lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ tɯ-rʑaʁ nɯ a-pɯ-nɯ-fse tɕe , ɯ-fso-soz tɕe ɯ-ci ʑo ɲɯ-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: DEM one-night DEM IRR-IPFV-AUTO-be.like LNK 3SG.POSS-tomorrow-morning LNK 3SG.POSS-water EMPH IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: If you leave it one night, the next day in the morning the juice comes out.' (conversation 14.05.10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-ji ɯ-ŋgɯ pjɯ-nɯ-ɕe tɕe , ɯ-fsaqʰe tɕe li tu-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-go LNK 3SG.POSS-next.year LNK again IPFV:UP-come.out SENS-be LNK
Translation: [Its seed] goes into [the soil of] the field, and it grows again the next year.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯrkɯrku ʑo kɤntɕʰaʁ a-pi ɯ-pʰe kɯ-nɤpɤri ɲɯ-ɣi-a , … pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: every.evening EMPH street 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 3SG.POSS-DAT SBJ:PCP-have.supper … … PST.IPFV-be
Translation: Every evening, if would go in the town at my elder brother's home to have supper and…' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɤr tɯtsʰot sqamnɯz ʑo tɕe a-jɤ-tɯ-z-nɤtɯɣ tɕe ,
Glosses: night hour twelve EMPH LNK IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-happen.to.be.at LNK
Translation: You will have to make sure to be there at midnight.' (2003 qachGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ci ta-ɕɯ-mŋɤm nɯnɯ tɯtsʰot tɯ-rdoʁ jamar mɤɕtʂa mɤ-ʑi .
Glosses: LNK DEM one AOR:3→3-caus-hurt DEM hour one-piece about until NEG-subside:FACT
Translation: When [nettles] start causing pain, it won't stop for about one hour.' (11-mtshalu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003472#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯtsʰot sqamŋu-skɤrma , ɣnɤsqi-skɤrma jamar tɤ-tsu tɕe ku-smi ɕti .
Glosses: time fifteen-minute twenty-minute about AOR-pass LNK IPFV-be.cooked be.AFF:FACT
Translation: After fifteen or twenty minutes, it is cooked.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤki nɯ tɯtsʰot tʰɤstɯɣ ko-zɣɯt ?
Glosses: DEM:DISTAL DEM hour how.many IFR-reach
Translation: At your place, what time is it?' (conversation, 14.12.24 – the question refers to the time lag between Paris and Mbarkham)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰamaka tɯ-tɕɯlɤβ kɤ-sko ɯ-raŋ jamar ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: tobacco one-tobacco.unit INF-smoke 3SG.POSS-time about SENS-be.needed
Translation: One needs about the time of a tobacco smoke.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmŋu ɯ-taʁ tɯ-rdoʁ pjɯ́-wɣ-ta tɕe kɯtʂɤɣ tu-βze ŋu .
Glosses: five 3SG-on one-piece IPFV:DOWN-INV-put LNK six IPFV-do[III] be:FACT
Translation: Five plus one equals six.' (gram140505 math, elicitation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo kɯɕnɯ-kɯrcat nɯ pɯpɯŋu nɤ , kɯɕnɯz ɯ-taʁ kɯrcat pjɯ́-wɣ-ta tɕe sqamŋu ɲɯ-ŋu sqamŋu tɕe ju-tɯ-nɯ-ɕe ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG seven-eight DEM as.for LNK seven 3SG-on eight IPFV:DOWN-INV-put LNK fifteen SENS-be fifteen LNK IPFV-2-VERT-go SENS-be LNK
Translation: As for the expression `seven eight' [that your father in law has told] you, seven plus eight equals fifteen, [it means that] you go back [to your husband's home] in fifteen days.' (2005 tAwa kWcqraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmŋu ɯ-ŋgɯ tɯ-rdoʁ cʰɯ́-wɣ-tɕɤt tɕe kɯβde ma ɲɯ-me ŋu
Glosses: five 3SG-inside one-piece IPFV-INV-take.out LNK four apart.from IPFV-not.exist be:FACT
Translation: If one takes out one from five, only four remain = five minus one equals four' (gram140505 math, elicitation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯngɯt nɯ χsɯm ɣɯ χsɯ-zloʁ ŋu
Glosses: nine DEM three GEN three-time be:FACT
Translation: Nine is three times three.' (gram140505 math, elicitation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ɟom ɣɯ ɯ-qiɯ jamar ɲɯ-rɲɟi
Glosses: one-length.of.two.outstretched.arms GEN 3SG.POSS-half about SENS-be.long
Translation: [Its tail] is about half a fathom (i.e. one arm) long.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ tɯ-xpa ɣɯ ɯ-qiɯ nɯ ɲɤ-ɕqʰlɤt .
Glosses: DEM one-year GEN 3SG.POSS-half DEM IFR-disappear
Translation: Half a year passed.' (150907 laoshandaoshi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-sla ɲɤ-nɤqiɯ
Glosses: one-month IFR-pass.half
Translation: Half a month passed.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki kɯ-fse tɯ-ɟom cʰo ɯ-qiɯ jamar kɯ-zri ra
Glosses: DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.like one-length.of.two.outstretched.arms COMIT 3SG.POSS-half about SBJ:PCP-be.long be.needed:FACT
Translation: They need [a piece of leather] long like one fathom and a half.' (24-mbGo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003621"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-pɤrtʰɤβ tɕe , tɯ-pɤrme tɯ-qiɯ jamar , ʁnɯ-pɤrme jamar ma kɯ-me ʁɟa .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-between LNK one-year one-half about, two-year about apart.from SBJ:PCP-not.exist completely
Translation: (Some women had thirteen or fifteen children) Between each of them, there was only one year and a half or two years.' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR, 89; see the preceding sentence in example ex:tsuku.tWrme.tWrdoR in §sec:tsuku)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmŋu-tɯcɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ χsɯ-tɯcɯr
Glosses: five-part 3SG-inside three-part
Translation: 35 = `Three parts among five parts.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɯ-tɯcɯr tú-wɣ-lɤt tɕe tɯ-tɯcɯr
Glosses: three-part IPFV-INV-release LNK one-part
Translation: 13; literally `Making three parts, one part.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sqi nɯ kɯmŋu-tɯkro ɲɯ́-wɣ-lɤt tɕe , ʁnɯz nɤ ʁnɯz ɲɯ́-wɣ-sɤβzu kʰɯ
Glosses: ten DEM five-part IPFV-INV-throw LNK two LNK two IPFV-INV-transform be.possible:FACT
Translation: 105=2; literally `Making 5 parts out of 10, one can make them in sets of two.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯra tʰɯ-sta-nɯ
Glosses: woman DEM:PL AOR-wake.up-PL
Translation: The women woke up.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: nɯ jamar kóʁmɯz nɯ lɯlu nɯ , /kɯ/, cʰɤ-sta .
