Homeland Security: Agency Plans, Implementation, and Challenges Regarding the National Strategy for Homeland Security
Published: 2005-01-14T00:00:00

Fast Facts:

Highlights:
section_title: Why GAO Did This Study
paragraphs: The National Strategy for Homeland Security sets forth a plan to improve homeland security through the cooperation of federal, state, local, and private sector organizations on an array of functions. These functions are organized into the six distinct "critical mission areas" of (1) intelligence and warning, (2) border and transportation security, (3) domestic counterterrorism, (4) protecting critical infrastructures and key assets, (5) defending against catastrophic threats, and (6) emergency preparedness and response. Within each of these mission areas, the strategy identifies "major initiatives" to be addressed. In all, the strategy cites 43 initiatives across the six mission areas. GAO reviewed the strategy's implementation to (1) determine whether its initiatives are being addressed by key departments' strategic planning and implementation activities, whether the initiatives have lead agencies identified for their implementation, and whether the initiatives were being implemented in fiscal year 2004 by such agencies and (2) identify ongoing homeland security challenges that have been reflected in GAO products since September 11, 2001, by both mission area and issues that cut across mission areas.
section_title: What GAO Found
paragraphs: Key federal departments--Defense (DOD), Energy (DOE), Health and Human Services (HHS), Homeland Security (DHS), Justice (DOJ), and State--have addressed the strategy's 43 initiatives to some extent in their strategic planning and implementation activities. All 43 of the initiatives were included in some of the planning or implementation activities of at least one of these six departments. Most of the initiatives (42 of the 43) also had departments identified as the lead agencies for their implementation, which helps to ensure accountability for implementation. However, many of these 42 initiatives had multiple lead agencies, indicating that interagency coordination of roles and activities will be important, particularly on those initiatives involving domestic counterterrorism and critical infrastructure protection. All of the initiatives were being implemented in fiscal year 2004 by at least one department. While GAO determined that implementation was occurring, it did not assess the status or quality of the various departments' implementation of the initiatives. While departments have incorporated these initiatives into their planning and implementation activity, the United States faces significant challenges in fully implementing the strategy in a coordinated and integrated manner. Some of the most difficult challenges being confronted are those that cut across the various critical mission areas, such as balancing homeland security funding needs with other national requirements, improving risk management methods for resource allocation and investments, developing adequate homeland security performance measures, developing a national enterprise architecture for homeland security, and clarifying the roles and responsibilities among the levels of government and the private sector. GAO has also identified a large diversity of other challenges in each of the six critical mission areas since September 11.

section_title: Letter
paragraphs: In an effort to increase homeland security following the September 11,  2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, President Bush issued the  National Strategy for Homeland Security in July 2002 and signed  legislation creating the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in  November 2002. The strategy sets forth overall objectives to prevent  terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America’s vulnerability  to terrorism, and minimize the damage and assist in the recovery from  attacks that may occur. To accomplish these overall objectives, the  strategy describes six critical mission areas and 43 initiatives. Since the  strategy was issued, the President has also issued additional documents— known as Homeland Security Presidential Directives (or HSPDs)—that  provide more detailed guidance on the mission areas and initiatives. The  creation of DHS, which began operations in March 2003, represents a  fusion of 22 federal agencies to coordinate and centralize the leadership of  many homeland security activities under a single department. In addition  to DHS, the Departments of Defense (DOD), Energy (DOE), Health and  Human Services (HHS), Justice (DOJ), and State play an important role in  implementing the strategy. These six key departments represent 94  percent of proposed federal spending for homeland security in fiscal year  2005.
With the strategy now more than 2 years old, and DHS more than a year  old, you asked that we review the implementation of the strategy and  organize our work by critical mission area. In response, we have    determined whether the initiatives in the strategy were being addressed  by the key department’s strategic planning and related activities;  whether the initiatives had “lead” agencies identified for their  implementation, and whether multiple departments were implementing  the initiatives in fiscal year 2004; and  identified homeland security challenges as reflected in our products  since September 11, 2001, by both mission area and issues that cut  across mission areas.
This report establishes one framework from which to assess federal  department implementation of the National Strategy for Homeland  Security. Since agency homeland security activities are ongoing, this  report is intended to identify a baseline from which to assess progress  toward meeting homeland security objectives. In this report, we first  provide the proposed fiscal year 2005 homeland security-related budget by  mission area and department. Then, we discuss the homeland security  planning and implementation activities of the six departments under  review, as well as remaining homeland security challenges, by mission  area. The appendixes that follow provide more detailed assessments of  each of these sections and are also arranged by mission area. (See app. I  for more information on the scope and methodology.) Further, this report  should be considered in the context of several companion efforts to  provide baseline information. In February 2004, we testified on the desired  characteristics of national strategies and whether various strategies— including the National Strategy for Homeland Security—contained those  desired characteristics. In March, we summarized strategic homeland  security recommendations made by congressionally chartered  commissions and us. We organized this analysis by critical mission area,  as defined in the strategy. In July, we reported on our recommendations to  DHS and the department’s progress in implementing such  recommendations. We organized this analysis by DHS directorate or  division. In September, we compared 9/11 Commission recommendations  with those of the National Strategy for Homeland Security and the  National Strategy to Combat Terrorism. We also provided a preliminary  analysis of department planning and implementation activities with  respect to the six mission areas. Together, these baseline efforts are  intended to aid congressional oversight of federal homeland security  activities.
subsections: section_title: Background
paragraphs: The National Strategy for Homeland Security sets out a plan to improve  homeland security through the cooperation and partnering of federal,  state, local, and private sector organizations on an array of functions. The  strategy organizes these functions into six critical mission areas:  Intelligence and Warning involves the identification, collection,  analysis, and distribution of intelligence information appropriate for  preempting or preventing a terrorist attack.
Border and Transportation Security emphasizes the efficient and  reliable flow of people, goods, and material across borders while  deterring terrorist activity.
Domestic Counterterrorism focuses on law enforcement efforts to  identify, halt, prevent, and prosecute terrorists in the United States.
Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets stresses securing  the nation’s interconnecting sectors and important facilities, sites, and  structures.
Defending Against Catastrophic Threats emphasizes the detection,  deterrence, and mitigation of terrorist use of weapons of mass  destruction.
Emergency Preparedness and Response highlights damage  minimization and recovery from terrorist attacks.
Since the strategy was issued in July 2002, the President has also issued 12  HSPDs that provide additional guidance related to these mission areas.  For example, HSPD-4 focuses on defending against catastrophic threats  and HSPD-7 focuses on protecting critical infrastructure. These HSPDs  provided some of the details that were not in the strategy, particularly with  respect to agency roles and milestones. See appendix X for a complete list  and description of these HSPDs.
The strategy also identifies the major initiatives to be addressed within  each of these six mission areas. For example, within the Intelligence and  Warning mission area, 5 initiatives are indicated: (1) enhancing the  analytic capabilities of the FBI; (2) building new capabilities through the  Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate of DHS;  (3) implementing the Homeland Security Advisory System; (4) utilizing  dual-use analysis to prevent attacks; and (5) employing “red team”  techniques.  Within the Border and Transportation Security mission area,  6 initiatives are cited: (1) ensuring accountability in border and  transportation security, (2) creating “smart borders”, (3) increasing the  security of international shipping containers, (4) implementing the  Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001, (5) recapitalizing the  U.S. Coast Guard, and (6) reforming immigration services. In all, the  strategy cites 43 initiatives across the six mission areas. See appendix IX  for a complete list of all the initiatives by mission area.
The latest available funding data from the Office of Management and  Budget (OMB) for the six mission areas is illustrated in figure 1.
