lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯre ri tɕe kɤ-amɯfse-tɕi tɕe , tɕendɤre wuma ʑo pɯ-amɯmi-tɕi
Glosses: DEM:LOC LOC LOC AOR-know.each.other-1DU LNK LNK really EMPH PST.IPFV-be.on.good.terms-1DU
Translation: We got to know each other there, and we were in very good terms.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: jo-sɯ-ɣe tɕe iɕqʰa <gengqubing> nɯ cʰo pjɤ-sɯ-ɤmɯ-mto .
Glosses: IFR-CAUS-come LNK the.aforementioned ANTHR DEM COMIT IFR-CAUS-RECIP-see
Translation: The [old man] brought them in and had them meet Geng Qubing.' (150906 qingfeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɯ-zda tɯ-rdoʁ ɯ-pʰe ta-tɯt , tɯ-zda kɯ li ci ɯ-zda nɯ ɯ-pʰe kɯ-fse ɕ-ta-tɯt nɤ , … ɣurʑa kɯrcat nɯ ʑ-nɯ-a-sɯ-ɤmɯ-mtsʰɯ~mtsʰɤm-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: 3SG ERG 3SG.POSS-companion one-piece 3SG.POSS-DAT AOR:3→3-say INDEF.POSS-companion ERG again INDEF 3SG.POSS-companion DEM 3SG.POSS-DAT SBJ:PCP-be.like TRAL-AOR:3→3-say ADD _ hundred eight DEM TRAL-AOR-RECIP-CAUS-RECIP-hear-PL SENS-be
Translation: The boy told one of his companions, and that one went and told another one, and all one hundred and eight [boys] went and informed each other.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕiʑo andʑɯ-βri-tɕi ra
Glosses: 1DU RECIP-protect:FACT-1DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: The two of us have to look out for each other.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri tɤ-rɟit nɯ ɲɯ-ɤmɟɤkʰo-ndʑi qʰe koŋla tu-o-nɯ-rɯɕmɯ~ɕmi-ndʑi kɯnɤ mɯ́j-tsu ma tɕe li tú-wɣ-nɯ-tsɯm ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: LNK INDEF.POSS-child DEM IPFV-give.and.take-DU LNK really IPFV-RECIP-talk-DU also NEG:SENS-have.time.to LNK LNK again IPFV:UP-INV-VERT-take.away SENS-be:AFF
Translation: She_i hands the child_j to him_k and he_k takes him_j, but they_i+k don't get the time to exchange any words and she_i is taken back to heaven.' (150828 donglang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɤ-k-ɤ-prɤt-ci
Glosses: IFR-PEG-PASS-break-PEG
Translation: It has been broken (by someone).
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: wo a-ʑi ra nɯ-mkɤɣɯr pɯ-mbrɤt
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady PL 3PL.POSS-necklace AOR-ACAUS:break
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-ʑmbrɯ cʰɤ-mbɣaʁ .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-boat IFR:DOWNSTREAM-ACAUS:turn.over
Translation: (One day, there was a terrible storm on the ocean, and) their boat capsized.' (140511 xinbada-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003961#S18"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: popo pjɤ-nɯ-ɕlɯɣ tɕe , pjɤ-ɴɢrɯ .
Glosses: earthenware IFR-AUTO-DROP LNK IFR-ACAUS:break
Translation: She dropped the earthenware and it broke.' (2003gesar)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɯ-tɯ-qlɯt qʰe pjɯ-ɴɢlɯt ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: IPFV-CONV:IMM-break LNK IPFV-ACAUS:break SENS-be.AFF
Translation: [Twigs of willow that grow in lower altitude] break as soon as one breaks it.' (07-Zmbri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003438#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: fsaŋ ɕ-pjɯ-ta-nɯ ŋu . tɕe loŋrta ra ɕ-tu-tsʰoʁ-nɯ
Glosses: fumigation TRAL-IPFV-put-PL be:FACT LNK prayer.flag PL TRAL-IPFV-attach-PL
Translation: (In the morning of the first day of the year), People go [there] and make fumigation, plant prayer flags…' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S296"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-kʰɤl nɯtɕu , χsɯ-cɤβ , kɯβde-cɤβ jamar ku-tsʰoʁ
Glosses: LNK one-place DEM:LOC three-pod four-pod about IPFV-attach
Translation: In each place (in each section on the stalk of the plant), three or four pods grow.' (09-stoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-kʰɤl ri , ʁnɯ-cɤβ , χsɯ-cɤβ jamar ku-ndzoʁ cʰa
Glosses: one-place LNK two-pod three-pod about IPFV-ACAUS:attach can:FACT
Translation: In each place (section on its stalk), two or three pods can grow.' (09-stoR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: stɤβtsʰɤt mɯ-pɯ-tɯ-nɯ-cʰa-ndʑi ɕti tɕe , ndʑi-ʁo a-mɤ-nɯ-mbi
Glosses: contest NEG-AOR-2-AUTO-can-DU be.AFF:FACT LNK 2DU.POSS-disappoint(1) IRR-NEG-PFV-ACAUS:disappoint(2)
Translation: [It is not that I don't want to give her to you], it is that you failed in the contest, don't feel frustrated.' (2003 sras)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ʁo ɲɯ-tɯ-pʰi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-disappoint(1) SENS-2-disappoint(2)
Translation: I am disappointed by you.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki si ki ɯ-qa cʰɯ-tɯ-tɕɤt , ju-tɯ-tsɯm ɯ-tɯ-cʰa nɤ , … tɕe aʑo a-ʁo ɲɯ-nɯ-pʰi-a ŋu
Glosses: DEM.PROX tree DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-root IPFV-2-take.out IPFV-2-take.away QU-2-can:FACT ADD _ LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-disappoint(1) IPFV-AUTO-disappoint(2)-1SG be:FACT
Translation: If you succeed in uprooting this tree and carrying it away, I will admit defeat.' (140428 yonggan de xiaocaifeng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤjpa kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ka-lɤt ri , mɯ́j-ʁdɯɣ , pɤjkʰu tu-ndʐi ɲɯ-cʰa .
