lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: stu kɯ-xtɕi nɯ kɯ nɯra [tɯ~tɤ-amɯ-ti-ndʑi] nɯ pjɤ-mtsʰɤm .
Glosses: most SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM ERG DEM:PL tOTAL~AOR-RECIP-say-DU DEM IFR-hear
Translation: The youngest [boy] heard all the things that they had said to each other.' (160630 poucet1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo si tɤ-mda kóʁmɯz nɤ nɯ [mɯ-pjɤ-pe] nɯ ko-tso ri ɲɤ-maqʰu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK 3SG die:FACT AOR-be.the.time only.then ADD DEM NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.good DEM IFR-understand LNK IFR-be.late SENS-be
Translation: Just before dying, he understood that [what he had done] was not good, but it was too late.' (aesop nongfu yu she-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: nɯ [tu-ɣɤwu] nɯ ɯ-mtsʰɤm pɯ-rɲo-t-a ma
Glosses: DEM IPFV-cry DEM 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:hear AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯra [pɯ~pɯ-kɯ-fse] nɯra , [<yazi> tɤ-kɤ-mɯrkɯ , tɤ-kɤ-ndza], qʰe ɕɤr tɕe [ɯ-βri tɤ-kɯ-rɤʑa] qʰe , [ɯ-βri tɕe iɕqʰa , <yazi> ɣɯ ɯ-muj nɯ-kɯ-ɬoʁ], nɯra pjɤ-fɕɤt .
Glosses: LNK DEM:PL TOTAL~PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL duck AOR-OBJ:PCP-steal AOR-OBJ:PCP-eat LNK evening LOC 3SG.POSS-body AOR-SBJ:PCP-itch LNK 3SG.POSS-body LOC the.aforementioned duck GEN 3SG.POSS-feather AOR-SBJ:PCP-come.out DEM:PL IFR-tell
Translation: He told [the old man] everything that had happened, about the duck that he had stolen and eaten, and his body itching, and the duck feathers that had grown on it.' (150904 maya-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯ-ngo] to-ʑɣɤpa tɕe
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.sick IFR-pretend LNK
Translation: She pretended to be sick.' (Nyima Wodzer 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaɕpa to-nɯɕpɯz , qaɕpa ɯ-rqʰu to-ŋga ,
Glosses: frog IFR-pretend frog 3SG.POSS-skin IFR-wear
Translation: He dressed up as a frog, he wore a frog's skin.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɤ-pɤtso kɯ-ɣɤwu] ʑo kɤ-nɯɕpɯz mɤ-spe-a ma nɯ mɯma spe-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child SBJ:PCP-cry EMPH INF-imitate NEG-be.able[III]:FACT-1SG LNK DEM apart.from be.able[III]:FACT-1SG
Translation: I cannot imitate a child crying, but apart from that I can imitate [anything].' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [ɯ-mi kɯ-mŋɤm] to-nɯɕpɯz
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-leg SBJ:PCP-hurt IFR-pretend
Translation: He pretended to feel pain in his leg.' (140426 lang yisheng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri [sŋaʁspa kɯ tɯ~ta-tɯt] nɯ to-stu
Glosses: LNK sorcerer ERG TOTAL~AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM IFR-do.like
Translation: He did it everything the way that the sorcerer had said.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[“nɯ a-tɤ-fse ɲɯ-ra"] tɤ-tɯ-tɯt] nɯ tɤ-stu-t-a ŋu
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV-be.like SENS-be.needed AOR-2-say[II] DEM AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG be:FACT
Translation: I did it [the way that] you said should be done.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: `[[`tɯrme nɯ ko-nɯrŋu”] kɤ-ti] mɯ-pɯ-mtsʰam-a
Glosses: person DEM IFR-have.pig.disease SBJ:PCP-say NEG-AOR-hear-1SG
Translation: I have never heard of people getting the pig disease.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɤɕime nɯ kɯ nɯra kɤ-stu] pjɤ-cʰa
Glosses: princess DEM ERG DEM:PL INF-do.like.this IFR-can
Translation: The princess succeeded in doing it.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-mat nɯ kɤ-ndza] sna , [tɯrme kɤ-ndza] sna
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM INF-eat be.good:FACT people INF-eat be.good:FACT
Translation: Its fruit is nice to eat, it is nice for people to eat.' (09-stoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯnɯ tɯrme kɯ kɤ-ndza] sna
Glosses: DEM people ERG INF-eat be.good:FACT
Translation: It is nice for people to eat.' (13-NanWkWmtsWG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsuku tɕe [kɤ-nɯrɤɣo] wuma ʑo rga-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: some LNK INF-sing really EMPH like:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: Some people like to sing.' (26-kWrNukWGndZWr) (S=S)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo [qajɯ nɯra kɤ-nɤrtoχpjɤt] pɯ-rga-a tɕe
Glosses: 1SG bugs DEM:PL INF-observe PST.IPFV-like-1SG LNK
Translation: I liked to observe bugs.' (26-quspunmbro) (A=S)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka [tu-kɤ-nɤjoʁjoʁ], [tu-kɤ-fstɤt] nɯ ɲɯ-rga-nɯ
Glosses: at.all IPFV-INF-flatter IPFV-INF-praise DEM IPFV-like-PL
Translation: They like to be flattered or praised.' (140427 yuanhou-zh) (P=S)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɤjkʰu pjɯ-si ɕɯŋgɯ ʑo [ɯ-ɕa ɯ-ndza] tu-ʑa-nɯ ɕti
Glosses: still IPFV-die before EMPH 3SG.POSS-flesh 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:eat IPFV-start-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [The lions] start eating its flesh before it dies (i.e. while it is still alive).' (20-sWNgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo a-ku (a-mɤtsa), tɯ-mŋɤm] ta-ʑa
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-head 1SG.POSS-MZCh INF:II-hurt AOR:3→3-start
Translation: My head_i, cousin, when it_i starts hurting…' (TaRrdo 2003 conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mɯntoʁ nɯ pɯ-ŋgra tɕe [ɯ-ŋgɯ ɯ-mat tɯ-βzu] na-ʑa ri tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower DEM AOR-ACAUS:cause.to.fall LNK 3SG.POSS-inside 3SG.POSS-fruit INF:II-make AOR:3→3-start LOC LNK
Translation: When its flower has fallen, and its fruit has started growing inside…' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɯ kɤ-nɤkʰu] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 3SG ERG INF-invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have been to his house as a guest.' (= `He invited me to come to his house as a guest and I came.') (P=A)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯʑo kɤ-nɤkʰu] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 3SG INF-invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: He has been to my house as a guest.' (= `I have invited him to come to my house as a guest and he came.') (A=A)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-nɤkʰu] pa-rɲo
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-BARE.INF:invite AOR:3→3-experience
Translation: I have been to his house as a guest.' (= `He invited me to come to his house as a guest and I came.')
