Medicare: Financing the Part A Hospital Insurance Program
Released: 2009-05-27T00:00:00

Summary: Medicare is the nation's health insurance program for individuals aged 65 and over and certain disabled persons. Medicare consists of four distinct parts: Part A or Hospital Insurance (HI); Part B or Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI); Part C or Medicare Advantage (MA); and Part D, the prescription drug benefit. The Part A program is financed primarily through payroll taxes levied on current workers and their employers; these are credited to the HI trust fund. The Part B program is financed through a combination of monthly premiums paid by current enrollees and general revenues. Income from these sources is credited to the SMI trust fund. Beneficiaries can choose to receive all their Medicare services, except hospice, through managed care plans under the MA program; payment is made on their behalf in appropriate parts from the HI and SMI trust funds. A separate account in the SMI trust fund accounts for the Part D drug benefit; Part D is financed through general revenues and beneficiary premiums.

The HI and SMI trust funds are overseen by a board of trustees that makes annual reports to Congress. The 2009 report projects that under intermediate assumptions, the HI trust fund will become insolvent in 2017, two years earlier than projected in 2008. The HI fund fails to meet both the short- and long-range tests for financial adequacy. Because of the way it is financed, the SMI fund does not face insolvency; however, the trustees project that SMI expenditures will continue to grow rapidly.

The trustees stress the importance of considering the Medicare program as a whole. There is concern that over time the economy will be unable to support the increasing reliance on general revenues, which in large measure come from taxes paid by the under-65 population. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) requires that if the Medicare trustees project that 45% or more of Medicare's funding will come from general tax revenues within the current fiscal year or next six years, for two years in a row, the President must submit legislation to slow spending. For the fourth consecutive year, the 2009 Trustees Report estimated that general revenue funding will exceed 45% of total Medicare expenditures within seven years (in 2014). As a result of this new warning, in 2010, the President will be required to submit a legislative proposal to Congress that would lower the ratio below the 45% level.

This CRS report will be updated upon receipt of the 2010 trustees' report or as circumstances warrant.


subsections: section_title: Health Insurance (HI) Trust Fund
subsections: section_title: What It Is
paragraphs: Medicare is the nation's health insurance program for individuals aged 65 and over and certain disabled persons. Medicare consists of four distinct parts: Part A or Hospital Insurance (HI); Part B or Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI); Part C or Medicare Advantage (MA); and Part D, the prescription drug benefit. Medicare's financial operations are accounted for through two trust funds, the HI trust fund and the SMI trust fund, which are maintained by the Department of the Treasury. 

The Part A program is financed primarily through payroll taxes levied on current workers and their employers; these are credited to the HI trust fund. The trust fund is an accounting mechanism; there is no actual transfer of money into and out of the fund. Income to the trust fund is credited to the fund in the form of interest-bearing government securities. (The securities represent obligations that the government has issued to itself.) Expenditures for services and administrative costs are recorded against the fund. As long as the trust fund has a balance, the Treasury Department is authorized to make payments for it from the U.S. Treasury.

The Part B and D programs are financed primarily through a combination of monthly premiums paid by current enrollees and general revenues. Income from these sources is credited to the SMI trust fund. For beneficiaries enrolled in MA, Part C payments are made on their behalf in appropriate portions from the HI and SMI trust funds. 

section_title: Income and Outgo
paragraphs: The primary source of income credited to the HI trust fund is payroll taxes paid by employees and employers; each pays a tax of 1.45% on earnings. The self-employed pay 2.9%. Unlike Social Security, there is no upper limit on earnings subject to the tax. Additional income consists of (1) premiums paid by voluntary enrollees who are not automatically entitled to Medicare Part A through their (or their spouse's) work in covered employment; (2) government credits; and (3) interest on federal securities held by the trust fund. Since 1994, the HI fund has had an additional funding source: the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA 93) increased the maximum amount of Social Security benefits subject to income tax from 50% to 85% and provided that the additional revenues would be credited to the HI trust fund.

