Publication: Magyar Közlöny
Issue: MK-2011-73 (Year: 2011, Number: 73)
Era: contemporary
Section: 1. melléklet a 2011. évi LXXIX. törvényhez
Paragraph Index: 463

(3) for periodic inspection and test EN 1251-3:2000 Cryogenic vessels – Transportable, vacuum insulated, of not more than 1 000 litres volume – Part 3: Operational requirements Until further notice EN 1968:2002 + A1:2005 (except Annex B) Transportable gas cylinders – Periodic inspection and testing of seamless steel gas cylinders Until further notice EN 1802:2002 (except Annex B) Transportable gas cylinders – Periodic inspection and testing of seamless aluminium alloy gas cylinders Until further notice EN 12863:2002 + A1:2005 Transportable gas cylinders – Periodic inspection and maintenance of dissolved acetylene cylinders NOTE: In this standard "initial inspection" is to be understood as the "first periodic inspection" after final approval of a new acetylene cylinder. Until further notice EN 1803:2002 (except Annex B) Transportable gas cylinders – Periodic inspection and testing of welded steel gas cylinders Until further notice EN ISO 11623:2002 (except clause 4) Transportable gas cylinders – Periodic inspection and testing of composite gas cylinders Until further notice EN 14189:2003 Transportable gas cylinders – Inspection and maintenance of cylinder valves at time of periodic inspection of gas cylinders Until further notice EN 14876:2007 Transportable gas cylinders – Periodic inspection and testing of welded steel pressure drums Until further notice EN 14912:2005 LPG equipment and accessories – Inspection and maintenance of LPG cylinder valves at time of periodic inspection of cylinders Until further notice 6.2.5 Requirements for non-UN pressure receptacles not designed, constructed and tested according to referenced standards To reflect scientific and technical progress or where no standard is referenced in 6.2.2 or 6.2.4, or to deal with specific aspects not addressed in a standard referenced in 6.2.2 or 6.2.4, the competent authority may recognize the use of a technical code providing the same level of safety. In the type approval the issuing body shall specify the procedure for periodic inspections if the standards referenced in 6.2.2 or 6.2.4 are not applicable or shall not be applied. The competent authority shall transmit to the secretariat of UNECE a list of the technical codes that it recognises. The list should include the following details: name and date of the code, purpose of the code and details of where it may be obtained. The secretariat shall make this information publicly available on its website. A standard which has been adopted for reference in a future edition of the ADR may be approved by the competent authority for use without notifying the secretariat of UNECE. The requirements of 6.2.1, 6.2.3 and the following requirements however shall be met. NOTE: For this section, the references to technical standards in 6.2.1 shall be considered as references to technical codes. 6.2.5.1 Materials The following provisions contain examples of materials that may be used to comply with the requirements for materials in 6.2.1.2: (a) Carbon steel for compressed, liquefied, refrigerated liquefied gases and dissolved gases as well as for substances not in Class 2 listed in Table 3 of packing instruction P200 of 4.1.4.1; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 358 - (b) Alloy steel (special steels), nickel, nickel alloy (such as monel) for compressed, liquefied, refrigerated liquefied gases and dissolved gases as well as for substances not in Class 2 listed in Table 3 of packing instruction P200 of 4.1.4.1; (c) Copper for: (i) gases of classification codes 1A, 1O, 1F and 1TF, whose filling pressure referred to a temperature of 15 °C does not exceed 2 MPa (20 bar); (ii) gases of classification code 2A and also UN No. 1033 dimethyl ether; UN No. 1037 ethyl chloride; UN No. 1063 methyl chloride; UN No. 1079 sulphur dioxide; UN No. 1085 vinyl bromide; UN No. 1086 vinyl chloride; and UN No. 3300 ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide mixture with more than 87% ethylene oxide; (iii) gases of classification codes 3A, 3O and 3F; (d) Aluminium alloy: see special requirement "a" of packing instruction P200 (10) of 4.1.4.1; (e) Composite material for compressed, liquefied, refrigerated liquefied gases and dissolved gases; (f) Synthetic materials for refrigerated liquefied gases; and (g) Glass for the refrigerated liquefied gases of classification code 3A other than UN No. 2187 carbon dioxide, refrigerated, liquid or mixtures thereof, and gases of classification code 3O. 6.2.5.2 Service equipment (Reserved) 6.2.5.3 Metal cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders At the test pressure, the stress in the metal at the most severely stressed point of the pressure receptacle shall not exceed 77% of the guaranteed minimum yield stress (Re). "Yield stress" means the stress at which a permanent elongation of 2 per thousand (i.e. 0.2%) or, for austenitic steels, 1% of the gauge length on the test-piece, has been produced. NOTE: In the case of sheet-metal the axis of the tensile test-piece shall be at right angles to the direction of rolling. The permanent elongation at fracture, shall be measured on a test-piece of circular cross-section in which the gauge length "l" is equal to five times the diameter "d" (l = 5d); if test pieces of rectangular cross-section are used, the gauge length "l" shall be calculated by the formula: F .5 l o = where F0 indicates the initial cross-sectional area of the test-piece. Pressure receptacles and their closures shall be made of suitable materials which shall be resistant to brittle fracture and to stress corrosion cracking between –20 °C and +50 °C. Welds shall be skilfully made and shall afford the fullest safety. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 359 - 6.2.5.4 Additional provisions relating to aluminium-alloy pressure receptacles for compressed gases, liquefied gases, dissolved gases and non pressurized gases subject to special requirements (gas samples) as well as articles containing gas under pressure other than aerosol dispensers and small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) 6.2.5.4.1 The materials of aluminium-alloy pressure receptacles which are to be accepted shall satisfy the following requirements: a See "Aluminium Standards and Data", Fifth edition, January 1976, published by the Aluminium Association, 750 Third Avenue, New York. The actual properties will depend on the composition of the alloy concerned and on the final treatment of the pressure receptacle, but whatever alloy is used the thickness of the pressure receptacle shall be calculated by one of the following formulae: bar bar MPa MPa P 1.3 20Re D P e or P 1.3 2Re D P e + = + = where e = minimum thickness of pressure receptacle wall, in mm PMPa = test pressure, in MPa Pbar = test pressure, in bar D = nominal external diameter of the pressure receptacle, in mm and Re = guaranteed minimum proof stress with 0.2% proof stress, in MPa (= N/mm2) In addition, the value of the minimum guaranteed proof stress (Re) introduced into the formula is in no case to be greater than 0.85 times the guaranteed minimum tensile strength (Rm), whatever the type of alloy used. NOTE 1: The above characteristics are based on previous experience with the following materials used for pressure receptacles: Column A: Aluminium, unalloyed, 99.5% pure; Column B: Alloys of aluminium and magnesium; Column C: Alloys of aluminium, silicon and magnesium, such as ISO/R209-Al-Si-Mg (Aluminium Association 6351); Column D: Alloys of aluminium, copper and magnesium. A B C D Tensile strength, Rm, in MPa (= N/mm2) 49 to 186 196 to 372 196 to 372 343 to 490 Yield stress, Re, in MPa (= N/mm2) (permanent set λ = 0.2%) 10 to 167 59 to 314 137 to 334 206 to 412 Permanent elongation at fracture (l = 5d) in per cent 12 to 40 12 to 30 12 to 30 11 to 16 Bend test (diameter of former d = n × e, where e is the thickness of the test piece) n=5(Rm ≤ 98) n=6(Rm > 98) n=6(Rm ≤ 325) n=7(Rm > 325) n=6(Rm ≤ 325) n=7(Rm > 325) n=7(Rm ≤ 392) n=8(Rm > 392) Aluminium Association Series Number a 1 000 5 000 6 000 2 000 Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 360 - NOTE 2: The permanent elongation at fracture is measured by means of test-pieces of circular cross-section in which the gauge length "l" is equal to five times the diameter "d" (l = 5d); if test-pieces of rectangular section are used the gauge length shall be calculated by the formula: o F .5 l = where Fo is the initial cross-section area of the test-piece. NOTE 3: (a) The bend test (see diagram) shall be carried out on specimens obtained by cutting into two equal parts of width 3e, but in no case less than 25 mm, an annular section of a cylinder. The specimens shall not be machined elsewhere than on the edges; (b) The bend test shall be carried out between a mandrel of diameter (d) and two circular supports separated by a distance of (d + 3e). During the test the inner faces shall be separated by a distance not greater than the diameter of the mandrel; (c) The specimen shall not exhibit cracks when it has been bent inwards around the mandrel until the inner faces are separated by a distance not greater than the diameter of the mandrel; (d) The ratio (n) between the diameter of the mandrel and the thickness of the specimen shall conform to the values given in the table. Diagram of bend test 6.2.5.4.2 A lower minimum elongation value is acceptable on condition that an additional test approved by the competent authority of the country in which the pressure receptacles are made proves that safety of carriage is ensured to the same extent as in the case of pressure receptacles constructed to comply with the characteristics given in the table in 6.2.5.4.1 (see also EN 1975:1999 + A1:2003). 6.2.5.4.3 The wall thickness of the pressure receptacles at the thinnest point shall be the following: - where the diameter of the pressure receptacle is less than 50 mm: not less than 1.5 mm; - where the diameter of the pressure receptacle is from 50 to 150 mm: not less than 2 mm; and d e d+ 3 e approx. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 361 - - where the diameter of the pressure receptacle is more than 150 mm: not less than 3 mm. 6.2.5.4.4 The ends of the pressure receptacles shall have a semicircular, elliptical or "basket-handle" section; they shall afford the same degree of safety as the body of the pressure receptacle. 6.2.5.5 Pressure receptacles in composite materials For composite cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders which make use of composite materials, the construction shall be such that a minimum burst ratio (burst pressure divided by test pressure) is: - 1.67 for hoop wrapped pressure receptacles; - 2.00 for fully wrapped pressure receptacles. 6.2.5.6 Closed cryogenic receptacles The following requirements apply to the construction of closed cryogenic receptacles for refrigerated liquefied gases: 6.2.5.6.1 If non-metallic materials are used, they shall resist brittle fracture at the lowest working temperature of the pressure receptacle and its fittings. 6.2.5.6.2 The pressure relief devices shall be so constructed as to work perfectly even at their lowest working temperature. Their reliability of functioning at that temperature shall be established and checked by testing each device or a sample of devices of the same type of construction. 6.2.5.6.3 The vents and pressure relief devices of pressure receptacles shall be so designed as to prevent the liquid from splashing out. 6.2.6 General requirements for aerosol dispensers, small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) and fuel cell cartridges containing liquefied flammable gas 6.2.6.1 Design and construction 6.2.6.1.1 Aerosol dispensers (UN No.1950 aerosols) containing only a gas or a mixture of gases, and small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) (UN No. 2037), shall be made of metal. This requirement shall not apply to aerosols and small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) with a maximum capacity of 100 ml for UN No. 1011 butane. Other aerosol dispensers (UN No.1950 aerosols) shall be made of metal, synthetic material or glass. Receptacles made of metal and having an outside diameter of not less than 40 mm shall have a concave bottom. 6.2.6.1.2 The capacity of receptacles made of metal shall not exceed 1 000 ml; that of receptacles made of synthetic material or of glass shall not exceed 500 ml. 6.2.6.1.3 Each model of receptacles (aerosol dispensers or cartridges) shall, before being put into service, satisfy a hydraulic pressure test carried out in conformity with 6.2.6.2. 6.2.6.1.4 The release valves and dispersal devices of aerosol dispensers (UN No.1950 aerosols) and the valves of UN No. 2037 small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) shall ensure that the receptacles are so closed as to be leakproof and shall be protected against accidental opening. Valves and dispersal devices which close only by the action of the internal pressure are not to be accepted. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 362 - 6.2.6.1.5 The internal pressure at 50 °C shall exceed neither two-thirds of the test pressure nor 1.32 MPa (13.2 bar). Aerosol dispensers and small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) shall be so filled that at 50°C the liquid phase does not exceed 95% of their capacity. 6.2.6.2 Hydraulic pressure test 6.2.6.2.1 The internal pressure to be applied (test pressure) shall be 1.5 times the internal pressure at 50 °C, with a minimum pressure of 1 MPa (10 bar). 6.2.6.2.2 The hydraulic pressure tests shall be carried out on at least five empty receptacles of each model: (a) until the prescribed test pressure is reached, by which time no leakage or visible permanent deformation shall have occurred; and (b) until leakage or bursting occurs; the dished end, if any, shall yield first and the receptacle shall not leak or burst until a pressure 1.2 times the test pressure has been reached or passed. 6.2.6.3 Tightness (leakproofness) test 6.2.6.3.1 Small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) and fuel cell cartridges containing liquefied flammable gas 6.2.6.3.1.1 Each receptacle or fuel cell cartridge shall satisfy a tightness (leakproofness) test in a hotwater bath. 6.2.6.3.1.2 The temperature of the bath and the duration of the test shall be such that the internal pressure of each receptacle or fuel cell cartridge reaches at least 90% of the internal pressure that would be reached at 55 °C. However, if the contents are sensitive to heat or if the receptacles or fuel cell cartridges are made of a plastics material which softens at this temperature, the temperature of the bath shall be from 20 °C to 30 °C. In addition, one receptacle or fuel cell cartridge out of every 2000 shall be tested at 55 °C. 6.2.6.3.1.3 No leakage or permanent deformation of a receptacle or fuel cell cartridge shall occur, except that a plastics receptacle or fuel cell cartridge may be deformed through softening provided that it does not leak. 6.2.6.3.2 Aerosol dispensers Each filled aerosol dispenser shall be subjected to a test performed in a hot water bath or an approved water bath alternative. 6.2.6.3.2.1 Hot water bath test 6.2.6.3.2.1.1 The temperature of the water bath and the duration of the test shall be such that the internal pressure reaches that which would be reached at 55 °C (50 °C if the liquid phase does not exceed 95% of the capacity of the aerosol dispenser at 50 °C). If the contents are sensitive to heat or if the aerosol dispensers are made of plastics material which softens at this test temperature, the temperature of the bath shall be set at between 20 °C and 30 °C but, in addition, one aerosol dispenser in 2 000 shall be tested at the higher temperature. 6.2.6.3.2.1.2 No leakage or permanent deformation of an aerosol dispenser may occur, except that a plastics aerosol dispenser may be deformed through softening provided that it does not leak. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 363 - 6.2.6.3.2.2 Alternative methods With the approval of the competent authority alternative methods which provide an equivalent level of safety may be used provided that the requirements of6.2.6.3.2.2.1, 6.2.6.3.2.2.2 and 6.2.6.3.2.2.3 are met. 6.2.6.3.2.2.1 Quality system Aerosol dispenser fillers and component manufacturers shall have a quality system. The quality system shall implement procedures to ensure that all aerosol dispensers that leak or that are deformed are rejected and not offered for carriage. The quality system shall include: (a) A description of the organizational structure and responsibilities; (b) The relevant inspection and test, quality control, quality assurance, and process operation instructions that will be used; (c) Quality records, such as inspection reports, test data, calibration data and certificates; (d) Management reviews to ensure the effective operation of the quality system; (e) A process for control of documents and their revision; (f) A means for control of non-conforming aerosol dispensers; (g) Training programmes and qualification procedures for relevant personnel; and (h) Procedures to ensure that there is no damage to the final product. An initial audit and periodic audits shall be conducted to the satisfaction of the competent authority. These audits shall ensure the approved system is and remains adequate and efficient. Any proposed changes to the approved system shall be notified to the competent authority in advance. 6.2.6.3.2.2.2 Pressure and leak testing of aerosol dispensers before filling Every empty aerosol dispenser shall be subjected to a pressure equal to or in excess of the maximum expected in the filled aerosol dispensers at 55 °C (50 °C if the liquid phase does not exceed 95% of the capacity of the receptacle at 50 °C). This shall be at least two-thirds of the design pressure of the aerosol dispenser. If any aerosol dispenser shows evidence of leakage at a rate equal to or greater than 3.3 × 10-2 mbar.l.s-1 at the test pressure, distortion or other defect, it shall be rejected. 6.2.6.3.2.2.3 Testing of the aerosol dispensers after filling Prior to filling the filler shall ensure that the crimping equipment is set appropriately and the specified propellant is used. Each filled aerosol dispenser shall be weighed and leak tested. The leak detection equipment shall be sufficiently sensitive to detect at least a leak rate of 2.0 × 10-3 mbar.l.s-1 at 20 °C. Any filled aerosol dispenser which shows evidence of leakage, deformation or excessive weight shall be rejected. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 364 - 6.2.6.3.3 With the approval of the competent authority, aerosols and receptacles, small, are not subject to 6.2.6.3.1 and 6.2.6.3.2, if they are required to be sterile but may be adversely affected by water bath testing, provided: (a) They contain a non-flammable gas and either (i) contain other substances that are constituent parts of pharmaceutical products for medical, veterinary or similar purposes; (ii) contain other substances used in the production process for pharmaceutical products; or (iii) are used in medical, veterinary or similar applications; (b) An equivalent level of safety is achieved by the manufacturer's use of alternative methods for leak detection and pressure resistance, such as helium detection and water bathing a statistical sample of at least 1 in 2000 from each production batch; and (c) For pharmaceutical products according to (a) (i) and (iii) above, they are manufactured under the authority of a national health administration. If required by the competent authority, the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) established by the World Health Organization (WHO)3 shall be followed. 6.2.6.4 Reference to standards The requirements of this section are deemed to be met if the following standards are complied with: - for aerosol dispensers (UN No. aerosols): Annex to Council Directive 75/324/EEC 4 as amended and applicable at the date of manufacture; - for UN No. 2037, small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) containing UN No. 1965, hydrocarbon gas mixture n.o.s, liquefied: EN 417:2003 Non-refillable metallic gas cartridges for liquefied petroleum gases, with or without a valve, for use with portable appliances - Construction, inspection, testing and marking. WHO Publication: "Quality assurance of pharmaceuticals. A compendium of guidelines and related materials. Volume 2: Good manufacturing practices and inspection". Council Directive 75/324/EEC of 20 May 1975 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to aerosol dispensers, published in the Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 147 of 9.06.1975. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 365 - CHAPTER 6.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF PACKAGINGS FOR CLASS 6.2 INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES OF CATEGORY A NOTE: The requirements of this Chapter don't apply to packagings used for the carriage of Class 6.2 substances according to packing instruction P621 of 4.1.4.1. 6.3.1 General 6.3.1.1 The requirements of this Chapter apply to packagings intended for the carriage of infectious substances of Category A. 6.3.2 Requirements for packagings 6.3.2.1 The requirements for packagings in this section are based on packagings, as specified in 6.1.4, currently used. In order to take into account progress in science and technology, there is no objection to the use of packagings having specifications different from those in this Chapter provided that they are equally effective, acceptable to the competent authority and able successfully to withstand the tests described in 6.3.5. Methods of testing other than those described in ADR are acceptable provided they are equivalent, and are recognized by the competent authority. 6.3.2.2 Packagings shall be manufactured and tested under a quality assurance programme which satisfies the competent authority in order to ensure that each packaging meets the requirements of this Chapter. NOTE: ISO 16106:2006 "Packaging – Transport packages for dangerous goods – Dangerous goods packagings, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) and large packagings – Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001" provides acceptable guidance on procedures which may be followed. 6.3.2.3 Manufacturers and subsequent distributors of packagings shall provide information regarding procedures to be followed and a description of the types and dimensions of closures (including required gaskets) and any other components needed to ensure that packages as presented for carriage are capable of passing the applicable performance tests of this Chapter. 6.3.3 Code for designating types of packagings 6.3.3.1 The codes for designating types of packagings are set out in 6.1.2.7. 6.3.3.2 The letters "U" or "W" may follow the packaging code. The letter "U" signifies a special packaging conforming to the requirements of 6.3.5.1.6. The letter "W" signifies that the packaging, although, of the same type indicated by the code is manufactured to a specification different from that in 6.1.4 and is considered equivalent under the requirements of 6.3.2.1. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 366 - 6.3.4 Marking NOTE 1: The marking indicates that the packaging which bears it corresponds to a successfully tested design type and that it complies with the requirements of this Chapter which are related to the manufacture, but not to the use, of the packaging. NOTE 2: The marking is intended to be of assistance to packaging manufacturers, reconditioners, packaging users, carriers and regulatory authorities. NOTE 3: The marking does not always provide full details of the test levels, etc., and these may need to be taken further into account, e.g. by reference to a test certificate, to test reports or to a register of successfully tested packagings. 6.3.4.1 Each packaging intended for use according to ADR shall bear markings which are durable, legible and placed in a location and of such a size relative to the packaging as to be readily visible. For packages with a gross mass of more than 30 kg, the markings or a duplicate thereof shall appear on the top or on a side of the packaging. Letters, numerals and symbols shall be at least 12 mm high, except for packagings of 30 litres or 30 kg capacity or less, when they shall be at least 6 mm in height and for packagings of 5 litres or 5 kg or less when they shall be of an appropriate size. 6.3.4.2 A packaging that meets the requirements of this section and of 6.3.5 shall be marked with: (a) The United Nations packaging symbol ; This symbol shall not be used for any purpose other than certifying that a packaging, a portable tank or a MEGC complies with the relevant requirements in Chapter 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 or 6.7; (b) The code designating the type of packaging according to the requirements of 6.1.2; (c) The text "CLASS 6.2"; (d) The last two digits of the year of manufacture of the packaging; (e) The state authorizing the allocation of the mark, indicated by the distinguishing sign for motor vehicles in international traffic 1; (f) The name of the manufacturer or other identification of the packaging specified by the competent authority; (g) For packagings meeting the requirements of 6.3.5.1.6, the letter "U", inserted immediately following the marking required in (b) above. 6.3.4.3 Marking shall be applied in the sequence shown in 6.3.4.2 (a) to (g); each element of the marking required in these sub-paragraphs shall be clearly separated, e.g. by a slash or space, so as to be easily identifiable. For examples, see 6.3.4.4. Any additional markings authorized by a competent authority shall still enable the parts of the mark to be correctly identified with reference to 6.3.4.1. Distinguishing sign for motor vehicles in international traffic prescribed in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968). Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 367 - 6.3.4.4 Example of marking 4G/CLASS 6.2/06 as in 6.3.4.2 (a), (b), (c) and (d) S/SP-9989-ERIKSSON as in 6.3.4.2 (e) and (f) 6.3.5 Test requirements for packagings 6.3.5.1 Performance and frequency of tests 6.3.5.1.1 The design type of each packaging shall be tested as provided in this section in accordance with procedures established by the competent authority allowing the allocation of the mark and shall be approved by this competent authority. 6.3.5.1.2 Each packaging design type shall successfully pass the tests prescribed in this Chapter before being used. A packaging design type is defined by the design, size, material and thickness, manner of construction and packing, but may include various surface treatments. It also includes packagings which differ from the design type only in their lesser design height. 6.3.5.1.3 Tests shall be repeated on production samples at intervals established by the competent authority. 6.3.5.1.4 Tests shall also be repeated after each modification which alters the design, material or manner of construction of a packaging. 6.3.5.1.5 The competent authority may permit the selective testing of packagings that differ only in minor respects from a tested type, e.g. smaller sizes or lower net mass of primary receptacles; and packagings such as drums and boxes which are produced with small reductions in external dimension(s). 6.3.5.1.6 Primary receptacles of any type may be assembled within a secondary packaging and carried without testing in the rigid outer packaging under the following conditions: (a) The rigid outer packaging shall have been successfully tested in accordance with 6.3.5.2.2 with fragile (e.g. glass) primary receptacles; (b) The total combined gross mass of primary receptacles shall not exceed one half the gross mass of primary receptacles used for the drop test in (a) above; (c) The thickness of cushioning between primary receptacles and between primary receptacles and the outside of the secondary packaging shall not be reduced below the corresponding thicknesses in the originally tested packaging; and if a single primary receptacle was used in the original test, the thickness of cushioning between primary receptacles shall not be less than the thickness of cushioning between the outside of the secondary packaging and the primary receptacle in the original test. When either fewer or smaller primary receptacles are used (as compared to the primary receptacles used in the drop test), sufficient additional cushioning material shall be used to take up the void spaces; (d) The rigid outer packaging shall have successfully passed the stacking test in 6.1.5.6 while empty. The total mass of identical packages shall be based on the combined mass of packagings used in the drop test in (a) above; (e) For primary receptacles containing liquids, an adequate quantity of absorbent material to absorb the entire liquid content of the primary receptacles shall be present; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 368 - (f) If the rigid outer packaging is intended to contain primary receptacles for liquids and is not leakproof, or is intended to contain primary receptacles for solids and is not siftproof, a means of containing any liquid or solid contents in the event of leakage shall be provided in the form of a leakproof liner, plastics bag or other equally effective means of containment; (g) In addition to the markings prescribed in 6.3.4.2 (a) to (f), packagings shall be marked in accordance with 6.3.4.2 (g). 6.3.5.1.7 The competent authority may at any time require proof, by tests in accordance with this section, that serially-produced packagings meet the requirements of the design type tests. 6.3.5.1.8 Provided the validity of the test results is not affected and with the approval of the competent authority, several tests may be made on one sample. 6.3.5.2 Preparation of packagings for testing 6.3.5.2.1 Samples of each packaging shall be prepared as for carriage, except that a liquid or solid infectious substance shall be replaced by water or, where conditioning at –18 °C is specified, by water/antifreeze. Each primary receptacle shall be filled to not less than 98% of its capacity. NOTE: The term water includes water/antifreeze solution with a minimum specific gravity of 0.95 for testing at – 18 °C. 6.3.5.2.2 Tests and number of samples required Tests required for packaging types Type of packaging a Tests required Primary receptacle Water spray 6.3.5.3.6.1 Cold conditioning 6.3.5.3.6.2 Drop 6.3.5.3 Additional drop 6.3.5.3.6.3 Puncture 6.3.5.4 Stack 6.1.5.6 Rigid outer packaging Plastics Other No. of samples No. of samples No. of samples No. of samples No. of samples No. of samples x Fibreboard box x x Fibreboard drum x x Plastics box x x Plastics drum/ jerrican x x Boxes of other material x x Drums/ jerricans of other material x Required on one sample when the packaging is intended to contain dry ice. Required on three samples when testing a "U"-marked packaging as defined in 6.3.5.1.6 for specific provisions. a "Type of packaging" categorizes packagings for test purposes according to the kind of packaging and its material characteristics. NOTE 1: In instances where a primary receptacle is made of two or more materials, the material most liable to damage determines the appropriate test. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 369 - NOTE 2: The material of the secondary packagings are not taken into consideration when selecting the test or conditioning for the test. Explanation for use of the table: If the packaging to be tested consists of a fibreboard outer box with a plastics primary receptacle, five samples must undergo the water spray test (see 6.3.5.3.6.1) prior to dropping and another five must be conditioned to – 18 °C (see 6.3.5.3.6.2) prior to dropping. If the packaging is to contain dry ice then one further single sample shall be dropped five times after conditioning in accordance with 6.3.5.3.6.3. Packagings prepared as for carriage shall be subjected to the tests in 6.3.5.3 and 6.3.5.4. For outer packagings, the headings in the table relate to fibreboard or similar materials whose performance may be rapidly affected by moisture; plastics which may embrittle at low temperature; and other materials such as metal whose performance is not affected by moisture or temperature. 6.3.5.3 Drop test 6.3.5.3.1 Samples shall be subjected to free-fall drops from a height of 9 m onto a non-resilient, horizontal, flat, massive and rigid surface in conformity with 6.1.5.3.4. 6.3.5.3.2 Where the samples are in the shape of a box, five shall be dropped one in each of the following orientations: (a) flat on the base; (b) flat on the top; (c) flat on the longest side; (d) flat on the shortest side; (e) on a corner. 6.3.5.3.3 Where the samples are in the shape of a drum, three shall be dropped one in each of the following orientations: (a) diagonally on the top chime, with the centre of gravity directly above the point of impact; (b) diagonally on the base chime; (c) flat on the side. 6.3.5.3.4 While the sample shall be released in the required orientation, it is accepted that for aerodynamic reasons the impact may not take place in that orientation. 6.3.5.3.5 Following the appropriate drop sequence, there shall be no leakage from the primary receptacle(s) which shall remain protected by cushioning/absorbent material in the secondary packaging. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 370 - 6.3.5.3.6 Special preparation of test sample for the drop test 6.3.5.3.6.1 Fibreboard - Water spray test Fibreboard outer packagings: The sample shall be subjected to a water spray that simulates exposure to rainfall of approximately 5 cm per hour for at least one hour. It shall then be subjected to the test described in 6.3.5.3.1. 6.3.5.3.6.2 Plastics material – Cold conditioning Plastics primary receptacles or outer packagings: The temperature of the test sample and its contents shall be reduced to – 18 °C or lower for a period of at least 24 hours and within 15 minutes of removal from that atmosphere the test sample shall be subjected to the test described in 6.3.5.3.1. Where the sample contains dry ice, the conditioning period shall be reduced to 4 hours. 6.3.5.3.6.3 Packagings intended to contain dry ice – Additional drop test Where the packaging is intended to contain dry ice, a test additional to that specified in 6.3.5.3.1 and, when appropriate, in 6.3.5.3.6.1 or 6.3.5.3.6.2 shall be carried out. One sample shall be stored so that all the dry ice dissipates and then that sample shall be dropped in one of the orientations described in 6.3.5.3.2 which shall be that most likely to result in failure of the packaging. 6.3.5.4 Puncture test 6.3.5.4.1 Packagings with a gross mass of 7 kg or less Samples shall be placed on a level hard surface. A cylindrical steel rod with a mass of at least 7 kg, a diameter of 38 mm and whose impact end edges have a radius not exceeding 6 mm (see Figure 6.3.5.4.2), shall be dropped in a vertical free fall from a height of 1 m, measured from the impact end to the impact surface of the sample. One sample shall be placed on its base. A second sample shall be placed in an orientation perpendicular to that used for the first. In each instance the steel rod shall be aimed to impact the primary receptacle. Following each impact, penetration of the secondary packaging is acceptable, provided that there is no leakage from the primary receptacle(s). 6.3.5.4.2 Packagings with a gross mass exceeding 7 kg Samples shall be dropped on to the end of a cylindrical steel rod. The rod shall be set vertically in a level hard surface. It shall have a diameter of 38 mm and the edges of the upper end a radius not exceeding 6 mm (see Figure 6.3.5.4.2). The rod shall protrude from the surface a distance at least equal to that between the centre of the primary receptacle(s) and the outer surface of the outer packaging with a minimum of 200 mm. One sample shall be dropped with its top face lowermost in a vertical free fall from a height of 1 m, measured from the top of the steel rod. A second sample shall be dropped from the same height in an orientation perpendicular to that used for the first. In each instance, the packaging shall be so orientated that the steel rod would be capable of penetrating the primary receptacle(s). Following each impact, penetration of the secondary packaging is acceptable provided that there is no leakage from the primary receptacle(s). Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 371 - Figure 6.3.5.4.2 Radius ≤ 6mm Dimensions In millimetres 6.3.5.5 Test report 6.3.5.5.1 A written test report containing at least the following particulars shall be drawn up and shall be available to the users of the packaging: 1. Name and address of the test facility; 2. Name and address of applicant (where appropriate); 3. A unique test report identification; 4. Date of the test and of the report; 5. Manufacturer of the packaging; 6. Description of the packaging design type (e.g. dimensions, materials, closures, thickness, etc.), including method of manufacture (e.g. blow moulding) and which may include drawing(s) and/or photograph(s); 7. Maximum capacity; 8. Test contents; 9. Test descriptions and results; 10. The test report shall be signed with the name and status of the signatory. 6.3.5.5.2 The test report shall contain statements that the packaging prepared as for carriage was tested in accordance with the appropriate requirements of this Chapter and that the use of other packaging methods or components may render it invalid. A copy of the test report shall be available to the competent authority. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 373 - CHAPTER 6.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND APPROVAL OF PACKAGES AND MATERIAL OF CLASS 7 6.4.1 (Reserved) 6.4.2 General requirements 6.4.2.1 The package shall be so designed in relation to its mass, volume and shape that it can be easily and safely carried. In addition, the package shall be so designed that it can be properly secured in or on the vehicle during carriage. 6.4.2.2 The design shall be such that any lifting attachments on the package will not fail when used in the intended manner and that, if failure of the attachments should occur, the ability of the package to meet other requirements of this Annex would not be impaired. The design shall take account of appropriate safety factors to cover snatch lifting. 6.4.2.3 Attachments and any other features on the outer surface of the package which could be used to lift it shall be designed either to support its mass in accordance with the requirements of 6.4.2.2 or shall be removable or otherwise rendered incapable of being used during carriage. 6.4.2.4 As far as practicable, the packaging shall be so designed and finished that the external surfaces are free from protruding features and can be easily decontaminated. 6.4.2.5 As far as practicable, the outer layer of the package shall be so designed as to prevent the collection and the retention of water. 6.4.2.6 Any features added to the package at the time of carriage which are not part of the package shall not reduce its safety. 6.4.2.7 The package shall be capable of withstanding the effects of any acceleration, vibration or vibration resonance which may arise under routine conditions of carriage without any deterioration in the effectiveness of the closing devices on the various receptacles or in the integrity of the package as a whole. In particular, nuts, bolts and other securing devices shall be so designed as to prevent them from becoming loose or being released unintentionally, even after repeated use. 6.4.2.8 The materials of the packaging and any components or structures shall be physically and chemically compatible with each other and with the radioactive contents. Account shall be taken of their behaviour under irradiation. 6.4.2.9 All valves through which the radioactive contents could escape shall be protected against unauthorized operation. 6.4.2.10 The design of the package shall take into account ambient temperatures and pressures that are likely to be encountered in routine conditions of carriage. 6.4.2.11 For radioactive material having other dangerous properties the package design shall take into account those properties; see 2.1.3.5.3 and 4.1.9.1.5. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 374 - 6.4.2.12 Manufacturers and subsequent distributors of packagings shall provide information regarding procedures to be followed and a description of the types and dimensions of closures (including required gaskets) and any other components needed to ensure that packages as presented for carriage are capable of passing the applicable performance tests of this Chapter. 6.4.3 (Reserved) 6.4.4 Requirements for excepted packages An excepted package shall be designed to meet the requirements specified in 6.4.2. 6.4.5 Requirements for Industrial packages 6.4.5.1 Types IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3 packages shall meet the requirements specified in 6.4.2 and 6.4.7.2. 6.4.5.2 A Type IP-2 package shall, if it were subjected to the tests specified in 6.4.15.4 and 6.4.15.5, prevent: (a) Loss or dispersal of the radioactive contents; and (b) More than a 20% increase in the maximum radiation level at any external surface of the package. 6.4.5.3 A Type IP-3 package shall meet all the requirements specified in 6.4.7.2 to 6.4.7.15. 6.4.5.4 Alternative requirements for Types IP-2 and IP-3 packages 6.4.5.4.1 Packages may be used as Type IP-2 package provided that: (a) They satisfy the requirements of 6.4.5.1; (b) They are designed to satisfy the requirements prescribed for packing group I or II in Chapter 6.1; and (c) When subjected to the tests required for packing groups I or II in Chapter 6.1, they would prevent: (i) Loss or dispersal of the radioactive contents; and (ii) More than a 20% increase in the maximum radiation level at any external surface of the package. 6.4.5.4.2 Portable tanks may also be used as Types IP-2 or IP-3 packages, provided that: (a) They satisfy the requirements of 6.4.5.1; (b) They are designed to satisfy the requirements prescribed in Chapter 6.7 and are capable of withstanding a test pressure of 265 kPa; and (c) They are designed so that any additional shielding which is provided shall be capable of withstanding the static and dynamic stresses resulting from handling and routine conditions of carriage and of preventing more than a 20% increase in the maximum radiation level at any external surface of the portable tanks. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 375 - 6.4.5.4.3 Tanks, other than portable tanks, may also be used as Types IP-2 or IP-3 packages for carrying LSA-I and LSA-II liquids and gases as prescribed in Table 4.1.9.2.4, provided that: (a) They satisfy the requirements of 6.4.5.1; (b) They are designed to satisfy the requirements prescribed in Chapter 6.8; and (c) They are designed so that any additional shielding which is provided shall be capable of withstanding the static and dynamic stresses resulting from handling and routine conditions of carriage and of preventing more than a 20% increase in the maximum radiation level at any external surface of the tanks. 6.4.5.4.4 Containers with the characteristics of a permanent enclosure may also be used as Types IP-2 or IP-3 packages, provided that: (a) The radioactive contents are restricted to solid materials; (b) They satisfy the requirements of 6.4.5.1; and (c) They are designed to conform to ISO 1496-1:1990: "Series 1 Containers - Specifications and Testing - Part 1: General Cargo Containers" and subsequent amendments 1:1993, 2:1998, 3:2005, 4:2006 and 5:2006, excluding dimensions and ratings. They shall be designed such that if subjected to the tests prescribed in that document and the accelerations occurring during routine conditions of carriage they would prevent: (i) loss or dispersal of the radioactive contents; and (ii) more than a 20% increase in the maximum radiation level at any external surface of the containers. 6.4.5.4.5 Metal intermediate bulk containers may also be used as Types IP-2 or IP-3 packages provided that: (a) They satisfy the requirements of 6.4.5.1; and (b) They are designed to satisfy the requirements prescribed in Chapter 6.5 for packing group I or II, and if they were subjected to the tests prescribed in that Chapter, but with the drop test conducted in the most damaging orientation, they would prevent: (i) loss or dispersal of the radioactive contents; and (ii) more than a 20% increase in the maximum radiation level at any external surface of the intermediate bulk container. 6.4.6 Requirements for packages containing uranium hexafluoride 6.4.6.1 Packages designed to contain uranium hexafluoride shall meet the requirements prescribed elsewhere in ADR which pertain to the radioactive and fissile properties of the material. Except as allowed in 6.4.6.4, uranium hexafluoride in quantities of 0.1 kg or more shall also be packaged and carried in accordance with the provisions of ISO 7195:2005 "Nuclear Energy – Packaging of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) for transport", and the requirements of 6.4.6.2 and 6.4.6.3. 6.4.6.2 Each package designed to contain 0.1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride shall be designed so that it would meet the following requirements: Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 376 - (a) Withstand without leakage and without unacceptable stress, as specified in ISO 7195:2005, the structural test as specified in 6.4.21.5; (b) Withstand without loss or dispersal of the uranium hexafluoride the free drop test specified in 6.4.15.4; and (c) Withstand without rupture of the containment system the thermal test specified in 6.4.17.3. 6.4.6.3 Packages designed to contain 0.1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride shall not be provided with pressure relief devices. 6.4.6.4 Subject to the approval of the competent authority, packages designed to contain 0.1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride may be carried if: (a) The packages are designed to international or national standards other than ISO 7195:2005 provided an equivalent level of safety is maintained; (b) The packages are designed to withstand without leakage and without unacceptable stress a test pressure of less than 2.76 MPa as specified in 6.4.21.5; or (c) For packages designed to contain 9 000 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride, the packages do not meet the requirement of 6.4.6.2 (c). In all other respects the requirements specified in 6.4.6.1 to 6.4.6.3 shall be satisfied. 6.4.7 Requirements for Type A packages 6.4.7.1 Type A packages shall be designed to meet the general requirements of 6.4.2 and of 6.4.7.2 to 6.4.7.17. 6.4.7.2 The smallest overall external dimension of the package shall not be less than 10 cm. 6.4.7.3 The outside of the package shall incorporate a feature such as a seal, which is not readily breakable and which, while intact, will be evidence that it has not been opened. 6.4.7.4 Any tie-down attachments on the package shall be so designed that, under normal and accident conditions of carriage, the forces in those attachments shall not impair the ability of the package to meet the requirements of ADR. 6.4.7.5 The design of the package shall take into account temperatures ranging from -40°C to +70°C for the components of the packaging. Attention shall be given to freezing temperatures for liquids and to the potential degradation of packaging materials within the given temperature range. 6.4.7.6 The design and manufacturing techniques shall be in accordance with national or international standards, or other requirements, acceptable to the competent authority. 6.4.7.7 The design shall include a containment system securely closed by a positive fastening device which cannot be opened unintentionally or by a pressure which may arise within the package. 6.4.7.8 Special form radioactive material may be considered as a component of the containment system. