lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑmbɯlɯm cʰondɤre grɯβgrɯβ kɯ-fse tɤ-ɬoʁ tɕe χploʁχploʁ kɯ-pa tɕe ʑɯrɯʑɤri ɲɯ-kɯ-nɤwɤt nɯ ɲɯ-maʁ . tɤ-ɬoʁ jɤznɤ ɲɯ-xtɕi laʁma nɯ kɯ-fse ɲɯ-nɯ-ŋɯ~ŋu qʰe
Glosses: type.of.mushroom COMIT Matsutake SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-come.out LNK IDPH(II):spherical SBJ:PCP-auxiliary LNK progressively IPFV-SBJ:PCP-open.towards.the.exterior DEM SENS-not.be AOR-come.out when SENS-be.small only DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like SENS-AUTO-EMPH~be LNK
Translation: It is not like the (mushroom called) ʑmbɯlɯm and the Matsutake, which are spherical when they come out and progressively open towards the exterior. It is just that it is small when it comes out, [otherwise] it is already like that.' (24-zwArqhAjmAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndi na-ʑa-nɯ qʰe , tɕendi zɯ mɤ-kɯ-βɟɤt ɯ-rca ntsɯ ɲɯ-nɤtɯɣ pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: west AOR:WEST:3→3-start-PL LNK west LOC NEG-SBJ:PCP-obtain 3SG.POSS-following always IPFV-happen.to.be.at IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: When they started [distributing food] from the west, he always happened to be among those who could not get anything.' (28-qajdoskAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003718#S148"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯni ʑɤni nɯ-a<nɯ>tɯɣ-ndʑi
Glosses: DEM:DU 3DU AOR-<AUTO>meet-DU
Translation: They met each other by themselves (it was not an arranged marriage).' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S313"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki kɯ-ɤmtɕoʁ nɯnɯ ɯ-mci pjɯ-kɯ-ɣi ɯ-stu nɯ ɲɯ́-wɣ-z-nɤtɯɣ .
Glosses: DEM.PROX SBJ:PCP-be.pointy DEM 3SG.POSS-saliva IPFV:DOWN-SBJ:PCP-come 3SG.POSS-direction DEM IPFV-CAUS-happen.to.be.at
Translation: One turns the corner [of the bib] towards the direction of the drooling saliva [of the baby].' (vid-20140506043657)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jɤ-a<nɯ>ri ri , ɯ-rte ɲɤ-nɯβde
Glosses: AOR-<VERT>go[II] LNK 3SG.POSS-hat IFR-lose
Translation: He went away, but lost his hat.' (2010-07-pear story)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kɯ ɯ-rʑaβ a-kɤ-nɯte ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-wife IRR-PFV-take[III] SENS-be.better
Translation: Let him take her as his wife.' (140513 shenqi de feitan-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003981#S175"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-rɟɤntɕʰa nɯra aʑo ci pjɯ-kɯ-z-nɯta-a tɕe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-ornament DEM:PL 1SG INDEF IPFV-2→1-CAUS-take-1SG LNK
Translation: Can you let me wear your ornaments?' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɤrʁaʁɕa nɯra ɯ-zda ra ɲɯ-z-nɯ-krɤm , ɲɯ-mbi ntsɯ pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wild.meat DEM:PL 3SG.POSS-companion PL IPFV-CAUS-AUTO-share[III]:FACT IPFV-give always IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He would share the meat from his hunt with the others, give it to them.' (150902 hailibu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤdi ʁnɯz-mɯz nɯ-antsɤndu mɤ-nɯ-sɯχsɤl
Glosses: lady.seating.place two-kind AOR-be.exchanged.by.mistake NEG-AUTO-realize:FACT
Translation: [Your king] does not realize that two [different sisters] have been exchanged at the lady seating place.' (2003 Kunbzang, 329; see §sec:orientation.kitchen on the meaning of kʰɤdi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯʑora ɲɯ-tɯ-ɤntsɤndu-nɯ
Glosses: 2PL SENS-2-be.exchanged.by.mistake-PL
Translation: You are the opposite way!' (conversation 16-04-12; context: I told Tshendzin that my father and I cannot drive cars, while my mother and my wife can)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕi-ŋga to-nɯ-sɯ-ɤntsɤndu-tɕi
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-clothes IFR-AUTO-CAUS-exchanged.by.mistake-1DU
Translation: We exchanged our clothes by mistake.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa rɟɤlpu ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ tɤɕime nɯ , ɯʑo ɯ-rɟɤlkʰɤβ nɯtɕu jo-nɯ-tsɯm qʰe
Glosses: the.aforementioned king 3SG.POSS-son DEM ERG girl DEM 3SG 3SG.POSS-kingdom DEM:LOC IFR-VERT-take.away LNK
Translation: The prince took the girl back (vertitive) to his kingdom.' (140504 baixue gongzhu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ nɯ-nɯβde-t-a nɯ ɯ́-ŋu tɯ-ci kɯ tʰɯ-a-nɯ-tsɯm nɯ ɯ́-ŋu
Glosses: 1SG:GEN AOR-lose-PST:TR-1SG DEM QU-be:FACT INDEF.POSS-water ERG AOR-3→3-AUTO-take.away DEM QU-be:FACT
Translation: Is it the one that I lost? Is it the one that the water took away (spontaneous)?' (140427 bianfu jingji he shuiniao-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ɣjɤn pjɯ-ta-z-nɯ-ɕe jɤɣ ri ,
Glosses: one-time IPFV:DOWN-1→2-CAUS-VERT-go be.allowed:FACT LNK
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯnɤ nɯ́-wɣ-mbi-a , mɯ-nɯ-sɯ-ndza-j tɕe tɕendɤre <dong> ntsɯ pɯ-βzu-t-a .
Glosses: 1SG also AOR-INV-give-1SG NEG-AOR-ABIL-eat-1PL LNK LNK freeze always AOR-make-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: She gave [some edible ferns] to me, we could not eat [all of it], so I froze it.' (conversation140510)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-mɤ-kɤ-sɯ-ndza nɯnɯ nɯ-kʰo ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɯ-pɯ tu-nɯ-pa-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-ABIL-eat DEM 3PL.POSS-room 3SG.POSS-in DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-keep(1) IPFV-AUTO-keep(2) SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: [The mice gathered food] and would keep in their room [the food] that they are not able to eat.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe li nɯ-kɤ-ndza ɲɤ-me qʰe tɕe nɤ li , tɤ-rɟit ra mɤ-sɯ-χsu-ndʑi pjɤ-ɕti qʰe
Glosses: LNK again 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat IFR-not.exist LNK LNK ADD again INDEF.POSS-child PL NEG-ABIL-feed-DU IFR.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: They ran out of food, and were about to be unable to feed the children.' (160701 poucet2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006155#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɯ-βlu ʑaʑa ʑo mɯ-to-sɯ-tɕɤt tɕe ʑɯmkʰɤm ʑo cʰɤ-rɯ-sɯso pjɤ-ra .