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯʑo ɯ-nɤkʰu] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:invite AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: He has been to my house as a guest.' (= `I invited him to come to my house as a guest and he came.')
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯra ɯ-ti] to-jɤɣ tɕe
Glosses: DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say IFR-finish LNK
Translation: After saying that, (they went to the park)' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo a-ŋga ra tu-nɯ-ŋge-a , jɤɣɤt ju-nɯ-ɕe-a] ra tɤ-cʰa-a
Glosses: 1SG 1SG-clothes PL IPFV-AUTO-wear[III]-1SG toilet IPFV-AUTO-go-1SG PL AOR-can-1SG
Translation: I am able now to get dressed by myself and use the bathroom by myself (again, after an accident).' (conversation, 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndɤre [kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi a-mɤ-pɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-ɕlɯɣ] ɲɯ-ra ma rca nɯ ɲɯ-ndoʁ qʰe ɕlaʁ ʑo pjɯ-ɴɢrɯ ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: LNK INF:STAT~be.small IRR-NEG-PFV:DOWN-INV-AUTO-drop SENS-be.needed because UNEXP:DEG DEM SENS-be.brittle LNK at.once EMPH IPFV-ACAUS:break SENS-be:AFF
Translation: However, one should not let it drop at all, otherwise, as it is very brittle, it would break at once.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯ-xtɕɯ-xtɕi tɤ-nɤŋkɯŋke-a] tɤ-cʰa-a .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small AOR-walk.around-1SG AOR-can-1SG
Translation: I am now able to walk around a little bit (again, after an accident).' (conversation, 17-08-21)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯnɯ a-kɤ-ɣɯt] a-pɯ-cʰa tɕe nɯnɯ pʰɤn
Glosses: DEM IRR-PFV:EAST-bring IRR-PFV-can LNK DEM be.efficient:FACT
Translation: If he succeeds in bringing him here, it will be efficient [to cure my disease].' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤ-ɕqʰe smɤn ku-tɯ-ndze] ɯ-kú-ra ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-cough medicine PRS-2-eat[III] QU-PRS-be.needed
Translation: Do you have to take medicine for your cough (now)?' (conversation 2019-08-16)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [<weixin> tu-lat-a] nɯra mɯ́j-spe-a .
Glosses: Wechat IPFV-release-1SG DEM:PL NEG:SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I am not able to use Wechat.' (conversation, 17-03-27)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯ ku-nɯ-ta-j] wuma ʑo rga-j
Glosses: DEM IPFV-AUTO-put-1PL really EMPH like:FACT-1SG
Translation: We like to put it (in the tea kettle to make tea).' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɯ tu-kɯ-nɤjoʁjoʁ-a] nɯra rga-a
Glosses: 2SG ERG IPFV-2→1-flatter-1SG DEM:PL like:FACT-1SG
Translation: I like it when you flatter me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: [nɤʑo mɤlɤn ʑo pjɯ-tɯ-si] ntsʰi
Glosses: 2SG absolutely EMPH IPFV-2-die be.better:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajdo nɯ kɯ [tɯ-ci ko-tsʰi] pjɤ-cʰa .
Glosses: crow DEM ERG INDEF.POSS-water IFR-drink IFR-can
Translation: The crow succeeded in drinking water.' (aesop kouke de wuya-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [“ɣa" nɤ “ɣa" nɯ to-ti-nɯ] pjɤ-ra .
Glosses: yes ADD yes DEM IFR-say-PL IFR.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: They had no other choice but to say `yes'.' (140518 jinyin chengbao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [jɯxɕo tɕʰi tɤ-tɯ-nɤma-t tɤ-tɯ-ʑa-t] ʑo nɯ , ɕɤr mɤɕtʂa ɯʑo tɤ-nɤme ra
Glosses: this.morning what AOR-2-do-PST:TR AOR-2-start-PST:TR EMPH DEM night until 3SG IMP-do[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: That which you have started doing this morning, do it until night.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma ju-mtsaʁ ʁɟa ʑo ma nɯ ma [[ɯ-mi pjɯ-sɯ-ɤtse] [tu-ŋke]] mɯ́j-cʰa
Glosses: LNK IPFV-jump completely EMPH LNK DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-foot IPFV-CAUS-be.inserted[III] IPFV-walk NEG:SENS-can
Translation: It only jumps, as it is not able to walk with its feet (by taking steps).' (28-qaCpa2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-nɯrtsɯ] [kɤ-ŋke] ra tɤ-cʰa
Glosses: INF-crawl INF-walk PL AOR-can
Translation: When [the baby] is able to crawl and walk, …' (140426 tApAtso kAnWBdaR1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[kɤ-ndza] kɤ-ɣɤ-ndɯβ] mɯ́j-kʰɯ tɕe lú-wɣ-sɯ-qioʁ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: INF-chew INF-CAUS-be.minute NEG:SENS-be.possible LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-vomit SENS-be LNK
Translation: [Dogs]_i cannot chew [pɤŋɤxɕaj]_j (a type of grass) into fine parts, and it_j makes them vomit.' (140505 panaxCAj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[ɯ-ngra pe] [mɤ-pe]] nɯ , [[kɤ-nɤma pe] [mɤ-pe]] arɤtɕʰa
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-salary good:FACT NEG-be.good:FACT DEM INF-work good:FACT NEG-be.good:FACT be.determined.from:FACT
Translation: Whether his salary is good or not is determined by/depends on whether his work is good or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[ɯ-spa rtaʁ] [mɤ-rtaʁ]] tɤ-z-rɤtɕʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-material be.enough:FACT NEG-be.enough:FACT IMP-CAUS-be.determined.from[III]
Translation: Determine [the quantity of clothes that you are going to make] based on whether the [quantity of] cloth is sufficient.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “ja , tʰɯ-nɯmbjɯm-nɯ je" to-ti .
Glosses: INTERJ IMP-warm.by.fire-PL SFP IFR-say
Translation: She said: `Come, get warm by the fire!' (160703 poucet3-v2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ “nɯ mɤ-nɤtsa loβ" to-ti , kʰro mɯ-to-kʰɯ .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG DEM NEG-be.appropriate:FACT SFP IFR-say much NEG-IFR-agree
Translation: The boy said `This is inappropriate' and did not agree [to marry her]. (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma nɤ-wa kɯ [nɤʑo nɯɣi] kɤ-sɯso kɯ kʰa ɯ-rkɯ tɕe ʁmaʁ χsɯ-tɤxɯr pa-sɯ-lɤt ɕti tɕe
Glosses: LNK 2SG.POSS-father ERG 2SG come.back:FACT INF-think ERG house 3SG.POSS-side LNK soldier three-circle ARO:3→3-CAUS-release be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Direct: `Your father, thinking `He is coming back', put three rings of soldiers around the house.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ kɯ “ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ a-nɯ-ɤtɯɣ-a" ɲɤ-sɯso ɕti
Glosses: old.man DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-son DEM IRR-PFV-meet-1SG IFR-think be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Direct: `The old man thought “I wish I could meet my son".