Glosses: snow SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small AOR:3→3-release LNK NEG:SENS-be.serious still IPFV-ACAUS:melt SENS-can
Translation: There was a bit of snow, but it is not serious, it can still melt.' (conversation 15-12-17)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɯ-ndʐaβ qʰe , paχɕi ra pa-nɯ-lwoʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: AOR:DOWN-ACAUS:cause.to.fall LNK apple PL AOR:3→3-AUTO-spill LNK
Translation: He fell down and spilled the apples.' (2010 Tshendzin pear story)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰri ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu ko-mbɣaʁ nɤ ɲɤ-mbɣaʁ tɕe
Glosses: bed 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-ACAUS:turn.over ADD IFR:WEST-ACAUS:turn.over LNK
Translation: She tossed over her bed.' (140430 yufu he tade qizi-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003900#S226"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ χsɯ-ɣjɤn nɯ-nɤmbɣaʁlaʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM three-times AOR-DISTR:turn.over SENS-be
Translation: [The horse Rtamchog Rinpoche] rolled over on its back three times (on the beach).' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-χti ci na-nɯ-ɕar ri , tɕendɤre kɯ-maqʰu qʰe pɯ-nɯɴɢɤt-ndʑi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-companion INDEF AOR:3→3-AUTO-search LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK AOR-ACAUS:separate-DU
Translation: She found a husband, but they eventually divorced.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S90"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo jɤ-ɕe , tɕiʑo nɯɴɢɤt-tɕi ma mɤ-jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG IMP-go 1DU ACAUS:separate:FACT-1DU apart.from NEG-be.allowed:FACT
Translation: Go away, we absolutely have to part ways.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-fsomɯr qʰendɤre , tɯlɤt nɯ ɯ-taʁ ko-ndzoʁ qʰe … tɯrmɯkʰa tɕe tɯlɤt nɯ ɯ-taʁ ko-ɴqoʁ tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-tomorrow.evening LNK second.sibling DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-ACAUS:attach LNK _ dusk LNK second.sibling DEM 3SG.POSS-on IFR-hang LNK
Translation: The next day in the evening, he clung onto the second sister. (…) At dusk, he grabbed the second sister.' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S44"></fn> <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S46"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɣɯjpa ɯ-mɯntoʁ nɯ-kɤ-lɤt nɯ pɯ-nnɯ-ŋgra kɯnɤ fsaqʰe qʰe nɯ ɯ-sta nɯ li nɯ jamar tɕʰi kɯ-tu nɯ ɯ-mat ɲɯ-βze ɕti
Glosses: this.year 3SG.POSS-flower AOR-SBJ:PCP-release DEM AOR:DOWN-AUTO-ACAUS:cause.to.fall also next.year LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-place DEM again DEM about what SBJ:PCP-exist DEM 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-make[III] be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Even if the flowers that have blossomed this year and fall down, the next year it makes at that place as many fruits (as there were flowers the previous year).' (11-qarGW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-rom kɯnɤ mɤ-ɣɤ-ɴɢlɯt
Glosses: AOR-be.dry also NEG-FACIL-ACAUS:break:FACT
Translation: Even after it has dried up, [the wood of high mountain willow twig] does not break easily.' (07-Zmbri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003438#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zrɯɣ nɯ-nɤmbɣaʁlaʁ rdɯl mɤ-tɕɤt
Glosses: louse AOR-DISTR:ACAUS:turn.over dust NEG-take.out:FACT
Translation: When a louse rolls around, it does not raise dust.' (proverb)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ rgoŋlu nɯ nɯɕimɯma ʑo tɯ-nɤndʐaβlaβ jo-ʑa tɕe jo-ndʐaβ nɤ jo-ndʐaβ .
Glosses: DEM ball DEM immediately EMPH INF:II-DISTR:ACAUS:roll IFR-start LNK IFR-ACAUS:roll add IFR-ACAUS:roll
Translation: The ball immediately started rolling over and over.' (140514 huishuohua de niao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯ́-wɣ-ta tɕe , tɕe snama tɤ-ŋke tɕe tɕe , mɤ-nɤŋgiolo .
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV:DOWN-INV-put LNK LNK beast.of.burden AOR-walk LNK LNK NEG-DISTR:ACAUS:cause.to.glide:FACT
Translation: One puts [belly and neck bands on the burdens], so that when the beast of burden walks, [the burden] does not move around [on its back].' (30-tAsno)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso tɤjpɣom ɯ-taʁ ɲɯ-nɯŋgiolɯlo
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child ice 3SG.POSS-on SENS-DISTR:ACAUS:cause.to.glide
Translation: The child slides on the ice.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ta-mar cʰɤ-sɯɣ-ndʐi-t-a
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-butter IFR-CAUS-ACAUS:melt-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I let the butter melt (by forgetting it next to a source of heat).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰru nɯ cʰɯ-ftʂi-nɯ tɕe , tɕe nɯnɯ pjɯ-lɤt-nɯ ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: pig.iron DEM IPFV-melt-PL LNK LNK DEM IPFV:DOWN-release-PL SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: They melt the pig iron and pour it into [the mold].' (25-qraR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jme nɯ … ki tu-fse tu-z-nɯndzi tɕe tɕe ɲɯ-qɤt ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-tail DEM _ DEM.PROX IPFV-be.like IPFV-CAUS-be.vertical[III] LNK LNK IPFV-separate SENS-be
Translation: It puts its tail vertically like this and spreads (the tail feathers).' (24-ZmbrWpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003628#S73"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑɯɣ a-me ci tu tɕe , nɯnɯ kɯ tɯ-sŋaʁ pa-βzjoz tɕe ,
Glosses: 1SG.GEN 1SG.POSS-daughter INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM ERG NMLZ:ACTION-cast.spells AOR:3→3-learn LNK
Translation: I have a daughter, and she has learned sorcery.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-me nɯ pɯ-rɤ-βzjoz ri tʰam ɯ-<gongzuo> ɯ-ma me
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM AOR-APASS-learn LNK now 3SG.POSS-job 3SG.POSS-work not.exist:FACT
Translation: Her daughter went to school (studied things) but has no job now.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sqɯ-mpɕar kɤ-ŋa-t-a
Glosses: TEN-money.unit AOR-owe-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I bought [it] on credit and owe [him] ten renminbi.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɯ-rme tu ma mɤ-sɤ-ndza ma ɯ-mdzu me .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-hair exist:FACT LNK NEG-APASS-eat:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-thorn not.exist:FACT
Translation: It has hair, but does not prick, because it has no thorns.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mdzadi nɯ wuma ʑo sɤ-ndza . wuma ʑo kɯ-ndza tɕe rɤʑa .
Glosses: flea DEM really EMPH APASS-eat:FACT really EMPH GENR:S/O-eat:FACT LNK itch:FACT
Translation: Fleas bite a lot. They bite people a lot, and it itches.' (21-mdzadi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-ji ra kɯ-dɯ~dɤn kɯ-jɯ~jom lo-pɣaʁ-nɯ
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-field PL SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.many SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.wide IFR:UPSTREAM-turn.over-PL
Translation: They had ploughed many wide fields for them.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: zgoku tu-ɕe qʰe lu-rɤ-pɣaʁ nɤ , tɤ-rɤku cʰo ra pjɯ-ji qʰe , tɕe nɯ kɯ-fse ku-rɤʑi pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: mountain IPFV:UP-go LNK IPFV:UPSTREAM-APASS-turn.over ADD INDEF.POSS-crops COMIT PL IPFV-plant LNK LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-stay IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [The old man] lived by going to the mountain, clearing fields and planting crops.' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: slama ra ɣɯ tʰɯtʰɤci kɯ-fse , nɯ kɤ-rɤ-βzjoz ra ɲɯ-stu mɯ́j-stu nɯ , … nɯnɯra nɯ-pʰama ra nɯ-ɕki kɯ-rɤfɕɤt ɲɯ-ra .
