General Aviation Security: Weaknesses Exist in TSA's Process for Ensuring Foreign Flight Students Do Not Pose a Security Threat
Published: 2012-07-18T00:00:00

Fast Facts:

Highlights:
section_title: Why GAO Did This Study
paragraphs: U.S. government threat assessments have discussed plans by terrorists to use general aviation aircraftgenerally, aircraft not available to the public for transportto conduct attacks. Also, the September 11, 2001, terrorists learned to fly at flight schools, which are within the general aviation community. TSA, within DHS, has responsibilities for general aviation security, and developed AFSP to ensure that foreign students enrolling at flight schools do not pose a security threat. GAO was asked to assess (1) TSA and general aviation industry actions to enhance security and TSA efforts to obtain information on these actions and (2) TSA efforts to ensure foreign flight students do not pose a security threat. GAO reviewed TSA analysis comparing FAA data from January 2006 to September 2011 on foreign nationals applying for airman certificates with AFSP data, and interviewed 22 general aviation operators at eight airports selected to reflect geographic diversity and variations in types of operators. This is a public version of a sensitive security report GAO issued in June 2012. Information TSA deemed sensitive has been omitted, including two recommendations on TSAs vetting of foreign nationals.
section_title: What GAO Found
paragraphs: The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and aircraft operators have taken several important actions to enhance general aviation security, and TSA is gathering input from operators to develop additional requirements. For example, TSA requires that certain general aviation aircraft operators implement security programs. Aircraft operators under these programs must, among other things, develop and maintain TSA-approved security programs. TSA has also conducted outreach to the general aviation community to establish a cooperative relationship with general aviation stakeholders. In 2008, TSA developed a proposed rule that would have imposed security requirements on all aircraft over 12,500 pounds, including large aircraft that Department of Homeland Security (DHS) analysis has shown could cause significant damage in an attack. In response to industry concerns about the proposed rules costs and security benefits, TSA is developing a new proposed rule. Officials from all six industry associations GAO spoke with stated that TSA has reached out to gather industrys input, and three of the six associations stated that TSA has improved its efforts to gather input since the 2008 notice of proposed rulemaking.
TSA vets foreign flight student applicants through its Alien Flight Student Program (AFSP), but weaknesses exist in the vetting process and in DHSs process for identifying flight students who may be in the country illegally. From January 2006 through September 2011, more than 25,000 foreign nationals had applied for Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airman certificates (pilots licenses), indicating they had completed flight training. However, TSA computerized matching of FAA data determined that some known number of foreign nationals did not match with those in TSAs database, raising questions as to whether they had been vetted. In addition, AFSP is not designed to determine whether a foreign flight student entered the country legally; thus, a foreign national can be approved for training through AFSP after entering the country illegally. A March 2010 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) flight school investigation led to the arrest of six such foreign nationals, including one who had a commercial pilots license. As a result, TSA and ICE jointly worked on vetting names of foreign students against immigration databases, but have not specified desired outcomes and time frames, or assigned individuals with responsibility for fully instituting the program. Having a road map, with steps and time frames, and assigning individuals the responsibility for fully instituting a pilot program could help TSA and ICE better identify and prevent potential risk. The sensitive security version of this report discussed additional information related to TSAs vetting process for foreign nationals seeking flight training.
section_title: What GAO Recommends
paragraphs: GAO recommends that TSA identify how often and why foreign nationals are not vetted under AFSP and develop a plan for assessing the results of efforts to identify AFSP-approved foreign flight students who entered the country illegally. DHS concurred with GAOs recommendations and indicated actions it is taking in response.

section_title: Letter
paragraphs: General aviation includes nonscheduled aircraft operations such as air  medical-ambulance, corporate aviation, and privately owned aircraft— generally, aircraft not available to the general public for transport.  Altogether, more than 200,000 general aviation aircraft—from small  aircraft with minimal load capacities to business jets and larger aircraft  such as privately operated Boeing 747s—operate at more than 19,000  facilities. Such facilities include publicly or privately owned airports, most  of which primarily or exclusively serve general aviation aircraft, and  heliports. While there have been no terrorist attacks conducted using  general aviation aircraft in the United States, according to Transportation  Security Administration (TSA) officials, U.S. government threat  assessments have discussed plans by terrorist organizations to use  general aviation aircraft to conduct attacks against U.S. targets. Similarly,  the September 11, 2001, terrorists learned to fly on general aviation  aircraft at flight schools in Florida, Arizona, and Minnesota. Further,  analysis conducted on behalf of TSA has indicated that larger general  aviation aircraft, such as midsized and larger jets often used for business  purposes, may be able to cause significant damage to buildings and other  structures.
According to TSA officials, general aviation also includes over 7,000 flight  training providers and individual certified flight instructors that can provide  flight training. TSA, through its Alien Flight Student Program (AFSP),  established requirements and standards governing the provision of flight  training to foreign flight student candidates. For example, foreign flight  student candidates must submit specific biographical information and  fingerprints to TSA. TSA uses this information to conduct a security threat  assessment, including checks of a flight student candidate’s criminal  history and immigration status, as well as whether the candidate matches  records in terrorism-related databases or on watch lists, among other  things.
See generally Pub. L. No. 107-71, § 101(a), 115 Stat. 597 (2001) (codified at 49 U.S.C. §  114(d)). requirements, have the program approved by TSA, and ensure the  program is available for inspection upon request by TSA. These general  aviation aircraft operators are also subject to TSA inspections to  determine their compliance with applicable security requirements.  However, many general aviation aircraft operations, such as certain  privately owned aircraft, do not fall within the scope of existing TSA  security programs. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) jointly estimate that such privately  owned aircraft, many of which are jets of up to the size of a commercial  passenger airliner, constitute approximately 15 percent of all general  aviation aircraft.
In October 2008, TSA issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to amend  current and implement new aviation security regulations to enhance the  security of general aviation by expanding the scope of current  requirements and by adding new requirements for certain large aircraft  operators and airports serving those aircraft. rulemaking—the Large Aircraft Security Program—if implemented, would  have, among other things, expanded the population of aircraft operators  required to have TSA-approved security programs to all aircraft  exceeding 12,500 pounds and subjected such aircraft operators to   However, in light of concerns expressed by the  compliance audits.aviation industry, including concerns about the cost of implementing  provisions of the proposed rule, TSA delayed issuing a final rule and  instead plans to issue a new proposed rule in late 2012 or 2013.
See 73 Fed. Reg. 64,790 (Oct. 30, 2008).
GAO, General Aviation Security: Increased Federal Oversight Is Needed, but Continued  Partnership with the Private Sector Is Critical to Long-Term Success, GAO-05-144  (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 10, 2004). had not conducted an overall systematic assessment of threats to, or  vulnerabilities of, general aviation to determine how to better prepare  against terrorist threats, and recommended that they develop a plan for  implementing a risk management approach to help identify threats to and  vulnerabilities of general aviation security. We also reported that there  were limitations in the monitoring of flight student programs, prior to  TSA’s assumption of this responsibility from the Department of Justice,  and made a recommendation to strengthen that oversight. DHS  concurred with our recommendations and has taken steps that address  them, such as conducting a comprehensive risk assessment for aviation  and surface transportation, including general aviation. In May 2011, we  also reported on physical security measures that 13 general aviation  airports have in place to prevent unauthorized access. The 13 airports  we visited had multiple security measures in place to protect against  unauthorized access, although the specific measures and potential  vulnerabilities varied across the airports. DHS concurred with the  observations in our report.
You asked us to assess the status of TSA and industry efforts to address  general aviation security. Accordingly, this report addresses the following  questions: (1) What actions have TSA and general aviation aircraft  operators taken, if any, to enhance security, and how has TSA obtained  information on the implementation of the operators’ actions? (2) To what  extent has TSA ensured that foreign flight students seeking flight training  in the United States do not pose a security threat?