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-trick early EMPH NEG-IFR-ABIL-take.out LNK a.long.time EMPH IFR-APASS-think IFR.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: He could not find a solution at first, and had to think for a long time.' (140425 ajimide1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaɟy ɯ-me nɯ kɯ , tɕe li ɯ-pi nɯra wuma ʑo mɯ-pjɤ-sɯ-βde ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: fish 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM ERG LNK again 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling DEM.PL really EMPH NEG-IFR-ABIL-throw SENS-be
Translation: The mermaid was reluctant to abandon her elder sisters.' (150819 haidenver-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006314#S287"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-βlu tɤ-sɯ-tɕa-t-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-trick AOR-ABIL-take.out-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I succeeded in finding a solution.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbrɯtɕɯ ki mɯ́j-mtɕoʁ tɕe mɯ́j-spʰɯt
Glosses: knife DEM.PROX NEG:SENS-be.sharp LNK NEG:SENS-can.cut
Translation: This knife is not sharp, it cannot cut.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme laʁnɯlaχsɯm kɯnɤ mɤ-kɤ-sɯ-rqoʁ kɯ-fse kɯ-jpum ɲɯ-βze cʰa
Glosses: people two.or.three also NEG-INF-ABIL-hug SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-be.thick IPFV-grow can:FACT
Translation: [The fir] can grow so thick that two or three people cannot hug [its trunk].' (08-tWrgi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki taqaβ ki , ɯ-xso taqaβ nɯ maʁ , nɤkinɯ , nɯfse taqaβ nɯ maʁ tɕe , nɯ rcanɯ , tɕʰi nɯ-tɯ-sɯso-t cʰɯ-tɯ-nɯ-sɯ-tʂɯβ kʰɯ
Glosses: DEM.PROX needle DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-common needle DEM not.be:FACT FILLER like.that needle DEM not.be:FACT LNK DEM UNEXP:DEG what AOR-2-think-PST:TR IPFV-2-AUTO-CAUS/ABIL-sew be.possible:FACT
Translation: This needle is no ordinary needle, it is not a simple needle like that, [with it] you will be able to sew whatever you like.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ʁar ra ko-tsʰoʁ-nɯ tɕe tɕendɤre , rɟɤlpu nɯ chonɤ aʁɤndɯndɤt ju-nɯqambɯmbjom-ndʑi tɕe ju-nɤɕɯɕe-ndʑi ra to-kʰɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wing PL IFR-attach-PL LNK LNK king DEM COMIT everywhere IPFV-fly-DU LNK IPFV-DISTR:go-DU PL IFR-be.possible SENS-be
Translation: They attached wings on her back, and she became able to fly around everywhere with the king.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ko-rɟɯɣ nɤ ɲɤ-rɟɯɣ ʑo qʰe ,
Glosses: IFR:EAST-run LNK IFR:WEST-run EMPH LNK
Translation: She ran around.' (150901 changfamei-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo-sɯso ju-nɤɕɯɕe mɯ-pjɤ-jɤɣ
Glosses: 3SG-as.wish IPFV-DISTR:go NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.allowed
Translation: [The nightingale] was not allowed to [fly] around freely.' (140519 yeying-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004040#S102"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ɲɤ-ɕe nɤ ɲɤ-ɕe tɕe tɕendɤre , tɕendi tɕe tɕe , tɕendi tɕendi tɕe tɕendɤre mtsʰu ci ɲɤ-k-ɤtɯɣ-ci .
Glosses: LNK IFR:WEST-go ADD IFR:WEST-go LNK LNK west LNK LNK west west LNK LNK lake INDEF IFR-PEG-meet-PEG
Translation: He went towards the west (for a long time). Very far in the west, he found a lake.' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S87"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ɕna ra ɲɤ-nɤɕtʰɯɕtʰɯz tɕeri , nɤki , tɤ-pɤtso ra kʰri ɯ-pa kɤ-kɤ-sɯ-ɤnbaʁ nɯ pjɤ-sɯχsɤl matɕi ɯ-di pjɤ-mnɤm tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-nose PL IFR-DISTR:turn.towards LNK FILLER INDEF.POSS-child PL bed 3SG.POSS-under AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-hide DEM IFR-discover LNK 3SG.POSS-smell IFR.IPFV-have.a.smell LNK
Translation: [The ogre] pointed his nose in all directions, and discovered the children that had been hidden under the bed because of the smell.' (160704 poucet4-v2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-smɯlɤm nɯ aʑo a-rpɣo ɣɯ-tʰɯ-lɤt tɕe , tɕe mucin mɤ-nɤtɯti-a ma , nɯ maʁ qʰe , tu-nɤtɯti-a ŋu
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-prayer DEM 1SG 1SG.POSS-lap CISL-AOR:DOWNSTREAM-release LNK LNK at.all NEG-DISTR:say:FACT-1SG LNK DEM not.be:FACT LNK TRAL-DISTR:say-1SG be:FACT
Translation: (When the time will come to choose your husband), put your offering (prayer) on my lap, and I will not say anything to anybody, otherwise I will tell everybody [about it].' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre ʑɯ~ʑimkʰɤm ʑo aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo ɲɤ-nɤtʰɯtʰu tɕe “qala ŋoj nɯ-ari" ntsɯ to-ti pjɤ-nɤtʰɯtʰu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK EMPH~long.time EMPH eveywhere EMPH IFR-DISTR:ask LNK rabbit where AOR:WEST-go[II] always IFR-say IFR-DISTR:ask LNK
Translation: [The bear] asked around everywhere for a very long time where the rabbit had gone.' (2011-13-qala)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-nɤtɯti kɯ a-rqo ʑo kɤ-nɯ-sɯɣ-ndzi-t-a
Glosses: IFR-DISTR:say ERG 1SG.POSS-throat EMPH AOR-AUTO-CAUS-be.hoarse-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: My voice has become hoarse (I have made my voiced become hoarse) because of speaking again and again.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre tɕʰeme nɯ ɕ-to-nɤtsʰɯtsʰɤt ri , tɯ~ta-nɤtsʰɯtsʰɤt ʑo nɯ tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ laʁnɤlaʁ ʑo tu-ste pɯ-ɕti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK girl DEM TRAL-IFR-DISTR:try LNK ITER~AOR:3→3-DISTR:try EMPH DEM girl DEM ERG IDPH(III):with.ease EMPH IPFV-do.like[III] PST.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT SENS-be
Translation: He has gone and tested the girl again and again, and each time he tested her, she answered correctly with ease.' (2005 tAwa kWcqraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɯ-nɤsɲɯsɲu ntsɯ pjɤ-ɕti tɕe
Glosses: IPFV-DISTR:be.mad always IFR.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: He always did [all sorts of] crazy things.' (150829 jidian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006338#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰi ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤme ŋu , tɕʰi ɲɯ-tɯ-nɤfsɯfse ɲɯ-ŋu ma , nɤki jɤ-pʰɣo ma
Glosses: what SENS-2-make[II] be:FACT what SENS-2-DISTR:be.like SENS-be LNK FILLER IMP-flee LNK