Glosses: student PL GEN something SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM INF-APASS-study PL SENS-be.serious NEG:SENS-be.serious DEM _ DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-parents PL 3PL.POSS-DAT GENR:S/O-report:FACT SENS-be.needed
Translation: (As a teacher), one has to tell the parents all kinds of things concerning the students, whether they try hard or not, whether they work seriously or not.' (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑɤɣ ɯ-βra kɯ-rkɯ~rkɯn ntsɯ ma mɯ-pjɤ-nɯ-ta . ɯ-ro ra lonba ɲɯ-rɤ-mbi pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG:GEN 3SG.POSS-share SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.few always apart.from NEG-IFR-AUTO-put 3SG.POSS-rest PL all IPFV-APASS-give IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He would only keep a little for himself, and give away the rest.' (150902 hailibu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006316#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯmŋu ma mɯ-nɯ-ʁaʁ ɯ-qʰu tɕe , tɕe χsɯm nɯ nɯ-rɤ-mbi-tɕi tɕe
Glosses: five apart.from NEG-AOR-hatch 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK three DEM AOR-APASS-give-DU LNK
Translation: Only five (of the twelve eggs) hatches, and we gave three [of the chicks] [to other people].' (22-kumpGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003588#S76"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kumpɣa ɯ-pɯ kɯ-sɤjndɯ~jndɤt ʑo pɯ-ŋu ri , tɕeri <xingqitian> <fangjia> tɕe tu-nɯ-ɕe-a pɯ-ra tɕe ɕ-kɤ-rɤ-ɕtʂɯ-a .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-hen 3SG.POSS-young SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.cute EMPH PST.IPFV-be LNK LNK sunday holidays LOC IPFV:UP-VERT-go-1SG PST.IPFV-be.needed LNK TRAL-AOR-APASS-entrust.with-1SG
Translation: My chicks were very cute, but on sunday, I had to go back on holiday, and I went [to someone_i] and entrusted him/her/them_i with them. (150819 kumpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo tɤ-tɕɯ ra nɯ-ɕki cʰa ɲɯ-rɤ-jtsʰi-a ŋgrɤl
Glosses: 1SG INDEF.POSS-son PL 3PL.POSS-DAT alcohol IPFV-APASS-give.to.drink be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: I (usually) give a drink to the guys.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mu a-wa ni a-kʰɯna ɲɤ-rɤ-mbi-ndʑi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-mother 1SG.POSS-father DU 1SG.POSS-dog IFR-APASS-give-DU
Translation: My parents gave my dog away.' (elicitation, 2019-11-30)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wa kɯ a-ʁi a-ɕki kɤ-rɤ-ɕtʂɯ .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-father ERG 1SG.POSS-younger.brother 1SG.POSS-DAT AOR-APASS-entrust.with
Translation: My father entrusted me with my younger brother.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤfsɤri kɤ-βzu ci pjɯ-ta-sɯxɕɤt .
Glosses: thread INF-make a.little IPFV-1→2-teach
Translation: Let me teach you how to make threads.' (vid-20140506043657)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: li sloχpɯn ta-ndo-t-a tɕe , nɯre pjɯ-sɤ-sɯxɕat-a pɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: again teacher AOR:3→3-take-PST:TR-1SG LNK DEM:LOC IPFV-APASS-teach-1SG PST.IPFV-be
Translation: I too became a teacher, and I was teaching there.' (12-BzaNsa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003484#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ɕki ɣɯ-nɯ-rɤtʰutʰe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-DAT CISL-AOR-ask.permission
Translation: He came and asked me (for information).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mbro nɯ kɯ ɕkɤrɯ nɯnɯ [maka mɤ-kɤ-rɤtʰutʰe] kɯ nɯfse ju-kɤ-ɣi nɯ wuma ʑo pjɤ-qʰa ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: horse DEM ERG serow DEM at.all NEG-INF-ask.permission ERG like.that IPFV-INF-come DEM really EMPH IFR.IPFV-hate SENS-be
Translation: The horse hated that the serow came like that without asking [permission] at all.' (ma he lu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯ-me nɯnɯ <xianzhong> nɯtɕu pjɯ-rɤ-βzjoz pɯ-ŋu ri ,
Glosses: LNK 3SG.POSS-daughter DEM district.school DEM:LOC IPFV-APASS-learn IPFV-be LNK
Translation: (At the time when) her daughter was going to school, (her father was drinking alcohol and neglected his parental duties).' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <caichen> nɯnɯ pjɤ-rɤ-βzjoz ntsɯ . jɯɣi ntsɯ pjɤ-k-ɤsɯ-ndɯn-ci .
Glosses: ANTHR DEM IFR.IPFV-APASS-learn always book always IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-read-PEG
Translation: Caichen was always studying, always reading books.' (150907 niexiaoqian-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006262#S20"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-rʑaβ nɯ pjɤ-rɤ-ɕpʰɤt ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-wife DEM IFR.IPFV-APASS-patch
Translation: The wife was patching clothes.' (qajdoskAt 2002) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003366#S20"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: χsɯ-sla pɯ-βzjoz-a
Glosses: three-months AOR-learn-1SG
Translation: I have learned [how to make ploughshares] for three months.' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯra nɯ-pʰe nɯtɕu , χsɯ-xpa nɯ pɯ-rɤ-βzjoz-a .