Payments are made from the trust fund for covered Part A benefits, namely, hospital services, skilled nursing facility services, some home health services, and hospice care. Payments are also made for administrative costs associated with operating the program.

section_title: Board of Trustees
paragraphs: By law, the six-member Board is composed of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Labor, the Commissioner of Social Security, and two public members (not of the same political party) nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is the Managing Trustee. The Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is designated Secretary of the Board.

section_title: Annual Trustees' Report
paragraphs: The Board makes an annual report on the operations of the trust fund. Financial projections included in the report are made by CMS actuaries using major economic and other assumptions selected by the trustees. The report includes three forecasts ranging from pessimistic ("high cost") to mid-range ("intermediate") to optimistic ("low cost"). The intermediate projections represent the Trustees' best estimate of economic and demographic trends; they are the projections most frequently cited. The 2009 report was issued May 12, 2009.

section_title: 2009 Health Insurance Trustees Report—Key Findings
subsections: section_title: 2008 Operations
paragraphs: In calendar year (CY) 2008, total income to the HI trust fund was $230.8 billion. Payroll taxes of workers and their employers accounted for $198.7 billion (86.1%), interest and government credits for $17.5 billion (7.6%), premiums (from those buying into the program) for $2.9 billion (1.3%), and taxation of Social Security benefits for $11.7 billion (5.1%). The program paid out $235.6 billion—$232.3 billion (98.6%) in benefits and $3.3 billion (1.4%) for administrative expenses. The balance at the end of 2008 was $321.3 billion. In FY2008, total income was $229.7 billion, and total disbursements were $230.2 billion; the distribution of income sources and expenditures was similar to those recorded for CY2008. (See Table 1 .)

section_title: Projected Insolvency Date
paragraphs: The 2009 report projects that, under intermediate assumptions, the HI trust fund will become insolvent in 2017, two years earlier than projected in the 2008 report. This change primarily reflects lower payroll tax income due to the current economic recession. The 2009 report projects insolvency nine years earlier than did the 2003 report, issued prior to the enactment of Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA, P.L. 108-173 ). That law added to HI costs, mainly through higher payments to rural hospitals and to private plans under the MA program.

Beginning in 2004, tax income (from payroll taxes and from the taxation of Social Security benefits) began to be less than expenditures. Expenditures began to exceed total income in 2008. When income falls short of expenditures, costs are met by drawing on HI fund assets through transfers from the general fund of the Treasury until the fund is depleted.

section_title: Short- and Long-Range Financial Soundness
paragraphs: The 2009 report states that the fund fails to meet the short-range (i.e., 10-year, 2009-2018) test of financial adequacy since total HI assets at the start of the year are estimated to decline to below 100% of expenditures during 2012.

Further, a substantial actuarial deficit exists over the full long-range projection period (2009-2083). For projections beyond 2018, the trustees do not use actual dollar figures due to the difficulty of comparing dollar values for different time periods. Instead, they measure long-range financial soundness by comparing the fund's income rate (the ratio of tax income to taxable payroll) with its cost rate (the ratio of expenditures for insured persons to taxable payroll). Under the 2009 intermediate assumptions, the trustees state that cost rates are projected to exceed income rates by a steadily and rapidly growing margin. In 2009, the income rate is projected at 3.13, while the cost rate is projected at 3.57, a negative gap of 0.44 percentage points (compared to a negative 0.23 in 2008 and a negative 0.03 percentage points in 2007). This gap is projected to widen to 0.62 percentage points in 2015, 1.10 in 2020, and 8.30 in 2080. By 2080, tax income will cover less than one-third of projected expenditures. Summarized over the 75-year period, the actuarial deficit is 3.88%. (The 2008 75-year estimate was 3.54%.) Looked at another way, the trustees estimate the present value of unfunded HI obligations through 2083 at $13.8 trillion.

The trustees state that substantial changes would be required to maintain financial soundness over the 75-year projection period. For example, income could be increased by immediately increasing the payroll tax rate for employees and employers combined from 2.90% to 6.78%. Alternatively, expenditures could be reduced, but this would require an immediate decrease in benefits of 53%. These changes could be implemented more gradually through the period, but they would ultimately have to be more stringent.

section_title: Projection Factors
paragraphs: The trustees' projections of income and outgo reflect several demographic and economic variables. These include the consumer price index, fertility rate, workforce size and wage increases, and life expectancy. They also include estimates specific to the HI program, including the expected use and cost of inpatient hospital, skilled nursing facility, and home health services.