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 377 - 6.4.7.9 If the containment system forms a separate unit of the package, it shall be capable of being securely closed by a positive fastening device which is independent of any other part of the packaging. 6.4.7.10 The design of any component of the containment system shall take into account, where applicable, the radiolytic decomposition of liquids and other vulnerable materials and the generation of gas by chemical reaction and radiolysis. 6.4.7.11 The containment system shall retain its radioactive contents under a reduction of ambient pressure to 60 kPa. 6.4.7.12 All valves, other than pressure relief valves, shall be provided with an enclosure to retain any leakage from the valve. 6.4.7.13 A radiation shield which encloses a component of the package specified as a part of the containment system shall be so designed as to prevent the unintentional release of that component from the shield. Where the radiation shield and such component within it form a separate unit, the radiation shield shall be capable of being securely closed by a positive fastening device which is independent of any other packaging structure. 6.4.7.14 A package shall be so designed that if it were subjected to the tests specified in 6.4.15, it would prevent: (a) Loss or dispersal of the radioactive contents; and (b) More than a 20% increase in the maximum radiation level at any external surface of the package. 6.4.7.15 The design of a package intended for liquid radioactive material shall make provision for ullage to accommodate variations in the temperature of the contents, dynamic effects and filling dynamics. Type A packages to contain liquids 6.4.7.16 A Type A package designed to contain liquid radioactive material shall, in addition: (a) Be adequate to meet the conditions specified in 6.4.7.14 (a) above if the package is subjected to the tests specified in 6.4.16; and (b) Either (i) be provided with sufficient absorbent material to absorb twice the volume of the liquid contents. Such absorbent material shall be suitably positioned so as to contact the liquid in the event of leakage; or (ii) be provided with a containment system composed of primary inner and secondary outer containment components designed to enclose the liquid contents completely and ensure their retention, within the secondary outer containment components, even if the primary inner components leak. Type A packages to contain gas 6.4.7.17 A package designed for gases shall prevent loss or dispersal of the radioactive contents if the package were subjected to the tests specified in 6.4.16. A Type A package designed for tritium gas or for noble gases shall be excepted from this requirement. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 378 - 6.4.8 Requirements for Type B(U) packages 6.4.8.1 Type B(U) packages shall be designed to meet the requirements specified in 6.4.2, and of 6.4.7.2 to 6.4.7.15, except as specified in 6.4.7.14 (a), and, in addition, the requirements specified in 6.4.8.2 to 6.4.8.15. 6.4.8.2 A package shall be so designed that, under the ambient conditions specified in 6.4.8.5 and 6.4.8.6 heat generated within the package by the radioactive contents shall not, under normal conditions of carriage, as demonstrated by the tests in 6.4.15, adversely affect the package in such a way that it would fail to meet the applicable requirements for containment and shielding if left unattended for a period of one week. Particular attention shall be paid to the effects of heat, which may: (a) Alter the arrangement, the geometrical form or the physical state of the radioactive contents or, if the radioactive material is enclosed in a can or receptacle (for example, clad fuel elements), cause the can, receptacle or radioactive material to deform or melt; or (b) Lessen the efficiency of the packaging through differential thermal expansion or cracking or melting of the radiation shielding material; or (c) In combination with moisture, accelerate corrosion. 6.4.8.3 A package shall be so designed that, under the ambient condition specified in 6.4.8.5 and in the absence of insolation, the temperature of the accessible surfaces of a package shall not exceed 50 °C, unless the package is carried under exclusive use. 6.4.8.4 The maximum temperature of any surface readily accessible during carriage of a package under exclusive use shall not exceed 85 °C in the absence of insolation under the ambient conditions specified in 6.4.8.5. Account may be taken of barriers or screens intended to give protection to persons without the need for the barriers or screens being subject to any test. 6.4.8.5 The ambient temperature shall be assumed to be 38 °C. 6.4.8.6 The solar insolation conditions shall be assumed to be as specified in Table 6.4.8.6. Table 6.4.8.6: Insolation data Case Form and location of surface Insolation for 12 hours per day (W/m2) Flat surfaces carried horizontally-downward facing Flat surfaces carried horizontally-upward facing Surfaces carried vertically 200a Other downward facing (not horizontal) surfaces 200a All other surfaces 400a a Alternatively, a sine function may be used, with an absorption coefficient adopted and the effects of possible reflection from neighbouring objects neglected. 6.4.8.7 A package which includes thermal protection for the purpose of satisfying the requirements of the thermal test specified in 6.4.17.3 shall be so designed that such protection will remain effective if the package is subjected to the tests specified in 6.4.15 and 6.4.17.2 (a) and (b) or 6.4.17.2 (b) and (c), as appropriate. Any such protection on the exterior of the package shall not be rendered ineffective by ripping, cutting, skidding, abrasion or rough handling. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 379 - 6.4.8.8 A package shall be so designed that, if it were subjected to: (a) The tests specified in 6.4.15, it would restrict the loss of radioactive contents to not more than 10-6 A2 per hour; and (b) The tests specified in 6.4.17.1, 6.4.17.2 (b), 6.4.17.3, and 6.4.17.4 and the tests in (i) 6.4.17.2 (c), when the package has a mass not greater than 500 kg, an overall density not greater than 1 000 kg/m3 based on the external dimensions, and radioactive contents greater than 1 000 A2 not as special form radioactive material, or (ii) 6.4.17.2 (a), for all other packages, it would meet the following requirements: - retain sufficient shielding to ensure that the radiation level at 1 m from the surface of the package would not exceed 10 mSv/h with the maximum radioactive contents which the package is designed to contain; and - restrict the accumulated loss of radioactive contents in a period of one week to not more than 10 A2 for krypton-85 and not more than A2 for all other radionuclides. Where mixtures of different radionuclides are present, the provisions of 2.2.7.2.2.4 to 2.2.7.2.2.6 shall apply except that for krypton-85 an effective A2(i) value equal to 10 A2 may be used. For case (a) above, the assessment shall take into account the external contamination limits of 4.1.9.1.2. 6.4.8.9 A package for radioactive contents with activity greater than 105 A2 shall be so designed that if it were subjected to the enhanced water immersion test specified in 6.4.18, there would be no rupture of the containment system. 6.4.8.10 Compliance with the permitted activity release limits shall depend neither upon filters nor upon a mechanical cooling system. 6.4.8.11 A package shall not include a pressure relief system from the containment system which would allow the release of radioactive material to the environment under the conditions of the tests specified in 6.4.15 and 6.4.17. 6.4.8.12 A package shall be so designed that if it were at the maximum normal operating pressure and it were subjected to the tests specified in 6.4.15 and 6.4.17, the level of strains in the containment system would not attain values which would adversely affect the package in such a way that it would fail to meet the applicable requirements. 6.4.8.13 A package shall not have a maximum normal operating pressure in excess of a gauge pressure of 700 kPa. 6.4.8.14 A package containing low dispersible radioactive material shall be so designed that any features added to the low dispersible radioactive material that are not part of it, or any internal components of the packaging shall not adversely affect the performance of the low dispersible radioactive material. 6.4.8.15 A package shall be designed for an ambient temperature range from -40 °C to +38 °C. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 380 - 6.4.9 Requirements for Type B(M) packages 6.4.9.1 Type B(M) packages shall meet the requirements for Type B(U) packages specified in 6.4.8.1, except that for packages to be carried solely within a specified country or solely between specified countries, conditions other than those given in 6.4.7.5, 6.4.8.5, 6.4.8.6, and 6.4.8.9 to 6.4.8.15 above may be assumed with the approval of the competent authorities of these countries. Notwithstanding, the requirements for Type B(U) packages specified in 6.4.8.9 to 6.4.8.15 shall be met as far as practicable. 6.4.9.2 Intermittent venting of Type B(M) packages may be permitted during carriage, provided that the operational controls for venting are acceptable to the relevant competent authorities. 6.4.10 Requirements for Type C packages 6.4.10.1 Type C packages shall be designed to meet the requirements specified in 6.4.2 and of 6.4.7.2 to 6.4.7.15, except as specified in 6.4.7.14 (a), and of the requirements specified in 6.4.8.2 to 6.4.8.6, 6.4.8.10 to 6.4.8.15, and, in addition, of 6.4.10.2 to 6.4.10.4. 6.4.10.2 A package shall be capable of meeting the assessment criteria prescribed for tests in 6.4.8.8 (b) and 6.4.8.12 after burial in an environment defined by a thermal conductivity of 0.33 W.m-1.K-1 and a temperature of 38 °C in the steady state. Initial conditions for the assessment shall assume that any thermal insulation of the package remains intact, the package is at the maximum normal operating pressure and the ambient temperature is 38 °C. 6.4.10.3 A package shall be so designed that, if it were at the maximum normal operating pressure and subjected to: (a) The tests specified in 6.4.15, it would restrict the loss of radioactive contents to not more than 10-6 A2 per hour; and (b) The test sequences in 6.4.20.1, it would meet the following requirements: (i) retain sufficient shielding to ensure that the radiation level at 1 m from the surface of the package would not exceed 10 mSv/h with the maximum radioactive contents which the package is designed to contain; and (ii) restrict the accumulated loss of radioactive contents in a period of 1 week to not more than 10 A2 for krypton-85 and not more than A2 for all other radionuclides. Where mixtures of different radionuclides are present, the provisions of 2.2.7.2.2.4 to 2.2.7.2.2.6 shall apply except that for krypton-85 an effective A2(i) value equal to 10 A2 may be used. For case (a) above, the assessment shall take into account the external contamination limits of 4.1.9.1.2. 6.4.10.4 A package shall be so designed that there will be no rupture of the containment system following performance of the enhanced water immersion test specified in 6.4.18. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 381 - 6.4.11 Requirements for packages containing fissile material 6.4.11.1 Fissile material shall be carried so as to: (a) Maintain sub-criticality during normal and accident conditions of carriage; in particular, the following contingencies shall be considered: (i) water leaking into or out of packages; (ii) the loss of efficiency of built-in neutron absorbers or moderators; (iii) rearrangement of the contents either within the package or as a result of loss from the package; (iv) reduction of spaces within or between packages; (v) packages becoming immersed in water or buried in snow; and (vi) temperature changes; and (b) Meet the requirements: (i) of 6.4.7.2 for packages containing fissile material; (ii) prescribed elsewhere in ADR which pertain to the radioactive properties of the material; and (iii) specified in 6.4.11.3 to 6.4.11.12, unless excepted by 6.4.11.2. 6.4.11.2 Fissile material meeting one of the provisions (a) to (d) of 2.2.7.2.3.5 is excepted from the requirement to be carried in packages that comply with 6.4.11.3 to 6.4.11.12 as well as the other requirements of ADR that apply to fissile material. Only one type of exception is allowed per consignment. 6.4.11.3 Where the chemical or physical form, isotopic composition, mass or concentration, moderation ratio or density, or geometric configuration is not known, the assessments of 6.4.11.7 to 6.4.11.12 shall be performed assuming that each parameter that is not known has the value which gives the maximum neutron multiplication consistent with the known conditions and parameters in these assessments. 6.4.11.4 For irradiated nuclear fuel the assessments of 6.4.11.7 to 6.4.11.12 shall be based on an isotopic composition demonstrated to provide: (a) The maximum neutron multiplication during the irradiation history; or (b) A conservative estimate of the neutron multiplication for the package assessments. After irradiation but prior to shipment, a measurement shall be performed to confirm the conservatism of the isotopic composition. 6.4.11.5 The package, after being subjected to the tests specified in 6.4.15, shall: (a) Preserve the minimum overall outside dimensions of the package to at least 10 cm; and (b) Prevent the entry of a 10 cm cube. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 382 - 6.4.11.6 The package shall be designed for an ambient temperature range of -40°C to + 38°C unless the competent authority specifies otherwise in the certificate of approval for the package design. 6.4.11.7 For a package in isolation, it shall be assumed that water can leak into or out of all void spaces of the package, including those within the containment system. However, if the design incorporates special features to prevent such leakage of water into or out of certain void spaces, even as a result of error, absence of leakage may be assumed in respect of those void spaces. Special features shall include the following: (a) Multiple high standard water barriers, not less than two of which would remain watertight if the package were subject to the tests prescribed in 6.4.11.12 (b), a high degree of quality control in the manufacture, maintenance and repair of packagings and tests to demonstrate the closure of each package before each shipment; or (b) For packages containing uranium hexafluoride only, with maximum enrichment of 5 mass percent uranium-235: (i) packages where, following the tests prescribed in 6.4.11.12 (b), there is no physical contact between the valve and any other component of the packaging other than at its original point of attachment and where, in addition, following the test prescribed in 6.4.17.3 the valves remain leaktight; and (ii) a high degree of quality control in the manufacture, maintenance and repair of packagings coupled with tests to demonstrate closure of each package before each shipment. 6.4.11.8 It shall be assumed that the confinement system shall be closely reflected by at least 20 cm of water or such greater reflection as may additionally be provided by the surrounding material of the packaging. However, when it can be demonstrated that the confinement system remains within the packaging following the tests prescribed in 6.4.11.12 (b), close reflection of the package by at least 20 cm of water may be assumed in 6.4.11.9 (c). 6.4.11.9 The package shall be subcritical under the conditions of 6.4.11.7 and 6.4.11.8 with the package conditions that result in the maximum neutron multiplication consistent with: (a) Routine conditions of carriage (incident free); (b) The tests specified in 6.4.11.11 (b); (c) The tests specified in 6.4.11.12 (b). 6.4.11.10 (Reserved) 6.4.11.11 For normal conditions of carriage a number "N" shall be derived, such that five times "N" packages shall be subcritical for the arrangement and package conditions that provide the maximum neutron multiplication consistent with the following: (a) There shall not be anything between the packages, and the package arrangement shall be reflected on all sides by at least 20 cm of water; and (b) The state of the packages shall be their assessed or demonstrated condition if they had been subjected to the tests specified in 6.4.15. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 383 - 6.4.11.12 For accident conditions of carriage a number "N" shall be derived, such that two times "N" packages shall be subcritical for the arrangement and package conditions that provide the maximum neutron multiplication consistent with the following: (a) Hydrogenous moderation between packages, and the package arrangement reflected on all sides by at least 20 cm of water; and (b) The tests specified in 6.4.15 followed by whichever of the following is the more limiting: (i) the tests specified in 6.4.17.2 (b) and, either 6.4.17.2 (c) for packages having a mass not greater than 500 kg and an overall density not greater than 1 000 kg/m3 based on the external dimensions, or 6.4.17.2 (a) for all other packages; followed by the test specified in 6.4.17.3 and completed by the tests specified in 6.4.19.1 to 6.4.19.3; or (ii) the test specified in 6.4.17.4; and (c) Where any part of the fissile material escapes from the containment system following the tests specified in 6.4.11.12 (b), it shall be assumed that fissile material escapes from each package in the array and all of the fissile material shall be arranged in the configuration and moderation that results in the maximum neutron multiplication with close reflection by at least 20 cm of water. 6.4.11.13 The criticality safety index (CSI) for packages containing fissile material shall be obtained by dividing the number 50 by the smaller of the two values of N derived in 6.4.11.11 and 6.4.11.12 (i.e. CSI = 50/N). The value of the criticality safety index may be zero, provided that an unlimited number of packages is subcritical (i.e. N is effectively equal to infinity in both cases). 6.4.12 Test procedures and demonstration of compliance 6.4.12.1 Demonstration of compliance with the performance standards required in 2.2.7.2.3.1.3, 2.2.7.2.3.1.4, 2.2.7.2.3.3.1, 2.2.7.2.3.3.2, 2.2.7.2.3.4.1, 2.2.7.2.3.4.2, and 6.4.2 to 6.4.11 must be accomplished by any of the methods listed below or by a combination thereof: (a) Performance of tests with specimens representing LSA-III material, or special form radioactive material, or low dispersible radioactive material or with prototypes or samples of the packaging, where the contents of the specimen or the packaging for the tests shall simulate as closely as practicable the expected range of radioactive contents and the specimen or packaging to be tested shall be prepared as presented for carriage; (b) Reference to previous satisfactory demonstrations of a sufficiently similar nature; (c) Performance of tests with models of appropriate scale incorporating those features which are significant with respect to the item under investigation when engineering experience has shown results of such tests to be suitable for design purposes. When a scale model is used, the need for adjusting certain test parameters, such as penetrator diameter or compressive load, shall be taken into account; (d) Calculation, or reasoned argument, when the calculation procedures and parameters are generally agreed to be reliable or conservative. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 384 - 6.4.12.2 After the specimen, prototype or sample has been subjected to the tests, appropriate methods of assessment shall be used to assure that the requirements for the test procedures have been fulfilled in compliance with the performance and acceptance standards prescribed in 2.2.7.2.3.1.3, 2.2.7.2.3.1.4, 2.2.7.2.3.3.1, 2.2.7.2.3.3.2, 2.2.7.2.3.4.1, 2.2.7.2.3.4.2, and 6.4.2 to 6.4.11. 6.4.12.3 All specimens shall be inspected before testing in order to identify and record faults or damage including the following: (a) Divergence from the design; (b) Defects in manufacture; (c) Corrosion or other deterioration; and (d) Distortion of features. The containment system of the package shall be clearly specified. The external features of the specimen shall be clearly identified so that reference may be made simply and clearly to any part of such specimen. 6.4.13 Testing the integrity of the containment system and shielding and evaluating criticality safety After each of the applicable tests specified in 6.4.15 to 6.4.21: (a) Faults and damage shall be identified and recorded; (b) It shall be determined whether the integrity of the containment system and shielding has been retained to the extent required in 6.4.2 to 6.4.11 for the package under test; and (c) For packages containing fissile material, it shall be determined whether the assumptions and conditions used in the assessments required by 6.4.11.1 to 6.4.11.13 for one or more packages are valid. 6.4.14 Target for drop tests The target for the drop tests specified in 2.2.7.2.3.3.5 (a), 6.4.15.4, 6.4.16 (a), 6.4.17.2 and 6.4.20.2 shall be a flat, horizontal surface of such a character that any increase in its resistance to displacement or deformation upon impact by the specimen would not significantly increase the damage to the specimen. 6.4.15 Tests for demonstrating ability to withstand normal conditions of carriage 6.4.15.1 The tests are: the water spray test, the free drop test, the stacking test and the penetration test. Specimens of the package shall be subjected to the free drop test, the stacking test and the penetration test, preceded in each case by the water spray test. One specimen may be used for all the tests, provided that the requirements of 6.4.15.2 are fulfilled. 6.4.15.2 The time interval between the conclusion of the water spray test and the succeeding test shall be such that the water has soaked in to the maximum extent, without appreciable drying of the exterior of the specimen. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, this interval Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 385 - shall be taken to be two hours if the water spray is applied from four directions simultaneously. No time interval shall elapse, however, if the water spray is applied from each of the four directions consecutively. 6.4.15.3 Water spray test: The specimen shall be subjected to a water spray test that simulates exposure to rainfall of approximately 5 cm per hour for at least one hour. 6.4.15.4 Free drop test: The specimen shall drop onto the target so as to suffer maximum damage in respect of the safety features to be tested. (a) The height of drop measured from the lowest point of the specimen to the upper surface of the target shall be not less than the distance specified in Table 6.4.15.4 for the applicable mass. The target shall be as defined in 6.4.14; (b) For rectangular fibreboard or wood packages not exceeding a mass of 50 kg, a separate specimen shall be subjected to a free drop onto each corner from a height of 0.3 m; (c) For cylindrical fibreboard packages not exceeding a mass of 100 kg, a separate specimen shall be subjected to a free drop onto each of the quarters of each rim from a height of 0.3 m. Table 6.4.15.4: Free drop distance for testing packages to normal conditions of carriage Package mass (kg) Free drop distance (m) Package mass < 5 000 1.2 5 000 ≤ Package mass < 10 000 0.9 10 000 ≤ Package mass < 15 000 0.6 15 000 ≤ Package mass 0.3 6.4.15.5 Stacking test: Unless the shape of the packaging effectively prevents stacking, the specimen shall be subjected, for a period of 24 h, to a compressive load equal to the greater of the following: (a) A total weight equal to 5 times the maximum weight of the package; and (b) The equivalent of 13 kPa multiplied by the vertically projected area of the package. The load shall be applied uniformly to two opposite sides of the specimen, one of which shall be the base on which the package would typically rest. 6.4.15.6 Penetration test: The specimen shall be placed on a rigid, flat, horizontal surface which will not move significantly while the test is being carried out. (a) A bar of 3.2 cm in diameter with a hemispherical end and a mass of 6 kg shall be dropped and directed to fall, with its longitudinal axis vertical, onto the centre of the weakest part of the specimen, so that, if it penetrates sufficiently far, it will hit the containment system. The bar shall not be significantly deformed by the test performance; (b) The height of drop of the bar measured from its lower end to the intended point of impact on the upper surface of the specimen shall be 1 m. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 386 - 6.4.16 Additional tests for Type A packages designed for liquids and gases A specimen or separate specimens shall be subjected to each of the following tests unless it can be demonstrated that one test is more severe for the specimen in question than the other, in which case one specimen shall be subjected to the more severe test. (a) Free drop test: The specimen shall drop onto the target so as to suffer the maximum damage in respect of containment. The height of the drop measured from the lowest part of the specimen to the upper surface of the target shall be 9 m. The target shall be as defined in 6.4.14; (b) Penetration test: The specimen shall be subjected to the test specified in 6.4.15.6 except that the height of drop shall be increased to 1.7 m from the 1 m specified in 6.4.15.6 (b). 6.4.17 Tests for demonstrating ability to withstand accident conditions in carriage 6.4.17.1 The specimen shall be subjected to the cumulative effects of the tests specified in 6.4.17.2 and 6.4.17.3, in that order. Following these tests, either this specimen or a separate specimen shall be subjected to the effect(s) of the water immersion test(s) as specified in 6.4.17.4 and, if applicable, 6.4.18. 6.4.17.2 Mechanical test: The mechanical test consists of three different drop tests. Each specimen shall be subjected to the applicable drops as specified in 6.4.8.8 or 6.4.11.12. The order in which the specimen is subjected to the drops shall be such that, on completion of the mechanical test, the specimen shall have suffered such damage as will lead to the maximum damage in the thermal test which follows. (a) For drop I, the specimen shall drop onto the target so as to suffer the maximum damage, and the height of the drop measured from the lowest point of the specimen to the upper surface of the target shall be 9 m. The target shall be as defined in 6.4.14; (b) For drop II, the specimen shall drop so as to suffer the maximum damage onto a bar rigidly mounted perpendicularly on the target. The height of the drop measured from the intended point of impact of the specimen to the upper surface of the bar shall be 1 m. The bar shall be of solid mild steel of circular section, (15.0 cm ± 0.5 cm) in diameter and 20 cm long unless a longer bar would cause greater damage, in which case a bar of sufficient length to cause maximum damage shall be used. The upper end of the bar shall be flat and horizontal with its edge rounded off to a radius of not more than 6 mm. The target on which the bar is mounted shall be as described in 6.4.14; (c) For drop III, the specimen shall be subjected to a dynamic crush test by positioning the specimen on the target so as to suffer maximum damage by the drop of a 500 kg mass from 9 m onto the specimen. The mass shall consist of a solid mild steel plate 1 m by 1 m and shall fall in a horizontal attitude. The height of the drop shall be measured from the underside of the plate to the highest point of the specimen. The target on which the specimen rests shall be as defined in 6.4.14. 6.4.17.3 Thermal test: The specimen shall be in thermal equilibrium under conditions of an ambient temperature of 38 °C, subject to the solar insolation conditions specified in Table 6.4.8.6 and subject to the design maximum rate of internal heat generation within the package from the radioactive contents. Alternatively, any of these parameters are allowed to have different values prior to and during the test, providing due account is taken of them in the subsequent assessment of package response. The thermal test shall then consist of: Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 387 - (a) Exposure of a specimen for a period of 30 minutes to a thermal environment which provides a heat flux at least equivalent to that of a hydrocarbon fuel/air fire in sufficiently quiescent ambient conditions to give a minimum average flame emissivity coefficient of 0.9 and an average temperature of at least 800 °C, fully engulfing the specimen, with a surface absorptivity coefficient of 0.8 or that value which the package may be demonstrated to possess if exposed to the fire specified, followed by; (b) Exposure of the specimen to an ambient temperature of 38 °C, subject to the solar insolation conditions specified in Table 6.4.8.6 and subject to the design maximum rate of internal heat generation within the package by the radioactive contents for a sufficient period to ensure that temperatures in the specimen are everywhere decreasing and/or are approaching initial steady state conditions. Alternatively, any of these parameters are allowed to have different values following cessation of heating, providing due account is taken of them in the subsequent assessment of package response. During and following the test the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the specimen shall be permitted to proceed naturally. 6.4.17.4 Water immersion test: The specimen shall be immersed under a head of water of at least 15 m for a period of not less than eight hours in the attitude which will lead to maximum damage. For demonstration purposes, an external gauge pressure of at least 150 kPa shall be considered to meet these conditions. 6.4.18 Enhanced water immersion test for Type B(U) and Type B(M) packages containing more than 105 A2 and Type C packages Enhanced water immersion test: The specimen shall be immersed under a head of water of at least 200 m for a period of not less than one hour. For demonstration purposes, an external gauge pressure of at least 2 MPa shall be considered to meet these conditions. 6.4.19 Water leakage test for packages containing fissile material 6.4.19.1 Packages for which water in-leakage or out-leakage to the extent which results in greatest reactivity has been assumed for purposes of assessment under 6.4.11.7 to 6.4.11.12 shall be excepted from the test. 6.4.19.2 Before the specimen is subjected to the water leakage test specified below, it shall be subjected to the tests in 6.4.17.2 (b), and either 6.4.17.2 (a) or (c) as required by 6.4.11.12, and the test specified in 6.4.17.3. 6.4.19.3 The specimen shall be immersed under a head of water of at least 0.9 m for a period of not less than 8 hours and in the attitude for which maximum leakage is expected. 6.4.20 Tests for Type C packages 6.4.20.1 Specimens shall be subjected to the effects of each of the following test sequences in the orders specified: (a) The tests specified in 6.4.17.2 (a), 6.4.17.2 (c), 6.4.20.2 and 6.4.20.3; and (b) The test specified in 6.4.20.4. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 388 - Separate specimens are allowed to be used for each of the sequences (a) and (b). 6.4.20.2 Puncture/tearing test: The specimen shall be subjected to the damaging effects of a solid probe made of mild steel. The orientation of the probe to the surface of the specimen shall be as to cause maximum damage at the conclusion of the test sequence specified in 6.4.20.1 (a). (a) The specimen, representing a package having a mass less than 250 kg, shall be placed on a target and subjected to a probe having a mass of 250 kg falling from a height of 3 m above the intended impact point. For this test the probe shall be a 20 cm diameter cylindrical bar with the striking end forming a frustum of a right circular cone with the following dimensions: 30 cm height and 2.5 cm in diameter at the top with its edge rounded off to a radius of not more than 6 mm. The target on which the specimen is placed shall be as specified in 6.4.14; (b) For packages having a mass of 250 kg or more, the base of the probe shall be placed on a target and the specimen dropped onto the probe. The height of the drop, measured from the point of impact with the specimen to the upper surface of the probe shall be 3 m. For this test the probe shall have the same properties and dimensions as specified in (a) above, except that the length and mass of the probe shall be such as to incur maximum damage to the specimen. The target on which the base of the probe is placed shall be as specified in 6.4.14. 6.4.20.3 Enhanced thermal test: The conditions for this test shall be as specified in 6.4.17.3, except that the exposure to the thermal environment shall be for a period of 60 minutes. 6.4.20.4 Impact test: The specimen shall be subject to an impact on a target at a velocity of not less than 90 m/s, at such an orientation as to suffer maximum damage. The target shall be as defined in 6.4.14, except that the target surface may be at any orientation as long as the surface is normal to the specimen path. 6.4.21 Inspections for packagings designed to contain 0.1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride 6.4.21.1 Every manufactured packaging and its service and structural equipment shall, either jointly or separately, undergo an inspection initially before being put into service and periodically thereafter. These inspections shall be performed and certified by agreement with the competent authority. 6.4.21.2 The initial inspection shall consist of a check of the design characteristics, a structural test, a leakproofness test, a water capacity test and a check of satisfactory operation of the service equipment. 6.4.21.3 The periodic inspections shall consist of a visual examination, a structural test, a leakproofness test and a check of satisfactory operation of the service equipment. The maximum intervals for periodic inspections shall be five years. Packagings which have not been inspected within this five-year period shall be examined before carriage in accordance with a programme approved by the competent authority. They shall not be refilled before completion of the full programme for periodic inspections. 6.4.21.4 The check of design characteristics shall demonstrate compliance with the design type specifications and the manufacturing programme. 6.4.21.5 For the initial structural test, packagings designed to contain 0.1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride shall be tested hydraulically at an internal pressure of at least 1.38 MPa but, when the test pressure is less than 2.76 MPa, the design shall require multilateral approval. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 389 - For retesting packagings, any other equivalent non-destructive testing may be applied subject to multilateral approval. 6.4.21.6 The leakproofness test shall be performed in accordance with a procedure which is capable of indicating leakages in the containment system with a sensitivity of 0.1 Pa.l/s (10-6 bar.l/s). 6.4.21.7 The water capacity of the packagings shall be established with an accuracy of ± 0.25% at a reference temperature of 15 °C. The volume shall be stated on the plate described in 6.4.21.8. 6.4.21.8 A plate made of non-corroding metal shall be durably attached to every packaging in a readily accessible place. The method of attaching the plate must not impair the strength of the packaging. The following particulars, at least, shall be marked on the plate by stamping or by any other equivalent method: - Approval number; - Manufacturer's serial number; - Maximum working pressure (gauge pressure); - Test pressure (gauge pressure); - Contents: uranium hexafluoride; - Capacity in litres; - Maximum permissible filling mass of uranium hexafluoride; - Tare mass; - Date (month, year) of the initial test and the most recent periodic test; - Stamp of the expert who performed the tests. 6.4.22 Approvals of package designs and materials 6.4.22.1 The approval of designs for packages containing 0.1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride requires that: (a) Each design that meets the requirements of 6.4.6.4 shall require multilateral approval; (b) Each design that meets the requirements of 6.4.6.1 to 6.4.6.3 shall require unilateral approval by the competent authority of the country of origin of the design, unless multilateral approval is otherwise required by ADR. 6.4.22.2 Each Type B(U) and Type C package design shall require unilateral approval, except that: (a) A package design for fissile material, which is also subject to 6.4.22.4, 6.4.23.7, and 5.1.5.2.1 shall require multilateral approval; and (b) A Type B(U) package design for low dispersible radioactive material shall require multilateral approval. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 390 - 6.4.22.3 Each Type B(M) package design, including those for fissile material which are also subject to the requirements of 6.4.22.4, 6.4.23.7, and 5.1.5.2.1 and those for low dispersible radioactive material, shall require multilateral approval. 6.4.22.4 Each package design for fissile material which is not excepted according to 6.4.11.2 from the requirements that apply specifically to packages containing fissile material shall require multilateral approval. 6.4.22.5 The design for special form radioactive material shall require unilateral approval. The design for low dispersible radioactive material shall require multilateral approval (see also 6.4.23.8). 6.4.22.6 Any design that requires unilateral approval originating in a country Contracting Party to ADR shall be approved by the competent authority of this country; if the country where the package has been designed is not a Contracting Party to ADR, carriage is possible on condition that: (a) A certificate has been supplied by this country, proving that the package design satisfies the technical requirements of ADR, and that this certificate is countersigned by the competent authority of the first country Contracting Party to ADR reached by the consignment; (b) If no certificate and no existing package design approval by a country Contracting Party to ADR has been supplied, the package design is approved by the competent authority of the first country Contracting Party to ADR reached by the consignment. 6.4.22.7 For designs approved under the transitional measures see 1.6.6. 6.4.23 Applications and approvals for radioactive material carriage 6.4.23.1 (Reserved) 6.4.23.2 An application for shipment approval shall include: (a) The period of time, related to the shipment, for which the approval is sought; (b) The actual radioactive contents, the expected modes of carriage, the type of vehicle, and the probable or proposed route; and (c) The details of how the precautions and administrative or operational controls, referred to in the package design approval certificates issued under 5.1.5.2.1, are to be put into effect. 6.4.23.3 An application for approval of shipments under special arrangement shall include all the information necessary to satisfy the competent authority that the overall level of safety in carriage is at least equivalent to that which would be provided if all the applicable requirements of ADR had been met. The application shall also include: (a) A statement of the respects in which, and of the reasons why, the shipment cannot be made in full accordance with the applicable requirements of ADR; and (b) A statement of any special precautions or special administrative or operational controls which are to be employed during carriage to compensate for the failure to meet the applicable requirements of ADR. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 391 - 6.4.23.4 An application for approval of Type B(U) or Type C package design shall include: (a) A detailed description of the proposed radioactive contents with reference to their physical and chemical states and the nature of the radiation emitted; (b) A detailed statement of the design, including complete engineering drawings and schedules of materials and methods of manufacture; (c) A statement of the tests which have been done and their results, or evidence based on calculative methods or other evidence that the design is adequate to meet the applicable requirements; (d) The proposed operating and maintenance instructions for the use of the packaging; (e) If the package is designed to have a maximum normal operating pressure in excess of 100 kPa gauge, a specification of the materials of manufacture of the containment system, the samples to be taken, and the tests to be made; (f) Where the proposed radioactive contents are irradiated fuel, a statement and a justification of any assumption in the safety analysis relating to the characteristics of the fuel and a description of any pre-shipment measurement as required by 6.4.11.4 (b); (g) Any special stowage provisions necessary to ensure the safe dissipation of heat from the package considering the various modes of carriage to be used and type of vehicle or container; (h) A reproducible illustration, not larger than 21 cm by 30 cm, showing the make-up of the package; and (i) A specification of the applicable quality assurance programme as required in 1.7.3. 6.4.23.5 An application for approval of a Type B(M) package design shall include, in addition to the general information required for package approval in 6.4.23.4 for Type B(U) packages: (a) A list of the requirements specified in 6.4.7.5, 6.4.8.5, 6.4.8.6 and 6.4.8.9 to 6.4.8.15 with which the package does not conform; (b) Any proposed supplementary operational controls to be applied during carriage not regularly provided for in this Annex, but which are necessary to ensure the safety of the package or to compensate for the deficiencies listed in (a) above; (c) A statement relative to any restrictions on the mode of carriage and to any special loading, carriage, unloading or handling procedures; and (d) The range of ambient conditions (temperature, solar radiation) which are expected to be encountered during carriage and which have been taken into account in the design. 6.4.23.6 The application for approval of designs for packages containing 0.1 kg or more of uranium hexafluoride shall include all information necessary to satisfy the competent authority that the design meets the applicable requirements of 6.4.6.1, and a description of the applicable quality assurance programme as required in 1.7.3. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 392 - 6.4.23.7 An application for a fissile package approval shall include all information necessary to satisfy the competent authority that the design meets the applicable requirements of 6.4.11.1, and a specification of the applicable quality assurance programme as required by 1.7.3. 6.4.23.8 An application for approval of design for special form radioactive material and design for low dispersible radioactive material shall include: (a) A detailed description of the radioactive material or, if a capsule, the contents; particular reference shall be made to both physical and chemical states; (b) A detailed statement of the design of any capsule to be used; (c) A statement of the tests which have been done and their results, or evidence based on calculative methods to show that the radioactive material is capable of meeting the performance standards, or other evidence that the special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material meets the applicable requirements of ADR; (d) A specification of the applicable quality assurance programme as required in 1.7.3; and (e) Any proposed pre-shipment actions for use in the consignment of special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material. 6.4.23.9 Each approval certificate issued by a competent authority shall be assigned an identification mark. The identification mark shall be of the following generalized type: VRI/Number/Type Code (a) Except as provided in 6.4.23.10 (b), VRI represents the international vehicle registration identification code of the country issuing the certificate 1; (b) The number shall be assigned by the competent authority, and shall be unique and specific with regard to the particular design or shipment. The shipment approval identification mark shall be clearly related to the design approval identification mark; (c) The following type codes shall be used in the order listed to indicate the types of approval certificates issued: AF Type A package design for fissile material B(U) Type B(U) package design [B(U) F if for fissile material] B(M) Type B(M) package design [B(M) F if for fissile material] C Type C package design (CF if for fissile material) IF Industrial package design for fissile material S Special form radioactive material LD Low dispersible radioactive material T Shipment X Special arrangement In the case of package designs for non-fissile or fissile excepted uranium hexafluoride, where none of the above codes apply, then the following type codes shall be used: H(U) Unilateral approval H(M) Multilateral approval; See the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968). Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 393 - (d) For package design and special form radioactive material approval certificates, other than those issued under the transitional provisions of 1.6.6.2 and 1.6.6.3, and for low dispersible radioactive material approval certificates, the symbols "-96" shall be added to the type code. 6.4.23.10 These type codes shall be applied as follows: (a) Each certificate and each package shall bear the appropriate identification mark, comprising the symbols prescribed in 6.4.23.9 (a), (b), (c) and (d) above, except that, for packages, only the applicable design type codes including, if applicable, the symbols "-96", shall appear following the second stroke, that is, the "T" or "X" shall not appear in the identification marking on the package. Where the design approval and shipment approval are combined, the applicable type codes do not need to be repeated. For example: A/132/B(M)F-96: A Type B(M) package design approved for fissile material, requiring multilateral approval, for which the competent authority of Austria has assigned the design number 132 (to be marked on both the package and on the package design approval certificate); A/132/B(M)F-96T: The shipment approval issued for a package bearing the identification mark elaborated above (to be marked on the certificate only); A/137/X: A special arrangement approval issued by the competent authority of Austria, to which the number 137 has been assigned (to be marked on the certificate only); A/139/IF-96: An industrial package design for fissile material approved by the competent authority of Austria, to which package design number 139 has been assigned (to be marked on both the package and on the package design approval certificate); and A/145/H(U)-96: A package design for fissile excepted uranium hexafluoride approved by the competent authority of Austria, to which package design number 145 has been assigned (to be marked on both the package and on the package design approval certificate); (b) Where multilateral approval is effected by validation according to 6.4.23.16, only the identification mark issued by the country of origin of the design or shipment shall be used. Where multilateral approval is effected by issue of certificates by successive countries, each certificate shall bear the appropriate identification mark and the package whose design was so approved shall bear all appropriate identification marks. For example: A/132/B(M)F-96 CH/28/B(M)F-96 would be the identification mark of a package which was originally approved by Austria and was subsequently approved, by separate certificate, by Switzerland. Additional identification marks would be tabulated in a similar manner on the package; (c) The revision of a certificate shall be indicated by a parenthetical expression following the identification mark on the certificate. For example, A/132/B(M)F-96 (Rev.2) would indicate revision 2 of the Austrian package design approval certificate; or Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 394 - A/132/B(M)F-96 (Rev.0) would indicate the original issuance of the Austrian package design approval certificate. For original issuances, the parenthetical entry is optional and other words such as "original issuance" may also be used in place of "Rev.0". Certificate revision numbers may only be issued by the country issuing the original approval certificate; (d) Additional symbols (as may be necessitated by national regulations) may be added in brackets to the end of the identification mark; for example, A/132/B(M)F-96(SP503); (e) It is not necessary to alter the identification mark on the packaging each time that a revision to the design certificate is made. Such re-marking shall be required only in those cases where the revision to the package design certificate involves a change in the letter type codes for the package design following the second stroke. 