Glosses: DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-DAT DEM:LOC three-years DEM PST-APASS-learn-1SG
Translation: I have studied with them for three years.' (160721 XpWN) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006181#S28"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑɤɣ nɯ kɤ-nɯ-tʰu na-nɯ-jmɯt ɲɯ-ŋu , tɕeri nɯ ma tu-rɤ-tʰu mɯ-nɯ-jɤɣ ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: 3SG:GEN DEM INF-AUTO-ask AOR:3→3-AUTO-forget SENS-be LNK DEM apart.from IPFV-APASS-ask NEG-AOR-be.allowed SENS-be
Translation: He had forgotten to ask his own [question], but he was not allowed to ask questions anymore.' (divination, 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯ kɯ-si to-rɤŋgat .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM SBJ:PCP-die IFR-be.about
Translation: The man [had fallen ill] and was about to die.' (rkongrgyal2.2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βlama ɲɤ-ɕar-nɯ tɕe , ko-rɤ-tʰu-nɯ ri
Glosses: lama IFR-search-PL LNK IFR-APASS-ask-PL LNK
Translation: They looked a lama and consulted him/ask for his advice.' (rkongrgyal2.2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kɯ-sɤ-ndza tu-oɣɯɣu ri ,
Glosses: LNK SBJ:PCP-APASS-eat IPFV-prepare LNK
Translation: [The râkshasî demoness] (revealed her true nature) and was about to eat someone (one of them), but …' (28-smAnmi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004063#S378"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ju-lɤt-nɯ tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ wuma ʑo ɲɯ-sɤ-sat … qro ri ɲɯ-xtɕi ɕti , tɕe nɯnɯ kɯ rcanɯ tɯ-kʰɤl tɕe ʁnɯz χsɯm jamar pjɯ-sat ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK DEM IPFV-release-PL LNK LNK DEM really EMPH SENS-APASS-kill _ pigeon also SENS-be.small be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM ERG UNEXP:DEG one-place LOC two three about IPFV-KILL SENS-be
Translation: They shoot with [scattering bullets], and it is very lethal, (…) the pigeons are small, [with scattering bullets] they kill two or three [pigeons] in one place.' (28-CAmWGdW) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003712#S110"></fn>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003712#S115"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɯdaʁ nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ kɯ-sɤ-ndza nɯ , kɯrŋi tu-kɯ-ti ŋu
Glosses: wild.animals DEM 3SG.POSS-in SBJ:PCP-APASS-eat DEM beast IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: Among the animals, the carnivorous ones are called `beasts'.' (elicited, explanation of example ex:kWsAndza.GW, §sec:subject.participle.subject.relative)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɯ-sɤ-tʰu ɕe-a
Glosses: 1SG SBJ:PCP-APASS-ask go:FACT-1SG
Translation: I am going to ask for (the girls) in marriage.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mɯ wuma ʑo tɤ-me tɕe , tɕendɤre tsʰitsuku ɕ-ku-sɤ-nɯrtɕa-nɯ tɕe , fsaŋ ra ɕ-pjɯ-ta-nɯ , ɕ-pjɯ-rɟaʁ-nɯ nɯra tɕe , tɕe tɯ-mɯ ku-sɯ-lɤt-nɯ pjɤ-ŋgrɤl . tɕe nɯ ɯ-sɤz-nɤma ɣɯ sɤtɕʰa nɯ znɤrɣɤma tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-weather really EMPH AOR-not.exist LNK LNK some.things TRAL-IPFV-APASS-tease-PL LNK fumigation PL TRAL-IPFV-put-PL TRAL-IPFV-dance-PL DEM:PL LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-weather IPFV-CAUS-release-PL IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-make GEN place DEM placename IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: When there was no rain at all, people would go there and do teasing, make fumigations and dance, and cause rain to come. They call the place where these activities were performed znɤrɣɤma.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S237"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑɯβdaʁ ɕ-kú-wɣ-nɯrtɕa
Glosses: mountain.god TRAL-IPFV-INV-tease
Translation: One teases the mountain gods.' (gloss of example ex:znArGAma).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ tsʰitsuku ɲɤ-ndɯn tɕe kʰɤndɯn ra ɲɤ-βzu
Glosses: 3SG ERG whatever IFR-read LNK recitation PL IFR-read
Translation: He recited something, he recited a formula.' (140510 sanpian yumao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰalɤɣrum nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-rme tu ri , … mtsʰalɤɲaʁ nɯ stʰɯci mɤ-sɤ-mtsɯɣ .
Glosses: nettle.sp DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-hair exist:FACT LNK _ nettle.sp DEM much NEG-APASS:PROP-bite:FACT
Translation: Although the white nettle has hairs, it does not sting as much as the black nettle.' (19-mtshalu2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003544#S4"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mtsʰalɤɲaʁ cʰo mtsʰalɤɣrum nɯ ʁnaʁna kɯ kɯ-mtsɯɣ
Glosses: nettle.sp COMIT nettle.sp DEM both ERG GENR:S/O-bite:FACT
Translation: Both black and white nettle sting.' (11-mtshalu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme [tɤ-ɕpʰɤt ɯ-kɯ-ta] kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi pjɤ-tu ma nɯ ma kɯ-rɤ-tʂɯβ pjɤ-me .
Glosses: woman INDEF.POSS-patch 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-put SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.small IFR.IPFV-exist LNK DEM apart.from SBJ:PCP-APASS-sew IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: There were a few women who made patches, but no (women) tailors.' (12-kAtsxWb) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003486#S100"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-ʁjoʁ ra kɯ tɯ-ndza tu-βzu-nɯ nɯra , ɲɯ-sɤ-nɤkʰu-nɯ ra pjɤ-ɕti qʰe ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-servant PL ERG NMLZ:ACTION-eat IPFV-make-PL DEM:PL IPFV-APASS-invite-PL PL IFR.IPFV-be.AFF:FACT LNK
Translation: Their servants were making food, they were inviting people.' (28-qajdoskAt) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003718#S131"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɕaχpa nɯra kɯ li , laχtɕʰa z-ɲɤ-sɤ-nɯsɯkʰo-nɯ
Glosses: the.aforementioned robber DEM:PL ERG again thing TRAL-IFR-APASS-rob-PL
Translation: The robbers had gone and robbed some people from their things.' (140512 alibaba-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003965#S107"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: Dai .Song ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , ɯ-ɕaχpu nɯ kɯ ɲɤ́-wɣ-sqɤr tɕe , nɤkinɯ , pjɤ́-wɣ-z-rɤ-rɤt ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: ANTHR GEN FILLER 3SG.POSS-friend DEM ERG IFR-INV-ask.to.do LNK FILLER IFR-INV-CAUS-APPL-draw SENS-be
Translation: One of Dai Song's friend's asked him to draw something.' (2010-kewen-07)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ tɤ-ri ɲɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-βzu tɕe cʰɯ́-wɣ-z-rɤ-tʂɯβ ŋu
Glosses: LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-thread IPFV-INV-AUTO-make LNK IPFV-INV-CAUS-APASS-sew BE:FACT
Translation: One [can] then make the thread and use it to sew things.' (13-tAsAsqAri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003496#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ tu-kɯ-ti tɕe mɤʑɯ amɯ-tso .
Glosses: DEM IPFV-GENR-say LNK even.more DISTR-understand:FACT
Translation: If one says this, it is clearer (easier to understand).' (heard several times during elicitation sessions)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pi cʰo a-ʁi ni kɤ-sɯ-ɤmɯ-tso-t-a-ndʑi
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling COMIT 1SG.POSS-younger.sibling DU AOR-CAUS-RECIP-understand-PST:TR-1SG-DU
Translation: I helped my elder and younger brothers/sisters understanding each other.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-rju ta-sɯ-ɤmɯ-tso
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-word AOR:3→3-CAUS-???-understand
Translation: He spoke clearly'. (Literally: `He made the words understandable'; elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: fsosoz ndɤre , tɤ-amɯ-rmbɯ ʑo .
Glosses: next.morning LNK AOR-DISTR-pile.up EMPH
Translation: The next morning, [the bowl] was completely filled [with food].' (2003kandZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: taŋi tɤ-ɣe tɕe ɣndʑɤβ a-mɤ-tɤ-lɯɣ ra ma ɲɯ-ɤmɯ-zwɤr mbat
Glosses: drought AOR-come[II] LNK fire.hazard IRR-NEG-PFV-come.off be.needed:FACT LNK IPFV-DISTR-burn be.easy:FACT
Translation: When there is a drought, there should not be a fire as it can spread easily.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯki ɣɯ ɯ-tɕʰa nɯnɯ , nɯɕimɯma ʑo rɟɤlkʰɤβ nɯtɕu ɲɤ-k-ɤmɯ-zwɤr-ci tɕe ɲɤ-k-ɤmɯ-sɯz-ci .