This report is a public version of a prior sensitive report that we provided  to you in June 2012. DHS deemed some of the information in the prior  report sensitive security information, which must be protected from public  disclosure.potential vulnerabilities we identified related to TSA’s vetting process for  foreign nationals seeking flight training, and associated recommendations  we made. In addition, we have omitted sensitive background information  on the potential damage that could be caused by different types of  general aviation aircraft crashing into buildings. The information provided  in this report is more limited in scope, as it excludes such sensitive   Therefore, this report omits sensitive information regarding  information, but the overall methodology used for both reports is the  same.
To address the objectives, we examined laws and regulations—including  provisions of ATSA, the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11  Commission Act of 2007 (9/11 Commission Act), and TSA regulations  governing aircraft operators and the AFSP—related to the security of  general aviation operations. We also interviewed representatives from  six industry associations based on their participation in TSA’s Aviation  Security Advisory Committee and on their focus on general aviation  security issues. The associations are the American Association of  Airport Executives, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Experimental  Aircraft Association, General Aviation Manufacturers Association,  National Air Transportation Association, and National Business Aviation  Association. In addition, we interviewed 22 general aviation operators— including 5 private operators that operate at least one aircraft weighing  more than 12,500 pounds, 7 private charter companies that also  perform as private operators, and 10 flight schools—located at eight  selected airports to observe and discuss security initiatives implemented.  We selected these airports based on their geographic dispersion  (Southern California, North Texas, and Central Florida) as well as  variation in the types of general aviation operations present (such as  charter and private operations) and size of aircraft based at each airport.  While the information gathered from the interviews is nongeneralizable to  all general aviation operators, it provided important perspective to our  analysis. As part of this work, we assessed the reliability of TSA data in  its Performance and Results Information System (PARIS) by interviewing  TSA officials and reviewing documentation on controls implemented to  ensure the integrity of the data in the database and found these data to  be sufficiently reliable for use in this report.
To identify any actions TSA and general aviation aircraft operators have  taken to enhance security and how TSA has obtained information on the  implementation of the operators’ actions, we examined documentation on  TSA’s inspection processes for monitoring implementation of aircraft  operator security programs, and on TSA processes for obtaining  information on voluntary security initiatives implemented by general  aviation operators not covered by TSA security programs, such as  guidance for TSA personnel who conduct outreach to general aviation  operators. We reviewed a report conducted on behalf of DHS examining  the potential damage that could be caused by different types of general   We also reviewed the methodology and assumptions  aviation aircraft. associated with this report and found them to be reasonable and well  documented. We also interviewed TSA officials on efforts to interact with  general aviation associations as a means to obtain information on  security initiatives implemented by general aviation operators, including  the agency’s interaction with members of the Aviation Security Advisory  Committee. We interviewed TSA Federal Security Directors and  Transportation Security Inspectors whose areas of operation encompass  the airports we selected, as well as airport officials responsible for  security at each airport. We also reviewed TSA data from fiscal year 2005  through fiscal year 2011 on the compliance of general aviation operators  that fall under TSA security programs and flight training providers. We  chose these dates because they reflect the time frame after the publication of our previous report on general aviation security.
To assess the extent to which TSA has ensured that foreign flight  students seeking flight training in the United States do not pose a security  threat, we reviewed our recent reports related to DHS vetting, and  documentation related to TSA procedures for conducting security threat  assessments of AFSP candidates. We also reviewed documentation on  TSA compliance procedures for flight schools participating in the AFSP  program and reviewed summary statistics for fiscal year 2005 through  fiscal year 2011 on flight school compliance compiled by TSA. We  spoke to TSA inspection officials to discuss common issues associated  with compliance inspections and efforts to address compliance  deficiencies. We evaluated TSA’s efforts to assess risk for the AFSP  against Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government. We  also obtained data from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airmen  registry on foreign nationals who had applied for FAA airman certificates  (private, recreational, or sport certificates) for the period January 2006  through September 2011 and provided the data to TSA so that the  agency could conduct a matching process to determine whether the  foreign nationals in the FAA airmen registry were in the AFSP database  and whether they had been successfully vetted through AFSP. We  selected these dates because 2006 was the first full year after TSA  assumed responsibility for AFSP from the Department of Justice, and  September 2011 was the end of the fiscal year for our reporting period.  We excluded airmen applying for a U.S. certificate based on an existing  foreign airman certificate. We found the FAA and TSA data and the  approach, methodology, and results of the data matching process to be  sufficiently reliable for our purposes. We used the results of TSA’s  analysis to identify whether foreign nationals in the FAA airmen registry  were in the AFSP database as well as whether foreign nationals who  were in the FAA airmen registry were in the TSA AFSP database but had  not been successfully vetted through AFSP. Appendix I provides more  details about our objectives, scope, and methodology.
We conducted this performance audit from March 2011 through July 2012  in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain  sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our  findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that  the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and  conclusions based on our audit objectives.
subsections: section_title: Background
paragraphs: According to a September 2011 DHS/FBI joint bulletin, more than 68  percent of general aviation aircraft registered with the Federal Aviation  Administration are personally owned aircraft—mostly small, single- or  twin-engine propeller aircraft—used for recreation or personal  transportation. Corporate- or business-owned aircraft compose  approximately 15 percent of general aviation aircraft. Regarding the types  of general aviation in the general aviation aircraft fleet, FAA data indicate  that about 63 percent of general aviation aircraft are single-engine piston  aircraft, while about 4 percent are turboprop. Figure 1 shows the  composition of the general aviation fleet.
Pursuant to ATSA, TSA assumed from FAA responsibility for securing the  nation’s civil aviation system. Consistent with its statutory obligations,  TSA has undertaken a direct role in ensuring the security of commercial  aviation through its performance and management of the passenger and  baggage screening operations at TSA-regulated airports, among other  things. In contrast, TSA has taken a less direct role in securing general  aviation, in that it generally establishes standards that operators may  voluntarily implement and provides recommendations and advice to  general aviation owners and operators, except to the extent such  operations fall under existing TSA security requirements or where  otherwise specifically directed by statute.general aviation airports and aircraft is generally shared with state and  local governments and the private sector, such as airports and aircraft  owners and operators.
section_title: TSA and Aircraft Operators Have Taken Actions to Secure General Aviation; TSA Obtains Information through Outreach and Inspections
paragraphs: TSA has worked to enhance general aviation security by developing  various security programs and working with aviation industry stakeholders  to enhance their security efforts through the development of new security  guidelines. The agency works to obtain information on the security  practices of industry stakeholders through compliance inspections and  outreach and is working with its industry partners to develop new security  regulations.
subsections: section_title: TSA and Industry Efforts to Enhance General Aviation Security
paragraphs: As shown in table 1, TSA and other industry stakeholders have taken a  number of actions to enhance general aviation security. Among other  measures, TSA worked with members of the General Aviation Working  Group of the Aviation Security Advisory Committee in 2003 and 2004 to  develop recommended guidelines for general aviation airport security.
A more detailed list of federal, state, and industry general aviation  security initiatives can be found in appendix II.
Independent of regulatory requirements, operators of private general  aviation aircraft not covered under existing security programs we spoke to  indicated that they implement a variety of security measures to enhance  security for their aircraft. For example, 7 of the 12 operators that perform  as private operators that we interviewed stated that they park their aircraft  in hangars to protect them from possible misuse or vandalism. Further, 2  of the 12 operators stated they had hired security personnel to guard their  aircraft if they are required to stay at an airport without hangar facilities.  Seven of the 12 operators stated that they implement these security  measures because of security concerns associated with operating their  aircraft. For example, the 7 operators stated that their aircraft represent a  major investment for their company and help generate a stream of  income that must be protected, and that protecting the well-being of  senior executives was a priority.
section_title: TSA Inspections and Industry Outreach
paragraphs: TSA obtains information directly from aircraft operators that fall under the  Twelve-Five and Private Charter security programs (see fig. 2) through its  review and approval of the security programs developed by these  operators and through periodic inspections to determine the extent to  which operators comply with their security programs. TSA  Transportation Security Inspectors are responsible for conducting these  periodic inspections and determining whether operators are in compliance  with program requirements or whether a violation has occurred.