The National Strategy for Homeland Security specifies a number of  federal departments, as well as nonfederal organizations, that have  important roles in implementing the mission areas and related initiatives.  In terms of federal departments, DHS is intended to have a prominent role  in implementing all of the mission areas. Other key federal departments  specified in the strategy include, in alphabetical order, the Department of  Defense, the Department of Energy, the Department of Health and Human  Services, the Department of Justice, and the Department of State (State).  These departments have their own strategic plans, which indicate how  they will implement their homeland security programs (as well as other  programs unrelated to homeland security). Together, DHS and these other  five departments constitute 94 percent of the proposed $47.4 billion  budget for homeland security-related activities in fiscal year 2005. OMB  did not report funding for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) although  it has activities related to the Intelligence and Warning mission area. As  explained further in appendix II, we did not include the CIA in our analysis  because of the lack of funding data and because the strategy provides little  discussion of the agency. Figure 2 shows the proposed fiscal year 2005  funding for these departments as well as the proposed homeland security  funding for all other agencies.
The National Strategy for Homeland Security and the related HSPDs  typically identify a specific federal department as being a “lead” agency for  specific initiatives. However, the language varies in precision. In some  cases, the documents use clear language to identify which department will  lead efforts across the government. In other cases, the lead is more  implied than stated. Sometimes, more than one department is identified as  a lead agency—which can occur because some of the initiatives in the  strategy are large in scope, and different departments lead different parts  of the initiatives. The identification of lead agency is important in order to  specify which agencies are accountable for the implementation of the  initiatives, particularly if implementation requires the efforts of several  different agencies exercising different statutory authorities. By clearly  identifying the lead agency, the strategies and the HSPDs enable the  federal, state, local, and private stakeholders to determine who is  responsible and accountable for the implementation, and thus more  effectively direct their inquiries and integrate their own actions,  particularly where multiagency coordination is required. See appendix IX  for a complete list of the initiatives and the departments identified as lead  agencies.
Congress, because of concerns about terrorism in recent years, chartered  four commissions to examine terrorist threats and the government’s  response to such threats, as well as to make recommendations to federal,  state, local, and private organizations. These national commissions  included the following:    The Bremer Commission: the National Commission on Terrorism,  chaired by Ambassador Paul Bremer, which issued its report in June  2000.
The Gilmore Commission: the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic  Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass  Destruction, chaired by Governor James S. Gilmore, III, which issued  its final report in December 2003.
The Hart-Rudman Commission: the U.S. Commission on National  Security/21st Century, chaired by Senators Gary Hart and Warren B.  Rudman, which issued its final report in February 2001.
The 9/11 Commission: the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks  upon the United States, chaired by Governor Thomas H. Kean, which  issued its final report in July 2004.
section_title: Scope and Methodology
paragraphs: To determine whether the key federal departments addressed strategy  initiatives in their planning and implementation activity, we identified the  43 major initiatives and the six key federal departments for review. We  evaluated each department’s high-level strategic planning documents  related to homeland security to determine if they had planning or  implementation activities related to each initiative. To satisfy the planning  and implementation criteria, we generally required departments to provide  documentary support for one such activity, per initiative. Where classified  or undocumented activities were involved, we worked with department  officials to verify the activity. We provided the results of our analyses to  planning officials from the various departments for their verification.  Additionally, we reviewed the language in the strategy and HSPDs to  determine which departments had been identified as lead agencies in  implementing the initiatives. In some cases, the leadership language was  clear; in other cases, it was less precise or implied. We were then able to  determine whether departments demonstrated planning or  implementation activities in both lead and nonlead initiatives. Our analysis  is necessarily a snapshot of activity as of particular points in time. The  agencies reviewed provided us with information as to their planning and  implementation as of various dates, including fiscal year 2004. We  recognize that the agencies continue to plan and implement their  strategies and programs and have and may continue to progress beyond  the status portrayed in this analysis. Finally, our work did not assess the  status or quality of the work being planned or implemented.
To determine homeland security challenges facing the nation, we reviewed  our reports issued since September 11. This included over 250 products  cutting across the gamut of homeland security activities. We summarized  and categorized the challenges by critical mission area and subtopic where  appropriate (e.g., the Border and Transportation Security mission area  was subdivided into border security and transportation security). While  our summary is limited to challenges we identified, we have noted in the  text where the congressionally chartered commissions have raised similar  issues. We recognize that these commissions, Congress, the executive  branch, and other organizations have identified additional challenges in  each of the mission areas.
We conducted our work between February and November 2004 in  accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. For  more details on our objectives, scope, and methodology, see appendix I.
section_title: Agency Plans, Implementation, and Challenges
paragraphs: The following sections provide summaries of each mission area, as well as  issues that cut across all six mission areas. These summaries include an  analysis of federal departments’ strategic planning and implementation  activities and the challenges faced by these departments and the nation as  a whole.
subsections: section_title: Intelligence and Warning
paragraphs: The strategy identifies five initiatives under the Intelligence and Warning  mission area. All of the initiatives are covered by at least two departments  planning or implementation activities (see table 1). Examples include DOJ  and DOE activities to enhance the analytic capabilities of the Federal  Bureau of Investigation (FBI); DHS, State, and DOE activities to utilize  dual-use analysis to prevent attacks; and DHS, DOD, and DOE activities to  employ red-team techniques.
Four of the five initiatives have a department identified as a lead agency.  Neither the strategy nor the HSPDs identified a lead agency on the fifth  initiative, which relates to the employment of red-team techniques.  According to DHS strategic planning officials, it is important that a number  of agencies conduct red-team techniques to test their own specific  programs, so no agency would necessarily have the overall lead. See  appendix II for a more detailed discussion on the implications of not  having an overall lead agency identified for red-team techniques. For this  mission area, the lead agency specifications are clear (rather than  implied), and there are no multiple leads on any of the initiatives.
All five initiatives were being implemented in fiscal year 2004 as reported  by two or more departments (see table 7). DHS and DOJ cited 2004  implementation activity for each of the initiatives for which they were  identified as lead agencies.
Refer to appendix II for more specific details regarding department  planning and implementation activities, including a discussion of fiscal  year 2004 implementation. As explained further in appendix II, we did not  include CIA in our analysis because of the lack of funding data and  because the strategy provides little discussion of the agency.
Our work in the Intelligence and Warning mission area since 2001 has  highlighted a number of challenges that need to be addressed. Many of  these challenges are directly related to initiatives in this mission area.  These challenges include  improving analysis capabilities at the FBI through better strategic  information management,    developing productive information-sharing relationships among the  federal government and state and local governments and the private  sector,    overcoming the limitations in the sharing of classified national security    ensuring that the private sector receives better information on  potential threats,    consolidating watch lists to promote better information and sharing,    maintaining a viable and relevant homeland security advisory system.
These challenges are discussed in greater detail in appendix II. Many of  these challenges were also discussed by one or more of the Bremer,  Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions.
section_title: Border and Transportation Security
paragraphs: There are six initiatives under the Border and Transportation Security  mission area. All of the initiatives are covered by at least two departments’  planning or implementation activities (see table 2). Examples include  DHS, DOD, HHS, State, and DOE activities to ensure accountability in  border and transportation security; DHS, DOD, State, and DOE activities  to increase the security of international shipping containers; and DHS,   DOJ, and State activities to reform immigration services.
All six initiatives have a department identified as a lead agency. One  initiative (i.e., creating smart borders) has multiple lead agencies identified  in the strategy and HSPDs. DHS is a lead on the most initiatives: a clear  lead on two initiatives and an implied lead on four other initiatives.
All six initiatives were being implemented in fiscal year 2004 as reported  by one or more departments (see table 8). DHS and State cited 2004  implementation activity in each of the initiatives for which they were  identified as leads. DOJ had been identified as a lead agency with respect  to creating smart borders and reforming immigration services, but with the  transfer of the Immigration and Naturalization Service to DHS, DOJ  officials indicated that the department was no longer serving as a lead on  that initiative.