Glosses: DEM.PROX GEN 3SG.POSS-news DEM immediately EMPH kingdom DEM:LOC IFR-PEG-DISTR-burn-PEG LNK IFR-PEG-DISTR-know-PEG
Translation: The news about this spread in the whole kingdom like fire and became known to everyone.' (150820 meili de meiguihua-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006286#S79"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-ndɤr nɯnɯ , … nɯ-βri rcanɯ , kɯ-so ɲɯ-me ʑo , ɲɯ-ɤmɯ-zɣɯt ʑo ɲɯ-ɬoʁ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-pustule DEM _ 3PL.POSS-body UNEXP:DEG SBJ:PCP-be.empty IPFV-not.exist EMPH IPFV-DISTR-reach EMPH IPFV-come.out SENS-be
Translation: The pustules (…) come out evenly everywhere on their body, without any empty spot.' (27-kharwut) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003698#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tamar kɯnɤ , nɤki tɕʰorzi nɯ ɯ-mŋu me , ɯ-qa me nɯra ɲɯ-sɯ-ɤmɯ-zɣɯt ʑo ɲɯ-mar ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: LNK butter also FILLER alcohol.jar DEM 3SG.POSS-opening whether 3SG.POSS-bottom whether DEM:PL IPFV-CAUS-DISTR-reach EMPH IPFV-smear SENS-be.needed
Translation: [The jar maker] also to apply butter evenly to the opening and the bottom of the alcohol jar.' (30-kWrAfcAr) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003740#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ rgɤtpu nɯ pjɤ-mu tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM old.man DEM IFR.IPFV-be.afraid LNK
Translation: The old man was afraid.' (140426 xiaohaizi he hua de shizi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɯŋgi nɯnɯ pjɤ-sɤɣ-mu tɕe pjɤ-nɯɣ-mu ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: lion DEM IFR.IPFV-PROP-be.afraid LNK IFR.IPFV-APPL-be.afraid SENS-be
Translation: The lion_i was terrifying and [the old man] was afraid of it_i.' (shizi yu nongfu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-tɕɯ nɯ fso tʰɯ-wxti tɕe tʰa aʑɯɣ mɤ-sɤ-scit
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-son DEM in.the.future AOR-be.big LNK later 1SG:GEN NEG-PROP-be.happy:FACT
Translation: When his son has grown up, it will not be a pleasant situation for me.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-xpa tɕe , wuma pjɤ-sɤ-mtsɯr
Glosses: one-year LNK really IPFV.IFR-PROP-be.hungry
Translation: One year, there was a famine.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯtɕu pjɯ́-wɣ-rɤtɕaʁ a-pɯ-ŋu tɕe , … ʑgrɯɣ ʑo kɯ-ŋgio ɕti ma , nɯnɯ ɲɯ-sɤ-aʁdɤt kɯ-fse .
Glosses: DEM:LOC IPFV-INV-tread IRR-IPFV-be LNK _ certainly EMPH GENR:S/O-ACAUS:glide be.AFF:FACT LNK DEM SENS-PROP-slip SBJ:PCP-be.like
Translation: If one walks on [the moss], one will certainly slip, as it is slippery.' (03-zhenzhuquan-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003386#S25"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-ndza] mɯ-pɯ-kɯ-nɤz ma sɤndɤɣ tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: INF-eat NEG-PST.IPFV-GENR:S/A-dare LNK be.poisonous:FACT IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: We/people would not dare to eat it, because they say that it is poisonous.' (19-khWlu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [kɤ-nɤjaʁ] mɤ-sɤ-nɤz ʑo ma tɯ-jaʁ ku-otsa ɕti tɕe mŋɤm .
Glosses: LNK INF-touch NEG-PROP-dare:FACT EMPH LNK GENR.POSS-hand IPFV-prick.into be.AFF:FACT LNK hurt:FACT
Translation: It is such that people do not dare to touch it, as it pricks in one's hand and it hurts.' (15-babW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯfse kɯ-nɤ-ŋkɯ~ŋke ɕe-a ma tɕe kʰa kɤ-rɤʑi ntsɯ ɲɯ-kɯ-dɯɣ
Glosses: like.that SBJ:PCP-DISTR:walk go:FACT-1SG LNK LNK house INF-stay always SENS-GENR:S/O-have.enough.of
Translation: I go to walk (without a special reason), because I don't feel well staying at home all the time.' (conversation, 2013-12-24)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kutɕu aʑo-sti ɲɯ-ɕti-a tɕe ɲɯ-sɤɣ-dɯɣ
Glosses: DEM:PROX:LOC 1SG-alone SENS-be.AFF-1SG LNK SENS-PROP-have.enough.of
Translation: I am here alone, and I am fed up of [being alone].' (07-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003426#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯ kɯ-fse kɤ-rɤʑi] ɲɯ-dɯɣ-a .
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like INF-stay SENS-have.enough.of-1SG
Translation: I am fed up of living like that.' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003804#S31"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-rɤʑi] wuma ʑo pjɤ-sɤɣ-dɯɣ .
Glosses: INF-stay really EMPH IFR.IPFV-PROP-have.enough.of
Translation: Living [there] was very difficult to endure.' (150827 taisui-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006390#S12"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-sŋi [mɯntoʁ ʁnɯz χsɯm jamar lú-wɣ-taʁ] ɲɯ-sɤ-cʰa
Glosses: one-day flower two three about IPFV:UPSTREAM-INV-weave SENS-PROP-can
Translation: In one day, it is possible to weave two or three patterns (on the belt).' (2011-06-thaXtsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: βʑɯ [...], kɯ-sɤ-cʰa nɯra aʑo pjɯ-sat-a ŋu , mɤ-kɯ-sɤ-cʰa jɤ-kɯ-ɤ<nɯ>ri nɯra nɯʑora kɯ pɯ-sat-nɯ ra nɤ
Glosses: mouse _ SBJ:PCP-PROP-can DEM:PL 1SG IPFV-kill-1SG be:FACT NEG-SBJ:PCP-PROP-can AOR-<AUTO>go[II] DEM:PL 2PL ERG IMP-kill-PL be.needed:FACT SFP
Translation: The mice, I will kill the ones that (I) can (get), but the one that [I] cannot [get] and have gone away, you will have to kill them.' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe sɯŋgɯ ku-rɤʑi ɕti tɤɣa kɤ-mto me . ri [tu-mbri] nɯ sɤ-mtsʰɤm .
