Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy: Progress Made in Approving Applications, but Ability to Identify Remaining Individuals Is Limited
Published: 2007-05-08T00:00:00

Fast Facts:

Highlights:
section_title: Why GAO Did This Study
paragraphs: To help the elderly and disabled with prescription drug costs, the Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003, which created a voluntary outpatient prescription drug benefit (Medicare Part D). A key element of the prescription drug benefit is the low-income subsidy, or "extra help," available to Medicare beneficiaries with limited income and resources to assist them in paying their premiums and other out-of-pocket costs. To assess Social Security Administration's (SSA) implementation of the Medicare Part D low-income subsidy, GAO was asked to review (1) the progress that SSA has made in identifying and soliciting applications from individuals potentially eligible for the low-income subsidy, and (2) the processes that SSA uses to track its progress in administering the subsidy. This statement is drawn from GAO's ongoing study for the committee on the Medicare Part D low-income subsidy, which is expected to be published at the end of May. To conduct this work, GAO reviewed the law, assessed subsidy data, and interviewed officials from SSA, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Internal Revenue Service, state Medicaid agencies, and advocacy groups.
section_title: What GAO Found
paragraphs: SSA approved approximately 2.2 million Medicare beneficiaries for the low-income subsidy as of March 2007, despite barriers that limited its ability to identify individuals who were eligible for the subsidy and solicit applications from them. However, the success of SSA's outreach efforts is uncertain because there are no reliable data to identify the eligible population. SSA officials had hoped to use Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax data to identify the eligible population, but the law prohibits the use of such data unless an individual has already applied for the subsidy. Even if SSA could use the data, IRS officials question its usefulness. Instead, SSA used income records and other government data to identify 18.6 million Medicare beneficiaries who might qualify for the subsidy, which was considered an overestimate of the eligible population. SSA mailed low-income subsidy information and applications to these Medicare beneficiaries and conducted an outreach campaign of 76,000 events nationwide. However, since the initial campaign ended, SSA has not developed a comprehensive plan to distinctly identify its continuing outreach efforts apart from other agency activities. SSA's efforts were hindered by beneficiaries' confusion about the distinction between applying for the subsidy and signing up for the prescription drug benefit, and the reluctance of some potential applicants to share personal financial information, among other factors. SSA has collected data and established some goals to monitor its progress in administering the subsidy, but still lacks data and measurable goals in some key areas. While SSA tracks various subsidy application processes through its Medicare database, it has not established goals to monitor its performance for all application processes. For example, SSA tracks the time for resolving appeals and the outcomes of its initial redeterminations of subsidy eligibility, but does not measure the amount of time it takes to process individual redetermination decisions. According to SSA officials, implementing the low-income subsidy was manageable overall due to increased funding for the outreach and application processes and did not significantly affect the agency's workload and operations. GAO is considering recommendations for SSA to work with IRS to assess the extent to which taxpayer data could help identify individuals who might qualify for the subsidy, and help improve estimates of the eligible population; and for SSA to develop a plan to guide its continuing outreach efforts and develop key management tools to measure the results of its subsidy application processes.

section_title: Letter
paragraphs: I am pleased to be here to discuss the Social Security Administration’s  (SSA) progress in approving individuals for the Medicare Part D low-  income subsidy. High prescription drug costs can have a detrimental effect  on low-income seniors and the disabled, who are more likely than others  to suffer from chronic medical problems requiring prescription drugs.  Such high costs may cause some elderly patients to forgo or restrict their  use of prescription drugs. To help the elderly and disabled with these  costs, the Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement,  and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003. MMA enabled Medicare  beneficiaries to enroll voluntarily in drug plans sponsored by private  companies. The benefit includes a low-income subsidy, or “extra help,” to  assist Medicare beneficiaries with limited income and resources in paying  their premiums and other out-of-pocket costs.
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and its Centers for  Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is largely responsible for   implementing the new drug benefit, called Medicare Part D, and SSA is  responsible for administering the low-income subsidy. Accordingly, SSA is  responsible for notifying individuals of the subsidy’s availability, taking  applications, making subsidy eligibility determinations, resolving appeals,  and ensuring continued subsidy eligibility. SSA also withholds Part D  premiums from Social Security benefits for beneficiaries who select this  option. To assess SSA’s implementation of the Part D low-income subsidy,  you asked us to review (1) the progress that SSA has made in identifying  and soliciting applications from individuals potentially eligible for the low- income subsidy and (2) the processes that SSA uses to track its progress in  administering the subsidy benefit.