Glosses: DEM about only.then DEM cat DEM ERG IFR-wake.up
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɯ mɯ-pɯ-mto-t-a ri nɯ ɯ-sŋi wuma ʑo pɯ-ɣɤndʐo
Glosses: 1SG DEM NEG-AOR-see-TR:PST-1SG LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-day really EMPH PST.IPFV-be.cold
Translation: I did not see it (the eclipse), but on that day is was very cold.' (29-RmGWzWn2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku tɯrme ra kú-wɣ-mtsɯɣ-nɯ tɕe mɯ́j-ʁdɯɣ ,
Glosses: some people PL IPFV-INV-bite-PL LNK NEG.SENS-be.serious
Translation: Some people, when they are stung [by bees] are fine.' (26-ndzWrnaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [iɕqʰa pʰantsɯt nɯ] ta-ʑmbri ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: the.aforementioned plate DEM AOR:3→3-make.noise SENS-be
Translation: He made noise with the (magical wish-granting) plate (by hitting on it). (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-mu cʰo ndʑi-kɤ-ndza kɤ-tsʰi kɯ-dɯ~dɤn ʑo nɯ] ta-ʑmbri nɤ ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother COMIT 3DU.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat OBJ:PCP-drink SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many EMPH DEM AOR:3→3-make.noise ADD
Translation: He [made appear] a lot of food and drink for him and his mother by making noise (with the wish-granting plate).' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mɯ ɲɯ-ɤsɯ-lɤt
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky SENS-PROG-release
Translation: It is raining.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕlaʁ ʑo cʰɯ-mda ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɕe qale ta-βzu tɕe tɕe cʰɯ-tʂaβ ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: IDPH(I):suddenly EMPH IPFV-be.the.time before LNK LNK wind AOR:3→3-make LNK LNK IPFV-cause.to.fall be:FACT LNK
Translation: When there is wind suddenly before [the barley] is fully ripe, it presses them [on the ground, and it cannot grow any more].' (25-cWXCWz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕirɴɢo nɯnɯ , paʁ ra mɤ-rga-nɯ ri , nɯŋa wuma ʑo rga .
Glosses: Anisodus.tanguticus DEM pig PL NEG-like:FACT-PL LNK cow really EMPH like:FACT
Translation: The Anisodus tanguticus, pigs don't like it, but cows do.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ʁo nɯ mɤ-rga-a
Glosses: 1SG TOP.ADVERS DEM NEG-like-1SG
Translation: But as for me, I don't like it.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: naŋrzoŋ ɯ-ɲɯ-tɯ-tso ?
Glosses: interior.decoration QU-SENS-2-understand
Translation: Do you understand [the word] `interior decoration'?' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S82"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mu ɯ-ɕki tɤtʂu nɯ ɲɤ-kʰo .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-DAT lamp DEM IFR-give
Translation: He gave the lamp to his mother.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-me ta-mbi ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-daughter 1→2-give:FACT be.needed:FACT
Translation: I will give you my daughter.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S281"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤ-ta-mbi ma ʁnɯz nɯ-ta-mbi ri , nɤʑo cʰɤ-tɯ-ɕɣɤz ɕti tɕe
Glosses: NEG-1→2-give:FACT LNK two AOR-1→2-give LNK 2SG IFR-2-give.back be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: I won't give her [my youngest daughter] to you, as I gave you two [of my daughters], and you sent them back.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-me nɯ nɤ-rʑaβ ɲɯ-kʰo-tɕi je , ɲɯ-ta-mbi je to-ti
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-daughter DEM 2SG.POSS-wife IPFV-give-1DU SFP IPFV-1→2-give SFP IFR-say
Translation: He said: `We will give you our daughter in marriage.” (150831 laoshu jianv-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kɯmtɕʰɯ ɲɯ-ta-mbi
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-toy IPFV-1→2-give
Translation: I give it to you as a toy.' (28-kWpAz) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003714#S166"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki stu kɯ-xtɕi ki tɯrme ɲɯ-pe tɕe
Glosses: DEM.PROX most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM.PROX person SENS-be.good LNK
Translation: The smallest one is very nice as a person.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tɯrme wuma ɲɯ-tɯ-pe
Glosses: 2SG person really SENS-2-be.good
Translation: You are very nice as a person.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsʰɤt nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-ɣli nɯnɯ tɤ-rɤku ɯ-taʁ tɯ-ɣli wuma ʑo pe .
Glosses: goat DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-manure DEM INDEF.POSS-crops 3SG.POSS-on INDEF.POSS-manure really EMPH be.good:FACT
Translation: Goat manure is very good as a fertilizer for the crops.' (05-qaZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003404#S27"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro tɯ-skɤt kɯ-tso ci , a-mbro tɤ-rku-nɯ ra
Glosses: horse c.POSS-speech SBJ:PCP-understand INDEF 1SG.POSS-horse IMP-put.in-PL be.needed:FACT
Translation: Give me a horse who understands human speech as my horse.' (2003 kandzWsqhaj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ ɯ-pʰɯ rŋɯl mɤ-ra ,
Glosses: 1SG:GEN 3SG.POSS-price silver NEG-be.needed:FACT
Translation: I don't want money as the price [for these clothes].' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003927#S235"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku kɯ paʁndza ɲɯ-nɯ-pʰɯt-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu ri ,
Glosses: some ERG hogwash IPFV-AUTO-pluck-PL SENS-be LNK
Translation: Some people cut [Sambucus] as hogwash.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zɣɤmbu ɯ-spa ɲɯ-nɯ-pʰɯt-nɯ ŋgrɤl
Glosses: broom 3SG.POSS-material IPFV-AUTO-cut-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: They cut it to make brooms. (`as a material for brooms')' (140505 sWjno)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-tɕɯ tu-ta-nɯ-sɤrtsi ŋu
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-son IPFV-1→2-AUTO-consider.as be:FACT
Translation: I consider you as my son.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: wortɕʰi ʑo aʑo nɤ-slama ku-kɯ-wum-a
Glosses: please EMPH 1SG 2SG.POSS-student IPFV-2→1-gather-1SG
Translation: Please take me as your student.' (150907 laoshandaoshi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pi kɯ nɯra pɯ-fse tɕe , pɣɤtɕɯ ri pɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-sat-a , tɤ-mdzu ri tʰɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-sat-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling ERG DEM:PL PST.IPFV-be.like LNK bird also AOR-INV-CAUS-kill-1SG INDEF.POSS-thorn also AOR-INV-CAUS-kill-1SG
Translation: Your elder sister was like that, she had me killed [while I was a] bird, and had also me killed [while I was a] thorn.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-qʰu tɕe pɣɤtɕɯ tɤ-sci-a , nɯ ɯ-qʰu tɕe tɤ-mdzu tɤ-sci-a qʰe
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK bird AOR-be.born-1SG DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK INDEF.POSS-thorn AOR-be.born-1SG LNK
Translation: After that I was reborn as a bird, and after that I was reborn as a thorn.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ-mɤrʑaβ qʰe tɕe tɯrme-kʰa jɤ-ari ɕti qʰe
Glosses: LNK AOR-marry LNK LNK people-house AOR-go[II] be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: She married and went to [live in] other people's (her in laws') house.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S9"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe pjɯ-sɤ-sɯxɕat-a pɯ-ŋu tɕe , rqaco pɯ-rɤʑi-a , tsʰuβdɯn pɯ-rɤʑi-a .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-ANTIPASS-teach-ɕ PST.IPFV-be LNK TOPO PST.IPFV-stay-1SG TOPO PST.IPFV-stay-1SG
Translation: When I was teaching, I lived in Rqakyo and in Tshobdun.' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ra kɯ nɯ-mtʰɤɣ ɲɯ-rtɤβ-nɯ .