Glosses: LNK forest IPFV-stay be.AFF:FACT in.the.open OBJ:PCP-see not.exist:FACT LNK IPFV-make.noise DEM PROP-hear:FACT
Translation: It stays in the forest and is never seen in the open, but it can be heard singing.' (23-scuz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-mɯ mɯ́j-lɤt tɕe tɤjmɤɣ mɯ́j-sɤ-rndu
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-sky NEG:SENS-release LNK mushroom NEG:SENS-PROP-obtain
Translation: It is not raining, and so it is not easy to find mushrooms.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-rmi ɲɯ-sɤ-sɯz
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-name SENS-PROP-know
Translation: His name is well-known.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤʑɯ ɯ-rmi mɤ-kɯ-sɤ-spa xcat ɕti
Glosses: again 3SG.POSS-name NEG-SBJ:PCP-PROP-be.able be.many:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: There are many other [plants] whose name is not known.' (08-tWrgi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003464#S51"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-jaʁ pɯ-ɕke
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-hand AOR-burn
Translation: My hand was burnt.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: smi tʰa-βlɯ-nɯ ri , pjɤ-sɤ-ɕke qʰe , ʑakastaka jo-nɯ-rɤɕi-nɯ qʰe ,
Glosses: fire AOR:3→3-burn-PL LNK IFR.IPFV-PROP-burn LNK each.their.own IFR-AUTO-pull-PL LNK
Translation: They made a fire (and used their legs as tripods to make tea), but since it was burning, and each of them pulled [their legs] (and were not able to prepare food).' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <diandian> ʑo kɯ-rɤʑi ɲɯ-mɯɕtaʁ , tu-kɯ-ŋke tɕe ɲɯ-sɤ-ɕke
Glosses: shop EMPH GENR:S/O-stay SENS-be.cold IPFV-GENR:S/O-walk LNK SENS-PROP-burn
Translation: Staying in the shop it is cold, but walking [on the street] it is hot.' (conversation, 14-05-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-tʰoʁ ɲɯ-sɤ-ŋgio tɕe tɕoχtsi ɲɯ́-wɣ-kio ɲɯ-kʰɯ
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-ground SENS-PROP-ACAUS:glide LNK table IPFV-INV-glide SENS-be.possible
Translation: The ground is slippery, and one can move the table by making it glide on it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-wa nɯtʰamtɕɤt ʑo tʰɯ-wxti tɕe , nɯ kɯ-fse … ɕɯ-kɤ-ɤlɯlɤt … cʰa ɕi kɯma , ɲɯ-sɤ-nɯ-zdɯɣ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-father so.much EMPH AOR-be.big LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like _ TRAL-INF-fight _ can:FACT QU SFP SENS-PROP-worry.about
Translation: Your father has become so old, can he go to war like that? He is cause of worry [for all of us].' (150828 huamulan-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006396#S19"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-βzjoz ɲɯ-mbat
Glosses: INF-learn SENS-be.easy
Translation: It is easy to learn.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: si kɯ-wxtɯ~wxti ɲɯ-βze cʰa ma wuma ʑo ɲɯ-ɣɤ-wxti .
Glosses: tree SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.big IPFV-grow[III] can:FACT LNK really EMPH SENS-FACIL-be.big
Translation: It can grow into a hug tree, as it easily becomes huge.' (07-Zmbri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003438#S9"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrme mɤ-kɯ-ɲɟɯr , nɯnɯ mɤ-kɯ-ɣɤ-rgɤz tɕe tɕe nɯnɯ tɤtʰo tu-sɤrmi-nɯ ŋu .
Glosses: people NEG-SBJ:PCP-change DEM NEG-SBJ:PCP-FACIL-be.old LNK LNK DEM ANTHR IPFV-call-PL be:FACT
Translation: Persons who don't change, who don't age quickly, people call them `pines'.' (07-tAtho)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯra iʑo ji-ji pɯ-kɤ-z-mɤku nɯ iʑo ɯ-pʰɯt ku-z-mɤku-j ma ɲɯ-ɣɤ-mda
Glosses: DEM:PL 1PL 1PL.POSS-field AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-be.first DEM 1PL 3SG.POSS-BARE.INF:cut IPFV-CAUS-be.first-1PL LNK SENS-FACIL-be.the.time
Translation: Our fields, that have been [sowed] first, we harvest they first, because the [crops] ripen earlier [than in other places, higher up in altitude].' (2010-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa sɤtɕʰa nɯ waɟɯ ɲɯ-ɣɤ-nmu .
Glosses: the.aforementioned place DEM earthquake SENS-FACIL-shake
Translation: Earthquakes are frequent in this place.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ʁo ɯ-tɯ-ɣɤ-mbi nɯ !
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-discourage(1) 3SG-NMLZ:DEG-FACIL-ACAUS:discourage(2) SFP
Translation: You are so easily discouraged!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-tɤ-rʑaʁ ɯ-ɲɯ́-ɣɤ-ɕe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-INDEF.POSS-time QU-SENS-FACIL-go
Translation: Is the time passing quickly for you?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɲɯ-ɕqraʁ tɕe ɲɯ-ɣɤ-ɕɯftaʁ
Glosses: SENS-be.intelligent LNK SENS-FACIL-memorize
Translation: He is intelligent, he has a good memory.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe qaʑo kɯ-wxti nɯra ɣɯ qʰe , nɯ-rme ɲɯ-rɲɟi qʰe ɲɯ-nɯɣɯ-krɤɣ , kɯ-xtɕi nɯra ɣɯ , nɯ-rme ɲɯ-xtɯt qʰe , mɯ́j-nɯɣɯ-krɤɣ .
Glosses: LNK sheep SBJ:PCP-be.big DEM:PL GEN LNK 3PL.POSS-hair SENS-be.long LNK SENS-FACIL-shear SBJ:PCP-be.small DEM:PL GEN 3PL.POSS-hair SENS-be.short LNK NEG:SENS-FACIL-shear
Translation: The big sheep, their wool is long and thus easy to shear, the small ones, their wool is short and difficult to shear.' (160712 smAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ci nɯ xɕaj ɯ-mdoʁ tsa ɯ-kɯ-ndo nɯ mɤ-nɯɣɯ-mto . tɕe wuma ʑo mɯ~mɤ-pɯ-kɯ-tso nɤ mɤ́-wɣ-mto
Glosses: INDEF DEM grass 3SG.POSS-colour a.little 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-take DEM NEG-FACIL-see:FACT LNK really EMPH COND~NEG-PST.IPFV-GENR:S/O-understand LNK NEG-INV-see
Translation: The other one, which has the colour of grass, is not easy to see; unless you know it very well, you won't see it.' (07-Cku) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003424#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ mɯ́j-nɯɣɯ-ti
Glosses: DEM NEG:SENS-FACIL-say
Translation: This [meaning] is difficult to express (in Japhug).' (heard in context)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯnɯ tʰɤlwa ɲɯɣɲɯɣ zɯ to-ɕe qʰe , maka ɯ-mɤ-tɯ-nɯɣɯ-ŋke pjɤ-saχaʁ ʑo ,
Glosses: girl DEM earth IDPH(II):soft LOC IFR:UP-go LNK at.all 3SG.POSS-NEG-NMLZ:DEG-FACIL-walk PST.IPFV-be.extremely EMPH
Translation: The girl went up the [path made of] soft earth, and it was extremely difficult to walk on it.' (2014-kWlAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tʂu ɯ-rkɯ ɲɯ-ɤrmbat tɕe , ɲɯ-nɯɣɯ-ɕe
Glosses: path 3SG.POSS-side SENS-be.close LNK SENS-FACIL-go
Translation: [This place] is close to the road, it is easy to go there.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: laʁjɯɣ nɤʑo tɤ-nɯ-ndɤm je
Glosses: staff 2SG IMP-AUTO-take[III] SFP
Translation: Take the staff.' (2005 khu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɤkinɯ , tɤ-tɯ-nɯrdoʁ , aj tɤ-nɯ-ndo-t-a me
Glosses: 2SG FILLER AOR-2-pick.up 1SG AOR-AUTO-take-TR:PST-1SG not.exist:FACT
Translation: It is you who collected [the fruits], I did not take them.' (lWlu 2002)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lu-nɯ-rɤ-ji-nɯ tɕe , nɯ-kɤ-ndza nɯra ʑara pjɯ-nɯ-tɕɤt-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: IPFV-AUTO-APASS-plant-PL LNK 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat DEM:PL 3PL IPFV-AUTO-take.out-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: (As they were receiving treatment), they were working in the fields, and earning their own food by themselves.' (25-khArWm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɕom kɯ scoʁ cʰɯ-kɤ-sɯ-βzu nɯ , tɯtsʰi ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯra a-pɯ-ɤ-nɯ-rku qʰe ɲɯ-ɲaʁ .
