lecslab/glosslm-corpus-split huggingface dataset:
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe kʰa ɣɯ ɯ-ndzɤtsʰi ɯ-ro nɯ-kɯ-ri nɯra , mɯ-nɯ-kɯ-sna nɯra , nɯra paʁ kɯ ʁɟa tu-ndze ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: LNK house GEN 3SG.POSS-food 3SG.POSS-excess AOR-SBJ:PCP-left DEM:PL NEG-AOR-SBJ:PCP-be.good DEM:PL DEM:PL pig ERG completely IPFV-eat[III] SENS-be
Translation: Leftover food from the house, or food which is not good any more, pigs eat all of it.' (05-paR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pjɯ-kɯ-nɯ-fkaβ tu , ɯ-mɤ-pjɯ-kɯ-nɯ-fkaβ tu ri nɯ kɯ-fse tu-nɯ-ndza-nɯ ɕti .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-cover exist:FACT 3SG.POSS-NEG-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-cover exist:FACT LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-AUTO-eat-PL be.AFF:FACT
Translation: There are people who cover it (with a lid while cooking), and people who don't, they eat it as is.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-nɯ-kɯ-ɕar ɯ-pɯ-kɯ-mto nɯ ɣɯ ɲɯ-tʂaŋ ma nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , ɯ-ɕɯ-kɯ-βɟi nɯ ɣɯ mɯ́j-tʂaŋ
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-AOR-SBJ:PCP-search 3SG.POSS-AOR-SBJ:PCP-see DEM GEN SENS-be.fair LNK DEM FILLER 3SG.POSS-TRAL-SBJ:PCP-chase DEM GEN NEG:SENS-be.fair
Translation: It is fair that she would [be given] to the one who looked for her and found her, not to the ones chasing her.' (140517 buaishuohua-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɯ-ku-kɯ-tsʰi
Glosses: NEG-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-drink
Translation: The one who drinks it.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ɯ-taʁ jɯ~jɤ-kɯ-ɣe nɯ ku-ndɤm ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-on TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-come[II] DEM IPFV-take[III] SENS-be
Translation: [The spider] catches all of the [insects] that have come onto [its web].' (26-mYaRmtsaR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003674#S99"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-rkɯ jɤ-azɣɯt-nɯ tɕe , ʑara nɯ-tu-kɯ-ndza srɯnmɯ ci pjɤ-tu ,
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-side AOR-reach-PL LNK 3PL 3PL.POSS-IPFV-SBJ:PCP-eat râkshasî INDEF IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: There was a râkshasî who ate those who came near her.' (2012 Kunbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S219"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ndzɤpri kɤ-ti nɯ tɕe tɯrme tu-kɯ-ndza ɲɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: LNK brown.bear OBJ:PCP-say DEM LNK people IPFV-GENR:S/O SENS-be.usually.the.case
Translation: The one called `brown bear', it eats people.' (21-pri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ kóʁmɯz nɤ tu-kɯ-ndza-a
Glosses: DEM only.after LNK IPFV-2→1-eat-1SG
Translation: Eat me only after [having taken the thorn from my foot].' (140426 lang yisheng-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu tɕʰeme ʁnɯz kɯ-rɯɕmi pjɤ-tu .
Glosses: house 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC girl two SBJ:PCP-speak IFR.IPFV-exist
Translation: There were two girls speaking in the house.' (150909 xiaocui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kumpɣa nɯnɯ tɕe [kɯm ɯ-rkɯ zɯ pɣa kɯ-tu] kɤ-ti ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: fowl DEM LNK door 3SG.POSS-side LOC bird SBJ:PCP-exist INF-say SENS-be
Translation: The word kumpɣa [fowl] means `the bird that is next to the door'.' (22-kumpGa).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tsuku ɯ-rdɯ~rdoʁ kɯ ʑo tʰotsi ɯ-kɯ-ta] ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: some 3SG.POSS-piece ERG EMPH decorative.stamp 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-put exist:SENS
Translation: There are people who put a decorative mark [on their bread].' (160706 thotsi) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006133#S20"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɯ-nɯ ɯ-kɯ-tsʰi] tɤ-pɤtso ɣɯ ɯ-kɯ-mŋɤm ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-breast 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-drink INDEF.POSS-child GEN 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt SENS-be LNK
Translation: It is a disease [that affects] infants who still drink their mother's milk.' (25-kACAl)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ-sɤ-ndza ɣɯ rɯdaʁ nɯnɯ tɕe kɯrŋi tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: DEM SBJ:PCP-APASS-eat GEN animal DEM LNK beast IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: Animals eating [other animals] are called `beasts'.' (150822 kWrNi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [si ɣɯ ɯ-mat kɯ~kɯ-tu] nɯ ɯ-ku ri ɕ-ku-zo ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe .
Glosses: tree GEN 3SG.POSS-fruit TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-exist DEM 3SG.POSS-top LOC TRAL-IPFV-land SENS-be LNK
Translation: It lands on the top of all trees that have fruits.' (24-ZmbrWpGa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-mtɕʰi mɤ-kɯ-pe , kɤ-nɤtsɯ kɯ-ra ra kɯnɤ tu-kɯ-nɯ-ti nɯnɯra tɕaɣi tu-sɤrmi-nɯ ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-mouth NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.good INF-hide SBJ:PCP-be.needed PL also IPFV-SBJ:PCP-AUTO-say DEM:PL parrot IPFV-call-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: People call `parrots', those with a big mouth, who tell [everything], including things that should [remain] hidden.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo [ndʑi-kɯ-qur] cʰɯ-ɣi-a je
Glosses: 1SG 2DU-SBJ:PCP-help IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-come-1SG SFP
Translation: Let me come to help you.' (tWJo 2005) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003368#S26"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑara kɯ [cʰa nɯ ku-kɯ-tsʰi] to-nɯɕpɯz-nɯ ,
Glosses: 3PL ERG alcohol DEM IPFV-SBJ:PCP-drink IFR-pretend-PL
Translation: They pretended to drink the alcohol (`imitated an alcohol drinker').' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S77"></fn>
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: [[aʑo a-kɯ-ɕɯ-nŋo] kɯ-cʰa] me
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-CAUS-be.defeated SBJ:PCP-can not.exist:FACT
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo a-ŋgra a-kɯcʰi ci tɤ-χti ra
Glosses: 1SG 1SG.POSS-salary 1SG.POSS-candy INDEF IMP-buy[III] be.needed:FACT
Translation: Give me a candy as a reward.' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003998#S78"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ li tú-wɣ-ndza tɕe , kɯ-cʰi tu , mɤ-kɯ-cʰi tu .