My written statement is drawn from our ongoing work for the committee  on the Part D low-income subsidy, for which we expect to provide you a  report at the end of May.  We have provided SSA and the Internal Revenue  Service (IRS) with a draft copy of our report, and agency officials are in  the process of preparing their comments.  To conduct our work, we  interviewed and obtained documentation from officials responsible for  implementing the subsidy at SSA headquarters and at eight SSA field  offices in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Texas. We also obtained  and discussed relevant documentation on SSA’s outreach efforts to target  the low-income population and methods for obtaining input from state  Medicaid agencies. We reviewed available data on SSA’s processes for  making eligibility determinations, resolving appeals, and making  redeterminations, but were unable to verify the reliability of the data. We  interviewed CMS officials and obtained documentation on the agency’s  involvement with SSA’s outreach efforts. We interviewed officials at the  IRS concerning legal restrictions on its ability to release tax data to SSA.  We met with various advocacy groups that represent low-income and  disabled beneficiaries to obtain their perspectives on SSA’s  implementation of the low-income subsidy. We conducted our work from  May 2006 through April 2007 in accordance with generally accepted  government auditing standards.
subsections: section_title: Background
paragraphs: All Medicare beneficiaries entitled to benefits under Medicare Part A or  enrolled in Part B are eligible to enroll in Medicare Part D. Medicare  beneficiaries who qualify for full coverage under their state’s Medicaid  program, as well as Medicare beneficiaries who qualify for more limited  Medicaid coverage, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), or state Medicare  Savings Programs are automatically enrolled in a prescription drug plan  by CMS, automatically qualify for the full subsidy of their premium and  deductible, and do not need to file an application. They are referred to as  “deemed.”
Other Medicare beneficiaries who do not automatically qualify for the  subsidy (i.e., who are not deemed) must apply and meet the income and  resource requirements. These beneficiaries generally qualify if they have  incomes below 150 percent of the federal poverty level and have limited  resources. Generally, in 2007, individuals qualify if they have an income of  less than $15,315 and have resources of less than $11,710; couples qualify  if they have a combined income of  $20,535 and resources of  $23,410. The  amount of the subsidy for premiums, deductibles, copayments, and  catastrophic coverage varies, depending on income and resources.  Subsidy benefits are provided to these individuals on a sliding scale,  depending on their income and resources.
Individuals generally apply for the benefit directly through SSA, although  they may also apply through their state Medicaid office. The agency that  receives an application, whether SSA or a state Medicaid agency, is  responsible for making initial subsidy determinations and deciding appeals  and redeterminations. Those who apply through SSA may submit their  subsidy application using SSA’s paper application or an Internet  application form. Applicants may also have their information entered  electronically by visiting an SSA field office or by calling SSA’s toll-free  phone line. Under the MMA, beneficiaries may also apply for the subsidy  through their state Medicaid office. However, according to state Medicaid  officials we spoke with, they encouraged beneficiaries to apply for the  subsidy through SSA whenever possible. As of March 2007, only the  Colorado and Kansas state Medicaid agencies had made Part D subsidy  determinations.
Under the MMA, the Congress provided SSA with a $500 million  appropriation from the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund and the  Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund to pay for the  initiation of SSA’s Part D responsibilities, and the activities for other MMA  responsibilities for fiscal years 2004 and 2005, but later extended the  appropriation to fiscal year 2006. Since January 2006, SSA officials told us  that the agency has had to draw on its overall administrative appropriation  to support its Part D activities.
section_title: Progress Has Been Made in Approving Subsidy Applicants, despite Barriers, but Measuring Success Is Difficult
paragraphs: SSA has approved 2.2 million applicants for the subsidy as of March 2007,  despite some barriers, but measuring their success is difficult because no  reliable data are available to identify the eligible population. SSA officials  told us that their outreach goal was to inform all individuals potentially  eligible for the subsidy and provide them an opportunity to apply for the  benefit. Because the agency lacked access to reliable data that might help  target their outreach efforts more narrowly, SSA used income records and  other government data to identify a broad group of potentially eligible  individuals. Outreach efforts were further limited by several barriers to  soliciting applications. Since its initial outreach campaign, SSA has not  developed a comprehensive plan to identify its continued outreach efforts  apart from other activities.
