lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ri kɯ-mɯrkɯ tsuku pjɤ-tu-nɯ tɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK SBJ:PCP-steal some IFR.IPFV-exist-PL LNK LNK
Translation: There were some thieves.' (X1-khu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku tɯrme tɯ-rdoʁ ɣɯ ɯ-rɟit , sqafsum jamar , sqamŋu jamar tu-kɯ-tu pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: some person one-piece GEN 3SG.POSS-offspring thirteen about fifteen about IPFV-GENR:S/A-exist IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: [In] some [cases], a single [woman] had thirteen or fifteen children.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paʁ rcanɯ , tɯ-tɯpɯ raŋri kɯ ʑo pjɯ-χsu-nɯ ra .
Glosses: pig UNEXP:DEG one-household each ERG EMPH IPFV-raise-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Each single household has to raise pigs.' (05-paR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003400#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sqamŋu raŋri ʑo zgo tu-ɕe pɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: fifteen EACH EMPH mountain IPFV:UP-go PST.IPFV-be SENS-be
Translation: Every fifteen days, she would go up the mountain.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rirɤβ raŋri χsɯ-tɤxɯr a-tɤ-tɯ-sɯ-lɤt tɕe ,
Glosses: mountain each three-lap IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-throw LNK
Translation: Drag her three times around each mountain.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa ɯ-mat raŋri ʑo nɯ ɯ-ru tɯka ntsɯ tu .
Glosses: the.aforementioned 3SG.POSS-fruit each EMPH DEM 3SG.POSS-stalk own always exist:FACT
Translation: Each of its fruits has its own stalk.' (17-thowum)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑakastaka nɯ-kʰo tɯka pjɤ-tu tɕe
Glosses: each.his.own 3PL.POSS-room each IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: Each of them had her own room.' (140508 shie ge tiaowu de gongzhu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɕaʁ tɯka to-βzu-nɯ tɕe jo-nɯ-ɕe-nɯ .
Glosses: reverence each IFR-make-PL LNK IFR-VERT-go-PL
Translation: Each of them made a reverence and went back.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S162"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe iʑo kɤndʑiʁi ra ʁnɯ-pɤrme nɤ ʁnɯ-pɤrme ntsɯ ma mɤ-acʰɤt-i
Glosses: LNK 1PL COLL:sibling PL two-year ADD two-year always apart.from NEG-differ.in.age:FACT-1PL
Translation: We brother and sisters were born in intervals of two years each.' (if ranked by birth order, adjacent siblings differ in age from each other by two years each) (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S220"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <baisuzhen> nɯ kɯ , nɤki , sŋaʁ pjɤ-spa tɕe (...) tɯ-ŋgo ra ʑimkʰɤm ʑo to-ɣɤ-mna
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG FILLER magic IFR.IPFV-be.able LNK _ INDEF.POSS-disease PL many EMPH IFR-CAUS-be.better
Translation: Bai Suzhen knew magic, and healed many diseases.' (150825 baishe zhuan-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯrme kʰɯ~kʰro] kɯ ʑo ɣɯ-to-rɤtsʰɤt-nɯ
Glosses: person EMPH~much ERG EMPH CISL-IFR-try-PL
Translation: Many people came and tried it.' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕoŋpʰu mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ χsɯ-ri kɯtʂɤsqi a-pɯ-tu , ɯ-ku zɯ pɣa mɯndʐamɯχtɕɯɣ χsɯ-ri kɯtʂɤsqi nɯ] kɯ pɣɤmbri a-tɤ-lɤt-nɯ ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: tree all.kinds three-hundred sixty IRR-IPFV-exist 3SG.POSS-on LOC bird all.kinds three-hundred sixty DEM ERG bird.song IRR-PFV-release-PL SENS-be.needed
Translation: May there be three hundred and sixty trees of all kinds, and on them three hundred and sixty bird of all kinds of species singing.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka tɤ-rɤku rmɯrmi ɣɯ nɯ-rmi nɯ to-nɤrmi ri maka kɯm mɯ-pjɤ-ɲɟɯ
Glosses: at.all INDEF.POSS-crops all GEN 3PL.POSS-name DEM IFR-say.name LNK at.all door NEG-IFR-ANTICAUS:open
Translation: He said the names of all kinds of crops, but the door did not open.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr ci ɲɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: girl SBJ:PCP-EMPH~beautiful INDEF IFR-AUTO-come.out
Translation: A very beautiful girl came [out of the skin].' (31-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004077#S50"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕelo tɕe tɤ-tɕɯ ci cʰɤ-ɣi qʰe ,
Glosses: upstream LNK INDEF.POSS-son INDEF IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come LNK
Translation: A boy came from upstream.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯmaʁ ci nɤ-rʑaβ nɯ-nɯ-ɕar kɯ mna
Glosses: 2SG other INDEF 2SG.POSS-wife IMP-AUTO-search ERG be.better:FACT
Translation: It would be better if you looked for another wife.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-tɕɯ ci , ndʑi-me ci ra to-tu .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-son INDEF 3DU.POSS-girl INDEF PL IFR-exist
Translation: They_du had a boy and a girl (etc).' (150827 tianluo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: fsapaʁ nɯ-me , a-pɯ-si qʰe , `nɯ qapar kɯ ta-ndza ŋu ma' tu-ti-nɯ ɕti ma ,
Glosses: animal AOR-not.exist IRR-PFV-die LNK DEM dhole ERG AOR:3→3-eat be:FACT SFP IPFV-say-PL be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: When an animal disappears, dies, people say `A dhole ate it.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tʰɯci laχɕi ci ɕ-pɯ-nɯ-βzjoz-nɯ tɕe , jɤ-ɕe-nɯ ra
Glosses: something trade INDEF TRAL-IMP-AUTO-learn-PL LNK IMP-go-PL be.needed:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯra [tʰɯci [kɤ-nɯsaχɕɯβ kɯ-fse]] pɯ-ŋu wo .
Glosses: DEM:PL something INF-have.a.contest SBJ:PCP-be.like PST.IPFV-be SFP
Translation: It was like a kind of contest.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tʰɯci ɯ-jmŋo] ci ʑo pɯ-fse ri
Glosses: something 3SG.POSS-dream one EMPH PST.IPFV-be.like LNK
Translation: It looked like [he had had] some dream.' (Lobzang2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe qajdo ci jo-ɣi tɕe , tɕe qajdo nɯ kɯ `mo laz tu , pʰo laz me' to-ti .