As part of the inspection process, TSA inspectors examine certain key  security areas with respect to Twelve-Five and Private Charter  operations, including the roles and responsibilities of aircraft operator  personnel and whether the operator has procedures for addressing  emergencies. For example, TSA’s 2009 Inspector Handbook provides  guidance to TSA inspectors to examine, among other things, whether  aircraft operators under its security programs ensure that individuals are denied boarding if they do not have valid ensure that passenger identification documents are checked against have adequate procedures for addressing incidents where indications  of tampering or unauthorized access of aircraft are discovered.
Inspectors are required to record inspection results, including any  violations of program requirements, in TSA’s PARIS database and to  close the violations when the problem is resolved. Violations may be  resolved with on-the-spot counseling; however, some violations may  result in TSA sending a warning notice to the operator or in civil penalties  for the operator. If warranted, follow-up inspections may be conducted,  based on any findings made during an inspection. TSA officials stated  that inspection results in PARIS are used to inform TSA of security  challenges that may be faced by aircraft operators and to allow the  agency to better address security concerns expressed by these  operators.
TSA inspection data indicate that from 2007 through 2011, aircraft  operator compliance with security requirements has been well over 90  percent and has generally increased. TSA officials attribute the increase  in compliance to a better understanding of security program requirements  by operators, and to increased TSA outreach. Agency data illustrate that  the reasons for noncompliance among aircraft operators varied. For  example, in fiscal year 2011, inspectors found that Private Charter aircraft  operators did not always provide advance notice to the Federal Security  Director of upcoming private charter operations or of subsequent changes  or additions, which occurred in 7 percent of 424 inspections for this item.  Program compliance violations detected by inspectors were sometimes  resolved either by counseling with the aircraft operator or by initiating an  investigation of the incident, which could result in TSA issuing a warning  notice or civil penalties being assessed.
In addition to taking steps to obtain information on security measures  enacted by general aviation aircraft operators that fall under TSA security  programs, the agency has also taken steps to obtain information on  security measures implemented by general aviation airport operators.  Specifically, the 9/11 Commission Act required TSA to, among other  things, develop a standardized threat and vulnerability assessment  program for general aviation airport operators and implement a program  to perform such assessments on a risk management basis. To help  comply with the act’s requirement, TSA distributed a survey in 2010 to  approximately 3,000 general aviation airports to identify any  vulnerabilities at the airports, and received responses from 1,164 (39  percent) of the airports. In this survey, airport officials were asked to  respond to questions on security measures implemented by the general  aviation airport operators, such as whether hangar doors were secured  when unattended, and whether the airport had closed-circuit camera  coverage for hangar areas. This survey also included questions about the  types of perimeter fencing and physical barriers installed, as well as the  type of security measures in use at these airports. The survey found that,  while most general aviation airports had initiated some security  measures, the extent to which different security measures had been  implemented varied by airport. For example, survey results indicated that  more than 97 percent of larger general aviation airports responding to the  survey had developed an emergency contact list, but less than 19 percent  had developed measures to positively identify passengers, cargo, and  baggage. The survey also found that nearly 44 percent of airports  responding to the survey required security awareness training for all  tenants and employees and more than 48 percent of airports had  established community watch programs.
According to TSA officials, the results of the survey were analyzed to  identify the general strengths and weaknesses in the general aviation  community, and to show an overall picture of general aviation security  measures at a national and regional level. In addition, TSA officials said  that the information collected in the survey can be used to help determine  a plan of action to mitigate security concerns at general aviation airports.  For example, TSA used the survey to identify approximately 300 airports  that it considers to be higher risk and could therefore be prioritized to  receive security grants, should they become available. TSA officials  added that information from the survey allowed the agency to establish a  baseline for security measures in place at general aviation airports.
In addition to the survey, TSA also gathers information on security  measures implemented by operators through outreach activities its  inspectors conduct at general aviation airports, designed to establish a  cooperative relationship with general aviation airport stakeholders and  encourage voluntary adoption of security enhancements. However, TSA  officials stated that this type of outreach by its inspectors is not mandatory  and therefore is not conducted regularly. In addition, while inspectors are  encouraged to record results of these outreach visits in PARIS, inspectors  do not always do so in practice.
section_title: Additional Security Measures Taken by Operators
paragraphs: According to aviation industry officials, there are approximately 9,900  general aviation aircraft over 12,500 pounds not covered under either the  Twelve-Five or Private Charter security programs. Analysis by the  Homeland Security Institute indicates that some of these larger aircraft  may be able to cause significant damage in terms of fatalities and  economic costs, particularly general aviation aircraft with a maximum  takeoff weight of 71,000 pounds. According to industry data, there are  over 800 general aviation aircraft weighing over 71,000 pounds.
TSA officials we spoke to stated that, unlike for aircraft that fall under the  Twelve-Five or Private Charter security programs, the agency does not  have a systematic mechanism to collect information on the security  measures implemented by other general aviation aircraft operators that  do not fall under TSA security programs. Rather, the agency has  developed informal mechanisms for obtaining information on security  measures enacted by these operators, such as outreach conducted by  TSA inspectors, and has contacted general aviation industry associations  to obtain this information as well as obtain information on the concerns of  these operators regarding costs and other challenges associated with  potential security requirements.
As previously mentioned, TSA issued a notice of proposed rulemaking for  a Large Aircraft Security Program in October 2008, which would have  resulted in all general aviation aircraft larger than 12,500 pounds,  including those not currently covered under existing security programs,  being subject to TSA security requirements and inspections. However,  industry associations and others expressed concerns about the extent to  which TSA obtained industry views and information in the proposed rule’s  development. They also questioned the security benefit of the proposed  rule and stated that it could negatively affect the aviation industry given its  broad scope. For example, officials from three of the six industry  associations we interviewed stated that many of the proposed rule’s  measures, such as having third-party contractors conduct inspections of  private aircraft operators for a fee, would impose substantial logistical and  cost burdens on the general aviation industry. These association officials  added that any revised rule that TSA develops must take into account the  security measures already put in place by general aviation aircraft  operators as well as the costs associated with implementing any  additional security measures.
TSA managers responsible for general aviation security operations stated  that, in response to these concerns, the agency was revising the  proposed rule to make it more focused and risk-based, and that the  agency plans to issue a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking in  late 2012 or early 2013. Further, officials from all six of the industry  associations we interviewed stated that TSA has reached out to industry  in developing its new rule and three of the six associations stated that  TSA has performed a better job of reaching out to industry in its ongoing  development of the new rule than it did with the rule it proposed in 2008.  For example, the vice president from one association stated that as part  of its development of its supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking,  TSA has more actively sought information on these security measures,  which better allows the agency to ensure the requirements would impose  as limited a burden as possible while maximizing security. He also stated  that TSA periodically solicits information on its proposed rule and on  industry security measures from industry associations through its Aviation  Security Advisory Committee.
section_title: Weaknesses Exist in Processes for Conducting Security Threat Assessments and for Identifying Potential Immigration Violations
paragraphs: TSA has not ensured that all foreign nationals seeking flight training in the  United States have been vetted through AFSP prior to beginning this  training or established controls to help verify the identity of individuals  seeking flight training who claim U.S. citizenship. TSA also faces  challenges in obtaining criminal history information to conduct its security  threat assessments as part of the vetting process, but is working to  establish processes to identify foreign nationals with immigration  violations.
subsections: section_title: Foreign Nationals’ Security Threat Assessments
paragraphs: Some foreign nationals receiving flight training may not have undergone a  TSA security threat assessment. Under AFSP, foreign nationals seeking  flight training in the United States must receive a TSA security threat  assessment before receiving flight training to determine whether each  applicant is a security threat to the United States. This threat  assessment is in addition to screening that the Department of State  conducts on foreign nationals who apply for nonimmigrant visas and that  U.S. Customs and Border Protection conducts on travelers seeking  admission into the United States at ports of entry.