subsections: section_title: SSA’s Initial Outreach Efforts Were Extensive, but Outreach Has since Decreased
paragraphs: SSA conducted its initial outreach campaign from May 2005 to August  2006, but has decreased its efforts since then. SSA sent targeted mailings,  which included an application for the subsidy and instructions on how to  apply, to the 18.6 million individuals it had identified as potentially eligible.  After the subsidy applications were mailed, a contractor then made phone  calls to 9.1 million beneficiaries who had not responded to the initial  mailing. SSA also conducted other follow up efforts, including sending  notices to individuals whom the contractor was unable to contact and to  specific subgroups that it identified as having a high likelihood of  qualifying for the subsidy, such as the disabled; individuals 79 years of age  and older living in high-poverty areas; and individuals in Spanish-speaking,  Asian-American, and African-American households.
The outreach efforts also included over 76,000 events conducted in  collaboration with federal, state, and local partners, such as CMS, state  Medicaid agencies, state health insurance programs, and advocacy groups  for Medicare beneficiaries. Events were held at senior citizen centers,  public housing authorities, churches, and other venues. As figure 1 shows,  the number of outreach events has declined significantly, from a high of  12,150 in July 2005 to 230 at the completion of the campaign in August  2006.
Although the initial campaign has ended, SSA is continuing to solicit  applications. For example, SSA has conducted various activities to inform  individuals in rural and homeless communities about the subsidy, and is  planning to launch a new strategy this week for Mother’s Day to inform  relatives and caregivers—the sons, daughters, grandchildren and family  friends---about the subsidy. SSA has incorporated its strategy for  continuing outreach efforts for the subsidy into its National  Communications Plan.  However, it has not developed a comprehensive  plan that specifically identifies those efforts separate from other agency  activities. As a result, SSA has a limited basis for assessing its progress and  identifying areas that require improvement.
section_title: Multiple Barriers Impeded SSA’s Outreach Efforts
subsections: section_title: Data Issues Limited SSA’s Efforts to Identify the Eligible Population
paragraphs: SSA did not have access to data that might have helped to narrowly target  the eligible population. Because of the lack of reliable data for identifying  the entire population, SSA broadly targeted 18.6 million individuals who  might be eligible for the subsidy. SSA identified the target population by  using income data from various government sources to screen out  Medicare beneficiaries whose income made them ineligible for the Part D  subsidy. SSA realized that using these data sources would result in an  overestimate of the number of individuals who might qualify for the  subsidy, because the data provided limited information on individuals’  resources or nonwage income. SSA officials said they took this approach  to ensure that all Medicare beneficiaries who were identified as potentially  eligible for the subsidy were made aware of the benefit and had an  opportunity to apply for it.
SSA officials said that they would have preferred to specifically target  Medicare beneficiaries who were likely to be eligible for the subsidy by  using tax data from IRS on individuals’ wage, interest, and pension  income. Current law permits SSA to obtain income and resource data from  IRS to assist in verifying income and resource data provided on subsidy  applications. The law, however, prohibits IRS from sharing such data with  SSA to assist with outreach efforts. According to SSA officials, such data  would allow SSA to identify individuals to target for more direct outreach  and to estimate how many individuals qualify for the subsidy. In November  2006, the HHS Office of Inspector General reported that legislation is  needed to provide SSA and CMS access to income tax data to help the  agencies more effectively identify beneficiaries potentially eligible for the  subsidy.
SSA officials believe IRS income tax data could provide access to  information on individuals’ income and resources. However, IRS officials  told us that its data have many limitations. For example, IRS officials said  that they have limited data on resources for individuals whose income is  less than $20,000, because these individuals do not typically have interest  income, private pensions, or dividend income from stocks that could assist  SSA in estimating an individual’s potential resource level. Also, the  officials said that many people with low incomes do not have incomes  high enough to require them to file taxes, and therefore, IRS might not  have information on them. IRS also explained that its tax data would  most likely identify individuals that would not qualify for the subsidy,  rather than individuals that would qualify.  Moreover, the IRS officials said  that the data it would provide to SSA to determine eligibility could be  almost 2 years old. For example, for subsidy applications filed in early  2007, the last full year of tax data the IRS could provide would be for 2005.  Given these factors, IRS officials stated that summarily sharing private  taxpayer data to identify individuals who could qualify for the subsidy, and  the potential cost of systems changes, would have to be weighed against  the added value of the data. No effort has been undertaken to determine  the extent to which IRS data could help SSA or improve estimates of the  eligible population. Legislation is currently pending before the Congress to  permit IRS to share taxpayer data with SSA to assist the agency in better  identifying individuals who might be eligible for the subsidy.