Glosses: people PL ERG 3PL.POSS-waist IPFV-attach-PL
Translation: People attach [badger skin] around their waist (as a remedy for rheumatism).' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe pɤjka ɣɯ cʰo wuma ʑo naχtɕɯɣ .
Glosses: LNK pumpkin GEN COMIT really EMPH be.similar:FACT
Translation: Its [little thorn-like things] are like those of the pumpkin.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯrtsi nɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-βzu tɕe , nɯŋa ra , kɯ nɤ-mɯm-nɯ cʰo wuma ʑo ɣɯ-ɕɯ-fka-nɯ
Glosses: LNK cow.food DEM IPFV-INV-make LNK cow PL ERG TROP-be.tasty:FACT-PL COMIT really EMPH INV-CAUS-be.satiated:FACT-PL
Translation: They make cow food with flour, the cows find it tasty, and it satisfies their hunger.' (140513 tWrtsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre iɕqʰa <xifangping> nɯ , nɤkinɯ , kɯ `ɯ-wa ɣɯ nɯnɯ tʰɯci ɯ-tɯtʂaŋ ci a-pɯ-tu ra' ntsɯ ɲɯ-sɯsɤm pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK the.aforementioned ANTHR DEM FILLER ERG 3SG.POSS-father GEN DEM something 3SG.POSS-justice INDEF IRR-IPFV-exist be.needed:FACT always SENS-think[III] IFR-be
Translation: Xi Fangping wanted to obtain justice for his father.' (150909 xifangping-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <bageda> kɤ-ti nɯnɯtɕu , zɯ , nɤkinɯ ,
Glosses: TOPO OBJ:PCP-say DEM:LOC LOC FILLER
Translation: In the [place] called Baghdâd…' (140515 facaimeng-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004000#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ nɯ pjɤ-sɯχsɤl
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG DEM IFR-recognized
Translation: But the son realized it (that she was a râkshasî).' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo tɯsqar kɯ nɤki nɯ tʰɯ-tɯ́-wɣ-stu ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: 2SG tsampa ERG DEM.MEDIAL DEM AOR-2-INV-do.like be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Tsampa made you the [way you are now].' = `You grew that big by eating tsampa.' (2011-07-tWsqar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maʁ nɤ , aʑo tɤ-mɲo-t-a , kɯki kɯ tɕi mɤ-βze rca !
Glosses: not.be:FACT SFP 1SG AOR-prepare-PST:TR-1SG DEM.PROX ERG also NEG-make[III]:FACT SFP
Translation: No, it is I who prepared [our lunch], she does not do it.' (Answer to the question 'Did she prepare your lunch?) (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kɯ-fse tɕe tɤscoz ɯʑo kɯ ɲɯ-sɯ-ɣɯt , aʑo kɯ ku-sɯ-tsɯm-a tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK letter 3SG ERG IPFV:WEST-CAUS-bring 1SG ERG IPFV:EAST-CAUS-take.away-1SG LNK
Translation: And like that, she sent me letters, and I sent her letters.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S24"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɤɕime nɯ kɯ , nɤkinɯ , nɯ ma ɯ-kɤpa pjɤ-me qʰe `jɤɣ jɤɣ jɤɣ' to-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK young.lady DEM ERG FILLER DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-method IPFV.IFR-not.exist LNK be.possible:FACT be.possible:FACT be.possible:FACT IFR-say SENS-be
Translation: The young lady had no other way but to say “yes, yes, yes".' (140428 mu e guniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003880#S86"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa rgɤtpu nɯ kɯ , jo-ɣi tɕe , nɤki , ɬɤndʐi nɯnɯ jo-tsʰi
Glosses: the.aforementioned old.man DEM ERG IFR-come LNK FILLER demon DEM IFR-block
Translation: The old man came and stopped the demon.' (140512 fushang he yaomo1-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003969#S59"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɯ kɯ tso ma
Glosses: who ERG understand:FACT LNK
Translation: Who would know.' (150909 xiaocui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006386#S59"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pɯ nɯ ɯ-lu kɯ cʰɯ-sɯ-χse ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-young DEM 3SG.POSS-milk ERG IPFV-CAUS-feed[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The whale] feeds its young with milk.' (160703 jingyu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu kɯ nɯnɯ kɯ ɯ-βri a-pɯ-sɯ-χtɕi ndɤre , mɤʑɯ nɤ-sɤ-scit tʰaŋ nɤ !
Glosses: king ERG DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-body IRR-PFV-CAUS-wash LNK even.more TROP-PROP-be.happy:FACT HYPOTH SFP
Translation: If the king washes his body with this, he will find it even nicer.' (140514 xizajiang he lifashi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qartsʰaz ɯ-ndʐi kɯ cʰɯ-βzu-nɯ tɕe , nɯ stu kɯ-ʑru .