Translation: What are you doing, what kind of foolish act are you doing, flee!' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ki a-tɤɲi ki lu-nɤkʰɯkʰrɯt-a tɕe aʑo lu-mɤku-a ŋu tɕe , a-qʰu lɤ-ɣi je tɕe , a-tɤɲi ɯ-jrɯ~jroʁ ʑo lɤ-ɣi je tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK DEM.PROX 1SG.POSS-staff DEM.PROX IPFV:UPSTREAM-drag-1SG LNK 1SG IPFV:UPSTREAM-be.first-1SG be:FACT LNK 1SG.POSS-after IMP:UPSTREAM-come SFP LNK 1SG.POSS-staff 3SG.POSS-trace~PERLATIVE EMPH IMP:UPSTREAM-come SFP LNK
Translation: I am going up there first, dragging this staff_i [of mine] along, come after me and follow its_i trace.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mat nɯ ɲɯ-rko tɕe ɲɯ́-wɣ-nɤmɯma tɕe rʁom .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-fruit DEM SENS-be.hard LNK IPFV-INV-stroke LNK be.rough:FACT
Translation: Its fruit is hard and rough to the touch.' (12-ndZiNgri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤ-pʰɯpʰɯ kɤ-ɣɯt aj a-ʁa ku-me
Glosses: 2SG 2SG.POSS-alms INF-bring 1SG 1SG.POSS-free.time PRS-not.exist
Translation: I don't have time to give you alms.'(2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑara-stɯsti tɕe nɯ-kɯ-nɤstɯstu maŋe ,
Glosses: 3PL-alone LNK 3PL.POSS-SBJ:PCP-cause.trouble not.exist:SENS
Translation: When alone [without their young], [the wild yaks] have no [predators].' (20-RmbroN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003560#S47"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤntɕʰaʁ ra cʰɤ-z-nɤmɲole
Glosses: street PL IFR-CAUS-DISTR:watch
Translation: He [took] him to do sightseeing in the city.' (140511 alading-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003953#S53"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-rɟɤlpu nɯ kɯ nɯra , maka , ɯʑo tɤ-kɤ-fstɤt ɣɯ ɯ-rju nɯra pjɤ-mtsʰɤm tɕe , mɤʑɯ ʑo to-znɤjpɯjpe .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-king DEM ERG DEM:PL at.all 3SG AOR-OBJ:PCP-flatter GEN 3SG.POSS-word DEM:PL IFR-hear LNK even.more EMPH IFR-be.full.of.oneself
Translation: Hearing these words of praise, the king became even more full of himself than before.' (150830 afanti-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006380#S89"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mɯntoʁ nɯra aɣrɤɣrum ɯ-ŋgɯz kɯnɤ aqarŋɯrŋe kɯ-fse
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower DEM:PL be.whitish:FACT 3SG.POSS-inside:LOC also be.yellowish:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: Its flower is whitish, with a taint of yellowish.' (`it is like yellowish inside the whitish colour') (16-CWrNgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003518#S195"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri qro nɯnɯ wuma ʑo wɣrum , kɯ-wɣrɯ~wɣrum ʑo ŋu .
Glosses: LNK pigeon DEM really EMPH be.white:FACT SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.white EMPH be:FACT
Translation: The pigeon is very white.' (24-qro) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003626#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mɯntoʁ rca wuma ʑo mpɕɤr tɕe kɯ-qarŋɯ~rŋe ʑo ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-flower UNEXP:DEG really EMPH be.beautiful:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.yellow EMPH be:FACT
Translation: Its flower is very beautiful, it is very yellow.' (15-babW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003512#S101"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: waɟɯ ɲɤ-nmu
Glosses: earthquake IFR-shake
Translation: There was an earthquake.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma-nɯ-tɯ-mɯnmu ma mɤ-pʰɤn
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-move LNK NEG-be.efficient:FACT
Translation: Don't move, otherwise it won't work!' (2002 qala)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯŋa ɯʑo nɯnɯ , sqamŋu-xpa jamar cʰɯ-mdɯ ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK cow 3SG DEM fifteen-year about IPFV-live.up.to SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: A cow can live up to fifteen years.' (05-qaZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “nɤʑo nɯ kʰrɯtsu-xpa a-tʰɯ-tɯ-mdɯ ra nɤ" to-ti ɲɯ-ŋu . tɕe “aʑo kɯnɤ kʰrɯtsu cʰondɤre tɯ-rʑaʁ nɯnɯ cʰɯ-mdɯ-a ra" to-ti
Glosses: 2SG DEM ten.thousand-year IRR-PFV-2-live.up.to be.needed:FACT SFP IFR-say SENS-be LNK 1SG also ten.thousand-year COMIT one-day DEM IPFV-live.up.to-1SG be.needed:FACT IFR-say
Translation: He said: `May you live ten thousand years! I want to live one thousand years and one more day.' (150830 afanti-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯrɯ-skɤt kɤ-βzjoz nɯ cʰɯ-mdɯt-a ʑo ɕti
Glosses: 1SG Tibetan-language INF-learn DEM IPFV-be.determined EMPH be.AFF:FACT
Translation: I am determined to learn Tibetan/Gyalrong.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯra ɣɯ nɯ-rte nɯ ci ɯ-qʰu ci ʑo to-nɯ-mɟa . to-nɯ-mɟa qʰe jo-tsɯm qʰe ɯ-pi ra tɯkaka nɯ-ku ɯ-taʁ pjɤ-ta .
Glosses: DEM.PL GEN 3PL.POSS-hat DEM one 3SG.POSS-after one EMPH IFR:UP-AUTO-take IFR:UP-AUTO-take LNK IFR-take.away LNK 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling PL each 3PL.POSS-head 3SG.POSS-on IFR:DOWN-put
Translation: He took their crowns one after the other and put them on the heads of each of his brothers.' (160705 poucet5-v2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-sŋi kɤ-mdi tu-kɯ-rɤma , <gongfen> ʁnɯ-skɤrma pjɯ́-wɣ-mɟa ma mɯ-pɯ-kɯ-cʰa , pɯ-kɯ-xtɕi .
Glosses: one-day INF-complete IPFV-GENR:S/O-work labour.point two-cent IPFV-INV-take apart.from NEG-PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-can PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-be.small
Translation: Working a complete day, I could only get two cents of labour points, as I was young.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-ndza maka mɯ-pjɤ-βɟɤt .
Glosses: INF-eat at.all NEG-IFR:DOWN-obtain
Translation: He did not obtain anything to eat.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S104"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ stu kɯ-wxti nɯnɯ kɯ [nɯnɯ tɕʰeme nɯ mɯ-pɯ-kɤ-βɟɤt] nɯ wuma ʑo pjɤ-nɤ-sɤɣdɯɣ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son most SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM ERG DEM girl DEM NEG-AOR-INF-obtain DEM really EMPH IFR-TROP-be.unpleasant
Translation: The elder boy was upset that he did not get the girl.' (140513 shenqi de feitan-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003981#S209"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo ndɤre nɤ-tɯ-ɕɯmtʰu nɯ !