Glosses: LNK crow INDEF IFR-come LNK LNK crow DEM ERG girl karma exist:FACT boy karma not.exist:FACT IFR-say
Translation: A crow came. The crow said: `The girl will have chance, the boy won't.” (28-qajdoskAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003718#S10"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri [tɤ-nmaʁ nɯ kɯ ɯ-rʑaʁ kɯ-ɤntɕʰɯ ɲɯ-kɯ-nɯ-ɕar], aʁɤndɯndɤt tɤndɤɣri tu-kɯ-βzu pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: but INDEF.POSS-husband DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-wife SBJ:PCP-be.many IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-search everywhere illegitimate.child IPFV-SBJ:PCP-make IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: However there were husbands who were looking for several women and had illegitimate children.' (140427 tAndAGri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003858#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: spjaŋkɯ ʁnɯz ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-ci . spjaŋkɯ ʁnɯz nɯnɯ , tɕendɤre ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-ci tɕe iɕqʰa , kɯ-rɤ-ntɕʰa nɯ wuma ʑo ɲɤ-mu .
Glosses: wolf two IFR-PEG-meet-PEG wolf two DEM LNK IFR-PEG-meet-PEG LNK the.aforementioned SBJ:PCP-A.PASS:N.HUM-kill DEM really EMPH IFR-be.afraid
Translation: He_i (i.e. the butcher) met two wolves. He_i met two wolves, and the butcher_i was very much afraid.' (150902 liaozhai lang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006340#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɕʰeme nɯ] ci ɲɤ-ʑɣɤ-sɤpʰɤr qʰe
Glosses: girl DEM one IFR-REFL-shake LNK
Translation: The girl shook herself.' (02-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S115"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-xtɕɤr tɕe nɯnɯ tɕe tɕe iɕqʰa , [[tʰɯci tɯmbri tɤ-ri kɯ-fse kɯ] [laχtɕʰa ci] nɯnɯ], ci kú-wɣ-sɯ-pa tɕe , kú-wɣ-xtɕɤr ,
Glosses: INF-attach LNK DEM LNK LNK the.aforementioned something rope INDEF.POSS-thread SBJ:PCP-be.like ERG thing INDEF DEM one IPFV-INV-CAUS-do LNK IPFV-INF-attach
Translation: To attach' [means] `to put together', `to attach something with something like a rope or a thread.” (150902 kAxtCAr)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ , kɯ-rʑi ci nɯ ɣɤʑu maʁ kɯ
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.heavy INDEF DEM exist:SENS not.be:FACT SFP
Translation: This is not a difficult thing [to do].' (divination2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa lɯlɤmu nɯ tʰɯ-rɤpɯ tɕe tɕe ɯ-sŋi tɕe kɤ-nɯ-rŋgɯ nɯ stʰɯci mɯ́j-tsu ma ɯ-pɯ ra χse ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: the.aforementioned female.cat DEM IPFV-bear.young LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-day LNK INF-AUTO-lie.down DEM so.much NEG:SENS-have.time.to LNK 3SG.POSS-young PL feed:FACT SENS-be.needed
Translation: A/the female cat (unlike male cats), when it had had kittens, does not have time to sleep during the day, as it has to feed its kittens.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa lɤpɯɣ ɯ-rɣi ʑo fse .
Glosses: the.aforementioned radish 3SG.POSS-seed EMPH be.like:FACT
Translation: It looks like a radish seed.' (hist-26-qro-fourmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʁnaʁna tɕʰeme tɯ~tɤ-tu nɤ , kɤndʑisqʰaj tu-kɤ-sɯ-βzu
Glosses: both girl COND~AOR-exist LNK COLL:sister IPFV-INF-CAUS-make
Translation: If both of them have girls, let them be sisters.' (2003 zrAntCW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qacʰɣa kɯ maχtɕɯ tɤ-tɯt-a nɯ mɤ-tɯ-ste ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: fox ERG I.told.you.so AOR-say[II]-1SG DEM NEG-2-do.like[III]:FACT say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: The fox says: `You do not do as I told you to." (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯrɟɤnpanma kɯ ʁlaŋsaŋtɕʰin ɯ-ɕki
Glosses: Padmasambhava ERG Gesar 3SG-DAT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ koŋla ʑo tɤɕime pɯ~pɯ-maʁ nɤ
Glosses: DEM really EMPH princess COND~PST.IPFV-not.be LNK
Translation: If she was not really a princess, …' (140519 wandou gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004038#S68"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mu nɯ pɯ~pɯ-ŋu nɤ , qʰlɯ ʁdɯxpakɤrpu ɣɯ ɯ-me stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯ a-mu ɲɯ-pe ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother DEM COND~PST.IPFV-be LNK nâga p.n GEN 3SG.POSS-daughter most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM 1SG.POSS-mother SENS-be.good
Translation: As for my mother, the youngest daughter of the Nâga Gdugpa dkarpo is good to be my mother.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo pɯ~pɯ-ŋu-a nɤ , kɤndʑiʁi kɯmŋu tu-j ,
Glosses: 1SG COND~PST.IPFV-be-1SG LNK siblings five exist:FACT-1SG
Translation: Concerning me, we are five brothers and sisters.' (hist140501 tshering skyid) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003902#S1"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo pɯpɯŋunɤ , ɬɤndʐi ra ɣɯ nɯ-kɯ-βʁa , nɯ-rɟɤlpu tɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 2SG as.for demon PL GEN 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.victorious 3PL.POSS-king 2-be:FACT
Translation: You, you are the king of the demons.' (hist140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯ-fse pɯpɯŋunɤ , ɕɯŋgɯ sɤ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi nɯtɕu , χpɯn lɤ-kɤ-ta ,
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-be.like as.for before GER-be.small DEM:LOC monk AOR:UPSTREAM-OBJ:PCP-put
Translation: For instance me, [I was] sent to become a monk early in my childhood.' (160721 XpWN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006181#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo pɯpɯŋunɤ , nɯnɯ … aʑo ɣɯ a-ndʐa nɯ tu-o<nɯ>lɯlat-a pɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG as.for DEM _ 1SG GEN 1SG.POSS-reason DEM IPFV-<AUTO>fight-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: As for me, I was fighting for my own sake.' (140512 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma ɯ-ŋga ra ŋunɤ , maka wuma ʑo ko-ɴqʰi ma .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-clothes PL as.for at.all really EMPH IFR-be.dirty LNK
Translation: As for his clothes, they had become very dirty.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: `razri kɤtɯm ci ɲɯ-ra , taqaβ ci ɲɯ-ra' to-ti qʰe
Glosses: thread ball INDEF SENS-need needle INDEF SENS-need IFR-say LNK
Translation: He told [Rgyabza] `I need a ball of thread and a needle.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɲɤ-kʰo qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK IFR-give LNK
Translation: She gave it to him.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-ndzɤtsʰi ka-tsɯm-nɯ nɯtɕu qʰe tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-meal AOR:3→3-bring-PL DEM:LOC LNK LNK
Translation: When they brought his meal,
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa kɤtɯm nɯ ɯʑo kɯ ko-ndo ,
Glosses: the.aforementioned ball DEM 3SG ERG IFR-take
Translation: he took the ball of thread, and…' (Gesar 270-272)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ zdɯmqe cʰo iɕqʰa , pɣɤrnoʁ nɯni ndʑi-tsʰɯɣa wuma ʑo naχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: DEM fungi.sp . COMIT the.aforementioned fungi.sp . DEM:DU 3DU.POSS-form really EMPH be:identical:FACT
Translation: The zdɯmqe and the pɣɤrnoʁ are very similar.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [iɕqʰa tɤ-tɯt-a] nɯ tú-wɣ-stu qʰe ,
Glosses: just.now IFR-say[II]-1SG DEM IPFV-INV-do.like LNK
Translation: One does as I just said, and…' (2002 tWsqar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa [ʑ-nɯ-z-mɯnmu-t-a] nɯ mɯ-pjɤ-pe rcama .