Refer to appendix III for more specific details regarding department  planning and implementation activities, including a discussion of fiscal  year 2004 implementation.
Border and Transportation Security is another mission area where our  work has indicated there are challenges to be addressed. Again, many of  these challenges are directly related to initiatives in this mission area.  These challenges include    striking an acceptable balance between security and the flow of  commercial activity, travel, and tourism;    processing people at our nation’s land ports of entry and determining  the proper role of biometric technologies for security applications;    deploying the best available technologies for detecting radioactive and  nuclear materials at U.S. ports of entry;    developing a clear and comprehensive policy on the use of visas as an  antiterrorism tool and improving the management and oversight of  programs to track visitors;  implementing an effective system to prescreen passengers prior to  their arrival at the airport, as well as achieving and sustaining  improvements in airline passenger and baggage screening; and    strengthening perimeter security at airports and countering the threat  of hand-held missiles to commercial aviation.
These and other challenges are discussed in greater detail in appendix III.  Many of these challenges were also discussed by one or more of the  Bremer, Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions.
section_title: Domestic Counterterrorism
paragraphs: The Domestic Counterterrorism mission area has six initiatives. All of the  initiatives are covered by at least one department’s planning or  implementation activities (see table 3). Examples include DHS, DOJ, DOD,  HHS, and DOE activities to improve intergovernmental law enforcement  coordination; DHS, DOJ, DOD, and State activities to facilitate  apprehension of potential terrorists; and DHS, DOJ, and State activities to  target and attack terrorist financing.
Each of the six initiatives has a department that is identified as a lead  agency. All indicated leads from the strategy and HSPDs are clear leads.  For three of the six initiatives, multiple departments have been identified  as leads.
All 6 initiatives were being implemented in fiscal year 2004 as reported by  one or more departments (see table 9). DOJ cited 2004 implementation  activity on each of the six initiatives for which it was identified as a lead.  DHS and State also cited implementation activity on all initiatives for  which they were identified as lead agencies.
Refer to appendix IV for more specific details regarding department  planning and implementation activities, including a discussion of fiscal  year 2004 implementation.
Domestic Counterterrorism is another mission area where our recent  work has highlighted continuing challenges. These challenges threaten to  undermine law enforcement agencies’ ability to aggressively detect, deter,  prevent, eradicate, and adjudicate terrorist activity. These challenges  include  transforming the FBI from an investigative organization into a  proactive entity focused on detecting and preventing terrorist activity,    modifying the FBI’s related workforce and business practices to focus  on counterterrorism and intelligence-related priorities,  improving interagency coordination to leverage existing law  enforcement resources to investigate money laundering and terrorist  financing,    monitoring the use of alternate financing mechanisms by terrorists,  identifying and apprehending terrorists already present in the United  States, and  recognizing counterfeit documentation and the use of identity fraud at  U.S. borders and other security checkpoints.
These challenges are discussed in greater detail in appendix IV. Many of  these challenges were also discussed by one or more of the Bremer,  Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions.
section_title: Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets
paragraphs: The strategy identifies eight initiatives under the Protecting Critical  Infrastructures and Key Assets—commonly referred to as Critical  Infrastructure Protection (CIP)— mission area. All of the initiatives are  covered by at least four departments’ planning or implementation  activities (see table 4). Examples include DHS, DOJ, DOD, HHS, and DOE  activities to unify America’s infrastructure protection effort in DHS; DHS,  DOD, HHS, and DOE activities to develop a national infrastructure  protection plan and, all six departments’ activities to secure cyberspace.
Each of the eight initiatives has a department identified as a lead agency.  In the case of five of the eight initiatives, the leads are clear; only in the  case of three initiatives (i.e., enabling effective partnership with state and  local governments and the private sector, securing cyberspace, and  partnering with the international community to protect our transnational  infrastructure) are there implied leads. For three of the eight initiatives,  multiple lead agencies have been identified. For example, DOD, HHS, and  DOE are all sector leads on the same initiative—building and maintaining  a complete and accurate assessment of America’s critical infrastructure  and key assets. These departments have the sector leads as follows, DOD  for defense industrial base, HHS for public health, and DOE for the energy  sector.
All eight initiatives were being implemented in fiscal year 2004 as reported  by two or more departments (see table 10). DHS, DOD, HHS, State, and  DOE cited implementation activity on all initiatives for which they were  identified as lead agencies.
Refer to appendix V for more specific details regarding department  planning and implementation activities, including a discussion of fiscal  year 2004 implementation.
Our work related to CIP has identified several challenges. Overcoming the  challenges presented in this mission area is made even more difficult  because increasing the security of one type of target, such as aircraft or  federal buildings, increases the possibility that terrorists may choose  another type of target, such as trains or ports. The challenges include  refining the federal government’s role in managing CIP;    developing a comprehensive and coordinated national CIP plan that  delineates the roles, defines interims objectives and milestones, sets  time frames, and establishes performance measures;    developing productive information-sharing relationships within the  federal government and among federal, state, and local governments  and the private sector;  improving the federal government’s capabilities to analyze incident,  threat, and vulnerability information related to critical infrastructures  and key assets;  improving the security of government facilities through a variety of  methods, including better training and procedures to detect counterfeit  documents and identity fraud; and    analyzing the strengths, interdependencies, and vulnerabilities of  several specific industries, including the financial services sector, the  shipping and postal system, drinking water, agriculture, the chemical  industry, nuclear power plants, and nuclear weapons sites.
These challenges are discussed in greater detail in appendix V. Many of  these challenges were also discussed by one or more of the Bremer,  Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions.
section_title: Defending Against Catastrophic Threats
paragraphs: There are six initiatives under the Defending against Catastrophic Threats  mission area. All of the initiatives are covered by at least two departments’  planning or implementation activities (see table 5). Examples include  DHS, DOD, State, and DOE activities to prevent terrorist use of nuclear  weapons through better sensors and procedures; DHS, DOD, HHS, and  DOE activities to detect chemical and biological materials and attacks; and  DHS, DOD, HHS, State, and DOE activities to harness the scientific  knowledge and tools to counter terrorism.
Each of the six initiatives has a department identified as a lead agency. On  half the initiatives, multiple departments have been identified as leads. In  the case of three initiatives, the leads are clear; in the case of the  remaining three initiatives, several leads are implied.
All six initiatives were being implemented in fiscal year 2004 as reported  by one or more departments (see Table 11). DHS cited implementation  activity in five of the six initiatives for which it was identified as a lead. It  is not yet implementing the Select Agent Program. DOD, HHS, State, and  DOE cited implementation activity on all the initiatives for which they  were identified as the lead agency.
Refer to appendix VI for more specific details regarding department  planning and implementation activities, including a discussion of fiscal  year 2004 implementation.
The challenges the nation faces in defending itself against catastrophic  threats—such as the terrorist use of chemical, biological, radiological, or  nuclear (CBRN) weapons—are quite broad and could have devastating  consequences if not effectively addressed. Our recent work in this mission  area has highlighted challenges that include    strengthening efforts to keep weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and  dual-use items (items having both commercial and military  applications) out of the hands of terrorists,    controlling the sale of excess items that can be used to produce and  deliver biological agents, and    designating lead agencies for setting priorities for information systems  related to terrorism.
These challenges are discussed in greater detail in appendix VI. Many of  these challenges were also discussed by one or more of the Bremer,  Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions.
section_title: Emergency Preparedness and Response
paragraphs: For the Emergency Preparedness and Response mission area, the strategy  identifies 12 initiatives. All of the initiatives are covered by at least two  departments’ planning or implementation activities (see table 6).  Examples include DHS, DOD, HHS, and DOE activities to create a national  incident management system; DHS and HHS activities to enable seamless  communications among all responders; and, DHS, DOD, HHS, and DOE  activities to augment America’s pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles.