Glosses: LNK DEM again IPFV-INV-eat LNK SBJ:PCP-be.sweet exist:FACT NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.sweet exist:FACT
Translation: When one eats them, some are sweet, some are not.' (08-rasti)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɤ-rmi ɯ-kɯ-rɤt] tɤ-pɤtso nɯ ɯ-rkɯ ʑo , … pjɤ-zɣɯt tɕe ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-name 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-write INDEF.POSS-child DEM 3SG.POSS-side EMPH _ IFR-reach LNK
Translation: It arrived near the boy who wrote the names (of the contestants).' (150826 shier shengxiao)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑŋgri ɲɯ-kɯ-mɤrʑaβ
Glosses: star IPFV-SBJ:PCP-marry
Translation: Shooting star' (`the wedding star')
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑŋgri nɯ-mɤrʑaβ ɯ-raŋ tɕe , tɯ-kɤrme cʰɯ́-wɣ-rɤɕi tɕe , cʰɯ-rɲɟi ŋu
Glosses: star AOR-marry 3SG.POSS-time LNK GENR.POSS-hair IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-INV-pull LNK IPFV-be.long be:FACT
Translation: When a shooting star crosses the sky, if one pulls one's hair, it becomes longer.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: mɤ-ti-a ma kɯŋu mɤ-tɯ-nɤme
Glosses: NEG-say:FACT-1SG LNK right.thing NEG-2-make[III]:FACT
Translation: I won't say it, because you will not do the right thing.' (2005 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-lɤ́-wɣ-ɕaβ-a tɕe tɕendɤre kɯŋu mɤ-fse
Glosses: IRR-PFV-INV-catch.up-1SG LNK LNK right.thing NEG-be.like:FACT
Translation: If he catches up with me, [our enterprise] won't succeed.' (25-kAmYW-XpAltCin) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003642#S36"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe li ɯ-kɯ-mpɕɤr kɯ-fse tɤ-kɤ-βzu ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK again 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-be.beautiful SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-OBJ:PCP-make SENS-be LNK
Translation: [The mark on breads] is used for decoration.' (160706 WzbroN)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ kɯ , nɯnɯtɕu kɯ~kɯ-rɤʑi nɯ to-ɣɤ-mna . to-ɣɤ-mna ɯ-qʰu tɕe tɕendɤre <quanxian> tɕe kɯ~kɤ-kɯ-nɤndza nɯ ɲɤ-ɣɤ-me
Glosses: DEM ERG DEM:LOC TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-stay DEM IFR-CAUS-recover IFR-CAUS-recover 3SG.POSS-after LNK LNK all.the.district LOC TOTAL~AOR-SBJ:PCP-have.leprosy DEM IFR-CAUS-not.exist
Translation: He healed all those who were staying there (in the leper house). After he healed them, he had eradicated leprosy (removed all lepers) from our district.' (25-khArWm) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003644#S71"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤkɤzbɣaʁ nɯ tɤ-mŋɤm qʰe , tɕe nɯ ɯ-qʰu nɤ , ŋgɯsqɤ-rʑaʁ ʑo mɯ-tu-mna
Glosses: migraine DEM AOR-hurt LNK LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-after LNK nine.or.ten-night EMPH NEG-IPFV-recover
Translation: After the migraine starts, it does not recede for nine or ten days. (conversation taRrdo 2003)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-nɯqambɯmbjom mɯ́j-ɕe kɯ nɯnɯre ɯ-stu ri ku-rɤʑi tɕe , … ɯ-ʁar nɯ tu-sɤlqɤlqɤt nɤ tu-sɤlqɤlqɤt ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INF-fly NEG:SENS-go ERG there 3SG.POSS-place LOC IPFV-stay LNK _ 3SG.POSS-wing DEM IPFV-flap.slightly LNK IPFV-flap.slightly be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It does not move [flying] but remains [in the sky] in place, slightly flapping its wings.' (23-RmWrcWftsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe kɯ-qur ju-kɯ-ɕe tɕe nɯnɯ , mɯ-nɯ-ɬoʁ mɤɕtʂa nɯ tu-kɯ-nɯna mɯ-pjɤ-jɤɣ ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , tɕe núndʐa kɯqurʑŋgri tu-sɤrmi-nɯ
Glosses: DEM before LNK SBJ:PCP-help IPFV-GENR:S/O-go LNK DEM NEG-AOR:WEST-come.out until DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-rest NEG-IFR.IPFV-be.possible SENS-be LNK LNK for.this.reason evening.star IPFV-call-PL
Translation: Long ago, when one would go helping people, one was not supposed to rest until it came out, and for this reason it was called `star of the helper'.' (29-mWBZi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa tɯ-mɯ nɯ sɲikuku ʑo , sɲikuku ʑo a-kɤ-lɤt tɕe tɕe , kɯ-maqʰu tɕe ci ci ku-lɤt , ci ci ɲɯ-jɯm kɯ-fse ŋu tɕe , ɯnɯnɯ ku-kɯ-lɤt , <zhenyu> kɯ-fse ku-kɯ-lɤt nɯ , nɯnɯ kɯ-fse a-kɤ-lɤt tɕe ɯ-qʰu tɕe tɯ-mɯ mɤ-lɤt tu-kɯ-ti ŋu tɕe , nɯnɯ tɯ-mɯ ku-kɯ-lɤt nɯ kɯndzarmɯ tu-kɯ-ti ŋu
Glosses: the.aforementioned INDEF.POSS-sky DEM every.day EMPH every.day EMPH IRR-PFV-release LNK LNK SBJ:PCP-be.after LNK one one IPFV-release one one IPFV-be.sunny SBJ:PCP-be.like be:FACT LNK DEM IPFV-SBJ:PCP-release showery.rain SBJ:PCP-be.like IPFV-SBJ:PCP-release DEM DEM SBJ:PCP-be.like IRR-PFV-release LNK 3SG.POSS-after LNK INDEF.POSS-sky NEG-release:FACT IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-sky IPFV-SBJ:PCP-release DEM type.of.rain IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: When it rains everyday (continuously), followed by sporadic rain (sometimes it rains, sometimes it is sunny), when there is a showery rain and after that no more rain, this type of [showery] rain is called kɯndzarmɯ.' (definition, 2015-04-18)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-ndza
Glosses: OBJ:PCP-eat
Translation: The one that is eaten.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-kɤ-mbi
Glosses: AOR-OBJ:PCP-give
Translation: The one that he has given it to.
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kɤ-sɯz
Glosses: 1SG-NMLZ:P-know
Translation: The one that I know.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ri nɯnɯ stu ɯ-kɤ-rga , ɯ-kɤ-nɤ-mɯm pjɤ-ɕti .
Glosses: LNK DEM most 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-like 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-TROP-be.tasty IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: But it was what he liked most, what he found most tasty.' (160703 poucet3) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006107#S72"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯ-mɤ-kɤ-cʰa nɯ kʰɯna χsɯm pɯ-tu qʰe , nɯra kɯ rcanɯ ɕlaʁ ʑo ku-ndo-nɯ ɲɯ-ɕti .
Glosses: LNK 3PL.POSS-NEG-INF-can DEM dog three PST.IPFV-exist LNK DEM:PL ERG UNEXP:DEG IDEO.I:immediately EMPH IPFV-catch-PL SENS-be.AFF
Translation: The [rats] that [the people] had been unable to [catch], there were three dogs, and these [dogs] caught them at once.' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe aʑo a-mɤ-kɤ-sɯz tɤjmɤɣ nɯ kɤ-ndza mɤ-naz-a
Glosses: LNK 1SG 1SG.POSS-NEG-OBJ:PCP-know mushroom DEM INF-eat NEG-dare:FACT-1SG
Translation: I do not dare to eat mushrooms that I do not recognize.' (23-mbrAZim)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pɕi tɕe ɯ-ɕɯ-kɤ-nɤma ci pjɤ-tu tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-outside LNK 3SG.POSS-TRAL-OBJ:PCP-work INDEF IFR.IPFV-exist LNK
Translation: [The mouse] had something to do outside.' (140518 mao he laoshu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe pɤjka wuma nɯnɯ tɕe , pjɯ-kɤ-nɯ-ji ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK gourd really DEM LNK IPFV-OBJ:PCP-AUTO-plant be:FACT LNK
Translation: The gourd proper is cultivated (it does not grow on its own).' (16-CWrNgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003518#S61"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme nɯ kɯ iɕqʰa , ɯ-jaʁ <meihua>, mɯntoʁ pɯ-kɤ-ɤsɯ-ndo nɯ pjɤ-ɣɤrɤt .