Glosses: deer 3SG.POSS-hide ERG IPFV-do-PL LNK DEM most SBJ:PCP-precious
Translation: They make [shoes] with deer hide, it is the most precious [type of skin].' (30-mboR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qartsʰaz ɯ-ndʐi ʁɟa kɯ ʑo tʰɯ-kɤ-sɯ-βzu
Glosses: deer 3SG.POSS-hide entirely ERG EMPH AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-do
Translation: [It is] entirely made of deer hide.' (30-mboR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ sɲikuku ʑo si ʑ-lu-pʰɯt tɕe , nɯ ɲɯ-ntsɣe-ndʑi tɕe , nɯ kɯ ndʑi-xtu cʰɯ-sɯ-χsu-ndʑi pɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG every.day EMPH tree TRAL-IPFV-fell LNK DEM IPFV-sell-DU LNK DEM ERG 3DU.POSS-belly IPFV-CAUS-feed-DU PST.IPFV-be SENS-be
Translation: The son went every day to fell trees, they sold [the wood], and they fed their bellies this way.' (2003 tWxtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kumpɣa cʰo kʰɯna ni li tɤ-mqe tɤ-ndɯt kɯ jo-ɣi-ndʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: chicken COMIT dog du again INDEF.POSS-verbal.fight INDEF.POSS-dispute ERG IFR-come-DU LNK
Translation: The chicken and the dog came fighting and arguing [with each other].' (150826 shier shengxiao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤŋɤm kɯ pjɯ-si ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: pain ERG IPFV-die SENS-be.needed
Translation: [The animal that is devoured alive by the lions] dies in pain.' (20-sWNgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003562#S45"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-ʁrɯm nɯ kɯ tɕe tɕe ɲɯ-ɣɤɕu
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-shade DEM ERG LNK LNK SENS-be.cool
Translation: Due to the shade of the buildings, [this road] is not exposed to the heat of the sun.' (conversation 2014-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qambalɯla nɯ , nɯ ɯ-ndʐa kɯ tʰa ɯβrɤ-si ma
Glosses: butterfly DEM DEM 3SG.POSS-cause ERG later RH.Q-die:FACT SFP
Translation: The butterfly might die because of that.' (150818 muzhi guniang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li mdaʁʑɯɣ ci to-lɤt tɕe , tɕendɤre , nɤki , qapri kɯ-ɲaʁ nɯ kɯ kɯ-wɣrum nɯnɯ lo-sɯ-qioʁ tɕe tɕe ɲɤ-sɯ-ɤkɤlɤt .
Glosses: again bow one IFR-release LNK LNK filler snake SBJ:PCP-be.black DEM ERG SBJ:PCP-be.white DEM IFR-CAUS-vomit LNK LNK IFR-CAUS-detach
Translation: He shot an arrow and caused the black snake to vomit the white one, and separated it [from the other one].' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S100"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: to-lɤt tɕe tɕendɤre nɯnɯ qapri kɯ-ɲaʁ nɯ , kɯ-wɣrum nɯ kɯ lo-sɯ-qioʁ tɕe ɲɤ-sɯ-ta .
Glosses: IFR-release LNK LNK DEM snake SBJ:PCP-be.black DEM SBJ:PCP-be.white DEM ERG IFR-CAUS-vomit LNK IFR-CAUS-put
Translation: He shot [an arrow] and caused the white one to vomit the black snake and to release it.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu kɯ ɯ-tɕɯ stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯ ɕ-ko-z-rɯru .
Glosses: king ERG 3SG.POSS-son most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM TRAL-IFR-CAUS-guard
Translation: The king sent his youngest son to guard [the trees].' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ a-tɕɯ pɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-mto-a
Glosses: 3SG ERG 1SG.POSS-son AOR-INV-CAUS-see-1SG
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ a-tɕɯ kɯ pɯ́-wɣ-sɯ-mto-a
Glosses: 3SG ERG 1SG.POSS-son ERG AOR-INV-CAUS-see-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mahi nɯnɯ kɯ aʑo sɤz cʰa
Glosses: water.buffalo DEM ERG 1SG COMP can:FACT
Translation: The water buffalo is stronger than me.' (150831 laoshu jianv-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-tsʰɯɣa nɯra wuma naχtɕɯɣ . tɕeri tɯrgilaŋlaŋ nɯ kɯ xtɕi .
Glosses: 2DU.POSS-form DEM:PL really be.similar:FACT but fir.cone DEM ERG be.small:FACT
Translation: Their shape is similar, but the fir cone is smaller.' (08-tWrgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003464#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-tɯrpa kɯ sqi jamar ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: one-pound ERG ten about SENS-be.needed
Translation: You need ten [renminbis] per pound [of Angelica].' (17 ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-tɯrpa kɯ ɣurʑa jamar ɲɯ́-wɣ-sɤndu ɲɯ-kʰɯ
Glosses: one-pound ERG hundred about IPFV-INV-exchange SENS-be.possible
Translation: One can exchange (sell) one pound for a hundred [renminbis].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʂapa tʰamtɕɤt , nɯ-mbro nɯ-jla , nɯŋa paʁ nɯra ɲɤ-mtsʰɤt .
Glosses: pen all 3PL.POSS-horse 3PL.POSS-hybrid.yak cow pig DEM:PL IFR-be.full
Translation: All the pens had become full of horses, hybrid yak, cows and pigs.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pa nɯtɕu rca , kɯ-nɤmɲo kɯ pjɤ-mtsʰɤt ʑo
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-down DEM:LOC UNEXP:DEG SBJ:PCP-watch ERG IPFV.IFR-be.full EMPH
Translation: Down [the stage], [the seats] were full of spectators.' (150822 yan muouxi de ren-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-qioʁ kɯ tó-wɣ-sɯ-kʰɤt ʑo tɕe , tɕe nóʁmɯz nɤ tɯɣ nɯnɯ ló-wɣ-sɯ-tɕɤt
Glosses: NMLZ:ACTION-vomit ERG IFR-INV-CAUS-do.a.long.time EMPH LNK LNK only.then LNK poison DEM IFR-INV-CAUS-take.out
Translation: [The medicine] caused [Gesar] to vomit a long time until he expelled the poison.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ta-ma kɯ ta-kʰɤt ʑo
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-work ERG AOR:3→3-do.a.long.time EMPH
Translation: He did a lot of work.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤcɤl kɯ tɤ-kʰat-a ʑo
Glosses: conversation ERG AOR-do.a.long.time-1SG EMPH
Translation: I have a long conversation.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ri ɣʑɤndza ɣɯ ɯ-jwaʁ nɯra mɤ-wxti ri , ɲaʁ ʑo qʰe ,
Glosses: LNK Agastache.rugosa GEN 3SG.POSS-leaf DEM:PL NEG-be.big:FACT LNK be.black:FACT EMPH LNK
Translation: The leaves of the Agastache rugosa are not large and quite dark in colour.' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑo ɣɯ <guoyu> ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , nɯnɯ kɤsɯfse ɣɯ ji-rju ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 1PL GEN national.language SENS-be LNK DEM all GEN 1PL.POSS-speech SENS-be LNK