Each of the 12 initiatives has a department identified as a lead agency. For  3 of the 12 initiatives, multiple lead agencies have been identified. All  leads, with three exceptions, are clear leads.
All 12 initiatives were being implemented in fiscal year 2004 by two or  more departments (see table 12). DHS, DOD and HHS cited  implementation activity in 2004 for all initiatives for which they were  identified as lead agencies.
Refer to appendix VII for more specific details regarding department  planning and implementation activities, including a discussion of fiscal  year 2004 implementation.
Our recent work has shown that there are many challenges in the  Emergency Preparedness and Response mission area regarding efforts to  effectively minimize the damage and successfully recover from terrorist  attacks. We identified the following challenges:    adopting an “all hazards” approach to emergency preparedness and    providing better governmental planning and coordination with regard  to first responder issues;    preparing first responders for incidents involving catastrophic  terrorism;  restructuring the federal grant system for first responders;    strengthening public health in a variety of areas, including better  information sharing, preparations for catastrophic terrorism such as  bioterrorism, and more hospital equipment;  improving regional response planning involving multiple municipalities,  states, and countries;    establishing and implementing preparedness standards and measures;    ensuring adequate communications among first responders and with    defining the roles and responsibilities of DOD in defending the  homeland and providing military support to civil authorities.
These challenges are discussed in greater detail in appendix VII. Many of  these challenges were also discussed by one or more of the Bremer,  Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions.
section_title: Crosscutting Issues
paragraphs: Our recent work has also identified homeland security challenges that cut  across the various mission areas. While it is important that the major  mission challenges be individually addressed, it is equally important that  these challenges be addressed from a comprehensive national homeland  security perspective (i.e., some mission areas overlap, some challenges are  common across mission areas, some corrective actions have ramifications,  and there are both positive and negative challenges across mission area  boundaries). Coordinated actions may substantially enhance multiple  mission performance. The National Strategy for Homeland Security and  the corresponding strategic plans of the agencies accountable for  achieving the national strategy’s objectives must address and resolve the  sometimes competing issues among homeland security mission areas and  between homeland security and other important national priorities and  objectives. These crosscutting issues are often the most difficult to  address. Some of these challenges that we have identified are  governmentwide in nature—they cut across the federal, state, and local  governments, and sometimes private sectors. Such governmentwide  challenges that we have identified include    balancing homeland security needs with other national requirements by  formulating realistic budget and resource plans that support the  implementation of an efficient and effective homeland security  program;    providing timely and transparent homeland security funding  information that sets forth detailed information concerning the  obligation of the funding provided;  improving risk management methods for resource allocation and  investments by developing a commonly accepted framework and  supporting tools to guide agency analysts in providing information to  management;    establishing baseline performance goals and measures upon which to  assess and improve prevention efforts, evaluate vulnerability reduction,  and gauge responsiveness to damage and recovery needs at all levels of  government;    clarifying the roles and responsibilities within and between the levels  of government and the private sector through the development and  implementation of an overarching framework and criteria to guide the  process;    developing a national blueprint—called an enterprise architecture—to  help integrate different organizations’ efforts to improve homeland  security; and  improving governmentwide information technology management  through the consistent application of effective strategic planning and  performance measurement practices.
These challenges are discussed in greater detail in appendix VIII. Many of  these challenges were also discussed by one or more of the Bremer,  Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions.
In addition to the challenges discussed earlier, DHS—as the department  most responsible for Homeland Security—faces a number of challenges.  Because of this, in January 2003, we designated the overall implementation  and transformation of DHS as high-risk. We gave it this designation for  three reasons. First, the size and complexity of the effort make the  challenge especially daunting, requiring sustained attention and time to  achieve the department’s mission in an effective and efficient manner.  Second, the components being merged into DHS already face a wide array  of existing challenges that must be addressed. Finally, if DHS cannot  effectively carry out its mission, it exposes the nation to potentially very  serious consequences. We are currently in the process of reviewing the  challenges faced by DHS and the progress it has made to address these  challenges. The results of this review will be published in a forthcoming  GAO report.
section_title: Concluding Observations
paragraphs: All 43 initiatives of the National Strategy for Homeland Security were  included in plans and implementation activities in fiscal year 2004 by at  least one of the six key departments we reviewed. Further, 33 of the 43  initiatives (77 percent) were being planned or implemented by at least  three of the six departments. Additionally, we found that the strategy and  HSPDs identified lead agencies for 42 of the 43 initiatives. For these 42  initiatives where a lead had been identified, 13 initiatives had leads that  were implied rather than clear. While DHS was identified as the lead for  the most initiatives (37), there were multiple leads for 12 of these 42  initiatives. Given the large number of initiatives being implemented by  multiple agencies, the fact that some of the leads were implied rather than  clear, and the fact that about a third of the initiatives had multiple leads,  coordination across federal departments will be a key factor required for  the successful implementation of the strategy. Such coordination would  ensure that federal departments are working to support the lead agency,  are complementing one anothers’ leadership when there are multiple lead  agencies, and are not unnecessarily duplicating one anothers’ programs  when there are multiple departments implementing the same initiatives.
When implementing the strategy’s initiatives, these federal departments  face a number of challenges that cut across all the mission areas. In terms  of resources, the nation must find the appropriate balance between  homeland security and other priorities. Finding this balance will require an  improved risk management framework for resource allocation and  investments. It will also require an improved set of performance and  results measures to gauge our progress. Further, finding that balance must  take into consideration nonfederal resources, but the strategy and HSPDs  have not in many cases defined the roles and responsibilities of the state,  local, and private sectors. Finally, an enterprise architecture would help  coordinate the larger effort across the myriad of organizations involved in  implementing the strategy.
One of the key challenges for the Congress is to provide oversight to  ensure that federal departments are coordinating their activities as they  attempt to implement the National Strategy for Homeland Security.
section_title: Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
paragraphs: We provided a draft of this report to DOD, DOE, DOJ, HHS, DHS, the State  Department, and the Homeland Security Council for comment. We  received written comments from DOD, HHS, DHS, and DOJ, which appear  in appendixes XI –XIV respectively. In addition to providing their written  comments, these departments and DOE provided technical comments,  which we incorporated as appropriate. State and the Homeland Security  Council declined to provide any comments on this report. DOD stated that  the report was “a thorough and accurate report.” DHS indicated our  summation of the strategic planning, implementation, and leads of the six  departments to be “particularly useful.” DOE, DOJ, and HHS neither  concurred nor disagreed with the report.  In addition, agencies provided  comments on the many GAO reports that cumulatively describe the range  of implementation challenges featured in this capping report. These  comments can be found in the appropriate reports, as cited in our  footnotes and listed in the Related GAO Products section.
As agreed with your office, unless you publicly announce its contents  earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days after its  issue date. At that time, we will provide copies of this report to  appropriate departments and interested congressional committees. We  will also make copies available to others upon request. In addition, the  report will be available at no charge on GAO’s Web site at  http://www.gao.gov.
If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me  on 512-6787. Other contacts and staff acknowledgments are listed in  appendix XV.
section_title: Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology
paragraphs: The first objective focuses on the extent to which key federal departments  with homeland security responsibilities address the 43 initiatives of the  National Strategy for Homeland Security in their planning and  implementation activities.
We selected departments based on a review of their fiscal year 2005  budget requests for homeland security-related issues. The six departments  with the largest budget requests were selected—together they account for  94 percent of the fiscal year 2005 budget requests for homeland security.  The six departments are the Departments of Defense (DOD), Energy  (DOE), Health and Human Services (HHS), Homeland Security (DHS),  Justice (DOJ), and State.