Glosses: girl DEM ERG the.aforementioned 3SG.POSS-hand plum.blossom flower PST.IPFV-OBJ:PCP-PROG-take DEM IFR-throw
Translation: The girl threw down the plum blossom, the flower that she was holding in her hand.' (150907 yingning-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-jaʁ nɯtɕu , iɕqʰa , <meihua> ci pjɤ-k-ɤsɯ-ndo-ci ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-hand DEM:LOC FILLER plum.blossom INDEF IFR.IPFV-PEG-PROG-take-PEG
Translation: She was holding a plum blossom in her hand.' (150907 yingning-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006264#S19"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: sɤtɕʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ kɯ-ɤ-rku <yangyu> cʰo lɤpɯɣ nɯra tu-ndze ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: earth 3SG.POSS-inside SBJ:PCP-PASS-put.in potato COMIT radish DEM:PL IPFV-eat[III] be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: It eats the radish and the potatoes that are in the ground.' (25-akWzgumba)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: to-ɣi tɕe nɯ-ʑmbrɯ ɲɤ-χtɤr ʑo ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe , ɯ-zda ra nɯ-pʰe , nɤki , “nɯnɯ ʑmbrɯ nɯ-kɤ-χtɤr nɯ ɯ-taʁ kɤ-ɴqoʁ-nɯ ra” to-ti
Glosses: IFR:UP-come LNK 3PL.POSS-ship IFR-scatter EMPH SENS-be LNK 3SG.POSS-companion pl 3PL.POSS-DAT FILLER DEM ship AOR-OBJ:PCP-scatter DEM 3SG.POSS-on IMP-hang-PL be.needed:FACT IFR-say
Translation: The [monster] came up and smashed their ship, and [Norbzang] said to his companions: “Grab the [pieces of the] ship that have been scattered”.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: fsapaʁ ɯ-ŋgo rcanɯ , pɯ-kɤ-prɤt ʑo tɤ-fse ɲɯ-ŋu .
Glosses: animals 3SG.POSS-disease UNEXP:DEG AOR-OBJ:PCP-break EMPH AOR-be.like SENS-be
Translation: It was like the disease of the cattle had been [suddenly] stopped.' (2003 kAndZislama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɬamu kɯ qajɣi nɯ-kɤ-mbi] nɯ tu-ndze pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: ANTHR ERG bread AOR-SBJ:PCP-give DEM IPFV-eat[III] IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: [As] he was eating the [pieces of] bread that Lhamo had given him.' (2002 qajdoskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [aʑo kɯ pɯ-kɤ-sɯ-rɤt] nɯnɯ pjɯ-ndɯn ɲɯ-ŋu nétɕi
Glosses: 1SG ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-write DEM IPFV-read SENS-be SFP
Translation: (The pen said): [the poet is reading the poem] that has been written using me.' (150818 bi he moshuihu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ma iʑo ji-kɤ-rku me , atu spɣi tɤ-ɕe qʰe , laχtɕʰa ŋotɕu nɤ-kɤ-sɯso ʑo nɯnɯ , nɤ-mɲaʁ , nɤ-rna , nɤ-ɕna cʰo ra kɯ~kɯ-spoʁ nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ tɕe a-kɤ-tɯ-rke qʰe ,
Glosses: DEM apart.from 1PL 1PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-put.in not.exist:FACT up.there granary IMP:UP-go LNK thing where 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-think EMPH DEM 2SG.POSS-eye 2SG.POSS-ear 2SG.POSS-nose COMIT PL TOTAL~SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole DEM 3SG.POSS-inside LOC IRR-PFV-2-put.in[III] LNK
Translation: We don't have anything else to give you as a departing present, so go up there in the granary, and whatever you want, put it in all the holes [in your body], your eyes, your ears, your nose etc.' (31-deluge) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004077#S134"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lɤ-fsoʁ ɯ-jɯja nɯ pjɯ-ru tɕe [ɯ-kɤ-nɯmbrɤpɯ] nɯ kʰu pɯ-ɕti ɲɯ-ŋu ,
Glosses: AOR-be.clear 3SG-along DEM IPFV:DOWN-look LNK 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP–ride DEM tiger PST.IPFV-be.AFF SENS-be
Translation: As the day broke, looking down, [it dawned on him that] what he was riding was a tiger.' (2005 khu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-ɬaʁ , tɕe nɤ-kɯ-mŋɤm tɕʰi ɲɯ-fse ma [alo qʰaqʰu nɤ-kɤ-ti] nɯra tɤ-stu-t-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-aunt LNK 2SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-hurt what SENS-be.like LNK upstream behind.the.house 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say DEM:PL AOR-do.like-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: Stepmother, how do you feel, I did the things you said [about creating a lake] up there behind the house.' (28-smAnmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [nɯŋa ɯ-ndʐi tʰɯ-kɤ-rɤɣdɯt], tʰɯ-kɤ-tʂɯβ nɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ko-ɕe
Glosses: cow 3SG.POSS-skin AOR-OBJ:PCP-skin AOR-OBJ:PCP-sew DEM 3SG.POSS-inside DEM:LOC EVD:EAST-go
Translation: He [crawled] into the cow hide that had been skinned and sewed.' (2-deluge2012) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003376#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɯ-cʰi kɯ kʰa tɤ-kɤ-sɯ-βzu] ci pjɤ-mto-ndʑi
Glosses: SBJ:PCP-be.sweet ERG house AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make INDEF IFR-see-DU
Translation: They saw a house that was made of sweets.' (140507 tangguowu-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [lonba ɕom kɯ nɯ-kɤ-sɯ-βzu] kʰa pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: all iron ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make house IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: It was a house made completely of iron.' (140505 liuhaohan zoubian tianxia-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [kʰru kɯ tʰɯ-kɤ-sɯ-lɤt] laʁdɯn kɯnɤ tu ma
Glosses: LNK cast.iron ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-release tool also exist:FACT LNK
Translation: There are also tools that are made of cast iron.' (30-Com)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ma ɯ-kɤ-mbi maŋe tɕe , “a-me ta-mbi ra" to-ti tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM apart.from 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-give not.exist:SENS LNK 1SG.POSS-daughter 1→2-give:FACT be.needed:FACT IFR-say LNK
Translation: He had nothing else to give him, and said `I give you my daughter'.' (2011-04-smanmi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕendɤre [tɯmɯkɤrŋi kɯ pɯ-kɤ-sɯxɕɤt] ra ɲɤ-nɤxtʂɯn tɕe tɕe nɯɕimɯma ʑo pjɤ-nɯ-ɕe .