Glosses: 2SG LNK 2PL.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-ask.a.lot.of.questions SFP
Translation: You really [like to] ask a lot of questions!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɤɕime nɯ kɯ kʰa ku-rɤʑi tɕe , nɯ-ndzɤtsʰi ra tu-βze , nɯ-kʰa ra tu-rɤwum pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: girl DEM ERG house IPFV-stay LNK 3PL.POSS-food PL IPFV-make[III] 3PL.POSS-house PL IPFV-tidy.up IFR.IPFV-be
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rgɤtpu nɯ kɯ nɯra rŋɯl nɯ-kɤ-mbi cʰo laχtɕʰa nɯ-kɤ-mbi nɯra to-rɤwum qʰe ,
Glosses: old.man DEM ERG DEM:PL silver AOR-OBJ:PCP-give COMIT thing AOR-OBJ:PCP-give DEM:PL IFR-collect LNK
Translation: The old man collected the money and the things that [the people] had given [them].' (150906 toutao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯra kɯ ɯ-paχɕi ra kɤ-wum ta-qur-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-apple PL INF-gather AOR:3→3-help-PL LNK
Translation: They helped him to pick up his apples.' (pear story-Tshendzin)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ tɯ-ŋga ta-rɤtsʰɤt/ta-tsʰɤt
Glosses: 3SG ERG INDEF.POSS-clothes AOR:3→3-try
Translation: He tried the clothes.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-mbro ɯ-jme ɲɯ-zri ɕi , nɤki , nɤʑo nɤ-kɤrme ɲɯ-zri nɯ] ɕɯ-rɤtsʰɤt-tɕi ra
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-horse 3SG.POSS-tail SENS-be.long QU FILLER 2SG 2SG.POSS-hair SENS-be.long DEM TRAL-try:FACT-1DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: Let us try whether my horse's tail is longer, or your hair (let us see which, of my horse's tail and your hair, is the longest).' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <chengming> kɯ , nɯnɯ qartsʰi nɯnɯ to-tsʰɤt . tɕe ɲɯ-cʰa ɕi mɯ́j-cʰa nɯra to-tsʰɤt tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR ERG DEM cricket DEM IFR-try LNK SENS-can QU NEG:SENS-can DEM:PL IFR-try LNK
Translation: Chengming tried the cricket, tried whether it would be victorious [in cricket fights] or not.' (150904 cuzhi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɣa tʰamtɕɤt nɯ , … pjɤ-ra-χtɕi-nɯ , nɯ-ku ra pjɤ-sɤɕɤt-nɯ tɕe to-rɤmpɕɤr-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: bird all DEM _ IFR-APASS-wash-PL 3PL.POSS-head PL IFR-comb-PL LNK IFR-make.up-PL SENS-be
Translation: All birds … washed, combed their hair and dressed up.' (tulao de wuya-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-kɯ-z-rɤmpɕɤr-tɕi ra
Glosses: IPFV-2→1-CAUS-make.up-1DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: Help us dressing up and making up.' (140504 huiguniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003909#S67"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ <faliedong> nɯnɯ , [nɯnɯ nɯ-ŋgumdʑɯɣ ta-ɣɤtɕɤt-nɯ] kɯ <chake> nɯ ko-sɯ-βraʁ .
Glosses: LNK DEM ANTHR DEM DEM 3PL.POSS-leader AOR:3→3-choose-PL ERG ANTHR DEM IFR-CAUS-attach
Translation: Feridun, the one they had chosen as their leader, had Zohak attached.' (140514 xiee de shewang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕiʑo kɯmŋu-pɤrme acʰɤt-tɕi
Glosses: 1DU five-years differ.in.age:FACT-1DU
Translation: We have a five year difference.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-dɤn kɯ-mɲi ci cʰɤt-nɯ ma nɯ kɯ-fse rcanɯ pakuku ʑo kɯ-dɤn ʑo ɲɯ-ɕar-nɯ .
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.many SBJ:PCP-be.few INDEF differ:FACT-PL LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like UNEXP:DEG every.year EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.many EMPH IPFV-search-PL
Translation: They differ in that some [eat fern] a lot or fewer, but they search a lot [of fern] every year.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɤjkʰu ɯ-ku mɤ-jqe
Glosses: yet 3SG.POSS-head NEG-be.able.to.lift[III]:FACT
Translation: [The baby] is not yet able to lift up his head.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tʰoʁ ɲɯ-ɤrɴɢlɯm
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground SENS-be.caved.in
Translation: The ground is caved in.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu ri a-taʁ wuma ku-sna ,
Glosses: king also 1SG.POSS-on really PRS-be.kind
Translation: The king is very kind with me.' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lɤ-tɕɤt ma nɤʑo a-mtɕʰot ɯ-kɯ-ndza mɤ-tɯ-sna
Glosses: IMP:UPSTREAM-take.out LNK 2SG 1SG.POSS-offering 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat NEG-2-be.worthy:FACT
Translation: Spit it out, you are not worthy of being the one eating my offering.' (2014 kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme kɤ-ndza mɤ-sna
Glosses: person INF-eat NEG-be.fit:FACT
Translation: It is unfit for people to eat.' (12-Zmbroko) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003490#S93"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ɕqʰe ɯ-ɲɯ́-mna ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-cough QU-SENS-be.better
Translation: Is your cough getting better?' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ɲɯ́-tɯ-mna
Glosses: QU-SENS-2-be.better
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯfse pjɯ-kɤ-fɕɤt sɤz ɯ-ɲɯ́-mna ?
Glosses: like.that IPFV-INF-tell COMP QU-SENS-be.better
Translation: Is it better [to explain how to weave with video] than simply by telling it like that (without video)?' (vid-20140429090403) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003776#S161"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe paʁtsʰi ɲɯ-rɯre pjɤ-ŋu ri ,
Glosses: LNK hogwash IPFV-take.care[III]:FACT IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: While he was taking care of the hogwash….' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-rndu sɤznɤ pɯ-rnde-t-a
Glosses: INF-obtain COMIT AOR-get.into.trouble-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I not only did not obtain anything, but in addition I got into trouble.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo stɯsti ʑo tu-ɕe qʰe , tɕe kʰro ʑo ɲɯ-rnde kʰi .
Glosses: 3SG alone EMPH IPFV:UP-go LNK LNK a.lot EMPH SENS-obtain[III] HEARSAY
Translation: She goes [up there in the mountain], and found a lot of mushrooms (they say).' (conversation 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [tɤ-spɯ tɕe to-βzu] tɕe [qajɯ ɲo-βzu] ma kɤ-nɯqambɯmbjom ɯ-xɕɤt kɯ nɯnɯ ɯ-ʁar ɯ-ndzom ɣɯ ɯ-qa nɯra to-rɤ-spɯ qʰe ɲɤ-rɯ-qajɯ
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-pus LNK IFR:UP-make LNK worm IFR:WEST-make LNK INF-fly 3SG.POSS-strength ERG DEM 3SG.POSS-wing 3SG.POSS-bridge GEN 3SG.POSS-bottom DEM:PL IFR:UP-DENOM-pus LNK IFR:WEST-DENOM-worm
Translation: [Its wing] had pus and worms grew in it, it flew so much that the base of its wing festered and had worms.' (22-qomndroN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-rʑaβ nɯ ɯ-skʰrɯ mɯ-nɯ-kɯ-βdi] nɯ , cʰɤ-rɤ-rɟit
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wide DEM 3SG.POSS-body NEG-AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.well DEM IFR-DENOM-child
Translation: His wife, who was pregnant, gave birth to a child.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rɟit kɯngɯt tɤ-tu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-child nine AOR-exist
Translation: She had nine children.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S15"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɯ-ʁar kɯβde ɣɤʑu ma , ɯ-pʰaʁ ɯ-ntsi ri kɯ-wxti ci , kɯ-xtɕi ci tɕe … nɯ-nɯqambɯmbjom ri tɕe nɯnɯ lu-sɯ-ɤ-lo-tʰi ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-wing four exist:SENS LNK 3SG.POSS-half 3SG.POSS-one.of.a.pair LOC SBJ:PCP-be.big INDEF SBJ:PCP-be.small INDEF LNK _ AOR-fly LNK LNK DEM IPFV:UPSTREAM-CAUS-DENOM-up-downstream SENS-be
Translation: [The butterfly] has four wings, on each side a big one and a small one. (…) When it flies, it aligns [its wings] along the `upstream-downstream' axis.' (26-qambalWla)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɯmaʁ xɕaj nɯra arɯ-ldʑaŋkɯ kɯ-fse ma
Glosses: LNK other grass DEM:PL DENOM-green:FACT SBJ:PCP-be.like LNK
Translation: The other plants [around it] are [very] green.' (22-BlamajmAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003584#S103"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-ɤrɯ-mɯntoʁ nɯ !