According to TSA regulations, an individual poses a security threat when  the individual is suspected of posing, or is known to pose, a threat to  transportation or national security, a threat of air piracy or terrorism, a  threat to airline or passenger security, or a threat to civil aviation  security. AFSP to obtain flight training, TSA uses information submitted by the  foreign national—such as name, date of birth, and passport information— to conduct a criminal history records check, a review of the Terrorist  Screening Database, and a review of the Department of Homeland  Security’s TECS system, as shown in table 2.
See 49 C.F.R. § 1540.115(c).
Description  Criminal history record checks, which are fingerprint-based, require an adjudicator to review the  applicant’s criminal history. According to TSA officials responsible for conducting these reviews,  AFSP has no specific disqualifying offenses; however, if a foreign national applying to AFSP has  criminal violations, TSA will forward this information to FAA to determine whether the violation  disqualifies that individual from holding an FAA certificate.
Information in the Terrorist Screening Center’s consolidated database of known or suspected  terrorists—the Terrorist Screening Database—is used for security-related screening of foreign  nationals applying to AFSP. For example, the Selectee List, a subset of the Terrorist Screening  Database, contains information on individuals who must undergo additional security screening  before being permitted to board an aircraft. The No Fly List, another subset of the Terrorist  Screening Database, contains information on individuals who are prohibited from boarding an  aircraft. If a foreign national is on one of these lists, TSA analysts will perform additional  research to determine whether he or she is eligible to receive flight training.
TECS, an updated and modified version of the former Treasury Enforcement Communications  System, is an information-sharing platform that allows users to access different databases  relevant to the antiterrorism and law enforcement mission of numerous other federal agencies.  TSA reviews information contained in TECS to determine if an AFSP applicant has prior  immigration-related violations. If the AFSP applicant has prior immigration-related violations,  such as a previous overstay, TSA will conduct additional TECS queries to determine if the  applicant is eligible to obtain flight training.
An overstay is an individual who is admitted to the country legally on a temporary basis—either with  a visa, or in some cases, as a visitor who was allowed to enter without a visa—but then overstayed  his or her authorized period of admission.
According to TSA data, about 116,000 foreign nationals applied to AFSP  from fiscal year 2006 through fiscal year 2011, and TSA’s AFSP security  threat assessments resulted in 107 training requests submitted by foreign  nationals being denied from 2006 through 2011 because of national  security reasons, immigration violations, or disqualifying criminal  offenses.
According to TSA officials, most foreign nationals taking training from a  U.S. flight training provider will apply for an FAA airman certificate once  their flight training is completed. Information obtained by FAA as part of  this application for certification is placed in the airmen registry. Consistent  with ATSA, TSA strives to coordinate with other federal agencies to  secure the nation’s transportation systems. According to TSA, this may  include coordinating with FAA and U.S. Immigration and Customs  Enforcement (ICE) to identify individuals who pose a threat to  transportation security. For example, FAA provides TSA with data on  individuals new to the airmen registry database on a daily basis, including  biographic information on foreign nationals applying for airman certificates  based on their foreign license. According to a report by the DHS Office of  Inspector General, in early 2009, TSA used these data to perform a one- time, biographic, name-based security threat assessment for each of the  4 million individual FAA airman certificate holders. These security threat  assessments consisted of matching the biographic data provided by FAA  against the Terrorist Screening Database to determine whether credible  information indicated that the individual holding a certificate was involved,  or suspected of being involved, in any activity that could pose a threat to  transportation or national security. FAA certificate holders suspected of  being in the Terrorist Screening Database were referred to TSA’s  Transportation Threat Assessment and Credentialing office for  investigation. The airman vetting activities had been transferred to TSA in  October 2009 after a TSA and FAA work group developed business  processes and an interagency agreement was signed, according to   Since then, TSA has vetted both new FAA airman certificate  FAA.applicants and holders on an ongoing basis against the Terrorist  Screening Database.
In addition to vetting names of FAA airman certificate holders against the  Terrorist Screening Database, TSA also vets foreign nationals applying  for flight training through the AFSP, including training that occurs before a  student applies for an FAA airman certificate. To determine whether  foreign nationals applying for FAA airman certificates had previously  applied to AFSP and been vetted by TSA, we obtained data from FAA’s  airmen registry on foreign nationals who had applied for airman  certificates and provided these data to TSA so that the agency could  conduct a matching process to determine whether the foreign nationals in  the FAA airmen registry were in TSA’s AFSP database and the extent to  which they had been successfully vetted through the AFSP database.  The results of our review of TSA’s analyses are as follows:
TSA’s analysis indicated that some of the 25,599 foreign nationals in  the FAA airmen registry were not in the TSA AFSP database,  indicating that these individuals had not applied to the AFSP or been  vetted by TSA before taking flight training and receiving an FAA  airman certificate.
TSA’s analysis indicated that an additional number of the 25,599  foreign nationals in the FAA airmen registry were also in the TSA  AFSP database but had not been successfully vetted, meaning that  they had received an FAA airman certificate but had not been  successfully vetted or received permission from TSA to begin flight  training.
As stated previously, TSA continuously vets all new and existing FAA  airmen certificate holders against the Terrorist Screening Database,  which would include the foreign nationals identified through TSA’s  analysis. However, this vetting does not occur until after the foreign  national has obtained flight training. Thus, foreign nationals obtaining  flight training with the intent to do harm, such as three of the pilots and  leaders of the September 11 terrorist attacks, could have already  obtained the training needed to operate an aircraft before they received  any type of vetting.
In commenting on the results of the analysis, TSA’s Program Manager for  AFSP could not explain with certainty why some of the foreign nationals  applying for FAA airman certificates may not have been vetted though  TSA’s security threat assessment process. The Program Manager stated,  however, that certain individuals can receive exemptions from the vetting  requirement as a result of a Department of Defense (DOD) attaché  endorsement at a U.S. embassy or consulate overseas.
TSA takes steps to help ensure that foreign nationals are obtaining  security threat assessments prior to beginning flight training. Specifically,  TSA regulations require flight training providers to maintain  documentation on foreign nationals who receive AFSP approval to begin  flight training as well as documentation on those who are taking flight  training under DOD endorsements. Similarly, TSA standard operating  procedures for inspectors indicate they should review documentation over  the course of their inspections of the flight training provider, including  documentation indicating the foreign national was approved for flight  training under AFSP and, if available, the DOD endorsement letter that  informs them of the status of the foreign national in question as a DOD  endorsee, which would exempt them from receiving a security threat  assessment under AFSP. Our review of compliance data from TSA’s  PARIS database for fiscal year 2011 found that TSA inspectors have  encountered and documented instances where foreign nationals  attending flight school presented to the flight training provider DOD  endorsement letters, which would indicate they are exempt from security  threat assessment requirements. Additional details are considered  sensitive security information.
section_title: Flight School Compliance with Requirements
paragraphs: TSA’s fiscal year 2011 Compliance Work Plan for Transportation Security  Inspectors requires that a minimum of one comprehensive inspection per  year must be performed on each of the approximately 7,000 known flight  training providers. The work plan was revised in 2011 to require a  minimum of two comprehensive inspections per year for each of the  4,500 certified flight instructors who train foreign students, and TSA’s  program manager stated that the agency was able to inspect all of these  entities at least twice in 2011. In general, the inspection process requires  inspectors to, among other things, review documents maintained by the  flight training provider, including the flight training records of both U.S.  citizens and alien flight students, and also ensure that foreign students  have registered with TSA’s AFSP database and were granted permission   The results of the inspections are to be  to begin flight training from TSA.reported in TSA’s PARIS database consistent with the reporting  requirements of the work plan and other TSA guidance. As warranted,  any follow-up inspections are to be performed based on findings made  during the inspection process.