6.4.23.11 Each approval certificate issued by a competent authority for special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material shall include the following information: (a) Type of certificate; (b) The competent authority identification mark; (c) The issue date and an expiry date; (d) List of applicable national and international regulations, including the edition of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material under which the special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material is approved; (e) The identification of the special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material; (f) A description of the special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material; (g) Design specifications for the special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material which may include references to drawings; (h) A specification of the radioactive contents which includes the activities involved and which may include the physical and chemical form; (i) A specification of the applicable quality assurance programme as required in 1.7.3; (j) Reference to information provided by the applicant relating to specific actions to be taken prior to shipment; (k) If deemed appropriate by the competent authority, reference to the identity of the applicant; (l) Signature and identification of the certifying official. 6.4.23.12 Each approval certificate issued by a competent authority for a special arrangement shall include the following information: (a) Type of certificate; (b) The competent authority identification mark; (c) The issue date and an expiry date; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 395 - (d) Mode(s) of carriage; (e) Any restrictions on the modes of carriage, type of vehicle, container, and any necessary routeing instructions; (f) List of applicable national and international regulations, including the edition of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material under which the special arrangement is approved; (g) The following statement: "This certificate does not relieve the consignor from compliance with any requirement of the government of any country through or into which the package will be carried."; (h) References to certificates for alternative radioactive contents, other competent authority validation, or additional technical data or information, as deemed appropriate by the competent authority; (i) Description of the packaging by a reference to the drawings or a specification of the design. If deemed appropriate by the competent authority, a reproducible illustration, not larger than 21 cm by 30 cm, showing the make-up of the package shall also be provided, accompanied by a brief description of the packaging, including materials of manufacture, gross mass, general outside dimensions and appearance; (j) A specification of the authorized radioactive contents, including any restrictions on the radioactive contents which might not be obvious from the nature of the packaging. This shall include the physical and chemical forms, the activities involved (including those of the various isotopes, if appropriate), amounts in grams (for fissile material or for each fissile nuclide when appropriate), and whether special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material, if applicable; (k) Additionally, for packages containing fissile material: (i) a detailed description of the authorized radioactive contents; (ii) the value of the criticality safety index; (iii) reference to the documentation that demonstrates the criticality safety of the contents; (iv) any special features, on the basis of which the absence of water from certain void spaces has been assumed in the criticality assessment; (v) any allowance (based on 6.4.11.4 (b)) for a change in neutron multiplication assumed in the criticality assessment as a result of actual irradiation experience; and (vi) the ambient temperature range for which the special arrangement has been approved; (l) A detailed listing of any supplementary operational controls required for preparation, loading, carriage, unloading and handling of the consignment, including any special stowage provisions for the safe dissipation of heat; (m) If deemed appropriate by the competent authority, reasons for the special arrangement; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 396 - (n) Description of the compensatory measures to be applied as a result of the shipment being under special arrangement; (o) Reference to information provided by the applicant relating to the use of the packaging or specific actions to be taken prior to the shipment; (p) A statement regarding the ambient conditions assumed for purposes of design if these are not in accordance with those specified in 6.4.8.5, 6.4.8.6, and 6.4.8.15, as applicable; (q) Any emergency arrangements deemed necessary by the competent authority; (r) A specification of the applicable quality assurance programme as required in 1.7.3; (s) If deemed appropriate by the competent authority, reference to the identity of the applicant and to the identity of the carrier; (t) Signature and identification of the certifying official. 6.4.23.13 Each approval certificate for a shipment issued by a competent authority shall include the following information: (a) Type of certificate; (b) The competent authority identification mark(s); (c) The issue date and an expiry date; (d) List of applicable national and international regulations, including the edition of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material under which the shipment is approved; (e) Any restrictions on the modes of carriage, type of vehicle, container, and any necessary routeing instructions; (f) The following statement: "This certificate does not relieve the consignor from compliance with any requirement of the government of any country through or into which the package will be carried."; (g) A detailed listing of any supplementary operational controls required for preparation, loading, carriage, unloading and handling of the consignment, including any special stowage provisions for the safe dissipation of heat or maintenance of criticality safety; (h) Reference to information provided by the applicant relating to specific actions to be taken prior to shipment; (i) Reference to the applicable design approval certificate(s); (j) A specification of the actual radioactive contents, including any restrictions on the radioactive contents which might not be obvious from the nature of the packaging. This shall include the physical and chemical forms, the total activities involved (including those of the various isotopes, if appropriate), amounts in grams (for fissile material or for each fissile nuclide when appropriate), and whether special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material, if applicable; (k) Any emergency arrangements deemed necessary by the competent authority; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 397 - (l) A specification of the applicable quality assurance programme as required in 1.7.3; (m) If deemed appropriate by the competent authority, reference to the identity of the applicant; (n) Signature and identification of the certifying official. 6.4.23.14 Each approval certificate of the design of a package issued by a competent authority shall include the following information: (a) Type of certificate; (b) The competent authority identification mark; (c) The issue date and an expiry date; (d) Any restriction on the modes of carriage, if appropriate; (e) List of applicable national and international regulations, including the edition of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material under which the design is approved; (f) The following statement; "This certificate does not relieve the consignor from compliance with any requirement of the government of any country through or into which the package will be carried."; (g) References to certificates for alternative radioactive contents, other competent authority validation, or additional technical data or information, as deemed appropriate by the competent authority; (h) A statement authorizing shipment where shipment approval is required under 5.1.5.1.2, if deemed appropriate; (i) Identification of the packaging; (j) Description of the packaging by a reference to the drawings or specification of the design. If deemed appropriate by the competent authority, a reproducible illustration, not larger than 21 cm by 30 cm, showing the make-up of the package shall also be provided, accompanied by a brief description of the packaging, including materials of manufacture, gross mass, general outside dimensions and appearance; (k) Specification of the design by reference to the drawings; (l) A specification of the authorized radioactive content, including any restrictions on the radioactive contents which might not be obvious from the nature of the packaging. This shall include the physical and chemical forms, the activities involved (including those of the various isotopes, if appropriate), amounts in grams (for fissile material or for each fissile nuclide when appropriate), and whether special form radioactive material or low dispersible radioactive material, if applicable; (m) A description of the containment system; (n) Additionally, for packages containing fissile material: Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 398 - (i) a detailed description of the authorized radioactive contents; (ii) a description of the confinement system; (iii) the value of the criticality safety index; (iv) reference to the documentation that demonstrates the criticality safety of the contents; (v) any special features, on the basis of which the absence of water from certain void spaces has been assumed in the criticality assessment; (vi) any allowance (based on 6.4.11.4 (b)) for a change in neutron multiplication assumed in the criticality assessment as a result of actual irradiation experience; and (vii) the ambient temperature range for which the package design has been approved; (o) For Type B(M) packages, a statement specifying those requirements of 6.4.7.5, 6.4.8.4, 6.4.8.5, 6.4.8.6 and 6.4.8.9 to 6.4.8.15 with which the package does not conform and any amplifying information which may be useful to other competent authorities; (p) For packages containing more than 0.1 kg of uranium hexafluoride, a statement specifying those prescriptions of 6.4.6.4 which apply if any and any amplifying information which may be useful to other competent authorities; (q) A detailed listing of any supplementary operational controls required for preparation, loading, carriage, unloading and handling of the consignment, including any special stowage provisions for the safe dissipation of heat; (r) Reference to information provided by the applicant relating to the use of the packaging or specific actions to be taken prior to shipment; (s) A statement regarding the ambient conditions assumed for purposes of design if these are not in accordance with those specified in 6.4.8.5, 6.4.8.6 and 6.4.8.15, as applicable; (t) A specification of the applicable quality assurance programme as required in 1.7.3; (u) Any emergency arrangements deemed necessary by the competent authority; (v) If deemed appropriate by the competent authority, reference to the identity of the applicant; (w) Signature and identification of the certifying official. 6.4.23.15 The competent authority shall be informed of the serial number of each packaging manufactured to a design approved by them under 1.6.6.2.1, 1.6.6.2.2, 6.4.22.2, 6.4.22.3 and 6.4.22.4. 6.4.23.16 Multilateral approval may be by validation of the original certificate issued by the competent authority of the country of origin of the design or shipment. Such validation may take the form of an endorsement on the original certificate or the issuance of a separate endorsement, annex, supplement, etc., by the competent authority of the country through or into which the shipment is made. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 399 - CHAPTER 6.5 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF INTERMEDIATE BULK CONTAINERS (IBCs) 6.5.1 General requirements 6.5.1.1 Scope 6.5.1.1.1 The requirements of this Chapter apply to intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) the use of which is expressly authorized for the carriage of certain dangerous goods according to the packing instructions indicated in Column (8) of Table A in Chapter 3.2. Portable tanks and tank-containers which meet the requirements of Chapter 6.7 or 6.8 respectively are not considered to be IBCs. IBCs which meet the requirements of this Chapter are not considered to be containers for the purposes of ADR. The letters IBC only will be used in the rest of the text to refer to intermediate bulk containers. 6.5.1.1.2 Exceptionally, IBCs and their service equipment not conforming strictly to the requirements herein, but having acceptable alternatives, may be considered by the competent authority for approval. In addition, in order to take into account progress in science and technology, the use of alternative arrangements which offer at least equivalent safety in use in respect of compatibility with the properties of the substances carried and equivalent or superior resistance to impact, loading and fire, may be considered by the competent authority. 6.5.1.1.3 The construction, equipment, testing, marking and operation of IBCs shall be subject to acceptance by the competent authority of the country in which the IBCs are approved. 6.5.1.1.4 Manufacturers and subsequent distributors of IBCs shall provide information regarding procedures to be followed and a description of the types and dimensions of closures (including required gaskets) and any other components needed to ensure that IBCs as presented for carriage are capable of passing the applicable performance tests of this Chapter. 6.5.1.2 (Reserved) 6.5.1.3 (Reserved) 6.5.1.4 Designatory code system for IBCs 6.5.1.4.1 The code shall consist of two Arabic numerals as specified in (a), followed by a capital letter(s) specified in (b), followed, when specified in an individual section, by an Arabic numeral indicating the category of IBC. For solids, filled or discharged Type by gravity under pressure of more than 10 kPa (0.1 bar) For liquids Rigid (a) Flexible - - Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 400 - (b) Materials A. Steel (all types and surface treatments) B. Aluminium C. Natural wood D. Plywood F. Reconstituted wood G. Fibreboard H. Plastics material L. Textile M. Paper, multiwall N. Metal (other than steel or aluminium). 6.5.1.4.2 For composite IBCs, two capital letters in Latin characters shall be used in sequence in the second position of the code. The first shall indicate the material of the inner receptacle of the IBC and the second that of the outer packaging of the IBC. 6.5.1.4.3 The following types and codes of IBC are assigned: Material Category Code Subsection Metal for solids, filled or discharged by gravity 11A for solids, filled or discharged under pressure 21A A. Steel for liquids 31A for solids, filled or discharged by gravity 11B for solids, filled or discharged under pressure 21B B. Aluminium for liquids 31B for solids, filled or discharged by gravity 11N for solids, filled or discharged under pressure 21N N. Other than steel or aluminium for liquids 31N 6.5.5.1 Flexible woven plastics without coating or liner 13H1 woven plastics, coated 13H2 woven plastics with liner 13H3 woven plastics, coated and with liner 13H4 H. Plastics plastics film 13H5 without coating or liner 13L1 coated 13L2 with liner 13L3 L. Textile coated and with liner 13L4 multiwall 13M1 M. Paper multiwall, water resistant 13M2 6.5.5.2 for solids, filled or discharged by gravity, fitted with structural equipment 11H1 for solids, filled or discharged by gravity, freestanding 11H2 for solids, filled or discharged under pressure, fitted with structural equipment 21H1 for solids, filled or discharged under pressure, freestanding 21H2 for liquids, fitted with structural equipment 31H1 H. Rigid plastics for liquids, freestanding 31H2 6.5.5.3 Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 401 - Material Category Code Subsection for solids, filled or discharged by gravity, with rigid plastics inner receptacle 11HZ1 for solids, filled or discharged by gravity, with flexible plastics inner receptacle 11HZ2 for solids, filled or discharged under pressure, with rigid plastics inner receptacle 21HZ1 for solids, filled or discharged under pressure, with flexible plastics inner receptacle 21HZ2 for liquids, with rigid plastics inner receptacle 31HZ1 HZ. Composite with plastics inner receptacle a for liquids, with flexible plastics inner receptacle 31HZ2 6.5.5.4 G. Fibreboard for solids, filled or discharged by gravity 11G 6.5.5.5 Wooden C. Natural wood for solids, filled or discharged by gravity with inner liner 11C D. Plywood for solids, filled or discharged by gravity, with inner liner 11D F. Reconstituted wood for solids, filled or discharged by gravity, with inner liner 11F 6.5.5.6 a The code shall be completed by replacing the letter Z by a capital letter in accordance with 6.5.1.4.1 (b) to indicate the nature of the material used for the outer casing. 6.5.1.4.4 The letter "W" may follow the IBC code. The letter "W" signifies that the IBC, although of the same type indicated by the code, is manufactured to a specification different from those in 6.5.5 and is considered equivalent in accordance with the requirements in 6.5.1.1.2. 6.5.2 Marking 6.5.2.1 Primary marking 6.5.2.1.1 Each IBC manufactured and intended for use according to ADR shall bear markings which are durable, legible and placed in a location so as to be readily visible. Letters, numerals and symbols shall be at least 12 mm high and shall show: (a) The United Nations packaging symbol ; This symbol shall not be used for any purpose other than certifying that a packaging, a portable tank or a MEGC complies with the relevant requirements in Chapter 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 or 6.7. For metal IBCs on which the marking is stamped or embossed, the capital letters "UN" may be applied instead of the symbol; (b) The code designating the type of IBC according to 6.5.1.4; (c) A capital letter designating the packing group(s) for which the design type has been approved: (i) X for packing groups I, II and III (IBCs for solids only); (ii) Y for packing groups II and III; (iii) Z for packing group III only; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 402 - (d) The month and year (last two digits) of manufacture; (e) The State authorizing the allocation of the mark; indicated by the distinguishing sign for motor vehicles in international traffic 1; (f) The name or symbol of the manufacturer and other identification of the IBC as specified by the competent authority; (g) The stacking test load in kg. For IBCs not designed for stacking, the figure "0" shall be shown; (h) The maximum permissible gross mass in kg. The primary marking required above shall be applied in the sequence of the subparagraphs below. The marking required by 6.5.2.2 and any further marking authorized by a competent authority shall still enable the parts of the mark to be correctly identified. Each element of the marking applied in accordance with (a) to (h) and with 6.5.2.2 shall be clearly separated, e.g. by a slash or space, so as to be easily identifiable. 6.5.2.1.2 Examples of markings for various types of IBC in accordance with 6.5.2.1.1 (a) to (h) above: 11A/Y/02 99 NL/Mulder 007 5500/1500 For a metal IBC for solids discharged by gravity and made from steel/for packing groups II and III/ manufactured in February 1999/authorized by the Netherlands/manufactured by Mulder and of a design type to which the competent authority has allocated serial number 007/the stacking test load in kg/the maximum permissible gross mass in kg. 13H3/Z/03 01 F/Meunier 1713 0/1500 For a flexible IBC for solids discharged for instance by gravity and made from woven plastics with a liner/not designed to be stacked. 31H1/Y/04 99 GB/9099 10800/1200 For a rigid plastics IBC for liquids made from plastics with structural equipment withstanding the stack load. 31HA1/Y/05 01 D/Muller 1683 10800/1200 For a composite IBC for liquids with a rigid plastics inner receptacle and a steel outer casing. 11C/X/01 02 S/Aurigny 9876 3000/910 For a wooden IBC for solids with an inner liner authorized for packing groups I, II and III solids. Distinguishing sign for motor vehicles in international traffic prescribed in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968). Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 403 - 6.5.2.2 Additional marking 6.5.2.2.1 Each IBC shall bear the markings required in 6.5.2.1 and, in addition, the following information which may appear on a corrosion-resistant plate permanently attached in a place readily accessible for inspection: Category of IBC Additional marking Metal Rigid plastics Composite Fibreboard Wooden Capacity in litres a at 20 °C X X X Tare mass in kg a X X X X X Test (gauge) pressure, in kPa or bar a, if applicable X X Maximum filling / discharge pressure in kPa or bar a , if applicable X X X Body material and its minimum thickness in mm X Date of last leakproofness test, if applicable (month and year) X X X Date of last inspection (month and year) X X X Serial number of the manufacturer X Maximum permitted stacking load b X X X X X a The unit used shall be indicated. b See 6.5.2.2.2. This additional marking shall apply to all IBCs manufactured, repaired or remanufactured as from 1 January 2011 (see also 1.6.1.15). 6.5.2.2.2 The maximum permitted stacking load applicable when the IBC is in use shall be displayed on a symbol as follows: - IBCs capable of being stacked - IBCs NOT capable of being stacked The symbol shall be not less than 100 mm × 100 mm, be durable and clearly visible. The letters and numbers indicating the mass shall be at least 12 mm high. The mass marked above the symbol shall not exceed the load imposed during the design type test (see 6.5.6.6.4) divided by 1.8. NOTE: The provisions of 6.5.2.2.2 shall apply to all IBCs manufactured, repaired or remanufactured as from 1 January 2011 (see also 1.6.1.15). ... kg max Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 404 - 6.5.2.2.3 In addition to the markings required in 6.5.2.1, flexible IBCs may bear a pictogram indicating recommended lifting methods. 6.5.2.2.4 The inner receptacle of composite IBCs manufactured after 1 January 2011 shall bear the markings indicated in 6.5.2.1.1 (b), (c), (d) where this date is that of the manufacture of the plastics inner receptacle, (e) and (f). The UN packaging symbol shall not be applied. The marking shall be applied in the sequence shown in 6.5.2.1.1. It shall be durable, legible and placed in a location so as to be readily visible when the inner receptacle is placed in the outer casing. The date of the manufacture of the plastics inner receptacle may alternatively be marked on the inner receptacle adjacent to the remainder of the marking. An example of an appropriate marking method is: 6.5.2.2.5 Where a composite IBCs is designed in such a manner that the outer casing is intended to be dismantled for carriage when empty (such as for return of the IBC for reuse to the original consignor), each of the parts intended to be detached when so dismantled shall be marked with the month and year of manufacture and the name or symbol of the manufacturer and other identification of the IBC as specified by the competent authority (see 6.5.2.1.1 (f)). 6.5.2.3 Conformity to design type The marking indicates that IBCs correspond to a successfully tested design type and that the requirements referred to in the certificate have been met. 6.5.2.4 Marking of remanufactured composite IBCs (31HZ1) The marking specified in 6.5.2.1.1 and 6.5.2.2 shall be removed from the original IBC or made permanently illegible and new markings shall be applied to an IBC remanufactured in accordance with ADR. 6.5.3 Construction requirements 6.5.3.1 General requirements 6.5.3.1.1 IBCs shall be resistant to or adequately protected from deterioration due to the external environment. 6.5.3.1.2 IBCs shall be so constructed and closed that none of the contents can escape under normal conditions of carriage including the effect of vibration, or by changes in temperature, humidity or pressure. 6.5.3.1.3 IBCs and their closures shall be constructed of materials compatible with their contents, or be protected internally, so that they are not liable: (a) To be attacked by the contents so as to make their use dangerous; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 405 - (b) To cause the contents to react or decompose, or form harmful or dangerous compounds with the IBCs. 6.5.3.1.4 Gaskets, where used, shall be made of materials not subject to attack by the contents of the IBCs. 6.5.3.1.5 All service equipment shall be so positioned or protected as to minimize the risk of escape of the contents owing to damage during handling and carriage. 6.5.3.1.6 IBCs, their attachments and their service and structural equipment shall be designed to withstand, without loss of contents, the internal pressure of the contents and the stresses of normal handling and carriage. IBCs intended for stacking shall be designed for stacking. Any lifting or securing features of IBCs shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the normal conditions of handling and carriage without gross distortion or failure and shall be so positioned that no undue stress is caused in any part of the IBC. 6.5.3.1.7 Where an IBC consists of a body within a framework it shall be so constructed that: (a) The body does not chafe or rub against the framework so as to cause material damage to the body; (b) The body is retained within the framework at all times; (c) The items of equipment are fixed in such a way that they cannot be damaged if the connections between body and frame allow relative expansion or movement. 6.5.3.1.8 Where a bottom discharge valve is fitted, it shall be capable of being made secure in the closed position and the whole discharge system shall be suitably protected from damage. Valves having lever closures shall be able to be secured against accidental opening and the open or closed position shall be readily apparent. For IBCs containing liquids, a secondary means of sealing the discharge aperture shall also be provided, e.g. a blank flange or equivalent device. 6.5.4 Testing, certification and inspection 6.5.4.1 Quality assurance: the IBCs shall be manufactured, remanufactured, repaired and tested under a quality assurance programme which satisfies the competent authority, in order to ensure that each manufactured, remanufactured or repaired IBC meets the requirements of this Chapter. NOTE: ISO 16106:2006 "Packaging – Transport packages for dangerous goods – Dangerous goods packagings, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) and large packagings – Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001" provides acceptable guidance on procedures which may be followed. 6.5.4.2 Test requirements: IBCs shall be subject to design type tests and, if applicable, to initial and periodic inspections and tests in accordance with 6.5.4.4. 6.5.4.3 Certification: in respect of each design type of IBC a certificate and mark (as in 6.5.2) shall be issued attesting that the design type, including its equipment, meets the test requirements. 6.5.4.4 Inspection and testing NOTE: See also 6.5.4.5 for tests and inspections on repaired IBCs. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 406 - 6.5.4.4.1 Every metal, rigid plastics and composite IBC shall be inspected to the satisfaction of the competent authority: (a) Before it is put into service (including after remanufactured), and thereafter at intervals not exceeding five years, with regard to: (i) conformity to design type including marking; (ii) internal and external condition; (iii) proper functioning of service equipment. Thermal insulation, if any, need be removed only to the extent necessary for a proper examination of the body of the IBC. (b) At intervals of not more than two and a half years, with regard to: (i) external condition; (ii) proper functioning of service equipment. Thermal insulation, if any, need be removed only to the extent necessary for a proper examination of the body of the IBC. Each IBC shall correspond in all respects to its design type. 6.5.4.4.2 Every metal, rigid plastics and composite IBC for liquids, or for solids which are filled or discharged under pressure, shall undergo a suitable leakproofness test at least equally effective as the test prescribed in 6.5.6.7.3 and be capable of meeting the test level indicated in 6.5.6.7.3: (a) Before it is first used for carriage; (b) At intervals of not more than two and a half years. For this test the IBC shall be fitted with the primary bottom closure. The inner receptacle of a composite IBC may be tested without the outer casing, provided that the test results are not affected. 6.5.4.4.3 A report of each inspection and test shall be kept by the owner of the IBC at least until the next inspection or test. The report shall include the results of the inspection and test and shall identify the party performing the inspection and test (see also the marking requirements in 6.5.2.2.1). 6.5.4.4.4 The competent authority may at any time require proof, by tests in accordance with this Chapter, that IBCs meet the requirements of the design type tests. 6.5.4.5 Repaired IBCs 6.5.4.5.1 When an IBC is impaired as a result of impact (e.g. accident) or any other cause, it shall be repaired or otherwise maintained (see definition of "Routine maintenance of IBCs" in 1.2.1), so as to conform to the design type. The bodies of rigid plastics IBCs and the inner receptacles of composite IBCs that are impaired shall be replaced. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 407 - 6.5.4.5.2 In addition to any other testing and inspection requirements in ADR, an IBC shall be subjected to the full testing and inspection requirements set out in 6.5.4.4, and the required reports shall be prepared, whenever it is repaired. 6.5.4.5.3 The Party performing the tests and inspections after the repair shall durably mark the IBC near the manufacturer's UN design type marking to show: (a) The State in which the tests and inspections were carried out; (b) The name or authorized symbol of the party performing the tests and inspections; and (c) The date (month, year) of the tests and inspections. 6.5.4.5.4 Test and inspections performed in accordance with 6.5.4.5.2 may be considered to satisfy the requirements for the two and a half and five year periodic tests and inspections. 6.5.5 Specific requirements for IBCs 6.5.5.1 Specific requirements for metal IBCs 6.5.5.1.1 These requirements apply to metal IBCs intended for the carriage of solids and liquids. There are three categories of metal IBCs: (a) Those for solids which are filled or discharged by gravity (11A, 11B, 11N); (b) Those for solids which are filled or discharged at a gauge pressure greater than 10 kPa (0.1 bar) (21A, 21B, 21N); and (c) Those for liquids (31A, 31B, 31N). 6.5.5.1.2 Bodies shall be made of suitable ductile metal in which the weldability has been fully demonstrated. Welds shall be skilfully made and afford complete safety. Low-temperature performance of the material shall be taken into account when appropriate. 6.5.5.1.3 Care shall be taken to avoid damage by galvanic action due to the juxtaposition of dissimilar metals. 6.5.5.1.4 Aluminium IBCs intended for the carriage of flammable liquids shall have no movable parts, such as covers, closures, etc., made of unprotected steel liable to rust, which might cause a dangerous reaction by coming into frictional or percussive contact with the aluminium. 6.5.5.1.5 Metal IBCs shall be made of metals which meet the following requirements: (a) for steel the elongation at fracture, in %, shall not be less than Rm 10000 with an absolute minimum of 20%; where Rm = guaranteed minimum tensile strength of the steel to be used, in N/mm2; (b) for aluminium and its alloy the elongation at fracture, in %, shall not be less than Rm 10000 with an absolute minimum of 8%. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 408 - Specimens used to determine the elongation at fracture shall be taken transversely to the direction of rolling and be so secured that: Lo = 5d or Lo = A .5 where: Lo = gauge length of the specimen before the test d = diameter A = cross-sectional area of test specimen. 6.5.5.1.6 Minimum wall thickness: (a) for a reference steel having a product of Rm × Ao = 10 000, the wall thickness shall not be less than: Wall thickness (T) in mm Types 11A, 11B, 11N Types 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B, 31N Capacity (C) in litres Unprotected Protected Unprotected Protected C ≤ 1000 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 1000 < C ≤ 2000 T = C/2000 + 1.5 T = C/2000 + 1.0 T = C/2000 + 2.0 T = C/2000 + 1.5 2000 < C ≤ 3000 T = C/2000 + 1.5 T = C/2000 + 1.0 T = C/1000 + 1.0 T = C/2000 + 1.5 where: Ao = minimum elongation (as a percentage) of the reference steel to be used on fracture under tensile stress (see 6.5.5.1.5); (b) for metals other than the reference steel described in (a), the minimum wall thickness is given by the following equivalence formula: A Rm e 21.4 e × × = where: e1 = required equivalent wall thickness of the metal to be used (in mm); e0 = required minimum wall thickness for the reference steel (in mm); Rm1 = guaranteed minimum tensile strength of the metal to be used (in N/mm2) (see (c)); A1 = minimum elongation (as a percentage) of the metal to be used on fracture under tensile stress (see 6.5.5.1.5). However, in no case shall the wall thickness be less than 1.5 mm. (c) For purposes of the calculation described in (b), the guaranteed minimum tensile strength of the metal to be used (Rm1) shall be the minimum value according to national or international material standards. However, for austenitic steels, the specified value for Rm according to the material standards may be increased by up to 15% when a greater value is attested in the material inspection certificate. When no material standard exists for the material in question, the value of Rm shall be the minimum value attested in the material inspection certificate. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 409 - 6.5.5.1.7 Pressure-relief requirements: IBCs for liquids shall be capable of releasing a sufficient amount of vapour in the event of fire engulfment to ensure that no rupture of the body will occur. This can be achieved by conventional pressure relief devices or by other constructional means. The start-to-discharge pressure shall not be higher than 65 kPa (0.65 bar) and no lower than the total gauge pressure experienced in the IBC (i.e. the vapour pressure of the filling substance plus the partial pressure of the air or other inert gases, minus 100 kPa (1 bar)) at 55 °C, determined on the basis of a maximum degree of filling as defined in 4.1.1.4. The required relief devices shall be fitted in the vapour space. 6.5.5.2 Specific requirements for flexible IBCs 6.5.5.2.1 These requirements apply to flexible IBCs of the following types: 13H1 woven plastics without coating or liner 13H2 woven plastics, coated 13H3 woven plastics with liner 13H4 woven plastics, coated and with liner 13H5 plastics film 13L1 textile without coating or liner 13L2 textile, coated 13L3 textile with liner 13L4 textile, coated and with liner 13M1 paper, multiwall 13M2 paper, multiwall, water resistant Flexible IBCs are intended for the carriage of solids only. 6.5.5.2.2 Bodies shall be manufactured from suitable materials. The strength of the material and the construction of the flexible IBC shall be appropriate to its capacity and its intended use. 6.5.5.2.3 All materials used in the construction of flexible IBCs of types 13M1 and 13M2 shall, after complete immersion in water for not less than 24 hours, retain at least 85% of the tensile strength as measured originally on the material conditioned to equilibrium at 67% relative humidity or less. 6.5.5.2.4 Seams shall be formed by stitching, heat sealing, gluing or any equivalent method. All stitched seam-ends shall be secured. 6.5.5.2.5 Flexible IBCs shall provide adequate resistance to ageing and to degradation caused by ultraviolet radiation or the climatic conditions, or by the substance contained, thereby rendering them appropriate to their intended use. 6.5.5.2.6 For flexible plastics IBCs where protection against ultraviolet radiation is required, it shall be provided by the addition of carbon black or other suitable pigments or inhibitors. These additives shall be compatible with the contents and remain effective throughout the life of the body. Where use is made of carbon black, pigments or inhibitors other than those used in the manufacture of the tested design type, re-testing may be waived if changes in the carbon black content, the pigment content or the inhibitor content do not adversely affect the physical properties of the material of construction. 6.5.5.2.7 Additives may be incorporated into the material of the body to improve the resistance to ageing or to serve other purposes, provided that these do not adversely affect the physical or chemical properties of the material. 6.5.5.2.8 No material recovered from used receptacles shall be used in the manufacture of IBC bodies. Production residues or scrap from the same manufacturing process may, however, be used. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 410 - Component parts such as fittings and pallet bases may also be used provided such components have not in any way been damaged in previous use. 6.5.5.2.9 When filled, the ratio of height to width shall be not more than 2:1. 6.5.5.2.10 The liner shall be made of a suitable material. The strength of the material used and the construction of the liner shall be appropriate to the capacity of the IBC and the intended use. Joins and closures shall be siftproof and capable of withstanding pressures and impacts liable to occur under normal conditions of handling and carriage. 6.5.5.3 Specific requirements for rigid plastics IBCs 6.5.5.3.1 These requirements apply to rigid plastics IBCs for the carriage of solids or liquids. Rigid plastics IBCs are of the following types: 11H1 fitted with structural equipment designed to withstand the whole load when IBCs are stacked, for solids which are filled or discharged by gravity 11H2 freestanding, for solids which are filled or discharged by gravity 21H1 fitted with structural equipment designed to withstand the whole load when IBCs are stacked, for solids which are filled or discharged under pressure 21H2 freestanding, for solids which are filled or discharged under pressure 31H1 fitted with structural equipment designed to withstand the whole load when IBCs are stacked, for liquids 31H2 freestanding, for liquids. 6.5.5.3.2 The body shall be manufactured from suitable plastics material of known specifications and be of adequate strength in relation to its capacity and its intended use. The material shall be adequately resistant to ageing and to degradation caused by the substance contained or, where relevant, by ultraviolet radiation. Low temperature performance shall be taken into account when appropriate. Any permeation of the substance contained shall not constitute a danger under normal conditions of carriage. 6.5.5.3.3 Where protection against ultraviolet radiation is required, it shall be provided by the addition of carbon black or other suitable pigments or inhibitors. These additives shall be compatible with the contents and remain effective throughout the life of the body. Where use is made of carbon black, pigments or inhibitors other than those used in the manufacture of the tested design type, re-testing may be waived if changes in the carbon black content, the pigment content or the inhibitor content do not adversely affect the physical properties of the material of construction. 6.5.5.3.4 Additives may be incorporated in the material of the body to improve the resistance to ageing or to serve other purposes, provided that these do not adversely affect the physical or chemical properties of the material. 6.5.5.3.5 No used material other than production residues or regrind from the same manufacturing process may be used in the manufacture of rigid plastics IBCs. 6.5.5.4 Specific requirements for composite IBCs with plastics inner receptacles 6.5.5.4.1 These requirements apply to composite IBCs for the carriage of solids and liquids of the following types: 11HZ1 Composite IBCs with a rigid plastics inner receptacle, for solids filled or discharged by gravity 11HZ2 Composite IBCs with a flexible plastics inner receptacle, for solids filled or discharged by gravity Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 411 - 21HZ1 Composite IBCs with a rigid plastics inner receptacle, for solids filled or discharged under pressure 21HZ2 Composite IBCs with a flexible plastics inner receptacle, for solids filled or discharged under pressure 31HZ1 Composite IBCs with a rigid plastics inner receptacle, for liquids 31HZ2 Composite IBCs with a flexible plastics inner receptacle, for liquids. This code shall be completed by replacing the letter Z by a capital letter in accordance with 6.5.1.4.1 (b) to indicate the nature of the material used for the outer casing. 6.5.5.4.2 The inner receptacle is not intended to perform a containment function without its outer casing. A "rigid" inner receptacle is a receptacle which retains its general shape when empty without closures in place and without benefit of the outer casing. Any inner receptacle that is not "rigid" is considered to be "flexible". 6.5.5.4.3 The outer casing normally consists of rigid material formed so as to protect the inner receptacle from physical damage during handling and carriage but is not intended to perform the containment function. It includes the base pallet where appropriate. 6.5.5.4.4 A composite IBC with a fully enclosing outer casing shall be so designed that the integrity of the inner receptacle may be readily assessed following the leakproofness and hydraulic pressure tests. 6.5.5.4.5 IBCs of type 31HZ2 shall be limited to a capacity of not more than 1 250 litres. 6.5.5.4.6 The inner receptacle shall be manufactured from suitable plastics material of known specifications and be of adequate strength in relation to its capacity and its intended use. The material shall be adequately resistant to ageing and to degradation caused by the substance contained or, where relevant, by ultraviolet radiation. Low temperature performance shall be taken into account when appropriate. Any permeation of the substance contained shall not constitute a danger under normal conditions of carriage. 6.5.5.4.7 Where protection against ultraviolet radiation is required, it shall be provided by the addition of carbon black or other suitable pigments or inhibitors. These additives shall be compatible with the contents and remain effective throughout the life of the inner receptacle. Where use is made of carbon black, pigments or inhibitors, other than those used in the manufacture of the tested design type, retesting may be waived if changes in carbon black content, the pigment content or the inhibitor content do not adversely affect the physical properties of the material of construction. 6.5.5.4.8 Additives may be incorporated in the material of the inner receptacle to improve the resistance to ageing or to serve other purposes, provided that these do not adversely affect the physical or chemical properties of the material. 6.5.5.4.9 No used material other than production residues or regrind from the same manufacturing process may be used in the manufacture of inner receptacles. 6.5.5.4.10 The inner receptacle of IBCs type 31HZ2 shall consist of at least three plies of film. 6.5.5.4.11 The strength of the material and the construction of the outer casing shall be appropriate to the capacity of the composite IBC and its intended use. 6.5.5.4.12 The outer casing shall be free of any projection that might damage the inner receptacle. 6.5.5.4.13 Metal outer casings shall be constructed of a suitable metal of adequate thickness. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 412 - 6.5.5.4.14 Outer casings of natural wood shall be of well seasoned wood, commercially dry and free from defects that would materially lessen the strength of any part of the casing. The tops and bottoms may be made of water resistant reconstituted wood such as hardboard, particle board or other suitable type. 6.5.5.4.15 Outer casings of plywood shall be made of well seasoned rotary cut, sliced or sawn veneer, commercially dry and free from defects that would materially lessen the strength of the casing. All adjacent plies shall be glued with water resistant adhesive. Other suitable materials may be used with plywood for the construction of casings. Casings shall be firmly nailed or secured to corner posts or ends or be assembled by equally suitable devices. 6.5.5.4.16 The walls of outer casings of reconstituted wood shall be made of water resistant reconstituted wood such as hardboard, particle board or other suitable type. Other parts of the casings may be made of other suitable material. 6.5.5.4.17 For fibreboard outer casings, strong and good quality solid or double-faced corrugated fibreboard (single or multiwall) shall be used appropriate to the capacity of the casing and to its intended use. The water resistance of the outer surface shall be such that the increase in mass, as determined in a test carried out over 30 minutes by the Cobb method of determining water absorption, is not greater than 155 g/m2 (see ISO 535:1991). It shall have proper bending qualities. Fibreboard shall be cut, creased without scoring, and slotted so as to permit assembly without cracking, surface breaks or undue bending. The fluting of corrugated fibreboard shall be firmly glued to the facings. 6.5.5.4.18 The ends of fibreboard outer casings may have a wooden frame or be entirely of wood. Reinforcements of wooden battens may be used. 6.5.5.4.19 Manufacturing joins in the fibreboard outer casing shall be taped, lapped and glued, or lapped and stitched with metal staples. Lapped joins shall have an appropriate overlap. Where closing is effected by gluing or taping, a water resistant adhesive shall be used. 6.5.5.4.20 Where the outer casing is of plastics material, the relevant requirements of 6.5.5.4.6 to 6.5.5.4.9 apply, on the understanding that, in this case, the requirements applicable to the inner receptacle are applicable to the outer casing of composite IBCs. 6.5.5.4.21 The outer casing of an IBC type 31HZ2 shall enclose the inner receptacle on all sides. 6.5.5.4.22 Any integral pallet base forming part of an IBC or any detachable pallet shall be suitable for mechanical handling with the IBC filled to its maximum permissible gross mass. 6.5.5.4.23 The pallet or integral base shall be designed so as to avoid any protrusion of the base of the IBC that might be liable to damage in handling. 