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM-flower SFP
Translation: It is as [worthless] as a flower.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tɯ-wɣrum kɯ ɲɯ-ɤrɯ-tɤjpa ʑo
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-be.white ERG SENS-DENOM-snow EMPH
Translation: It is white as snow.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jwaʁ ɯ-tsʰɯɣa nɯnɯ kɯ-ɤrɯ-taqaβ kɯ-fse naχtɕɯɣ ri ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-leaf 3SG.POSS-shape DEM SBJ:PCP-DENOM-needle SBJ:PCP-be.like be.identical:FACT LNK
Translation: The shape of its leaves is similar [to those of the fir] in that they are like needles.' (11-mYAm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003474#S65"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ru nɯra tɤ-kɯ-ɤrɤ-rqʰɯ~rqʰioʁ kɯ-fse ci ŋu qʰe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk DEM:PL AOR-SBJ:PCP-DENOM-groove SBJ:PCP-be.like INDEF be:FACT LNK
Translation: Its stalk is like it has had many groovings on it.' (14-sWNgWJu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003506#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-ʑɯβ ɲɤ-k-ɤrɤ-rɤɣ-ci
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-sleep IFR-PEG-DENOM-predicted.time-PEG
Translation: I feel sleepy at the expected time.' (elicited, can be said when one feels sleepy at the same hour in the afternoon when one went to sleep the previous days)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-ɤɣɯ-mdzu , ɯ-taʁ tɤ-mdzu ɲɯ-dɤn kɤ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: SENS-DENOM:PROP-thorn 3SG.POSS-on INDEF.POSS-thorn SENS-be.many OBJ:PCP-say SENS-be
Translation: [The word] ɲɯ-ɤɣɯ-mdzu means `there are a lot of thorns on it'.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ru cʰo ɯ-fkaβ ra aɣɯmdoʁ ʑo arŋi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-stalk COMIT 3SG.POSS-cover PL DENOM-colour:FACT EMPH be.green:FACT
Translation: Its stalk and its cap are the same green colour.' (of a species of mushroom) (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɴɢoɕna ɲɯ-ɤɣɯ-jɯ~jaʁ ɲɯ-ɤɣɯ-mɯ~mi , ɯ-mɤlɤjaʁ ɲɯ-dɤn
Glosses: spider SENS-DENOM-EMPH~arm SENS-DENOM-EMPH~leg 3SG.POSS-limbs SENS-be.many
Translation: The spider has many arms and legs, its limbs are numerous.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rʑaβ nɯ kɯ , … <huangdi> ɣɯ ɯ-rte nɯ χsɯm ʑo pjɤ-z-ɣɯ-ŋgɯ~ŋgɯ pjɤ-nɤrte
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-wife DEM ERG _ emperor GEN 3SG.POSS-hat DEM three EMPH IFR-CAUS-DENOM-EMPH~inside IFR-wear
Translation: His wife wore three imperial crowns one on the top of the other.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [ɯ-ʁɤri ta-tɯt] cʰo [ɯ-qʰu ta-tɯt] nɯra maka mɯ-pjɤ-k-ɤɣɯ-ʂwaŋ-ci
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-before AOR:3→3-say[II] COMIT 3SG.POSS-after AOR:3→3-say[II] DEM:PL at.all NEG-IPFV.IFR-PEG-DENOM-pair-PEG
Translation: The things he said in the beginning and those that he said later did not correspond to each other.' (contradicted each other) (2011-10-qajdo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mu ra a-nɯ-kɯ-ɤɣɯrɯz qʰe , nɯ nɯ-ɕɣɤrgu a-pɯ-sna , tɯʑo tɯ-ɕɣɤrgu ɲɯ-sna
Glosses: GENR.POSS-mother PL IRR-PFV-GENR:S/O-inherit LNK DEM 3PL.POSS-tooth.quality IRR-IPFV-be.good GENR GENR.POSS-tooth.quality SENS-be.good
Translation: If one inherits from one's mother's [lineage], and [people from] one's mother's [lineage] have good tooth quality, then one will (also) have good tooth quality.' (27-tWCGArgu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: si kɯ-ɤɣɯ-rtɯ~rtaʁ ki kɯ-fse ɲɯ-ɕar-nɯ
Glosses: tree SBJ:PCP-DENOM-EMPH~branch this SBJ:PCP-be.this.way IPFV-search-PL
Translation: They search for a tree having a lot of branches like this.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ-ɤɣɯ-rɟɯ~rɟit ci pɯ-ŋu
Glosses: the.aforementioned woman DEM SBJ:PCP-DENOM-EMPH~child INDEF PST.IPFV-be
Translation: This woman had a lot of children.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤɣɯ-rɟɯ~rɟit ʑo jo-nɯ-ɕe-nɯ
Glosses: COMIT-children EMPH IFR-VERT-go-PL
Translation: She/They went back with their children.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-ɤndʑi-rɣa-ndʑi
Glosses: SENS-DENOM-neighbour-DU
Translation: They are one next to the other.' (elicitation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri tɯ-tɯ-rdoʁ tɯ-tɯ-rdoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu ma kɯ-ɤndʑi-rɣa kɯ-fse kɯ-ɤrɤ-kʰɯm~kʰɤl kɯ-fse maŋe .
Glosses: LNK one-one-piece one-one-piece SENS-be LNK SBJ:PCP-DENOM-neighbour SBJ:PCP-be.like SBJ:PCP-DENOM-EMPH~place SBJ:PCP-be.like not.exist:SENS
Translation: [This type of mushroom grows] one by one [in isolation], not one next to the other (clustered together), not in patches.' (24-zwArqhAjmAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003630#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aɣɯmdzu tɕe , [kɤ-nɤjaʁ] sɤ-ŋaβ .