Translation: [Chinese] is our national language, it is our common language.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci kɯ-wxti ɣɯ kɯnɤ ɯ-rkɯ ri nɯra tu ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-be.big GEN also 3SG.POSS-side LOC DEM:PL exist:FACT be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: [Dragonflies] are also found near large rivers.' (26-quspunmbro)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paχɕi ɯ-jwaʁ tsa fse ri , nɯ sɤznɤ artɯm ,
Glosses: apple 3SG.POSS-leaf a.little be.like:FACT LNK DEM COMP be.round:FACT
Translation: [Its leaves] are a little like the leaves of an apple tree, but more round.' (09-mi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rɣi nɯnɯ , nɤki , <beigua> ɣɯ sɤz ɲɯ-jaʁjɯ .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-seed DEM FILLER pumpkin GEN COMP SENS-be.thick.and.strong
Translation: Its seeds are thicker than those of the pumpkin.' (16-CWrNgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003518#S126"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qartsʰaz pʰu nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-ʁrɯ ɣɤʑu
Glosses: deer male DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-horn exist:SENS
Translation: The male deer has horns.' (27-qartshAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ a-βlu tu
Glosses: 1SG:GEN 1SG.POSS-trick exist:FACT
Translation: I have an idea.' (140507 tangguowu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003933#S28"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ maka kɤ-ntɕʰoz mɤ-kɯ-ɤrɕo kɯ-fse ʑo tɯrɟɯ laχtɕʰa ɯʑo ɣɯ tu-ɣɤ-te-a jɤɣ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS ERG at.all INF-use NEG-INF:STAT-be.finished INF:STAT-be.like EMPH wealth thing 3SG.POSS GEN IPFV-CAUS-exist[III]-1SG be.possible:FACT
Translation: [If someone saves me], I will make him have more wealth and riches than he can ever use.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qamtɕɯr nɯ ɯ-mtɕʰi nɯnɯ βʑɯ sɤznɤ mɤʑɯ ʑo amtɕoʁ tɕe nɯ βʑɯ ɣɯ ɯ-qiɯ kɯnɤ me
Glosses: shrew DEM 3SG.POSS-mouth DEM mouse COMP yet EMPH be.pointy LNK DEM mouse GEN 3SG.POSS-half even not.exist:FACT
Translation: The shrew's mouth is even sharper than that of the mouse, and [its size] is not even half that of the mouse.' (27-spjaNkW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕɯ ʑo stu kɯ-mɤku pɯ-tɯ-mto-t nɯnɯ , laχtɕʰa pɯ-nnɯ-ŋu , tɯrme pɯ-nnɯ-ŋu nɯ , aʑɯɣ nɯ-kʰɤm tɕe tɕendɤre , aʑo ɲɯ-ta-lɤt jɤɣ
Glosses: who EMPH most SBJ:PCP-be.first AOR-2-see-PST:TR DEM thing PST.IPFV-AUTO-be person PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM 1SG:GEN IMP-give[III] LNK LNK 1SG IPFV-1→2-release be.possible:FACT
Translation: Give me the first thing that you see [when you arrive home], be it a person or an object, and I will release you.' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤ-tsɯm tɕe iɕqʰa nɯ kɯβʁa nɯ ɣɯ a-nɯ-tɯ-kʰɤm
Glosses: IMP-take.away LNK the.aforementioned DEM noble DEM GEN IRR-PFV-2-give[III]
Translation: Take it and give it to the nobleman.' (150831 renshen wawa-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006418#S43"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ ɯ-ɕɤrɯ ra
Glosses: 1SG:GEN 3SG.POSS-bone be.needed:FACT
Translation: I want its bones.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S9"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ wuma ʑo ʁzi ɲɯ-ŋu , a-kɤ-ntɕʰoz sna ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG:GEN really EMPH be.necessary:FACT SENS-be 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-use be.good:FACT SENS-be
Translation: It will be useful for me, it will have good use of it.' (150902 hailibu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006316#S44"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-rŋɯl a-χsɤr ra mɤ-ra
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-silver 1SG.POSS-gold PL NEG-be.needed:FACT
Translation: I don't need silver or gold.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [βdaʁmu kɤ-ndo] nɤʑɯɣ a-pɯ-ŋgrɯ qʰe , tɕendɤre tu-tɯ-ŋke maka mɤ-ra
Glosses: queen INF-take 2SG:GEN IRR-PFV-succeed LNK LNK IPFV-2-walk at.all NEG-need:FACT
Translation: If you succeed in becoming the queen, you will not need to walk anymore.' (140504 huiguniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003909#S188"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑɯɣ tɕʰi tu-nɤme-a ra , tɤ-ti
Glosses: 2SG:GEN what IPFV-do[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT IMP-say
Translation: Tell me what I shall do for you.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-fso tʰɯ-wxti tɕe aʑɯɣ mɤ-pe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-tomorrow AOR-be.big LNK 1SG:GEN NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: In the future, when he will have grown up, he will cause me trouble.' (`he will not be good to me', 2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora ɣɯ [tɕʰi tu-fse-j tɕe ji-tɯ-ci ɣɤʑu] tu-tɯ-tʰe ɯ-tɯ́-cʰa ?
Glosses: 1PL GEN what IPFV-be.like-1PL LNK 1PL.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water exist:SENS IPFV-2-ask[III] QU-2-can:FACT
Translation: Can you ask on our behalf how we should do to have water?' (2005 divination)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰoʁtɤm ka-wum tɕe , ɯʑɤɣ pjɤ-maʁ kɯ , tɕoχtsi rɟɤlpu ɣɯ ku-wum ,
Glosses: taxes AOR:3→3-collect LNK 3SG:GEN IFR.IPFV-not.be ERG ANTHR king GEN IPFV-collect
Translation: The taxes that he had collected were not for himself, he was collecting them for the king of Cogtse.' (150901 NAjstsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɤr kʰɯtsa ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu a-tɯ-ci ci tɤ-rke ma wuma ɲɯ-ɕpaʁ-a
Glosses: gold bowl 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water a.little IMP-put.in[III] LNK really SENS-be.thirsty-1SG
Translation: Please pour some water in the golden bowl for me, I am thirsty.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri fsapaʁ ɣɯ kɯnɤ ɯ-kɤrnoʁ ɲɯ-mtɕɯr ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK animal GEN also 3SG.POSS-head SENS-turn SENS-be
Translation: But animals too can feel dizzy.' (29-tAmtshAzkAkWndo)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: χsɤr ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , kʰɯtsa ci to-nɯ-ndo .
Glosses: gold GEN FILLER bowl INDEF IFR-AUTO-take
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯ-jaʁ nɯtɕu [ftsoʁ kɯngɯt ɯ-pʰɯ] ɣɯ srɯnloʁ pjɤ-k-ɤ-rku-ci
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS DEM:LOC female.hybrid.yak nine 3SG.POSS-price GEN ring IFR.IPFV-PEG-pass-put.in-PEG
Translation: She had a ring worth nine female hybrid yak in her hand.' (2003gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ tɯxpalɤskɤr ɣɯ nɯ-mgozmɤrɤβ nɯ nɯ ma pjɤ-me .