6.5.5.4.24 The outer casing shall be secured to any detachable pallet to ensure stability in handling and carriage. Where a detachable pallet is used, its top surface shall be free from sharp protrusions that might damage the IBC. 6.5.5.4.25 Strengthening devices such as timber supports to increase stacking performance may be used but shall be external to the inner receptacle. 6.5.5.4.26 Where IBCs are intended for stacking, the bearing surface shall be such as to distribute the load in a safe manner. Such IBCs shall be designed so that the load is not supported by the inner receptacle. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 413 - 6.5.5.5 Specific requirements for fibreboard IBCs 6.5.5.5.1 These requirements apply to fibreboard IBCs for the carriage of solids which are filled or discharged by gravity. Fibreboard IBCs are of the following type: 11G. 6.5.5.5.2 Fibreboard IBCs shall not incorporate top lifting devices. 6.5.5.5.3 The body shall be made of strong and good quality solid or double-faced corrugated fibreboard (single or multiwall), appropriate to the capacity of the IBC and to its intended use. The water resistance of the outer surface shall be such that the increase in mass, as determined in a test carried out over a period of 30 minutes by the Cobb method of determining water absorption, is not greater than 155 g/m2 (see ISO 535:1991). It shall have proper bending qualities. Fibreboard shall be cut, creased without scoring, and slotted so as to permit assembly without cracking, surface breaks or undue bending. The fluting or corrugated fibreboard shall be firmly glued to the facings. 6.5.5.5.4 The walls, including top and bottom, shall have a minimum puncture resistance of 15 J measured according to ISO 3036:1975. 6.5.5.5.5 Manufacturing joins in the body of IBCs shall be made with an appropriate overlap and shall be taped, glued, stitched with metal staples or fastened by other means at least equally effective. Where joins are effected by gluing or taping, a water resistant adhesive shall be used. Metal staples shall pass completely through all pieces to be fastened and be formed or protected so that any inner liner cannot be abraded or punctured by them. 6.5.5.5.6 The liner shall be made of a suitable material. The strength of the material used and the construction of the liner shall be appropriate to the capacity of the IBC and the intended use. Joins and closures shall be siftproof and capable of withstanding pressures and impacts liable to occur under normal conditions of handling and carriage. 6.5.5.5.7 Any integral pallet base forming part of an IBC or any detachable pallet shall be suitable for mechanical handling with the IBC filled to its maximum permissible gross mass. 6.5.5.5.8 The pallet or integral base shall be designed so as to avoid any protrusion of the base of the IBC that might be liable to damage in handling. 6.5.5.5.9 The body shall be secured to any detachable pallet to ensure stability in handling and carriage. Where a detachable pallet is used, its top surface shall be free from sharp protrusions that might damage the IBC. 6.5.5.5.10 Strengthening devices such as timber supports to increase stacking performance may be used but shall be external to the liner. 6.5.5.5.11 Where IBCs are intended for stacking, the bearing surface shall be such as to distribute the load in a safe manner. 6.5.5.6 Specific requirements for wooden IBCs 6.5.5.6.1 These requirements apply to wooden IBCs for the carriage of solids which are filled or discharged by gravity. Wooden IBCs are of the following types: 11C Natural wood with inner liner 11D Plywood with inner liner 11F Reconstituted wood with inner liner. 6.5.5.6.2 Wooden IBCs shall not incorporate top lifting devices. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 414 - 6.5.5.6.3 The strength of the materials used and the method of construction of the body shall be appropriate to the capacity and intended use of the IBC. 6.5.5.6.4 Natural wood shall be well seasoned, commercially dry and free from defects that would materially lessen the strength of any part of the IBC. Each part of the IBC shall consist of one piece or be equivalent thereto. Parts are considered equivalent to one piece when a suitable method of glued assembly is used (as for instance Lindermann joint, tongue and groove joint, ship lap or rabbet joint); or butt joint with at least two corrugated metal fasteners at each joint, or when other methods at least equally effective are used. 6.5.5.6.5 Bodies of plywood shall be at least 3-ply. They shall be made of well seasoned rotary cut, sliced or sawn veneer, commercially dry and free from defects that would materially lessen the strength of the body. All adjacent plies shall be glued with water resistant adhesive. Other suitable materials may be used with plywood for the construction of the body. 6.5.5.6.6 Bodies of reconstituted wood shall be made of water resistant reconstituted wood such as hardboard, particle board or other suitable type. 6.5.5.6.7 IBCs shall be firmly nailed or secured to corner posts or ends or be assembled by equally suitable devices. 6.5.5.6.8 The liner shall be made of a suitable material. The strength of the material used and the construction of the liner shall be appropriate to the capacity of the IBC and the intended use. Joins and closures shall be siftproof and capable of withstanding pressures and impacts liable to occur under normal conditions of handling and carriage. 6.5.5.6.9 Any integral pallet base forming part of an IBC or any detachable pallet shall be suitable for mechanical handling with the IBC filled to its maximum permissible gross mass. 6.5.5.6.10 The pallet or integral base shall be designed so as to avoid any protrusion of the base of the IBC that might be liable to damage in handling. 6.5.5.6.11 The body shall be secured to any detachable pallet to ensure stability in handling and carriage. Where a detachable pallet is used, its top surface shall be free from sharp protrusions that might damage the IBC. 6.5.5.6.12 Strengthening devices such as timber supports to increase stacking performance may be used but shall be external to the liner. 6.5.5.6.13 Where IBCs are intended for stacking, the bearing surface shall be such as to distribute the load in a safe manner. 6.5.6 Test requirements for IBCs 6.5.6.1 Performance and frequency of tests 6.5.6.1.1 Each IBC design type shall successfully pass the tests prescribed in this Chapter before being used and being approved by the competent authority allowing the allocation of the mark. An IBC design type is defined by the design, size, material and thickness, manner of construction and means of filling and discharging but may include various surface treatments. It also includes IBCs which differ from the design type only in their lesser external dimensions. 6.5.6.1.2 Tests shall be carried out on IBCs prepared for carriage. IBCs shall be filled as indicated in the relevant sections. The substances to be carried in the IBCs may be replaced by other substances except where this would invalidate the results of the tests. For solids, when Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 415 - another substance is used it shall have the same physical characteristics (mass, grain size, etc.) as the substance to be carried. It is permissible to use additives, such as bags of lead shot, to achieve the requisite total package mass, so long as they are placed so that the test results are not affected. 6.5.6.2 Design type tests 6.5.6.2.1 One IBC of each design type, size, wall thickness and manner of construction shall be submitted to the tests listed in the order shown in 6.5.6.3.7 and as set out in 6.5.6.5 to 6.5.6.13. These design type tests shall be carried out as required by the competent authority. 6.5.6.2.2 To prove sufficient chemical compatibility with the contained goods or standard liquids in accordance with 6.5.6.3.3 or 6.5.6.3.5 for rigid plastics IBCs of type 31H2 and for composite IBCs of types 31HH1 and 31HH2, a second IBC can be used when the IBCs are designed to be stacked. In such case both IBCs shall be subjected to a preliminary storage. 6.5.6.2.3 The competent authority may permit the selective testing of IBCs which differ only in minor respects from a tested type, e.g. with small reductions in external dimensions. 6.5.6.2.4 If detachable pallets are used in the tests, the test report issued in accordance with 6.5.6.14 shall include a technical description of the pallets used. 6.5.6.3 Preparation of IBCs for testing 6.5.6.3.1 Paper and fibreboard IBCs and composite IBCs with fibreboard outer casings shall be conditioned for at least 24 hours in an atmosphere having a controlled temperature and relative humidity (r.h.). There are three options, one of which shall be chosen. The preferred atmosphere is 23 ± 2 °C and 50% ± 2% r.h. The two other options are 20 ± 2 °C and 65% ± 2% r.h.; or 27 ± 2 °C and 65% ± 2% r.h. NOTE: Average values shall fall within these limits. Short-term fluctuations and measurement limitations may cause individual measurements to vary by up to ± 5% relative humidity without significant impairment of test reproducibility. 6.5.6.3.2 Additional steps shall be taken to ascertain that the plastics material used in the manufacture of rigid plastics IBCs (types 31H1 and 31H2) and composite IBCs (types 31HZ1 and 31HZ2) complies respectively with the requirements in 6.5.5.3.2 to 6.5.5.3.4 and 6.5.5.4.6 to 6.5.5.4.9. 6.5.6.3.3 To prove there is sufficient chemical compatibility with the contained goods, the sample IBC shall be subjected to a preliminary storage for six months, during which the samples shall remain filled with the substances they are intended to contain or with substances which are known to have at least as severe a stress-cracking, weakening or molecular degradation influence on the plastics materials in question, and after which the samples shall be submitted to the applicable tests listed in the table in 6.5.6.3.7. 6.5.6.3.4 Where the satisfactory behaviour of the plastics material has been established by other means, the above compatibility test may be dispensed with. Such procedures shall be at least equivalent to the above compatibility test and recognized by the competent authority. 6.5.6.3.5 For polyethylene rigid plastics IBCs (types 31H1 and 31H2) in accordance with 6.5.5.3 and composite IBCs with polyethylene inner receptacle (types 31HZ1 and 31HZ2) in accordance with 6.5.5.4, chemical compatibility with filling liquids assimilated in accordance with 4.1.1.19 may be verified as follows with standard liquids (see 6.1.6). Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 416 - The standard liquids are representative for the processes of deterioration on polyethylene, as there are softening through swelling, cracking under stress, molecular degradation and combinations thereof. The sufficient chemical compatibility of the IBCs may be verified by storage of the required test samples for three weeks at 40 °C with the appropriate standard liquid(s); where this standard liquid is water, storage in accordance with this procedure is not required. Storage is not required either for test samples which are used for the stacking test in case of the standard liquids wetting solution and acetic acid. After this storage, the test samples shall undergo the tests prescribed in 6.5.6.4 to 6.5.6.9. The compatibility test for tert-Butyl hydroperoxide with more than 40% peroxide content and peroxyacetic acids of Class 5.2 shall not be carried out using standard liquids. For these substances, sufficient chemical compatibility of the test samples shall be verified during a storage period of six months at ambient temperature with the substances they are intended to carry. Results of the procedure in accordance with this paragraph from polyethylene IBCs can be approved for an equal design type, the internal surface of which is fluorinated. 6.5.6.3.6 For IBC design types, made of polyethylene, as specified in 6.5.6.3.5, which have passed the test in 6.5.6.3.5, the chemical compatibility with filling substances may also be verified by laboratory tests proving that the effect of such filling substances on the test specimens is less than that of the appropriate standard liquid(s) taking into account the relevant processes of deterioration. The same conditions as those set out in 4.1.1.19.2 shall apply with respect to relative density and vapour pressure. 6.5.6.3.7 Design type tests required and sequential order Type of IBC Vibration f Bottom lift Top lift a Stacking b Leakproofness Hydraulic pressure Drop Tear Topple Righting c Metal: 11A, 11B, 11N - 1st a 2nd 3rd - - 4th e - - - 21A, 21B, 21N - 1st a 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th e - - - 31A, 31B, 31N 1st 2nd a 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th e - - - Flexible d - - x c x - - x x x x Rigid plastics: 11H1, 11H2 - 1st a 2nd 3rd - - 4th - - - 21H1, 21H2 - 1st a 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th - - - 31H1, 31H2 1st 2nd a 3rd 4th g 5th 6th 7th - - - Composite: 11HZ1, 11HZ2 - 1st a 2nd 3rd - - 4th e - - - 21HZ1, 21HZ2 - 1st a 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th e - - - 31HZ1, 31HZ2 1st 2nd a 3rd 4th g 5th 6th 7th e - - - Fibreboard - 1st - 2nd - - 3rd - - - Wooden - 1st - 2nd - - 3rd - - - a When IBCs are designed for this method of handling. b When IBCs are designed to be stacked. c When IBCs are designed to be lifted from the top or the side. d Required test indicated by x; an IBC which has passed one test may be used for other tests, in any order. e Another IBC of the same design may be used for the drop test. f Another IBC of the same design may be used for the vibration test. g The second IBC in accordance with 6.5.6.2.2 can be used out of the sequential order direct after the preliminary storage. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 417 - 6.5.6.4 Bottom lift test 6.5.6.4.1 Applicability For all fibreboard and wooden IBCs, and for all types of IBC which are fitted with means of lifting from the base, as a design type test. 6.5.6.4.2 Preparation of the IBC for test The IBC shall be filled. A load shall be added and evenly distributed. The mass of the filled IBC and the load shall be 1.25 times the maximum permissible gross mass. 6.5.6.4.3 Method of testing The IBC shall be raised and lowered twice by a lift truck with the forks centrally positioned and spaced at three quarters of the dimension of the side of entry (unless the points of entry are fixed). The forks shall penetrate to three quarters of the direction of entry. The test shall be repeated from each possible direction of entry. 6.5.6.4.4 Criteria for passing the test No permanent deformation which renders the IBC, including the base pallet, if any, unsafe for carriage and no loss of contents. 6.5.6.5 Top lift test 6.5.6.5.1 Applicability For all types of IBC which are designed to be lifted from the top and for flexible IBCs designed to be lifted from the top or the side, as a design type test. 6.5.6.5.2 Preparation of the IBC for test Metal, rigid plastics and composite IBCs shall be filled. A load shall be added and evenly distributed. The mass of the filled IBC and the load shall be twice the maximum permissible gross mass. Flexible IBCs shall be filled with a representative material and then shall be loaded to six times their maximum permissible gross mass, the load being evenly distributed. 6.5.6.5.3 Methods of testing Metal and flexible IBCs shall be lifted in the manner for which they are designed until clear of the floor and maintained in that position for a period of five minutes. Rigid plastics and composite IBCs shall be lifted: (a) by each pair of diagonally opposite lifting devices, so that the hoisting forces are applied vertically, for a period of five minutes; and (b) by each pair of diagonally opposite lifting devices, so that the hoisting forces are applied toward the centre at 45º to the vertical, for a period of five minutes. 6.5.6.5.4 Other methods of top lift testing and preparation at least equally effective may be used for flexible IBCs. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 418 - 6.5.6.5.5 Criteria for passing the test (a) Metal, rigid plastics and composite IBCs: the IBC remains safe for normal conditions of carriage, there is no observable permanent deformation of the IBC, including the base pallet, if any, and no loss of contents; (b) Flexible IBCs: no damage to the IBC or its lifting devices which renders the IBC unsafe for carriage or handling and no loss of contents. 6.5.6.6 Stacking test 6.5.6.6.1 Applicability For all types of IBC which are designed to be stacked on each other, as a design type test. 6.5.6.6.2 Preparation of the IBC for test The IBC shall be filled to its maximum permissible gross mass. If the specific gravity of the product being used for testing makes this impracticable, the IBC shall additionally be loaded so that it is tested at its maximum permissible gross mass the load being evenly distributed. 6.5.6.6.3 Method of testing (a) The IBC shall be placed on its base on level hard ground and subjected to a uniformly distributed superimposed test load (see 6.5.6.6.4). For rigid plastics IBCs of type 31H2 and composite IBCs of types 31HH1 and 31HH2, a stacking test shall be carried out with the original filling substance or a standard liquid (see 6.1.6) in accordance with 6.5.6.3.3 or 6.5.6.3.5 using the second IBC in accordance with 6.5.6.2.2 after the preliminary storage. IBCs shall be subjected to the test load for a period of at least: (i) 5 minutes, for metal IBCs; (ii) 28 days at 40 ºC, for rigid plastics IBCs of types 11H2, 21H2 and 31H2 and for composite IBCs with outer casings of plastics material which bear the stacking load (i.e., types 11HH1, 11HH2, 21HH1, 21HH2, 31HH1 and 31HH2); (iii) 24 hours, for all other types of IBCs; (b) The load shall be applied by one of the following methods: (i) one or more IBCs of the same type filled to the maximum permissible gross mass stacked on the test IBC; (ii) appropriate weights loaded on to either a flat plate or a reproduction of the base of the IBC, which is stacked on the test IBC. 6.5.6.6.4 Calculation of superimposed test load The load to be placed on the IBC shall be 1.8 times the combined maximum permissible gross mass of the number of similar IBCs that may be stacked on top of the IBC during carriage. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 419 - 6.5.6.6.5 Criteria for passing the test (a) All types of IBCs other than flexible IBCs: no permanent deformation which renders the IBC including the base pallet, if any, unsafe for carriage and no loss of contents; (b) Flexible IBCs: no deterioration of the body which renders the IBC unsafe for carriage and no loss of contents. 6.5.6.7 Leakproofness test 6.5.6.7.1 Applicability For those types of IBC used for liquids or for solids filled or discharged under pressure, as a design type test and periodic test. 6.5.6.7.2 Preparation of the IBC for test The test shall be carried out before the fitting of any thermal insulation equipment. Vented closures shall either be replaced by similar non-vented closures or the vent shall be sealed. 6.5.6.7.3 Method of testing and pressure to be applied The test shall be carried out for a period of at least 10 minutes using air at a gauge pressure of not less than 20 kPa (0.2 bar). The air tightness of the IBC shall be determined by a suitable method such as by air-pressure differential test or by immersing the IBC in water or, for metal IBCs, by coating the seams and joints with a soap solution. In the case of immersing a correction factor shall be applied for the hydrostatic pressure. 6.5.6.7.4 Criterion for passing the test No leakage of air. 6.5.6.8 Internal pressure (hydraulic) test 6.5.6.8.1 Applicability For those types of IBCs used for liquids or for solids filled or discharged under pressure, as a design type test. 6.5.6.8.2 Preparation of the IBC for test The test shall be carried out before the fitting of any thermal insulation equipment. Pressurerelief devices shall be removed and their apertures plugged, or shall be rendered inoperative. 6.5.6.8.3 Method of testing The test shall be carried out for a period of at least 10 minutes applying a hydraulic pressure not less than that indicated in 6.5.6.8.4. The IBCs shall not be mechanically restrained during the test. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 420 - 6.5.6.8.4 Pressures to be applied 6.5.6.8.4.1 Metal IBCs: (a) For IBCs of types 21A, 21B and 21N, for packing group I solids, a 250 kPa (2.5 bar) gauge pressure; (b) For IBCs of types 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N, for packing groups II or III substances, a 200 kPa (2 bar) gauge pressure; (c) In addition, for IBCs of types 31A, 31B and 31N, a 65kPa (0.65 bar) gauge pressure. This test shall be performed before the 200 kPa (2 bar) test. 6.5.6.8.4.2 Rigid plastics and composite IBCs: (a) For IBCs of types 21H1, 2lH2, 21HZ1 and 21HZ2: 75 kPa (0.75 bar) (gauge); (b) For IBCs of types 31H1, 31H2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2: whichever is the greater of two values, the first as determined by one of the following methods: (i) the total gauge pressure measured in the IBC (i.e. the vapour pressure of the filling substance and the partial pressure of the air or other inert gases, minus 100 kPa) at 55 °C multiplied by a safety factor of 1.5; this total gauge pressure shall be determined on the basis of a maximum degree of filling in accordance with 4.1.1.4 and a filling temperature of 15 °C; (ii) 1.75 times the vapour pressure at 50 °C of the substance to be carried minus 100 kPa, but with a minimum test pressure of 100 kPa; (iii) 1.5 times the vapour pressure at 55 °C of the substance to be carried minus 100 kPa, but with a minimum test pressure of 100 kPa; and the second as determined by the following method: (iv) twice the static pressure of the substance to be carried, with a minimum of twice the static pressure of water; 6.5.6.8.5 Criteria for passing the test(s): (a) For IBCs of types 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N, when subjected to the test pressure specified in 6.5.6.8.4.1 (a) or (b): no leakage; (b) For IBCs of types 31A, 31B and 31N, when subjected to the test pressure specified in 6.5.6.8.4.1 (c): no permanent deformation which renders the IBC unsafe for carriage and no leakage; (c) For rigid plastics and composite IBCs: no permanent deformation which would render the IBC unsafe for carriage and no leakage. 6.5.6.9 Drop test 6.5.6.9.1 Applicability For all types of IBCs, as a design type test. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 421 - 6.5.6.9.2 Preparation of the IBC for test (a) Metal IBCs: the IBC shall be filled to not less than 95% of its maximum capacity for solids or 98% of its maximum capacity for liquids. Pressure-relief devices shall be removed and their apertures plugged, or shall be rendered inoperative; (b) Flexible IBCs: the IBC shall be filled to the maximum permissible gross mass, the contents being evenly distributed; (c) Rigid plastics and composite IBCs: the IBC shall be filled to not less than 95% of its maximum capacity for solids or 98% of its maximum capacity for liquids. Arrangements provided for pressure relief may be removed and plugged or rendered inoperative. Testing of IBCs shall be carried out when the temperature of the test sample and its contents has been reduced to minus 18 °C or lower. Where test samples of composite IBCs are prepared in this way the conditioning specified in 6.5.6.3.1 may be waived. Test liquids shall be kept in the liquid state, if necessary by the addition of anti-freeze. This conditioning may be disregarded if the materials in question are of sufficient ductility and tensile strength at low temperatures; (d) Fibreboard and wooden IBCs: The IBC shall be filled to not less than 95% of its maximum capacity. 6.5.6.9.3 Method of testing The IBC shall be dropped on its base onto a non-resilient, horizontal, flat, massive and rigid surface in conformity with the requirements of 6.1.5.3.4, in such a manner as to ensure that the point of impact is that part of the base of the IBC considered to be the most vulnerable. IBCs of 0.45 m3 or less capacity shall also be dropped: (a) Metal IBCs: on the most vulnerable part other than the part of the base tested in the first drop; (b) Flexible IBCs: on the most vulnerable side; (c) Rigid plastics, composite, fibreboard and wooden IBCs: flat on a side, flat on the top and on a corner. The same or different IBCs may be used for each drop. 6.5.6.9.4 Drop height For solids and liquids, if the test is performed with the solid or liquid to be carried or with another substance having essentially the same physical characteristics: Packing group I Packing group II Packing group III 1.8 m 1.2 m 0.8 m For liquids if the test is performed with water: (a) Where the substances to be carried have a relative density not exceeding 1.2: Packing group II Packing group III 1.2 m 0.8 m Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 422 - (b) Where the substances to be carried have a relative density exceeding 1.2, the drop heights shall be calculated on the basis of the relative density (d) of the substance to be carried rounded up to the first decimal as follows: Packing group II Packing group III d × 1.0 m d × 0.67 m 6.5.6.9.5 Criteria for passing the test(s): (a) Metal IBCs: no loss of contents; (b) Flexible IBCs: no loss of contents. A slight discharge, e.g. from closures or stitch holes, upon impact shall not be considered to be a failure of the IBC provided that no further leakage occurs after the IBC has been raised clear of the ground; (c) Rigid plastics, composite, fibreboard and wooden IBCs: no loss of contents. A slight discharge from a closure upon impact shall not be considered to be a failure of the IBC provided that no further leakage occurs; (d) All IBCs: no damage which renders the IBC unsafe to be carried for salvage or for disposal, and no loss of contents. In addition, the IBC shall be capable of being lifted by an appropriate means until clear of the floor for five minutes. NOTE: The criteria in (d) apply to design types for IBCs manufactured as from 1 January 2011. 6.5.6.10 Tear test 6.5.6.10.1 Applicability For all types of flexible IBCs, as a design type test. 6.5.6.10.2 Preparation of the IBC for test The IBC shall be filled to not less than 95% of its capacity and to its maximum permissible gross mass, the contents being evenly distributed. 6.5.6.10.3 Method of testing Once the IBC is placed on the ground, a 100 mm knife score, completely penetrating the wall of a wide face, is made at a 45° angle to the principal axis of the IBC, halfway between the bottom surface and the top level of the contents. The IBC shall then be subjected to a uniformly distributed superimposed load equivalent to twice the maximum permissible gross mass. The load shall be applied for at least five minutes. An IBC which is designed to be lifted from the top or the side shall then, after removal of the superimposed load, be lifted clear of the floor and maintained in that position for a period of five minutes. 6.5.6.10.4 Criteria for passing the test The cut shall not propagate more than 25% of its original length. 6.5.6.11 Topple test 6.5.6.11.1 Applicability For all types of flexible IBC, as a design type test. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 423 - 6.5.6.11.2 Preparation of the IBC for test The IBC shall be filled to not less than 95% of its capacity and to its maximum permissible gross mass, the contents being evenly distributed. 6.5.6.11.3 Method of testing The IBC shall be caused to topple on to any part of its top on to a rigid, non-resilient, smooth, flat and horizontal surface. 6.5.6.11.4 Topple height Packing group I Packing group II Packing group III 1.8 m 1.2 m 0.8 m 6.5.6.11.5 Criteria for passing the test No loss of contents. A slight discharge, e.g. from closures or stitch holes, upon impact shall not be considered to be a failure of the IBC provided that no further leakage occurs. 6.5.6.12 Righting test 6.5.6.12.1 Applicability For all flexible IBCs designed to be lifted from the top or side, as a design type test. 6.5.6.12.2 Preparation of the IBC for test The IBC shall be filled to not less than 95% of its capacity and to its maximum permissible gross mass, the contents being evenly distributed. 6.5.6.12.3 Method of testing The IBC, lying on its side, shall be lifted at a speed of at least 0.1 m/s to upright position, clear of the floor, by one lifting device or by two lifting devices when four are provided. 6.5.6.12.4 Criteria for passing the test No damage to the IBC or its lifting devices which renders the IBC unsafe for carriage or handling. 6.5.6.13 Vibration test 6.5.6.13.1 Applicability For all IBCs used for liquids, as a design type test. NOTE: This test applies to design types for IBCs manufactured after 31 December 2010 (see also 1.6.1.14). 6.5.6.13.2 Preparation of the IBC for test A sample IBC shall be selected at random and shall be fitted and closed as for carriage. The IBC shall be filled with water to not less than 98% of its maximum capacity. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 424 - 6.5.6.13.3 Test method and duration 6.5.6.13.3.1 The IBC shall be placed in the center of the test machine platform with a vertical sinusoidal, double amplitude (peak-to peak displacement) of 25 mm ± 5%. If necessary, restraining devices shall be attached to the platform to prevent the specimen from moving horizontally off the platform without restricting vertical movement. 6.5.6.13.3.2 The test shall be conducted for one hour at a frequency that causes part of the base of the IBC to be momentarily raised from the vibrating platform for part of each cycle to such a degree that a metal shim can be completely inserted intermittently at, at least, one point between the base of the IBC and the test platform. The frequency may need to be adjusted after the initial set point to prevent the packaging from going into resonance. Nevertheless, the test frequency shall continue to allow placement of the metal shim under the IBC as described in this paragraph. The continuing ability to insert the metal shim is essential to passing the test. The metal shim used for this test shall be at least 1.6 mm thick, 50 mm wide, and be of sufficient length to be inserted between the IBC and the test platform a minimum of 100 mm to perform the test. 6.5.6.13.4 Criteria for passing the test No leakage or rupture shall be observed. In addition, no breakage or failure of structural components, such as broken welds or failed fastenings, shall be observed. 6.5.6.14 Test report 6.5.6.14.1 A test report containing at least the following particulars shall be drawn up and shall be made available to the users of the IBC: 1. Name and address of the test facility; 2. Name and address of applicant (where appropriate); 3. A unique test report identification; 4. Date of the test report; 5. Manufacturer of the IBC; 6. Description of the IBC design type (e.g. dimensions, materials, closures, thickness, etc.) including method of manufacture (e.g. blow moulding) and which may include drawing(s) and/or photograph(s); 7. Maximum capacity; 8. Characteristics of test contents, e.g. viscosity and relative density for liquids and particle size for solids; 9. Test descriptions and results; 10. The test report shall be signed with the name and status of the signatory. 6.5.6.14.2 The test report shall contain statements that the IBC prepared as for carriage was tested in accordance with the appropriate requirements of this Chapter and that the use of other packaging methods or components may render it invalid. A copy of the test report shall be available to the competent authority. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 425 - CHAPTER 6.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF LARGE PACKAGINGS 6.6.1 General 6.6.1.1 The requirements of this Chapter do not apply to: - packagings for Class 2, except large packagings for articles, including aerosols; - packagings for Class 6.2, except large packagings for clinical waste of UN No. 3291; - Class 7 packages containing radioactive material. 6.6.1.2 Large packagings shall be manufactured, tested and remanufactured under a quality assurance programme which satisfies the competent authority in order to ensure that each manufactured or remanufactured large packaging meets the requirements of this Chapter. NOTE: ISO 16106:2006 "Packaging – Transport packages for dangerous goods – Dangerous goods packagings, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) and large packagings – Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001" provides acceptable guidance on procedures which may be followed. 6.6.1.3 The specific requirements for large packagings in 6.6.4 are based on large packagings currently used. In order to take into account progress in science and technology, there is no objection to the use of large packagings having specifications different from those in 6.6.4 provided they are equally effective, acceptable to the competent authority and able successfully to withstand the tests described in 6.6.5. Methods of testing other than those described in ADR are acceptable provided they are equivalent and are recognized by the competent authority. 6.6.1.4 Manufacturers and subsequent distributors of packagings shall provide information regarding procedures to be followed and a description of the types and dimensions of closures (including required gaskets) and any other components needed to ensure that packages as presented for carriage are capable of passing the applicable performance tests of this Chapter. 6.6.2 Code for designating types of large packagings 6.6.2.1 The code used for large packagings consist of: (a) Two Arabic numerals: 50 for rigid large packagings; or 51 for flexible large packagings; and (b) A capital letter in Latin character indicating the nature of the material, e.g. wood, steel etc. The capital letters used shall be those shown in 6.1.2.6. 6.6.2.2 The letter "W" may follow the Large Packaging code. The letter "W" signifies that the large packaging, although of the same type indicated by the code, is manufactured to a specification different from those in 6.6.4 and is considered equivalent in accordance with the requirements in 6.6.1.3. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 426 - 6.6.3 Marking 6.6.3.1 Primary marking Each large packaging manufactured and intended for use in accordance with the provisions of ADR shall bear durable and legible markings showing: (a) The United Nations packaging symbol ; This symbol shall not be used for any purpose other than certifying that a packaging, a portable tank or a MEGC complies with the relevant requirements in Chapter 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 or 6.7. For metal large packagings on which the marking is stamped or embossed, the capital letters "UN" may be applied instead of the symbol; (b) The number "50" designating a large rigid packaging or "51" for flexible large packagings, followed by the material type in accordance with 6.5.1.4.1 (b); (c) A capital letter designating the packing group(s) for which the design type has been approved: X for packing groups I, II and III Y for packing groups II and III Z for packing group III only; (d) The month and year (last two digits) of manufacture; (e) The State authorizing the allocation of the mark; indicated by the distinguishing sign for motor vehicles in international traffic 1; (f) The name or symbol of the manufacturer and other identification of the large packagings as specified by the competent authority; (g) The stacking test load in kg. For large packagings not designed for stacking the figure "0" shall be shown; (h) The maximum permissible gross mass in kilograms. The primary marking required above shall be applied in the sequence of the sub-paragraphs. Each element of the marking applied in accordance with (a) to (h) shall be clearly separated, e.g. by a slash or space, so as to be easily identifiable. 6.6.3.2 Examples of the marking: 50A/X/05 01/N/PQRS 2500/1000 For a large steel packaging suitable for stacking; stacking load: 2 500 kg; maximum gross mass: 1 000 kg. 50H/Y/04 02/D/ABCD 987 0/800 For a large plastics packaging not suitable for stacking; maximum gross mass: 800 kg. 51H/Z/06 01/S/1999 0/500 For a large flexible packaging not suitable for stacking; maximum gross mass: 500 kg. Distinguishing sign for motor vehicles in international traffic prescribed in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968). Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 427 - 6.6.4 Specific requirements for large packagings 6.6.4.1 Specific requirements for metal large packagings 50A steel 50B aluminium 50N metal (other than steel or aluminium) 6.6.4.1.1 The large packaging shall be made of suitable ductile metal in which the weldability has been fully demonstrated. Welds shall be skilfully made and afford complete safety. Low-temperature performance shall be taken into account when appropriate. 6.6.4.1.2 Care shall be taken to avoid damage by galvanic action due to the juxtaposition of dissimilar metals. 6.6.4.2 Specific requirements for flexible material large packagings 51H flexible plastics 51M flexible paper 6.6.4.2.1 The large packaging shall be manufactured from suitable materials. The strength of the material and the construction of the flexible large packagings shall be appropriate to its capacity and its intended use. 6.6.4.2.2 All materials used in the construction of flexible large packagings of types 51M shall, after complete immersion in water for not less than 24 hours, retain at least 85% of the tensile strength as measured originally on the material conditioned to equilibrium at 67% relative humidity or less. 6.6.4.2.3 Seams shall be formed by stitching, heat sealing, glueing or any equivalent method. All stitched seam-ends shall be secured. 6.6.4.2.4 Flexible large packagings shall provide adequate resistance to ageing and to degradation caused by ultraviolet radiation or the climatic conditions, or by the substance contained, thereby rendering them appropriate to their intended use. 6.6.4.2.5 For plastics flexible large packagings where protection against ultraviolet radiation is required, it shall be provided by the addition of carbon black or other suitable pigments or inhibitors. These additives shall be compatible with the contents and remain effective throughout the life of the large packaging. Where use is made of carbon black, pigments or inhibitors other than those used in the manufacture of the tested design type, re-testing may be waived if changes in the carbon black content, the pigment content or the inhibitor content do not adversely affect the physical properties of the material of construction. 6.6.4.2.6 Additives may be incorporated into the material of the large packaging to improve the resistance to ageing or to serve other purposes, provided that these do not adversely affect the physical or chemical properties of the material. 6.6.4.2.7 When filled, the ratio of height to width shall be not more than 2:1. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 428 - 6.6.4.3 Specific requirements for plastics large packagings 50H rigid plastics 6.6.4.3.1 The large packaging shall be manufactured from suitable plastics material of known specifications and be of adequate strength in relation to its capacity and its intended use. The material shall be adequately resistant to ageing and to degradation caused by the substance contained or, where relevant, by ultraviolet radiation. Low temperature performance shall be taken into account when appropriate. Any permeation of the substance contained shall not constitute a danger under normal conditions of carriage. 6.6.4.3.2 Where protection against ultraviolet radiation is required, it shall be provided by the addition of carbon black or other suitable pigments or inhibitors. These additives shall be compatible with the contents and remain effective throughout the life of the outer packaging. Where use is made of carbon black, pigments or inhibitors other than those used in the manufacture of the tested design type, re-testing may be waived if changes in the carbon black content, the pigment content or the inhibitor content do not adversely affect the physical properties of the material of construction. 6.6.4.3.3 Additives may be incorporated in the material of the large packaging to improve the resistance to ageing or to serve other purposes, provided that these do not adversely affect the physical or chemical properties of the material. 6.6.4.4 Specific requirements for fibreboard large packagings 50G rigid fibreboard 6.6.4 4.1 Strong and good quality solid or double-faced corrugated fibreboard (single or multiwall) shall be used, appropriate to the capacity of the large packagings and to their intended use. The water resistance of the outer surface shall be such that the increase in mass, as determined in a test carried out over a period of 30 minutes by the Cobb method of determining water absorption, is not greater than 155 g/m2 - see ISO 535:1991. It shall have proper bending qualities. Fibreboard shall be cut, creased without scoring, and slotted so as to permit assembly without cracking, surface breaks or undue bending. The fluting or corrugated fibreboard shall be firmly glued to the facings. 6.6.4.4.2 The walls, including top and bottom, shall have a minimum puncture resistance of 15 J measured according to ISO 3036:1975. 6.6.4.4.3 Manufacturing joins in the outer packaging of large packagings shall be made with an appropriate overlap and shall be taped, glued, stitched with metal staples or fastened by other means at least equally effective. Where joins are effected by gluing or taping, a water resistant adhesive shall be used. Metal staples shall pass completely through all pieces to be fastened and be formed or protected so that any inner liner cannot be abraded or punctured by them. 6.6.4.4.4 Any integral pallet base forming part of a large packaging or any detachable pallet shall be suitable for mechanical handling with the large packaging filled to its maximum permissible gross mass. 6.6.4.4.5 The pallet or integral base shall be designed so as to avoid any protrusion of the base of the large packaging that might be liable to damage in handling. 6.6.4.4.6 The body shall be secured to any detachable pallet to ensure stability in handling and carriage. Where a detachable pallet is used, its top surface shall be free from sharp protrusions that might damage the large packaging. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 429 - 6.6.4.4.7 Strengthening devices such as timber supports to increase stacking performance may be used but shall be external to the liner. 6.6.4.4.8 Where large packagings are intended for stacking, the bearing surface shall be such as to distribute the load in a safe manner. 6.6.4.5 Specific requirements for wooden large packagings 50C natural wood 50D plywood 50F reconstituted wood 6.6.4.5.1 The strength of the materials used and the method of construction shall be appropriate to the capacity and intended use of the large packagings. 6.6.4.5.2 Natural wood shall be well seasoned, commercially dry and free from defects that would materially lessen the strength of any part of the large packagings. Each part of the large packagings shall consist of one piece or be equivalent thereto. Parts are considered equivalent to one piece when a suitable method of glued assembly is used as for instance Lindermann joint, tongue and groove joint, ship lap or rabbet joint; or butt joint with at least two corrugated metal fasteners at each joint, or when other methods at least equally effective are used. 6.6.4.5.3 Large packagings of plywood shall be at least 3-ply. They shall be made of well seasoned rotary cut, sliced or sawn veneer, commercially dry and free from defects that would materially lessen the strength of the large packaging. All adjacent plies shall be glued with water resistant adhesive. Other suitable materials may be used with plywood for the construction of the large packaging. 6.6.4.5.4 Large packagings of reconstituted wood shall be made of water resistant reconstituted wood such as hardboard, particle board or other suitable type. 6.6.4.5.5 Large packagings shall be firmly nailed or secured to corner posts or ends or be assembled by equally suitable devices. 6.6.4.5.6 Any integral pallet base forming part of a large packaging or any detachable pallet shall be suitable for mechanical handling with the large packaging filled to its maximum permissible gross mass. 6.6.4.5.7 The pallet or integral base shall be designed so as to avoid any protrusion of the base of the large packaging that might be liable to damage in handling. 6.6.4.5.8 The body shall be secured to any detachable pallet to ensure stability in handling and carriage. Where a detachable pallet is used, its top surface shall be free from sharp protrusions that might damage the large packaging. 6.6.4.5.9 Strengthening devices such as timber supports to increase stacking performance may be used but shall be external to the liner. 6.6.4.5.10 Where large packagings are intended for stacking, the bearing surface shall be such as to distribute the load in a safe manner. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 430 - 6.6.5 Test requirements for large packagings 6.6.5.1 Performance and frequency of test 6.6.5.1.1 The design type of each large packaging shall be tested as provided in 6.6.5.3 in accordance with procedures established by the competent authority allowing the allocation of the mark and shall be approved by this competent authority. 6.6.5.1.2 Each large packaging design type shall successfully pass the tests prescribed in this Chapter before being used. A large packaging design type is defined by the design, size, material and thickness, manner of construction and packing, but may include various surface treatments. It also includes large packagings which differ from the design type only in their lesser design height. 6.6.5.1.3 Tests shall be repeated on production samples at intervals established by the competent authority. For such tests on fibreboard large packagings, preparation at ambient conditions is considered equivalent to the provisions of 6.6.5.2.4. 6.6.5.1.4 Tests shall also be repeated after each modification which alters the design, material or manner of construction of large packagings. 6.6.5.1.5 The competent authority may permit the selective testing of large packagings that differ only in minor respects from a tested type, e.g. smaller sizes of inner packagings or inner packagings of lower net mass; and large packagings which are produced with small reductions in external dimension(s). 6.6.5.1.6 (Reserved) NOTE: For the conditions for assembling different inner packagings in a large packaging and permissible variations in inner packagings, see 4.1.1.5.1. 6.6.5.1.7 The competent authority may at any time require proof, by tests in accordance with this section, that serially-produced large packagings meet the requirements of the design type tests. 6.6.5.1.8 Provided the validity of the test results is not affected and with the approval of the competent authority, several tests may be made on one sample. 6.6.5.2 Preparation for testing 6.6.5.2.1 Tests shall be carried out on large packagings prepared as for carriage including the inner packagings or articles used. Inner packagings shall be filled to not less than 98% of their maximum capacity for liquids or 95% for solids. For large packagings where the inner packagings are designed to carry liquids and solids, separate testing is required for both liquid and solid contents. The substances in the inner packagings or the articles to be carried in the large packagings may be replaced by other material or articles except where this would invalidate the results of the tests. When other inner packagings or articles are used they shall have the same physical characteristics (mass, etc) as the inner packagings or articles to be carried. It is permissible to use additives, such as bags of lead shot, to achieve the requisite total package mass, so long as they are placed so that the test results are not affected. 