Glosses: have.thorns:FACT LNK INF-touch.with.hand DENOM:PROP-unpleasant:FACT
Translation: It is thorny, and unpleasant to touch with the hand.' (18-NGolo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: srɯnmɯ nɯ kɯ ʑa [kɤ-ti ɯ-rqo mɤ-kɯ-ɬoʁ] tɕe [kɤ-ti kɯ-nɤ-ŋaβ] to-ʑɣɤpa tɕe ,
Glosses: demoness DEM ERG early INF-say 3SG.POSS-throat NEG-SBJ:PCP-come.out LNK INF-say SBJ:PCP-DENOM:TROP-unpleasant IFR-pretend LNK
Translation: The demoness pretended to be to be embarrassed to say it for a long time.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tsʰɤwɤre nɯnɯ , aʁɤndɯndɤt ʑo tɕe , ɯ-jaʁ-pa nɯ wuma ʑo ɲɯ-ɲɟoʁ tɕe , tsʰi kɯ-fse ʑo mɤ-kɯ-sɤɣa tɤ-a<nɯ>ri kɯnɤ pjɯ-ɤtɤr mɯ́j-cʰa .
Glosses: gecko DEM everywhere EMPH LNK 3SG.POSS-hand-under DEM really EMPH SENS-PASS-glue LNK what SBJ:PCP-be.like EMPH NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.accessible AOR:UP-<AUTO>go[II] also IPFV-fall NEG:SENS-can
Translation: The gecko, the palms of its paws are very adhesive, and no matter how steep and inaccessible the places it goes up to, it cannot fall down.' (28-tshAwAre)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: praʁ ɯ-taʁ ɲɯ-nɤɣa
Glosses: cliff 3SG.POSS-on SENS-not.feel.vertigo
Translation: He does not feel vertigo on the cliff.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ma-tɤ-tɯ-sɤ-mbrɯ
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-DENOM:PROP-anger
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɤ-kɯ-ɤ<nɯ>mdzɯ tɕe ndzɯpe ntsɯ ɲɯ́-wɣ-βzu pɯ-ra .
Glosses: girl DEM AOR-GENR:S/O-<AUTO>sit LNK sitting.position always IPFV-INV-make PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: Women, when they sat, had to sit with both legs folded on one side, without crossing legs.' (31-khAjmu)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: ɬɤndʐitɤlɤtsʰaʁ tu-sɤ-rmi-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu ma ,
Glosses: delphinium IPFV-DENOM:CAUS-name-PL SENS-be LNK
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯ-rmi nɯ ɬɤndʐitɤlɤtsʰaʁ to-tɕɤt-nɯ tɕe nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-name DEM delphinium IFR-take.out-PL LNK DEM SENS-be
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li tɯ-ɕtʂi ʑo pjɯ-tɕɤt tu-mŋɤm ŋu .
Glosses: again GENR.POSS-sweat EMPH IPFV-take.out IPFV-hurt be:FACT
Translation: It hurts again so much that it causes one to sweat.' (25-kACAl)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa si kʰoŋrɤl tɤ-k-ɤri nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ kɯnɤ li … tu-ɕe qʰe , tɕe ɯ-pa tu-sɤ-kʰɯ-nɯ . ɯ-pa smi pjɯ́-wɣ-βlɯ qʰe tɤ-kʰɯ tu-sɯx-ɕe-nɯ qʰe ,
Glosses: the.aforementioned tree hollow AOR-SBJ:PCP-go[II] DEM 3SG.POSS-in also again _ IPFV:UP-go LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-down IPFV:UP-DENOM:CAUS-smoke-PL 3SG.POSS-down fire IPFV-INV-burn LNK INDEF.POSS-smoke IPFV:UP-CAUS-go-PL LNK
Translation: [When the bear_i] goes up in a hollow tree, [the hunters] smoke it_i from the bottom (of the tree), they make a fire and send the smoke upwards (towards the bear, to smoke it out).' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤdaʁ to-sɯ-fsaŋ qʰe , cʰɤ-mqlaʁ qʰe ,
Glosses: Khatag IFR-DENOM:CAUS-fumigation LNK IFR-swallow LNK
Translation: She fumigated the khatag and swallowed it.' (Gesar 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ndzɤtsʰi nɯ kɯ-mɯ~mɯm ʑo tu-sɤftɕake qʰe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-meal DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.tasty EMPH IPFV-prepare[III] LNK
Translation: She would (each time) prepare a meal (for the old woman).' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-ndzɤtsʰi ftɕaka tɤ-βze
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-meal manner IMP-make[III]
Translation: Prepare a meal for us!' (meimeidegushi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ [ɯ-jwaʁ ɲɯ-lɤt] tɕendɤre [ɯ-mat ɲɯ-βze]
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-leaf IPFV-release LNK 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-make[III]
Translation: [The Zanthoxyllum] makes leaves and grows fruits.' (07-tCGom)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤrɯm nɯnɯ , tɯ-mtɕʰi ɯ-taʁ ʑmbɤr ɲɯ-kɯ-ɬoʁ ŋu . tɕe wuma ʑo rɯʁlɤwɯr
Glosses: mouth.ulcer DEM INDEF.POSS-mouth 3SG.POSS-on ulcer IPFV-SBJ:PCP-come.out be:FACT LNK really EMPH DENOM-suddenly
Translation: [The disease called] kʰɤrɯm is an ulcer which appears on the mouth. It happens very suddenly.' (25-khArWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003644#S2"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʰɤstɯɣ kɯ-ra nɯ cʰɯ́-wɣ-rɤ-tɣa
Glosses: how.much SBJ:PCP-be.needed DEM IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-DENOM-handspan
Translation: One measures how long [the clothes have to be weaved] by handspan.' (vid-20140429092115)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɤ́-wɣ-rɤ-rzɯ~rzɯɣ tɕe kɯβde-rzɯɣ ʑo tó-wɣ-lɤt , pjɤ́-wɣ-sat .
Glosses: IPFV-INV-DENOM-EMPH~section LNK four-section EMPH IFR-INV-release IFR-INV-kill
Translation: [The thief] killed him by cutting him into four pieces.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jɯ , ɯ-sɤ-ndo [tɯ-jaʁ kɯ kú-wɣ-rɤ-spra kɯ-kʰɯ] jamar mɤɕtʂa cʰɯ́-wɣ-βʑoʁ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-handle 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-take GENR.POSS-hand ERG IPFV-INV-DENOM-handful SBJ:PCP-be.possible about until IPFV-INV-peel/sharpen
Translation: One sharpens its handle until it can be held in one's hand.' (13-tAsAsqAri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯtɕu a-wi cʰo a-mu ni tu-rɤ-ma-ndʑi ,
Glosses: DEM:LOC 1SG.POSS-grandmother COMIT 1SG.POSS-mother DU IPFV-DENOM:TR-work-DU
Translation: My grandmother and my mother were working there.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa nɯra ɲɯ-nɤ-me .
Glosses: house DEM:PL SENS-DENOM:TR-work[III]
Translation: [Her daughter] does the housework.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S60"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ rɟɤlpu ɯ-ma tu-nɤ-me
Glosses: 3SG ERG king 3SG.POSS-work IPFV-DENOM:TR-work[III]
Translation: He did the work of a king.' (2003 qachGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003372#S196"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰu cʰondɤre mbro ni to-rɤ-krɤz-ndʑi . … [tɯ-rɟit kɤ́-wɣ-nɯskʰrɯ tɕe , ɯ-pɯ nɯ tɕʰi jamar tɕe tu-kɤ-sci nɯ], to-nɯ-krɤz-ndʑi .
