ku ɯ-rkɯ ri ʁɟa ʑo ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ ra ku-ndzoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head 3SG.POSS-side LOC completely EMPH 3SG.POSS-limb PL IPFV-ACAUS:attach SENS-be
Translation: Its legs are located (i.e. attached) next to its head.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-mkɯm aro-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-pillow have:FACT-1SG
Translation: I have a pillow.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɯnɯ ɣɯ ɯ-tɕɯ sqaptɯɣ ʑo pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: king DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-son eleven EMPH IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: The king had eleven sons.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-tɯpɯ raŋri ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , nɯ-mbro pjɤ-tu , nɯ-jla pjɤ-tu , nɯ-nɯŋa pjɤ-tu , qaʑo pjɤ-tu , tsʰɤt pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: one-household each GEN FILLER 3PL.POSS-horse IFR.IPFV-exist 3PL.POSS-hybrid.yak IFR.IPFV-exist 3PL.POSS-cow IFR.IPFV-exist sheep IFR.IPFV-exist goat IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: Every household used to have horse(s), cow(s), hybrid yak(s), sheep and goat(s).' (150820 kAnWCkat)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-βze-a kɤ-cʰa nɯra lonba ʑo nɤʑɯɣ tɤ-ɣɤ-tu-t-a ɕti tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-make[III]-1SG INF-can DEM:PL all EMPH 2SG:GEN AOR-CAUS-exist-PST:TR-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: I endowed you with all the things I could make.' (140425 shizi puluomixiusi he daxiang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯɕɯŋgɯ ɣɯ ɯ-laχtɕʰa pɯ-kɯ-tu] nɯra ɕ-tú-wɣ-sɯ-rtoʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: before GEN 3SG.POSS-thing PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-exist DEM:PL TRAL-IPFV-INV-CAUS-look LNK
Translation: They go (there) and show [the child_i objects] that he_i used to have before (in his_i previous life, when he_i was a lama).' (160722 skWBli)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [jla nɯ-ʁrɯ kɯ-tu] ra kɯnɤ , nɯ-rpaʁ kɯ ɲɯ-z-rɤɕi-nɯ pɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: hybrid.yak 3PL.POSS-horn SBJ:PCP-exist DEM:PL also 3PL.POSS-shoulder ERG IPFV-CAUS-pull-PL PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: Even the hybrid yaks that had horns used to pull [the plough] with their shoulders (rather than with their horns).' (25-stuxsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ru nɯnɯ , kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕu ʑo ŋu , [ɯ-mdzu ri kɯ-tu] me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.smooth EMPH be:FACT 3SG.POSS-thorn also SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT
Translation: Its stalk, it is very smooth, and it does not have any thorns.' (11-qrontshom)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: fsapaʁ nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ (...) kʰɯna kɯ-fse ʑo , nɤki , ɯ-tsʰuxtoʁ kɯ-tu me kʰi
Glosses: animal DEM 3SG.POSS-in LOC _ dog SBJ:PCP-be.like EMPH FILLER 3SG.POSS-loyalty SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT HEARSAY
Translation: Among animals, the dog is the most loyal one.' (i.e. among animals, there isn't any one whose loyalty like that of a dog) (05-khWna)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo mɤ-kɯ-pe ku-me-a
Glosses: 1SG NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good PRS-not.exist-1SG
Translation: I don't have any problem/anything bad.' (elicited, based on real examples)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯtɕu ɕe-a ŋu
Glosses: DEM:LOC go:FACT-1SG be:FACT
Translation: (For all these reasons) I am going there.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ~tɤ-tɯ-nɤma-t rcanɯ , pe ntsɯ ɕti
Glosses: TOTAL~AOR-2-make-PST:TR UNEXP:DEG be.good:FACT always be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Everything that you do is always good.' (150822 laoye zuoshi zongshi duide-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tú-wɣ-ɕtʂo ŋu ma tú-wɣ-skɤr maʁ
Glosses: IPFV-INV-measure be:FACT LNK IPFV-INV-weigh not.be:FACT
Translation: One measures (the quantity to be used) by scooping, not by weighing.' (31-cha)