6.6.5.2.2 In the drop tests for liquids, when another substance is used, it shall be of similar relative density and viscosity to those of the substance being carried. Water may also be used for the liquid drop test under the conditions in 6.6.5.3.4.4. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 431 - 6.6.5.2.3 Large packagings made of plastics materials and large packagings containing inner packagings of plastic materials - other than bags intended to contain solids or articles - shall be drop tested when the temperature of the test sample and its contents has been reduced to -18 °C or lower. This conditioning may be disregarded if the materials in question are of sufficient ductility and tensile strength at low temperatures. Where test sample are prepared in this way, the conditioning in 6.6.5.2.4 may be waived. Test liquids shall be kept in the liquid state by the addition of anti-freeze if necessary. 6.6.5.2.4 Large packagings of fibreboard shall be conditioned for at least 24 hours in an atmosphere having a controlled temperature and relative humidity (r.h.). There are three options, one of which shall be chosen. The preferred atmosphere is 23 °C ± 2 °C and 50% ± 2% r.h. The two other options are: 20 °C ± 2 °C and 65% ± 2% r.h.; or 27 °C ± 2 °C and 65% ± 2% r.h. NOTE: Average values shall fall within these limits. Short term fluctuations and measurement limitations may cause individual measurements to vary by up to ± 5% relative humidity without significant impairment of test reproducibility. 6.6.5.3 Test requirements 6.6.5.3.1 Bottom lift test 6.6.5.3.1.1 Applicability For all types of large packagings which are fitted with means of lifting from the base, as a design type test. 6.6.5.3.1.2 Preparation of large packaging for test The large packaging shall be loaded to 1.25 times its maximum permissible gross mass, the load being evenly distributed. 6.6.5.3.1.3 Method of testing The large packaging shall be raised and lowered twice by a lift truck with the forks centrally positioned and spaced at three quarters of the dimension of the side of entry (unless the points of entry are fixed). The forks shall penetrate to three quarters of the direction of entry. The test shall be repeated from each possible direction of entry. 6.6.5.3.1.4 Criteria for passing the test No permanent deformation which renders the large packaging unsafe for carriage and no loss of contents. 6.6.5.3.2 Top lift test 6.6.5.3.2.1 Applicability For types of large packagings which are intended to be lifted from the top and fitted with means of lifting, as a design type test. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 432 - 6.6.5.3.2.2 Preparation of large packaging for test The large packaging shall be loaded to twice its maximum permissible gross mass. A flexible large packaging shall be loaded to six times its maximum permissible gross mass, the load being evenly distributed. 6.6.5.3.2.3 Method of testing The large packaging shall be lifted in the manner for which it is designed until clear of the floor and maintained in that position for a period of five minutes. 6.6.5.3.2.4 Criteria for passing the test (a) Metal and rigid plastics large packagings: no permanent deformation which renders the large packaging, including the base pallet, if any, unsafe for carriage and no loss of contents; (b) Flexible large packagings: no damage to the large packaging or its lifting devices which renders the large packaging unsafe for carriage or handling and no loss of contents. 6.6.5.3.3 Stacking test 6.6.5.3.3.1 Applicability For all types of large packagings which are designed to be stacked on each other, as a design type test. 6.6.5.3.3.2 Preparation of large packaging for test The large packaging shall be filled to its maximum permissible gross mass. 6.6.5.3.3.3 Method of testing The large packaging shall be placed on its base on level hard ground and subjected to a uniformly distributed superimposed test load (see 6.6.5.3.3.4) for a period of at least five minutes, large packagings of wood, fibreboard and plastics materials for a period of 24 h. 6.6.5.3.3.4 Calculation of superimposed test load The load to be placed on the large packagings shall be 1.8 times the combined maximum permissible gross mass of the number of similar large packagings that may be stacked on top of the large packagings during carriage. 6.6.5.3.3.5 Criteria for passing the test (a) All types of large packagings other than flexible large packagings: no permanent deformation which renders the large packaging including the base pallet, if any, unsafe for carriage and no loss of contents; (b) Flexible large packagings: no deterioration of the body which renders the large packaging unsafe for carriage and no loss of contents. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 433 - 6.6.5.3.4 Drop test 6.6.5.3.4.1 Applicability For all types of large packagings as a design type test. 6.6.5.3.4.2 Preparation of large packaging for testing The large packaging shall be filled in accordance with 6.6.5.2.1 6.6.5.3.4.3 Method of testing The large packaging shall be dropped onto a non resilient, horizontal, flat, massive and rigid surface in conformity with the requirements of 6.1.5.3.4, in such a manner as to ensure that the point of impact is that part of the base of the large packaging considered to be the most vulnerable. 6.6.5.3.4.4 Drop height NOTE: Large packagings for substances and articles of Class 1 shall be tested at the packing group II performance level. 6.6.5.3.4.4.1 For inner packagings containing solid or liquid substances or articles, if the test is performed with the solid, liquid or articles to be carried, or with another substance or article having essentially the same characteristics: Packing group I Packing group II Packing group III 1.8 m 1.2 m 0.8 m 6.6.5.3.4.4.2 For inner packagings containing liquids if the test is performed with water: (a) Where the substances to be carried have a relative density not exceeding 1.2: Packing group I Packing group II Packing group III 1.8 m 1.2 m 0.8 m (b) Where the substances to be carried have a relative density exceeding 1.2, the drop height shall be calculated on the basis of the relative density (d) of the substance to be carried, rounded up to the first decimal, as follows: Packing group I Packing group II Packing group III d ×1.5 (m) d × 1.0 (m) d × 0.67 (m) 6.6.5.3.4.5 Criteria for passing the test 6.6.5.3.4.5.1 The large packaging shall not exhibit any damage liable to affect safety during carriage. There shall be no leakage of the filling substance from inner packaging(s) or article(s). 6.6.5.3.4.5.2 No rupture is permitted in large packagings for articles of Class 1 which would permit the spillage of loose explosive substances or articles from the large packaging. 6.6.5.3.4.5.3 Where a large packaging undergoes a drop test, the sample passes the test if the entire contents are retained even if the closure is no longer sift-proof. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 434 - 6.6.5.4 Certification and test report 6.6.5.4.1 In respect of each design type of large packaging a certificate and mark (as in 6.6.3) shall be issued attesting that the design type including its equipment meets the test requirements. 6.6.5.4.2 A test report containing at least the following particulars shall be drawn up and shall be made available to the users of the large packaging: 1. Name and address of the test facility; 2. Name and address of applicant (where appropriate); 3. A unique test report identification; 4. Date of the test report; 5. Manufacturer of the large packaging; 6. Description of the large packaging design type (e.g. dimensions, materials, closures, thickness, etc) and/or photograph(s); 7. Maximum capacity/maximum permissible gross mass; 8. Characteristics of test contents, e.g. types and descriptions of inner packagings or articles used; 9. Test descriptions and results; 10. The test report shall be signed with the name and status of the signatory. 6.6.5.4.3 The test report shall contain statements that the large packaging prepared as for carriage was tested in accordance with the appropriate provisions of this Chapter and that the use of other packaging methods or components may render it invalid. A copy of the test report shall be available to the competent authority. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 435 - CHAPTER 6.7 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, INSPECTION AND TESTING OF PORTABLE TANKS AND UN MULTIPLE-ELEMENT GAS CONTAINERS (MEGCs) NOTE: For fixed tanks (tank-vehicles), demountable tanks and tank-containers and tank swap bodies, with shells made of metallic materials, and battery-vehicles and multiple element gas containers (MEGCs) other than UN MEGCs, see Chapter 6.8; for fibre-reinforced plastics tanks, see Chapter 6.9; for vacuum operated waste tanks, see Chapter 6.10. 6.7.1 Application and general requirements 6.7.1.1 The requirements of this Chapter apply to portable tanks intended for the carriage of dangerous goods, and to MEGCs intended for the carriage of non-refrigerated gases of Class 2, by all modes of carriage. In addition to the requirements of this Chapter, unless otherwise specified, the applicable requirements of the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) 1972, as amended, shall be fulfilled by any multimodal portable tank or MEGC which meets the definition of a "container" within the terms of that Convention. Additional requirements may apply to offshore portable tanks or MEGCs that are handled in open seas. 6.7.1.2 In recognition of scientific and technological advances, the technical requirements of this Chapter may be varied by alternative arrangements. These alternative arrangements shall offer a level of safety not less than that given by the requirements of this Chapter with respect to the compatibility with substances carried and the ability of the portable tank or MEGC to withstand impact, loading and fire conditions. For international carriage, alternative arrangement portable tanks or MEGCs shall be approved by the applicable competent authorities. 6.7.1.3 When a substance is not assigned a portable tank instruction (T1 to T23, T50 or T75) in Column (10) of Table A of in Chapter 3.2, interim approval for carriage may be issued by the competent authority of the country of origin. The approval shall be included in the documentation of the consignment and contain as a minimum the information normally provided in the portable tank instructions and the conditions under which the substance shall be carried. 6.7.2 Requirements for the design, construction, inspection and testing of portable tanks intended for the carriage of substances of Class 1 and Classes 3 to 9 6.7.2.1 Definitions For the purposes of this section: Alternative arrangement means an approval granted by the competent authority for a portable tank or MEGC that has been designed, constructed or tested to technical requirements or testing methods other than those specified in this Chapter: Portable tank means a multimodal tank used for the carriage of substances of Class 1 and Classes 3 to 9. The portable tank includes a shell fitted with service equipment and structural equipment necessary for the carriage of dangerous substances. The portable tank shall be capable of being filled and discharged without the removal of its structural equipment. It shall possess stabilizing members external to the shell, and shall be capable of being lifted when full. It shall be designed primarily to be loaded onto a vehicle, wagon or sea-going or Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 436 - inland navigation vessel and shall be equipped with skids, mountings or accessories to facilitate mechanical handling. Tank-vehicles, tank-wagons, non-metallic tanks and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) are not considered to fall within the definition for portable tanks; Shell means the part of the portable tank which retains the substance intended for carriage (tank proper), including openings and their closures, but does not include service equipment or external structural equipment; Service equipment means measuring instruments and filling, discharge, venting, safety, heating, cooling and insulating devices; Structural equipment means the reinforcing, fastening, protective and stabilizing members external to the shell; Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) means a pressure that shall be not less than the highest of the following pressures measured at the top of the shell while in operating position: (a) The maximum effective gauge pressure allowed in the shell during filling or discharge; or (b) The maximum effective gauge pressure to which the shell is designed which shall be not less than the sum of: (i) the absolute vapour pressure (in bar) of the substance at 65 °C, minus 1 bar; and (ii) the partial pressure (in bar) of air or other gases in the ullage space being determined by a maximum ullage temperature of 65 °C and a liquid expansion due to an increase in mean bulk temperature of tr - tf (tf = filling temperature, usually 15 °C; tr = maximum mean bulk temperature, 50 °C); Design pressure means the pressure to be used in calculations required by a recognized pressure vessel code. The design pressure shall be not less than the highest of the following pressures: (a) The maximum effective gauge pressure allowed in the shell during filling or discharge; or (b) The sum of: (i) the absolute vapour pressure (in bar) of the substance at 65 °C, minus 1 bar; (ii) the partial pressure (in bar) of air or other gases in the ullage space being determined by a maximum ullage temperature of 65 °C and a liquid expansion due to an increase in mean bulk temperature of tr - tf (tf = filling temperature usually 15 °C; tr = maximum mean bulk temperature, 50 °C); and (iii) a head pressure determined on the basis of the static forces specified in 6.7.2.2.12, but not less than 0.35 bar; or (c) Two thirds of the minimum test pressure specified in the applicable portable tank instruction in 4.2.5.2.6; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 437 - Test pressure means the maximum gauge pressure at the top of the shell during the hydraulic pressure test equal to not less than 1.5 times the design pressure. The minimum test pressure for portable tanks intended for specific substances is specified in the applicable portable tank instruction in 4.2.5.2.6; Leakproofness test means a test using gas subjecting the shell and its service equipment to an effective internal pressure of not less than 25% of the MAWP; Maximum permissible gross mass (MPGM) means the sum of the tare mass of the portable tank and the heaviest load authorized for carriage; Reference steel means a steel with a tensile strength of 370 N/mm2 and an elongation at fracture of 27%; Mild steel means a steel with a guaranteed minimum tensile strength of 360 N/mm2 to 440 N/mm2 and a guaranteed minimum elongation at fracture conforming to 6.7.2.3.3.3; Design temperature range for the shell shall be -40 °C to 50 °C for substances carried under ambient conditions. For the other substances handled under elevated temperature conditions the design temperature shall be not less than the maximum temperature of the substance during filling, discharge or carriage. More severe design temperatures shall be considered for portable tanks subjected to severe climatic conditions; Fine grain steel means steel which has a ferritic grain size of 6 or finer when determined in accordance with ASTM E 112-96 or as defined in EN 10028-3, Part 3; Fusible element means a non-reclosable pressure relief device that is thermally actuated; Offshore portable tank means a portable tank specially designed for repeated use for carriage to, from and between offshore facilities. An offshore portable tank is designed and constructed in accordance with the guidelines for the approval of containers handled in open seas specified by the International Maritime Organization in document MSC/Circ.860. 6.7.2.2 General design and construction requirements 6.7.2.2.1 Shells shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of a pressure vessel code recognized by the competent authority. Shells shall be made of metallic materials suitable for forming. The materials shall in principle conform to national or international material standards. For welded shells only a material whose weldability has been fully demonstrated shall be used. Welds shall be skilfully made and afford complete safety. When the manufacturing process or the materials make it necessary, the shells shall be suitably heat-treated to guarantee adequate toughness in the weld and in the heat affected zones. In choosing the material, the design temperature range shall be taken into account with respect to risk of brittle fracture, to stress corrosion cracking and to resistance to impact. When fine grain steel is used, the guaranteed value of the yield strength shall be not more than 460 N/mm2 and the guaranteed value of the upper limit of the tensile strength shall be not more than 725 N/mm2 according to the material specification. Aluminium may only be used as a construction material when indicated in a portable tank special provision assigned to a specific substance in Column (11) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 or when approved by the competent authority. When aluminium is authorized, it shall be insulated to prevent significant loss of physical properties when subjected to a heat load of 110 kW/m2 for a period of not less than 30 minutes. The insulation shall remain effective at all temperatures less than 649 °C and shall be jacketed with a material with a melting point of not less than 700 °C. Portable tank materials shall be suitable for the external environment in which they may be carried. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 438 - 6.7.2.2.2 Portable tank shells, fittings, and pipework shall be constructed from materials which are: (a) Substantially immune to attack by the substance(s) intended to be carried; or (b) Properly passivated or neutralized by chemical reaction; or (c) Lined with corrosion-resistant material directly bonded to the shell or attached by equivalent means. 6.7.2.2.3 Gaskets shall be made of materials not subject to attack by the substance(s) intended to be carried. 6.7.2.2.4 When shells are lined, the lining shall be substantially immune to attack by the substance(s) intended to be carried, homogeneous, non porous, free from perforations, sufficiently elastic and compatible with the thermal expansion characteristics of the shell. The lining of every shell, shell fittings and piping shall be continuous, and shall extend around the face of any flange. Where external fittings are welded to the tank, the lining shall be continuous through the fitting and around the face of external flanges. 6.7.2.2.5 Joints and seams in the lining shall be made by fusing the material together or by other equally effective means. 6.7.2.2.6 Contact between dissimilar metals which could result in damage by galvanic action shall be avoided. 6.7.2.2.7 The materials of the portable tank, including any devices, gaskets, linings and accessories, shall not adversely affect the substance(s) intended to be carried in the portable tank. 6.7.2.2.8 Portable tanks shall be designed and constructed with supports to provide a secure base during carriage and with suitable lifting and tie-down attachments. 6.7.2.2.9 Portable tanks shall be designed to withstand, without loss of contents, at least the internal pressure due to the contents, and the static, dynamic and thermal loads during normal conditions of handling and carriage. The design shall demonstrate that the effects of fatigue, caused by repeated application of these loads through the expected life of the portable tank, have been taken into account. 6.7.2.2.10 A shell which is to be equipped with a vacuum-relief device shall be designed to withstand, without permanent deformation, an external pressure of not less than 0.21 bar above the internal pressure. The vacuum-relief device shall be set to relieve at a vacuum setting not greater than minus (-) 0.21 bar unless the shell is designed for a higher external over pressure, in which case the vacuum-relief pressure of the device to be fitted shall be not greater than the tank design vacuum pressure. A shell used for the carriage of solid substances (powdery or granular) of packing groups II or III only, which do not liquefy during carriage, may be designed for a lower external pressure, subject to the approval of the competent authority. In this case, the vacuum valve shall be set to relieve at this lower pressure. A shell that is not to be fitted with a vacuum-relief device shall be designed to withstand, without permanent deformation an external pressure of not less than 0.4 bar above the internal pressure. 6.7.2.2.11 Vacuum-relief devices used on portable tanks intended for the carriage of substances meeting the flash-point criteria of Class 3, including elevated temperature substances carried at or above their flash-point, shall prevent the immediate passage of flame into the shell, or the portable tank shall have a shell capable of withstanding, without leakage an internal explosion resulting from the passage of flame into the shell. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 439 - 6.7.2.2.12 Portable tanks and their fastenings shall, under the maximum permissible load, be capable of absorbing the following separately applied static forces: (a) In the direction of travel: twice the MPGM multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; (b) Horizontally at right angles to the direction of travel: the MPGM (when the direction of travel is not clearly determined, the forces shall be equal to twice the MPGM) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; (c) Vertically upwards: the MPGM multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; and (d) Vertically downwards: twice the MPGM (total loading including the effect of gravity) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1. 6.7.2.2.13 Under each of the forces in 6.7.2.2.12, the safety factor to be observed shall be as follows: (a) For metals having a clearly defined yield point, a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed yield strength; or (b) For metals with no clearly defined yield point, a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed 0.2% proof strength and, for austenitic steels, the 1% proof strength. 6.7.2.2.14 The values of yield strength or proof strength shall be the values according to national or international material standards. When austenitic steels are used, the specified minimum values of yield strength or proof strength according to the material standards may be increased by up to 15% when these greater values are attested in the material inspection certificate. When no material standard exists for the metal in question, the value of yield strength or proof strength used shall be approved by the competent authority. 6.7.2.2.15 Portable tanks shall be capable of being electrically earthed when intended for the carriage of substances meeting the flash-point criteria of Class 3 including elevated temperature substances carried at or above their flash-point. Measures shall be taken to prevent dangerous electrostatic discharge. 6.7.2.2.16 When required for certain substances by the applicable portable tank instruction indicated in Column (10) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.2.6 or by a portable tank special provision indicated in Column (11) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.3, portable tanks shall be provided with additional protection, which may take the form of additional shell thickness or a higher test pressure, the additional shell thickness or higher test pressure being determined in the light of the inherent risks associated with the carriage of the substances concerned. 6.7.2.3 Design criteria 6.7.2.3.1 Shells shall be of a design capable of being stress-analysed mathematically or experimentally by resistance strain gauges, or by other methods approved by the competent authority. 6.7.2.3.2 Shells shall be designed and constructed to withstand a hydraulic test pressure not less than 1.5 times the design pressure. Specific requirements are laid down for certain substances in the applicable portable tank instruction indicated in Column (10) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.2.6 or by a portable tank special provision indicated in Column (11) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.3. Attention is drawn to the minimum shell thickness requirements specified in 6.7.2.4.1 to 6.7.2.4.10. For calculation purposes g = 9.81 m/s2. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 440 - 6.7.2.3.3 For metals exhibiting a clearly defined yield point or characterized by a guaranteed proof strength (0.2% proof strength, generally, or 1% proof strength for austenitic steels) the primary membrane stress σ (sigma) in the shell shall not exceed 0.75 Re or 0.50 Rm, whichever is lower, at the test pressure, where: Re = yield strength in N/mm2, or 0.2% proof strength or, for austenitic steels, 1% proof strength; Rm = minimum tensile strength in N/mm2. 6.7.2.3.3.1 The values of Re and Rm to be used shall be the specified minimum values according to national or international material standards. When austenitic steels are used, the specified minimum values for Re and Rm according to the material standards may be increased by up to 15% when greater values are attested in the material inspection certificate. When no material standard exists for the metal in question, the values of Re and Rm used shall be approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. 6.7.2.3.3.2 Steels which have a Re/Rm ratio of more than 0.85 are not allowed for the construction of welded shells. The values of Re and Rm to be used in determining this ratio shall be the values specified in the material inspection certificate. 6.7.2.3.3.3 Steels used in the construction of shells shall have an elongation at fracture, in %, of not less than 10 000/Rm with an absolute minimum of 16% for fine grain steels and 20% for other steels. Aluminium and aluminium alloys used in the construction of shells shall have an elongation at fracture, in %, of not less than 10 000/6Rm with an absolute minimum of 12%. 6.7.2.3.3.4 For the purpose of determining actual values for materials, it shall be noted that for sheet metal, the axis of the tensile test specimen shall be at right angles (transversely) to the direction of rolling. The permanent elongation at fracture shall be measured on test specimens of rectangular cross sections in accordance with ISO 6892:1998 using a 50 mm gauge length. 6.7.2.4 Minimum shell thickness 6.7.2.4.1 The minimum shell thickness shall be the greater thickness based on: (a) The minimum thickness determined in accordance with the requirements of 6.7.2.4.2 to 6.7.2.4.10; (b) The minimum thickness determined in accordance with the recognized pressure vessel code including the requirements in 6.7.2.3; and (c) The minimum thickness specified in the applicable portable tank instruction indicated in Column (10) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.2.6 or by a portable tank special provision indicated in Column (11) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.3. 6.7.2.4.2 The cylindrical portions, ends (heads) and manhole covers of shells not more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 5 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used. Shells more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 6 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used, except that for powdered or granular solid substances of packing group II or III the minimum thickness requirement may be reduced to not less than 5 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 441 - 6.7.2.4.3 When additional protection against shell damage is provided, portable tanks with test pressures less than 2.65 bar may have the minimum shell thickness reduced, in proportion to the protection provided, as approved by the competent authority. However, shells not more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 3 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used. Shells more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 4 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used. 6.7.2.4.4 The cylindrical portions, ends (heads) and manhole covers of all shells shall be not less than 3 mm thick regardless of the material of construction. 6.7.2.4.5 The additional protection referred to in 6.7.2.4.3 may be provided by overall external structural protection, such as suitable "sandwich" construction with the outer sheathing (jacket) secured to the shell, double wall construction or by enclosing the shell in a complete framework with longitudinal and transverse structural members. 6.7.2.4.6 The equivalent thickness of a metal other than the thickness prescribed for the reference steel in 6.7.2.4.2 shall be determined using the following formula: o A Rm 21.4e e × = where: e1 = required equivalent thickness (in mm) of the metal to be used; e0 = minimum thickness (in mm) of the reference steel specified in the applicable portable tank instruction indicated in Column (10) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.2.6 or by a portable tank special provision indicated in Column (11) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.3; Rm1 = guaranteed minimum tensile strength (in N/mm2) of the metal to be used (see 6.7.2.3.3); A1 = guaranteed minimum elongation at fracture (in %) of the metal to be used according to national or international standards. 6.7.2.4.7 When in the applicable portable tank instruction in 4.2.5.2.6, a minimum thickness of 8 mm or 10 mm is specified, it shall be noted that these thicknesses are based on the properties of the reference steel and a shell diameter of 1.80 m. When a metal other than mild steel (see 6.7.2.1) is used or the shell has a diameter of more than 1.80 m, the thickness shall be determined using the following formula: o A Rm 8,1 d 21.4e e × = where: e1 = required equivalent thickness (in mm) of the metal to be used; e0 = minimum thickness (in mm) of the reference steel specified in the applicable portable tank instruction indicated in Column (10) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.2.6 or by a portable tank special provision indicated in Column (11) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.3; d1 = diameter of the shell (in m), but not less than 1.80 m; Rm1 = guaranteed minimum tensile strength (in N/mm2) of the metal to be used (see 6.7.2.3.3); A1 = guaranteed minimum elongation at fracture (in %) of the metal to be used according to national or international standards. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 442 - 6.7.2.4.8 In no case shall the wall thickness be less than that prescribed in 6.7.2.4.2, 6.7.2.4.3 and 6.7.2.4.4. All parts of the shell shall have a minimum thickness as determined by 6.7.2.4.2 to 6.7.2.4.4. This thickness shall be exclusive of any corrosion allowance. 6.7.2.4.9 When mild steel is used (see 6.7.2.1), calculation using the formula in 6.7.2.4.6 is not required. 6.7.2.4.10 There shall be no sudden change of plate thickness at the attachment of the ends (heads) to the cylindrical portion of the shell. 6.7.2.5 Service equipment 6.7.2.5.1 Service equipment shall be so arranged as to be protected against the risk of being wrenched off or damaged during handling and carriage. When the connection between the frame and the shell allows relative movement between the sub-assemblies, the equipment shall be so fastened as to permit such movement without risk of damage to working parts. The external discharge fittings (pipe sockets, shut-off devices), the internal stop-valve and its seating shall be protected against the danger of being wrenched off by external forces (for example using shear sections). The filling and discharge devices (including flanges or threaded plugs) and any protective caps shall be capable of being secured against unintended opening. 6.7.2.5.2 All openings in the shell, intended for filling or discharging the portable tank shall be fitted with a manually operated stop-valve located as close to the shell as reasonably practicable. Other openings, except for openings leading to venting or pressure-relief devices, shall be equipped with either a stop-valve or another suitable means of closure located as close to the shell as reasonably practicable. 6.7.2.5.3 All portable tanks shall be fitted with a manhole or other inspection openings of a suitable size to allow for internal inspection and adequate access for maintenance and repair of the interior. Compartmented portable tanks shall have a manhole or other inspection openings for each compartment. 6.7.2.5.4 As far as reasonably practicable, external fittings shall be grouped together. For insulated portable tanks, top fittings shall be surrounded by a spill collection reservoir with suitable drains. 6.7.2.5.5 Each connection to a portable tank shall be clearly marked to indicate its function. 6.7.2.5.6 Each stop-valve or other means of closure shall be designed and constructed to a rated pressure not less than the MAWP of the shell taking into account the temperatures expected during carriage. All stop-valves with screwed spindles shall close by a clockwise motion of the handwheel. For other stop-valves the position (open and closed) and direction of closure shall be clearly indicated. All stop-valves shall be designed to prevent unintentional opening. 6.7.2.5.7 No moving parts, such as covers, components of closures, etc., shall be made of unprotected corrodible steel when they are liable to come into frictional or percussive contact with aluminium portable tanks intended for the carriage of substances meeting the flash-point criteria of Class 3 including elevated temperature substances carried at or above their flashpoint. 6.7.2.5.8 Piping shall be designed, constructed and installed so as to avoid the risk of damage due to thermal expansion and contraction, mechanical shock and vibration. All piping shall be of a suitable metallic material. Welded pipe joints shall be used wherever possible. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 443 - 6.7.2.5.9 Joints in copper tubing shall be brazed or have an equally strong metal union. The melting point of brazing materials shall be no lower than 525 °C. The joints shall not decrease the strength of the tubing as may happen when cutting threads. 6.7.2.5.10 The burst pressure of all piping and pipe fittings shall be not less than the highest of four times the MAWP of the shell or four times the pressure to which it may be subjected in service by the action of a pump or other device (except pressure-relief devices). 6.7.2.5.11 Ductile metals shall be used in the construction of valves and accessories. 6.7.2.6 Bottom openings 6.7.2.6.1 Certain substances shall not be carried in portable tanks with bottom openings. When the applicable portable tank instruction identified in Column (10) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.2.6 indicates that bottom openings are prohibited there shall be no openings below the liquid level of the shell when it is filled to its maximum permissible filling limit. When an existing opening is closed it shall be accomplished by internally and externally welding one plate to the shell. 6.7.2.6.2 Bottom discharge outlets for portable tanks carrying certain solid, crystallizable or highly viscous substances shall be equipped with not less than two serially fitted and mutually independent shut-off devices. The design of the equipment shall be to the satisfaction of the competent authority or its authorized body and shall include: (a) An external stop-valve, fitted as close to the shell as reasonably practicable, and so designed as to prevent any unintended opening through impact or other inadvertent act; and (b) A liquid tight closure at the end of the discharge pipe, which may be a bolted blank flange or a screw cap. 6.7.2.6.3 Every bottom discharge outlet, except as provided in 6.7.2.6.2, shall be equipped with three serially fitted and mutually independent shut-off devices. The design of the equipment shall be to the satisfaction of the competent authority or its authorized body and include: (a) A self-closing internal stop-valve, that is a stop-valve within the shell or within a welded flange or its companion flange, such that: (i) The control devices for the operation of the valve are designed so as to prevent any unintended opening through impact or other inadvertent act; (ii) The valve may be operable from above or below; (iii) If possible, the setting of the valve (open or closed) shall be capable of being verified from the ground; (iv) Except for portable tanks having a capacity of not more than 1 000 litres, it shall be possible to close the valve from an accessible position of the portable tank that is remote from the valve itself; and (v) The valve shall continue to be effective in the event of damage to the external device for controlling the operation of the valve; (b) An external stop-valve fitted as close to the shell as reasonably practicable; and (c) A liquid tight closure at the end of the discharge pipe, which may be a bolted blank flange or a screw cap. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 444 - 6.7.2.6.4 For a lined shell, the internal stop-valve required by 6.7.2.6.3 (a) may be replaced by an additional external stop-valve. The manufacturer shall satisfy the requirements of the competent authority or its authorized body. 6.7.2.7 Safety-relief devices 6.7.2.7.1 All portable tanks shall be fitted with at least one pressure-relief device. All relief devices shall be designed, constructed and marked to the satisfaction of the competent authority or its authorized body. 6.7.2.8 Pressure-relief devices 6.7.2.8.1 Every portable tank with a capacity not less than 1 900 litres and every independent compartment of a portable tank with a similar capacity, shall be provided with one or more pressure-relief devices of the spring-loaded type and may in addition have a frangible disc or fusible element in parallel with the spring-loaded devices except when prohibited by reference to 6.7.2.8.3 in the applicable portable tank instruction in 4.2.5.2.6. The pressure-relief devices shall have sufficient capacity to prevent rupture of the shell due to over pressurization or vacuum resulting from filling, discharging, or from heating of the contents. 6.7.2.8.2 Pressure-relief devices shall be designed to prevent the entry of foreign matter, the leakage of liquid and the development of any dangerous excess pressure. 6.7.2.8.3 When required for certain substances by the applicable portable tank instruction indicated in Column (10) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 and described in 4.2.5.2.6, portable tanks shall have a pressure-relief device approved by the competent authority. Unless a portable tank in dedicated service is fitted with an approved relief device constructed of materials compatible with the substance carried, the relief device shall comprise a frangible disc preceding a spring-loaded pressure-relief device. When a frangible disc is inserted in series with the required pressure-relief device, the space between the frangible disc and the pressure-relief device shall be provided with a pressure gauge or suitable tell-tale indicator for the detection of disc rupture, pinholing, or leakage which could cause a malfunction of the pressure-relief system. The frangible disc shall rupture at a nominal pressure 10% above the start to discharge pressure of the relief device. 6.7.2.8.4 Every portable tank with a capacity less than 1 900 litres shall be fitted with a pressure-relief device which may be a frangible disc when this disc complies with the requirements of 6.7.2.11.1. When no spring-loaded pressure-relief device is used, the frangible disc shall be set to rupture at a nominal pressure equal to the test pressure. In addition, fusible elements conforming to 6.7.2.10.1 may also be used. 6.7.2.8.5 When the shell is fitted for pressure discharge, the inlet line shall be provided with a suitable pressure-relief device set to operate at a pressure not higher than the MAWP of the shell, and a stop-valve shall be fitted as close to the shell as reasonably practicable. 6.7.2.9 Setting of pressure-relief devices 6.7.2.9.1 It shall be noted that the pressure-relief devices shall operate only in conditions of excessive rise in temperature, since the shell shall not be subject to undue fluctuations of pressure during normal conditions of carriage (see 6.7.2.12.2). 6.7.2.9.2 The required pressure-relief device shall be set to start-to-discharge at a nominal pressure of five-sixths of the test pressure for shells having a test pressure of not more than 4.5 bar and 110% of two-thirds of the test pressure for shells having a test pressure of more than 4.5 bar. After discharge the device shall close at a pressure not more than 10% below the pressure at Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 445 - which the discharge starts. The device shall remain closed at all lower pressures. This requirement does not prevent the use of vacuum-relief or combination pressure-relief and vacuum-relief devices. 6.7.2.10 Fusible elements 6.7.2.10.1 Fusible elements shall operate at a temperature between 100 °C and 149 °C on condition that the pressure in the shell at the fusing temperature will be not more than the test pressure. They shall be placed at the top of the shell with their inlets in the vapour space and when used for transport safety purposes, they shall not be shielded from external heat. Fusible elements shall not be used on portable tanks with a test pressure which exceeds 2.65 bar unless specified by special provision TP36 in Column (11) of Table A of Chapter 3.2. Fusible elements used on portable tanks intended for the carriage of elevated temperature substances shall be designed to operate at a temperature higher than the maximum temperature that will be experienced during carriage and shall be to the satisfaction of the competent authority or its authorized body. 6.7.2.11 Frangible discs 6.7.2.11.1 Except as specified in 6.7.2.8.3, frangible discs shall be set to rupture at a nominal pressure equal to the test pressure throughout the design temperature range. Particular attention shall be given to the requirements of 6.7.2.5.1 and 6.7.2.8.3 if frangible discs are used. 6.7.2.11.2 Frangible discs shall be appropriate for the vacuum pressures which may be produced in the portable tank. 6.7.2.12 Capacity of pressure-relief devices 6.7.2.12.1 The spring-loaded pressure-relief device required by 6.7.2.8.1 shall have a minimum cross sectional flow area equivalent to an orifice of 31.75 mm diameter. Vacuum-relief devices, when used, shall have a cross sectional flow area not less than 284 mm2. 6.7.2.12.2 The combined delivery capacity of the pressure relief system (taking into account the reduction of the flow when the portable tank is fitted with frangible-discs preceding springloaded pressure-relief devices or when the spring-loaded pressure-relief devices are provided with a device to prevent the passage of the flame), in condition of complete fire engulfment of the portable tank shall be sufficient to limit the pressure in the shell to 20% above the start-to-discharge pressure of the pressure limiting device. Emergency pressure-relief devices may be used to achieve the full relief capacity prescribed. These devices may be fusible, spring loaded or frangible disc components, or a combination of spring-loaded and frangible disc devices. The total required capacity of the relief devices may be determined using the formula in 6.7.2.12.2.1 or the table in 6.7.2.12.2.3. 6.7.2.12.2.1 To determine the total required capacity of the relief devices, which shall be regarded as being the sum of the individual capacities of all the contributing devices, the following formula shall be used: M ZT LC FA 12.4 Q 0.82 = Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 446 - where: Q = minimum required rate of discharge in cubic metres of air per second (m3/s) at standard conditions: 1 bar and 0 °C (273 K); F = is a coefficient with the following value: for uninsulated shells: F = 1; for insulated shells: F = U(649 - t)/13.6 but in no case is less than 0.25 where: U = thermal conductance of the insulation, in kW.m-2. K-1, at 38 °C; t = actual temperature of the substance during filling (in °C); when this temperature is unknown, let t = 15 °C; The value of F given above for insulated shells may be taken provided that the insulation is in accordance with 6.7.2.12.2.4; A = total external surface area of shell in m2; Z = the gas compressibility factor in the accumulating condition (when this factor is unknown, let Z =1.0); T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (°C + 273) above the pressure-relief devices in the accumulating condition; L = the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid, in kJ/kg, in the accumulating condition; M = molecular mass of the discharged gas; C = a constant which is derived from one of the following formulae as a function of the ratio k of specific heats: v p c c k = where: cp is the specific heat at constant pressure; and cv is the specific heat at constant volume. When k>1: k k k k C − + ¸ ¹ · ¨ © § + = When k = 1 or k is unknown: .0 e C = = where e is the mathematical constant 2.7183 C may also be taken from the following table: Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 447 - k C k C k C 1.00 0.607 1.26 0.660 1.52 0.704 1.02 0.611 1.28 0.664 1.54 0.707 1.04 0.615 1.30 0.667 1.56 0.710 1.06 0.620 1.32 0.671 1.58 0.713 1.08 0.624 1.34 0.674 1.60 0.716 1.10 0.628 1.36 0.678 1.62 0.719 1.12 0.633 1.38 0.681 1.64 0.722 1.14 0.637 1.40 0.685 1.66 0.725 1.16 0.641 1.42 0.688 1.68 0.728 1.18 0.645 1.44 0.691 1.70 0.731 1.20 0.649 1.46 0.695 2.00 0.770 1.22 0.652 1.48 0.698 2.20 0.793 1.24 0.656 1.50 0.701 6.7.2.12.2.2 As an alternative to the formula above, shells designed for the carriage of liquids may have their relief devices sized in accordance with the table in 6.7.2.12.2.3. This table assumes an insulation value of F = 1 and shall be adjusted accordingly when the shell is insulated. Other values used in determining this table are: M = 86.7 T = 394 K L = 334.94 kJ/kg C = 0.607 Z = 6.7.2.12.2.3 Minimum required rate of discharge, Q, in cubic metres per air per second at 1 bar and 0 °C (273 K) A Exposed area (square metres) Q (cubic metres of air per second) A Exposed area (square metres) Q (cubic metres of air per second) 0.230 37.5 2.539 0.320 2.677 0.405 42.5 2.814 0.487 2.949 0.565 47.5 3.082 0.641 3.215 0.715 52.5 3.346 0.788 3.476 0.859 57.5 3.605 0.998 3.733 1.132 62.5 3.860 1.263 3.987 1.391 67.5 4.112 1.517 4.236 22.5 1.670 4.483 1.821 4.726 27.5 1.969 4.967 2.115 5.206 32.5 2.258 5.442 2.400 5.676 Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 448 - 6.7.2.12.2.4 Insulation systems, used for the purpose of reducing venting capacity, shall be approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. In all cases, insulation systems approved for this purpose shall: (a) Remain effective at all temperatures up to 649 °C; and (b) Be jacketed with a material having a melting point of 700 °C or greater. 6.7.2.13 Marking of pressure-relief devices 6.7.2.13.1 Every pressure-relief device shall be clearly and permanently marked with the following particulars: (a) The pressure (in bar or kPa) or temperature (in °C) at which it is set to discharge; (b) The allowable tolerance at the discharge pressure for spring-loaded devices; (c) The reference temperature corresponding to the rated pressure for frangible discs; (d) The allowable temperature tolerance for fusible elements; and (e) The rated flow capacity of the spring-loaded pressure relief devices, frangible discs or fusible elements in standard cubic metres of air per second (m3/s); When practicable, the following information shall also be shown: (f) The manufacturer’s name and relevant catalogue number of the device. 