Glosses: tiger COMIT horse DU IFR-DENOM:INTR-discussion-DU _ GENR.POSS-offspring AOR-INV-be.pregnant.from LNK 3SG.POSS-child DEM what about LNK IPFV-INF-be.born DEM IFR-DENOM:TR-discussion-DU
Translation: The tigress and the mare had a discussion, they discussed how long it would take for the child to be born after one gets pregnant.' (20-tArka) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003566#S33"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li kɤ-tɤβ kú-wɣ-nɯ-ftɕaka ra … tɤ-tɕɯ ra kɯ tɕendɤre kɤ-tɤβ ftɕaka tú-wɣ-βzu tɕe ,
Glosses: again INF-thresh IPFV-INV-DENOM-manner be.needed:FACT _ INDEF.POSS-boy PL ERG LNK INF-thresh manner IPFV-INV-make LNK
Translation: (After…), one has to prepare the threshing, the men prepare to thresh [the crops].' (2010-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-ɣɤ-mdzu tɕe tɤ-mdzu ɣɤʑu kɤ-ti ŋu ma kɯ-dɤn mɤ-kɯ-dɤn nɯra maʁ
Glosses: SENS-DENOM:PROP-thorn LNK INDEF.POSS-thorn exist:SENS OBJ:PCP-say be:FACT LNK SBJ:PCP-be.a.lot NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.a.lot DEM:PL not.be:FACT
Translation: [The word] ɲɯ-ɣɤ-mdzu means `it has thorns', it does not [specify whether] there are many or not.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ɲɯ-ɣɤ-kʰɯ-nɯ
Glosses: house SENS-DENOM-smoke-PL
Translation: There is smoke coming out from their house.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S194"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rnom-ɕɤrɯ ɣɯ ɯ-tsɯr lo-ɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-rib-bone GEN 3SG.POSS-crack IFR:UPSTREAM-go
Translation: His ribs got fractured.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo … qartsʰi ɲɤ-k-ɤpa-a-ci] pɯ-ɣɤ-jmŋo-t-a
Glosses: 1SG _ cricket IFR-PEG-become-1SG-PEG AOR-DENOM-dream-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I dreamed that I had become a cricket.' (150904 cuzhi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki tɤrka ki tɤ-rɤku a-ɣɯ-ɕkat
Glosses: DEM.PROX mule DEM.PROX INDEF.POSS-crop PASS-DENOM-LOAD:FACT
Translation: This mule has been loaded with (burdens containing) crops.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-ɣɤ-rdɯl nɯ , ɯʑo ɯ-taʁ rdɯl tu-kɯ-ɬoʁ nɯ ŋu , kɯ-nɯ-rdɯl nɯ , ɯʑo ɯ-taʁ rdɯl kɤ-kɯ-ndzoʁ nɯ ŋu
Glosses: INF:STAT-DENOM-dust DEM 3SG 3SG.POSS-on dust IPFV:UP-SBJ:PCP-come.out DEM be:FACT INF:STAT-DENOM-dust DEM 3SG 3SG.POSS-on dust AOR-SBJ:PCP-ACAUS:attach DEM be:FACT
Translation: kɯ-ɣɤ-rdɯl means that dust is coming up from it, and kɯ-nɯ-rdɯl means that dust is attached on it.' (elicited definition)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɯlɤmgrɯβdɤn kɯ [ɯ-tʰu] tɤ-tɯ-z-mɤku-t ŋu tɕe
Glosses: ANTHR ERG 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:ask AOR-2-CAUS-be.first-PST:TR be:FACT LNK
Translation: Bsod.nam sgrub.ldan, you were the first to ask [her hand in marriage].' (sras 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <maji> nɯnɯ [ɯ-sni mɤ-kɯ-ɲaʁ] pjɤ-nɯ-mdoʁ
Glosses: ANTHR DEM 3SG.POSS-heart NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.black PST.IFR-DENOM-colour
Translation: Ma Ji looked like someone who was not evil.' (160702 luocha) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006135#S45"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: stonka tɕe li , nɤki , pɯ-nɯ-ɣur qʰe , li pjɯ-tsɣi qʰe mɯ-ɲɯ-sna ɕti .
Glosses: autumn LNK again FILLER AOR-DENOM-frost LNK again IPFV-rot LNK NEG-IPFV-be.good be.AFF:FACT
Translation: In autumn, when [the Arisaema consanguineum] get frosted, it rots and dies.' (14-sWNgWJu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯɣur pa-ta , kɯ-dɤn ʑo mɯ-pa-ta .
Glosses: frost AOR:3→3-put SBJ:PCP-be.many EMPH NEG-AOR:3→3-put
Translation: There was a bit of frost, but not much.' (conversation, 15-12-17)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-saχsɯ ɯ-pɯ́-tu ?
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-lunch QU-PST.IPFV-exist
Translation: Did you have lunch?' (both heard in context several times)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jaʁmɤcʰɯqa lɤ-nɯ-χpɯnbu
Glosses: ANTHR AOR:UPSTREAM-DENOM-master
Translation: Yagmakhyiqa became the master.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χpɯnbu la-ndo
Glosses: master AOR:3→3:UPSTREAM-take
Translation: He became the master.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-nɯ-mtsʰalu , mtsʰalu ɯ-kɯ-pʰɯt jo-ɣi
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-DENOM-nettle nettle 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-take.out IFR-come
Translation: She came to collect nettle.' (140520 ye tiane-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lu-fsoʁ ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɕendɤre kɯ-nɯ-qaɟy ntsɯ ju-ɕe pjɤ-ŋu . tɕendɤre qaɟy ntsɯ ʑ-lu-tɕɤt pjɤ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: IPFV-be.day before LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-DENOM-fish always IPFV-go IFR.IPFV-be LNK fish always TRAL-IPFV:UPSTREAM-take.out IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: [The fisherman] always went fishing before daybreak.' (140512 yufu yu mogui)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rkoŋtoŋ nɯnɯ ci to-ndo tɕe to-nɤ-ɲi tɕe
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-femur DEM INDEF IFR-take LNK IFR-DENOM-walking.stick LNK
Translation: He picked one of its femurs up and used it as a walking stick.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯŋa kɯ-fse , qaʑo kɯ-fse nɯra cʰɯ-nɤ-rme ŋgrɤl . nɯnɯ ɯ-rme cʰɯ-pʰɯt ŋgrɤl ma ,
Glosses: cow SBJ:PCP-be.like sheep SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-DENOM:TR-hair be.usually.the.case:FACT DEM 3SG.POSS-hair IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-take.off be.usually.the.case:FACT LNK
Translation: [Bats] remove the hair of cows and sheep, they remove their hair.' (25-qarmWrwa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-χpɯm ɲɯ-mŋɤm ri , mɤ-kɯ-sɤɕqa maŋe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-knee SENS-hurt LNK NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.bearable not.exist:SENS
Translation: My knee hurts, but nothing unbearable.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ta-mar ʁɟa ʑo ku-mar-nɯ
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-butter completely EMPH IPFV-smear-PL