Glosses: the.aforementioned TRAL-AOR-CAUS-move-PST:TR-1SG DEM NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.good FSP
Translation: It was probably not a good thing that I had [gone and] moved them (as I said above).' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre <luban> kɯ iɕqʰa [tɯrpa tʰa-fse] nɯ to-ndo tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK ANTHR ERG the.aforementioned axe AOR:3→3-whet DEM IFR-take LNK
Translation: Luban took the axe that he had whetted.' (150902 luban-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrpa iɕqʰa tʰɯ-fse-t-a
Glosses: axe just.now AOR-whet-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I just whetted a/the axe.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jinde ku-nɯ-tu ɕi kɯma mɤ-xsi ma kɯɕɯŋgɯ ʁo pɯ-tu ,
Glosses: nowadays DUBIT-AUTO-exist QU SFP NEG-GENR:know LNK in.former.times TOP.ADVERS IPFV.PST-exist
Translation: It is not clear whether it is still to be found nowadays, but it did exist in former times.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: `a-tɤɕime , nɤ-βɟu ɲɯ-ɕar-a ɕi , aʑo tu-ozgrɯ-a' nɯra to-ti , `ma nɤ-pi ɣɯ aʑo tɤ-azgrɯ-a ɕti' to-ti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lady 2SG.POSS-mat IPFV-search-1SG QU 1SG IPFV-bow-1SG DEM:PL IFR-say LNK 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 1SG AOR-bow-1SG be.AFF:FACT IFR-say
Translation: He said `My lady, should I look for a cushion for you, or should I bow [for you to sit on my back]', and he said `Because I bowed for your elder sister [to sit].
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: `nɤʑo ʁo nɤʑo ma , a-βɟu ɲɯ-tɯ-ɕar kɯ-ɤtsɯtsu me' to-ti .
Glosses: 2SG TOP.ADVERS 2SG LNK 1SG.POSS-mat IPFV-2-search INF.STAT-have.time not.exist:FACT IFR-say
Translation: Of course [I will sit on] you, there is no time to look for a mat for me.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɣɤɲaʁ kɤ-ti ci tu tɕe , nɯnɯ ʁo lɯski li nɯ pɣa ŋu
Glosses: pheasant OBJ:PCP-say INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM TOP.ADVERS of.course again DEM bird be:FACT
Translation: There is a bird called pɣɤɲaʁ (Pucrasia macrolopha), this one, of course (since its name contains pɣa [bird], §sec:subject.verb.compounds, tab:subj.v.compounds) is also a bird (like those previously discussed).' (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku kɯ-rga tu , tsuku mɤ-kɯ-rga tu . aʑo ndɤre rga-a .
Glosses: some SBJ:PCP-like exist:FACT some NEG-SBJ:PCP-like exist:FACT 1SG TOP.ADVERS like:FACT-1SG
Translation: Some like it, some don't; as far as I am concerned, I like it.' (07-tCGom2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003436#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a a-pa , nɯ ndɤre wuma ʑo ɴqa , sɤɣʑɯr .
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-father DEM TOP.ADVERS really EMPH be.difficult:FACT be.dangerous:FACT
Translation: Ah father, this [mission on which you send me] is very difficult and dangerous indeed.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɯfɕɯr tɯrmɯ tɕe nɤ-pi tɯlɤt nɯ ɯ-taʁ ko-ɴqoʁ-a ri mɯ-tɤ́-wɣ-tsɯm-a tɕe , jɯɣmɯr ndɤre nɤʑo tu-kɯ-tsɯm-a ra ma tɕe kutɕu aʑo-sti ma maŋe-a tɕe ,
Glosses: yesterday dusk LNK 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling second.sibling DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-hang-1SG LNK NEG-AOR:UP-INV-take.away-1SG LNK this.evening TOP.ADVERS 2SG IPFV:UP-2→1-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT LNK LNK here 1SG-alone apart.from not.exist:SENS-1SG LNK
Translation: Yesterday at dusk I clung onto your second eldest sister but she did not take me away, this evening take me away, I am all alone here.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qawɯz nɯ , (qawɯz nɯ pɯ-tɯ-mto-t , ɣe ?) qawɯz nɯnɯ , nɤki , kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: Edelweiss DEM Edelweiss DEM AOR-2-see-PST:TR SFP Edelweiss DEM FILLER before LNK
Translation: The edelweiss, (you saw Edelweiss before, right?)… The edelweiss, in former times,' (15-babW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003512#S164"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɯ , mɯŋi zɯ kɯ-rɤ-βzjoz ɲɯ-ɕe-a pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 1SG DEM TOPO LOC SBJ:PCP-ANTIPASS-learn IPFV:WEST-go-1SG PST.IPFV-be
Translation: As for me, I was going to school in Mungi.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri kɯki mɯntoʁ kɯki nɯ pɯpɯŋunɤ , wuma ʑo kɯ-ʑru , kɯ-pe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM.PROX flower DEM.PROX DEM as.for really EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.strong SBJ:PCP-be.good
Translation: But concerning this flower, so precious and nice' (150820 meili de meiguihua-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006286#S55"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku kɯ tɕe lɤpɯɣ ra mbɯsɯt cʰɯ-lɤt-nɯ tɕe nɯra ɲɯ-rku-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: some ERG LNK radish PL grating IPFV-throw-PL LNK DEM.PL IPFV-put.in-PL SENS-be
Translation: Some people, they grate radish and use it as filling [for the sausage].' (05-paR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003400#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ staʁlupa ŋu-a tɕe
Glosses: 1SG also born.in.the.tiger.year be:FACT-1SG LNK
Translation: Me too (like you), I am of the Tiger year.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑara ʑo ɯ-ŋgɯz kɯnɤ tu-nɤndɯt-nɯ tɕe nɯ kɯ-βʁa ɣɤʑu , kɯ-nŋo ɣɤʑu qʰe ,
Glosses: 3PL EMPH 3SG.POSS-among:LOC also IPFV-fight-PL LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-win SENS:exist SBJ:PCP-lose SENS:exist LNK
Translation: Even among themselves, they fight, and there are winners and losers.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-sŋi mɯntoʁ tɯ-rdoʁ kɯnɤ ci ci tɕe mɯ́j-stʰɯt
Glosses: one-day flower one-piece also one one LNK NEG:SENS-finish
Translation: Sometimes one cannot finish even one pattern (on the belt) in one day.' (2011-06-thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ a-kɤ-sɯso nɯ tɤ-stu-nɯ ra
Glosses: 1SG also 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-think DEM IMP-do.like-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: (I will do as you say, but) do also the things that I want.' (2003kAndzwsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pɯ-ŋu tɕe , aʑo kɯnɤ taʁrdo rɟitpa a-pɯ-ŋu-a , χpɤltɕin kɯnɤ taʁrdo rɟitpa a-pɯ-ŋu , … nɯ tɕi-rɟit nɯni tɕe taʁrdo rɟitpa ma nɯ ma kɯmaʁ rɟitpa nɯ kɤ-rtsi me .