6.7.2.13.2 The rated flow capacity marked on the spring-loaded pressure-relief devices shall be determined according to ISO 4126-1:1991. 6.7.2.14 Connections to pressure-relief devices 6.7.2.14.1 Connections to pressure-relief devices shall be of sufficient size to enable the required discharge to pass unrestricted to the safety device. No stop-valve shall be installed between the shell and the pressure-relief devices except where duplicate devices are provided for maintenance or other reasons and the stop-valves serving the devices actually in use are locked open or the stop-valves are interlocked so that at least one of the duplicate devices is always in use. There shall be no obstruction in an opening leading to a vent or pressure-relief device which might restrict or cut-off the flow from the shell to that device. Vents or pipes from the pressure-relief device outlets, when used, shall deliver the relieved vapour or liquid to the atmosphere in conditions of minimum back-pressure on the relieving devices. 6.7.2.15 Siting of pressure-relief devices 6.7.2.15.1 Each pressure-relief device inlet shall be situated on top of the shell in a position as near the longitudinal and transverse centre of the shell as reasonably practicable. All pressure-relief device inlets shall under maximum filling conditions be situated in the vapour space of the shell and the devices shall be so arranged as to ensure the escaping vapour is discharged unrestrictedly. For flammable substances, the escaping vapour shall be directed away from the shell in such a manner that it cannot impinge upon the shell. Protective devices which deflect the flow of vapour are permissible provided the required relief-device capacity is not reduced. 6.7.2.15.2 Arrangements shall be made to prevent access to the pressure-relief devices by unauthorized persons and to protect the devices from damage caused by the portable tank overturning. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 449 - 6.7.2.16 Gauging devices 6.7.2.16.1 Glass level-gauges and gauges made of other fragile material, which are in direct communication with the contents of the tank shall not be used. 6.7.2.17 Portable tank supports, frameworks, lifting and tie-down attachments 6.7.2.17.1 Portable tanks shall be designed and constructed with a support structure to provide a secure base during carriage. The forces specified in 6.7.2.2.12 and the safety factor specified in 6.7.2.2.13 shall be considered in this aspect of the design. Skids, frameworks, cradles or other similar structures are acceptable. 6.7.2.17.2 The combined stresses caused by portable tank mountings (e.g. cradles, framework, etc.) and portable tank lifting and tie-down attachments shall not cause excessive stress in any portion of the shell. Permanent lifting and tie-down attachments shall be fitted to all portable tanks. Preferably they shall be fitted to the portable tank supports but may be secured to reinforcing plates located on the shell at the points of support. 6.7.2.17.3 In the design of supports and frameworks the effects of environmental corrosion shall be taken into account. 6.7.2.17.4 Forklift pockets shall be capable of being closed off. The means of closing forklift pockets shall be a permanent part of the framework or permanently attached to the framework. Single compartment portable tanks with a length less than 3.65 m need not have closed off forklift pockets provided that: (a) The shell including all the fittings are well protected from being hit by the forklift blades; and (b) The distance between the centres of the forklift pockets is at least half of the maximum length of the portable tank. 6.7.2.17.5 When portable tanks are not protected during carriage, according to 4.2.1.2, the shells and service equipment shall be protected against damage to the shell and service equipment resulting from lateral or longitudinal impact or overturning. External fittings shall be protected so as to preclude the release of the shell contents upon impact or overturning of the portable tank on its fittings. Examples of protection include: (a) Protection against lateral impact which may consist of longitudinal bars protecting the shell on both sides at the level of the median line; (b) Protection of the portable tank against overturning which may consist of reinforcement rings or bars fixed across the frame; (c) Protection against rear impact which may consist of a bumper or frame; (d) Protection of the shell against damage from impact or overturning by use of an ISO frame in accordance with ISO 1496-3:1995. 6.7.2.18 Design approval 6.7.2.18.1 The competent authority or its authorized body shall issue a design approval certificate for any new design of a portable tank. This certificate shall attest that a portable tank has been surveyed by that authority, is suitable for its intended purpose and meets the requirements of this Chapter and where appropriate, the provisions for substances provided in Chapter 4.2 and in Table A of Chapter 3.2. When a series of portable tanks are manufactured without Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 450 - change in the design, the certificate shall be valid for the entire series. The certificate shall refer to the prototype test report, the substances or group of substances allowed to be carried, the materials of construction of the shell and lining (when applicable) and an approval number. The approval number shall consist of the distinguishing sign or mark of the State in whose territory the approval was granted, i.e. the distinguishing sign for use in international traffic as prescribed by the Convention on Road Traffic, Vienna 1968, and a registration number. Any alternative arrangements according to 6.7.1.2 shall be indicated on the certificate. A design approval may serve for the approval of smaller portable tanks made of materials of the same kind and thickness, by the same fabrication techniques and with identical supports, equivalent closures and other appurtenances. 6.7.2.18.2 The prototype test report for the design approval shall include at least the following: (a) The results of the applicable framework test specified in ISO 1496-3:1995; (b) The results of the initial inspection and test according to 6.7.2.19.3; and (c) The results of the impact test in 6.7.2.19.1, when applicable. 6.7.2.19 Inspection and testing 6.7.2.19.1 Portable tanks meeting the definition of container in the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972, as amended, shall not be used unless they are successfully qualified by subjecting a representative prototype of each design to the Dynamic, Longitudinal Impact Test prescribed in the Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part IV, Section 41. 6.7.2.19.2 The shell and items of equipment of each portable tank shall be inspected and tested before being put into service for the first time (initial inspection and test) and thereafter at not more than five-year intervals (5 year periodic inspection and test) with an intermediate periodic inspection and test (2.5 year periodic inspection and test) midway between the 5 year periodic inspections and tests. The 2.5 year inspection and test may be performed within 3 months of the specified date. An exceptional inspection and test shall be performed regardless of the date of the last periodic inspection and test when necessary according to 6.7.2.19.7. 6.7.2.19.3 The initial inspection and test of a portable tank shall include a check of the design characteristics, an internal and external examination of the portable tank and its fittings with due regard to the substances to be carried, and a pressure test. Before the portable tank is placed into service, a leakproofness test and a check of the satisfactory operation of all service equipment shall also be performed. When the shell and its fittings have been pressure-tested separately, they shall be subjected together after assembly to a leakproofness test. 6.7.2.19.4 The 5-year periodic inspection and test shall include an internal and external examination and, as a general rule, a hydraulic pressure test. Sheathing, thermal insulation and the like shall be removed only to the extent required for reliable appraisal of the condition of the portable tank. When the shell and equipment have been pressure-tested separately, they shall be subjected together after assembly to a leakproofness test. 6.7.2.19.5 The intermediate 2.5 year periodic inspection and test shall at least include an internal and external examination of the portable tank and its fittings with due regard to the substances intended to be carried, a leakproofness test and a check of the satisfactory operation of all service equipment. Sheathing, thermal insulation and the like shall be removed only to the extent required for reliable appraisal of the condition of the portable tank. For portable tanks intended for the carriage of a single substance, the 2.5 year internal examination may be waived or substituted by other test methods or inspection procedures specified by the competent authority or its authorized body. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 451 - 6.7.2.19.6 A portable tank may not be filled and offered for carriage after the date of expiry of the last 5 year or 2.5 year periodic inspection and test as required by 6.7.2.19.2. However, a portable tank filled prior to the date of expiry of the last periodic inspection and test may be carried for a period not to exceed three months beyond the date of expiry of the last periodic test or inspection. In addition, a portable tank may be carried after the date of expiry of the last periodic test and inspection: (a) After emptying but before cleaning, for purposes of performing the next required test or inspection prior to refilling; and (b) Unless otherwise approved by the competent authority, for a period not to exceed six months beyond the date of expiry of the last periodic test or inspection, in order to allow the return of dangerous goods for proper disposal or recycling. Reference to this exemption shall be mentioned in the transport document. 6.7.2.19.7 The exceptional inspection and test is necessary when the portable tank shows evidence of damaged or corroded areas, or leakage, or other conditions that indicate a deficiency that could affect the integrity of the portable tank. The extent of the exceptional inspection and test shall depend on the amount of damage or deterioration of the portable tank. It shall include at least the 2.5 year inspection and test according to 6.7.2.19.5. 6.7.2.19.8 The internal and external examinations shall ensure that: (a) The shell is inspected for pitting, corrosion, or abrasions, dents, distortions, defects in welds or any other conditions, including leakage, that might render the portable tank unsafe for carriage; (b) The piping, valves, heating/cooling system, and gaskets are inspected for corroded areas, defects, or any other conditions, including leakage, that might render the portable tank unsafe for filling, discharge or carriage; (c) Devices for tightening manhole covers are operative and there is no leakage at manhole covers or gaskets; (d) Missing or loose bolts or nuts on any flanged connection or blank flange are replaced or tightened; (e) All emergency devices and valves are free from corrosion, distortion and any damage or defect that could prevent their normal operation. Remote closure devices and selfclosing stop-valves shall be operated to demonstrate proper operation; (f) Linings, if any, are inspected in accordance with criteria outlined by the lining manufacturer; (g) Required markings on the portable tank are legible and in accordance with the applicable requirements; and (h) The framework, supports and arrangements for lifting the portable tank are in a satisfactory condition. 6.7.2.19.9 The inspections and tests in 6.7.2.19.1, 6.7.2.19.3, 6.7.2.19.4, 6.7.2.19.5 and 6.7.2.19.7 shall be performed or witnessed by an expert approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. When the pressure test is a part of the inspection and test, the test pressure shall be the one indicated on the data plate of the portable tank. While under pressure, the portable tank shall be inspected for any leaks in the shell, piping or equipment. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 452 - 6.7.2.19.10 In all cases when cutting, burning or welding operations on the shell have been effected, that work shall be to the approval of the competent authority or its authorized body taking into account the pressure vessel code used for the construction of the shell. A pressure test to the original test pressure shall be performed after the work is completed. 6.7.2.19.11 When evidence of any unsafe condition is discovered, the portable tank shall not be returned to service until it has been corrected and the test is repeated and passed. 6.7.2.20 Marking 6.7.2.20.1 Every portable tank shall be fitted with a corrosion resistant metal plate permanently attached to the portable tank in a conspicuous place readily accessible for inspection. When for reasons of portable tank arrangements the plate cannot be permanently attached to the shell, the shell shall be marked with at least the information required by the pressure vessel code. As a minimum, at least the following information shall be marked on the plate by stamping or by any other similar method: (a) Owner information (i) Owner’s registration number; (b) Manufacturing information (i) Country of manufacture; (ii) Year of manufacture; (iii) Manufacturer’s name or mark; (iv) Manufacturer’s serial number; (c) Approval information (i) The United Nations packaging symbol ; This symbol shall not be used for any purpose other than certifying that a packaging, a portable tank or a MEGC complies with the relevant requirements in Chapter 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 or 6.7; (ii) Approval country; (iii) Authorized body for the design approval; (iv) Design approval number; (v) Letters ‘AA’, if the design was approved under alternative arrangements (see 6.7.1.2); (vi) Pressure vessel code to which the shell is designed; (d) Pressures (i) MAWP (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; (ii) Test pressure (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; (iii) Initial pressure test date (month and year); (iv) Identification mark of the initial pressure test witness; (v) External design pressure3 (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; The unit used shall be indicated. See 6.7.2.2.10. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 453 - (vi) MAWP for heating/cooling system (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2 (when applicable); (e) Temperatures (i) Design temperature range (in °C)2; (f) Materials (i) Shell material(s) and material standard reference(s); (ii) Equivalent thickness in reference steel (in mm)2; (iii) Lining material (when applicable); (g) Capacity (i) Tank water capacity at 20 °C (in litres)2; This indication is to be followed by the symbol "S" when the shell is divided by surge plates into sections of not more than 7 500 litres capacity; (ii) Water capacity of each compartment at 20 °C (in litres)2 (when applicable, for multi-compartment tanks). This indication is to be followed by the symbol "S" when the compartment is divided by surge plates into sections of not more than 7 500 litres capacity; (h) Periodic inspections and tests (i) Type of the most recent periodic test (2.5-year, 5-year or exceptional); (ii) Date of the most recent periodic test (month and year); (iii) Test pressure (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2 of the most recent periodic test (if applicable); (iv) Identification mark of the authorized body who performed or witnessed the most recent test. The unit used shall be indicated. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 454 - Figure 6.7.2.20.1: Example of identification plate marking Owner’s registration number MANUFACTURING INFORMATION Country of manufacture Year of manufacture Manufacturer Manufacturer’s serial number APPROVAL INFORMATION Approval country Authorized body for design approval Design approval number ‘AA’ (if applicable) Shell design code (pressure vessel code) PRESSURES MAWP bar or kPa Test pressure bar or kPa Initial pressure test date: (mm/yyyy) Witness stamp: External design pressure bar or kPa MAWP for heating/cooling system (when applicable) bar or kPa TEMPERATURES Design temperature range °C to °C MATERIALS Shell material(s) and material standard reference(s) Equivalent thickness in reference steel mm Lining material (when applicable) CAPACITY Tank water capacity at 20 °C litres ‘S’ (if applicable) Water capacity of compartment at 20 °C (when applicable, for multi-compartment tanks) litres ‘S’ (if applicable) PERIODIC INSPECTIONS / TESTS Test type Test date Witness stamp and test pressurea Test type Test date Witness stamp and test pressurea (mm/yyyy) bar or kPa (mm/yyyy) bar or kPa a Test pressure if applicable. 6.7.2.20.2 The following particulars shall be marked either on the portable tank itself or on a metal plate firmly secured to the portable tank: Name of the operator Maximum permissible gross mass (MPGM) ___________ kg Unladen (tare) mass ___________ kg Portable tank instruction in accordance with 4.2.5.2.6 NOTE: For the identification of the substances being carried, see also Part 5. 6.7.2.20.3 If a portable tank is designed and approved for handling in open seas, the words "OFFSHORE PORTABLE TANK" shall be marked on the identification plate. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 455 - 6.7.3 Requirements for the design, construction, inspection and testing of portable tanks intended for the carriage of non-refrigerated liquefied gases 6.7.3.1 Definitions For the purposes of this section: Alternative arrangement means an approval granted by the competent authority for a portable tank or MEGC that has been designed, constructed or tested to technical requirements or testing methods other than those specified in this Chapter; Portable tank means a multimodal tank having a capacity of more than 450 litres used for the carriage of non-refrigerated liquefied gases of Class 2. The portable tank includes a shell fitted with service equipment and structural equipment necessary for the carriage of gases. The portable tank shall be capable of being filled and discharged without the removal of its structural equipment. It shall possess stabilizing members external to the shell, and shall be capable of being lifted when full. It shall be designed primarily to be loaded onto a vehicle, wagon or sea-going or inland navigation vessel and shall be equipped with skids, mountings or accessories to facilitate mechanical handling. Tank-vehicles, tank-wagons, non-metallic tanks, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), gas cylinders and large receptacles are not considered to fall within the definition for portable tanks; Shell means the part of the portable tank which retains the non-refrigerated liquefied gas intended for carriage (tank proper), including openings and their closures, but does not include service equipment or external structural equipment; Service equipment means measuring instruments and filling, discharge, venting, safety and insulating devices; Structural equipment means the reinforcing, fastening, protective and stabilizing members external to the shell; Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) means a pressure that shall be not less than the highest of the following pressures measured at the top of the shell while in operating position, but in no case less than 7 bar: (a) The maximum effective gauge pressure allowed in the shell during filling or discharge; or (b) The maximum effective gauge pressure to which the shell is designed, which shall be: (i) for a non-refrigerated liquefied gas listed in the portable tank instruction T50 in 4.2.5.2.6, the MAWP (in bar) given in T50 portable tank instruction for that gas; (ii) for other non-refrigerated liquefied gases, not less than the sum of: - the absolute vapour pressure (in bar) of the non-refrigerated liquefied gas at the design reference temperature minus 1 bar; and - the partial pressure (in bar) of air or other gases in the ullage space being determined by the design reference temperature and the liquid phase expansion due to an increase of the mean bulk temperature of tr -tf (tf = filling temperature, usually 15 °C, tr = maximum mean bulk temperature, 50 °C); Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 456 - Design pressure means the pressure to be used in calculations required by a recognized pressure vessel code. The design pressure shall be not less than the highest of the following pressures: (a) The maximum effective gauge pressure allowed in the shell during filling or discharge; or (b) The sum of: (i) the maximum effective gauge pressure to which the shell is designed as defined in (b) of the MAWP definition (see above); and (ii) a head pressure determined on the basis of the static forces specified in 6.7.3.2.9, but not less than 0.35 bar; Test pressure means the maximum gauge pressure at the top of the shell during the pressure test; Leakproofness test means a test using gas subjecting the shell and its service equipment to an effective internal pressure of not less than 25% of the MAWP; Maximum permissible gross mass (MPGM) means the sum of the tare mass of the portable tank and the heaviest load authorized for carriage; Reference steel means a steel with a tensile strength of 370 N/mm2 and an elongation at fracture of 27%; Mild steel means a steel with a guaranteed minimum tensile strength of 360 N/mm2 to 440 N/mm2 and a guaranteed minimum elongation at fracture conforming to 6.7.3.3.3.3; Design temperature range for the shell shall be -40 °C to 50 °C for non-refrigerated liquefied gases carried under ambient conditions. More severe design temperatures shall be considered for portable tanks subjected to severe climatic conditions; Design reference temperature means the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the contents is determined for the purpose of calculating the MAWP. The design reference temperature shall be less than the critical temperature of the non-refrigerated liquefied gas intended to be carried to ensure that the gas at all times is liquefied. This value for each portable tank type is as follows: (a) Shell with a diameter of 1.5 metres or less: 65 °C; (b) Shell with a diameter of more than 1.5 metres: (i) without insulation or sun shield: 60 °C; (ii) with sun shield (see 6.7.3.2.12): 55 °C; and (iii) with insulation (see 6.7.3.2.12) : 50 °C; Filling density means the average mass of non-refrigerated liquefied gas per litre of shell capacity (kg/l). The filling density is given in portable tank instruction T50 in 4.2.5.2.6. 6.7.3.2 General design and construction requirements 6.7.3.2.1 Shells shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of a pressure vessel code recognized by the competent authority. Shells shall be made of steel suitable for forming. The materials shall in principle conform to national or international material standards. For welded shells, only a material whose weldability has been fully demonstrated Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 457 - shall be used. Welds shall be skilfully made and afford complete safety. When the manufacturing process or the materials make it necessary, the shells shall be suitability heat-treated to guarantee adequate toughness in the weld and in the heat affected zones. In choosing the material the design temperature range shall be taken into account with respect to risk of brittle fracture, to stress corrosion cracking and to resistance to impact. When fine grain steel is used, the guaranteed value of the yield strength shall be not more than 460 N/mm2 and the guaranteed value of the upper limit of the tensile strength shall be not more than 725 N/mm2 according to the material specification. Portable tank materials shall be suitable for the external environment in which they may be carried. 6.7.3.2.2 Portable tank shells, fittings and pipework shall be constructed of materials which are: (a) Substantially immune to attack by the non-refrigerated liquefied gas(es) intended to be carried; or (b) Properly passivated or neutralized by chemical reaction. 6.7.3.2.3 Gaskets shall be made of materials compatible with the non-refrigerated liquefied gas(es) intended to be carried. 6.7.3.2.4 Contact between dissimilar metals which could result in damage by galvanic action shall be avoided. 6.7.3.2.5 The materials of the portable tank, including any devices, gaskets, and accessories, shall not adversely affect the non-refrigerated liquefied gas(es) intended for carriage in the portable tank. 6.7.3.2.6 Portable tanks shall be designed and constructed with supports to provide a secure base during carriage and with suitable lifting and tie-down attachments. 6.7.3.2.7 Portable tanks shall be designed to withstand, without loss of contents, at least the internal pressure due to the contents, and the static, dynamic and thermal loads during normal conditions of handling and carriage. The design shall demonstrate that the effects of fatigue, caused by repeated application of these loads through the expected life of the portable tank, have been taken into account. 6.7.3.2.8 Shells shall be designed to withstand an external pressure of at least 0.4 bar (gauge pressure) above the internal pressure without permanent deformation. When the shell is to be subjected to a significant vacuum before filling or during discharge it shall be designed to withstand an external pressure of at least 0.9 bar (gauge pressure) above the internal pressure and shall be proven at that pressure. 6.7.3.2.9 Portable tanks and their fastenings shall, under the maximum permissible load, be capable of absorbing the following separately applied static forces: (a) In the direction of travel: twice the MPGM multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; (b) Horizontally at right angles to the direction of travel: the MPGM (when the direction of travel is not clearly determined, the forces shall be equal to twice the MPGM) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; (c) Vertically upwards: the MPGM multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; and (d) Vertically downwards: twice the MPGM (total loading including the effect of gravity) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1. For calculation purposes g = 9.81 m/s2. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 458 - 6.7.3.2.10 Under each of the forces in 6.7.3.2.9, the safety factor to be observed shall be as follows: (a) For steels having a clearly defined yield point, a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed yield strength; or (b) For steels with no clearly defined yield point, a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed 0.2% proof strength and, for austenitic steels, the 1% proof strength. 6.7.3.2.11 The values of yield strength or proof strength shall be the values according to national or international material standards. When austenitic steels are used, the specified minimum values of yield strength and proof strength according to the material standards may be increased by up to 15% when these greater values are attested in the material inspection certificate. When no material standard exists for the steel in question, the value of yield strength or proof strength used shall be approved by the competent authority. 6.7.3.2.12 When the shells intended for the carriage of non-refrigerated liquefied gases are equipped with thermal insulation, the thermal insulation systems shall satisfy the following requirements: (a) It shall consist of a shield covering not less than the upper third but not more than the upper half of the surface of the shell and separated from the shell by an air space about 40 mm across; (b) It shall consist of a complete cladding of adequate thickness of insulating materials protected so as to prevent the ingress of moisture and damage under normal conditions of carriage and so as to provide a thermal conductance of not more than 0.67 (W.m-2.K-1); (c) When the protective covering is so closed as to be gas-tight, a device shall be provided to prevent any dangerous pressure from developing in the insulating layer in the event of inadequate gas tightness of the shell or of its items of equipment; and (d) The thermal insulation shall not inhibit access to the fittings and discharge devices. 6.7.3.2.13 Portable tanks intended for the carriage of flammable non-refrigerated liquefied gases shall be capable of being electrically earthed. 6.7.3.3 Design criteria 6.7.3.3.1 Shells shall be of a circular cross-section. 6.7.3.3.2 Shells shall be designed and constructed to withstand a test pressure not less than 1.3 times the design pressure. The shell design shall take into account the minimum MAWP values provided in portable tank instruction T50 in 4.2.5.2.6 for each non-refrigerated liquefied gas intended for carriage. Attention is drawn to the minimum shell thickness requirements for these shells specified in 6.7.3.4. 6.7.3.3.3 For steels exhibiting a clearly defined yield point or characterized by a guaranteed proof strength (0.2% proof strength, generally, or 1% proof strength for austenitic steels) the primary membrane stress σ (sigma) in the shell shall not exceed 0.75 Re or 0.50 Rm, whichever is lower, at the test pressure, where: Re = yield strength in N/mm2, or 0.2% proof strength or, for austenitic steels, 1% proof stress; Rm = minimum tensile strength in N/mm2. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 459 - 6.7.3.3.3.1 The values of Re and Rm to be used shall be the specified minimum values according to national or international material standards. When austenitic steels are used, the specified minimum values for Re and Rm according to the material standards may be increased by up to 15% when these greater values are attested in the material inspection certificate. When no material standard exists for the steel in question, the values of Re and Rm used shall be approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. 6.7.3.3.3.2 Steels which have a Re/Rm ratio of more than 0.85 are not allowed for the construction of welded shells. The values of Re and Rm to be used in determining this ratio shall be the values specified in the material inspection certificate. 6.7.3.3.3.3 Steels used in the construction of shells shall have an elongation at fracture, in %, of not less than 10 000/Rm with an absolute minimum of 16% for fine grain steels and 20% for other steels. 6.7.3.3.3.4 For the purpose of determining actual values for materials, it shall be noted that for sheet metal, the axis of the tensile test specimen shall be at right angles (transversely) to the direction of rolling. The permanent elongation at fracture shall be measured on test specimens of rectangular cross sections in accordance with ISO 6892:1998 using a 50 mm gauge length. 6.7.3.4 Minimum shell thickness 6.7.3.4.1 The minimum shell thickness shall be the greater thickness based on: (a) The minimum thickness determined in accordance with the requirements in 6.7.3.4; and (b) The minimum thickness determined in accordance with the recognized pressure vessel code including the requirements in 6.7.3.3. 6.7.3.4.2 The cylindrical portions, ends (heads) and manhole covers of shells of not more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 5 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the steel to be used. Shells of more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 6 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the steel to be used. 6.7.3.4.3 The cylindrical portions, ends (heads) and manhole covers of all shells shall be not less than 4 mm thick regardless of the material of construction. 6.7.3.4.4 The equivalent thickness of a steel other than the thickness prescribed for the reference steel in 6.7.3.4.2 shall be determined using the following formula: o A Rm e 4, e × = where: e1 = required equivalent thickness (in mm) of the steel to be used; e0 = minimum thickness (in mm) for the reference steel specified in 6.7.3.4.2; Rm1 = guaranteed minimum tensile strength (in N/mm2) of the steel to be used (see 6.7.3.3.3); A1 = guaranteed minimum elongation at fracture (in %) of the steel to be used according to national or international standards. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 460 - 6.7.3.4.5 In no case shall the wall thickness be less than that prescribed in 6.7.3.4.1 to 6.7.3.4.3. All parts of the shell shall have a minimum thickness as determined by 6.7.3.4.1 to 6.7.3.4.3. This thickness shall be exclusive of any corrosion allowance. 6.7.3.4.6 When mild steel is used (see 6.7.3.1), calculation using the formula in 6.7.3.4.4 is not required. 6.7.3.4.7 There shall be no sudden change of plate thickness at the attachment of the ends (heads) to the cylindrical portion of the shell. 6.7.3.5 Service equipment 6.7.3.5.1 Service equipment shall be so arranged as to be protected against the risk of being wrenched off or damaged during handling and carriage. When the connection between the frame and the shell allows relative movement between the sub-assemblies, the equipment shall be so fastened as to permit such movement without risk of damage to working parts. The external discharge fittings (pipe sockets, shut-off devices), the internal stop-valve and its seating shall be protected against the danger of being wrenched off by external forces (for example using shear sections). The filling and discharge devices (including flanges or threaded plugs) and any protective caps shall be capable of being secured against unintended opening. 6.7.3.5.2 All openings with a diameter of more than 1.5 mm in shells of portable tanks, except openings for pressure-relief devices, inspection openings and closed bleed holes, shall be fitted with at least three mutually independent shut-off devices in series, the first being an internal stop-valve, excess flow valve or equivalent device, the second being an external stop-valve and the third being a blank flange or equivalent device. 6.7.3.5.2.1 When a portable tank is fitted with an excess flow valve, the excess flow valve shall be so fitted that its seating is inside the shell or inside a welded flange or, when fitted externally, its mountings shall be designed so that in the event of impact its effectiveness shall be maintained. The excess flow valves shall be selected and fitted so as to close automatically when the rated flow specified by the manufacturer is reached. Connections and accessories leading to or from such a valve shall have a capacity for a flow more than the rated flow of the excess flow valve. 6.7.3.5.3 For filling and discharge openings, the first shut-off device shall be an internal stop-valve and the second shall be a stop-valve placed in an accessible position on each discharge and filling pipe. 6.7.3.5.4 For filling and discharge bottom openings of portable tanks intended for the carriage of flammable and/or toxic non-refrigerated liquefied gases the internal stop-valve shall be a quick closing safety device which closes automatically in the event of unintended movement of the portable tank during filling or discharge or fire engulfment. Except for portable tanks having a capacity of not more than 1 000 litres, it shall be possible to operate this device by remote control. 6.7.3.5.5 In addition to filling, discharge and gas pressure equalizing orifices, shells may have openings in which gauges, thermometers and manometers can be fitted. Connections for such instruments shall be made by suitable welded nozzles or pockets and not be screwed connections through the shell. 6.7.3.5.6 All portable tanks shall be fitted with manholes or other inspection openings of suitable size to allow for internal inspection and adequate access for maintenance and repair of the interior. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 461 - 6.7.3.5.7 External fittings shall be grouped together so far as reasonably practicable. 6.7.3.5.8 Each connection on a portable tank shall be clearly marked to indicate its function. 6.7.3.5.9 Each stop-valve or other means of closure shall be designed and constructed to a rated pressure not less than the MAWP of the shell taking into account the temperatures expected during carriage. All stop-valves with a screwed spindle shall close by a clockwise motion of the handwheel. For other stop-valves the position (open and closed) and direction of closure shall be clearly indicated. All stop-valves shall be designed to prevent unintentional opening. 6.7.3.5.10 Piping shall be designed, constructed and installed so as to avoid the risk of damage due to thermal expansion and contraction, mechanical shock and vibration. All piping shall be of suitable metallic material. Welded pipe joints shall be used wherever possible. 6.7.3.5.11 Joints in copper tubing shall be brazed or have an equally strong metal union. The melting point of brazing materials shall be no lower than 525 °C. The joints shall not decrease the strength of tubing as may happen when cutting threads. 6.7.3.5.12 The burst pressure of all piping and pipe fittings shall be not less than the highest of four times the MAWP of the shell or four times the pressure to which it may be subjected in service by the action of a pump or other device (except pressure-relief devices). 6.7.3.5.13 Ductile metals shall be used in the construction of valves and accessories. 6.7.3.6 Bottom openings 6.7.3.6.1 Certain non-refrigerated liquefied gases shall not be carried in portable tanks with bottom openings when portable tank instruction T50 in 4.2.5.2.6 indicates that bottom openings are not allowed. There shall be no openings below the liquid level of the shell when it is filled to its maximum permissible filling limit. 6.7.3.7 Pressure-relief devices 6.7.3.7.1 Portable tanks shall be provided with one or more spring-loaded pressure-relief devices. The pressure-relief devices shall open automatically at a pressure not less than the MAWP and be fully open at a pressure equal to 110% of the MAWP. These devices shall, after discharge, close at a pressure not lower than 10% below the pressure at which discharge starts and shall remain closed at all lower pressures. The pressure-relief devices shall be of a type that will resist dynamic forces including liquid surge. Frangible discs not in series with a springloaded pressure-relief device are not permitted. 6.7.3.7.2 Pressure-relief devices shall be designed to prevent the entry of foreign matter, the leakage of gas and the development of any dangerous excess pressure. 6.7.3.7.3 Portable tanks intended for the carriage of certain non-refrigerated liquefied gases identified in portable tank instruction T50 in 4.2.5.2.6 shall have a pressure-relief device approved by the competent authority. Unless a portable tank in dedicated service is fitted with an approved relief device constructed of materials compatible with the load, such device shall comprise a frangible disc preceding a spring-loaded device. The space between the frangible disc and the device shall be provided with a pressure gauge or a suitable tell-tale indicator. This arrangement permits the detection of disc rupture, pinholing or leakage which could cause a malfunction of the pressure-relief device. The frangible discs shall rupture at a nominal pressure 10% above the start-to-discharge pressure of the relief device. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 462 - 6.7.3.7.4 In the case of multi-purpose portable tanks, the pressure-relief devices shall open at a pressure indicated in 6.7.3.7.1 for the gas having the highest maximum allowable pressure of the gases allowed to be carried in the portable tank. 6.7.3.8 Capacity of relief devices 6.7.3.8.1 The combined delivery capacity of the relief devices shall be sufficient that, in the event of total fire engulfment, the pressure (including accumulation) inside the shell does not exceed 120% of the MAWP. Spring-loaded relief devices shall be used to achieve the full relief capacity prescribed. In the case of multi-purpose tanks, the combined delivery capacity of the pressure-relief devices shall be taken for the gas which requires the highest delivery capacity of the gases allowed to be carried in portable tanks. 6.7.3.8.1.1 To determine the total required capacity of the relief devices, which shall be regarded as being the sum of the individual capacities of the several devices, the following formulae 4 shall be used: M ZT LC FA 12.4 Q 0.82 = where: Q = minimum required rate of discharge in cubic metres of air per second (m3/s) at standard conditions: 1 bar and 0 °C (273 K); F = is a coefficient with the following value: for uninsulated shells: F = 1; for insulated shells: F = U(649-t)/13.6 but in no case is less than 0.25 where: U = thermal conductance of the insulation, in Kw.m-2.K-1, at 38 °C; t = actual temperature of the non-refrigerated liquefied gas during filling (°C); when this temperature is unknown, let t=15 °C; The value of F given above for insulated shells may be taken provided that the insulation is in accordance with 6.7.3.8.1.2; where: A = total external surface area of shell in square metres; Z = the gas compressibility factor in the accumulating condition (when this factor is unknown, let Z =1.0); T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (°C + 273) above the pressure relief devices in the accumulating condition; This formula applies only to non-refrigerated liquefied gases which have critical temperatures well above the temperature at the accumulating condition. For gases which have critical temperatures near or below the temperature at the accumulating condition, the calculation of the pressure-relief device delivery capacity shall consider further thermodynamic properties of the gas (see for example CGA S-1.2-2003 "Pressure Relief Device Standards - Part 2 - Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases"). Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 463 - L = the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid, in kJ/kg, in the accumulating condition; M = molecular mass of the discharged gas; C = a constant which is derived from one of the following formulae as a function of the ratio k of specific heats v p c c k = where cp is the specific heat at constant pressure; and cv is the specific heat at constant volume. when k>1: k k k k C − + ¸ ¹ · ¨ © § + = when k = 1 or k is unknown: .0 e C = = where e is the mathematical constant 2.7183 C may also be taken from the following table: k C k C k C 1.00 0.607 1.26 0.660 1.52 0.704 1.02 0.611 1.28 0.664 1.54 0.707 1.04 0.615 1.30 0.667 1.56 0.710 1.06 0.620 1.32 0.671 1.58 0.713 1.08 0.624 1.34 0.674 1.60 0.716 1.10 0.628 1.36 0.678 1.62 0.719 1.12 0.633 1.38 0.681 1.64 0.722 1.14 0.637 1.40 0.685 1.66 0.725 1.16 0.641 1.42 0.688 1.68 0.728 1.18 0.645 1.44 0.691 1.70 0.731 1.20 0.649 1.46 0.695 2.00 0.770 1.22 0.652 1.48 0.698 2.20 0.793 1.24 0.656 1.50 0.701 6.7.3.8.1.2 Insulation systems, used for the purpose of reducing the venting capacity, shall be approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. In all cases, insulation systems approved for this purpose shall: (a) Remain effective at all temperatures up to 649 °C; and (b) Be jacketed with a material having a melting point of 700 °C or greater. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 464 - 6.7.3.9 Marking of pressure-relief devices 6.7.3.9.1 Every pressure-relief device shall be plainly and permanently marked with the following particulars: (a) The pressure (in bar or kPa) at which it is set to discharge; (b) The allowable tolerance at the discharge pressure for spring-loaded devices; (c) The reference temperature corresponding to the rated pressure for frangible discs; and (d) The rated flow capacity of the device in standard cubic metres of air per second (m3/s). When practicable, the following information shall also be shown: (e) The manufacturer's name and relevant catalogue number of the device. 6.7.3.9.2 The rated flow capacity marked on the pressure-relief devices shall be determined according to ISO 4126-1:1991. 6.7.3.10 Connections to pressure-relief devices 6.7.3.10.1 Connections to pressure-relief devices shall be of sufficient size to enable the required discharge to pass unrestricted to the safety device. No stop-valve shall be installed between the shell and the pressure-relief devices except when duplicate devices are provided for maintenance or other reasons and the stop-valves serving the devices actually in use are locked open or the stop-valves are interlocked so that at least one of the duplicate devices is always operable and capable of meeting the requirements of 6.7.3.8. There shall be no obstruction in an opening leading to a vent or pressure-relief device which might restrict or cut-off the flow from the shell to that device. Vents from the pressure-relief devices, when used, shall deliver the relieved vapour or liquid to the atmosphere in conditions of minimum back-pressure on the relieving device. 6.7.3.11 Siting of pressure-relief devices 6.7.3.11.1 Each pressure-relief device inlet shall be situated on top of the shell in a position as near the longitudinal and transverse centre of the shell as reasonably practicable. All pressure relief device inlets shall under maximum filling conditions be situated in the vapour space of the shell and the devices shall be so arranged as to ensure that the escaping vapour is discharged unrestrictedly. For flammable non-refrigerated liquefied gases, the escaping vapour shall be directed away from the shell in such a manner that it cannot impinge upon the shell. Protective devices which deflect the flow of vapour are permissible provided the required relief-device capacity is not reduced. 6.7.3.11.2 Arrangements shall be made to prevent access to the pressure-relief devices by unauthorized persons and to protect the devices from damage caused by the portable tank overturning. 6.7.3.12 Gauging devices 6.7.3.12.1 Unless a portable tank is intended to be filled by weight it shall be equipped with one or more gauging devices. Glass level-gauges and gauges made of other fragile material, which are in direct communication with the contents of the shell shall not be used. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 465 - 6.7.3.13 Portable tank supports, frameworks, lifting and tie-down attachments 6.7.3.13.1 Portable tanks shall be designed and constructed with a support structure to provide a secure base during carriage. The forces specified in 6.7.3.2.9 and the safety factor specified in 6.7.3.2.10 shall be considered in this aspect of the design. Skids, frameworks, cradles or other similar structures are acceptable. 6.7.3.13.2 The combined stresses caused by portable tank mountings (e.g. cradles, frameworks, etc.) and portable tank lifting and tie-down attachments shall not cause excessive stress in any portion of the shell. Permanent lifting and tie-down attachments shall be fitted to all portable tanks. Preferably they shall be fitted to the portable tank supports but may be secured to reinforcing plates located on the shell at the points of support. 6.7.3.13.3 In the design of supports and frameworks the effects of environmental corrosion shall be taken into account. 