As of January 2012, inspection results show that the rate of compliance  with AFSP requirements increased from 89 percent in fiscal year 2005 to  96 percent in fiscal year 2011. TSA officials attribute the increase in compliance to a better understanding of AFSP requirements by flight  training providers, among other things. Agency data also illustrate that the  reasons for noncompliance among providers varied. For example, in  fiscal year 2011, the reasons for noncompliance included violations such  as missing photographs of foreign students, which occurred in 9 percent  of 1,800 inspections for this item. In 7 percent of about 2,800 inspections,  providers did not document and retain employee records related to  completion of the required Security Awareness Training. When inspectors  checked for retention of records of U.S. citizenship by the flight training  provider, the provider was not in compliance in about 5 percent of the  nearly 2,800 inspections performed in this area. Compliance violations  detected by inspectors were sometimes resolved either by counseling  with the flight training provider or by initiating an investigation of the  incident, which could result in civil penalties being assessed.
As part of its compliance inspection process, TSA inspectors also review  records of documentation provided by U.S. citizens applying for flight  training, which are maintained by flight training providers. TSA regulations  governing AFSP require individuals claiming U.S. citizenship to provide  one of the following documents, among other information, to flight training  providers before accessing flight training: a valid, unexpired U.S. passport an original or government-issued birth certificate original certificate of birth abroad and a government-issued picture original certificate of U.S. citizenship with raised seal and government- original U.S. Naturalization Certificate with raised seal and  government-issued picture identification.
Flight school personnel are required to review the credentials presented  by individuals claiming U.S. citizenship and to maintain records, and TSA  inspectors, as part of the inspection process, review these records to  ensure flight training provider compliance with regulatory requirements.  Additional details are considered sensitive security information.
section_title: Use of Criminal History Information
paragraphs: We have previously reported on the challenges TSA faces in ensuring it  has the necessary information and appropriate staffing to effectively  conduct security threat assessments for screening and credentialing  programs, which include AFSP. As we reported in December 2011,  criminal history record checks are a key element of the security threat  assessment process for TSA’s screening and credentialing programs,  helping to ensure that the agency detects those applicants with potentially  disqualifying criminal offenses. However, as we reported, the level of  access that TSA credentialing programs have to the Department of  Justice’s FBI criminal history records is the level of access accorded for  noncriminal-justice purposes (i.e., equal to that of a private company  doing an employment check on a new applicant, according to TSA),  which limits TSA in accessing certain criminal history data related to  charges and convictions. TSA said that it had been difficult to effectively  and efficiently conduct security threat assessment adjudication of criminal  history records because of the limited access it has as a noncriminal  justice-purpose requestor of criminal history records—and that this  limitation had increased the risk that the agency was not detecting  potentially disqualifying criminal offenses. We reported that while TSA  was seeking criminal justice-type access to FBI systems, the FBI reported  that it is legally unable to provide this access. The FBI and TSA were  collaborating on options, but had not identified the extent to which a  potential security risk may exist under the current process, and the costs  and benefits of pursuing alternatives to provide additional access.
In December 2011, we recommended that TSA and the FBI conduct a  joint risk assessment of TSA’s access to criminal history records. DHS  concurred with this recommendation and indicated it would work with the  Department of Justice to assess the extent of security risk, among other  things, and evaluate the costs and benefits of each alternative. In  response to our recommendations, the FBI reported that it was pursuing  several strategies to provide TSA with access to the most complete  criminal history information available for noncriminal justice-related  purposes, including reaching out to states that do not provide criminal  history records for noncriminal justice purposes as well as working to  develop technical solutions. As of February 2012, TSA officials indicated  that they are continuing to work with the FBI to address our  recommendation.
TSA officials responsible for overseeing security threat assessments  stated that the process for conducting criminal history record checks for  AFSP is substantively the same as that used for other TSA screening and  credentialing programs. While there is no information indicating that any  foreign nationals seeking flight training should not have been allowed to  do so because of unidentified criminal offenses, we believe that TSA  should continue to work with the FBI on joint risk assessments of TSA’s  access to criminal history records for credentialing programs, including  AFSP.
section_title: Immigration Violations
paragraphs: There have been instances of overstays or other immigration-related  violations for foreign nationals taking flight training in the United States,  most notably for three of the September 11 hijackers. Specifically, three  of the six pilots and apparent leaders were out of status on or before  September 11, including two in overstay status. AFSP was implemented  to help address such security concerns. As previously discussed, as part  of AFSP, TSA conducts security threat assessments for foreign nationals  requesting flight training in the United States. According to TSA officials,  the purpose of the security threat assessment, which includes a check of  the Terrorist Screening Database and a criminal history records check, is  to determine whether the foreign national requesting flight training  presents a security threat; the checks are not designed to determine  whether an applicant is in the country legally. As part of the security threat  assessment, TSA also conducts reviews of DHS’s TECS database to  determine if any negative immigration-related information is associated  with the foreign national seeking flight training. However, TSA officials  acknowledged that it is possible for a foreign national to be approved by  TSA through AFSP and to complete flight training after entering the  country illegally or overstaying his or her allotted time to be in the country  legally.
In 2010, ICE investigated a Boston-area flight school after local police  stopped the flight school owner for a traffic violation and discovered that  he was in the country illegally. Twenty-five of the foreign nationals at this  flight school had applied to AFSP and had been approved by TSA to  begin flight training after their security threat assessment was completed;  however, the ICE investigation and our subsequent inquiries revealed the  following issues:
Eight of the 25 foreign nationals who received approval by TSA to  begin flight training were in “entry without inspection” status, meaning  they had entered the country illegally.
Six of these foreign nationals were later arrested by ICE as a  result of the investigation. TSA indicated 1 individual had been  approved to begin flight training at two other schools, although the  flight schools indicated that he did not complete training.
Three of the 8 foreign nationals in “entry without inspection” status  obtained FAA airman certificates: 2 held FAA private pilot  certificates and one held an FAA commercial pilot certificate.
Seventeen of the 25 foreign nationals who received approval by TSA  to begin flight training were in “overstay” status, meaning they had  overstayed their authorized period of admission into the United  States.
Sixteen of these were arrested by ICE as a result of the  investigation.
Four of the 17 foreign nationals in “overstay” status obtained FAA  airman certificates: 3 held FAA private pilot certificates and 1 held  a commercial pilot certificate.
In addition, the flight school owner held two FAA airman certificates.  Specifically, he was a certified Airline Transport Pilot (cargo pilot) and  a Certified Flight Instructor. However, he had never received a TSA  security threat assessment or been approved by TSA to obtain flight  training. He had registered with TSA as a flight training provider under  AFSP.
Further, TSA data indicated that an additional foreign national  arrested as a result of this flight school investigation for “entry without  inspection” had previously completed flight training through an airline.
According to the AFSP program manager, TSA reviews TECS to  determine if the student has prior immigration violations, including  overstays. However, the program manager stated that this TECS review  is not designed to determine how long the student is authorized to stay in  the country or whether the student had entered the country legally.  Rather, if the TECS review indicates that the foreign national has  previous immigration-related violations, such as overstaying the  authorized period of admission, TSA is to conduct additional TECS  queries to determine if the individual is eligible to receive flight training.  Further, according to TSA, prospective flight students may apply for  AFSP before entering the United States, rendering moot the question of  whether the foreign national had entered the country legally or  overstayed.