Glosses: IRR-IPFV-be LNK 1SG also TOPO lineage IRR-IPFV-be-1SG ANTHR also TOPO lineage IRR-IPFV-be _ DEM 1DU.POSS-offspring DEM:DU LNK TOPO lineage LNK DEM apart other lineage DEM OBJ:PCP-count not.exist:FACT
Translation: For instance suppose that both Dpalcan and I were from Taqrdo lineage, then our two children would only count as members of the Taqrdo lineage and no other lineage.' (140426 rJitpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma nɯ-χpɯm kɯnɤ kʰro mɤ-kɯ-fkaβ kɯ-fse ku-rɤʑi-nɯ
Glosses: LNK 3PL.POSS-knee also much NEG-SBJ:PCP-cover SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-stay-PL
Translation: [Gentlemen] would [wear trousers that did] not cover much even their knees.' (30-rkAsnom)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ru nɯra laʁdɯn ɯ-jɯ kɯnɤ mɤ-sna , ma mɤ-ngɯt .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-trunk DEM:PL tool 3SG.POSS-handle also NEG-be.worth LNK NEG-be.strong:FACT
Translation: [The wood from] its trunk is not even good [enough to be used to make] tool handles, as it is not strong.' (17-xCAj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ kɯnɤ a-mpʰrɯmɯ a-pɯ-tɯ-sɯ-re ɯ-tɯ́-cʰa
Glosses: 1SG:GEN also 1SG.POSS-divination IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-look[III] QU-2-can:FACT
Translation: Can you ask [the monk] to make a divination for me too?' (The divination)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-pi ɣɯ ɯ-nmaʁ ra nɯ-ɕki kɯnɤ `a-pi' tu-kɯ-ti ɕti ma nɯ ma kupa kɯ-fse ʑaka ɯ-rmi me .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 3SG.POSS-husband PL 3PL.POSS-DAT also 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling IPFV-GENR-say be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM apart.from Chinese SBJ:PCP-be.like each 3SG.POSS-name not.exist:FACT
Translation: One calls one's sister's husband [and others from his family] `my elder brother', there are no other special terms as in Chinese.' (140425 kWmdza05) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003789"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kutɕu kɯnɤ nɯ ɲɯ-fse , jɯfɕɯndʐi ra kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi tɤ-ɣɤndʐo kɯ-fse ri , ɕɤxɕo tɕe kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ɲɯ-ʑi kɯ-fse
Glosses: here also DEM SENS-be.like a.few.days.ago PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small AOR-be.cold SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK the.last.days LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SENS-subside SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: It is like that here too, a few days ago the weather became a little cold, but the last days it has eased a bit.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maldzɯ nɯ , nɯ ɯ-tʰɤcu tsa ri kɯnɤ ɣɤʑu . qarɣɤpɤt ɯ-rca ri kɯnɤ tu-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: plant.name DEM DEM 3SG.POSS-downstream a.little LOC also exist:SENS plant.name 3SG.POSS-among LOC also IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: The maldzɯ plant, it is also found in places of slightly lower altitude, but grows also in the same places as qarɣɤpɤt plants.' (18-qromJoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kukutɕu ftɕɤχcɤl kɯnɤ <baonuanyi> tu-tɯ-ŋge pɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: here mid.summer also warm.clothes IPFV-2-wear[III] PST.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: Here you were wearing warm clothes even in mid summer.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯtɕu kɯnɤ ɯ-jaʁ ɯ-ntsi tɤɲi pjɯ-sɤtse , ɯ-jaʁ ɯ-ntsi kɯ tsʰitsuku ɲɯ-z-nɤme qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM:LOC also 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair staff IPFV-plant[III] 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair ERG whatever IPFV-CAUS-do[III] LNK
Translation: Even like that [despite the pain in her legs], she supports herself with a staff in one hand, (and does all kinds of things with her other hand)' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pɯ nɯra li ju-ɣi-nɯ qʰe , nɯra kɯnɤ ɣɯ-tu-ndza-nɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-young DEM:PL again IPFV-come-PL LNK DEM:PL also CISL-IPFV-eat-PL
Translation: Its cubs also come and they too eat it.' (20-sWNgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003562#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-zda ra kɯnɤ nɯ-rʑaβ tɯka na-nɯ-ɕar-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion PL also 3SG.POSS-wife each AOR:3→3-AUTO-search SENS-be
Translation: His companions also took each a wife for himself (among the women of the island).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɴqiaβ tɕi tu-ɬoʁ cʰa , zrɯ tɕi tu-ɬoʁ cʰa ,
Glosses: dark.side.of.the.mountain also IPFV-come.out can:FACT sunny.side.of.the.mountain also IPFV-come.out can:FACT
Translation: It can grow in both the dark and the sunny sides of the mountains.' (17-thowum)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paʁ kɯ tɕi ndze , nɯŋa kɯ tɕi ndze , jla kɯ tɕi ndze .