Glosses: LNK heaven ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-teach PL IFR-be.grateful LNK LNK immediately EMPH IFR:DOWN-VERT-go
Translation: [Pu'an] was thankful for the things that the god of heaven had taught him and went back [to earth] immediately.' (150827 taisui-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa , [kɤntɕʰɯ-xpa ʑo , nɤki , xɕiri nɯ-kɤ-sɯxɕɤt] nɯ pjɤ-sat ,
Glosses: the.aforementioned several-year EMPH FILLER weasel AOR-OBJ:PCP-teach DEM IFR-kill
Translation: He killed the weasel that he had trained for several years.' (140518 xuezhe he huangshulang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kɤ-tʰu ɯ-ɣɤʑu nɤ , tɤ-tʰe jɤɣ
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-ask QU-exist:SENS LNK IMP-ask[III] be.allowed:FACT
Translation: If you have and questions, you can ask them.' (conversation 14-11-08)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iɕqʰa <macha> kɤ-ti nɯ [iʑora stu ji-kɤ-rga] ŋu
Glosses: the.aforementioned macha.tea OBJ:PCP-say DEM 1PL most 1PL.POSS-OBJ:PCP-like be:FACT
Translation: The [type of tea] called `macha' is what we like best.' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kɤ-rɤ-mbi nɯ tɕʰi pɯ-ŋu ?
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-APASS-give DEM what PST.IPFV-be
Translation: What was it that you gave (to people)?' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [<shuijing> kɯ tɤ-kɤ-sɯ-βzu] ɣɯ tɯ-xtsa nɯra jo-ɣɯt .
Glosses: LNK crystal ERG AOR-OBJ:PCP-CAUS-make GEN INDEF.POSS-shoe DEM:PL IFR-bring
Translation: [The bird] brought shoes made of crystal.' (140504 huiguniang-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ndʑi-mɲaʁ mɯ-tɤ-kɤ-rɤt] nɯni tɕetu , znde ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu nɯnɯ pjɤ-nɯ-tu-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-eye NEG-AOR-OBJ:PCP-draw DEM:DU UP wall 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC DEM IFR.IPFV-AUTO-exist-DU
Translation: The two [dragons] whose eyes had not been drawn were still on the wall.' (160718 hualongdianjing-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaɕpa nɯnɯ , iɕqʰa nɯ , rɟɤlpu ci ɣɯ ɯ-tɕɯ nɯnɯ , nɤkinɯ , tɯ-sŋaʁ tɤ-kɤ-lɤt tɕe qaɕpa nɯ-kɤ-sɤβzu pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: frog DEM FILLER DEM king INDEF GEN 3SG.POSS-son DEM FILLER NMLZ:ACTION-enchant AOR-OBJ:PCP-release LNK frog AOR-OBJ:PCP-transform IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: This frog was the son of a king who had been enchanted and transformed into a frog.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh, 180-181) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003890#S176"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-tɕɯ nɯ ɯ-taʁ tɯ-sŋaʁ to-lɤt tɕe nɯ mbalɤ-pɯ ci ɲɤ-sɤβzu .
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-son DEM 3SG.POSS-on NMLZ:ACTION-enchant IFR-release LNK DEM bull-DIM INDEF IFR-transform
Translation: She cast a spell on my son and turned him into a calf.' (140512 fushang he yaomo-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɕi-rna mɤ-kɤ-mtsʰɤm], [tɕi-mɲaʁ mɤ-kɤ-mto] a-jɤ-ɕe-ndʑi ra
Glosses: 1DU.POSS-ear NEG-OBJ:PCP-hear 1DU.POSS-eye NEG-OBJ:PCP-see IRR-PFV-go-DU be.needed:FACT
Translation: May they go away [to a place] where our ears cannot hear them, where our eyes cannot see them.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <xingqi> raŋri ʑo tɕe nɯnɯ sɤβʑɯ ɣɯ ɯ-kʰa nɯtɕu kɤ-nɤkʰu ju-ɣi pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: week each EMPH LNK DEM mouse GEN 3SG.POSS-house DEM:LOC OBJ:PCP-invite IPFV-come IPFV.IFR-be
Translation: He would come to the mouse's house as a guest.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh).
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kɤ-nɤkʰu jɤ-ɣe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-invite AOR-come[II]
Translation: He came to my house as a guest (following my invitation).' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-kɤ-ndza ɯ-kɤ-tsʰi ɯ-tɯkrimgo ra to-ɣɯt qʰe , tɕendɤre , nɯra ɲɤ́-wɣ-mbi qʰe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat 3SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-drink 3SG.POSS-butter.bread PL IFR:UP-bring LNK LNK DEM:PL IFR-INV-give LNK
Translation: She brought food, drinks and butter bread for her and gave them to her.' (2003-kWBRa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-kɤ-ndza kɤ-tsʰi mɤ-mbrɤt , ndʑi-kɯ-ndzɤtsʰi a-pɯ-me smɯlɤm
Glosses: 2DU.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat OBJ:PCP-drink NEG-ACAUS:cut 2DU.POSS-SBJ:PCP-eat.and.drink IRR-IPFV-not.exist prayer
Translation: May you never lack food or drink, may there nobody [coming to] eat you.' (2003kAndZWslama)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kɤpa maŋe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-method not.exist:SENS
Translation: I have no way of doing it.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤ-kɤ-pa tɯ~tu nɤ , tɤ-pe ma mtsʰoʁlaŋ tɤ-ɣe
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-do COND~exist:FACT LNK IMP-do[III] LNK water.monster AOR:UP-come[II]
Translation: If you have some way [to protect us], use it, because the water monster has come.' (2012 Norbzang) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003768#S26"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu nɤ-kɤ-stu ɯ-ɣɤʑu tɕe a-tɤ-tɯ-ste ma tɕe
Glosses: DEM 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC 2SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-do.like QU-exist:SENS LNK IRR-PFV-2-do.like[III] LNK LNK
Translation: If you have a way to deal with him, use it.' (25-kAmYW-XpAltCin)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kɤ-ti ci maŋe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-say INDEF not.exist:SENS
Translation: I cannot say for sure.' (many examples)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-sɤ-ɣi
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-come
Translation: The place/moment from where/when he/it comes.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ʑmbɯlɯm ɯ-sɤɣ-ɬoʁ nɯra tu-ɬoʁ ŋu . ʑmbɯlɯm ɯ-sɤɣ-me ra kɯnɤ tu-ɬoʁ ɕti .
Glosses: species.of.mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-come.out DEM:PL IPFV-come.out be:FACT species.of.mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-not.exist PL also IPFV-come.out be.AFF:FACT
Translation: It grows in the places where the youlaku mushroom grows, and also in the places where there are no youlaku.' (22-BlamajmAG)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤjmɤɣ ɯ-sɤ-tu ɯ-sɤ-me ɣɤʑu .
Glosses: mushroom 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-exist 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-not.exist exist:SENS
Translation: There are places where there are mushrooms, and other places where there aren't.' (20-grWBgrWB) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003554#S45"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕeri nɯnɯ sɤtɕʰa nɯ li iɕqʰa qapribɯxsi ɯ-sɤz-rɤʑi pjɤ-ɕti .