We defined three time-oriented indicators to distinguish the timing of the  departments’ strategic planning or implementation activities with respect  to each of the 43 initiatives of the six mission areas.  “Prior implementation” was defined as a departmental program or  activity that occurred prior to fiscal year 2004.  “Recent planning” was defined as either (1) a program or activity  specifically indicated by the participating department as being  developed in its latest high-level planning documents (which include  the department’s strategic plan, annual plan, or performance plan) or  (2) a program or activity, not listed in these planning documents, but  indicated by department officials as being under development since  July 2002 (when the strategy was issued).  “2004 implementation,” in turn, was defined as a departmental program  or activity that occurred during all, or part, of fiscal year 2004.
A department could satisfy (a) neither of these indicators (demonstrating  no strategic planning and implementation activities on a given initiative,  within the prescribed time periods) or (b) combinations of one through  three of these indicators, for each initiative (e.g., one department may  have engaged in prior implementation that was carried over into fiscal  year 2004 implementation; a second department may have engaged in  recent planning, followed by 2004 implementation; and a third department  may have only engaged in prior implementation, as its activity was  completed or terminated.)
We obtained and reviewed each department’s latest strategic planning  documents (i.e., their strategic plan, annual plan, and performance plan) to  determine whether these documents provided specific information about  the department’s prior implementation and recent planning activities, with  respect to each mission area initiative. We scored a department as  engaging in prior implementation activity or recent planning if these  documents demonstrated at least one such activity with respect to each  initiative. We also reviewed the documents to determine if any programs  or activities had been transferred to another department or agency. In  some cases, this may account for prior implementation activity but no  further planning or implementation activity.
Since the latest departmental strategic documents do not sufficiently  address fiscal year 2004 implementation activities, we contacted strategic  planning officials at each the six departments and asked them to provide  evidentiary support for their 2004 implementation activities, with respect  to each relevant initiative. We scored a department as implementing  activities on a given initiative if the department could demonstrate at least  one such activity occurring during fiscal year 2004 with respect to that  initiative. We also requested department strategic planning officials to  review our findings regarding planning and implementation and to make  any modifications or additions necessary. Evidentiary support was  requested for any such change. Very few changes were provided across all  six departments. Departments provided the data during fiscal year 2004.  We did not verify the accuracy of the data or the progress of particular  activities.
In addition to identifying departmental engagement in planning and  implementation activities, we also sought to determine departmental  leadership responsibility on each initiative. To satisfy the leadership role,  departments had to satisfy at least one of the following two indicators:  leadership of the entire critical mission area initiative or  leadership in specific functional area(s) encompassed within that  initiative.
We identified departmental leadership roles on specific initiatives, based  on a review of the provisions in the strategy and Homeland Security  Presidential Directives (HSPD) one through 12. In only a few instances did  a department indicate to us that subsequent legislation, regulation, or  transfer of activities absolved them of their leadership roles. Because the  language of the strategies and HSPDs was not always precise, we  identified departments as either (a) “clear” (explicit) leads, (b) “implied”  leads, or (c) no leads for each initiative. In the mission area tables, in both  the letter and appendixes, departments with a clear lead on a given  initiative are indicated by a hard-line box; departments with an implied  lead on a given initiative are indicated by a broken-line box; departments  not having any lead on a given initiative have no box designations. Drafts  of this section of the report were submitted to the departments for their  review.
The second objective focuses on identifying the challenges the nation  faces in homeland security implementation. This work is based exclusively  on a review of challenges identified in GAO products issued since  September 11, 2001. During this time period, we were able to identify over  250 relevant GAO products related to homeland security. These, and  others, can be found in our Related Products section at the end of the  report. The challenges identified are arrayed throughout the report by  mission area and subtopical area.
We conducted our work between February and November 2004 in  accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.
section_title: Appendix II: Intelligence and Warning
paragraphs: This appendix sets forth the definition and major initiatives of the  Intelligence and Warning mission area and discusses the agencies with  major roles, their funding, and the alignment of their strategic plans and  implementation activities with the initiatives, and a summary of the key  challenges faced by the nation. This appendix presents baseline  information that can be used by Congress to provide oversight and track  accountability for the initiatives in the Intelligence and Warning mission  area.
subsections: section_title: Definition and Major Initiatives
paragraphs: The National Strategy for Homeland Security categorizes homeland  security activities into six critical mission areas, the first of which is  Intelligence and Warning. This mission area includes intelligence programs  and warning systems that can detect terrorist activity before it manifests  itself in an attack so that proper preemptive, preventive, and protective  action can be taken. Specifically, this mission area is made up of efforts to  identify, collect, analyze, and distribute source intelligence information or  the resultant warnings from intelligence analysis. Activities in this mission  area often dovetail into the mission areas of domestic counterterrorism  and, in some cases, critical infrastructure protection, as agencies move to  take immediate action or develop long-term protective measures based on  threat or vulnerability information. Figure 3 is an example of one of the  initiatives found in the Intelligence and Warning mission area.
The strategy identifies the following initiatives in the Intelligence and  Warning mission area:    enhancing the analytic capabilities of the FBI,    building new capabilities through the Information Analysis and  Infrastructure protection Division of the Department of Homeland  Security,  implementing the Homeland Security Advisory System,    utilizing dual-use analysis to prevent attacks, and    employing red team techniques.
section_title: Agencies with Major Roles in Intelligence and Warning
paragraphs: Of the six departments under review, the Department of Homeland  Security and the Department of Justice have major roles in the Intelligence  and Warning mission area. Within DHS, the Information Analysis and  Infrastructure Protection Directorate (IAIP) analyzes terrorism-related  threat information relevant to homeland security, associates threat  analysis with infrastructures and people, and provides warnings and  advisories to agencies, state and local governments, and select critical  infrastructure owners and operators. The U.S. Secret Service, also a  component of DHS, provides intelligence and advanced analysis for  protective operations. The Department of Justice has two components  involved in Intelligence and Warning activities—the Federal Bureau of  Investigation (FBI) shares intelligence with other federal agencies, as well  as with state and local authorities; while the Office of Justice Programs  (OJP) funds counterterrorism training for senior law enforcement  personnel at the state and local level.
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reported that the total fiscal  year 2005 funding request for the Intelligence and Warning mission area is  $474 million, with the bulk of this funding going to DHS (61 percent),  primarily for IAIP and the U.S. Secret Service. Other agencies with  significant funding in this mission area include DOJ (19 percent), primarily  for the FBI, and the Intelligence Community (15 percent) for the Terrorist  Threat Integration Center (TTIC). Figure 4 summarizes the fiscal year  2005 budget request for the Intelligence and Warning mission area by  agency.
OMB’s reported data does not include funding for three departments that  have activities under way in this mission area. These departments— Defense, State, and Energy—have either planning or implementation  activity on specific initiatives, as discussed in the next section of this  appendix. On the basis of our previous work, we have noted several  qualifications to OMB’s figures to explain this discrepancy. According to  OMB officials, there is not always a clear distinction between homeland  security activities and other related activities. The OMB staff must make  judgment calls about how to characterize funding by mission areas. For  example, some homeland security activities have multiple purposes, so  funding for these activities can be allocated among several accounts  covering multiple mission areas. Moreover, some of the departments’  activities, such as planning, coordination, or providing advice may support  Intelligence and Warning activities, but are not included in the amounts  shown.