Glosses: pig ERG also eat[III]:FACT cow ERG also eat[III]:FACT hybrid.yak ERG also eat[III]:FACT
Translation: Pigs eat it, cows eat it, hybrid yaks eat it.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕi ɣɤʑu , sɤtɕʰa ɯ-taʁ tɕi ʑo ɣɤʑu
Glosses: ground 3SG.POSS-inside also exist:SENS ground 3SG.POSS-inside also EMPH exist:SENS
Translation: It is found both inside the ground, and on the ground.' (25-GdAso)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pʰaʁrgot nɯnɯ ɯʑo ri pjɤ-rʑi , ɯʑo ri pjɤ-tsʰu tɕe
Glosses: boar DEM 3SG also IFR.IPFV-be.heavy 3SG also IFR.IPFV-be.fat LNK
Translation: The boar, it was heavy and fat.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ ɯ-lɯz ri pjɤ-xtɕi , ɯʑo ri pjɤ-mpɕɤr ,
Glosses: girl DEM 3SG.POSS-age also IFR.IPFV-be.small 3SG also IFR.IPFV-be.beautiful
Translation: The girl was young and beautiful.' (150909 hua pi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <yancong> ku-kɯ-rɤloʁ tɕe ɯ-taʁ tɯ-ci ri mɯ́j-ɣi lɯlu kɯ ri mɯ-ɲɯ́-wɣ-ɕaβ qapri tu-ɕe ri mɯ́j-cʰa tɕe
Glosses: chimney IPFV-GENR:S/O-make.a.nest LNK 3SG.POSS-on INDEF.POSS-water also NEG:SENS-come cat ERG also NEG-IPFV-INV-catch snake IPFV:UP-go also NEG:SENS-can LNK
Translation: [The sparrows] make their nest in the chimney, [because] water cannot come up there, the cats cannot catch them, and the snakes cannot go up there.' (22-kumpGatCW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χcʰa ri ci , ɯ-ʁe ri ci ɯ-jme cʰɯ-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: right LOC one 3SG.POSS-left LOC one 3SG.POSS-tail IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come.out SENS-be
Translation: It has one tail on the right, and one on the left.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯra ʁo alala ri ɯʑo sɤz kɯ-xtɕi pɣa nɯra kɯnɤ ku-ndɤm qʰe tu-ndze
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL ADVERS not.only LNK 3SG COMP SBJ:PCP-be.small bird DEM:PL also IPFV-take[III] LNK IPFV-eat[III]
Translation: Apart from those, [the eagle] also catches birds that are smaller than itself and eats them.' (19-qandZGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-kɤ-pʰaʁ mɤra ma , ɯ-kɤ-skraβ cinɤ ʑo mɯ-ja-sɯ-ɤzɣɯt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-head-half not.only LNK 3SG.POSS-head-fine.hair not.even.one EMPH NEG-AOR:3SG→3-CAUS-arrive SENS-be
Translation: [This time, the horse] did not even bring back one fine hair from the [evil woman's] head, let alone half her head.' (Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku kɯ qʰe tɯ-rdoʁ cinɤ mɤ-kɯ-mto tu .
Glosses: some ERG LNK one-piece even NEG-SBJ:PCP-see exist:FACT
Translation: There are some people who [cannot] even find a single one.' (20-grWBgrWB)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma tɕe jinde nɯ zrɯɣ kɤ-mto cinɤ maŋe .
Glosses: LNK LNK nowadays DEM louse OBJ:PCP-see even not.exist:SENS
Translation: Nowadays there isn't even a single louse to be seen/one cannot even see a single louse.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rŋa ɯ-kɯ-ru cinɤ ʑo pjɤ-me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-face 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-look even EMPH IPFV.IFR-not.exist
Translation: Not even one [of the thieves] looked at it.' (`The thieves did not even so much as looked at it.') (140426 luozi he qiangdao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-ɲɯ-kɯ-ɣɤ-rkɯn nɯ ɲɯ-dɤn ma lu-kɯ-pɣaʁ nɯ tɯ-rdoʁ cinɤ ʑo maŋe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-CAUS-be.few DEM SENS-be.many LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-SBJ:PCP-plough DEM one-piece even EMPH not.exist:SENS
Translation: A lot of people diminish their fields, and not a single of them opens new fields.' (150903 friche)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɤ-rʑaʁ ma mɯ-pɯ-tsu-a ɲɤ-sɯso ri χsɯ-xpa pjɤ-tsu tɕe ,
Glosses: three-day apart.from NEG-AOR-pass-1SG IFR-think LNK three-year IFR-pass LNK
Translation: He thought that he had spent only three days, but three years had passed.' (2011-4-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rkoŋɟɤl nɯnɯ , ɯ-mi ɯ-ntsi nɯ ma me kʰi .
Glosses: one.legged.demon DEM 3SG.POSS-leg 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair DEM apart.from not.exist:FACT HEARSAY
Translation: It is said that one-legged demons only had one leg.' (140510 rkoNJAl)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯtɕu mɤɕtʂa mtsʰalu pjɤ-me qʰe
Glosses: DEM:LOC until nettle IFR.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: It was only there that there was nettle.' = `There was no nettle until there.' (140520 ye tian'e-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mat nɯnɯ na-lɤt ɕimɯma nɤ kɯ-ndɯ~ndɯβ ʑo ma me , karɣi ʑo kɯ-fse ma me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM AOR:3→3-throw just LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~small EMPH apart.from not.exist:FACT turnip.seed EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.like apart.from not.exist:FACT
Translation: When the fruit of [xanthoxyllum] has just come out, there is only something very small, only like a turnip seed.' (07-tCGom) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003434#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mu ma , stɯsti ma kɯ-me kɯnɤ cʰɯ-rɤŋgɯm ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: female apart.from alone apart.from SBJ:PCP-not.exist also IPFV-lay.eggs SENS-be.AFF
Translation: Even only a female [hen] alone does lay eggs.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: alo mbroχpa ra tɕe tɕe nɤki qra cʰo qambrɯ ra ɣɯ nɯ-ɣli nɯnɯ tɕe nɯ tu-wum-nɯ , tu-sɯɣ-rom-nɯ mbroχpa sɤtɕʰa tɕe stɤmku ʁɟa ɲɯ-ɕti ma si maŋe tɕe tɕe
Glosses: upstream nomad PL LNK LNK FILLER female.yak COMIT male.yak PL GEN 3PL.POSS-dung DEM LNK DEM IPFV-gather-PL IPFV-CAUS-be.dry-PL nomad place LNK grassland completely SENS-be.AFF LNK tree not.exist:SENS LNK LNK