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ta-ʁi nɯ kɯ [ɯ-pi ɣɯ ɯ-sci tu-nɤme-a ra] ɲɤ-sɯso tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-younger.sibling DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 3SG.POSS-revenge IPFV-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT IFR-think LNK
Translation: Direct: `The [younger] sister thought “I have to get revenge on my brother".
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɕɯ nɯ a-nɯ-ɤtɯɣ-a (ra)
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son DEM IRR-PFV-meet-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I wish I could meet my son.' (elicitation based on ex:WtCW.anAtWGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pi ɣɯ ɯ-sci tu-nɤme-a ra
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling GEN 3SG.POSS-revenge IPFV-make[III]-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I have to get revenge on my brother.' (elicitation based on ex:tunAmea)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤɕime nɯ kɯ pjɯ-tɯ-mtsʰɤm tɕe , [nɯnɯ ɯ-kɯmtɕʰɯ nɯ ju-ɣɯt-a ŋu] ɯ-kɯ-ti pjɤ-tu ndɤre ,
Glosses: girl DEM ERG IPFV-CONV:IMM-hear LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-toy DEM IPFV-bring-1SG be:FACT 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: Direct: `As soon as the girl heard that there was someone saying “I will bring your toy".
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “ɯʑo χsɯ-sŋi χsɤ-rʑaʁ ma mɯ-pɯ-rɤʑi-a" ɲɯ-nɯ-sɯsɤm pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG three-day three-night apart.from NEG-PST.IPFV-stay-1SG IPFV-AUTO-think[III] PST.IPFV-be
Translation: Direct: `He was thinking “I have only stayed for three days and three nights".
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tʂɯnlɤn ɲɯ-nɯ-fsɯɣ-a ɯ-ɲɯ-tɯ-sɯsɤm nɤ , nɯ tɤ-ste ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-favour IPFV-AUTO-pay.back-1SG Q-IPFV-2-think[III] LNK DEM IMP-do.this.way[III] say:FACT SENS-be
Translation: Direct: `If you think “I will return the favour (which I received from you)", do like that.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi tu-tɯ-ste ŋu , [kɤ-sɤ-fstɯn]
Glosses: what IPFV-2-do.like[III] be:FACT INF-APASS-serve
Translation: How do you treat people?' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤʑo kɤ-ɕɯ-nŋo] aʑo mɯ-ɲɯ-cʰa-a
Glosses: 2SG INF-CAUS-be.defeated 1SG NEG-IPFV-can-1SG
Translation: I cannot defeat you anymore.' (140513 abide he mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [lɯlu kɯ aʑo ʁnɯz ʑo ka-ndo] pɯ-mto-t-a
Glosses: cat ERG 1SG two EMPH AOR:3→3-take AOR-see-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I saw a cat catching two of them.' (22-kumpGatCW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: fsapaʁ ra [kɤ-ndza] wuma rga-nɯ
Glosses: animals PL INF-eat very like:FACT-PL
Translation: Farm animals like to eat it.' (19-qachGa mWntoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [paʁ ra kɯ kɤ-ndza] wuma ʑo rga-nɯ
Glosses: pig PL ERG INF-eat very EMPH like:FACT-PL
Translation: Pigs like to eat it.' (12 ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [<xinbada> nɯ tɕe li tɯ-ŋke] to-ʑa
Glosses: Sinbad DEM LNK again INF-walk IFR-begin
Translation: Sinbad started to walk again.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ [nɯɕimɯma ʑo tɯ-nɯrɤɣo] cʰɤ-ʑa
Glosses: bird DEM ERG immediately EMPH INF-sing IFR-begin
Translation: The bird immediately started to sing.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [mɤ-kɤ-ɕe] nɯ mɤ-kʰɯ ri
Glosses: NEG-INF-go DEM NEG-be.possible:FACT LNK
Translation: [I] have no choice but to go.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa nɯ ju-rɤtɣe kɯ-fse qʰe , tu-ŋke ma nɯ ma [ɲɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom] ra mɯ́j-spe
Glosses: ground DEM IPFV-measure.by.span INF:STAT-be.like LNK IPFV-walk LNK DEM apart.from IPFV-fly PL NEG:SENS-be.able[III]
Translation: The [inchworm] moves as if it were measuring the ground span by span, it is not able fly.' (26-qambalWla)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯra [tɕʰeme jɤ-ɣɯt-a] ra mɯ-to-ti .
Glosses: DEM.PL girl AOR-bring-1SG PL NEG-IFR-say
Translation: He did not say that he had brought a girl home (and the related events).' (150909 hua pi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [pɣɤtɕɯ ra tɯ-mbri] ra ta-ʑa-nɯ pɯ-tsu
Glosses: bird PL INF:II-cry PL AOR:3→3-start-PL PST.IPFV-have.time.to
Translation: [The solar eclipse] lasted long enough for the birds to start singing (as if night had come).' (29-RmGWzWn)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-nɯ-βlɯ] kɯnɤ mɤ-sna
Glosses: INF-AUTO-burn also NEG-be.good:FACT
Translation: It is not even good for burning (as firewood).' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-mtsʰɤm] ma nɯ ma mɯ-pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: INF-hear LNK DEM apart.from NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I only heard about it.' (I did not see it and do not even claim that it exists, of a mythological animal) (20-RmbroN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mna to-ʑa tɕe
Glosses: INF:II-be.better IFR:UP-start LNK
Translation: He started getting better.' (150907 yingning-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-χpi ɯ-fɕɤt pjɤ-ʑa .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-story 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:tell IFR:DOWN-start
Translation: He started telling her a story.' (140517 buaishuohua-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-fsoʁ lo-ʑa tɕe ,
Glosses: INF:II-be.light IFR:UPSTREAM-start LNK
Translation: The day broke.' (140511 yinzi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɟuli ɯ-lɤt cʰɤ-ʑa
Glosses: flute 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:release IFR:DOWNSTREAM-start
Translation: He started playing the flute.' (140513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɯ-rɟaʁ ko-ʑa-ndʑi
Glosses: INF:II-dance IFR:EAST-start-DU
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li tɯ-ɕe jo-ʑa
Glosses: again INF:II-go IFR:INDEFINITE-start
Translation: He started leaving.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɤɣo cʰɤ-ʑa
Glosses: song IFR:DOWNSTREAM-start
Translation: It started singing (i.e. began a song).' (140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ nɯɕimɯma ʑo tɯ-nɯrɤɣo cʰɤ-ʑa
Glosses: bird DEM ERG immediately EMPH INF-sing IFR:DOWNSTREAM-start
Translation: The bird immediately started to sing.' (140514 huishuohua de niao)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <kaoshi> pɯ-cʰa
Glosses: exam AOR-can
Translation: He passed the exam.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso nɯ kɯ nɯra [tɯ~ta-tɯt] nɯra pjɤ-cʰa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child DEM ERG DEM:PL TOTAL~AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM:PL IFR-can
Translation: The child had succeeded in doing everything that [the old king] had said.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-wa tɕʰi tɤ-stu-t-a] nɯ tu-ste-a ɲɯ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-father what AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG DEM IPFV-do.like[III]-1SG SENS-be.needed
Translation: I have to deal with him in the same way as I dealt with his father. (=How I treated his father, I have to treat him like that)' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯɕimɯma ʑo iɕqʰa [kɯm nɯtɕu ɯ-ftaʁ tɤ-kɤ-ta] nɯ pjɤ-mto
Glosses: immediately EMPH the.aforementioned door DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-mark PDV-INF/OBJ:PCP-put DEM IFR-see
Translation: She immediately saw the mark that had been put on the door / that someone had put a mark on the door.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lo-fsoʁ tɕe tɕe tɤ-mu nɯ [ɯ-tɕɯ ɯ-kɯ-ɕar] cʰɤ-ɕe tɕe ,
Glosses: IFR-be.bright LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-mother DEM 3SG.POSS-son 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search IFR:DOWNSTREAM-go LNK
Translation: When the sun came up (in the morning), the mother went to look for her son.' (tWJo 2012)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pri nɯ [ɯ-zda ɯ-kɯ-ɕar] jo-ɬoʁ .