Glosses: but DEM place DEM again the.aforementioned python 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-stay IFR.IPFV-be.AFF
Translation: But that place was the abode of a python.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe <xinbaba> rcanɯ , maka nɯtɕu ɯ-z-rɤʑi ɯ-tɯ-sɤɣ-mu pjɤ-sɤre ʑo tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK Sinbad UNEXP:DEG at.all DEM:LOC 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-stay 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:DEG-PROP-be.afraid IFR.IPFV-be.ridiculous EMPH LNK
Translation: Sinbad, the place where he stayed was extremely terrifying.' (140511 xinbada-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qʰe tú-wɣ-cɯ mɤ-kɯ-kʰɯ , sɤ-nɯ-ɬoʁ ri kɯ-me ta-βzu .
Glosses: LNK IPFV-INV-open NEG-SBJ:PCP-be.possible OBL:PCP-AUTO-come.out also SBJ:PCP-not.exist AOR:3→3-make
Translation: (He put tape on the drawers so that) they could not be opened, and there was no way to come out of them (to prevent the rats inside from escaping).' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-sɤɣ-nɯ-ɬoʁ ɣɯ ɯ-kɯ-spoʁ pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-AUTO-come.out GEN 3SG.POSS-SBJ:PCP-have.a.hole IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: It was the hole from which [the animal] came out [of the cave]. (140511 xinbada-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003961#S80"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ-sɤz-nɯ-ɴɢɤt ɣɯ iɕqʰa , tʂɤsɤɴɢɤt nɯtɕu jɤ-azɣɯt-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-AUTO-ACAUS:separate GEN FILLER crossroads DEM:LOC AOR-reach-PL LNK
Translation: They arrived at the crossroads where they had parted ways.' (140508 benling gaoqiang de si xiongdi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajsta nɯnɯ kɯɕɯŋgɯ qaj ɯ-sɤ-ji pjɤ-pe tɕe tɕe núndʐa qajsta tu-ti-nɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: TOPO DEM in.former.times wheat 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-plant IFR.IPFV-be.good LNK LNK for.this.reason TOPO IPFV-say-PL SENS-be
Translation: Qaysta, in former times it was a wheat field which was good, and for this reason, it is called `Qaysta' `the place of the wheat'.' (140522 kAmYW tWji2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004057#S101"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɯmgri sɤz-rɤ-ji nɯ koŋla ɲɤ-ɣɤ-me-nɯ ma kʰa ʁɟa ʑo to-βzu-nɯ .
Glosses: LNK TOPO OBL:PCP-APASS-plant DEM completely IFR-CAUS-not.exist-PL LNK house completely EMPH IFR-make-PL
Translation: They removed all the fields in Temgri, and built houses there [instead].' (140522 kAmYW tWji2) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004057#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-kɤ-ndza ri ɣɤʑu , a-sɤz-rɤʑi ri ɣɤʑu qʰe
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCP-eat also exist:SENS 1SG.POSS-OBJ:PCPblique-stay also exist:SENS LNK
Translation: (There), I have food to eat and a place to stay.' (150831 renshen wawa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006418#S22"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯstʰamtɕɤt ɣɯ nɯ-sɤ-tʂɯβ nɯ tɯ-ŋgru tu-sɯ-βzu-nɯ .
Glosses: so.many GEN 3PL.POSS-OBJ:PCPblique-sew DEM INDEF.POSS-sinew IPFV-CAUS-make-PL
Translation: People use sinew to sew that many [types of clothes and shoes].' (150906 tWNgru) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006304#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯɕte nɯtɕu nɤ-sɤ-ta me ɯ́-ŋu
Glosses: other DEM:LOC 2SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-put not.exist:FACT QU-be:FACT
Translation: Isn't there any other place where you put [the food]?' (meimei de gushi)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe iʑora ɣɯ nɯ-sɤ-ntɕʰoz a-pɯ-tu tɕe ɲɯ-tʂɯn
Glosses: LNK 1PL GEN 3PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-use IRR-IPFV-exist LNK SENS-be.grateful
Translation: We are glad that [some] of us have an opportunity to be useful to them.' (conversation)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe tɕe ji-kʰɯtsa sɤ-rku ɣɯ ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯ , <chouchou> ɯ-ŋgɯ pɯ-nnɯ-ŋu , nɯ kɯmaʁ nɯra pɯ-nnɯ-ŋu kɯnɤ maka , laχtɕʰa kɤ-rku me , kɤ-ndza kɤ-rku me , nɯra tu-ndze nɤ tu-ndze ,
Glosses: LNK LNK 1PL.POSS-bowl OBL:PCP-put.in GEN 3SG.POSS-inside DEM drawer 3SG.POSS-inside PST.IPFV-AUTO-be DEM other DEM:PL PST.IPFV-AUTO-be also at.all thing OBJ:PCP-put.in whether OBJ:PCP-eat OBJ:PCP-put.in whether DEM IPFV-eat[III] LNK IPFV-eat[III]
Translation: Whether it was in the cupboard in which we put [our] bowls, or in the drawers or elsewhere, whether it was food or objects in there, [the mice] ate/gnawed them again and again.' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ sɤznɤ a-mbrɤz sɤ-rku a-pɯ-ŋu ɲɯ-ra
Glosses: DEM COMP 1SG.POSS-rice OBL:PCP-put.in IRR-IPFV-be SENS-be.needed
Translation: Why don't I use [this basin] as a rice container?' (150831 jubaopen-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑo kʰɯtsa ji-sɤ-ta me
Glosses: 1PL bowl 1PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-put not.exist:FACT
Translation: We don't have any place to put the bowls.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ji-ŋga sɤ-χtɕi
Glosses: 1PL.POSS-clothes OBL:PCP-wash
Translation: Our washing machine' (ex:jitWNga.sAXtCi heard in context, ex:jiNga.sAXtCi elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɕɯŋgɯ ɯ-sɤ-sqa pɯ-kɯ-ŋu ɯ-ŋgɯ (tu-rku-nɯ)
Glosses: DEM before 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-cook PST.IPFV-SBJ:PCP-be 3SG.POSS-inside IPFV-put.in-PL
Translation: [They put it] in the [pan] that had been used to cook [the barley grains] previously.' (31-cha) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003764#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qaʑmbri nɯ , nɤkinɯ , ɯ-sɤ-pe ra me , ɯ-mɤ-sɤ-pe ra me ,
Glosses: vine DEM FILLER 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.good PL not.exist:FACT 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBL:PCP-be.good PL not.exist:FACT
Translation: The vine is neither a boon nor a harm (to the plants on which it grows).' (06-qaZmbri) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003416#S17"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ndʑi-sɤx-ɕe nɯtɕu jo-zɣɯt tɕe
Glosses: 3DU.POSS-OBL:PCP-go DEM:LOC IFR-reach LNK
Translation: [The ox] arrived at the place where the two of them were going.' (150826 shier shengxiao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006284#S85"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [prɤɕta tʂu ku-sɤx-ɕe] nɯre ri tɯ-ji ci tu tɕe , nɯ cɤŋgɤɣ rmi .