section_title: Other Barriers Have Limited SSA’s Solicitation Efforts
paragraphs: SSA’s efforts to solicit applications were hindered by beneficiaries’  confusion about applying for subsidy and the drug benefit. According to  SSA field office staff and state Medicaid and advocacy group officials,  many individuals were confused about the difference between the  prescription drug benefit and the subsidy, and did not understand that  they involved separate application processes. Consequently, some  individuals thought that once they were approved for the subsidy, they  were also automatically enrolled in a prescription drug plan. Additionally,  some individuals were reluctant to apply because they did not want to  share their personal financial information for fear that an inadvertent error  on the application could subject them to prosecution under the  application’s perjury clause.
Though individuals have become more educated about the subsidy,  concerns remain about eligibility requirements and the overall complexity  of the application. SSA field office staff and advocacy group officials have  concerns that the eligibility requirements set by the MMA may be a barrier.  For example, they said that the subsidy’s resource test may render some  low-income individuals ineligible because of retirement savings or the  value of other resources. Legislation has been proposed to increase the  resource limit. Advocacy group officials have also said that the application  may be too complex for many elderly and disabled beneficiaries to  understand and complete without the assistance of a third party. SSA  headquarters officials told us they worked with various focus groups to  develop the subsidy application and that they have revised the application  several times to address such concerns, but that much of the information  that applicants may view as complex is required by the MMA.
section_title: Measuring the Success of SSA’s Outreach Efforts is Difficult
paragraphs: The success of SSA’s efforts is uncertain because no reliable data exist on  the total number of individuals potentially eligible for the subsidy. Using  available estimates of the potentially eligible population, SSA approved 32  to 39 percent of the eligible population who were not automatically  deemed by CMS for the subsidy. According to these estimates by CMS, the  Congressional Budget Office, and other entities, about 3.4 million to 4.7  million individuals are eligible for the subsidy, but have not yet enrolled  (See table 1.) In developing these estimates, however, these entities faced  the same data limitations as SSA in identifying potentially eligible  individuals.
SSA officials said that it is unfair to judge the success of its outreach  efforts for the subsidy in relation to the estimates of the total eligible  population, given the limitations in identifying it. SSA officials stated that  their efforts have been successful in meeting their outreach goals. In fact,  after almost 2 years of implementation efforts, SSA’s participation rate  compares favorably to that of the Food Stamp Program, which had a  participation rate of 31 percent after its second year of implementation.  The low-income subsidy participation rate compares less favorably,  however, to that of the Supplemental Security Income program, which had  a participation rate of approximately 50 percent among the aged a year  after the program began. SSA officials noted that the SSI participation rate  included individuals who were automatically transferred from state  government programs to SSI, which is somewhat similar to the “deemed”  population that was automatically transferred to the low-income subsidy.
section_title: Some of SSA’s Application Processes and Operations Lack Key Tools for Monitoring Performance
paragraphs: SSA has collected data and established some goals to monitor its progress  in implementing and administering the subsidy benefit, but still lacks data  and measurable goals in some key areas. To enable agencies to identify  areas in need of improvement, GAO internal control standards state that  agencies should establish and monitor performance measures and  indicators. Accordingly, agencies should compare actual performance  data against expected goals and analyze the differences.
subsections: section_title: SSA Monitors Performance on Applications Processes, but Lacks Data and Goals on Others
subsections: section_title: Determinations
paragraphs: SSA monitors various aspects of its determination process, such as the  number of applications received and their outcomes and length of  processing, but did not establish a performance goal for processing times  until March 2007. SSA largely relies on an automated process to determine  individuals’ eligibility for the subsidy. Income and resource data provided  by the applicant are electronically compared to income data provided by  IRS and other agencies to determine if the individual meets income and  resource requirements. SSA field office staff follow up with individuals in  cases where there are conflicting data or questions. SSA tracks the number  of eligibility determinations, the outcome of those determinations, and the  length of time for completing the determinations. SSA also tracks denials  and periodically samples denied claims to examine the reasons for such  actions.