The AFSP program manager stated that even though the foreign  nationals were later found to be overstays, at the time of the review and  adjudication of their security threat assessments, they were determined to  be in legal status. According to TSA, none of the individuals that TSA  processed and approved under AFSP had derogatory information within  TECS, and visa overstay information is contained within TECS. However,  ICE data we reviewed indicated that 16 of the 17 foreign nationals  associated with the flight school who were found by ICE to be in overstay  status at the time of the investigation had already been in overstay status  at the time they received AFSP approval to begin flight training. This  includes the 4 foreign nationals who were able to obtain FAA airman  certificates. Further, the AFSP program manager stated that foreign  nationals who may have entered the country illegally but who did not have  prior immigration violations, did not have a criminal history, or were not on  the terrorist watch list, could be successfully vetted through an AFSP  security threat assessment and approved to receive flight training. The  program manager added that under the current AFSP process, TSA  cannot always determine at the time of application if an individual entered  the United States “without inspection” (illegally) because applicants can  apply to AFSP more than 180 days prior to the start date of training and  applicants are not necessarily in the United States at the time of  application.
Senior officials from TSA and ICE stated that the agencies have initiated  a process in which TSA and ICE check the names of AFSP applicants  against the U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US- VISIT) program’s Arrival and Departure Information System (ADIS) to  help address this gap, as well as to identify foreign nationals taking flight  training who become overstays. Specifically, in March 2011, TSA vetted  a list of current alien flight students in TSA’s AFSP database against  names in USVISIT’s ADIS to determine if any were potential overstays.  This review resulted in the identification of 142 possible overstays. In May  2011, TSA provided ICE with the results of its analysis, and ICE vetting  further reduced the list of possible overstays to 22. In September and  October of 2011, ICE initiated 22 investigations based on the results of  this analysis, which resulted in three arrests.
According to TSA and ICE officials, this initial matching of names in the  AFSP database against ADIS was conducted once to give the agencies  an indication of how many foreign nationals seeking flight training in the  United States may be in violation of their immigration status and what the  workload associated with conducting such matches would be. Information  from this review could then be used to initiate investigations of individuals  suspected of being in the country illegally either by overstaying their  allotted time in the country or who may have entered the country illegally.  The TSA and ICE officials added, however, that such a process would  have to be conducted more regularly to systematically identify foreign  nationals taking flight training who may be in violation of their immigration  status or who may have entered the country illegally. They stated that  establishing a more regular process of matching names of foreign  nationals in the AFSP database against ADIS would allow the agencies to  better identify foreign nationals seeking flight training who have violated  the terms of their admission as well as those who have entered the  country illegally.
However, several issues related to how a name matching program would  work are being considered, such as which agency would vet names in the  AFSP database against ADIS, and how frequently names associated with  potential violations would be provided to ICE. ICE and TSA officials stated  that they have not specified desired outcomes or time frames, or  established performance measures to evaluate the success of the  program. Standards for program management state that specific desired  outcomes or results should be conceptualized, defined, and documented  in the planning process as part of a road map, along with the appropriate   The standards  steps and time frames needed to achieve those results.also call for assigning responsibility and accountability for ensuring the  results of program activities are carried out. Having a road map, with  appropriate steps and time frames, and individuals assigned with  responsibility and accountability for fully instituting a pilot program, as well  as instituting that pilot program if it was found to help identify foreign  nationals taking flight training who may be in violation of their immigration  status or who may have entered the country illegally, could help TSA and  ICE account for flight students with potential immigration violations, and  thus better position TSA to identify and prevent a potential risk.
section_title: Conclusions
paragraphs: Since our 2004 report on general aviation security, TSA has taken steps  to enhance communications and interactions with general aviation  industry stakeholders as well as improve the vetting of foreign nationals  enrolling in U.S. flight schools. AFSP was implemented to help prevent  future occurrences of foreign nationals obtaining flight training to commit  terrorist attacks, as they did for the September 11, 2001, attacks. Key to  the effectiveness of this effort is the ability of TSA to conduct meaningful  security threat assessments on foreign nationals seeking flight training to  help determine whether these individuals pose a security threat.  However, as shown in TSA’s analysis, there are discrepancies between  the data found in FAA’s airmen registry and TSA’s AFSP database,  raising questions about whether some foreign nationals with airman  certificates (pilot’s licenses) have completed required security threat  assessments. In addition, working with ICE to develop a plan that assigns  responsibilities and accountability and time frames for assessing the joint  TSA and ICE pilot program to identify foreign nationals who may have  immigration violations—including those who entered the country illegally  to obtain flight training—and instituting that program if it is found to be  effective, could better position TSA and ICE to determine the benefits of  checking TSA data on foreign nationals pursuing flight training in the  United States.
section_title: Recommendations for Executive Action
paragraphs: To better ensure that TSA is able to develop effective and efficient  security programs for general aviation operators, we recommend that the  Administrator of TSA take the following action:
Take steps to identify any instances where foreign nationals receive  FAA airman certificates (pilot’s licenses) without first undergoing a  TSA security threat assessment and examine those instances so that  TSA can identify the reasons for these occurrences and strengthen  controls to prevent future occurrences.
To better ensure that TSA is able to identify foreign nationals with  immigration violations who may be applying to the Alien Flight Student  Program, we recommend the Secretary of Homeland Security direct the  Administrator of TSA and the Director of ICE to collaborate to take the  following action:
Develop a plan, with time frames, and assign individuals with  responsibility and accountability for assessing the results of a pilot  program to check TSA AFSP data against information DHS has on  applicants’ admissibility status to help detect and identify violations,  such as overstays and entries without inspection, by foreign flight  students, and institute that pilot program if it is found to be effective.
section_title: Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
paragraphs: We provided a draft of this report to the Departments of Homeland  Security and Transportation for comment. DHS, in written comments  received July 13, 2012, concurred with the recommendations and  identified actions taken, planned, or under way to implement the  recommendations. The Department of Transportation’s Deputy Director of  Audit Relations stated in an e-mail received on June 4, 2012, that the  department had no comments on the report. Written comments are  summarized below and official DHS comments are reproduced in  appendix III. In addition, DHS and DOT provided written technical  comments, which we incorporated into the report, as appropriate.
In response to our recommendation that TSA take steps to identify  instances where foreign nationals receive FAA airman certificates (pilot’s  licenses) without first undergoing a TSA security threat assessment, DHS  stated that TSA receives a daily feed from FAA of all new FAA certificates  issued, and that TSA vets these against certificates in the Terrorist  Screening Database on a daily basis. While this is a beneficial practice,  we believe that it would be preferable for TSA to vet prospective flight  students before they begin flight training, rather than after they have  completed training and received a pilot’s certificate and are thus capable  of flying an aircraft. In addition, while TSA vets the names of new  certificate holders against the Terrorist Screening Database on a daily  basis, the AFSP vetting process includes additional criminal history  records checks and a check for derogatory immigration-related  information. To help improve the AFSP vetting process, DHS also stated  that TSA signed a memorandum of understanding with FAA in February  2012 to exchange data. The memorandum, which FAA signed in March  2012, outlines a process for FAA to provide certain data from its airmen  registry on a monthly basis, via encrypted e-mail and password protected,  to a designated point of contact within TSA, and authorizes TSA to use  the data to ensure flight training providers are providing TSA with  applicant/candidate information in order to conduct the appropriate  background check prior to flight instruction. This is an important first step  toward addressing our recommendation, provided that TSA uses the data  to identify instances where foreign nationals receive FAA airman  certificates without first undergoing a TSA security threat assessment,  identifies reasons for these occurrences, and strengthens controls to  prevent future occurrences, as we recommended.
In response to our recommendation that TSA and ICE collaborate and  develop a plan with time frames for assessing the results of a pilot  program to check TSA AFSP data against information DHS has on  applicants’ admissibility status, and to institute that pilot program if it is  found to be effective, DHS stated that TSA will prepare a plan by  December 31, 2012, to assess the results of the pilot with ICE to  determine the lawful status of the active AFSP population. The plan is to  include specific details on time frames and accountability and  recommendations for next steps. We believe that these are positive  actions that could help TSA address the weaknesses identified in this  report and we will continue to work with TSA to monitor progress on the  proposed solutions as the agency proceeds.