Glosses: iron ERG ladle IPFV-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make DEM rice.gruel 3SG.POSS-in DEM:PL IRR-IPFV-PASS-AUTO-put.in LNK IPFV-be.black
Translation: Ladles that are made of iron (iron ladles), whenever they are put in rice gruel, they blacken.' (30-Com) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003736#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-ʁrɯ nɯnɯ tʰɯ-rgɤz tɕe tɕe nɯ ɯʑo pjɯ-ɤ<nɯ>tɤr ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-horn DEM AOR-be.old LNK LNK DEM 3SG IPFV:DOWN-<auto>fall SENS-be
Translation: When its antlers age, they fall off by themselves.' (27-qartshAz)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pakuku ʑo ju-nɯɕe-nɯ tɕe nɯtɕu li ɣɤ<nɯ>ʑu ɕti .
Glosses: every.year EMPH IPFV-come.back-PL LNK there again <AUTO>exist:SENS be.AFF:FACT
Translation: They come back every year, and it is still there.' (20 grWBgrWB)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <gaoyucheng> kɯ ɯ-laχtɕʰa … pɯ-a<nɯ>sɯ-fkur ɣɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɯ-jaʁ cʰɤ-tsɯm ri ,
Glosses: ANTHR ERG 3SG.POSS-thing _ PST.IPFV-<AUTO>PROG-carry DEM 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-hand IFR:DOWNSTREAM-take.away LNK
Translation: Gao Yucheng put his hand in the things (bag) that he was carrying on his back.' (150902 qixian-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ji-kɤ-nɯ-raχtɕɤz ra jɤ-ɣe-nɯ , iʑora tu-nɯ-ʑɣɤ-raχtɕɤz-i ,
Glosses: LNK 1PL-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-cherish PL AOR-come[II]-PL 1PL IPFV-AUTO-REFL-cherish-1PL
Translation: When people we cherish come, or when we [wish] to treat ourselves,' (30 macha)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tu-tɯ́-wɣ-ndza ɯ-ɲɯ-sɯsɤm qʰe a-tɤ-tɯ́-wɣ-nɯ-ndza ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: IPFV-2-INV-eat QU-IPFV-think[III] LNK IRR-PFV-2-INV-AUTO-eat SENS-be.better
Translation: If it wants to eat you, let it eat you!' (150901 dongguo xiansheng he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-tɕɯ nɯnɯ , kɯ , nɯnɯtɕu kɯnɤ pjɤ-n-nɯ-rga ɕti .
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-son DEM ERG DEM:LOC also IFR:IPFV-AUTO-APPL-like be.AFF:FACT
Translation: Even like that, the boy still loved her.' (140510 sanpian sheye-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003945#S117"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-ku pɯ-nɯ-χtɕi
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-head IMP-AUTO-wash
Translation: Wash your head.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo kɯ ɯ-sroʁ ko-nɯ-ri ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG ERG 3SG.POSS-life IFR-AUTO-save SENS-be
Translation: He saved his own life.' (140512 yufu yu mogui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ci ɯ-ŋgɯ ɯ-ʁrɯm pjɯ-kɯ-ntɕʰɤr nɯ pjɤ-nɯ-mto tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-water 3SG.POSS-in 3SG.POSS-shade IPFV-SBJ:PCP-shine DEM IFR-AUTO-see LNK
Translation: She saw her [own] reflection in the water.' (140428 mu e guniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯrpa ci to-lɤt ri , si nɯ ɯ-taʁ mɯ-to-xtsɯɣ kɯ ɯʑo ɣɯ ɯ-jaʁ ʑo to-nɯ-xtsɯɣ .
Glosses: axe once IFR-release LNK tree DEM 3SG.POSS-on NEG-IFR-hit ERG 3SG GEN 3SG.POSS-hand EMPH IFR-AUTO-hit
Translation: He swung the axe but did not hit the tree, and instead hit his own arm.' (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤtsa ra χsɯm nɯ kɯ-scɯ~scit ʑo ku-nɯ-rɤʑi-nɯ pjɤ-ŋu ,
Glosses: COLL:family PL three DEM SBJ:PCP-EMPH~be.happy EMPH IPFV-AUTO-stay-PL IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The three of them lived happily.' (Gesar 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-pi ni kɯ … qajɣi nɯra kɯ-mɯm ʑɤni tu-nɯ-ndza-ndʑi , ɯ-rkɯ kɤ-kɯ-ɕke ra aʑo ɲɯ́-wɣ-mbi-a-ndʑi , cʰa ra ʑɤni ku-nɯ-tsʰi-ndʑi , aʑo ɯ-ʁɟo ɲɯ́-wɣ-jtsʰi-a-ndʑi pɯ-ɕti
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-elder.sibling DU ERG _ bread DEM:PL SBJ:PCP-tasty 3DU IPFV-AUTO-eat-DU 3SG.POSS-side AOR-SBJ:PCP-burn PL 1SG AOR-INV-give-1SG-DU alcohol PL 3DU IPFV-AUTO-drink-DU 1SG 3SG.POSS-diluted AOR-INV-give.to.drink-1SG-DU PST.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: Your two sisters (…) ate the tasty food and gave me the burned part of the bread, drank the alcohol and gave me diluted alcohol to drink.' (The three sisters)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [“aʑɯɣ a-pɯ-nɯ-pe" ɲɯ-kɯ-sɯso] ci pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: 3SG:GEN IRR-IPFV-AUTO-be.good IPFV-SBJ:PCP-think INDEF IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: He was someone who was (always) thinking `May it be beneficial to me!” (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯnɯtɕu kɤndza kɯ-mɯm ɕ-tɤ-nɯ-ndze
Glosses: 2SG DEM:LOC food SBJ:PCP-be.tasty TRAL-IMP-AUTO-eat[III]
Translation: Go and eat nice food there!' (140426 jiagou he lang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: laχtɕʰa mɯtɕʰɯmɯrɯz tu , mɤʑɯ koxtɕinri tu tɕe , ɣɯ-tɤ-nɯ-χtɯ-nɯ
Glosses: things all.kind exist:FACT also silk.thread exist:FACT LNK CISL-IMP-AUTO-buy-PL
Translation: There are all kinds of things, there are silk threads, come and buy them!' (140504 baixue gongzhu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003907#S121"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-wɯ a-wi ra kutɕu nɯ-n-nɤʁaʁ-nɯ , a-nɯ-tɯ-nɯ-rɯmani-nɯ , tɕe kutɕu a-kɤ-tɯ-nɯ-rɤʑi-nɯ
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-grandfather 1SG.POSS-grandmother PL DEM.PROX:LOC IMP-AUTO-have.a.good.time-PL IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-recite.mantra-PL LNK DEM.PROX:LOC IRR-PFV-2-AUTO-stay-PL
Translation: Grandfathers and grandmothers, have a good time here, recite mantras and stay here (pleasantly).' (2003kandzwsqhaj)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe zrɯɣ nɯ tɕe , tsuku kɯ tɯ-pɤcʰaʁ ɯ-ŋgɯ tu-nɯ-ɬoʁ ŋu tu-ti-nɯ ŋu tɕe mɤ-xsi ma ɯʑo ɲɯ-kɯ-nɯ-βze ci ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK louse DEM LNK some ERG INDEF.POSS-navel 3SG-inside IPFV-AUTO-come.out be:FACT IPFV-say-PL be:FACT LNK NEG-GENR:A:know LNK 3SG IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-grow INDEF SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: The louse, some say that it comes from the navel, I don't know, it grows by itself.' (21 mdzadi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003578#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: si ɯ-rgɤm nɯ ɣɯ ɯ-fkaβ nɯ , ɯʑo to-nɯ-ɲɟɯ .