Translation: They smeared it completely with butter.' (30-komar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ , soz tɕe , rɤru tɤkʰa tɕe , tɕʰeme nɯ ɣɯ … ɯ-jme pɕoʁ nɯtɕu ntsɯ cʰɯ-mkɯm pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM morning LOC get.up:FACT moment LOC girl DEM GEN _ 3SG.POSS-tail side DEM:LOC always IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-head.towards IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The man, in the morning, when he was about to get up, had his head towards the tail of the woman.' (rkoNrJAl2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci ko-ndzom
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water IFR-form.a.bridge.of.ice
Translation: A bridge of ice formed over the river.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rirɤβ tʰɤstɯɣ ja-pɣaʁ , tɯ-ci tʰɤstɯɣ ja-mɢla mɤ-xsi ma ,
Glosses: mountain how.many AOR:3→3-cross INDEF.POSS-water how.many AOR:3→3-step.over NEG-GENR:know LNK
Translation: It is not now how many mountains and rivers he crossed.' (160706 poucet6)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qapri ɣɯ ɯ-mdʑu ɲɯ-ɣɤ-plaʁplaʁ ʑo
Glosses: snake GEN 3SG.POSS-tongue SENS-DEIPH:INTR-flicking EMPH
Translation: The snake's tongue is flicking.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qapri kɯ ɯ-mdʑu ɲɯ-sɤ-plaʁplaʁ ʑo
Glosses: snake ERG 3SG.POSS-tongue SENS-DEIPH:TR-flicking EMPH
Translation: The snake is flicking its tongue.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qapri kɯ ɯ-mdʑu plaʁnɤplaʁ ʑo ɲɯ-ɤsɯ-stu
Glosses: snake ERG 3SG.POSS-tongue IDPH(III):flickering EMPH SENS-PROG-do.like
Translation: The snake is flicking its tongue.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe qapri qaɕpa … pjɤ-ɣɤ-ɟɯɣlɯɣ ʑo ɕti
Glosses: LNK snake frog _ IPFV.IFR-DEIDPH:INTR-wiggling EMPH be.AFF:FACT
Translation: There were [many] snakes and frogs wiggling [everywhere].' (2003 kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: skɤrwa kɤ-nɯ-xɯr-a ʑo kɤ-ari-a
Glosses: circumambulation AOR-DENOM-turn-1SG EMPH AOR-go[II]-1SG
Translation: I made circumambulations [again and again].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: xɯrnɤxɯr ʑo kɤ-rɯ-skɤrwa-a
Glosses: IDPH(III):turn EMPH AOR-DENOM-circumambulation-1SG
Translation: I made circumambulations [again and again].' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: bɤβnɤbɤβ ʑo pa-βde
Glosses: IDPH(III):heavy.object EMPH AOR:3→3:DOWN-throw
Translation: He threw [stones] down, going `boom' [on the ground] again and again.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɴɢoɕna me , porɤt me , ɯ-pɯ tɤ-tu tɕe , kɯki iɕqʰa , … ɯ-taʁ nɯnɯre boʁboʁ ʑo ku-ndzoʁ-nɯ tɕe
Glosses: LNK big.spider whether small.spider whether 3SG.POSS-young AOR-exist LNK DEM.PROX the.aforementioned _ 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IDPH(II):in.group EMPH IPFV-ACAUS:attach-PL LNK
Translation: When spiders_i, whether big ones or small ones, have offspring_j, those_j attach in clusters on them_j.' (26-mYaRmtsaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɯzɤpɯ ra nɯ-mu ɯ-ɕki ko-k-ɤ-boʁboʁ-nɯ-ci ma ɲɯ-nɤ-ndʐo-nɯ
Glosses: puppy PL 3PL.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-DAT IFR-PEG-DEIDPH-in.group-PL-PEG LNK SENS-DENOM-cold-PL
Translation: The puppies huddled against their mother, as they feel cold.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-mɤɕi ra ɣɯ , nɯ-tɕɯ nɯra kɯ tɕʰeme ci pjɤ-k-ɤz-nɤ-boʁboʁ-nɯ-ci
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.rich PL GEN 3PL.POSS-son DEM:PL ERG girl INDEF PST.IPFV-PEG-PROG-DEIDPH-in.group-PL-PEG
Translation: Children from rich [families] were grouped around a girl.' (160630 abao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ-lo-nɤ-tsoʁ-ndʑi kɯ tɯpɣaʁ lo-tɕɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: NEG-IFR-DENOM-silverweed-DU ERG field.clearing IFR:UPSTREAM-take.out-DU
Translation: They did not collect silverweed, and cleared fields for farming (instead).' (31-deluge)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo ɯ-tɯ-nɯ-<yan> ɯ-grɤl mu pɯ-me
Glosses: 3SG 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-DENOM-strict 3SG.POSS-order at.all PST.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: He was extremely strict.' (phurpa 2010)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-rɯ-<fuza> wo
Glosses: SENS-DENOM-complicated SFP
Translation: It looks complicated!' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɤjxwi ɲɯ-ɤsɯ-βzu-nɯ
Glosses: meeting SENS-PROG-make-PL
Translation: They were having a meeting.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-mbro cʰo nɤ-rŋɯl tu-rke-a tɕe kɯ-ɣɯ-<piaozi>-fsoʁ jɤ-ɕe tɕe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-horse COMIT 2SG.POSS-silver IPFV-put.in[III]-1SG LNK SBJ:PCP-DENOM-money-earn IMP-go LNK
Translation: I will give you a horse and some silver, go and earn some money.' (Lobzang 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ́-wɣ-nɯ-zgrɯ-tɕʰɯ-a
Glosses: AOR-INV-DENOM-elbow-stab-1SG
Translation: He gave me a nudge.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-taʁ nɤ-zgrɯ-tɕʰɯ ma-tɤ-tɯ-lɤt ma ɲɯ-mŋɤm
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-on 2SG.POSS-elbow-stab NEG-IMP-2-release LNK SENS-hurt
Translation: Don't give me a nudge, it hurts.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ma-nɯ-tɯ-mu tɕe aʑo mɤ-ta-nɯ-snɯ-ɲaʁ
Glosses: NEG-IMP-2-be.afraid LNK 1SG NEG-1→2-DENOM-heart-black:FACT
Translation: Don't be afraid, I will not do any harm to you.' (140429 jiedi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme ra nɯ-snɯ-ɲaʁ ɲɯ-ɤsɯ-βzu tɕe
Glosses: people PL 3PL.POSS-heart-black SENS-PROG-make LNK
Translation: It was harming people.' (150827 taisui)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-tɯ-nɯ-ɲɤm-kʰe
Glosses: SENS-2-DENOM-flesh-be.skinny
Translation: You are skinny.' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ɲɤm ɲɯ-kʰe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-flesh SENS-be.skinny
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: a-tɕɯ ɲɯ-nɤ-rɕɤ-mŋam-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son SENS-DENOM-cherish(1)-cherish(2)-1SG
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: a-tɕɯ a-rɕa mŋɤm
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son 1SG.POSS-cherish(1) cherish(2):FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-tɯ-ɤ-mɲaʁ-tsʰɯm
Glosses: SENS-2-DENOM-eye-be.thin
Translation: You are petty-minded.' (elicited)