Translation: Upstream, in the nomad areas, they gather and dry yak dung, as in nomad places there is only grassland, there are no trees.' (05-tamar) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003406#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajɯ ʁɟa tu-nɯ-ndze , ma nɯ ma tɤ-rɤku kɯ-fse ra ndze mɤ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: bug completely IPFV-AUTO-eat[III] LNK DEM apart.from INDEF.POSS-harvest SBJ:PCP-be.like PL eat[III]:FACT NEG-be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It only eats insects, it does not eat cultivated plants.' (140511 qamtsWrmdzu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɤ-lu cʰo tɯkrimgo ʁɟa kɯ] cʰɯ-z-ɣɤ-wxti-nɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk COMIT doughnut completely ERG IPFV-CAUS-CAUS-be.big-PL
Translation: They [used to] raise up [the babies] by feeding them milk and doughnuts only.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rdoʁ nɯ-me tɕe , [ɯ-ru ʁɟa nɯ], pɯ-kɤ-tɤβ nɯnɯ , taʁndzɤr ɯ-ŋgɯ tú-wɣ-rku tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-grain AOR-not.exist LNK 3SG.POSS-stalk completely DEM AOR-OBJ:PCP-thresh DEM feeding.emmer 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV-INV-put.in LNK
Translation: When all the grains have been removed, the bare stalks, the one that have been threshed, one puts them in a feeding emmer.' (140513 tWrtsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χtɕɤnzɤn ʁɟɯ~ʁɟa kɯ ʑo pɯ́-wɣ-nɤjo ɕti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: beast EMPH~completely ERG EMPH PST.IPFV-INV-wait be.AFF:FACT SENS-be
Translation: It was all wild beasts waiting for him [there].' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: srɤz nɯ kɯ tɕʰoz ɯ-jlu ʑo pjɯ-nɯjɤntɤn pɯ-ɕti ma jɯm nɯ mɯ-pjɤ-ɕar ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: prince DEM ERG religion 3SG.POSS-exclusively EMPH IPFV-be.assiduous.in PST.IPFV-be.AFF LNK wife DEM NEG-IFR.IPFV-look.for SENS-be
Translation: The prince was focused exclusively in the study of religion, and was not looking for a wife.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rmi kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ pjɤ-dɤn wo kɤmɲɯ , nɤki kɯrɯ ra tɕe .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-name SBJ:PCP-be.the.same IFR.IPFV-be.many SFP TOPO FILLER Tibetan PL LNK
Translation: There were many people who had identical names, in Kamnyu, among the Tibetans.' (140522 tshupa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004053#S155"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-zda nɯ ma kɯmaʁ tɯrme a-pɯ-me tɕe , kʰa ra aʁɤndɯndɤt ɲɯ-ɤ<nɯ>ɣro ɲɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ti .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-companion DEM apart.from other person IRR-IPFV-not.exist LNK house PL everywhere IPFV-<AUTO>play SENS-be SENS-say
Translation: [Our neighbour] says that if there are no other persons apart from family members, [the monkey] would play everywhere in the house.' (19-GzW2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <alan> kɯ a-<dianhua> kɯmaʁ ta-χtɯ
Glosses: ANTHR ERG 1SG.POSS-phone other AOR:3→3-buy
Translation: Alan bought me a new phone.' (conversation, 17-03-27)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁi kɯ kʰa kɯmaʁ ta-nɯ-sɯ-βzu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling ERG house other AOR:3→3-AUTO-CAUS-make
Translation: My brother made himself a new house.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤʑɯ [tɕʰirtsɤm kɯ-maʁ] nɯnɯ tɕe , tú-wɣ-χtɕi ma nɯ ma kɤ-sqa (mɤ-ra)
Glosses: yet type.of.tsampa SBJ:PCP-not.be DEM LNK IPFV-INV-wash LNK DEM apart.from INF-boil NEG-be.needed:FACT
Translation: The tsampa that is not `chu.rtsam', one needs to wash it, but not to boil it.' (2002 tWsqar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-rkɯ wuma ʑo stʰɯci kɯ-maʁ] nɯtɕu tɤ-ri ci kú-wɣ-lɤt
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-side really EMPH so.much SBJ:PCP-not.be DEM:LOC INDEF.POSS-thread once IPFV-INV-throw
Translation: One sews a thread at a place which is not too much on the border [of the patch]'. (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑɯrɯʑɤri qʰe ci rɯdaʁ nɯ dɯxpa ma nɯ-kɤ-ndza ɯ-spa ɲɯ-ɕti qʰe , qʰe pjɯ-ndʐaβ qʰe mɯ-ɲɯ-cʰa qʰe ,
Glosses: progressively LNK other.one animal DEM poor LNK 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat 3SG.POSS-material SENS-be.AFF LNK LNK IPFV-ANTICAUS:make.fall LNK NEG-IPFV-can LNK
Translation: The other animal, poor him, it is their prey, progressively it falls down and cannot stand it anymore.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤki , tɕʰeme nɯ ɯ-ɕki ɯ-kɯ-sɤja jo-ɕe , ci tɕʰeme kɯ-ŋɤn nɯ ɯ-ɕki .
Glosses: FILLER women DEM 3SG-DAT 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-give.back IFR-go other.one woman SBJ:PCP-be.evil DEM 3SG-DAT
Translation: She went to give it back to the woman, the other one, the evil woman.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕelo prɤmzi rgɤtpu ɣɯ ɯ-ɣe staʁ-lu ci ɣɤʑu tɕe ,
Glosses: upstream ANTHR old.man GEN 3SG.POSS-grandchild tiger-year INDEF exist:SENS LNK
Translation: Up there, the old Bramze has a grandchild who is born in the year of the tiger.' (2003nyima2)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ʁe a-jaʁ tu-ntɕʰoz-a ŋu
Glosses: left 1SG.POSS-hand IPFV-use-1SG be:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-jaʁ χcʰa nɯ kɯ , taqaβ cʰo tɤ-ri nɯ tú-wɣ-ndo , tɯ-jaʁ ʁe nɯ kɯ kɤ-ɕpʰɤt ɯ-spa nɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-stʰoʁ ŋu
Glosses: GENR.POSS-hand right DEM ERG needle COMIT INDEF.POSS-thread DEM IPFV-INV-take GENR.POSS-hand left DEM ERG INF-patch 3SG.POSS-material DEM IPFV-INV-CAUS-press be:FACT
Translation: One takes the needle and the thread with one's right hand, and one presses the [cloth] to be patched with the left hand.' (12-kAtsxWb)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɬɤndʐi wuma nɯ nɤʑo ɲɯ-tɯ-ŋu ma aʑo ɬɤndʐi ɲɯ-maʁ-a
Glosses: demon real DEM 2SG SENS-2-be LNK 1SG demon SENS-not.be-1SG
Translation: You are the real demon, not me.' (2002 lhandzi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-qa nɯ qarŋe , tɤtsoʁ wuma nɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-root DEM be.yellow:FACT silverweed real DEM
Translation: Its root is yellow, the real silverweed.' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ tʂu nɯ ɕaŋtaʁ nɯnɯ tɕetu , (...) rɯŋgu mɯ-tu-tɯɣ mɤɕtʂa , nɯnɯ tɯ-ji tʰamtɕɤt ʑo nɯ-rmi nɯ tɯtɯrca nɯ-rmi nɯ tɯmŋu rmi . tɕeri tɯmŋu nɯnɯ , nɯ-rmi nɯ-tɤngɯt kɯ-fse ŋu .