Glosses: LNK DEM whole.year GEN 3PL.POSS-vegetable DEM DEM apart.from IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: It was the only vegetable that they had the whole year.' (140522 kAmYW tWji)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-xpa ɣɯ tɯ-ɣli nɯ cʰɯ́-wɣ-tɕɤt tú-wɣ-rmbɯ
Glosses: one-year GEN INDEF.POSS-manure DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-take.out IPFV-INV-heap
Translation: People take out (from the stable) the whole year's manure and heap it up.' (2010-tArAku)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <longtoutan> nɯ kupa-skɤt ɕti . tɕe iʑora ɣɯ tɕʰi tu-kɯ-ti ŋu mɤ-xsi .
Glosses: TOPO DEM Chinese-language be.AFF:FACT LNK 1PL GEN what IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: Longtoutan is a Chinese word; I don't know how it is said in our [language].' (150820 qaprANar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ ta-ɕɯ-mŋɤm , aʑɯɣ a-laχtɕʰa ra ja-nɯ-tsɯm-nɯ
Glosses: 1SG:GEN AOR:3→3-CAUS-be.painful 1SG:GEN 1SG.POSS-thing PL AOR:3→3-VERT-take.away-PL
Translation: He hurt me and took away my things.' (140426 luozi he qiangdao) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003814#S31"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯ-ɣɤndʐo ri kɯ-me], [kɯ-sɤ-mtsɯr ri kɯ-me], [kɤ-nɯsɯmɯzdɯɣ ri mɤ-kɯ-ra] ɣɯ sɤtɕʰa nɯtɕu jo-ɕe-ndʑi ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.cold also SBJ:PCP-not.exist SBJ:PCP-PROP-be.hungry also SBJ:PCP-not.exist INF-worry also NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.needed GEN place DEM:LOC IFR-go-DU SENS-be
Translation: The two of them went to a place where they was cold cold and hunger, and where one did not need to worry.' (140519 mai huochai de xiao nvhai-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [tɯ-xpa tu-kɯ-ɬoʁ] ɣɯ sɯjno nɯ ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK one-year IPFV-SBJ:PCP-come.out GEN TOPO DEM be:FACT LNK
Translation: It is an annual plant.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ɕɣa a-tɤ-mŋɤm tɕe tɕe tɤ-rca tɯ-ɣmba , tɯ-ku nɯra tu-mŋɤm ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , nɯnɯ “[tɯ-ɕɣa kɯ-mŋɤm] ɣɯ ɯ-rɟɤŋgo ɣɤʑu" tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: GENR.POSS-tooth IRR-PFV-be.painful LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-following GENR.POSS-cheek GENR.POSS-head DEM:PL IPFV-be.painful SENS-be LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-tooth SBJ:PCP-be.painful GEN 3SG.POSS-radiating.pain exist:SENS IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: When one has a toothache, and that one feels pain in one's cheek or a headache, one says `the toothache has a radiating pain.” (140516 WrJANgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [<donggua> cʰo <qiezi> ni tɕʰi ʑo mɯ́j-naχtɕɯɣ] ɣɯ ɯ-tɕʰa a-jɤ-tɯ-ɣɯt ra
Glosses: gourd COMIT eggplant DU what EMPH NEG:SENS-be.the.same GEN 3SG.POSS-information IRR-PFV-2-bring be.needed:FACT
Translation: [Go there and come back to] tell me in what way gourd and eggplant differ from each other.' (2010-02-yitian bi yitian-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe paʁ ɣɯ [stu ɯ-kɤ-nɯmga], iʑora ji-kɤ-nɯmga nɯ ɯ-ɕa ŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK pig GEN most 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-want.from 1PL 1PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-want.from DEM 3SG.POSS-meat be:FACT LNK
Translation: What is most wanted from pigs, what we want from them is their meat.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: slama ra ɣɯ [tʰɯtʰɤci kɯ-fse], nɯ kɤ-rɤ-βzjoz ra ɲɯ-stu mɯ́j-stu nɯ , nɯ-stu ɲɯ-nɤma-nɯ mɯ́j-nɤma-nɯ , nɯnɯra nɯ-pʰama ra nɯ-ɕki kɯ-rɤ-fɕɤt ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: student PL GEN something SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM INF-ANTIPASS-learn PL SENS-be.assiduous SENS-be.assiduous DEM 3PL.POSS-truth SENS-work-PL NEG:SENS-work-PL DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-parent PL 3PL.POSS-DAT GENR:S/O-ANTIPASS-tell:FACT SENS-be.needed
Translation: One has to tell the parents all kinds of things concerning the students, whether they try hard or not, whether they work seriously or not.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-kɯ-rtoʁ jo-ɣi .
Glosses: old.man DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-see IFR-come
Translation: He came to see the old man.' (150908 menglang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: japa tɕe alo <ercha> nɯtɕu , nɤkinɯ , iɕqʰa tsʰapa co nɯtɕu tɯɲɤt cʰɤ-ɣi .
Glosses: last.year LNK upstream TOPO DEM:LOC FILLER FILLER TOPO valley DEM:LOC rock.slide IFR:DOWNSTREAM-come
Translation: Last year, at Ercha, at the valley of Tshapa, there was a rock slide.' (160715 nWNa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jo-nɯ-ɕe tɕe , tʂu tɕu ɲɤ-mtsɯr ,
Glosses: IFR-AUTO-go LNK road LOC IFR-be.hungry
Translation: He went away, and on the road he felt hungry.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤxtɤndo tɕu ko-zo
Glosses: side.of.the.top.terrace LOC IFR-land
Translation: [The raven] landed on the side of the top terrace.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯβʁa ra ɣɯ nɯ-kʰa ɯ-kɯm nɯtɕu cʰɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM nobleman PL GEN 3PL.POSS-house 3SG.POSS-door DEM:LOC IFR:DOWNSTREAM-AUTO-come.out LNK
Translation: He went out from the door of the nobleman's house.' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯmɯkɤrŋi ɯ-me kɯɕnɯz nɯ nɯ-jaʁ zɯ , nɤkinɯ , <shanzi> kɯ-mpɕɯ~mpɕɤr ʑo , qale ɯ-sɤ-lɤt nɯ pjɤ-k-ɤsɯ-ndo-nɯ-ci tɕe , tɯmɯnɤmkʰa zɯ pjɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ-nɯ .