6.7.3.13.4 Forklift pockets shall be capable of being closed off. The means of closing forklift pockets shall be a permanent part of the framework or permanently attached to the framework. Single compartment portable tanks with a length less than 3.65 m need not have closed off forklift pockets provided that: (a) The shell and all the fittings are well protected from being hit by the forklift blades; and (b) The distance between the centres of the forklift pockets is at least half of the maximum length of the portable tank. 6.7.3.13.5 When portable tanks are not protected during carriage, according to 4.2.2.3, the shells and service equipment shall be protected against damage to the shell and service equipment resulting from lateral or longitudinal impact or overturning. External fittings shall be protected so as to preclude the release of the shell contents upon impact or overturning of the portable tank on its fittings. Examples of protection include: (a) Protection against lateral impact which may consist of longitudinal bars protecting the shell on both sides at the level of the median line; (b) Protection of the portable tank against overturning which may consist of reinforcement rings or bars fixed across the frame; (c) Protection against rear impact which may consist of a bumper or frame; (d) Protection of the shell against damage from impact or overturning by use of an ISO frame in accordance with ISO 1496-3:1995. 6.7.3.14 Design approval 6.7.3.14.1 The competent authority or its authorized body shall issue a design approval certificate for any new design of a portable tank. This certificate shall attest that a portable tank has been surveyed by that authority, is suitable for its intended purpose and meets the requirements of this Chapter and where appropriate the provisions for gases provided in portable tank instruction T50 in 4.2.5.2.6. When a series of portable tanks are manufactured without change in the design, the certificate shall be valid for the entire series. The certificate shall refer to the prototype test report, the gases allowed to be carried, the materials of construction of the shell and an approval number. The approval number shall consist of the distinguishing sign or mark of the State in whose territory the approval was granted, i.e. the distinguishing sign for use in international traffic, as prescribed by the Convention on Road Traffic, Vienna 1968, and a registration number. Any alternative arrangements according Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 466 - to 6.7.1.2 shall be indicated on the certificate. A design approval may serve for the approval of smaller portable tanks made of materials of the same kind and thickness, by the same fabrication techniques and with identical supports, equivalent closures and other appurtenances. 6.7.3.14.2 The prototype test report for the design approval shall include at least the following: (a) The results of the applicable framework test specified in ISO 1496-3:1995; (b) The results of the initial inspection and test in 6.7.3.15.3; and (c) The results of the impact test in 6.7.3.15.1, when applicable. 6.7.3.15 Inspection and testing 6.7.3.15.1 Portable tanks meeting the definition of container in the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972, as amended, shall not be used unless they are successfully qualified by subjecting a representative prototype of each design to the Dynamic, Longitudinal Impact Test prescribed in the Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part IV, Section 41. 6.7.3.15.2 The shell and items of equipment of each portable tank shall be inspected and tested before being put into service for the first time (initial inspection and test) and thereafter at not more than five-year intervals (5 year periodic inspection and test) with an intermediate periodic inspection and test (2.5 year periodic inspection and test) midway between the 5 year periodic inspections and tests. The 2.5 year inspection and test may be performed within 3 months of the specified date. An exceptional inspection and test shall be performed regardless of the last periodic inspection and test when necessary according to 6.7.3.15.7. 6.7.3.15.3 The initial inspection and test of a portable tank shall include a check of the design characteristics, an internal and external examination of the portable tank and its fittings with due regard to the non-refrigerated liquefied gases to be carried, and a pressure test referring to the test pressures according to 6.7.3.3.2. The pressure test may be performed as a hydraulic test or by using another liquid or gas with the agreement of the competent authority or its authorized body. Before the portable tank is placed into service, a leakproofness test and a test of the satisfactory operation of all service equipment shall also be performed. When the shell and its fittings have been pressure-tested separately, they shall be subjected together after assembly to a leakproofness test. All welds subject to full stress level in the shell shall be inspected during the initial test by radiographic, ultrasonic, or another suitable non-destructive test method. This does not apply to the jacket. 6.7.3.15.4 The 5 year periodic inspection and test shall include an internal and external examination and, as a general rule, a hydraulic pressure test. Sheathing, thermal insulation and the like shall be removed only to the extent required for reliable appraisal of the condition of the portable tank. When the shell and equipment have been pressure-tested separately, they shall be subjected together after assembly to a leakproofness test. 6.7.3.15.5 The intermediate 2.5 year periodic inspection and test shall at least include an internal and external examination of the portable tank and its fittings with due regard to the nonrefrigerated liquefied gases intended to be carried, a leakproofness test and a check of the satisfactory operation of all service equipment. Sheathing thermal insulation and the like shall be removed only to the extent required for reliable appraisal of the condition of the portable tank. For portable tanks intended for the carriage of a single non-refrigerated liquefied gas, the 2.5 year internal examination may be waived or substituted by other test methods or inspection procedures specified by the competent authority or its authorized body. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 467 - 6.7.3.15.6 A portable tank may not be filled and offered for carriage after the date of expiry of the last 5 year or 2.5 year periodic inspection and test as required by 6.7.3.15.2. However a portable tank filled prior to the date of expiry of the last periodic inspection and test may be carried for a period not to exceed three months beyond the date of expiry of the last periodic test or inspection. In addition, a portable tank may be carried after the date of expiry of the last periodic test and inspection: (a) After emptying but before cleaning, for purposes of performing the next required test or inspection prior to refilling; and (b) Unless otherwise approved by the competent authority, for a period not to exceed six months beyond the date of expiry of the last periodic test or inspection, in order to allow the return of dangerous goods for proper disposal or recycling. Reference to this exemption shall be mentioned in the transport document. 6.7.3.15.7 The exceptional inspection and test is necessary when the portable tank shows evidence of damaged or corroded areas, or leakage, or other conditions that indicate a deficiency that could affect the integrity of the portable tank. The extent of the exceptional inspection and test shall depend on the amount of damage or deterioration of the portable tank. It shall include at least the 2.5 year inspection and test according to 6.7.3.15.5. 6.7.3.15.8 The internal and external examinations shall ensure that: (a) The shell is inspected for pitting, corrosion, or abrasions, dents, distortions, defects in welds or any other conditions, including leakage, that might render the portable tank unsafe for carriage; (b) The piping, valves, and gaskets are inspected for corroded areas, defects, or any other conditions, including leakage, that might render the portable tank unsafe for filling, discharge or carriage; (c) Devices for tightening manhole covers are operative and there is no leakage at manhole covers or gaskets; (d) Missing or loose bolts or nuts on any flanged connection or blank flange are replaced or tightened; (e) All emergency devices and valves are free from corrosion, distortion and any damage or defect that could prevent their normal operation. Remote closure devices and selfclosing stop-valves shall be operated to demonstrate proper operation; (f) Required markings on the portable tank are legible and in accordance with the applicable requirements; and (g) The framework, the supports and the arrangements for lifting the portable tank are in satisfactory condition. 6.7.3.15.9 The inspections and tests in 6.7.3.15.1, 6.7.3.15.3, 6.7.3.15.4, 6.7.3.15.5 and 6.7.3.15.7 shall be performed or witnessed by an expert approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. When the pressure test is a part of the inspection and test, the test pressure shall be the one indicated on the data plate of the portable tank. While under pressure, the portable tank shall be inspected for any leaks in the shell, piping or equipment. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 468 - 6.7.3.15.10 In all cases when cutting, burning or welding operations on the shell have been effected, that work shall be to the approval of the competent authority or its authorized body taking into account the pressure vessel code used for the construction of the shell. A pressure test to the original test pressure shall be performed after the work is completed. 6.7.3.15.11 When evidence of any unsafe condition is discovered, the portable tank shall not be returned to service until it has been corrected and the pressure test is repeated and passed. 6.7.3.16 Marking 6.7.3.16.1 Every portable tank shall be fitted with a corrosion resistant metal plate permanently attached to the portable tank in a conspicuous place readily accessible for inspection. When for reasons of portable tank arrangements the plate cannot be permanently attached to the shell, the shell shall be marked with at least the information required by the pressure vessel code. As a minimum, at least the following information shall be marked on the plate by stamping or by any other similar method: (a) Owner information (i) Owner’s registration number; (b) Manufacturing information (i) Country of manufacture; (ii) Year of manufacture; (iii) Manufacturer’s name or mark; (iv) Manufacturer’s serial number; (c) Approval information (i) The United Nations packaging symbol ; This symbol shall not be used for any purpose other than certifying that a packaging, a portable tank or a MEGC complies with the relevant requirements in Chapter 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 or 6.7; (ii) Approval country; (iii) Authorized body for the design approval; (iv) Design approval number; (v) Letters ‘AA’, if the design was approved under alternative arrangements (see 6.7.1.2); (vi) Pressure vessel code to which the shell is designed; (d) Pressures (i) MAWP (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; (ii) Test pressure (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; (iii) Initial pressure test date (month and year); (iv) Identification mark of the initial pressure test witness; (v) External design pressure5 (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; The unit used shall be indicated. See 6.7.3.2.8. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 469 - (e) Temperatures (i) Design temperature range (in °C)2; (ii) Design reference temperature (in °C)2; (f) Materials (i) Shell material(s) and material standard reference(s); (ii) Equivalent thickness in reference steel (in mm)2; (g) Capacity (i) Tank water capacity at 20 °C (in litres)2; (h) Periodic inspections and tests (i) Type of the most recent periodic test (2.5-year, 5-year or exceptional); (ii) Date of the most recent periodic test (month and year); (iii) Test pressure (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2 of the most recent periodic test (if applicable); (iv) Identification mark of the authorized body who performed or witnessed the most recent test. Figure 6.7.3.16.1: Example of identification plate marking Owner’s registration number MANUFACTURING INFORMATION Country of manufacture Year of manufacture Manufacturer Manufacturer’s serial number APPROVAL INFORMATION Approval country Authorized body for design approval Design approval number ‘AA’ (if applicable) Shell design code (pressure vessel code) PRESSURES MAWP bar or kPa Test pressure bar or kPa Initial pressure test date: (mm/yyyy) Witness stamp: External design pressure bar or kPa TEMPERATURES Design temperature range °C to °C Design reference temperature °C MATERIALS Shell material(s) and material standard reference(s) Equivalent thickness in reference steel mm CAPACITY Tank water capacity at 20 °C litres PERIODIC INSPECTIONS / TESTS Test type Test date Witness stamp and test pressurea Test type Test date Witness stamp and test pressurea (mm/yyyy) bar or kPa (mm/yyyy) bar or kPa a Test pressure if applicable. The unit used shall be indicated. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 470 - 6.7.3.16.2 The following information shall be marked either on the portable tank itself or on a metal plate firmly secured to the portable tank: Name of the operator Name of non-refrigerated liquefied gas(es) permitted for carriage Maximum permissible load mass for each non-refrigerated liquefied gas permitted ________kg Maximum permissible gross mass (MPGM)__________kg Unladen (tare) mass_________kg Portable tank instruction in accordance with 4.2.5.2.6 NOTE: For the identification of the non-refrigerated liquefied gases being carried, see also Part 5. 6.7.3.16.3 If a portable tank is designed and approved for handling in open seas, the words "OFFSHORE PORTABLE TANK" shall be marked on the identification plate. 6.7.4 Requirements for the design, construction, inspection and testing of portable tanks intended for the carriage of refrigerated liquefied gases 6.7.4.1 Definitions For the purposes of this section: Alternative arrangement means an approval granted by the competent authority for a portable tank or MEGC that has been designed, constructed or tested to technical requirements or testing methods other than those specified in this Chapter; Portable tank means a thermally insulated multimodal tank having a capacity of more than 450 litres fitted with service equipment and structural equipment necessary for the carriage of refrigerated liquefied gases. The portable tank shall be capable of being filled and discharged without the removal of its structural equipment. It shall possess stabilizing members external to the tank, and shall be capable of being lifted when full. It shall be designed primarily to be loaded onto a vehicle, wagon or sea-going or inland navigation vessel and shall be equipped with skids, mountings or accessories to facilitate mechanical handling. Tank-vehicles, tank-wagons, non-metallic tanks, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), gas cylinders and large receptacles are not considered to fall within the definition for portable tanks; Tank means a construction which normally consists of either : (a) A jacket and one or more inner shells where the space between the shell(s) and the jacket is exhausted of air (vacuum insulation) and may incorporate a thermal insulation system; or (b) A jacket and an inner shell with an intermediate layer of solid thermally insulating material (e.g. solid foam); Shell means the part of the portable tank which retains the refrigerated liquefied gas intended for carriage, including openings and their closures, but does not include service equipment or external structural equipment; Jacket means the outer insulation cover or cladding which may be part of the insulation system; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 471 - Service equipment means measuring instruments and filling, discharge, venting, safety, pressurizing, cooling and thermal insulation devices; Structural equipment means the reinforcing, fastening, protective and stabilizing members external to the shell; Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) means the maximum effective gauge pressure permissible at the top of the shell of a loaded portable tank in its operating position including the highest effective pressure during filling and discharge; Test pressure means the maximum gauge pressure at the top of the shell during the pressure test; Leakproofness test means a test using gas subjecting the shell and its service equipment, to an effective internal pressure not less than 90% of the MAWP; Maximum permissible gross mass (MPGM) means the sum of the tare mass of the portable tank and the heaviest load authorized for carriage; Holding time means the time that will elapse from the establishment of the initial filling condition until the pressure has risen due to heat influx to the lowest set pressure of the pressure limiting device(s); Reference steel means a steel with a tensile strength of 370 N/mm2 and an elongation at fracture of 27%; Minimum design temperature means the temperature which is used for the design and construction of the shell not higher than the lowest (coldest) temperature (service temperature) of the contents during normal conditions of filling, discharge and carriage. 6.7.4.2 General design and construction requirements 6.7.4.2.1 Shells shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of a pressure vessel code recognized by the competent authority. Shells and jackets shall be made of metallic materials suitable for forming. Jackets shall be made of steel. Non-metallic materials may be used for the attachments and supports between the shell and jacket, provided their material properties at the minimum design temperature are proven to be sufficient. The materials shall in principle conform to national or international material standards. For welded shells and jackets only materials whose weldability has been fully demonstrated shall be used. Welds shall be skilfully made and afford complete safety. When the manufacturing process or the materials make it necessary, the shell shall be suitably heat treated to guarantee adequate toughness in the weld and in the heat affected zones. In choosing the material, the minimum design temperature shall be taken into account with respect to risk of brittle fracture, to hydrogen embrittlement, to stress corrosion cracking and to resistance to impact. When fine grain steel is used, the guaranteed value of the yield strength shall be not more than 460 N/mm2 and the guaranteed value of the upper limit of the tensile strength shall be not more than 725 N/mm2 in accordance with the material specifications. Portable tank materials shall be suitable for the external environment in which they may be carried. 6.7.4.2.2 Any part of a portable tank, including fittings, gaskets and pipe-work, which can be expected normally to come into contact with the refrigerated liquefied gas carried shall be compatible with that refrigerated liquefied gas. 6.7.4.2.3 Contact between dissimilar metals which could result in damage by galvanic action shall be avoided. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 472 - 6.7.4.2.4 The thermal insulation system shall include a complete covering of the shell(s) with effective insulating materials. External insulation shall be protected by a jacket so as to prevent the ingress of moisture and other damage under normal carriage conditions. 6.7.4.2.5 When a jacket is so closed as to be gas-tight, a device shall be provided to prevent any dangerous pressure from developing in the insulation space. 6.7.4.2.6 Portable tanks intended for the carriage of refrigerated liquefied gases having a boiling point below minus (-) 182 °C at atmospheric pressure shall not include materials which may react with oxygen or oxygen enriched atmospheres in a dangerous manner, when located in parts of the thermal insulation when there is a risk of contact with oxygen or with oxygen enriched fluid. 6.7.4.2.7 Insulating materials shall not deteriorate unduly in service. 6.7.4.2.8 A reference holding time shall be determined for each refrigerated liquefied gas intended for carriage in a portable tank. 6.7.4.2.8.1 The reference holding time shall be determined by a method recognized by the competent authority on the basis of the following: (a) The effectiveness of the insulation system, determined in accordance with 6.7.4.2.8.2; (b) The lowest set pressure of the pressure limiting device(s); (c) The initial filling conditions; (d) An assumed ambient temperature of 30 °C; (e) The physical properties of the individual refrigerated liquefied gas intended to be carried. 6.7.4.2.8.2 The effectiveness of the insulation system (heat influx in watts) shall be determined by type testing the portable tank in accordance with a procedure recognized by the competent authority. This test shall consist of either: (a) A constant pressure test (for example at atmospheric pressure) when the loss of refrigerated liquefied gas is measured over a period of time; or (b) A closed system test when the rise in pressure in the shell is measured over a period of time. When performing the constant pressure test, variations in atmospheric pressure shall be taken into account. When performing either tests corrections shall be made for any variation of the ambient temperature from the assumed ambient temperature reference value of 30 °C. NOTE: For the determination of the actual holding time before each journey, refer to 4.2.3.7. 6.7.4.2.9 The jacket of a vacuum-insulated double-wall tank shall have either an external design pressure not less than 100 kPa (1 bar) (gauge pressure) calculated in accordance with a recognized technical code or a calculated critical collapsing pressure of not less than 200 kPa (2 bar) (gauge pressure). Internal and external reinforcements may be included in calculating the ability of the jacket to resist the external pressure. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 473 - 6.7.4.2.10 Portable tanks shall be designed and constructed with supports to provide a secure base during carriage and with suitable lifting and tie-down attachments. 6.7.4.2.11 Portable tanks shall be designed to withstand, without loss of contents, at least the internal pressure due to the contents, and the static, dynamic and thermal loads during normal conditions of handling and carriage. The design shall demonstrate that the effects of fatigue, caused by repeated application of these loads through the expected life of the portable tank, have been taken into account. 6.7.4.2.12 Portable tanks and their fastenings under the maximum permissible load shall be capable of absorbing the following separately applied static forces: (a) In the direction of travel: twice the MPGM multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; (b) Horizontally at right angles to the direction of travel: the MPGM (when the direction of travel is not clearly determined, the forces shall be equal to twice the MPGM) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; (c) Vertically upwards: the MPGM multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; and (d) Vertically downwards: twice the MPGM (total loading including the effect of gravity) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1. 6.7.4.2.13 Under each of the forces in 6.7.4.2.12, the safety factor to be observed shall be as follows: (a) For materials having a clearly defined yield point, a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed yield strength; and (b) For materials with no clearly defined yield point, a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed 0.2% proof strength or, in case of austenitic steels, the 1% proof strength. 6.7.4.2.14 The values of yield strength or proof strength shall be the values according to national or international material standards. When austenitic steels are used, the specified minimum values according to the material standards may be increased by up to 15% when greater values are attested in the material inspection certificate. When no material standard exists for the metal in question, or when non-metallic materials are used the values of yield strength or proof strength shall be approved by the competent authority. 6.7.4.2.15 Portable tanks intended for the carriage of flammable refrigerated liquefied gases shall be capable of being electrically earthed. 6.7.4.3 Design criteria 6.7.4.3.1 Shells shall be of a circular cross section. 6.7.4.3.2 Shells shall be designed and constructed to withstand a test pressure not less than 1.3 times the MAWP. For shells with vacuum insulation the test pressure shall not be less than 1.3 times the sum of the MAWP and 100 kPa (1 bar). In no case shall the test pressure be less than 300 kPa (3 bar) (gauge pressure). Attention is drawn to the minimum shell thickness requirements, specified in 6.7.4.4.2 to 6.7.4.4.7. For calculation purposes g = 9.81 m/s2. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 474 - 6.7.4.3.3 For metals exhibiting a clearly defined yield point or characterized by a guaranteed proof strength (0.2% proof strength, generally, or 1% proof strength for austenitic steels) the primary membrane stress σ (sigma) in the shell shall not exceed 0.75 Re or 0.50 Rm, whichever is lower, at the test pressure, where: Re = yield strength in N/mm2, or 0.2% proof strength or, for austenitic steels, 1% proof strength; Rm = minimum tensile strength in N/mm2. 6.7.4.3.3.1 The values of Re and Rm to be used shall be the specified minimum values according to national or international material standards. When austenitic steels are used, the specified minimum values for Re and Rm according to the material standards may be increased by up to 15% when greater values are attested in the material inspection certificate. When no material standard exists for the metal in question, the values of Re and Rm used shall be approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. 6.7.4.3.3.2 Steels which have a Re/Rm ratio of more than 0.85 are not allowed for the construction of welded shells. The values of Re and Rm to be used in determining this ratio shall be the values specified in the material inspection certificate. 6.7.4.3.3.3 Steels used in the construction of shells shall have an elongation at fracture, in %, of not less than 10 000/Rm with an absolute minimum of 16% for fine grain steels and 20% for other steels. Aluminium and aluminium alloys used in the construction of shells shall have an elongation at fracture, in %, of not less than 10 000/6Rm with an absolute minimum of 12%. 6.7.4.3.3.4 For the purpose of determining actual values for materials, it shall be noted that for sheet metal, the axis of the tensile test specimen shall be at right angles (transversely) to the direction of rolling. The permanent elongation at fracture shall be measured on test specimens of rectangular cross sections in accordance with ISO 6892:1988 using a 50 mm gauge length. 6.7.4.4 Minimum shell thickness 6.7.4.4.1 The minimum shell thickness shall be the greater thickness based on: (a) The minimum thickness determined in accordance with the requirements in 6.7.4.4.2 to 6.7.4.4.7; or (b) The minimum thickness determined in accordance with the recognized pressure vessel code including the requirements in 6.7.4.3. 6.7.4.4.2 Shells of not more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 5 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used. Shells of more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 6 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used. 6.7.4.4.3 Shells of vacuum-insulated tanks of not more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 3 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used. Such shells of more than 1.80 m in diameter shall be not less than 4 mm thick in the reference steel or of equivalent thickness in the metal to be used. 6.7.4.4.4 For vacuum-insulated tanks, the aggregate thickness of the jacket and the shell shall correspond to the minimum thickness prescribed in 6.7.4.4.2, the thickness of the shell itself being not less than the minimum thickness prescribed in 6.7.4.4.3. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 475 - 6.7.4.4.5 Shells shall be not less than 3 mm thick regardless of the material of construction. 6.7.4.4.6 The equivalent thickness of a metal other than the thickness prescribed for the reference steel in 6.7.4.4.2 and 6.7.4.4.3 shall be determined using the following formula: o A Rm e 4. e × = where: e1 = required equivalent thickness (in mm) of the metal to be used; e0 = minimum thickness (in mm) of the reference steel specified in 6.7.4.4.2 and 6.7.4.4.3; Rm1 = guaranteed minimum tensile strength (in N/mm2) of the metal to be used (see 6.7.4.3.3); A1 = guaranteed minimum elongation at fracture (in %) of the metal to be used according to national or international standards. 6.7.4.4.7 In no case shall the wall thickness be less than that prescribed in 6.7.4.4.1 to 6.7.4.4.5. All parts of the shell shall have a minimum thickness as determined by 6.7.4.4.1 to 6.7.4.4.6. This thickness shall be exclusive of any corrosion allowance. 6.7.4.4.8 There shall be no sudden change of plate thickness at the attachment of the ends (heads) to the cylindrical portion of the shell. 6.7.4.5 Service equipment 6.7.4.5.1 Service equipment shall be so arranged as to be protected against the risk of being wrenched off or damaged during handling and carriage. When the connection between the frame and the tank or the jacket and the shell allows relative movement, the equipment shall be so fastened as to permit such movement without risk of damage to working parts. The external discharge fittings (pipe sockets, shut-off devices), the stop-valve and its seating shall be protected against the danger of being wrenched off by external forces (for example using shear sections). The filling and discharge devices (including flanges or threaded plugs) and any protective caps shall be capable of being secured against unintended opening. 6.7.4.5.2 Each filling and discharge opening in portable tanks used for the carriage of flammable refrigerated liquefied gases shall be fitted with at least three mutually independent shut-off devices in series, the first being a stop-valve situated as close as reasonably practicable to the jacket, the second being a stop-valve and the third being a blank flange or equivalent device. The shut-off device closest to the jacket shall be a quick closing device, which closes automatically in the event of unintended movement of the portable tank during filling or discharge or fire engulfment. This device shall also be possible to operate by remote control. 6.7.4.5.3 Each filling and discharge opening in portable tanks used for the carriage of non-flammable refrigerated liquefied gases shall be fitted with at least two mutually independent shut-off devices in series, the first being a stop-valve situated as close as reasonably practicable to the jacket, the second a blank flange or equivalent device. 6.7.4.5.4 For sections of piping which can be closed at both ends and where liquid product can be trapped, a method of automatic pressure relief shall be provided to prevent excess pressure build-up within the piping. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 476 - 6.7.4.5.5 Vacuum insulated tanks need not have an opening for inspection. 6.7.4.5.6 External fittings shall be grouped together so far as reasonably practicable. 6.7.4.5.7 Each connection on a portable tank shall be clearly marked to indicate its function. 6.7.4.5.8 Each stop-valve or other means of closure shall be designed and constructed to a rated pressure not less than the MAWP of the shell taking into account the temperature expected during carriage. All stop-valves with a screwed spindle shall be closed by a clockwise motion of the handwheel. In the case of other stop-valves the position (open and closed) and direction of closure shall be clearly indicated. All stop-valves shall be designed to prevent unintentional opening. 6.7.4.5.9 When pressure-building units are used, the liquid and vapour connections to that unit shall be provided with a valve as close to the jacket as reasonably practicable to prevent the loss of contents in case of damage to the pressure-building unit. 6.7.4.5.10 Piping shall be designed, constructed and installed so as to avoid the risk of damage due to thermal expansion and contraction, mechanical shock and vibration. All piping shall be of a suitable material. To prevent leakage due to fire, only steel piping and welded joints shall be used between the jacket and the connection to the first closure of any outlet. The method of attaching the closure to this connection shall be to the satisfaction of the competent authority or its authorized body. Elsewhere pipe joints shall be welded when necessary. 6.7.4.5.11 Joints in copper tubing shall be brazed or have an equally strong metal union. The melting point of brazing materials shall be no lower than 525 °C. The joints shall not decrease the strength of the tubing as may happen when cutting threads. 6.7.4.5.12 The materials of construction of valves and accessories shall have satisfactory properties at the lowest operating temperature of the portable tank. 6.7.4.5.13 The burst pressure of all piping and pipe fittings shall be not less than the highest of four times the MAWP of the shell or four times the pressure to which it may be subjected in service by the action of a pump or other device (except pressure-relief devices). 6.7.4.6 Pressure-relief devices 6.7.4.6.1 Every shell shall be provided with not less than two independent spring-loaded pressurerelief devices. The pressure-relief devices shall open automatically at a pressure not less than the MAWP and be fully open a pressure equal to 110% of the MAWP. These devices shall, after discharge, close at a pressure not lower than 10% below the pressure at which discharge starts and shall remain closed at all lower pressures. The pressure-relief devices shall be of the type that will resist dynamic forces including surge. 6.7.4.6.2 Shells for non-flammable refrigerated liquefied gases and hydrogen may in addition have frangible discs in parallel with the spring-loaded devices as specified in 6.7.4.7.2 and 6.7.4.7.3. 6.7.4.6.3 Pressure-relief devices shall be designed to prevent the entry of foreign matter, the leakage of gas and the development of any dangerous excess pressure. 6.7.4.6.4 Pressure-relief devices shall be approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 477 - 6.7.4.7 Capacity and setting of pressure-relief devices 6.7.4.7.1 In the case of the loss of vacuum in a vacuum-insulated tank or of loss of 20% of the insulation of a tank insulated with solid materials, the combined capacity of all pressurerelief devices installed shall be sufficient so that the pressure (including accumulation) inside the shell does not exceed 120% of the MAWP. 6.7.4.7.2 For non-flammable refrigerated liquefied gases (except oxygen) and hydrogen, this capacity may be achieved by the use of frangible discs in parallel with the required safety-relief devices. Frangible discs shall rupture at nominal pressure equal to the test pressure of the shell. 6.7.4.7.3 Under the circumstances described in 6.7.4.7.1 and 6.7.4.7.2 together with complete fire engulfment the combined capacity of all pressure-relief devices installed shall be sufficient to limit the pressure in the shell to the test pressure. 6.7.4.7.4 The required capacity of the relief devices shall be calculated in accordance with a wellestablished technical code recognized by the competent authority 6. 6.7.4.8 Marking of pressure-relief devices 6.7.4.8.1 Every pressure-relief device shall be plainly and permanently marked with the following particulars: (a) The pressure (in bar or kPa) at which it is set to discharge; (b) The allowable tolerance at the discharge pressure for spring-loaded devices; (c) The reference temperature corresponding to the rated pressure for frangible discs; and (d) The rated flow capacity of the device in standard cubic meters of air per second (m3/s). When practicable, the following information shall also be shown: (e) The manufacturer’s name and relevant catalogue number of the device. 6.7.4.8.2 The rated flow capacity marked on the pressure-relief devices shall be determined according to ISO 4126-1:1991. 6.7.4.9 Connections to pressure-relief devices 6.7.4.9.1 Connections to pressure-relief devices shall be of sufficient size to enable the required discharge to pass unrestricted to the safety device. No stop-valve shall be installed between the shell and the pressure-relief devices except when duplicate devices are provided for maintenance or other reasons and the stop-valves serving the devices actually in use are locked open or the stop-valves are interlocked so that the requirements of 6.7.4.7 are always fulfilled. There shall be no obstruction in an opening leading to a vent or pressure-relief device which might restrict or cut-off the flow from the shell to that device. Pipework to vent the vapour or liquid from the outlet of the pressure-relief devices, when used, shall deliver the relieved vapour or liquid to the atmosphere in conditions of minimum back-pressure on the relieving device. See for example CGA S-1.2-2003 "Pressure Relief Device Standards - Part 2 - Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases". Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 478 - 6.7.4.10 Siting of pressure-relief devices 6.7.4.10.1 Each pressure-relief device inlet shall be situated on top of the shell in a position as near the longitudinal and transverse centre of the shell as reasonably practicable. All pressure-relief device inlets shall under maximum filling conditions be situated in the vapour space of the shell and the devices shall be so arranged as to ensure that the escaping vapour is discharged unrestrictedly. For refrigerated liquefied gases, the escaping vapour shall be directed away from the tank and in such a manner that it cannot impinge upon the tank. Protective devices which deflect the flow of vapour are permissible provided the required relief-device capacity is not reduced. 6.7.4.10.2 Arrangements shall be made to prevent access to the devices by unauthorized persons and to protect the devices from damage caused by the portable tank overturning. 6.7.4.11 Gauging devices 6.7.4.11.1 Unless a portable tank is intended to be filled by weight, it shall be equipped with one or more gauging devices. Glass level-gauges and gauges made of other fragile material, which are in direct communication with the contents of the shell shall not be used. 6.7.4.11.2 A connection for a vacuum gauge shall be provided in the jacket of a vacuum-insulated portable tank. 6.7.4.12 Portable tank supports, frameworks, lifting and tie-down attachments 6.7.4.12.1 Portable tanks shall be designed and constructed with a support structure to provide a secure base during carriage. The forces specified in 6.7.4.2.12 and the safety factor specified in 6.7.4.2.13 shall be considered in this aspect of the design. Skids, frameworks, cradles or other similar structures are acceptable. 6.7.4.12.2 The combined stresses caused by portable tank mountings (e.g. cradles, frameworks, etc.) and portable tank lifting and tie-down attachments shall not cause excessive stress in any portion of the tank. Permanent lifting and tie-down attachments shall be fitted to all portable tanks. Preferably they shall be fitted to the portable tank supports but may be secured to reinforcing plates located on the tank at the points of support. 6.7.4.12.3 In the design of supports and frameworks the effects of environmental corrosion shall be taken into account. 6.7.4.12.4 Forklift pockets shall be capable of being closed off. The means of closing forklift pockets shall be a permanent part of the framework or permanently attached to the framework. Single compartment portable tanks with a length less than 3.65 m need not have closed off forklift pockets provided that: (a) The tank and all the fittings are well protected from being hit by the forklift blades; and (b) The distance between the centres of the forklift pockets is at least half of the maximum length of the portable tank. 6.7.4.12.5 When portable tanks are not protected during carriage, according to 4.2.3.3, the shells and service equipment shall be protected against damage to the shell and service equipment resulting from lateral or longitudinal impact or overturning. External fittings shall be protected so as to preclude the release of the shell contents upon impact or overturning of the portable tank on its fittings. Examples of protection include: Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 479 - (a) Protection against lateral impact which may consist of longitudinal bars protecting the shell on both sides at the level of the median line; (b) Protection of the portable tank against overturning which may consist of reinforcement rings or bars fixed across the frame; (c) Protection against rear impact which may consist of a bumper or frame; (d) Protection of the shell against damage from impact or overturning by use of an ISO frame in accordance with ISO 1496-3:1995; (e) Protection of the portable tank from impact or overturning by a vacuum insulation jacket. 6.7.4.13 Design approval 6.7.4.13.1 The competent authority or its authorized body shall issue a design approval certificate for any new design of a portable tank. This certificate shall attest that a portable tank has been surveyed by that authority, is suitable for its intended purpose and meets the requirements of this Chapter. When a series of portable tanks are manufactured without change in the design, the certificate shall be valid for the entire series. The certificate shall refer to the prototype test report, the refrigerated liquefied gases allowed to be carried, the materials of construction of the shell and jacket and an approval number. The approval number shall consist of the distinguishing sign or mark of the State in whose territory the approval was granted, i.e. the distinguishing sign for use in international traffic, as prescribed by the Convention on Road Traffic, Vienna 1968, and a registration number. Any alternative arrangements according to 6.7.1.2 shall be indicated on the certificate. A design approval may serve for the approval of smaller portable tanks made of materials of the same kind and thickness, by the same fabrication techniques and with identical supports, equivalent closures and other appurtenances. 6.7.4.13.2 The prototype test report for the design approval shall include at least the following: (a) The results of the applicable frame-work test specified in ISO 1496-3:1995; (b) The results of the initial inspection and test in 6.7.4.14.3; and (c) The results of the impact test in 6.7.4.14.1, when applicable. 6.7.4.14 Inspection and testing 6.7.4.14.1 Portable tanks meeting the definition of container in the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972, as amended, shall not be used unless they are successfully qualified by subjecting a representative prototype of each design to the Dynamic, Longitudinal Impact Test prescribed in the Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part IV, Section 41. 6.7.4.14.2 The tank and items of equipment of each portable tank shall be inspected and tested before being put into service for the first time (initial inspection and test) and thereafter at not more than five-year intervals (5 year periodic inspection and test) with an intermediate periodic inspection and test (2.5 year periodic inspection and test) midway between the 5 year periodic inspections and tests. The 2.5 year inspection and test may be performed within 3 months of the specified date. An exceptional inspection and test shall be performed regardless of the last periodic inspection and test when necessary according to 6.7.4.14.7. 6.7.4.14.3 The initial inspection and test of a portable tank shall include a check of the design characteristics, an internal and external examination of the portable tank shell and its fittings with due regard to the refrigerated liquefied gases to be carried, and a pressure test referring Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 480 - to the test pressures according to 6.7.4.3.2. The pressure test may be performed as a hydraulic test or by using another liquid or gas with the agreement of the competent authority or its authorized body. Before the portable tank is placed into service, a leakproofness test and a check of the satisfactory operation of all service equipment shall also be performed. When the shell and its fittings have been pressure-tested separately, they shall be subjected together after assembly to a leakproofness test. All welds subject to full stress level shall be inspected during the initial test by radiographic, ultrasonic, or another suitable non-destructive test method. This does not apply to the jacket. 6.7.4.14.4 The 5 and 2.5 year periodic inspections and tests shall include an external examination of the portable tank and its fittings with due regard to the refrigerated liquefied gases carried, a leakproofness test, a check of the satisfactory operation of all service equipment and a vacuum reading, when applicable. In the case of non-vacuum insulated tanks, the jacket and insulation shall be removed during the 2.5 year and the 5 year periodic inspections and tests but only to the extent necessary for a reliable appraisal. 6.7.4.14.5 (Deleted) 6.7.4.14.6 A portable tank may not be filled and offered for carriage after the date of expiry of the last 5 year or 2.5 year periodic inspection and test as required by 6.7.4.14.2. However a portable tank filled prior to the date of expiry of the last periodic inspection and test may be carried for a period not to exceed three months beyond the date of expiry of the last periodic test or inspection. In addition, a portable tank may be carried after the date of expiry of the last periodic test and inspection: (a) After emptying but before cleaning, for purposes of performing the next required test or inspection prior to refilling; and (b) Unless otherwise approved by the competent authority, for a period not to exceed six months beyond the date of expiry of the last periodic test or inspection, in order to allow the return of dangerous goods for proper disposal or recycling. Reference to this exemption shall be mentioned in the transport document. 6.7.4.14.7 The exceptional inspection and test is necessary when the portable tank shows evidence of damaged or corroded areas, leakage, or any other conditions that indicate a deficiency that could affect the integrity of the portable tank. The extent of the exceptional inspection and test shall depend on the amount of damage or deterioration of the portable tank. It shall include at least the 2.5 year inspection and test according to 6.7.4.14.4. 6.7.4.14.8 The internal examination during the initial inspection and test shall ensure that the shell is inspected for pitting, corrosion, or abrasions, dents, distortions, defects in welds or any other conditions, that might render the portable tank unsafe for carriage. 6.7.4.14.9 The external examination shall ensure that: (a) The external piping, valves, pressurizing/cooling systems when applicable and gaskets are inspected for corroded areas, defects, or any other conditions, including leakage, that might render the portable tank unsafe for filling, discharge or carriage; (b) There is no leakage at any manhole covers or gaskets; (c) Missing or loose bolts or nuts on any flanged connection or blank flange are replaced or tightened; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 481 - (d) All emergency devices and valves are free from corrosion, distortion and any damage or defect that could prevent their normal operation. Remote closure devices and selfclosing stop-valves shall be operated to demonstrate proper operation; (e) Required markings on the portable tank are legible and in accordance with the applicable requirements; and (f) The framework, the supports and the arrangements for lifting the portable tank are in satisfactory condition. 