Glosses: bear DEM 3SG.POSS-companion 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search IFR-come.out
Translation: The bear came out to look for its companion (another bear).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kʰro kɤ-mto] mɯ́j-ɣi ma ɯ-kɤ-ndza ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: much OBJ:PCP-see NEG:SENS-come LNK 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat exist:SENS
Translation: (In the years when there are a lot of things to eat in the forest), it_i does not come to [places where it_i can] be seen, because it_i has things to eat. (23-pGAYaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo βlama tɤ-nɯβlɤmtɕʰat-a
Glosses: 1SG lama AOR-ask.to.perform.a.task-1SG
Translation: I asked a lama to perform a [ceremony] for me.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-nɯβlɤmtɕʰɤt ɕe-a ra
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-ask.to.perform.a.task go:FACT-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: (Their lama said:) `I have to go to perform [a ceremony at someone's invitation].' (160720 kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-fso-soz tɕe , [tɤ-rɟit ra kɯ nɯ ɯ-kɯ-ɕar] jo-ɕe-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-tomorrow-morning LNK INDEF.POSS-child PL ERG DEM 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-search IFR:UPSTREAM-go SENS-be LNK
Translation: The next morning, the children went (there) to look for him.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-wa nɯ kɯ kʰapa tɕe ɯ-kɯ-n-nɤjo] pjɤ-ɣi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-father DEM ERG downstairs LOC 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-wait IFR:DOWN-come
Translation: His father came downstairs to wait for him.' (140506 loBzi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-maqʰu tɕe , tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ [kɯ-si] to-rɤŋgat
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK INDEF.POSS-son DEM SBJ:PCP-die IFR-be.about.to
Translation: The man was about to die.' (2002 rkongrgjal2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tsʰɤt ɯ-kɯ-mtsʰi] ci jɤ-ɣe tɕe
Glosses: goat 3SG.POSS-lead INDEF AOR-come[II] LNK
Translation: Someone came leading a goat.' (chen-pear)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mbro ɯ-ndʐi nɯra [kɤ-ntsɣe] jo-tsɯm
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-skin DEM:PL OBJ:PCP-sell IFR-take.away
Translation: He took the horses' skins to [the market] to sell them.' (150814 kelaosi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kutɕu rca [kɤ-ntsɣe] ɯ-kuxtɕɯ~xtɕo ju-ɣɯt-nɯ ɕti .
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC UNEXP:DEG OBJ:PCP-sell 3SG.POSS-EMPH~basket IPFV-bring-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: [People] bring many basketfuls [of mushroom] to sell.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-sat] ɯ-spa jó-wɣ-tsɯm ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: OBJ:PCP-kill 3SG.POSS-material IFR-INV-take.away SENS-be
Translation: He was taken away to be executed.' (tou dongxi de xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme nɯ kɯ laχtɕʰa [kɤ-ntsɣe] (ɯ-spa) kɯ-dɯ~dɤn jo-ɣɯt .
Glosses: person DEM ERG thing OBJ:PCP-sell 3SG.POSS-material SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many IFR-bring
Translation: The man brought a lot of things to sell.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: paʁ nɯra ʁo lɯski , [ɕa kɤ-ndza] ɯ-spa ku-χsu-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu ri
Glosses: pig DEM:PL ADVERS of.course meat OBJ:PCP-eat 3SG.POSS-material IPFV-feed-PL IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: As for the pigs, people of course raise them for their meat.' (150820 kAnWCkat)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-zda nɯra , [[pɣɤtɕɯ kɯ-ɣɤwu], [kʰɯna kɯ-ɤndzɯt], [lɯlu kɯ-ɣɤwu] kɯ-fse , nɯra tu-nɯɕpɯz] ɲɯ-spe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion DEM:PL bird SBJ:PCP-cry dog SBJ:PCP-bark cat SBJ:PCP-cry INF:STAT-be.like DEM:PL IPFV-imitate SENS-be.able[III]
Translation: It is able to imitate other animals, sing like a bird, bark like a dog, meow like a cat or call like a fox.' (27-kikakCi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-kɯ-ɣi ɲɤ-ɣɤ-me qʰe ,
Glosses: IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-come IFR-CAUS-not.exist LNK
Translation: She made it impossible for her to come out (again).' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[rŋɯl kɯ ndʑi-kɯ-sɤndu] kɯ-cʰa] kɯ-fse pɯ~pɯ-tu nɤ
Glosses: silver ERG 3DU-SBJ:PCP-exchange SBJ:PCP-can SBJ:PCP-be.like COND~PST.IPFV-exist if
Translation: If there was someone who could redeem [the life of the two brothers] with money, …' (140507 jinniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ lu-rɤ-ji , tɕe tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ li tɯ-taʁ cʰɯ-βze tɕe , mɯntoʁ ra tu-tʂɯβ qʰe ku-nɯ-rɤʑi-ndʑi pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-boy DEM IPFV-APASS-plant LNK girl DEM ERG again NMLZ:ACTION-weave IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-make[III] LNK flower PL IPFV-sew LNK IPFV-AUTO-stay-DU IPFV.IFR-be
Translation: The boy was working in the fields, the girl was weaving and doing embroidery, they were living like that.' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɯ-ɕkʰo pjɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-βzu qʰe , nɯ kɤ-ɣndʑɯr ɯ-spa nɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-ɕkʰo tɕe nɯ-rom kóʁmɯz cʰɯ́-wɣ-ndʑɯr ra tɕe , ɯnɯnɯra ɣɯ-tu-mɯrki tu-ndze ŋu .