Glosses: wood 3SG.POSS-box DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-cover DEM 3SG IFR-AUTO-ACAUS:open
Translation: The cover of the box opened by itself.' (150906 toutao-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo pjɯ-kɯ-nɯ-βde-a-nɯ mɤ-ra , aʑo pjɯ-nɯ-mtsaʁ-a jɤɣ
Glosses: 1SG IPFV:DOWN-2→1-throw-1SG-PL NEG-be.needed:FACT 1SG NEG-IPFV:DOWN-AUTO-jump-1SG be.allowed:FACT
Translation: You don't need to throw me in there, I will jump by myself (of my own free will).' (2011-05-nyima)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo ʑo z-ɲɯ-nɯ-ru-a ɲɯ-ntsʰi
Glosses: 1SG EMPH TRAL-IPFV-AUTO-look-1SG SENS-be.needed
Translation: I need to go and have a look by myself.' (140507 tangguowu-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003933#S138"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ ɯʑo tu-nɯ-ɣɤrʁaʁ qʰe nɯ ɯ-kɤ-ndza ɲɯ-nɯ-ɕar ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG IPFV-AUTO-hunt LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat IPFV-AUTO-look.for be:FACT
Translation: [The cat] hunts on its own and looks for its own food by itself.' (21-lWLU)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɯtsa pɯ-qrɯ-t-a
Glosses: bowl AOR-break-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I broke the bowl (possibly on purpose).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰɯtsa pɯ-nɯ-qrɯ-t-a
Glosses: bowl AOR-AUTO-break-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I broke the bowl (by mistake).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: hehe a-ʑi ra cʰɤ-tɯ-nɯ-rɤrɟit-nɯ mɯ́j-tɯ-nɯ-sɯχsɤl-nɯ
Glosses: INTERJ 1SG.POSS-lady PL IFR-2-AUTO-have.a.child-PL NEG:SENS-2-AUTO-realize-PL
Translation: My lady, you had a child and did not notice it.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: “huaguniang" ra tu-nɯ-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu . nɯnɯra ʑara kɯ ɯ-rmi tu-nɯ-tɕɤt-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: name PL IPFV-AUTO-say-PL SENS-be DEM:PL 3PL ERG 3SG.POSS-name IPFV-AUTO-take-PL SENS-be
Translation: They say `huaguniang', they call [this type of cows] like that.' (implied meaning: they invented their name, it is not a real name; 28 qapar) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003720#S228"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯ-sɯm pɯ-a<nnɯ>ri nɤ ju-kɯ-ɕe , mɯ-pɯ-a<nnɯ>ri nɤ ju-kɯ-ɕe pɯ-ra
Glosses: LNK GENR.POSS-mind AOR-<AUTO>go[II] LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-go NEG-AOR-<AUTO>go[II] LNK IPFV-GENR:S/O-go PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: Whether one liked it or not, one had to go.' (14-siblings) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003508#S193"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ li ɯ-qa ɲɯ-βze ɲɯ-ɕti ma ɯ-mɯntoʁ pɯ-nnɯ-tu kɯnɤ , ɯ-rɣi ra kɤ-mto maŋe .
Glosses: DEM again 3SG.POSS-foot IPFV-make[III] SENS-be:AFF LNK 3SG.POSS-flower PST.IPFV-AUTO-exist also 3SG.POSS-seed PL INF-see not.exist:SENS
Translation: This one also grows by its root, as even if it has flowers, [I] have never seen its seeds.' (17 ndZWnW)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo nɯ-nɯ-ɣɤwu ma , nɤ-kɯ-nɯɣ-mu me ma mɤ-ta-mbi
Glosses: 2SG IMP-AUTO-cry LNK 2SG.POSS-NMLZ:S/A-APPL-be.afraid not.exist:FACT LNK NEG-1→2-give:FACT
Translation: You can cry as much as you like, nobody is afraid of you, I won't give [my daughter] to you (in marriage).' (2002 qaCpa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajdo kɯ tɕʰi mɤ-nɯ-ti ɕti nɤ , a-tɤ-nɯ-ti ma ŋu cinɤ maʁ kɯ ,
Glosses: crow ERG what NEG-AUTO-say:FACT be.AFF:FACT SFP IRR-PFV-AUTO-say LNK be:FACT not.even not.be:FACT SFP
Translation: What wouldn't a crow say (a crow tells only lies), let it say what it wants, in any case none of it is true.' (28-qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ ɲɤ-nɯkʰɤda ri , mɯ-pjɤ-pʰɤn , tɕʰeme nɯ pjɤ-nɯ-ɣɤwu ɕti ,
Glosses: girl DEM IFR-convince LNK NEG-IFR-be.efficient girl DEM IFR.IPFV-AUTO-cry be.AFF:FACT
Translation: She [tried to] comfort the girl, but it was for nothing, the girl kept on crying.' (zrAntCW 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ pjɯ-ŋgra ɕɯŋgɯ tɕe tɕe ɲɯ-rom ɕti tɕe , ɯ-rɣi nɯnɯ tɕu a-nɯ-mpʰɯr ɕti
Glosses: DEM IPFV:DOWN-ACAUS:make.fall before LNK LNK IPFV-be.dry be:AFF:FACT LNK 3SG.POSS-seed DEM LOC PASS-AUTO-wrap:FACT be:AFF:FACT
Translation: Before [the flower] falls down, it dries up, and its seed is still wrapped in it.' (13-tCamu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kɯnɤ pjɤ-nɯ-rɤma .
Glosses: DEM also IFR.IPFV-AUTO-work
Translation: Even so, she kept on working.' (140520 ye tiane-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004044#S375"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤtʰo nɯnɯ qartsɯmɤftɕar ʑo a<nɯ>rŋi ɕti
Glosses: pine DEM winter.and.summer EMPH <AUTO>be.blue:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: The pine [remains] green the whole year.' (07 tAtho)