6.7.4.14.10 The inspections and tests in 6.7.4.14.1, 6.7.4.14.3, 6.7.4.14.4, 6.7.4.14.5 and 6.7.4.14.7 shall be performed or witnessed by an expert approved by the competent authority or its authorized body. When the pressure test is a part of the inspection and test, the test pressure shall be the one indicated on the data plate of the portable tank. While under pressure, the portable tank shall be inspected for any leaks in the shell, piping or equipment. 6.7.4.14.11 In all cases when cutting, burning or welding operations on the shell of a portable tank have been effected, that work shall be to the approval of the competent authority or its authorized body taking into account the pressure vessel code used for the construction of the shell. A pressure test to the original test pressure shall be performed after the work is completed. 6.7.4.14.12 When evidence of any unsafe condition is discovered, the portable tank shall not be returned to service until it has been corrected and the test is repeated and passed. 6.7.4.15 Marking 6.7.4.15.1 Every portable tank shall be fitted with a corrosion resistant metal plate permanently attached to the portable tank in a conspicuous place readily accessible for inspection. When for reasons of portable tank arrangements the plate cannot be permanently attached to the shell, the shell shall be marked with at least the information required by the pressure vessel code. As a minimum, at least the following information shall be marked on the plate by stamping or by any other similar method: (a) Owner information (i) Owner’s registration number; (b) Manufacturing information (i) Country of manufacture; (ii) Year of manufacture; (iii) Manufacturer’s name or mark; (iv) Manufacturer’s serial number; (c) Approval information (i) The United Nations packaging symbol ; This symbol shall not be used for any purpose other than certifying that a packaging, a portable tank or a MEGC complies with the relevant requirements in Chapter 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 or 6.7; (ii) Approval country; (iii) Authorized body for the design approval; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 482 - (iv) Design approval number; (v) Letters ‘AA’, if the design was approved under alternative arrangements (see 6.7.1.2); (vi) Pressure vessel code to which the shell is designed; (d) Pressures (i) MAWP (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; (ii) Test pressure (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; (iii) Initial pressure test date (month and year); (iv) Identification mark of the initial pressure test witness; (e) Temperatures (i) Minimum design temperature (in °C)2; (f) Materials (i) Shell material(s) and material standard reference(s); (ii) Equivalent thickness in reference steel (in mm)2; (g) Capacity (i) Tank water capacity at 20 °C (in litres)2; (h) Insulation (i) Either "Thermally insulated" or "Vacuum insulated" (as applicable); (ii) Effectiveness of the insulation system (heat influx) (in Watts)2; (i) Holding times – for each refrigerated liquefied gas permitted to be carried in the portable tank (i) Name, in full, of the refrigerated liquefied gas; (ii) Reference holding time (in days or hours)2; (iii) Initial pressure (in bar gauge or kPa gauge)2; (iv) Degree of filling (in kg)2; (j) Periodic inspections and tests (i) Type of the most recent periodic test (2.5-year, 5-year or exceptional); (ii) Date of the most recent periodic test (month and year); (iii) Identification mark of the authorized body who performed or witnessed the most recent test. The unit used shall be indicated. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 483 - Figure 6.7.4.15.1: Example of identification plate marking Owner’s registration number MANUFACTURING INFORMATION Country of manufacture Year of manufacture Manufacturer Manufacturer’s serial number APPROVAL INFORMATION Approval country Authorized body for design approval Design approval number ‘AA’ (if applicable) Shell design code (pressure vessel code) PRESSURES MAWP bar or kPa Test pressure bar or kPa Initial pressure test date: (mm/yyyy) Witness stamp: TEMPERATURES Minimum design temperature °C MATERIALS Shell material(s) and material standard reference(s) Equivalent thickness in reference steel mm CAPACITY Tank water capacity at 20 °C litres INSULATION ‘Thermally insulated’ or ‘Vacuum insulated’ (as applicable) Heat influx Watts HOLDING TIMES Refrigerated liquefied gas(es) permitted Reference holding time Initial pressure Degree of filling days or hours bar or kPa kg PERIODIC INSPECTIONS / TESTS Test type Test date Witness stamp Test type Test date Witness stamp (mm/yyyy) (mm/yyyy) 6.7.4.15.2 The following particulars shall be durably marked either on the portable tank itself or on a metal plate firmly secured to the portable tank. Name of the owner and the operator Name of the refrigerated liquefied gas being carried (and minimum mean bulk temperature) Maximum permissible gross mass (MPGM)________kg Unladen (tare) mass________kg Actual holding time for gas being carried ______days (or hours) Portable tank instruction in accordance with 4.2.5.2.6 NOTE: For the identification of the refrigerated liquefied gas(es) being carried, see also Part 5. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 484 - 6.7.4.15.3 If a portable tank is designed and approved for handling in open seas, the words "OFFSHORE PORTABLE TANK" shall be marked on the identification plate. 6.7.5 Requirements for the design, construction, inspection and testing of UN multipleelement gas containers (MEGCs) intended for the carriage of non-refrigerated gases 6.7.5.1 Definitions For the purposes of this section: Alternative arrangement means an approval granted by the competent authority for a portable tank or MEGC that has been designed, constructed or tested to technical requirements or testing methods other than those specified in this Chapter; Elements are cylinders, tubes or bundles of cylinders; Leakproofness test means a test using gas subjecting the elements and the service equipment of the MEGC to an effective internal pressure of not less than 20% of the test pressure; Manifold means an assembly of piping and valves connecting the filling and/or discharge openings of the elements; Maximum permissible gross mass (MPGM) means the sum of the tare mass of the MEGC and the heaviest load authorized for carriage; UN Multiple-element gas containers (MEGCs) are multimodal assemblies of cylinders, tubes and bundles of cylinders which are interconnected by a manifold and which are assembled within a framework. The MEGC includes service equipment and structural equipment necessary for the carriage of gases; Service equipment means measuring instruments and filling, discharge, venting and safety devices; Structural equipment means the reinforcing, fastening, protective and stabilizing members external to the elements. 6.7.5.2 General design and construction requirements 6.7.5.2.1 The MEGC shall be capable of being filled and discharged without the removal of its structural equipment. It shall possess stabilizing members external to the elements to provide structural integrity for handling and carriage. MEGCs shall be designed and constructed with supports to provide a secure base during carriage and with lifting and tie-down attachments which are adequate for lifting the MEGC including when filled to its maximum permissible gross mass. The MEGC shall be designed to be loaded onto a vehicle, wagon or sea-going or inland navigation vessel and shall be equipped with skids, mountings or accessories to facilitate mechanical handling. 6.7.5.2.2 MEGCs shall be designed, manufactured and equipped in such a way as to withstand all conditions to which they will be subjected during normal conditions of handling and carriage. The design shall take into account the effects of dynamic loading and fatigue. 6.7.5.2.3 Elements of an MEGC shall be made of seamless steel and be constructed and tested according to 6.2.1 and 6.2.2. All of the elements in an MEGC shall be of the same design type. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 485 - 6.7.5.2.4 Elements of MEGCs, fittings and pipework shall be: (a) Compatible with the substances intended to be carried (see ISO 11114-1:1997 and ISO 11114-2:2000); or (b) Properly passivated or neutralized by chemical reaction. 6.7.5.2.5 Contact between dissimilar metals which could result in damage by galvanic action shall be avoided. 6.7.5.2.6 The materials of the MEGC, including any devices, gaskets, and accessories, shall not adversely affect the gas(es) intended for carriage in the MEGC. 6.7.5.2.7 MEGCs shall be designed to withstand, without loss of contents, at least the internal pressure due to the contents, and the static, dynamic and thermal loads during normal conditions of handling and carriage. The design shall demonstrate that the effects of fatigue, caused by repeated application of these loads through the expected life of the multiple-element gas container, have been taken into account. 6.7.5.2.8 MEGCs and their fastenings shall, under the maximum permissible load, be capable of withstanding the following separately applied static forces: (a) In the direction of travel: twice the MPGM multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; (b) Horizontally at right angles to the direction of travel: the MPGM (when the direction of travel is not clearly determined, the forces shall be equal to twice the MPGM) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; (c) Vertically upwards: the MPGM multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1; and (d) Vertically downwards: twice the MPGM (total loading including the effect of gravity) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g) 1. 6.7.5.2.9 Under the forces defined in 6.7.5.2.8, the stress at the most severely stressed point of the elements shall not exceed the values given in either the relevant standards of 6.2.2.1 or, if the elements are not designed, constructed and tested according to those standards, in the technical code or standard recognised or approved by the competent authority of the country of use (see 6.2.5). 6.7.5.2.10 Under each of the forces in 6.7.5.2.8, the safety factor for the framework and fastenings to be observed shall be as follows: (a) for steels having a clearly defined yield point, a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed yield strength; or (b) for steels with no clearly defined yield point, a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed 0.2% proof strength and, for austenitic steels, the 1% proof strength. 6.7.5.2.11 MEGCs intended for the carriage of flammable gases shall be capable of being electrically earthed. 6.7.5.2.12 The elements shall be secured in a manner that prevents undesired movement in relation to the structure and the concentration of harmful localized stresses. For calculation purposes g = 9.81 m/s2. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 486 - 6.7.5.3 Service equipment 6.7.5.3.1 Service equipment shall be configured or designed to prevent damage that could result in the release of the pressure receptacle contents during normal conditions of handling and carriage. When the connection between the frame and the elements allows relative movement between the sub-assemblies, the equipment shall be so fastened as to permit such movement without damage to working parts. The manifolds, the discharge fittings (pipe sockets, shut-off devices), and the stop-valves shall be protected from being wrenched off by external forces. Manifold piping leading to shut-off valves shall be sufficiently flexible to protect the valves and the piping from shearing, or releasing the pressure receptacle contents. The filling and discharge devices (including flanges or threaded plugs) and any protective caps shall be capable of being secured against unintended opening. 6.7.5.3.2 Each element intended for the carriage of toxic gases (gases of groups T, TF, TC, TO, TFC and TOC) shall be fitted with a valve. The manifold for liquefied toxic gases (gases of classification codes 2T, 2TF, 2TC, 2TO, 2TFC and 2TOC) shall be so designed that the elements can be filled separately and be kept isolated by a valve capable of being sealed. For the carriage of flammable gases (gases of group F), the elements shall be divided into groups of not more than 3 000 litres each isolated by a valve. 6.7.5.3.3 For filling and discharge openings of the MEGC, two valves in series shall be placed in an accessible position on each discharge and filling pipe. One of the valves may be a non-return valve. The filling and discharge devices may be fitted to a manifold. For sections of piping which can be closed at both ends and where a liquid product can be trapped, a pressure-relief valve shall be provided to prevent excessive pressure build-up. The main isolation valves on an MEGC shall be clearly marked to indicate their directions of closure. Each stop-valve or other means of closure shall be designed and constructed to withstand a pressure equal to or greater than 1.5 times the test pressure of the MEGC. All stop-valves with screwed spindles shall close by a clockwise motion of the handwheel. For other stop-valves, the position (open and closed) and direction of closure shall be clearly indicated. All stop-valves shall be designed and positioned to prevent unintentional opening. Ductile metals shall be used in the construction of valves or accessories. 6.7.5.3.4 Piping shall be designed, constructed and installed so as to avoid damage due to expansion and contraction, mechanical shock and vibration. Joints in tubing shall be brazed or have an equally strong metal union. The melting point of brazing materials shall be no lower than 525 °C. The rated pressure of the service equipment and of the manifold shall be not less than two thirds of the test pressure of the elements. 6.7.5.4 Pressure-relief devices 6.7.5.4.1 The elements of MEGCs used for the carriage of UN No. 1013 carbon dioxide and UN No. 1070 nitrous oxide shall be divided into groups of not more than 3 000 litres each isolated by a valve. Each group shall be fitted with one or more pressure relief devices. If so required by the competent authority of the country of use, MEGCs for other gases shall be fitted with pressure relief devices as specified by that competent authority. 6.7.5.4.2 When pressure relief devices are fitted, every element or group of elements of an MEGC that can be isolated shall then be fitted with one or more pressure relief devices. Pressure relief devices shall be of a type that will resist dynamic forces including liquid surge and shall be designed to prevent the entry of foreign matter, the leakage of gas and the development of any dangerous excess pressure. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 487 - 6.7.5.4.3 MEGCs used for the carriage of certain non-refrigerated gases identified in portable tank instruction T50 in 4.2.5.2.6 may have a pressure-relief device as required by the competent authority of the country of use. Unless an MEGC in dedicated service is fitted with an approved pressure relief device constructed of materials compatible with the gas carried, such a device shall comprise a frangible disc preceding a spring-loaded device. The space between the frangible disc and the spring-loaded device may be equipped with a pressure gauge or a suitable telltale indicator. This arrangement permits the detection of disc rupture, pinholing or leakage which could cause a malfunction of the pressure relief device. The frangible disc shall rupture at a nominal pressure 10% above the start-to-discharge pressure of the spring-loaded device. 6.7.5.4.4 In the case of multi-purpose MEGCs used for the carriage of low-pressure liquefied gases, the pressure-relief devices shall open at a pressure as specified in 6.7.3.7.1 for the gas having the highest maximum allowable working pressure of the gases allowed to be carried in the MEGC. 6.7.5.5 Capacity of pressure relief devices 6.7.5.5.1 The combined delivery capacity of the pressure relief devices when fitted shall be sufficient that, in the event of total fire engulfment of the MEGC, the pressure (including accumulation) inside the elements does not exceed 120% of the set pressure of the pressure relief device. The formula provided in CGA S-1.2-2003 "Pressure Relief Device Standards - Part 2 - Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases" shall be used to determine the minimum total flow capacity for the system of pressure relief devices. CGA S-1.1-2003 "Pressure Relief Device Standards - Part 1 - Cylinders for Compressed Gases" may be used to determine the relief capacity of individual elements. Spring-loaded pressure relief devices may be used to achieve the full relief capacity prescribed in the case of low pressure liquefied gases. In the case of multi-purpose MEGCs, the combined delivery capacity of the pressure-relief devices shall be taken for the gas which requires the highest delivery capacity of the gases allowed to be carried in the MEGC. 6.7.5.5.2 To determine the total required capacity of the pressure relief devices installed on the elements for the carriage of liquefied gases, the thermodynamic properties of the gas shall be considered (see, for example, CGA S-1.2-2003 "Pressure Relief Device Standards - Part 2 - Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases" for low pressure liquefied gases and CGA S-1.1-2003 "Pressure Relief Device Standards - Part 1 - Cylinders for Compressed Gases" for high pressure liquefied gases). 6.7.5.6 Marking of pressure-relief devices 6.7.5.6.1 Pressure relief devices shall be clearly and permanently marked with the following: (a) The manufacturer's name and relevant catalogue number; (b) The set pressure and/or the set temperature; (c) The date of the last test. 6.7.5.6.2 The rated flow capacity marked on spring loaded pressure relief devices for low pressure liquefied gases shall be determined according to ISO 4126-1:1991. 6.7.5.7 Connections to pressure-relief devices 6.7.5.7.1 Connections to pressure-relief devices shall be of sufficient size to enable the required discharge to pass unrestricted to the pressure relief device. No stop-valve shall be installed between the element and the pressure-relief devices, except when duplicate devices are Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 488 - provided for maintenance or other reasons, and the stop-valves serving the devices actually in use are locked open, or the stop-valves are interlocked so that at least one of the duplicate devices is always operable and capable of meeting the requirements of 6.7.5.5. There shall be no obstruction in an opening leading to or leaving from a vent or pressure-relief device which might restrict or cut-off the flow from the element to that device. The opening through all piping and fittings shall have at least the same flow area as the inlet of the pressure relief device to which it is connected. The nominal size of the discharge piping shall be at least as large as that of the pressure relief device outlet. Vents from the pressure-relief devices, when used, shall deliver the relieved vapour or liquid to the atmosphere in conditions of minimum back-pressure on the relieving device. 6.7.5.8 Siting of pressure-relief devices 6.7.5.8.1 Each pressure relief device shall, under maximum filling conditions, be in communication with the vapour space of the elements for the carriage of liquefied gases. The devices, when fitted, shall be so arranged as to ensure that the escaping vapour is discharged upwards and unrestrictedly as to prevent any impingement of escaping gas or liquid upon the MEGC, its elements or personnel. For flammable, pyrophoric and oxidizing gases, the escaping gas shall be directed away from the element in such a manner that it cannot impinge upon the other elements. Heat resistant protective devices which deflect the flow of gas are permissible provided the required pressure relief device capacity is not reduced. 6.7.5.8.2 Arrangements shall be made to prevent access to the pressure-relief devices by unauthorized persons and to protect the devices from damage caused by the MEGC overturning. 6.7.5.9 Gauging devices 6.7.5.9.1 When an MEGC is intended to be filled by mass, it shall be equipped with one or more gauging devices. Level-gauges made of glass or other fragile material shall not be used. 6.7.5.10 MEGC supports, frameworks, lifting and tie-down attachments 6.7.5.10.1 MEGCs shall be designed and constructed with a support structure to provide a secure base during carriage. The forces specified in 6.7.5.2.8 and the safety factor specified in 6.7.5.2.10 shall be considered in this aspect of the design. Skids, frameworks, cradles or other similar structures are acceptable. 6.7.5.10.2 The combined stresses caused by element mountings (e.g. cradles, frameworks, etc.) and MEGC lifting and tie-down attachments shall not cause excessive stress in any element. Permanent lifting and tie-down attachments shall be fitted to all MEGCs. In no case shall mountings or attachments be welded onto the elements. 6.7.5.10.3 In the design of supports and frameworks, the effects of environmental corrosion shall be taken into account. 6.7.5.10.4 When MEGCs are not protected during carriage, according to 4.2.4.3, the elements and service equipment shall be protected against damage resulting from lateral or longitudinal impact or overturning. External fittings shall be protected so as to preclude the release of the elements' contents upon impact or overturning of the MEGC on its fittings. Particular attention shall be paid to the protection of the manifold. Examples of protection include: (a) Protection against lateral impact which may consist of longitudinal bars; (b) Protection against overturning which may consist of reinforcement rings or bars fixed across the frame; (c) Protection against rear impact which may consist of a bumper or frame; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 489 - (d) Protection of the elements and service equipment against damage from impact or overturning by use of an ISO frame in accordance with the relevant provisions of ISO 1496-3:1995. 6.7.5.11 Design approval 6.7.5.11.1 The competent authority or its authorized body shall issue a design approval certificate for any new design of an MEGC. This certificate shall attest that the MEGC has been surveyed by that authority, is suitable for its intended purpose and meets the requirements of this Chapter, the applicable provisions for gases of Chapter 4.1 and of packing instruction P200. When a series of MEGCs are manufactured without change in the design, the certificate shall be valid for the entire series. The certificate shall refer to the prototype test report, the materials of construction of the manifold, the standards to which the elements are made and an approval number. The approval number shall consist of the distinguishing sign or mark of the country granting the approval, i.e. the distinguishing sign for use in international traffic, as prescribed by the Convention on Road Traffic, Vienna 1968, and a registration number. Any alternative arrangements according to 6.7.1.2 shall be indicated on the certificate. A design approval may serve for the approval of smaller MEGCs made of materials of the same type and thickness, by the same fabrication techniques and with identical supports, equivalent closures and other appurtenances. 6.7.5.11.2 The prototype test report for the design approval shall include at least the following: (a) The results of the applicable framework test specified in ISO1496-3:1995; (b) The results of the initial inspection and test specified in 6.7.5.12.3; (c) The results of the impact test specified in 6.7.5.12.1; and (d) Certification documents verifying that the cylinders and tubes comply with the applicable standards. 6.7.5.12 Inspection and testing 6.7.5.12.1 MEGCs meeting the definition of container in the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972, as amended, shall not be used unless they are successfully qualified by subjecting a representative prototype of each design to the Dynamic, Longitudinal Impact Test prescribed in the Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part IV, Section 41. 6.7.5.12.2 The elements and items of equipment of each MEGC shall be inspected and tested before being put into service for the first time (initial inspection and test). Thereafter, MEGCs shall be inspected at no more than five-year intervals (5 year periodic inspection). An exceptional inspection and test shall be performed, regardless of the last periodic inspection and test, when necessary according to 6.7.5.12.5. 6.7.5.12.3 The initial inspection and test of an MEGC shall include a check of the design characteristics, an external examination of the MEGC and its fittings with due regard to the gases to be carried, and a pressure test performed at the test pressures according to packing instruction P200 of 4.1.4.1. The pressure test of the manifold may be performed as a hydraulic test or by using another liquid or gas with the agreement of the competent authority or its authorized body. Before the MEGC is placed into service, a leakproofness test and a test of the satisfactory operation of all service equipment shall also be performed. When the elements and their fittings have been pressure-tested separately, they shall be subjected together after assembly to a leakproofness test. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 490 - 6.7.5.12.4 The 5-year periodic inspection and test shall include an external examination of the structure, the elements and the service equipment in accordance with 6.7.5.12.6. The elements and the piping shall be tested at the periodicity specified in packing instruction P200 and in accordance with the provisions described in 6.2.1.6. When the elements and equipment have been pressure-tested separately, they shall be subjected together after assembly to a leakproofness test. 6.7.5.12.5 An exceptional inspection and test is necessary when the MEGC shows evidence of damaged or corroded areas, leakage, or other conditions that indicate a deficiency that could affect the integrity of the MEGC. The extent of the exceptional inspection and test shall depend on the amount of damage or deterioration of the MEGC. It shall include at least the examinations required under 6.7.5.12.6. 6.7.5.12.6 The examinations shall ensure that: (a) The elements are inspected externally for pitting, corrosion, abrasions, dents, distortions, defects in welds or any other conditions, including leakage, that might render the MEGC unsafe for carriage; (b) The piping, valves, and gaskets are inspected for corroded areas, defects, and other conditions, including leakage, that might render the MEGC unsafe for filling, discharge or carriage; (c) Missing or loose bolts or nuts on any flanged connection or blank flange are replaced or tightened; (d) All emergency devices and valves are free from corrosion, distortion and any damage or defect that could prevent their normal operation. Remote closure devices and selfclosing stop-valves shall be operated to demonstrate proper operation; (e) Required markings on the MEGC are legible and in accordance with the applicable requirements; and (f) The framework, the supports and the arrangements for lifting the MEGC are in satisfactory condition. 6.7.5.12.7 The inspections and tests in 6.7.5.12.1, 6.7.5.12.3, 6.7.5.12.4 and 6.7.5.12.5 shall be performed or witnessed by a body authorized by the competent authority. When the pressure test is a part of the inspection and test, the test pressure shall be the one indicated on the data plate of the MEGC. While under pressure, the MEGC shall be inspected for any leaks in the elements, piping or equipment. 6.7.5.12.8 When evidence of any unsafe condition is discovered, the MEGC shall not be returned to service until it has been corrected and the applicable tests and verifications are passed. 6.7.5.13 Marking 6.7.5.13.1 Every MEGC shall be fitted with a corrosion resistant metal plate permanently attached to the MEGC in a conspicuous place readily accessible for inspection. The metal plate shall not be affixed to the elements. The elements shall be marked in accordance with Chapter 6.2. As a minimum, at least the following information shall be marked on the plate by stamping or by any other similar method: (a) Owner information (i) Owner’s registration number; Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 491 - (b) Manufacturing information (i) Country of manufacture; (ii) Year of manufacture; (iii) Manufacturer’s name or mark; (iv) Manufacturer’s serial number; (c) Approval information (i) The United Nations packaging symbol ; This symbol shall not be used for any purpose other than certifying that a packaging, a portable tank or a MEGC complies with the relevant requirements in Chapter 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 or 6.7; (ii) Approval country; (iii) Authorized body for the design approval; (iv) Design approval number; (v) Letters ‘AA’, if the design was approved under alternative arrangements (see 6.7.1.2); (d) Pressures (i) Test pressure (in bar gauge)2; (ii) Initial pressure test date (month and year); (iii) Identification mark of the initial pressure test witness; (e) Temperatures (i) Design temperature range (in °C)2; (f) Elements / Capacity (i) Number of elements; (ii) Total water capacity (in litres)2; (g) Periodic inspections and tests (i) Type of the most recent periodic test (5-year or exceptional); (ii) Date of the most recent periodic test (month and year); (iii) Identification mark of the authorized body who performed or witnessed the most recent test. The unit used shall be indicated. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 492 - Figure 6.7.5.13.1: Example of identification plate marking Owner’s registration number MANUFACTURING INFORMATION Country of manufacture Year of manufacture Manufacturer Manufacturer’s serial number APPROVAL INFORMATION Approval country Authorized body for design approval Design approval number ‘AA’ (if applicable) PRESSURES Test pressure bar Initial pressure test date: (mm/yyyy) Witness stamp: TEMPERATURES Design temperature range °C to °C ELEMENTS / CAPACITY Number of elements Total water capacity litres PERIODIC INSPECTIONS / TESTS Test type Test date Witness stamp Test type Test date Witness stamp (mm/yyyy) (mm/yyyy) 6.7.5.13.2 The following information shall be marked on a metal plate firmly secured to the MEGC: Name of the operator Maximum permissible load mass ________ kg Working pressure at 15°C: ________ bar gauge Maximum permissible gross mass (MPGM) __________ kg Unladen (tare) mass _________ kg Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 493 - CHAPTER 6.8 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, TYPE APPROVAL, INSPECTIONS AND TESTS, AND MARKING OF FIXED TANKS (TANK-VEHICLES), DEMOUNTABLE TANKS AND TANK-CONTAINERS AND TANK SWAP BODIES, WITH SHELLS MADE OF METALLIC MATERIALS, AND BATTERY-VEHICLES AND MULTIPLE ELEMENT GAS CONTAINERS (MEGCs) NOTE: For portable tanks and UN multiple-element gas containers (MEGCs) see Chapter 6.7, for fibre-reinforced plastics tanks see Chapter 6.9, for vacuum operated waste tanks see Chapter 6.10. 6.8.1 Scope 6.8.1.1 The requirements across the whole width of the page apply both to fixed tanks (tank-vehicles), to demountable tanks and battery-vehicles, and to tank-containers, tank swap bodies and MEGCs. Those contained in a single column apply only: - to fixed tanks (tank-vehicles), to demountable tanks and battery-vehicles (left hand column); - to tank-containers, tank swap bodies and MEGCs (right hand column). 6.8.1.2 These requirements shall apply to fixed tanks (tank-vehicles), demountable tanks and battery-vehicles tank-containers, tank swap bodies and MEGCs used for the carriage of gaseous, liquid, powdery or granular substances. 6.8.1.3 Section 6.8.2 sets out the requirements applicable to fixed tanks (tank-vehicles), to demountable tanks, tank-containers, tank swap bodies intended for the carriage of substances of all classes and battery-vehicles and MEGCs for gases of Class 2. Sections 6.8.3 to 6.8.5 contain special requirements supplementing or modifying the requirements of section 6.8.2. 6.8.1.4 For provisions concerning use of these tanks, see Chapter 4.3. 6.8.2 Requirements applicable to all classes 6.8.2.1 Construction Basic principles 6.8.2.1.1 Shells, their attachments and their service and structural equipment shall be designed to withstand without loss of contents (other than quantities of gas escaping through any degassing vents): - static and dynamic stresses in normal conditions of carriage as defined in 6.8.2.1.2 and 6.8.2.1.13; - prescribed minimum stresses as defined in 6.8.2.1.15. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 494 - 6.8.2.1.2 The tanks and their fastenings shall be capable of absorbing, under the maximum permissible load, the forces exerted by: - in the direction of travel: twice the total mass; - at right angles to the direction of travel: the total mass; - vertically upwards: the total mass; - vertically downwards: twice the total mass. Tank-containers and their fastenings shall, under the maximum permissible load be capable of absorbing the forces equal to those exerted by: - in the direction of travel: twice the total mass; - horizontally at right angles to the direction of travel: the total mass; (where the direction of travel is not clearly determined, twice the total mass in each direction); - vertically upwards: the total mass; - vertically downwards: twice the total mass. 6.8.2.1.3 The walls of the shells shall have at least the thickness specified in 6.8.2.1.17 to 6.8.2.1.21 6.8.2.1.17 to 6.8.2.1.20. 6.8.2.1.4 Shells shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of standards listed in 6.8.2.6 or of a technical code recognized by the competent authority, in accordance with 6.8.2.7, in which the material is chosen and the shell thickness determined taking into account maximum and minimum filling and working temperatures, but the following minimum requirements of 6.8.2.1.6 to 6.8.2.1.26 shall be met. 6.8.2.1.5 Tanks intended to contain certain dangerous substances shall be provided with additional protection. This may take the form of additional thickness of the shell (increased calculation pressure) determined in the light of the dangers inherent in the substances concerned or of a protective device (see the special provisions of 6.8.4). 6.8.2.1.6 Welds shall be skilfully made and shall afford the fullest safety. The execution and checking of welds shall comply with the requirements of 6.8.2.1.23. 6.8.2.1.7 Measures shall be taken to protect shells against the risk of deformation as a result of a negative internal pressure. Shells, other than shells according to 6.8.2.2.6, designed to be equipped with vacuum valves shall be able to withstand, without permanent deformation, an external pressure of not less than 21 kPa (0.21 bar) above the internal pressure. Shells used for the carriage of solid substances (powdery or granular) of packing groups II or III only, which do not liquefy during carriage, may be designed for a lower external pressure but not less than 5 kPa (0.05 bar). The vacuum valves shall be set to relieve at a vacuum setting not greater than the tank's design vacuum pressure. Shells, which are not designed to be equipped with a vacuum valve shall be able to withstand, without permanent deformation an external pressure of not less than 40 kPa (0.4 bar) above the internal pressure. Materials for shells 6.8.2.1.8 Shells shall be made of suitable metallic materials which, unless other temperature ranges are prescribed in the various classes, shall be resistant to brittle fracture and to stress corrosion cracking between -20 °C and +50 °C. 6.8.2.1.9 The materials of shells or of their protective linings which are in contact with the contents shall not contain substances liable to react dangerously (see "Dangerous reaction" in 1.2.1) with the contents, to form dangerous compounds, or substantially to weaken the material. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 495 - If contact between the substance carried and the material used for the construction of the shell entails a progressive decrease in the shell thickness, this thickness shall be increased at manufacture by an appropriate amount. This additional thickness to allow for corrosion shall not be taken into consideration in calculating the shell thickness. 6.8.2.1.10 For welded shells only materials of faultless weldability whose adequate impact strength at an ambient temperature of –20 ºC can be guaranteed, particularly in the weld seams and the zones adjacent thereto, shall be used. If fine-grained steel is used, the guaranteed value of the yield strength Re shall not exceed 460 N/mm2 and the guaranteed value of the upper limit of tensile strength Rm shall not exceed 725 N/mm2, in accordance with the specifications of the material. 6.8.2.1.11 Ratios of Re/Rm exceeding 0.85 are not allowed for steels used in the construction of welded tanks. Re = apparent yield strength for steels having a clearly-defined yield point or guaranteed 0.2% proof strength for steels with no clearly-defined yield point (1% for austenitic steels) Rm = tensile strength. The values specified in the inspection certificate for the material shall be taken as a basis in determining this ratio in each case. 6.8.2.1.12 For steel, the elongation at fracture, in % shall be not less than N/mm in stenght tensile determined but in any case for fine-grained steels it shall be not less than 16% and not less than 20% for other steels. For aluminium alloys the elongation at fracture shall be not less than 12% 1. Calculation of the shell thickness 6.8.2.1.13 The pressure on which the shell thickness is based shall not be less than the calculation pressure, but the stresses referred to in 6.8.2.1.1 shall also be taken into account, and, if necessary, the following stresses: In the case of vehicles in which the tank constitutes a stressed self-supporting member, the shell shall be designed to withstand the stresses thus imposed in addition to stresses from other sources. In the case of sheet metal the axis of the tensile test-piece shall be at right angles to the direction of rolling. The permanent elongation at fracture shall be measured on test-pieces of circular cross-section in which the gauge length l is equal to five times the diameter d (l = 5d); if test-pieces of rectangular section are used, the gauge length shall be calculated by the formula o F ,5 l = , where Fo indicates the initial cross-section area of the test-piece. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 496 - Under these stresses, the stress at the most severely stressed point of the shell and its fastenings shall not exceed the value σ defined in 6.8.2.1.16. Under each of these stresses the safety factors to be observed shall be the following: - for metals having a clearly-defined yield point: a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the apparent yield strength; or - for metals with no clearly-defined yield point: a safety factor of 1.5 in relation to the guaranteed 0.2% proof strength (1% maximum elongation for austenitic steels). 6.8.2.1.14 The calculation pressure is in the second part of the code (see 4.3.4.1) according to Column (12) of Table A of Chapter 3.2. When "G" appears, the following requirements shall apply: (a) Gravity-discharge shells intended for the carriage of substances having a vapour pressure not exceeding 110 kPa (1.1 bar) (absolute pressure) at 50 ºC shall be designed for a calculation pressure of twice the static pressure of the substance to be carried but not less than twice the static pressure of water; (b) Pressure-filled or pressure-discharge shells intended for the carriage of substances having a vapour pressure not exceeding 110 kPa (1.1 bar) (absolute pressure) at 50 ºC shall be designed for a calculation pressure equal to 1.3 times the filling or discharge pressure; When the numerical value of the minimum calculation pressure is given (gauge pressure) the shell shall be designed for this pressure which shall not be less than 1.3 times the filling or discharge pressure. The following minimum requirements shall apply in these cases: (c) Shells intended for the carriage of substances having a vapour pressure of more than 110 kPa (1.1 bar) at 50 °C and a boiling point of more than 35 °C shall, whatever their filling or discharge system, be designed for a calculation pressure of not less than 150 kPa (1.5 bar) gauge pressure or 1.3 times the filling or discharge pressure, whichever is the higher; (d) Shells intended for the carriage of substances having a boiling point of not more than 35 °C shall, whatever their filling or discharge system, be designed for a calculation pressure equal to 1.3 times the filling or discharge pressure but not less than 0.4 MPa (4 bar) (gauge pressure). 6.8.2.1.15 At the test pressure, the stress σ at the most severely stressed point of the shell shall not exceed the material-dependent limits prescribed below. Allowance shall be made for any weakening due to the welds. 6.8.2.1.16 For all metals and alloys, the stress σ at the test pressure shall be lower than the smaller of the values given by the following formulae: σ ≤ 0.75 Re or σ ≤ 0.5 Rm where Re = apparent yield strength for steels having a clearly-defined yield point; or guaranteed 0.2% proof strength for steels with no clearly-defined yield point (1% for austenitic steels) Rm = tensile strength. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 497 - The values of Re and Rm to be used shall be specified minimum values according to material standards. If no material standard exists for the metal or alloy in question, the values of Re and Rm used shall be approved by the competent authority or by a body designated by that authority. When austenitic steels are used, the specified minimum values according to the material standards may be exceeded by up to 15% if these higher values are attested in the inspection certificate. The minimum values shall, however, not be exceeded when the formula given in 6.8.2.1.18 is applied. Minimum shell thickness 6.8.2.1.17 The shell thickness shall not be less than the greater of the values determined by the following formulae: λ σ = D P e T σ = D P e C where: e = minimum shell thickness in mm PT = test pressure in MPa PC = calculation pressure in MPa as specified in 6.8.2.1.14 D = internal diameter of shell in mm σ = permissible stress, as defined in 6.8.2.1.16, in N/mm2 λ = a coefficient not exceeding 1, allowing for any weakening due to welds, and linked to the inspection methods defined in 6.8.2.1.23. The thickness shall in no case be less than that defined in 6.8.2.1.18 to 6.8.2.1.21. 6.8.2.1.18 to 6.8.2.1.20. 6.8.2.1.18 Shells of circular cross-section 2 not more than 1.80 m in diameter other than those referred to in 6.8.2.1.21, shall not be less than 5 mm thick if of mild steel 3, or of equivalent thickness if of another metal. Shells shall be not less than 5 mm thick if of mild steel 3 (in conformity with the requirements of 6.8.2.1.11 and 6.8.2.1.12) or of equivalent thickness if of another metal. Where the diameter is more than 1.80 m, this thickness shall be increased to 6 mm except in the case of shells intended for the carriage of powdery or granular substances, if the shell is of mild steel 3, or to an equivalent thickness if of another metal. Where the diameter is more than 1.80 m, this thickness shall be increased to 6 mm except in the case of tanks intended for the carriage of powdery or granular substances, if the shell is of mild steel 3 or to an equivalent thickness if of another metal. Whatever the metal used, the shell thickness shall in no case be less than 3 mm. For shells not of a circular cross-section, for example box-shaped or elliptical shells, the indicated diameters shall correspond to those calculated on the basis of a circular cross-section of the same area. For such shapes of cross-section the radius of convexity of the shell wall shall not exceed 2 000 mm at the sides or 3 000 mm at the top and bottom. For the definitions of "mild steel" and "reference steel" see 1.2.1. "Mild steel" in this case also covers a steel referred to in EN material standards as "mild steel", with a minimum tensile strength between 360 N/mm² and 490 N/mm² and a minimum elongation at fracture conforming to 6.8.2.1.12. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 498 - "Equivalent thickness" means the thickness obtained by the following formula34: ( ) m A R e e = 6.8.2.1.19 Where protection of the tank against damage through lateral impact or overturning is provided according to 6.8.2.1.20, the competent authority may allow the aforesaid minimum thicknesses to be reduced in proportion to the protection provided; however, the said thicknesses shall not be less than 3 mm in the case of mild steel 3, or than an equivalent thickness in the case of other materials, for shells not more than 1.80 m in diameter. For shells with a diameter exceeding 1.80 m the aforesaid minimum thickness shall be increased to 4 mm in the case of mild steel 3 and to an equivalent thickness in the case of other metals. Where protection of the tank against damage is provided according to 6.8.2.1.20, the competent authority may allow the aforesaid minimum thicknesses to be reduced in proportion to the protection provided; however, the said thicknesses shall be not less than 3 mm in the case of mild steel 3, or than an equivalent thickness in the case of other materials, for shells not more than 1.80 m in diameter. For shells of a diameter exceeding 1.80 m this minimum thickness shall be increased to 4 mm in the case of mild steel 3, and to an equivalent thickness in the case of other metals. Equivalent thickness means the thickness given by the formula in 6.8.2.1.18. Except in cases for which 6.8.2.1.21 provide, the thickness of shells with protection against damage in accordance with 6.8.2.1.20 (a) or (b) shall not be less than the values given in the table below. Equivalent thickness means the thickness given by the formula in 6.8.2.1.18. The thickness of shells with protection against damage in accordance with 6.8.2.1.20 shall not be less than the values given in the table below. Diameter of shell ≤ 1.80 m > 1.80 m Stainless austenitic steels 2.5 mm 3 mm Other steels 3 mm 4 mm Aluminium alloys 4 mm 5 mm Minimum thickness of shells Pure aluminium of 99.80% 6 mm 8 mm For the definitions of "mild steel" and "reference steel" see 1.2.1. "Mild steel" in this case also covers a steel referred to in EN material standards as "mild steel", with a minimum tensile strength between 360 N/mm² and 490 N/mm² and a minimum elongation at fracture conforming to 6.8.2.1.12. This formula is derived from the general formula: m1 m0 A1 R A R e e ¸¸ ¹ · ¨¨ © § = where e1 = minimum shell thickness for the metal chosen, in mm; eo = minimum shell thickness for mild steel, in mm, according to 6.8.2.1.18 and 6.8.2.1.19; Rmo = 370 (tensile strength for reference steel, see definition 1.2.1, in N/mm2); Ao = 27 (elongation at fracture for reference steel, in %); Rm1 = minimum tensile strength of the metal chosen, in N/mm2; and A1 = minimum elongation at fracture of the metal chosen under tensile stress, in %. Copyright © United Nations, 2010. All rights reserved - 499 - 6.8.2.1.20 For tanks built after 1 January 1990, there is protection against damage as referred to in 6.8.2.1.19 when the following measures or equivalent measures are adopted: (a) For tanks intended for the carriage of powdery or granular substances, the protection against damage shall satisfy the competent authority. (b) For tanks intended for the carriage of other substances, there is protection against damage when: The protection referred to in 6.8.2.1.19 may consist of: - overall external structural protection as in "sandwich" construction where the sheathing is secured to the shell; or - a structure in which the shell is supported by a complete skeleton including longitudinal and transverse structural members; or - double-wall construction.

Source: https://magyarkozlony.hu/hivatalos-lapok/945632c814e61ccd58078b16a375f75379bcd27e/dokumentumok/1c7a9d1f95d97be00af195dd2cdb79c5644f2a7d/letoltes