Glosses: DEM road DEM up.from up.there DEM _ pasture NEG-IPFV:UP-touch until dem indef.poss-field all EMPH 3PL.POSS-name DEM together 3PL.POSS-name DEM TOPO be.called:FACT LNK TOPO DEM 3PL.POSS-name 3PL.POSS-in.common SBJ:PCP-be.like be:FACT
Translation: Up from that path until the pasture, all the fields in there put together, their collective name is tɯmŋu.' (150903 tWmNu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɤɕime , nɤʑo rŋɯl rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tɯ-ɕe ɕi , χsɤr rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tɯ-ɕe ɕi , ɕom rɟɤskɤt ɯ-taʁ tɯ-nɯ-ɕe ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-lady 2SG silver stair 3SG.POSS-on 2-go:FACT QU gold stair 3SG.POSS-on 2-go:FACT QU wood stair 3SG.POSS-on 2-AUTO-go:FACT
Translation: My lady, will you go on the silver stairs, the golden stairs or the wooden stairs?' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ [ɕkrɤz ʁɟa ʑo] sɯŋgɯ ŋu tɕe
Glosses: DEM oak completely EMPH forest be:FACT LNK
Translation: It is a forest exclusively of oaks.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[[smɤt tɯmda] rɟɤlpu nɯra ɣɯ] nɯ-sakaβ] tʂu nɯtɕu ɕ-kɤ-rɤʑi ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: TOPO TOPO king DEM.PL GEN 3PL.POSS-well path DEM.LOC TRAL-AOR-stay SENS-be
Translation: He went (there) and stayed on the way to the well of the king of Smad.mda.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: a-χsɤr kɯmtɕʰɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-gold toy
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: koŋla tɯrme ci , kɯ-pɯ~pe tɕʰeme ci , nɤ-ɕɣa kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr a-nɯ-tɯ-aβzu smɯlɤm
Glosses: really person INDEF SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.good girl INDEF 2SG.POSS-age SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful IRR-PFV-2-become prayer
Translation: May you become a real human, a nice, young and beautiful girl.' (said to a râkshasî) (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rʑaβ βdaʁmu nɯ [wuma ʑo tɕʰeme kɯ-pe] ci pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife lady DEM really EMPH woman SBJ:PCP-be.good INDEF IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: His wife, the queen, was a very nice woman.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu nɤrɯβzaŋ nɯ kɯ , nɤki , [stu kɯ-mna tɕʰeme] nɯ ɲɤ-nɯ-ɕar ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: king ANTHR DEM ERG filler most SBJ:PCP-be.better woman DEM IFR-AUTO-search SENS-be
Translation: King Norbzang chose for himself the woman leader.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βʑar ndɤre ŋɤn ma [ɯʑo sɤznɤ pɣa kɯ-xtɕi] nɯra ʁɟa ʑo tu-ndze ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: buzzard LNK be.evil:FACT LNK 3SG COMP bird SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL completely EMPH IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be LNK
Translation: The buzzard is fierce, its eats all the birds that are smaller than itself.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [qajɯ ci kɯ-ɤrŋi] ci ŋu .
Glosses: LNK bug INDEF SBJ:PCP-be.green INDEF be:FACT
Translation: It is a green/black bug.' (26-zrWGndza)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-rlaʁ kʰa
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-disappear house
Translation: An abandonned house.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [χpɤltɕin cʰo alan] kɯ ko-ndo-ndʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: n.p . COMIT n.p . ERG IFR-take-DU LNK
Translation: Dpalcan and Alan caught [one].' (24-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [qandʑɣi cʰo qaliaʁ] ra kɯ cʰɯ-nɯ-tsɯm-nɯ tu-ndza-nɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: falcon COMIT eagle PL ERG IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-VERT-take.away-PL IPFV-eat-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: Falcons and eagles take [the moles] and eat them.' (28-qapar)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: nɯ cʰo to-rɯstɯnmɯ-ndʑi .
Glosses: [DEM COMIT] IFR-marry-DU
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro , jla , nɯŋa , mbala , tsʰɤt , qaʑo , paʁ , nɯra nɯtɕu ʁɟa z-ɲɯ́-wɣ-lɤɣ pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: horse hybrid.yak cow bull goat sheep pig DEM:PL DEM:LOC completely TRAL-IPFV-INV-graze PST.IPFV-be
Translation: People used to graze their horses, hybrid yaks, cows, bulls, goats, sheep and pigs.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɤ-mu nɯ kɯ qala kɯ-fse , ca kɯ-fse , nɯnɯ rɯdaʁ kɯ-xɕti nɯra pjɯ-sat .
Glosses: DEM INDEF.POSS-mother DEM ERG rabbit SBJ:PCP-be.like deer SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM animal SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL IPFV-kill
Translation: The mother kills small animals like rabbits or deer.' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qʰe tsʰɤt qaʑo ra ɣɯ nɯ-ndza nɯra ɲɯ-sna .
Glosses: LNK goat sheep PL GEN 3PL.POSS-food DEM:PL SENS-be.good
Translation: It is good as fodder for goats and sheep.' (16-RlWmsWsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ a-mu a-wa ni ɣɯ ŋu
Glosses: DEM 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-father DU GEN be:FACT
Translation: This is for my parents.' (meimei de gushi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kɯ-fse a-pa a-ma ni kɯ ɲɯ-ti-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like 1SG.POSS-father 1SG.POSS-mother DU ERG SENS-say-DU LNK
Translation: My parents say this.' (2003nyima2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ tɕʰeme tɯ-sɤ-ɤmdzɯ ʑaka tu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son girl GENR.POSS-OBL:PCP-sit each EXIST:FACT
Translation: Gentlemen and ladies each have [different] seating places.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rɟit nɯ li iɕqʰa rgɤtpu rgɤnmɯ ni kɯ pjɤ-mto-ndʑi
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-offspring DEM again the.aforementioned old.man old.woman DU ERG IFR-see-DU
Translation: That child, the old man and the old woman saw him.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯtɕu rcanɯ maka tɤ-re tɤ-ɟaʁ pjɤ-saχaʁ
Glosses: DEM:LOC UNEXP:DEG completely INDEF.POSS-laugh INDEF.POSS-laugh IFR.IPFV-be.extremely
Translation: There, [the râkshasî] were chatting and laughing a lot.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe aʑo a-rɟit nɯ kɯ a-wɤmɯ ɯ-rɟit nɯ tɕe “a-rpɯ" nɯmaʁnɤ “a-ɬaʁ" tu-ti kɯ-ra .
Glosses: LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-child DEM ERG 1SG.POSS-brother 3SG.POSS-child DEM LOC 1SG.POSS-MB otherwise 1SG.POSS-MZ IPFV-say SBJ:PCP-be.needed
Translation: Then my son has to say `my uncle' or `my aunt' to my brother's son.' (140425 kWmdza04) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003788"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-ŋgɤr lú-wɣ-lɤt , nɯmaʁnɤ tɤ-ŋkɯ lú-wɣ-lɤt , nɯmaʁnɤ ɕɤrɯ lú-wɣ-lɤt ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-fat IPFV-INV-release otherwise INDEF.POSS-pig.skin IPFV-INV-release otherwise bone IPFV-INV-release
Translation: One puts pig fat, pig skin or bones in it.' (140428 mtshalu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003878#S18"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ mboʁ maʁ tɯwɯr nɯ tʰɯ́-wɣ-nɤqʰɤŋga tɕe χcʰoʁe nɯ ɯ-jŋoʁ nɯ kɯ kú-wɣ-sɯ-ndo .