This appendix does not have any discussion of the Central Intelligence  Agency (CIA) or the Intelligence Community as a whole, although they  have activities related to the Intelligence and Warning mission area. There  are two reasons for this omission. First, OMB’s reported data do not  include funding for the CIA. Second, the strategy itself is relatively silent  on the CIA in terms of specific initiatives in this mission area. For  example, the strategy only mentions the CIA once in the Intelligence and  Warning mission area—the CIA was to provide intelligence analysts to  assist the FBI enhance its analytic capabilities. Most of the initiatives in  the strategy, as discussed in the next section, are led by DHS or DOJ.  Similarly, there is little information on the Intelligence Community. While  OMB reported data include $72 million in spending by the Intelligence  Community Management Account, it does not break this amount out by  specific departments or agencies. While the strategy mentions the  Intelligence Community with respect to this mission area, it does not  identify specific departments or agencies with specific initiatives. One  potential reason for relatively little discussion of CIA and the Intelligence  Community is the unclassified nature of the cost data and the strategy.
section_title: Alignment of Department Activities with the Major Initiatives
paragraphs: This section provides more detailed information about the Intelligence and  Warning mission area initiatives, and the departments involved in  conducting activities related to these initiatives. This includes a discussion  of specific departmental planning and implementation activities, lead  agency designation, and implementation activities in fiscal year 2004, with  respect to each initiative. The data are summarized in table 7.
subsections: section_title: Summary of Departmental Activities on the Initiatives
paragraphs: All five Intelligence and Warning initiatives are being addressed in at least  two of the key departments’ planning and implementation activities (see  table 7). For example, DHS, DOD, and DOE implemented Homeland  Security Advisory System initiative activities during fiscal year 2004. More  specifically, DHS implemented the system and issued advisories; DOD  personnel interacted with DHS; and DOE aligned its security system and  condition alert level to meet the Homeland Security Advisory System  requirements of DHS. In addition, DHS, DOD, and DOE implemented new  intelligence and warning capabilities through the IAIP initiative of DHS  during fiscal year 2004. Specifically, DHS conducted assessments of  critical infrastructures and key assets using the IAIP system; DOD worked  in conjunction with DHS on the IAIP system; and DOE enacted a  Safeguard and Security Program (using infrastructure information and  analysis to gauge vulnerability assessments) and plays a role in  disseminating threat information to energy sector industries.
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) also has activities  related to Intelligence and Warning, but these activities are not directly  included under the initiatives as laid out by the strategy. For example HHS  operates the Laboratory Response Network, the Epidemic Information  Exchange, and the Food and Drug Administration’s food inspection  activities. In addition, it supports the DHS-managed BioWatch program.  While the strategy does not list these as specific initiatives, they provide  surveillance of infectious diseases and could provide early warning of a  bioterrorism attack. For more on HHS’s role, particularly with respect to  bioterrorism, see appendix VI, on Defending against Catastrophic Threats.
While we have identified department activities related to these initiatives,  we did not determine the quality, status, or progress of such activities with  respect to stated goals or targets within this mission area.
section_title: Identification of Lead Agencies on the Initiatives
paragraphs: For four of the five initiatives, a lead agency is identified either in the  strategy or Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPDs). The one  initiative where there was no lead identified was “the employment of red- team techniques.” Red team techniques are techniques where the U.S.  government would create a team (sometimes known as a red cell) to play  the role of terrorists in terms of identifying vulnerabilities and planning  attacks. Three departments (DHS, DOD, and DOE) had implemented  activities related to this initiative. According to DHS strategic planning  officials, it is important that a number of agencies conduct red-team  techniques to test their own specific programs, so no agency would  necessarily have the overall lead. However, terrorists are opportunistic  and may purposefully plan attacks that take advantage of the seams  between department programs or jurisdictions. Thus, there is some value  in employing red-team techniques that look across federal departments, as  well as across the state, local, and private sectors. Without an overall lead  agency identified for this initiative, it is unclear which federal department  will be accountable for employing red-team techniques at the interagency  level against the nation as a whole.
As shown in table 7, DHS is the lead on the most initiatives in this critical  mission area—three out of the five initiatives (including building new  capabilities through the Information Analysis and Infrastructure  Protection Division, implementing the Homeland Security Advisory  System, and utilizing dual-use analysis to prevent attacks). It is  understandable that DHS would be the department with the most initiative  leads given that DHS’s strategic goals and objectives are to be directed  toward preventing terrorist attacks in the United States and reducing  America’s vulnerability to terrorism—both of which require Intelligence  and Warning system information to achieve their aims. The Department of  Justice is a lead on one initiative, enhancing the analytic capabilities of the  FBI. This, too, is understandable given that the FBI is an agency (or  component) of DOJ.
The strategy and HSPDs did not identify multiple leads on any of the five  Intelligence and Warning initiatives (see table 7). In addition, these  strategic documents clearly named all leads. DHS is named as a clear lead  on three Intelligence and Warning initiatives; DOJ is identified as a clear  lead on one initiative.
section_title: Fiscal Year 2004 Implementation of the Initiatives
paragraphs: In fiscal year 2004, implementation activity occurred with respect to each  of the five Intelligence and Warning initiatives (see table 7). DHS  implemented activity in each of the three initiatives for which it was  identified as a lead. DOJ implemented activity in the one initiative for  which it was named as the lead (enhancing the analytic capabilities of the  FBI).
Additionally, several of the departments under review implemented  multiple Intelligence and Warning initiative activities for which they were  not identified as a lead. During fiscal year 2004, DOE cited implementation  activities in four of the five Intelligence and Warning initiatives for which  it did not have a lead (prior to fiscal year 2004, it cited implementation  activity with respect to three of the five initiatives.) DOD cited fiscal year  2004 implementation activities in 3 of 5 initiatives for which it did not have  a lead. DHS cited planning and implementation activities during fiscal year  2004 on the one initiative for which it did not have lead responsibilities;  and State cited both prior implementation and 2004 implementation  activity on the one initiative for it was not cited as a lead in the strategy or  HSPDs.
section_title: Challenges in Intelligence and Warning
paragraphs: With the element of surprise on their side, terrorists have the potential to  do massive damage to an unwitting and unprepared target. It therefore  follows that the United States must take appropriate action to develop and  implement an effective Intelligence and Warning system that is capable of  detecting planned terrorist activity, so that proper preemptive, preventive,  and protective action can be taken. Our recent work in the Intelligence  and Warning mission area has identified a number of challenges. These  challenges include enhancing the analytical capabilities of the FBI,  improving the coordination and mechanisms for sharing intelligence  information across levels of government and the private sector,  consolidating terrorist watch lists, and strengthening the homeland  security advisory system.
subsections: section_title: Enhancing the FBI’s Analytical Capabilities
paragraphs: The strategy has an initiative to enhance the FBI’s analytic capabilities in  order to address the agency’s top priority—preventing terrorist attacks.  The FBI is, therefore, “creating an analytical capability that can combine  lawfully obtained domestic information with information lawfully derived  from investigations, thus facilitating prompt investigation of possible  terrorist activity within the United States.” To accomplish this, the FBI has  changed its priorities and accelerated modernization of its information  technology (IT) systems. However, we reported in September 2003 that the  FBI will be facing a number of challenges as it begins this modernization  without having yet developed a modernization blueprint, commonly  referred to as an enterprise architecture (a plan that defines how an  organization operates today, intends to operate tomorrow, and intends to  invest in IT systems to transition to this future state). Architectures are  essential to effectively managing such complex endeavors and are  recognized as hallmarks of successful public and private organizations.  The challenge for the FBI will be to make architecture development an  institutional management priority; until this is accomplished and the  architecture is developed and implemented, the FBI faces the challenge of  ensuring systems currently being developed and deployed will be  consistent with the yet-to-be-developed architecture. Our research and  experience at federal agencies has shown that attempting a major  modernization effort without a well-defined and enforceable architecture  results in systems that are duplicative and not well integrated, are  unnecessarily costly to operate and maintain, and do not effectively  optimize mission performance. Additional challenges related to the FBI’s  transformation are contained in appendix IV, on domestic  counterterrorism. The Bremer, Hart-Rudman, Gilmore, and 9/11  Commissions all made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Improving Intelligence Information Sharing
paragraphs: According to the strategy, “homeland security intelligence and information  must be fed instantaneously into the Nation’s domestic anti-terrorism  efforts, and “this effort must be structured to provide all pertinent  homeland security intelligence and law enforcement information—from all  relevant sectors including state and local law enforcement as well as  federal agencies—to those able to take preventive or protective action.”  Since September 11, federal, state, and local governments have established  initiatives to meet the challenge of sharing information to prevent  terrorism. DHS has initiatives under way to enhance information sharing  (including the development of a homeland security enterprise architecture  to integrate sharing among federal, state, and local authorities). In  addition, the FBI increased the number of its Joint Terrorism Task Forces,  the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) entered into an information-sharing  partnership with the state of California and the city of New York; and  Massachusetts has established an antiterrorism network of state, local,  and federal agencies. However, our August 2003 report noted that these  initiatives, while beneficial for the partners, presented challenges because  they (1) were not well coordinated, (2) rsked limiting participants’ access  to information, and (3) potentially duplicated the efforts of some key  agencies at each level of government. We also found that despite various  legislation, strategies, and initiatives, federal agencies, states, and cities  did not consider the information sharing process to be effective. For  example, information on threats, methods, and techniques of terrorists  was not routinely shared, and the information that was shared was not  perceived as timely, accurate, or relevant. Additionally, federal agencies  were challenged by the inability of state or city governments to properly  handle classified information and their lack of security clearances. The  Gilmore and 9/11 Commissions made recommendations related to this  challenge.