In its comments, DHS also referred to additional recommendations  related to TSA’s vetting of foreign nationals.  Because DHS deemed the  details of these recommendations and its response as sensitive security  information, they are not included in the public version of this report.
We are sending copies of this report to the Secretaries of Homeland  Security and Transportation, the TSA Administrator, and appropriate  congressional committees. In addition, this report is available at no  charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov.
If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact  me at (202) 512-4379 or lords@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of  Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page  of this report. Key contributors to this report are acknowledged in  appendix IV.
section_title: Appendix I: Scope and Methodology
paragraphs: This report addresses the following questions: (1) What actions have the  Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and general aviation aircraft  operators taken to enhance security and how has TSA obtained  information on the implementation of the operators’ actions? (2) To what  extent has TSA ensured that foreign flight students seeking flight training  in the United States do not pose a security threat?
To address these questions, we examined laws and regulations— including provisions of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act  (ATSA), Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of  2007 (9/11 Commission Act), and TSA regulations governing aircraft  operators and the Alien Flight Student Program (AFSP)—related to the  security of general aviation operations. We also interviewed  representatives from six industry associations based on their participation  in TSA’s Aviation Security Advisory Committee and on their focus on  general aviation security issues: the American Association of Airport  Executives, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Experimental Aircraft  Association, General Aviation Manufacturers Association, National Air  Transportation Association, and National Business Aviation Association.  We also interviewed officials from TSA’s Office of Security Operations,  Office of Intelligence and Analysis, and Office of Security Policy and  Industry Outreach, as well as U.S. Immigration and Customs  Enforcement (ICE) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In  addition, we conducted site visits and interviewed representatives from a  nonprobability sample of 22 general aviation operators located at selected  airports—including 5 private operators that operate at least one aircraft  weighing more than 12,500 pounds, 7 private charter operators that also  perform as private operators, and 10 flight schools—to observe and  discuss security initiatives implemented. We selected these airports  based on geographic dispersion (Southern California, North Texas, and  Central Florida) as well as variation in the types of general aviation  operations present (such as charter and private operations) and size of  aircraft based at each airport. Because we selected a nonprobability  sample of operators to interview, the information obtained cannot be  generalized to all general aviation operators. However, the interviews  provided important perspective to our analysis and corroborated  information we gathered through other means.
To identify actions TSA and general aviation aircraft operators have taken  to enhance security and how TSA has obtained information on the  implementation of the operators’ actions, we examined documentation on  TSA’s inspection processes for monitoring aircraft operators’  implementation of security programs, including the Transportation  Security Inspector Inspections Handbook, the National Investigations and  Enforcement Manual, and the Compliance Work Plan for Transportation  Security Inspectors. We also reviewed documentation related to aircraft  operators’ implementation of voluntary security initiatives not covered by  TSA security programs, such as guidance for TSA personnel who  conduct outreach to general aviation operators. We reviewed a report  conducted on behalf of DHS examining the potential damage that could  be caused by different types of general aviation aircraft. We also  reviewed the methodology and assumptions associated with this report  and found them to be reasonable and well documented. Also, we  reviewed National Safe Skies Alliance’s General Aviation Airport  Vulnerability Assessment, which contains survey data on security  measures implemented from a sample of general aviation airports, and  TSA’s General Aviation Airport Vulnerability Briefing. We also interviewed  TSA officials on efforts to interact with general aviation associations as a  means to obtain information on security initiatives implemented by private  general aviation operators, including the agency’s interaction with  members of the Aviation Security Advisory Committee. We also  interviewed TSA Federal Security Directors and Transportation Security  Inspectors whose areas of operation encompass the airports we selected,  as well as airport officials responsible for security at each airport. Finally,  we reviewed TSA data from fiscal years 2005 through 2011 on the  compliance of general aviation operators and flight training providers that  fall under TSA security programs with program requirements. We chose  these dates because they reflect the time frame after the publication of  our previous report on general aviation security. For example, we  obtained compliance data for general aviation operators covered under  the Twelve-Five and Private Charter standard security programs stored in  TSA’s Performance and Results Information System (PARIS) for fiscal  years 2005 through 2011. We identified the frequency that aircraft  operators and flight training providers were reported to be in compliance  with program requirements. As part of this work, we assessed the  reliability of TSA data in PARIS by interviewing TSA officials and  reviewing documentation on controls implemented to ensure the integrity  of the data in the database and found the data to be sufficiently reliable  for use in this report.
To assess the extent to which TSA has ensured that foreign flight  students seeking flight training in the United States do not pose a security  threat, we reviewed our recent reports related to DHS security threat  assessment processes, and TSA guidance related to procedures for  conducting security threat assessments of several agency programs,  including AFSP. We interviewed TSA officials who perform security  threat assessments and inspections of flight training providers for AFSP  to better understand program operations. To determine whether foreign  nationals applying for FAA airman certificates had previously applied to  AFSP and been vetted by TSA, we obtained from FAA data on foreign  nationals from FAA’s Comprehensive Airmen Information System, also  known as the airmen registry. Specifically, we obtained FAA airmen  registry data, including names and dates of birth, on 25,599 foreign  nationals applying for their first FAA airman private pilot certificate, sport  pilot certificate, or recreational pilot certificates from January 2006  through September 2011. We selected these dates because 2006 was  the first full year after TSA assumed responsibility for AFSP from the  Department of Justice and September 2011 was the end of the fiscal year  for our reporting period. The data did not include information on foreign  nationals applying for FAA airman certificates based on an existing  foreign airmen certificate issued by another government, thus ensuring  that the data we obtained were for foreign nationals who had obtained  flight training in the United States and therefore would have been required  to have applied for vetting under AFSP. We provided the FAA airmen  registry data to TSA so that the agency could conduct a matching process  to determine whether the foreign nationals in the FAA airmen registry  were in the AFSP database and the extent to which they had been  successfully vetted through AFSP. As stated previously, TSA receives  FAA airmen registry data on a daily basis; however, given the specific  parameters we specified for matching FAA airmen registry data against  the AFSP database, we provided TSA with airmen registry data we had  obtained from FAA to allow for easier review and analysis of TSA results.  We found the FAA and TSA data and the approach, methodology, and  results of the data matching process to be sufficiently reliable for our  purposes. We used the results of TSA’s analysis to identify whether  foreign nationals in the FAA airmen registry were not in the AFSP  database, and therefore not approved for flight training through AFSP, as  well as foreign nationals who were in the FAA airmen registry and were in  the AFSP database, but had not been successfully vetted though AFSP.  As part of this work, we also assessed the reliability of data in the FAA  airmen registry as well as data in the AFSP database by interviewing FAA  and TSA officials, and reviewing documentation on controls implemented  to ensure the integrity of the data in the database and found both to be  sufficiently reliable for use in this report.
We also spoke to TSA inspection officials to discuss common issues  associated with compliance inspections and efforts to address  compliance deficiencies. We reviewed documentation on TSA compliance  procedures for flight training providers participating in the AFSP program  and reviewed summary statistics for the period fiscal year 2005 through  fiscal year 2011, on flight school compliance compiled by TSA. We also  performed an analysis on compliance data for flight training providers. We  ascertained the reliability of AFSP inspection results derived from PARIS,  by interviewing TSA officials and reviewing documentation on controls  implemented to ensure the integrity of the data in the database, and  found the inspection data sufficiently reliable for use in this report. We  also spoke with cognizant TSA and ICE officials to discuss the pre-pilot  initiative under way with ICE to detect foreign nationals registered with  AFSP who overstayed their period of admission in the country or entered  the country illegally. We also reviewed documentation from an ICE  investigation related to a Boston-area flight training provider. We  compared the names of foreign nationals ICE identified in this  investigation with the names of AFSP candidates assigned to the flight  school, to ascertain which of the AFSP candidates had undergone a  security threat assessment and passed, but were subsequently found via  the ICE investigation to have either overstayed their admission period or  entered the country without inspection. We also evaluated TSA’s efforts  to assess risk for the AFSP against Standards for Internal Control in the  Federal Government.