Glosses: TOPO path IPFV:east-OBL:PCP-go DEM:LOC LOC INDEF.POSS-field INDEF exist:FACT LNK DEM TOPO be.called:FACT
Translation: On the road towards Prashta there is a field, it is called Kyangag.' (140522 kAmYW tWji) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004055#S110"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pɤjka wuma ʑo a-pɯ-pe , tɕe ɯ-sɤx-ɕe nɯra a-pɯ-dɤn ɯ-sɤz-nɤɕɯɕe a-pɯ-dɤn tɕe , pɤjka tɯ-pʰɯ ɯ-taʁ nɯtɕu kɯβdɤsqi jamar , ɯ-mat ku-tsʰoʁ ɲɯ-cʰa
Glosses: pumpkin really EMPH IRR-IPFV-be.good LNK 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-go DEM:PL IRR-IPFV-be.many 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-go.around IRR-IPFV-be.many LNK pumpkin ONE-tree 3SG.POSS-on DEM:LOC fourty about 3SG.POSS-fruit IPFV-attach SENS-can
Translation: When the pumpkin [grows] well, and when there are a lot of [places] for it to spread, one plant can yield about fourty pumpkin.' (16-CWrNgo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora nɯ ji-sɤ-ɣi nɯtɕu pjɤ-ŋu tɕe .
Glosses: 1PL DEM 1PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-come DEM:LOC IFR.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: The place from where we come was there.' (2010-06)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe saŋdi nɯ tɕe , nɯnɯ si ɯ-sɤ-ta ɯ-rkoz ʑo pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: LNK lower.side.of.the.hearth DEM LNK DEM firewood 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-put 3SG.POSS-special EMPH IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: The lower side of the hearth was specifically where [people] put firewood.' (2011-11)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰemɤpɯ nɯra , [nɯ-ŋga sɤ-ta] nɯtɕu ko-ɕe , [nɯ-ŋga na-nɯ-ta-nɯ] nɯtɕu ko-ɕe matɕi ,
Glosses: girl DEM:PL 3PL.POSS-clothes OBL:PCP-put DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-go 3PL.POSS-clothes AOR:3→3-AUTO-put-PL DEM:LOC IFR:EAST-go LNK
Translation: He went to the place where the girls put their clothes, where they had put their clothes.' (150828 niulang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006318#S58"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɤ-nɯkɯlu-nɯ ma sɤ-nɯ-ɕe ɣɯ ɯ-tʂu nɯ mɯ-ɲɤ-nɯ-mto-nɯ .
Glosses: IFR-be.lost-PL LNK OBL:PCP-VERT-go GEN 3SG.POSS-path DEM NEG-IFR-AUTO-see-PL
Translation: They were lost, and could not find their way back home.' (160630 poucet1) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006065#S52"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[rpɤŋgɯ tʂu lu-sɤx-ɕe] cʰo [prɤscʰɯ tʂu lu-sɤ-ɣi] ɲɯ-sɤ-nɯ-ɴɢɤt] nɯtɕu ,
Glosses: TOPO path IPFV:UPSTREAM-OBL:PCP-go COMIT TOPO path IPFV:UPSTREAM-OBL:PCP-come IPFV:WEST-OBL:PCP-AUTO-ACAUS:separate DEM:LOC
Translation: At the place where the road towards Rpangu and the road towards Praskhyu separate.' (140522 kAmYW tWji2)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-slamaχti nɯ ɣɯ , [ɯ-z-rɤ-rɤt] ci to-nɯ-ndo tɕe jo-nɯ-tsɯm ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe ,
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-classmate DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-APASS-write INDEF IFR-AUTO-take LNK IFR-VERT-take.away SENS-be LNK
Translation: He took away the pen of a classmate.' (2014-tou dongxi de xiaohai-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ [tɯtʰɯ sɤ-χtɕi], [tɯ-ŋga sɤ-pɕiz] nɯra tu-sɯ-βzu-nɯ pɯ-ŋgrɤl .
Glosses: DEM pan OBL:PCP-wash INDEF.POSS-clothes OBL:PCP-wipe DEM:PL IPFV-CAUS-make-PL PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: People used to employ [Usnea] as tools to wash pans or wipe clothes.' (20-sWrna) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003564#S141"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ kɯ [ɯ-sɤ-ɕmi] tu-sɯ-βzu-nɯ pɯ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: DEM ERG 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-mix IPFV-CAUS-make-PL PST.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: People used to employ it (a boat oar) to mix [the alcohol].' (31-cha) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003764#S42"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: qajdo [ɯ-rʑaβ ɯ-ɕki ɯ-sɤz-nɯrmɤʑu] nɯ mɲɤm kɤ-pʰaʁ pjɤ-ŋu
Glosses: crow 3SG.POSS-wife 3SG.POSS-DAT 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-show.off DEM type.of.tree INF-chop IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: What he was showing off with to his wife was chopping the wood of the mɲɤm tree (which is easy to cut).' (11-mYAm)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ɯ-sɤ-fɕɤt] pjɤ-me qʰe tɕe tɤ-pɤtso ɯ-ɕki nɯ tɕu nɯra tɕʰi pɯ-kɯ-fse nɯra pjɤ-fɕɤt .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-tell IPFV.IFR-not.exist LNK LNK INDEF.POSS-child 3SG-DAT DEM LOC DEM:PL what PST-SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM:PL IFR-tell
Translation: She had no one [else] to tell, so she told the boy everything that had happened.' (140515 congming de wusui xiaohai-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003998#S74"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ɯʑo [ɯ-sɤ-ɤmɯmi] nɯ dɤn ma ca kɯ-fse qaʑo kɯ-fse , tsʰɤt kɯ-fse , ɯʑo cʰo kɯ-naχtɕɯɣ sɯjno , xɕaj ma mɤ-kɯ-ndza nɯ ra cʰo nɯ amɯmi-nɯ tɕe ,
Glosses: LNK it 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.on.good.terms DEM be.many:FACT because musk.deer OBL:PCP-be.like sheep OBL:PCP-be.like goat OBL:PCP-be.like it with OBL:PCP-be.identical herbs grass apart.from NEG-OBL:PCP-eat DEM PL with DEM be.in.good.term:FACT-PL LNK
Translation: The [animals] that are on good terms with the rabbit are many, it is on good terms with those that only eat grass, like musk deer, sheep or goats.' (04 qala1)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɯnɯ ʑaka [ɯ-sɤ-ji] ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: LNK DEM each 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-plant SENS-be LNK
Translation: These are the [periods] when people plant each of these [crops].' (15 tChWma)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: lɤsɤr χsɯm ɯ-raŋ tɕe , tɯxpalɤskɤr ɣɯ , nɤkinɯ , [skɤrma ɯ-sɤ-sna] ŋu tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: new.year three 3SG.POSS-time LOC whole.year GEN FILLER date 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-be.good be:FACT IPFV-GENR-say be:FACT
Translation: We say that the third day of the year is the [most] auspicious day in the whole year.' (2010-10)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [sɤz-nɯŋgra] ɣɤʑu ri , li sɤɣʑɯr