section_title: Better Dissemination of Threat Information to the Private Sector
paragraphs: The strategy discusses the need for threat-vulnerability integration,  providing that “mapping terrorist threats and capabilities—both current  and future—against specific facility and sectoral vulnerabilities will enable  authorities to determine which organizations pose the greatest threat and  which facilities are most at risk.” However, in a March 2003 report we  noted that one of the nation’s challenges is to develop and implement  methods for effectively sharing information between government and the  private sector. For example, officials in several commercial industries  have said that they need better threat information from law enforcement  agencies, as well as better coordination among agencies providing threat  information. Specifically, these officials stated that they did not receive  sufficient specific threat information, and frequently received threat  information from multiple government agencies. Similarly, DOJ observed  that chemical facilities need more specific information about potential  threats in order to design their security systems and protocols. Threat  information also forms the foundations for some of the tools available to  industry to assess facility vulnerabilities. Threat information is the  foundation for hypothesizing about threat scenarios, which form the basis  for determining site vulnerabilities. In reviewing security considerations  involving commercial seaports, we found that similar challenges existed.  Specifically, on the basis of visits to several of the commercial seaports  designated by DOD as critical for use by the military for overseas  deployments, we reported in October 2002 that although the organizations  responsible for seaport security increased emphasis on security planning  since September 11, there remained no single mechanism to analyze,  coordinate, and disseminate threat information on a routine basis on the  broad range of threats at each port. Most threat information was  coordinated on an informal basis, increasing the risk that threats—both  traditional and nontraditional ones—may not be recognized or that threat  information may not be communicated in a timely manner to all relevant  organizations, including private sector organizations, at the ports. The  Gilmore and 9/11 Commissions made recommendations related to this  challenge.
section_title: Consolidating Terrorist Watch Lists
paragraphs: The strategy recognizes the need for “fully accessible sources of  information related to suspected terrorists” through the establishment of a  consolidated terrorism watch list. In April 2003 we reported that changing  the federal government’s diffused and nonstandard approach to  developing and using terrorist watch lists—which are essential tools for  performing, among other things, the nation’s border security mission— involve addressing key management, technical, and legal challenges. One  of these challenges involves defining and implementing a new approach  that overcomes individual agencies’ unique culture and mission  requirements. For example, a key reason for the varying extent to which  watch list sharing is done involves cultural differences among the  government and private sector agencies involved in securing our borders.
Another challenge to be overcome involves the tendency of the watch lists  to have overlapping but not identical sets of data, which makes their  consolidation difficult. Additionally, the extent to which such sharing is  accomplished electronically is constrained by fundamental differences in  the watch lists’ systems architecture (that is, the hardware, software,  network, and data characteristics of the systems). Finally, while legal  requirements have historically been another challenge to sharing, recent  legislation has begun to address this barrier. For example, Congress  passed the USA PATRIOT ACT, which has significantly changed the legal  framework for information sharing when fully implemented, it should  diminish the effect of existing legal barriers. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Strengthening the Homeland Security Advisory System
paragraphs: The strategy calls for the implementation of the Homeland Security  Advisory System as a means of disseminating information regarding the  risk of terrorist acts to federal, state, and local authorities; the private  sector; and the American people. Utilizing five color-coded threat levels,  the system was established by HSPD-3 in March 2002. However, in a March  2004 testimony, we reported that DHS faces challenges in strengthening  the advisory system and keeping it relevant and viable. For example, the  system has generated questions concerning the quality and timeliness of  the threat information being disseminated. Specifically, DHS had not yet  officially documented communication protocols for threat information and  guidance to federal agencies and states, with the result that some federal  agencies and states first learn about changes in the national threat level  from the media. An additional challenge relates to the comprehensiveness  of information provided with regard to actions to be taken in response to  changes in the threat level. For example, public warnings did not include  guidance on actions to be taken in response to a specific threat. Moreover,  federal agencies responding to our inquiries indicated that an additional  challenge involves their inability to determine appropriate protective  measures to be implemented because of a lack of specific threat  information. For example, federal agencies indicated to us that,  particularly, region-, sector-, site-, or event-specific threat information—to  the extent that it is available—would be helpful. Since the time of our  report, DHS has provided more specific warnings by both sector (e.g., the  financial sector) and location (e.g., New York and Washington, D.C.). The  Gilmore Commission made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Appendix III: Border and Transportation Security
paragraphs: This appendix sets forth the definition and major initiatives of the Border  and Transportation Security mission area and discusses the agencies with  major roles, their funding, the alignment of their strategic plans and  implementation activities with the major initiatives, and a summary of the  key challenges faced by the nation. This appendix presents baseline  information that can be used by Congress to provide oversight and track  accountability for the initiatives in the Border and Transportation Security  mission area.
subsections: section_title: Definition and Major Initiatives
paragraphs: The National Strategy for Homeland Security categorizes homeland  security activities into six critical mission areas, the second of which is  Border and Transportation Security. This mission area includes programs  designed to fully integrate homeland security measures into existing  domestic transportation systems and focuses on promoting the efficient  and reliable flow of people, goods, and services across borders, while  preventing terrorists from using transportation conveyances or systems to  deliver implements of destruction. Activities in this mission area often  dovetail into domestic counterterrorism as agencies take law enforcement  action to address potential threats to the homeland that may originate  along our borders or in our transportation systems. Also, because  transportation is a critical infrastructure sector, this mission area is also  closely related to the critical infrastructure protection mission area. For  example, homeland security actions at seaports would involve activities in  both mission areas. Figure 5 shows an example of the type of activities  found in the Border and Transportation Security mission area.
The strategy identifies the following major initiatives in the border and  transportation mission area:    ensuring accountability in border and transportation security,    creating smart borders,  increasing the security of international shipping containers,  implementing the Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001,  recapitalizing the U.S. Coast Guard, and  reforming immigration services.
section_title: Agencies with Major Roles in Border and Transportation Security
paragraphs: Of the six agencies under review, DHS and State have major roles in  Border and Transportation Security. Within DHS, the U.S. Customs and  Border Protection (CBP) conducts inspections at ports of entry to detect  and prevent people and goods from entering the country illegally, while  the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) investigates  and enforces laws against the unlawful presence of people and goods in  the country; the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) performs  some aviation security activities, while overseeing others, and coordinates  the development of security measures for nonaviation modes of  transportation; and the U.S. Coast Guard leads security activities at the  nation’s ports. State plays a role in this mission area through its  administration of the visa program to ensure against travel into the United  States by terrorists or others whose presence may undermine U.S. national  security. Although not one of six agencies we reviewed, the Department of  Agriculture (USDA) also has a role in border and transportation security.  Specifically, USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)  performs agricultural quarantine activities and risk analysis at U.S. ports of  entry.