Beginning in 2011, the program will also begin to experience the impact of major demographic changes. First, baby boomers (persons born between 1946 and 1964) begin to turn age 65 and become eligible for Medicare. The baby boom population is likely to live longer than previous generations. This will mean an increase in the number of "old" beneficiaries (i.e., those 85 and over). The combination of these factors is estimated to contribute to the increase in the size of the HI population from 44.9 million in 2008 to 47.5 million in 2011, and 78.9 million in 2030. Accompanying this significant increase is a shift in the number of covered workers supporting each HI enrollee. In 2008, there were about 3.7. This number is predicted to decrease to 2.4 in 2030 and 2.1 by 2080.

The combination of expenditure and demographic factors results in an increase in the size of the HI program relative to other sectors of the economy. According to the 2009 report, if no changes are made in current Medicare law, the HI program's cost is expected to rise from 1.58% of GDP in 2008 to 2.75% in 2030, and 4.96% in 2080.

section_title: Issues
subsections: section_title: Status of Program as a Whole
paragraphs: As noted, HI and SMI are financed very differently. HI is funded by current workers through a payroll tax, while SMI is funded by premiums from current beneficiaries and federal general revenues. Because of this financing, the SMI trust fund's income is projected to equal expenditures for all future years. Historically, therefore, the major focus of concern was the HI fund. More recently attention has also turned to the rapid increase in SMI costs, which have been growing significantly faster than GDP. For a number of years, the trustees have been emphasizing the importance of considering the program as a whole and the fact that the projected increases are unsustainable over time. To further emphasize this point, in 2002 they began issuing a single report covering the entire program.

The enactment of MMA made the consideration of the future of the total program more critical. The legislation increased spending under Parts A, B, and C. In addition, it added a new prescription drug benefit under Part D; spending for this benefit is recorded as a separate account in the SMI trust fund. The trustees note that these changes have important implications. In 2005, total Medicare expenditures represented 2.73% of GDP. In 2006 (the first year of the new drug benefit), total expenditures were 3.11% of GDP. The percentage is expected to increase to 7.23% by 2035 and to 11.18% by 2080. The trustees note that over the past 50 years, total federal tax receipts have averaged 11% of GDP. They further note that projected Medicare costs will exceed those for Social Security by 2028, and be more than double the cost of Social Security by 2083.

section_title: Required Response
paragraphs: There is concern that over time the economy will be unable to support the increasing reliance on general revenues which in large measure comes from taxes paid by the under-65 population. In response, MMA (Section 801) required the trustees report to include an expanded analysis of Medicare expenditures and revenues. Specifically, a determination must be made as to whether general revenue financing will exceed 45% of total Medicare outlays within the next seven years (on a fiscal year basis). General revenues financing is defined as total Medicare outlays minus dedicated financing sources (i.e., HI payroll taxes; income from taxation of Social Security benefits; state transfers for prescription drug benefits; premiums paid under Parts A, B, and D; and any gifts received by the trust funds). The 2006 report projected that the 45% level would first be exceeded in FY2012; the 2007 report projected that it would first be exceeded in 2013, while both the 2008 and 2009 reports project the first year at 2014. The four findings were within the required seven-year test period. The reports, therefore, made a determination of "excess general revenue Medicare funding." 

MMA (Sections 802-804) requires that if an excess general revenue funding determination is made for two successive years, the President must submit a legislative proposal to respond to the warning. The Congress is required to consider the proposals on an expedited basis. However, passage of legislation within a specific time frame is not required. On January 6, 2009, the House approved a rules package ( H.Res. 5 ) that nullifies the trigger provision for the 111 th Congress.