Glosses: LNK OBL:PCP-earn.wages exist:SENS LNK again be.dangerous:FACT
Translation: Although it [provides] an opportunity to earn wages, it is also dangerous.' (conversation 140510)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: iʑora tɕe kʰa ɯ-ŋgɯ kɤ-kɤ-ja ʑo ɲɯ-fse-j ku-rɤʑit-i ma [ji-sɤx-ɕe] maŋe
Glosses: 1PL LNK house 3SG.POSS-inside AOR-OBJ:PCP-close EMPH SENS-be.like-1PL IPFV-stay-1PL LNK 1PL.POSS-OBL:PCP-go not.exist:SENS
Translation: It was like we were locked in the house, with nowhere to go.' (140501 tshering skyid)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-ji ɯ-rkɯ ra tɤ-ɣur pjɯ-ta-nɯ tɕe , fsapaʁ ɯ-mɤ-sɤx-ɕe tu-βzu-nɯ ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-field 3SG.POSS-side PL INDEF.POSS-fence IPFV-put-PL LNK animals 3SG.POSS-NEG-OBL:PCP-go IPFV-make-PL be.usually.the.case:FACT
Translation: They put a fence around the fields, so as to prevent farm animals from going there.' (140427 qamtsWrmdzu) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003854#S13"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕʰeme kɯ-ŋɤn nɯ kɯ iɕqʰa nɯ , rgargɯn nɯnɯ ɯ-sɤ-ʁjɯ~ʁjit to-βzu tɕe ,
Glosses: woman SBJ:PCP-be.evil DEM ERG FILLER DEM old.man DEM 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-EMPH~remember IFR-make LNK
Translation: The evil woman reminded the old man.' (140515 jiesu de laoren-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯnɯ ɣɯ ɯ-cʰɯ-z-raʁrɯz nɯ ɯ-sɤ-pɕiz rmi
Glosses: DEM GEN 3SG.POSS-IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-OBL:PCP-sweep DEM 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-wipe be.called:FACT
Translation: [The tool used to] sweep [the flour] is called a “wiper”.' (06-BGa) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003408#S149"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-ŋgɯ lɤ-ɣi jɤɣ ma sɤcɯ mɤ-a-lɤt
Glosses: 3SG.poss-inside IMP:UPSTREAM-come be.allowed:FACT LNK key NEG-PASS-throw
Translation: Come in, the door is not locked.' (140428 xiaohongmao-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003884#S73"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɯ-xtɕɯ~xtɕi ci ʑo antɤm , tɕe nɯ kɯ-lɤɣ ra nɯtɕu ku-rɤʑi-nɯ pjɤ-ŋgrɤl
Glosses: INF:STAT-EMPH~be.small a.little EMPH be.flat:FACT LNK DEM SBJ:PCP-graze PL DEM:LOC IPFV-stay-PL IFR.IPFV-be.usually.the.case
Translation: [The place called kɯlɤɣsɤmdzɯ] is a bit flat, and shepherds used to stay there.' (140522 Kamnyu zgo) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0004059#S269"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-pɤtso ɯ-sɤz-bɯwa
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-child 3SG.POSS-OBL:PCP-carry.on.the.back
Translation: Something used to carry children on the back' (definition given for the noun sɤɕtɕɯɣ)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ki ɯ-ʁɤri kɯ-fse nɯ ɯ-sta ʑo pɯ-nɯ-fse nɤ
Glosses: DEM.PROX 3SG.POSS-before SBJ:PCP-be.like DEM 3SG.POSS-state EMPH PST.IPFV-AUTO-be.like ADD
Translation: She had become again like she was before.' (2003 Kunbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-re ma-tɯ-tɕɤt
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-laugh NEG:IMP-2-take.out
Translation: Don't laugh at me!' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-pi ʁnɯz ni kɯnɤ tsʰɯrɟɯn ʑo , nɤkinɯ , pjɯ́-wɣ-ɣɤ-kʰe tɕe ndʑi-tɤresɤtɕɯtɕɤt ra tu-βzu-ndʑi pjɤ-ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-elder.sibling two DU also often EMPH FILLER IPFV-INV-CAUS-be.stupid LNK 3DU.POSS-joke PL IPFV-make-DU IFR.IPFV-be
Translation: His two elder brothers often called him stupid and mocked him.' (140430 jin e-zh)
Language: Japhug ( translation)
Transcription: nɤ-tɤresɤtɕɯtɕɤt ma-tɤ-kɯ-sɯ-βzu-a
Glosses: 2SG.POSS-joke NEG:IMP-IMP-2→1-CAUS-make-1SG
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo kɤ-ndza mɯ-pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 1SG ???-eat NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I never ate that.' (many attestations)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aj kɤ-ɕe mɯ-pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 1SG INF-go NEG-AOR-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I never went there.' (150820 ZNGWloR) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006292#S3"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-mgɯr ɲɯ-mŋɤm tɕe ɕɯ-kɤ-χtɯ mɯ́j-cʰa-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-back SENS-hurt LNK TRAL-INF-buy NEG:SENS-can-1SG
Translation: My back hurts and I cannot go to buy [apples].' (conversation, 30-04-2018)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: rɟɤlpu fka ɕti tɕe , mɤ-kɤ-ɕe mɤ-kʰɯ
Glosses: king order be.AFF:FACT LNK NEG-INF-go NEG-be.possible:FACT
Translation: This is the king's order, [I] have no choice but to go.' (2005 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɤ-se mɯ-pjɯ-kɤ-ɬoʁ ftɕaka tu-βze-a tu-mdzoz-a pɯ-ŋu ma ,
Glosses: INDEF.POSS-blood NEG-IPFV-INF-come.out manner IPFV-make[III]-1SG IPFV-avoid-1SG PST.IPFV-be LNK
Translation: I avoided by all means to let the blood come out.' (of a skin disease, of which it is said that if the blood comes out and gets into contact with other parts of the skin, it will spread) (24-pGArtsAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003624#S56"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯnɯnɯ tɕe tɕe [ɯ-tɯ-tʂɯβ mɤ-kɯ-βdi] tu-kɯ-ti ŋu
Glosses: DEM LNK LNK 3SG.POSS-NMLZ:ACTION-sew NEG-INF:STAT-be.good IPFV-GENR:A-say be:FACT
Translation: People call this `badly sewn'.' (12-kAtsxWb-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: pjɯ-sɯ-ʁndi tɕe pjɯ-sɯ-sat tɕe nɯ kóʁmɯz nɤ cʰɯ-nɯtsɯm ɲɯ-ra tɕe nɯnɯ [kɤ-nɤʁarpʰɤβ] tu-kɯ-ti ŋu
Glosses: IPFV-CAUS-hit[III] LNK IPFV-CAUS-kill LNK DEM only.after LNK IPFV:DOWNSTREAM-take.away SENS-be.needed LNK DEM INF-strike.with.wings IPFV-GENR:A-say be:FACT
Translation: It strikes it and kills it [with its wings] and only then takes it away. This is called kɤ-nɤʁarphɤβ [strike with one's wings].' (150819 RarphAB-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-mŋu nɯ pa pjɯ́-wɣ-ɕtʰɯz tɕe nɯ [ɯ-kɤlɤjme pjɯ-kɤ-ɕtʰɯz] tu-kɯ-ti ŋu .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mouth DEM down IPFV:DOWN-INV-turn.towards LNK DEM 3SG.POSS-head.upside.down IPFV:DOWN-INF-turn.toward IPFV-GENR:A-say be:FACT
Translation: One turns the mouth [of the container] downwards, it is called `to turn upside down'.' (30-macha)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe [[kɤ-rɤt] kɯ-kʰɯ] nɯ tɕe tɕe ɲɯ-pe ma , tɕe nɯ tɤ-scoz nɯ pjɯ-kɯ-ru ɲɯ-kʰɯ .