Glosses: heaven 3SG.POSS-daughter seven DEM 3PL.POSS-hand LOC FILLER fan SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.beautiful EMPH wind 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-release DEM IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-hold-PL-PEG LNK sky LOC IFR:DOWN-AUTO-come.out-PL
Translation: The seven daughters of heaven, holding beautiful fans in their hands, came down from the sky.' (150828 niulang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mbro ɯ-jme zɯ kɤ-zo ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-tail LOC IMP-land
Translation: Land on my horse's tail.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤxtu ri pɯ-rɤʑi-a tɕe tɤ-mtʰɯm tu-ndze-a pɯ-ŋu ri ,
Glosses: terrace LOC PST.IPFV-stay-1SG LNK INDEF.POSS-meat IPFV-eat[III]-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: I was on the terrace eating meat.' (150909 qandZGi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006358#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ nɯ-kʰa ri ɯʑo kɤ-ari ɯ-qʰu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-house LOC 3SG AOR:EAST-go[II] 3SG.POSS-after LNK
Translation: After he went to [his wife's family's] house…' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S165"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tsʰuβdɯn kɯ-sɤ-sɯxɕɤt lɤ-ari-a . tɕe nɯre ri li a-kumpɣa pɯ-tu tɕe
Glosses: LNK TOPO NMLZ-ANTIPASS-teach AOR:UPSTREAM-go[II]-1SG LNK DEM:LOC LOC again 1SG.POSS-hen PST.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: I went to Tshobdun to teach. There, I had a hen again.' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S69"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo tɕekɯ nɯtɕu zɯ pjɤ-rɤʑi qʰe
Glosses: 3SG EAST DEM:LOC LOC IFR.IPFV-stay LNK
Translation: (When) he was on the east side, …' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-xsoz ri tɕe jo-ɣi ri , ɯ-βri tɤʑri ɣɤʑu , ɲɯ-ɤci .
Glosses: one-morning LOC LNK IFR-come LNK 3SG.POSS-body dew exist:SENS SENS-be.wet
Translation: One morning, [our hen] came [back from the forest, where it was laying eggs] and its body was wet from the dew.' (150819 kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006388#S19"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-xpa nɯtɕu … tɯ-tɯpʰu , ɣʑo nɯra kɯ , ɣʑɤzga nɯnɯ , nɯnɯ sqɯ-tɯrpa ɯ-ro nɯ ku-sɯ-ɤjtɯ-nɯ ɲɯ-cʰa-nɯ .
Glosses: one-year DEM:LOC _ one-hive bee DEM:PL ERG honey DEM DEM ten-pound 3SG.POSS-excess DEM IPFV-CAUS-accumulate-PL SENS-can-PL
Translation: In one year, one hive, the bees, the honey, they can gather more than ten pounds of it.' (26-GZo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003668#S33"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-sŋi tɕe ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-ci tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK one-day LNK IFR-PEG-meet-PEG LNK
Translation: One day, [the bear finally] met [the rabbit].' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kupa-cʰu nɯra , atʰi pɕoʁ nɯra , ɯ-pɕi nɯra kɯ kɯre ri ɣɯ-cʰɯ-sɯ-χtɯ-nɯ ŋu .
Glosses: LNK Chinese-APPROX.LOC DEM:PL downstream side DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-outside DEM:LOC ERG DEM.PROX:LOC LOC CISL-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-CAUS-but-PL be:FACT
Translation: People from the Chinese areas downstream, outsiders, send [people] here to buy [these mushrooms]. (20-grWBgrWB) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003554#S57"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jwaʁ ɯ-ʁɤri ɯ-stu nɯ ɲɯ-ɤrŋi , ɯ-jwaʁ ɯ-qʰu-cʰu nɯ ɲɯ-pɣi ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf 3SG.POSS-front 3SG.POSS-direction DEM SENS-be.green 3SG.POSS-leaf 3SG.POSS-behind-APPROX.LOC DEM SENS-be.grey
Translation: The upper side of its leaves is green, and the lower side is grey.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003492#S7"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-xtɤpa cʰo ɯ-mi , ɯ-jaʁ , ɯ-ŋgɯ-cʰu nɯra ɲɯ-wɣrum .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-lower.belly COMIT 3SG.POSS-foot 3SG.POSS-hand 3SG.POSS-INSIDE-APPROX.LOC DEM:PL SENS-be.white
Translation: The lower part of its body, its feet, its paws, the inside part are white.' (20-xsar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pa jɯl pɕoʁ nɤki , tɯ-ji ɯ-rkɯ nɯra maka me . rɯŋgu kɯnɤ lo-cʰu koŋla ʑo kɯ-ɣɤndʐo mɤɕtʂa tʰi nɯra me
Glosses: down village side FILLER INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-side DEM:PL at.all not.exist:FACT pasture also upstream-APPROX.LOC completely EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.cold until downstream DEM:PL not.exist:FACT
Translation: It is not found down in the villages, near the fields. Even on the pastures, it only exists at high altitudes where it is very cold, not lower.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-rɟara cʰɯ pjɤ-k-ɤmdzɯ-ci tɕe ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-yard INDEF.LOC PST.IPFV-PEG-sit-PEG LNK
Translation: She was sitting in their yard.'(150907 yingning-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006264#S57"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-βzɯr cʰizɯ , nɤki , kɯ-spoʁ ci pjɤ-tu tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-corner INDEF.LOC FILLER SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: In one of the corners, there was a hole.' (140510 sanpian sheye-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003945#S62"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-mɯ-cʰɯ nɯ ɯ-kɯ-ru nɯ ɯ-ɣmɤr ɯ-ŋgɯ ʑo ɕ-pjɤ-lɤt ,
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-sky-towards DEM 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-look.at DEM 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-inside EMPH TRAL-IFR-release
Translation: It dropped [the medicine] inside the mouth of [Gesar], who was [lying on his back] face up towards the sky.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kutɕu zgo tɕe tɕekɯ zgo ku-nɯ-tsɯm ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl ma
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC mountain LOC east mountain IPFV:EAST-AUTO-take.away SENS-be.usually.the.case LNK
Translation: [The crossoptilon] would take [the weasel] from the mountain here to the mountain over there (on the other side of the river).' (23-qapGAmtWmtW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003608#S82"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci nɯra pa tɕe taʁ ʁɟa ʑo ɣɯ-tsɯm pjɤ-ra .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water DEM:PL down LOC up completely EMPH INV-take.away:FACT IFR.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: One had to bring water from the lower part [of the valley] upwards.' (140522 RdWrJAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qartsɯ tɕe ɲɯ-jpum ftɕar tɕe tu-mbro ŋu .
Glosses: winter LOC IPFV-be.thick summer LOC IPFV-be.high be:FACT
Translation: It grows thicker in winter, and taller in summer. (07-tAtho) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003432#S19"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-sɯm tɕe , nɯ-ʁrɯ ʑo ɣɤʑu ɕti tɕe
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-mind LOC 3PL.POSS-horn EMPH exist:SENS be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: In my opinion, [since] they have horns, (they should be able to fight the predators off).' (20-RmbroN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo ɯ-sɯm tɕe tɕe tu-tsɯm tɕe tɕendɤre iʑora ji-sɤtɕʰa ra lonba ʑo tɯ-ci ɲɯ-sɯ-ɤβze to-ʁmɯɣ .