As of March 2007, approximately 6.2 million individuals had applied for the  subsidy. SSA received the heaviest volume of applications when the public  outreach campaign was the most active. Figure 2 provides data on the  cumulative number of subsidy applicants and approvals from November  2005, when SSA began tracking the data, to December 2006.
While SSA has captured data on the length of time it takes to make  eligibility determinations, it did not develop the capability to report the  data, and did not establish a performance goal for processing times until  March 2007. SSA has now established a goal of processing 75 percent of  subsidy applications in 60 days. Of the approximately 6.2 million  individuals who had applied for the subsidy as of March 2007, SSA  approved 2.2 million, denied 2.6 million, and had decisions pending for  80,000 applicants. SSA officials determined that no decision was required  for 1.4 million because they were duplicate applications, applications from  individuals automatically qualified for the subsidy, or canceled  applications. To identify reasons for subsidy denials, SSA conducted  three separate studies that sampled a total of 1,326 denied claims. These  studies showed that 47 percent of applicants were denied due to resources  and 44 percent because of income that exceeded allowable limits set by  the MMA. SSA officials stated that they plan to conduct a longitudinal  study to examine the reasons for all denied claims.
section_title: Appeals
paragraphs: SSA tracks data on the total number of appeals, the reason for appeals, the  time it takes to process them, the method used to resolve them, and their  final disposition. Individuals may appeal denied claims, as well as the level  of the subsidy, by calling SSA’s national toll-free number, submitting the  request in writing, or visiting any Social Security field office. Individuals  may also complete an appeals form available on SSA’s Web site and mail it  to SSA. Individuals have the choice of having their appeal conducted  through a telephone hearing or a case file review. According to SSA, about  79,000, or 3 percent of denied subsidy applications were appealed from  August 2005 to February 2007. SSA completed about 76,000 appeals in that  time frame. On the basis of an SSA sample of 781 appeals, SSA reversed its  decision for 57 percent of the cases and upheld its decision for the  remaining 43 percent.
SSA data show that the overall volume of appeals received was the highest  between November 2005 and July 2006, declined between August and  November 2006, and rose again between December 2006 and February  2007. During the decline, SSA closed all but one of its six Special Appeals  Units by October 2006. Further, the time it took SSA to process appeals  varied widely, and did not necessarily decrease when the caseloads grew  smaller.
section_title: Redeterminations
paragraphs: SSA tracks various results from the redeterminations process, such as the  number of decisions made, and number and level of continued subsidies.  However, SSA does not track processing time for redetermination  decisions and has not established a performance time target for processing  such actions. According to the MMA and SSA regulations, all recipients of  the subsidy are required to have their eligibility redetermined within 1 year  after SSA first determines their eligibility. Future redeterminations are  required to be conducted at intervals determined by the Commissioner.  SSA’s regulations provide that these periodic redeterminations be based  on the likelihood that an individual’s situation may change in a way that  affects subsidy eligibility. Additionally, SSA’s regulations provide that  unscheduled redeterminations may take place at any time for individuals  who report a change in their circumstances, such as marriage or divorce.  SSA officials stated that since the redeterminations process is conducted  within a certain period of time, it is unnecessary to track the processing  time for individual redetermination decisions.
SSA initiated its first cycle of redeterminations in August 2006, which  including all of the approximately 1.7 million individuals who were  determined to be eligible for the subsidy prior to April 30, 2006. SSA  excluded from the redeterminations process about 562,000 individuals  who were either deceased, automatically deemed eligible for the benefit  by CMS, or whose subsidy benefit had been terminated. SSA data show  that as of February 2007, SSA had completed approximately 237,000  redeterminations. About 69,000 individuals remained at the same subsidy  level, another 69,000 had a change in their subsidy level, and 98,000  individuals had their subsidies terminated, based on a change in their  circumstances.