Glosses: DEM square.cloth otherwise raincoat DEM IPFV-INV-put.on LNK right.and.left DEM 3SG.POSS-hook DEM ERG IPFV-INV-CAUS-take
Translation: When one puts on a square cloth or a raincoat (to protect oneself from the rain), one attaches it with the hooks on the left and on the right.' (140429 NoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-tɯpʰu ŋu ɕi ʁnɯ-tɯpʰu ŋu mɤ-xsi .
Glosses: one-species be:FACT QU two-species be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: I dont know if it is one or two species.' (23-RmWrcWftsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003610#S43"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɯŋgɯ zɯ , [tɯrme wuma ʑo kɯ-wxti ʁnɯz] tu-ndʑi tɕe
Glosses: forest LOC people really EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.big two exist:FACT-DU LNK
Translation: In the forest, there are two giants.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯkɯki ɕnat ʁnɯz kɯni] kɯ ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX heddle two DEM.PROX:DU ERG
Translation: [The weaving is done] with these two heddles.' (vid-20140429090403)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɣɟɯ ci kɯ-mbɯ~mbro ʑo pjɤ-tu ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: watchtower INDEF SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.high EMPH IFR.IPFV-exist SENS-be LNK
Translation: There was a very big tower.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S49"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rŋɯl qʰoʁqʰoʁ χsɯm nɯ ɲɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ .
Glosses: silver ingot three DEM IFR-AUTO-come.out
Translation: The three silver ingots had come out.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ , iɕqʰa ci rɟɤlpu nɯnɯ , <xila> rɟɤlpu nɯ ɯ-ɕki ,
Glosses: king 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG the.aforementioned other.one king DEM TOPO king DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT
Translation: The king's son [told] the other king, the king of Greece.' (140518 huifei de muma-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-zda ra sɤz kɯ-mbro kɯ-fse
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion PL COMP SBJ:PCP-be.tall SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: Taller or higher than the others.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zjaŋ ʑo tɤ-ndzur
Glosses: IDPH(I):tall EMPH AOR-stand
Translation: He stood up suddenly, and [appeared to be] very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe zjaŋzjaŋ ʑo kɯ-pa to-rmbɯ-nɯ
Glosses: LNK IDPH(II):tall EMPH INF:STAT-AUX IFR-pile.up-PL
Translation: [The villagers] had piled [the hay] up very high.' (150902 liaozhai lang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-βri nɯra kú-wɣ-rtoʁ qʰe ɲɯ-ɤcilaj ʑo qʰe , nɤkinɯ , ʁɟɯʁɟri ʑo ɲɯ-pa .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-body DEM:PL IPFV-INV-look LNK SENS-be.wet EMPH LNK FILLER IDHP:II:fat.soft.wet EMPH SENS-AUX
Translation: The body [of the gecko] looks wet, it is wet and soft.' (28-tshAwAre) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003722#S37"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro ɯ-taʁ to-ɕe tɕe zjaŋnɤzjaŋ jɤ-ari-ndʑi
Glosses: horse 3SG-on IFR:UP-go LNK IDPH(III):tall AOR-go[II]-DU
Translation: He mounted the horse, and they went there, very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: `wo a-mu ma-pɯ-tɯ-ʑɣɤ-sat tɕe aʑo pjɯ-nɯ-ɣi-a ŋu' to-ti . pɣɤlpɣɤlnɤpɣɤlpɣɤl pjɤ-nɯ-ɣi .
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-mother NEG-IMP-2-REFL-kill LNK 1SG IPFV:DOWN-VERT-come-1SG be:FACT IFR-say IDPH(III):with.big.strides IFR:DOWN-AUTO-come
Translation: She said “Mother, don't commit suicide, I am coming back” and came back running in big strides.' (2003 kAndZWsqhaj2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zjaŋnɤlaŋ ɲɯ-ŋke
Glosses: IDPH(IV):tall SENS-go
Translation: He is walking unsteadily, very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pʰɯzjaŋ ʑo tɤ-ndzur
Glosses: IDPH(V):tall EMPH AOR-stand
Translation: He stood up suddenly, and [appeared to be] very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ pʰɯqʰloŋ ʑo pjɤ-ɣɤrɤt
Glosses: DEM IDPH(V):splashing EMPH IFR-throw
Translation: He threw [the bag into the water], making a sudden splashing noise.' (150824 kelaosi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006276#S146"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ɣe mɤlɤzjaŋ ʑo tʰɯ-aβzu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandson IDPH(VI):tall EMPH AOR-become
Translation: My grandson has become very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zjaŋɯŋi ʑo jɤ-ari
Glosses: IDPH(VII):tall EMPH AOR-go[II]
Translation: He went away slowly, looking taller than rest.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zjɯŋɯzjaŋi ɲɯ-xcat
Glosses: IDPH(VIII):tall SENS-be.many
Translation: There are many [people], some taller and some shorter.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku kɯ-mbro tsuku kɯ-mbɤr kɯ-fse
Glosses: some SBJ:PCP-be.tall some SBJ:PCP-be.short SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: Some tall and some short.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ ri ɕ-tu-ndze tɕe ku-rɤʑi ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe , (...) nɯnɯtɕu aʁɤndɯndɤt ʂχɯwɯʂχawi ɲɯ-sɯ-spoʁ tɕe
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-in LOC TRAL-IPFV-eat[III] LNK IPFV-stay SENS-be.AFF:FACT LNK _ DEM:LOC everywhere IDPH(VIII):with.holes IPFV-CAUS-have.a.hole LNK
Translation: [The species of ants called cɤmi qro] goes into wood and eats it, and stays in there, (…) and makes holes everywhere in it.' (26-qro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro ta-nɯmbrɤpɯ tɕe zjaŋinɤzjaŋi ʑo jɤ-ɕqʰlɤt
Glosses: horse AOR:3→3-ride LNK IDPH(IX):tall EMPH AOR-disappear
Translation: He mounted the horse and disappeared quickly (in the horizon), very tall.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-mbri nɯra cutcutcut ʑo tu-ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: IPFV-call DEM:PL IDPH(X):cry EMPH IPFV-say SENS-be
Translation: When it calls it makes `cut cut cut'.' (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S8"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-kɯ-sɤŋo tɕe , nɯ nɯ-ɬoʁ tɕe , zɯrzɯrzɯr tu-ti qʰe tɕendɤre tɤ-ndɤr ɲɯ-ɬoʁ ɕti .
Glosses: IPFV-GENR:S/O-listen LNK DEM AOR-come.out LNK IDPH(X):itchy.feeling IPFV-say LNK LNK pimple IPFV-come.out be:AFF:FACT
Translation: When it appears, one has an itchy feeling, and a pimple appears.' (25-khArWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003644#S4"></fn>