Because the Medicare trustees issued such a warning in 2008, the MMA required that the President submit legislation to Congress responding to the warning within the 15-day period, beginning on the date of the budget submission to Congress this year. However, the President considers this requirement to be advisory and not binding, in accordance with the Recommendations Clause of the Constitution. The President's 2010 budget includes proposals that if enacted would bring the share of Medicare funded by general revenues below 45% (estimated Medicare savings are $92.3 billion over the five-year budget period, $287.5 billion over the 10-year budget period, and about $49.9 billion in 2014). The budget requests that these savings be set aside in a reserve fund for health care reform. Finally, the President's budget asserts that there are more significant ways to measure the health of the Medicare program than the warning, such as the overall financial burden of the program on the U.S. economy, the number of workers for each Medicare beneficiary, and/or Medicare spending as a percentage of GDP. 

section_title: Prospects
paragraphs: The financial outlook for the HI trust fund, and for Medicare as a whole, continues to raise serious concerns. There are no simple solutions to address the problems raised by the aging of the population, the downturn in the economy, and the rapid growth in health care costs. Trustees and many other observers continue to warn that the magnitude of the impending deficit and the expanding drain on the federal budget need to be addressed. Even in the short run, correcting the financial imbalance in the HI trust fund will require substantial changes to program income and/or expenses. At the same time, observers express concern about the impact of any solution on quality of care and on beneficiaries' out-of-pocket costs. It seems likely that in the short term, Congress will focus its attention on specific Medicare issues—for example, payment updates for certain types of providers. It may also consider Medicare spending reductions as part of broader health reform legislation or as part of legislation (such as budget reconciliation) designed to reduce overall federal spending.


Question-summary annotations: questions: question: What is Medicare?
answer: Medicare is the nation's health insurance program for individuals aged 65 and over and certain disabled persons.
child_questions: question: What are the different parts of Medicare?
answer: Medicare consists of four distinct parts: Part A or Hospital Insurance (HI); Part B or Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI); Part C or Medicare Advantage (MA); and Part D, the prescription drug benefit.
child_questions: question: What characterizes the Part A program?
answer: The Part A program is financed primarily through payroll taxes levied on current workers and their employers; these are credited to the HI trust fund.

question: How is the Part B program financed?
answer: The Part B program is financed through a combination of monthly premiums paid by current enrollees and general revenues. Income from these sources is credited to the SMI trust fund.

question: What is Part D of Medicare?
answer: A separate account in the SMI trust fund accounts for the Part D drug benefit; Part D is financed through general revenues and beneficiary premiums.

question: How do beneficiaries receive Medicare service?
answer: Beneficiaries can choose to receive all their Medicare services, except hospice, through managed care plans under the MA program; payment is made on their behalf in appropriate parts from the HI and SMI trust funds.

questions: question: How are HI and SMI trust funds overseen?
answer: The HI and SMI trust funds are overseen by a board of trustees that makes annual reports to Congress.

question: How has the future of HI changed since 2008 projections?
answer: The 2009 report projects that under intermediate assumptions, the HI trust fund will become insolvent in 2017, two years earlier than projected in 2008.
child_questions: question: How does this effect the evaluation of the HI fund?
answer: The HI fund fails to meet both the short- and long-range tests for financial adequacy.

question: What is the financial state of the SMI fund?
answer: Because of the way it is financed, the SMI fund does not face insolvency; however, the trustees project that SMI expenditures will continue to grow rapidly.

questions: question: What is the stance of trustees regarding Medicare?
answer: The trustees stress the importance of considering the Medicare program as a whole.

question: What concerns exist regarding the financeability of Medicare?
answer: There is concern that over time the economy will be unable to support the increasing reliance on general revenues, which in large measure come from taxes paid by the under-65 population.

question: What does the MMA require?
answer: The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) requires that if the Medicare trustees project that 45% or more of Medicare's funding will come from general tax revenues within the current fiscal year or next six years, for two years in a row, the President must submit legislation to slow spending.
child_questions: question: How is this relevant to the future of Medicare spending?
answer: For the fourth consecutive year, the 2009 Trustees Report estimated that general revenue funding will exceed 45% of total Medicare expenditures within seven years (in 2014).
child_questions: question: What does this mean for potential presidential action?
answer: As a result of this new warning, in 2010, the President will be required to submit a legislative proposal to Congress that would lower the ratio below the 45% level.