section_title: SSA Has Monitored Some Aspects of the Subsidy Program’s Impact on SSA’s Workload, and Increased Funding Helped SSA Manage the Increased Workload
paragraphs: SSA has monitored some aspects of the increased workload and found  that implementing the low-income subsidy was manageable overall, due to  increased funding for its MMA startup costs. Although the subsidy  program affected SSA’s workload and operations, SSA officials told us that  implementing the subsidy did not significantly affect the agency’s  workload and operations. SSA hired a total of 2,200 field office staff to  assist with subsidy applications, as well as an additional 500 headquarters  staff to support its MMA activities. SSA officials attribute the light impact  of the subsidy program to various factors, including the automation of the  subsidy application process and the $500 million appropriation it received  for administrative startup costs to implement its MMA responsibilities.  SSA officials pointed out that as they implemented the subsidy, the  processing times for other workloads improved. Officials explained that  they were able to manage the other workloads because the peak increases  in subsidy applications and inquiries were short-lived, allowing SSA’s  operations to return to a more normal operating level after handling these  peak work volumes. SSA officials stated that they expect small increases  in its low-income subsidy workload during future prescription drug plan  open seasons, which are typically held from November to December.
Although SSA can track expenditures for implementing its various MMA  responsibilities overall, it cannot track expenditures related specifically to  low-income subsidy activities. For example, SSA cannot calculate how  much of the $500 million appropriation it received for MMA startup costs  was spent on the subsidy program versus its other MMA responsibilities.  Although SSA could not provide documentation of the total amount of its  subsidy-related expenditures, it estimates that its costs related to  administering the subsidy are about $175 million annually, based on  workload samples. However, SSA is planning to develop a tracking  mechanism to more accurately capture the data.
Recent increases in SSA’s administrative resources may have also been a  factor in limiting the impact of the subsidy program workload. The amount  of SSA’s administrative costs covered by the Medicare Trust Funds is  projected to increase by about 37 percent between fiscal year 2003 and  fiscal year 2008. This increase occurred despite the transfer of the  Medicare appeals processing function from SSA to CMS in 2005. While this  increase has helped SSA to carry out its various Medicare responsibilities  (such as taking applications for Medicare benefits and withholding  Medicare premiums, among others), it may have also helped to cushion  the impact of the subsidy program.
section_title: Conclusions
paragraphs: Reaching the millions of people who are forgoing the government’s help in  paying for their prescription drug benefit remains a significant challenge.  Using the $500 million appropriation for its MMA start up costs, SSA was  able to initiate the Part D subsidy and sign up 2 million people for the  subsidy without adversely affecting SSA’s overall operations. However,  while it is not clear how to reach the remaining eligible people, the  momentum of the initial outreach campaign should not be lost. The  barriers to identifying eligible people and convincing them to sign up  remain. For some, the subsidy application is complicated, which is due in  part to the low-income subsidy eligibility requirements. Further, no one  has yet studied whether or not IRS data can help identification efforts.  While advocacy groups have called for a more personalized outreach  approach to encourage additional enrollments, it may be unrealistic to  expect SSA to conduct such efforts, given its resource limitations. Both a  better understanding of who is eligible and a plan for continued outreach  could help SSA make efficient use of limited staff resources by targeting  outreach more narrowly to the eligible population.
Further, a timely and reliable process for deciding initial determinations,  hearing appeals, and making redeterminations is essential to effective  management of the subsidy. SSA has focused on developing and improving  the processes for serving its customers in a timely manner. As SSA moves  forward, it may need better information to ensure that the subsidy  program serves its target population as efficiently and effectively as  possible.
We are considering recommendations for SSA to work with IRS to assess  the extent to which taxpayer data could help identify individuals who  might qualify for the subsidy, and help improve estimates of the eligible  population; and for SSA to develop a plan to guide its continuing outreach  efforts and develop key management tools to measure the results of its  subsidy application processes.
Mr. Chairman, this completes my prepared statement. I would be happy to  respond to any questions you or other members of the committee may  have at this time.
section_title: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments
paragraphs: For further information regarding this testimony, please contact   Barbara D. Bovbjerg, Director, Education, Workforce, and Income  Security Issues, on (202) 512-7215. Blake Ainsworth, Jeff Bernstein,   Mary Crenshaw, Lara L. Laufer, Sheila McCoy, Kate France Smiles,   Charles Willson, and Paul Wright, also contributed to this statement.
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