Glosses: LNK NMLZ:ACTION-dry.in.the.sun IPFV:DOWN-INV-AUTO-make LNK DEM OBJ:PCP-grind 3SG.POSS-material DEM IPFV:DOWN-INV-dry.in.the.sun LNK AOR-be.dry only.after IPFV-INV-grind be.needed:FACT LNK DEM:PL CISL-IPFV-steal[III] IPFV-eat[III] be:FACT
Translation: When we dry things in the sun, when we dry the grains before grinding (one grinds them only after they have dried), it comes, steals them and eats them.' (22-CAGpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɤɣo ra cʰɯ-βzu-nɯ , tɯ-rɟaʁ ra pjɯ-βzu-nɯ pjɤ-ŋgrɤl ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: song PL IPFV-make-PL NMLZ:ACTION-dance PL IPFV-make-PL INDEF.IPFV-be.usually.the.case SENS-be
Translation: (Every year, when the festival took place), [people] would sing and dance.' (150906 toutao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe aʑo a-mtʰɯm ta-nɯ-tsɯm qʰe , a-jaʁ ra tɯ-mɯrʁɯz cʰɤ-lɤt qʰe , tɤ-se pa-tɕɤt .
Glosses: LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-meat AOR:UP:3→3-VERT-take.away LNK 1SG.POSS-hand PL NMLZ:ACTION-scratch IFR:DOWNSTREAM-release LNK INDEF.POSS-blood AOR:3→3-take.out
Translation: The kite took away the meat (that was in my hand), it scratched my hand, and made it bleed.' (150909 qandZGi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰu ɯ-ŋgɯ tɯ-tɯ-nɯmdar pjɤ-βzu-ndʑi
Glosses: lake 3SG.POSS-inside SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-jump IFR:DOWN-make-DU
Translation: They (the two of them) had jumped into the lake together.' (nyima wodzer 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pri cʰo jlɤkrɯ nɯra tɯ-tɯ-tʂaβ ʑo pjɤ-βzu
Glosses: bear COMIT DEM:PL basket SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-cause.to.roll.down EMPH IFR:DOWN-make
Translation: He made the basket with the bear [in it] roll down (together).' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ŋga tɯ-tɯ-tʂɯβ kɤ-βzu-t-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-clothes SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-sew AOR-make:PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I stiched the clothes together.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora tɯ-tɯ-qur tɤ-ta-βzu-nɯ
Glosses: 2PL SIMULT-NMLZ:ACTION-help AOR-1→2-make-PL
Translation: I helped you all at the same time.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kʰramba-qur] ma-tɤ-kɯ-βzu-a
Glosses: lie-help NEG-IMP-2→1-make-1SG
Translation: Do not pretend to help me!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kʰramba-nɤre] ɲɤ-βzu
Glosses: lie-laugh IFR-make
Translation: He pretended to laugh.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajɣi pjɯ́-wɣ-rɤpɣi tɕe tɕe , li [kɯzɣɤ-rɤlaj] ʑo pjɯ́-wɣ-βzu .
Glosses: bread INF-INV-mix.flour.and.water LNK LNK again long.time-knead EMPH IPFV-INV-make
Translation: When one mixes flour and water to make bread, one has to knead [the dough] for a long time.' (160706 thotsi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ tu-nɯʁlɯmbɯɣ-a ɕti ri , ɯʑo kɯ kɤ-nɤma nɯ sɤpe
Glosses: DEM IPFV-guess-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG ERG OBJ:PCP-work DEM do.well:FACT
Translation: I suppose that he will perform this task well.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-ʁnɯ-a ɕti ma ɯʑo kɯ ta-tɯt ŋu maʁ mɤ-xsi
Glosses: IPFV-suspect-1SG be.AFF:FACT LNK 3SG ERG AOR:3→3-say be:FACT not.be:FACT NEG-GENR:know
Translation: I am wondering whether what he said is true or not (suspecting that it is not true).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ku-rtoʁ tɕe [tɕʰeme nɯ wuma ʑo pjɤ-mpɕɤr]
Glosses: IPFV-look LNK girl DEM really EMPH IFR.IPFV-be.beautiful
Translation: He saw that that the girl was very beautiful.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe lu-ru tɕe [ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɯʑo lu-ntɕʰɤr ɲɯ-ŋu]
Glosses: LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-look.at LNK 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC himself IPFV:UPSTREAM-be.reflected SENS-be
Translation: [The rooster] looked at [a window] and [saw] its own reflection in it.' (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕɯŋgɯ pjɯ-fɕɤt-nɯ tɕe , “nɯtɕu tɕaχpa pjɤ-tu” tu-ti-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: in.former.times IPFV-tell-PL LNK DEM:LOC bandit IFR.IPFV-exist IPFV-say-PL LNK
Translation: In former times, people used to say that there were bandits there.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-sɤŋo tɕe , smɤt kɯβʁa nɯra , wuma ʑo nɯ-me , nɯ-me χsɯm pjɤ-tu tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-listen LNK TOPO noble DEM:PL really EMPH 3PL.POSS-daughter 3PL.POSS-daughter three IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: He had heard that nobles of Smad had three daughters.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cʰɯ-ndɯl-nɯ tɕe [kɯ-ndɯ~ndɯβ] ʑo cʰɯ-βzu-nɯ
Glosses: IPFV-grind-PL LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.fine EMPH IPFV-make-PL
Translation: They grind [tobacco] and make it very smooth.' (30-CnAto)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pʰɯ ɲɯ-wxti tɕe , nɯra tʰamtɕɤt ma-tɤ-tɯ-ɣɤ-wxti , aʑo nɯ tu-nɯ-χti-a [nɯra stʰɯci kɯ-wxti] ɯ-pʰɯ ma-tɤ-tɯ-βze , [kɯ-tʂaŋ] ci tɤ-βze
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-price SENS-be.big LNK DEM:PL all NEG-IMP-2-CAUS-be.big 1SG DEM IPFV-AUTO-buy[III]-1SG DEM:PL as.much SBJ:PCP-be.big 3SG.POSS-price NEG-IMP-2-make[III] SBJ:PCP-be.fair a.little IMP-make[III]
Translation: It is too expensive, don't make it that expensive, I will buy it, don't make its price that expensive, offer it for a fair price.' (Bargaining 12, 12)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: cɯβjiz kɯ-fse cʰɤ-ta tɕe , ɯ-kɯr ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕe , [tɯ-ci pjɯ-kɯ-lɤt] to-βzu
Glosses: flat.stone SBJ:PCP-be.like IFR:DOWNSTREAM-put LNK 3SG.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-in LOC INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-SBJ:PCP-release IFR-make
Translation: He positioned [the leaf of a rhododendron] like a flat stone [next to his younger brother's_i mouth] in such a way that water could flow into his_i mouth.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: la-rɤɕi-nɯ tɕe , [[lu-nɯ-ɬoʁ] mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ] tu-βzu-nɯ