We conducted this performance audit from March 2011 through July 2012  in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain  sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our  findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that  the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and  conclusions based on our audit objectives.
section_title: Appendix II: Examples of Federal, State, and Industry Efforts to Enhance General Aviation Security
subsections: section_title: Security measure Federal Efforts to Enhance General Aviation Security Risk assessments
paragraphs: TSA has conducted or commissioned five assessments examining threats,  vulnerabilities, and consequences associated with potential terrorist use of general  aviation aircraft. For example, in May 2007, TSA and the Homeland Security Institute  published an assessment of, among other things, the potential destructive capability  of various sizes of general aviation aircraft. In November 2010, TSA released its  assessment of vulnerabilities associated with general aviation airports.
In 2003 and 2004, TSA and the Aviation Security Advisory Committee developed  guidelines or best practices designed to establish nonregulatory security standards  for general aviation airport security. These guidelines are based on industry best  practices and an airport characteristic measurement tool that allows airport operators  to assess the level of risk associated with their airport to determine which security  enhancements are most appropriate for their facility. According to the Acting General  Manager for General Aviation, the committee is in the process of updating these  guidelines, with an expected release in mid-2012.
TSA implemented a hotline (1-866-GA-SECURE, or 1-866-427-3287) in December  2002, which allows individuals to report suspicious activities to a central command  structure.
Pursuant to FAA regulations, general aviation operations are generally prohibited  within a 15-mile area of the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area unless otherwise  authorized by TSA. This limits access at Potomac Airpark, Washington  Executive/Hyde Field, and College Park Airport (referred to as the “Maryland-3”) to  only cleared and vetted pilots operating in compliance with specific flight planning  and air traffic control procedures.
TSA advises FAA to impose airspace restrictions at various locations throughout the  United States to limit or prohibit aircraft operations in certain areas when intelligence  officials report heightened security sensitivity. This includes the Air Defense  Identification Zone around Washington, D.C., and restrictions that are put into effect  when the President travels outside of Washington, D.C.
FAA has used Flight Data Center NOTAMs to advertise temporary flight restrictions  and warn of airport closures.
Aircraft weighing more than 12,500 pounds in scheduled or charter service that carry  passengers or cargo or both, and that do not fall under another security program  must implement a “Twelve-Five” standard security program, which must include,  among other elements, procedures for bomb or air piracy threats.
FAA, in July 2003, discontinued issuing paper airman certificates and began issuing  certificates that incorporate a number of security features reducing the ability to  create counterfeit certificates. The new certificates are made of high-quality plastic  card stock and include micro printing, a hologram, and an ultraviolet-sensitive layer.An FAA requirement, adopted in October 2002, requires a pilot to carry government- issued or other form of photo identification acceptable to the FAA Administrator along  with the pilot certificate when operating an aircraft.
Requirement to notify FAA of aircraft transfers  FAA, in February 2008, issued a final rule requiring those who transfer ownership of  U.S.-registered aircraft to notify the FAA Aircraft Registry within 21 days from the  transaction.
Description  The National Business Aviation Association proposed a security protocol for Part 91  operators, enabling operators with a TSA Access Certificate to operate internationally  without the need for a waiver. TSA launched a pilot project in cooperation with the  National Business Aviation Association with Part 91 operators at Teterboro Airport in  New Jersey and later expanded the pilot to two additional airports.
section_title: Education/outreach efforts Airport Watch
paragraphs: The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association implemented the Airport Watch program  to help increase security awareness. The program includes warning signs for airports,  informational literature, and a training videotape to educate pilots and airport  employees on potential security enhancements for their airports and aircraft. It helped  to increase awareness of TSA’s centralized toll-free 1-866-GA-SECURE (1-866-427- 3287) hotline.
General aviation security educational materials  The Experimental Aircraft Association distributed Airport Watch videotapes and other  educational materials concerning security practices and airspace restrictions.
The National Agricultural Aircraft Association produced the Professional Aerial  Applicators Support System, an annual education program that addresses security of  aerial application operations. It is presented at state and regional agricultural aviation  association meetings throughout the country.
The National Air Transportation Association, on September 24, 2001, issued a series  of recommended security procedures for all aviation businesses through its Business  Aviation Security Task Force. The recommendations focused on immediate steps to  be taken, plus longer-term actions. Examples included signage, appointing a single  manager responsible for security at all locations, developing a “security mission  statement,” methods to verify identification, seeking local law enforcement assistance  to develop a security plan, and a host of others, including an advisory poster that was  created and distributed free to all association members.
FAA, in January 2002, issued a number of recommended actions addressing security  for flight schools and those renting aircraft. These recommendations are designed to  provide security against the unauthorized use of a flight school or rental aircraft.
The National Association of State Aviation Officials, in December 2002, submitted to  federal and state authorities a document outlining general aviation security  recommendations. This included securing unattended aircraft, developing a security  plan, and establishing a means to report suspicious activity. In addition, airports  should establish a public awareness campaign, perform regular inspections of airport  property, and control movement of persons and vehicles in the aircraft operating  area.
The U.S. Parachute Association disseminated security recommendations to its 219  skydiving clubs and centers across the United States, most of them based on general  aviation airports. Some recommendations were aimed at ensuring security of jump  aircraft during operations, as well as periods when aircraft are idle.
The General Aviation Manufacturers Association, in conjunction with the U.S.  Department of the Treasury, worked to help aircraft sellers identify unusual financial  transactions. The publication entitled Guidelines for Establishing Anti-Money  Laundering Procedures and Practices Related to the Purchase of General Aviation  Aircraft was developed in consultation with manufacturers, aviation-finance  companies, used-aircraft brokers, and fractional ownership companies.
section_title: Security measure Examples of state efforts to improve general aviation security Security plan for publicly owned airports (Alabama)
paragraphs: All publicly owned general aviation airports in Alabama must prepare and implement  a written security plan that is consistent with TSA’s May 2004 Security Guidelines for  General Aviation Airports. The plan was to be submitted and on file by January 1,  2006, with the Aeronautics Bureau of the Alabama Department of Transportation in  order for the airport to be eligible to receive a state-issued airport improvement grant.
Florida requires that certain public-use general aviation airports implement a security  plan consistent with guidelines published by the Florida Airports Council.
Airport security enhancements (New Jersey)
New Jersey requires that all aircraft parked or stored more than 24 hours be secured  by a two-lock system, that hangar doors have working locking devices and be closed  and locked when unattended, that permanent signs providing emergency contact  phone numbers be posted where specified, and that communications equipment  provided by the Division of Aeronautics for emergency notification by the division or  law enforcement agencies be available.
Background checks for flight students (New  York)
New York law requires flight students to complete a criminal background check and  wait for written permission to be sent to his or her flight school before beginning flight  training. Airports must also register with the state and supply contact information and  a security plan consistent with TSA’s May 2004 Guidelines for General Aviation  Airports.
State troopers provide airports with security  audits (Virginia)
Virginia trained selected state troopers to provide airports with security audits at no  charge to the airport operator.
Security assessment of public-use general  aviation airports (Washington)
Washington contracted with a consultant to perform a security assessment of public- use general aviation airports.
section_title: Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security
section_title: Appendix IV: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments
subsections: section_title: GAO Contact
section_title: Acknowledgments
paragraphs: In addition to the contact named above, Jessica Lucas-Judy, Assistant  Director, and Robert Rivas, Analyst-in-Charge, managed this assignment.  Erika D. Axelson, Orlando Copeland, Katherine Davis, Gloria Hernandez- Saunders, Adam Hoffman, Richard Hung, Mitchell Karpman, Stanley  Kostyla, Thomas Lombardi, Marvin McGill, Jessica Orr, Anthony Pordes,  Minette Richardson, and Robert Robinson made significant contributions  to this report.