Glosses: LNK INF-write INF:STAT-be.possible DEM LNK LNK SENS-be.good LNK LNK DEM INDEF.POSS-writing DEM IPFV-GENR:S/O-look SENS-be.possible
Translation: It is good to have the possibility to write [a language], because then one can look at the writing (to learn that language; otherwise, one has to learn just by listening). (150901 tshuBdWnskAt)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-rʑi ri pjɤ-rʑi ,
Glosses: INF-be.heavy also IFR.IPFV-be.heavy
Translation: As for being heavy, [the old man] was heavy.' (140511 xinbada-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003961#S179"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯʑo rkɯn , ri kɤ-tu nɯ tu
Glosses: 3SG be.rare:FACT LNK INF-exist DEM exist:FACT
Translation: It is rare, but as for existing, it does exist.' (140511 qamtsWrmdzu)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: ɯ-kɤχcɤl ɯ-ʁrɯ nɯ a-nɯ-pʰɯt tɕe kɤ-nɯ-ɕe cʰa ɲɯ-ɕti
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-top.of.the.head 3SG.POSS-horn DEM IRR-PFV-take.out LNK INF-VERT-go can:FACT SENS-be.AFF
Translation: If one takes out the horn on his head, he will be able to go back [to the heavens].' (divination 2005)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: aʑo [ɕɯ-kɤ-ɕar] pɯ-rɲo-t-a .
Glosses: 1SG TRAL-INF-search AOR-experience-TR:PST-1SG
Translation: I did go to search [for Amanita caesarea].' (22-BlamajmAG) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0003584#S30"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-rŋɯl kɤ-tu] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-money INF-exist PST:IPFV-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I used to have money'. (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [kɤ-scit] pjɤ-ŋgrɯ ɲɯ-ŋu
Glosses: INF-be.happy IFR-succeed SENS-be
Translation: She succeeded in being happy.' (150818 muzhi guniang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006334#S6"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [[smɤn kɤ-ndza] kɯ-ra] pɯ-rɲo-t-a
Glosses: medicine INF-eat INF:IMPERS-be.needed PST:IPFV-experience-PST:TR-1SG
Translation: I used to have to take medicine.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ ɯ-mdoʁ nɯ aj [kɤ-ti] mɯ́j-spe-a
Glosses: DEM 3SQ.POSS-colour DEM 1SG INF-say NEG:SENS-be.able[III]-1SG
Translation: I don't know how to say (describe) its colour.' (06-qaZmbri)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-rɟit ra nɯ-ɣi-nɯ ɕti tɕetʰa , kɤ-ndza kowa tɯ́-wɣ-βzu ɕti
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-children PL VERT-come:FACT-PL be.AFF:FACT in.a.moment INF-eat manner 2-INV-make:FACT be.AFF:FACT
Translation: My children are coming back home soon, and they will try to eat you.' (2012 Norbzang)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe ndʑi-ju-kɤ-ɕe pjɤ-me
Glosses: LNK 3DU.POSS-IPFV-INF-go IFR.IPFV-not.exist
Translation: They could not go.' (150908 menglang-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006320#S41"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɯ-rʑaʁ nɯ ɯ-pjɯ-kɤ-nɯʑɯβ pjɤ-me matɕi ,
Glosses: one-night DEM 3SG.POSS-IPFV-INF-sleep IFR.IPFV-not.exist LNK
Translation: He could not sleep the whole night, because…' (150831 BZW kAnArRaR)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: a-pjɯ-kɤ-nɯʑɯβ na-ɣɤ-me
Glosses: 1SG.POSS-IPFV-INF-sleep AOR:3→3-CAUS-not.exist
Translation: It kept me from sleeping.' (elicited)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: kɤ-ŋke lɤ-ɣe-a
Glosses: INF-walk AOR:UPSTREAM-come[II]-1SG
Translation: I came on foot.' (17-lhazgron)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɤʑo [laχtɕʰa kɤ-fkur] tu-tɯ-ŋke ɲɯ-ŋu tɕe
Glosses: 2SG thing INF-carry.on.the.back IPFV-2-walk SENS-be LNK
Translation: You are walking carrying things on your back.' (150909 hua pi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [tɕʰi kɤ-cʰa] to-k-ɤndzɯt-ci ri , maka ʑo kɯ-pʰɤn pjɤ-me
Glosses: what INF-can IFR-PEG-bark-PEG LNK completely EMPH SBJ:PCP-be.efficient IPFV.IFR-not.exist
Translation: [The dog] barked as much as it could, but it was all for nothing.' (140426 gou he qingwa-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: <kaihui> kɯ-fse tɤ-ra tɕe , kɤ-ŋke ʁɟa ʑo ju-kɯ-ɕe pɯ-ra .
Glosses: meeting SBJ:PCP-be.like AOR-be.needed LNK INF-walk completely EMPH IPFV-GENR:S/O-go PST.IPFV-be.needed
Translation: When one had to [take part in] a meeting for instance, one had to go on foot.' (12-BzaNsa)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka to-nɯmbrɤpɯ-nɯ tɕe li kɤ-rɟɯɣ kɯ ʑo jo-ɕe-nɯ .
Glosses: completely IFR-ride-PL LNK again INF-run ERG EMPH IFR-go-PL
Translation: They mounted their horses and galloped away.' (140512 alibaba-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: maka mɤ-kɤ-rɯsɯso kɯ ʑo `jɤɣ' to-ti , to-nɤla .
Glosses: at.all NEG-INF-think ERG EMPH be.allowed:FACT IFR-say IFR-agree
Translation: She said `yes', she agreed without thinking at all.' (140429 qingwa wangzi-zh)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [a-mu a-wi ni mɤ-kɤ-ɤtɯɣ] kú-wɣ-sɯ-jɣat-a-ndʑi .
Glosses: 3SG.POSS-mother 3SG.POSS-grand.mother DU NEG-INF-meet IPFV:EAST-INV-CAUS-go.back-1SG-DU
Translation: [My uncles] forced me to go back [to school] without having seen my mother and my grandmother (even though I had not met them).' (2010-Dpalcan-09)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: nɯ maka mɤ-kɯ-mbrɤt ʑo ɲɯ-rɤma ɲɯ-ɕti tɕe ,
Glosses: DEM at.all NEG-INF:IMPERS:S/A-ACAUS:break EMPH IPFV-work SENS-be.AFF LNK
Translation: It works without stopping at all.' (26-GZo)
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: [ʑara kɯ-tu] ʑo to-sɤrɯru tɕe ,
Glosses: 3PL INF:STAT-exist EMPH IFR-compare LNK
Translation: He compared [his testimony with theirs] in their presence.' (150909 xifangping-zh) <a href="https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0006408#S147"></fn>
Language: Japhug (English translation)
Transcription: tɕe nɤj a-pi [nɤʑo kɯ-me] aʑo kɤ-rɤʑi mɤ-cʰa-a
Glosses: LNK 2SG 1SG.POSS-elder.sibling 2SG INF:STAT-not.exist 1SG INF-stay NEG-can:FACT-1SG
Translation: Brother, without you I cannot stay [here].' (2011-05-nyima)