Glosses: AOR:3→3-pull-PL LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-AUTO-come.out NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible IPFV-make-PL
Translation: They pull [on the thread] (to close the opening) and prevent it from coming out.' (30-CnAto)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɕɯ-kɤ-βde mɤ-kɯ-ra] nɯ ndʑiʑo kɯ nɯ-tɯ-sɯ-ɤβzu-ndʑi ŋu
Glosses: TRAL-INF-throw NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM 2DU ERG AOR-2-CAUS-become-DU be:FACT
Translation: Thanks to both of you, there is no need to throw [people] (in the lake) anymore.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɯ-ci ɲɯ-tɯ-s-qarndɯm tɕe [[aʑo tɯ-ci kɯ-ɤmgri kɤ-tsʰi] mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ] ɲɯ-tɯ-sɯ-ɤpe ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-water IPFV-2-CAUS-be.muddy LNK 1SG INDEF.POSS-water SBJ:PCP-be.clear INF-drink NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible IPFV-2-CAUS-become[III] SENS-be
Translation: You have spoiled my water, you have made it so I am unable to drink clear water.' (lang he yang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɤ-mtʰɯm tʰamtɕɤt [kɤ-ndza mɤ-kɯ-sna] ɲɯ-sɯ-ɤβze ɲɯ-cʰa .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-meat all INF-eat NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good IPFV-CAUS-become[III] SENS-can
Translation: [Maggots] can make all the meat improper for consumption (unfit to eat).' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: praʁ ɯ-pa nɯtɕu (...) ku-ta-z-rɤʑi tɕe , [tɯ-ci nɯnɯ sɲikuku ʑo tɕetu (...) nɤ-taʁ nɯtɕu pjɯ-kɯ-lɤt] ʑo tu-ta-sɯ-ɤβzu ŋu tɕe
Glosses: cliff 3SG.POSS-down DEM:LOC _ IPFV-1→2-CAUS-stay LNK INDEF.POSS-water DEM every.day EMPH up.there _ 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IPFV:DOWN-SBJ:PCP-release EMPH IPFV-1→2-CAUS-become be:FACT LNK
Translation: (I will not kill you), but I will keep you under the cliffs, so that the water flows down onto you.' (150901 changfamei-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [mɯ-tu-kɤ-nɤtɯti kɯ-ra] tɤ́-wɣ-sɯ-βzu-a-nɯ ndʐa ɕti ma
Glosses: NEG-IPFV-INF-DISTR:say SBJ:PCP-be.needed AOR-INV-CAUS-make-1SG-PL reason be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: It is because they made me [swear] not to tell anyone about it.' (tWxtsa 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-ɤlɯlɤt mɤ-kɯ-ra] ɲɤ-tɯ-tɕɤt
Glosses: INF-fight NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.needed IFR-2-take.out
Translation: You stopped them from fighting.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-sci] mɯ-nɯ-tɯ-ɣɤ-kʰɯ-t
Glosses: INF-be.born NEG-IPFV-2-CAUS-be.possible-PST:TR
Translation: You made it impossible for me to be born.' (Gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-ɕpʰɤt nɯ a-pɯ-ɤndʑɤmstu tɕe , nɯ [kɯ-βdi] tu-sɯ-pa-nɯ ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-patch DEM IRR-IPFV-be.level LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.well IPFV-CAUS-do-PL be:FACT
Translation: If the patch is level (if it is neatly sewn), people consider it [to have been sewn] well.' (12-kAtsxWB-29)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-spa ra ɲɯ-naχtɕɯɣ ɕti , tɕe tʰoŋraʁ nɯ kɯ [kɯ-mɯm] tu-sɯ-pa-nɯ ŋu
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-material PL SENS-be.the.same be.AFF:FACT LNK bucket.alcohol DEM ERG SBJ:PCP-be.tasty IPFV-CAUS-do-PL be:FACT
Translation: Although its ingredients are the same (as those used to make other types of alcohol), [some people] consider alcohol in a bucket to be tastier.' (30-thoNraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰoŋraʁ nɯ kɯ ɲɯ-nɤ-mɯm-nɯ
Glosses: bucket.alcohol DEM ERG SENS-TROP-be.tasty-PL
Translation: They consider alcohol in bucket to be tastier.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo ŋgumdʑɯɣ tu-ta-sɯ-pa ŋu
Glosses: 2SG leader IPFV-1→2-CAUS-do be:FACT
Translation: I consider you to be [my] leader.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-ti cʰo ɯ-nɤma ra ci ʑo to-sɯ-pa
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say COMIT 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:work PL one EMPH IFR-CAUS-do
Translation: As he said it, he did it at the same time.' (150826 liyu tiao longmen-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯɕimɯma ɯ-ti cʰondɤre ɯ-tɯ-ɕe ci to-sɯ-pa tɕe
Glosses: immediately 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say COMIT 3SG.POSS-INF:II-go one IFR-CAUS-do LNK
Translation: As he said this, he immediately went [there].' (150830 baihe jiemei-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki tɤ-ndɤm tɕe , koŋla ʑo , [ɯ-pɯ ɯ-pa] a-tɤ-tɯ-ɣɤ-βdi ma
Glosses: DEM.PROX IMP-take[III] LNK completely EMPH 3SG.POSS-keep(1) 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:keep(2) IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.well LNK
Translation: Take this and keep it safe (make sure not to lose it).' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤ-kɯ-mŋɤm koŋla kɤ-rtoʁ] a-pɯ-tɯ-sɯ-ʁzɤβ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt completely INF-look IRR-PFV-2-CAUS-be.careful
Translation: Let [a doctor] carefully examine your condition.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯtɕu tɕe ɲɯ-kɤ-ɤtɯɣ tɕe ku-kɤ-ɤ-nɤjɯ~jo] to-pa-ndʑi ri ,
Glosses: DEM:LOC LNK IPFV-INF-meet LNK IPFV-INF-RECIP-wait IFR-do-DU LNK
Translation: The two of them agreed to meet there and wait for each other.' (150820 qaprANar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯʑo ku-kɤ-rɤʑi tɕe tu-kɤ-qur] to-pa-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3SG IPFV-INF-stay LNK IPFV-INF-help IFR-do-DU
Translation: They_i+j had a discussion and decided that he_i would stay and help him_j.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰa [aʑo-sɯso ɲɯ-nɯ-pe-a] kʰɯ
Glosses: later 1SG-as.wish IPFV-AUTO-do[III]-1SG be.possible:FACT
Translation: (Once he dies), it will become possible for me to do whatever I want.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kutɕu ku-rɤʑi-a] ɲɯ-ɬoʁ
Glosses: DEM.PROX:LOC IPFV-stay-1SG SENS-be.needed
Translation: I had better (have no choice but to) stay here.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ʑara nɯ-skɤt mɤ-kɤ-βzu] mɯ́j-kʰɯ .