Glosses: LNK 3SG 3SG.POSS-mind LOC LNK IPFV:UP-take LNK LNK 1PL 1PL.POSS-place PL all EMPH INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-CAUS-become[III] IFR-have.the.intention
Translation: In his mind, [the snake] wanted to take the water upwards and transform our whole area into water.' (150820 qaprANar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯʑo cʰo] kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ [sɯjno , xɕaj ma mɤ-kɯ-ndza nɯra cʰonɤ] amɯmi-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG COMIT SBJ:PCP-be.the.same vegetables grass apart.from NEG-SBJ:PCP-eat DEM:PL COMIT be.on.good.terms:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: [The rabbit] is on good terms with [the animals] which eat only grass and vegetables like him.' (04-qala2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kʰu cʰondɤre] mbro ni to-rɤkrɤz-ndʑi .
Glosses: tiger COMIT horse DU IFR-discuss-DU
Translation: The tiger and the horse had a discussion.' (20-tArka)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-rqʰu nɯ ɣɯrni laʁma ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯ [sɤjku cʰo] ɲɯ-naχtɕɯɣ-ndʑi ri
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-bark DEM be.red:FACT apart.from.the.fact 3SG.POSS-inside DEM birch COMIT SENS-be.the.same-DU LNK
Translation: Apart from the fact that its bark is red, it is identical in the inside with the birch.' (06-mbrAj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wɯ cʰo a-ʁi ni cʰɯ-ɣi-ndʑi ra ma ʑɤni-sti kɤ-rɤʑi mɤ-cʰa-ndʑi tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grand.father COMIT 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DU IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come-DU be.needed:FACT LNK 3DU-alone INF-stay NEG-can:FACT-DU LNK
Translation: My grandfather and my younger brother have to come, they cannot stay by themselves.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri ɯʑo ndɤre , qajdo cʰo ra kɯ ndɤ tú-wɣ-ndza ɕti
Glosses: but 3SG ADVERS crow COMIT PL ERG ADVERS IPFV-INV-eat be.AFF:FACT
Translation: But it is eaten by crows and other [animals].' (26-NalitCaRmbWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-pɯ ra cʰo] tɯtɯrca to-ndza-nɯ tɕe to-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-ɕɯ-fka-nɯ ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-young PL COMIT together IFR-eat-PL LNK IFR-AUTO-REFL-CAUS-be.full-PL EMPH SENS-be
Translation: [The eagle] ate them together with its fledglings and they ate to their full.' (huli yu shanying-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-rʑaβ cʰo ndʑi-me ci tu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-wife COMIT 3DU.POSS-daughter one exist:FACT LNK
Translation: He and his wife have a daughter.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rpi nɤ tɤ-rpi ʑo ɲɯ-sɯ-βzu-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sutra ADD INDEF.POSS-sutra EMPH IPFV-CAUS-make-PL SENS-be LNK
Translation: They ask [lamas] to chant sutras after sutras.' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-χti nɯ kɯ cʰa ntsɯ ku-tsʰi pɯ-ŋu tɕe cʰa nɤ cʰa ku-tsʰi pjɯ-ɕti tɕe
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-companion DEM ERG alcohol always IPFV-drink PST.IPFV-be LNK alcohol add alcohol IPFV-drink IPFV-be.AFF LNK
Translation: Her husband used to drink all the time, drank alcohol again and again.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci nɯ taʁ nɤ taʁ , taʁ nɤ taʁ tu-ɣi pjɤ-ɕti
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water DEM up ADD up up ADD up IPFV:UP-come IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: The water was raising up and up.' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʂu nɤ tʂu pjɤ-ɕe qʰe ,
Glosses: path ADD path IFR:DOWN-go LNK
Translation: He went all the way down.' (140511 alading-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003953#S102"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qandʑɣi sɤznɤ ɲɯ-wxti , qaliaʁ sɤznɤ ɲɯ-xtɕi
Glosses: falcon COMP SENS-be.big eagle COMP SENS-be.small
Translation: It is bigger than a falcon, and smaller than an eagle.' (2011-08-kuwu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo nɯ aʑo sɤz tɯ-xpa wxti
Glosses: 3SG DEM 1SG COMP one-year be.big:FACT
Translation: She is one year older than me.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S85"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-jwaʁ nɯ , … tɯ-xpa sɤz tɯ-xpa lu-dɤn ŋu ma
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-leaf DEM _ one-year COMP one-year IPFV-be.many be:FACT LNK
Translation: There are more needles (`leaves') each year.' (08-saCW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003462#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-mu kɤ-fsraŋ mɤ-tɯ-cʰa tɕe , nɯ sɤznɤ , a-rca jɤ-ɣi tɕe , a-rca , nɤki , laχɕi pɯ-βzjoz
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-mother INF-protect NEG-2-can:FACT LNK DEM COMP 1SG.POSS-following IMP-come LNK 1SG.POSS-following FILLER trade IMP-learn
Translation: You cannot save your mother, rather than that, come with me to learn some abilities.' (150826 baoliandeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki kɤ-rtsi kɯ-tu me nɤ , aʑo nɯ sɤznɤ , nɤkinɯ , kʰa kɯ-qanɯ~nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ zɯ , nɤkinɯ , tɯ-ɕpɤβ kɯβde-rzɯɣ tɤ-kɤ-lɤt nɯnɯ ku-sɤlɤɣi-a cʰa-a ɕti nɤ !
Glosses: DEM.PROX INF-count SBJ:PCP-exist not.exist:FACT SFP 1SG DEM COMP FILLER house SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.dark 3SG.POSS-inside LOC FILLER INDEF.POSS-corpse four-section AOR-OBJ:PCP-release DEM IPFV-combine-1SG can:FACT-1SG be.AFF:FACT SFP
Translation: [What you ask] is nothing, I am even able to put together a corpse that had been cut into four pieces in a dark house.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki sɤlaŋpʰɤn ki nɯ sɤznɤ ɲɯ-wxti wo tɕe kʰa ju-nɯ-tsɯm-a tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM.PROX basin DEM.PROX DEM COMP SENS-be.big SFP LNK house IPFV-VERT-take-1SG LNK
Translation: This basin is really big, I will take it home.' (150831 jubaopen)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯm ci mɯma nɯnɯ tɕe znde ʁɟa ʑo ɕti
Glosses: door one apart.from DEM LNK wall completely EMPH be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Apart from one door, there are walls everywhere.' (2011-11-kha)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑɯɣ ɯ-ɕa ra] ma nɯ ma kɯ-ra me
Glosses: 1SG.GEN 3SG.POSS-meat be.needed:FACT LNK DEM apart.from SBJ:PCP-be.needed not.exist:FACT
Translation: I want its meat, and nothing else.' (02-deluge2012)