Glosses: 3PL 3PL.POSS-speech NEG-INF-make NEG:SENS-be.possible
Translation: There was no choice but to speak their language (with them, as they did not understand Japhug or Chinese) (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ nɯ-mbɯt qʰe , tɕe [tɯ-mɲitsi kɤ-ɤ<nɯ>χa] ɬoʁ
Glosses: DEM AOR-ACAUS:take.off LNK LNK GENR.POSS-life INF-<AUTO>have.a.gap be.needed:FACT
Translation: If it (one's tooth) falls out, one is left with a gap [in one's teeth] all one's life.' (27-tWCGArgu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo-sɯso kɤ-nɯ-pa] tu-kʰɯ ɕti
Glosses: 1SG-as.wish INF-AUTO-do IPFV-be.possible be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Then it will become possible for me to do whatever I want.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁi kutɕu kɤ-rɤʑi tɕe , [aʑo tɯ-ci z-ɲɯ-ɕar-a] ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DEM.PROX:LOC IMP-stay LNK 1SG INDEF.POSS-water TRAL-IPFV-look.for-1SG SENS-have.better
Translation: Brother, stay here, let me look for water.' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: [aʑo pjɯ-si-a] ɲɯ-zgɤt ma
Glosses: 1SG IPFV-die-1SG SENS-be.needed LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qʰe [ɲɯ-kʰam-a] jɤɣ ri , [nɤ-rca tu-kɯ-tsɯm-a] ra
Glosses: LNK IPFV-give[III]-1SG be.allowed:FACT LNK 2SG.POSS-together.with IPFV:UP-2→-take.away-1SG be.needed:FACT
Translation: I can give it to you (I agree to give it to you), but then you have to take me (to heaven) with you.' 31-deluge)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: [tɤ-lu kɤ-tɕɤt] pɯ-jɤɣ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-milk INF-take.out AOR-be.finished
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri tʰam tɕe [nɯra kɤ-stu] mɯ́j-jɤɣ ma ,
Glosses: LNK now LNK DEM:PL INF-do.like NEG:SENS-be.allowed LNK
Translation: Now doing these things (i.e. killing whales) is not allowed.' (160703 jingyu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɤʑo kutɕu kɤ-nɯ-rɤʑi] jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG DEM.PROX:LOC IMP-AUTO-stay be.allowed:FACT
Translation: You can stay here.' (140504 baixuegongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-kʰa kɤ-nɯ-βzu mɯ-pjɤ-ŋgrɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-house INF-AUTO-make NEG-IFR-succeed
Translation: (As he spends all his time singing rather than working, in the end) he did not manage to build his house.' (26-NalitCaRmbWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [tɯ-xpa tɯ-ɣjɤn ma ɲɯ-ɤtɯɣ-nɯ] mɯ́j-jɤɣ
Glosses: LNK one-year one-time apart.from IPFV-meet-PL NEG:SENS-be.allowed
Translation: They can only meet (i.e. they are not allowed by the gods of heaven to meet more than) once a year.' (150828 niulang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ́j-tɯ-kʰɯ-nɯ qʰe tɕe , tɕe atu a-mu ci tu tɕe , nɯ ɯ-ɕki zɯ ɣɯ-tɤ-nɯ-tʰu-nɯ ma
Glosses: NEG:SENS-2-agree-PL LNK LNK LNK up.there 1SG.POSS-mother INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT LOC CISL-IMP-AUTO-ask-PL LNK
Translation: (I am telling you that I am not the person you are looking for), you don't want to [listen to me],
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ mɤ-tɯ-ra
Glosses: 1SG:GEN NEG-2-need:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤ-kɯ-qur tɤ-ra tɕe
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-help AOR-need LNK
Translation: When you need someone to help you…' (140506 shizi he huichang de bailingniao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-sroʁ kɤ-ri] ri mɤ-tɯ-cʰa , [tu-kɯ-qur-a] ri mɤ-tɯ-cʰa
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-life INF-save also NEG-2-can:FACT IPFV-2→1-help-1SG also NEG-2-can:FACT
Translation: You can neither save my life nor help me.' (shizi he lare neithaoshu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [cʰɯ-tɯ-mɤɕi] tɯ-cʰa
Glosses: IPFV-2-be.rich 2-can:FACT
Translation: You can become rich.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [cʰɯ-tɯ-mɤɕi] cʰa
Glosses: IPFV-2-be.rich can:FACT
Translation: It will be possible for you to become rich.' (140515 facaimeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo ɲɯ-kɯ-ɕɯɣ-mu-a] mɤ-tɯ-cʰa
Glosses: 1SG IPFV-2→1-CAUS-be.afraid-1SG NEG-2-can:FACT
Translation: You cannot scare me.' (140516 guowang halifa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɯ-wxti-nɯ tsa tɕe tɕe , ta-tsɯm tɕe tu-ɣɤrʁɤβjɤβ ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe ɯʑo [kɤ-tsɯm] mɯ-ɲɯ́-wɣ-sɯx-cʰa .
Glosses: AOR-be.big-PL a.little LNK LNK AOR:3→3-take.away LNK IPFV-struggle SENS-be.AFF LNK 3SG INF-take.away NEG-SENS-INV-CAUS-can
Translation: When [piglets and lambs] have gotten big, [if the eagle tries to] carry away [one of them]_i, it_i struggles and [the eagle] is not strong enough to take it_i away.' (150819 RarphAB)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɣʑo kɯ-fse kɯ-wxti nɯra rcanɯ , [ʑaʑa ʑo kɤ-sat] mɤ́-wɣ-sɯx-cʰa ma ɯʑo ɲɯ-xtɕi , ci nɯ ɲɯ-wxti tɕe
Glosses: bee SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM:PL UNEXP:DEG soon EMPH INF-kill NEG-INV-CAUS-can:FACT LNK 3SG SENS-be.small INDEF DEM SENS-be.big LNK
Translation: In the case of a (relatively) big [insect] like a bee,_i [the spider]_j cannot kill it_i quickly, because it_j is small while the other one_i is bigger.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kupa-skɤt mɯ́j-spe-a
Glosses: 1SG Chinese-language NEG:SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I am not able to [speak] Chinese.' (160721 XpWN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕoŋβzu ko-spa
Glosses: carpentry IFR-be.able
Translation: He learned carpentry.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: [“a-mu" tu-ti] ɯ-ɲɯ́-spe ?
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother IPFV-say QU-SENS-be.able[III]
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɕɯ-kɤ-nɤkʰu] mɤ-naz-a
Glosses: TRAL-INF-invite NEG-dare:FACT-1SG
Translation: I do not dare to go and invite him.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[kɤ-nɤkʰu] kɤ-ɕe] mɤ-naz-a
Glosses: OBJ:PCP-invite INF-go NEG-dare:FACT-1SG
Translation: I do not dare to go [to his house] as a guest.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [cʰɤci kɤ-tsʰi] ta-sɯso-nɯ tɕe , tɕe ki ɯ-qa ɯ-tʰɯm nɯ ɲɯ-χɕoʁ-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: alcohol INF-drink AOR:3→3-want-PL LNK LNK DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-bottom 3sg.POSS-cork DEM IPFV-remove-PL LNK
Translation: When people want to drink the alcohol, they remove the cork at the bottom (of the jar).' (160703 araR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ku-ɣɯt-a] nɯ-sɯso-t-a ri ɲɤ-nɯ-jmɯt-a ma
Glosses: IPFV:EAST-bring-1SG AOR-want-PST:TR-1SG LNK IFR-AUTO-forget-1SG LNK
Translation: I wanted to bring it but I forgot it.' (23-tshAYCAnW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-rɤɣo ɲɯ-tɯ-sɤŋo] tɤ-tɯ-sɯso-t tɕe , a-ɣɯ-jɤ-kɯ-sɯɣe-a qʰe nɯ ɕti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-song IPFV-2-listen AOR-2-want-PST:TR LNK IRR-CISL-invite-1SG LNK DEM be.AFF:FACT
Translation: When you want to listen to my songs, send people to come and invite me and that's it.' (140519 yeying-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ [tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-kʰa nɯtɕu tɕʰeme kɯ-mpɕɤr ci ɣɤʑu] nɯ ko-tso-nɯ .
Glosses: DEM INDEF.POSS-son DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-house DEM:LOC girl SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful INDEF exist:SENS DEM IFR-understand-PL
Translation: They realized that there was a beautiful girl in the boy's house.' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li [iɕqʰa tɤɕime nɯ mɯ-pɯ-kɯ-si] nɯ ko-tso
Glosses: again the.aforementioned girl DEM NEG-AOR-SBJ:PCP-die DEM IFR-understand
Translation: She realized that the girl had not died.' (140504 baixuegongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɤ-rʑaʁ tʰɤstɯɣ nɯ-ari] mɯ-pjɤ-tso
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-time how.much AOR-go[II] NEG-IFR-understand
Translation: He had not realized how much time had passed.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ [qaʑo tɤ-kɯ-nɯɕpɯz] nɯ pjɤ-sɯχsɤl .
Glosses: LNK DEM ERG sheep AOR-SBJ:PCP-disguised DEM IFR-recognize
Translation: He (the shepherd boy) had noticed that the [nobleman] was disguised as a sheep.' (40513 mutong de disheng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <liangshanbo> nɯ kɯ [aʑo tɕʰeme kɯ-ŋu] nɯ a-mɤ-pɯ́-wɣ-sɯχsal-a
Glosses: ANTHR DEM ERG 1SG girl SBJ:PCP-be DEM IRR-NEG-PFV-INV-realize-1SG
Translation: [I hope that] Liang Shanbo will not realize that I am a girl.' (150826 liangshanbo zhuyingtai-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [<tuolaji> kɤ-lɤt] ra ka-βzjoz
Glosses: tractor INF-release PL AOR:3→3-learn
Translation: He learned to drive a tractor.' (14-siblings)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɤfsɤri kɤ-βzu] ci pjɯ-ta-sɯxɕɤt
Glosses: thread INF-make a.little IPFV-1→2-teach
Translation: Let me teach you how to make a thread.' (vid-20140506043657)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɯɣɲɟɯ ra s-cʰɤ-ru ri mɯ-pjɤ-mto
Glosses: window PL TRAL-IFR:DOWNSTREAM-look LNK NEG-IFR-see
Translation: She went and looked from the window but did not see him.' (140505 xiaohaitu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [sɯŋgi nɯ ɲɯ-ɣɤwu] nɯ pjɤ-mtsʰɤm
Glosses: lion DEM IPFV-cry DEM IFR-hear
Translation: [The mouse] heard that the lion was crying.' (shizi he laoshu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[nɯ ɲɯ-sɤ-mtsɯɣ] kɤ-ti] mɯ-pɯ́-wɣ-mtsʰɤm .
Glosses: DEM SENS-APASS-bite OBJ:PCP-say NEG-AOR-INV-hear
Translation: I have not heard that it bites people.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɯ-ru qʰe [tɕeki tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ ɯʑo pɯ-kɯ-ntɕʰɤr] nɯ pjɤ-mto .
Glosses: IPFV:DOWN-look LNK down INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in 3SG AOR:DOWN-SBJ:PCP-appear DEM IFR-see
Translation: He looked down, and saw his own reflection in the water below (himself reflected in the water).' (140519 chou xiaoya-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-sɤŋo tɕe [iɕqʰa sŋaʁspa nɯ kɯ “tɤtʂu ɣɯ-tɤ-sɤndu-nɯ" ɯ-kɯ-ti] nɯ pjɤ-mtsʰɤm tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-listen LNK the.aforementioned sorcerer DEM ERG lamp CISL-IMP-exchange-PL 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-say DEM IFR-hear LNK
Translation: She heard the sorcerer saying `Come and exchange [your] lamp'.' (140511 alading-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ŋotɕu jɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ] tɕi mɯ-pɯ-mto-j , [ŋotɕu jɤ-ɕqʰlɤt] tɕi kɤ-ɕɯftaʁ mɯ-pjɤ-cʰa-j
Glosses: where IFR-AUTO-come.out also NEG-AOR-see-1PL where IFR-disappear also INF-remember NEG-IFR-can-1PL
Translation: We neither saw where she came from, nor can we remember which way she went.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: aʑo nɤ-paχɕi ci tu-kɯ-sɯ-rɲo-a
Glosses: 1SG 2SG.POSS-apple a.little IPFV-2→1-CAUS-taste-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo [kɤ-mtsɯɣ] mɯ-pɯ-rɲo-t-a ri , χpɤltɕɯn kɯ pjɤ-rɲo
Glosses: 1SG INF-bite NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG but p.n ERG IFR-experience
Translation: I have never been stung [by a wasp], but Dpalcan has.' (26-ndzWrnaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χpɤltɕɯn kɯ [kɤ-mtsɯɣ] pjɤ-rɲo
Glosses: p.n ERG INF-bite IFR-experience
Translation: Dpalcan has been stung [by a wasp] before'. (elicitation based on ex:kAmtsWG.P)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo pɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi-a ʑo ri tɯxtɤŋɤm nɯ-atɯɣ-a tɕe , [nɯ kɤ-mŋɤm] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 1SG PST.IPFV-EMPH~be.small-1SG EMPH LOC dysentery AOR-meet-1SG LNK DEM INF-hurt AOR-experience-1SG
Translation: When I was very small, I had dysentery, [my belly] ached.' (24-pGArtsAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-xtu kɤ-mŋɤm] pɯ-rɲo-t-a .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-belly INF-hurt AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I have had stomachache.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯ ɯ-ti] ta-stʰɯt
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:say AOR:3→3-finish
Translation: When she finished saying that…' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)