OMB reported that the total fiscal year 2005 funding request for border and  transportation security is $17 billion, with the majority of this going to  DHS (almost $16 billion, or 93 percent), largely for CBP, TSA, and the  Coast Guard. Other DHS bureaus, as well as other agencies—such as  USDA and State—have significant funding in this mission area as well.  Figure 6 summarizes the fiscal year 2005 budget request for the border and  transportation security mission area by agency.
OMB’s reported data do not include funding for three departments that  have activities under way in this mission area. These departments—DOD,  HHS, and DOE—have either planning or implementation activity on  specific initiatives, as discussed in the next section of this appendix. On  the basis of previous work, we have noted several qualifications to OMB’s  figures to explain this discrepancy. According to OMB officials, there is  not always a clear distinction between homeland security activities and  other related activities. OMB staff must make judgment calls about how to  characterize funding by mission areas. For example, some homeland  security activities have multiple purposes, and funding for these activities  is comingled in accounts that can cover multiple mission areas. In  addition, some of the departments’ activities, such as planning,  coordination, or providing advice may support Border and Transportation  Security activities but are not included in the amounts shown.
section_title: Alignment of Department Activities with the Major Initiatives
paragraphs: This section provides more detailed information about the Border and  Transportation Security mission area initiatives and the departments  involved in conducting activities related to these initiatives. This includes  a discussion of specific departmental planning and implementation  activities, lead agency designations, and implementation activities in fiscal  year 2004, with respect to each initiative. The data are summarized in table  8.
subsections: section_title: Summary of Departmental Activities on the Initiatives
paragraphs: All six Border and Transportation Security initiatives are being addressed  in at least two of the key departments’ planning and implementation  activities (see table 8). At least three departments cited activity in four of  the six initiatives. For example, DHS, DOD, State, and DOE implemented  shipping container security initiative (CSI) activities in fiscal year 2004.  DHS deployed Customs and Border Protection officers to Malaysia to  conduct CSI activity; DOD provided an intelligence perspective on  container and port security vulnerabilities, aiding in the development and  deployment of technologies; State engaged in diplomatic efforts with  additional countries to conclude further CSI agreements; and DOE worked  with Lithuania to install nuclear detection equipment at the Vilnius  Airport, as well as other airports and other locations in other foreign  countries. Additionally, DHS, HHS, and State demonstrated  implementation activities in fiscal year 2004 with respect to creating smart  borders. DHS developed, acquired, and deployed biometrically enabled,  travel document reader technology, at air, sea, and land ports of entry; the  Food and Drug Administration within HHS established guidance requiring  the registration of domestic and foreign facilities that manufacture,  process or hold food for consumption in the United States; and State  deployed biometric collection capability to consular posts worldwide.
All six departments have been engaged in Border and Transportation  Security initiatives.
While we have identified department activities relates to these initiatives,  we did not determine the quality, status, or progress of such activities with  respect to stated goals or targets within this mission area.
section_title: Identification of Lead Agencies on the Initiatives
paragraphs: For all six initiatives, a lead agency is identified either in the strategy or  HSPDs. As shown in table 8, DHS is the lead on the most initiatives in the  mission area—six of six initiatives. It is understandable that DHS would be  the department with the most initiative leads, given that the initiatives (a)  emphasize DHS’s twin goals of preventing terrorist attacks and reducing  border vulnerability; and (b) reflect a transfer of the Customs Service,  Immigration and Naturalization Service, and Coast Guard to DHS. State is  also identified as a lead on the initiative to create smart borders. Given the  initiative’s emphasis on visa issuance and consular office participation in  detecting potential terrorists, it seems appropriate that State would be  identified in a leadership capacity. DOJ had been identified as a lead  agency with respect to two initiatives, creating smart borders and guarding  America’s critical infrastructure and key assets against “inside” threats.  However, given the transfer of the Immigration and Naturalization Service  and the National Infrastructure Protection Center programs to the  Department of Homeland Security, DOJ officials indicated the department  no longer serves as the lead on these two initiatives.
Creating smart borders is the only initiative for which there are multiple  leads in the Border and Transportation Security area (see table 8). The two  department leads in this initiative are DHS and State. Additionally,  departmental documents show that DHS is a clear lead on two initiatives  and an implied lead on three initiatives. State is a clear lead on its single  initiative.
section_title: Fiscal Year 2004 Implementation of the Initiatives
paragraphs: In fiscal year 2004 implementation activity occurred with respect to all six  Border and Transportation Security initiatives (see table 8). DHS  implemented activity in all five initiatives for which it was identified as a  lead. State implemented activity in the one initiative where it was  designated a lead.
Additionally, several of the departments under review implemented  multiple Border and Transportation Security initiatives for which they  were not identified as a lead agency in the strategy and HSPD. During  fiscal year 2004, DOD cited implementation activities in three initiatives  for which it did not have any lead responsibilities (prior to fiscal year 2004,  DOD cited planning/implementation activity with respect to four of the six  initiatives). State cited fiscal year 2004 and prior year implementation  activity on three initiatives, for which it was not identified as the lead; HHS  cited 2004 implementation activity on two initiatives without lead  responsibilities; and DOE cited both 2004 and prior implementation with  respect to one initiative.
DOJ has not demonstrated fiscal year implementation activity in any  initiative within this critical mission area; a DOJ official indicated that this  is due to program transfers. In accordance with the Homeland Security Act  of 2002, DOJ transferred its Immigration and Naturalization Service  programs to DHS.
section_title: Challenges in Border and Transportation Security
paragraphs: The strategy calls for ensuring the “efficient and reliable flow of people,  goods, and services across borders, while preventing terrorists from using  transportation conveyances or systems to deliver implements of  destruction.” Our recent work in the Border and Transportation Security  mission area has identified a number of challenges. Among the challenges  faced is striking a balance between increased border security with  concerns for facilitating legitimate travel and the flow of goods, the need  to address problems associated with processing people at the nation’s  ports of entry, training border security personnel to detect counterfeit  documents and fictitious identities, determining the proper role for  biometric technologies for security applications, developing a clear and  comprehensive visa process, and improving the management of key  programs. The challenges that we have identified in ensuring that our  transportation system is secure include implementing an effective system  to prescreen airline passengers; achieving and sustaining improvements in  airline passenger, baggage, and cargo screening; strengthening perimeter  security and access controls at airports; adequately addressing rail and  mass transit security issues; and recapitalizing the U.S. Coast Guard.
section_title: Border Security
subsections: section_title: Balancing Security Concerns with Economic Needs
paragraphs: The strategy recognizes the long-standing challenge of balancing our  nation’s security and commercial needs and states that the “efficient flow  of people, goods, and conveyances engaged in legitimate economic and  social activities” must not be impeded. Primary responsibility for ensuring  the balance between security and commercial needs falls on DHS’s CBP.  In a June 2003 testimony, we reported that CBP faces many challenges in  trying to accomplish its mission. Concerning the efficient flow of people,  challenges include detecting false admissibility documents, unifying and  enhancing inspector training, providing timely intelligence to the field, and  successfully implementing the new entry-exit system. With respect to  cargo, CBP has attempted to select and inspect the highest-risk incoming  cargo while enabling legitimate cargo to be cleared in a timely manner.  These efforts pose a range of challenges, from the availability of threat  assessments and actionable intelligence to the capability of nonintrusive  inspection technology to detect potentially harmful contraband. Additional  challenges faced by CBP include the need to improve its trade compliance  program and to successfully implement its new trade-processing  information system. The Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions  made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Effectively Processing People at Land Ports of Entry
paragraphs: The strategy calls for DHS to “verify and process the entry of people in  order to prevent the entrance of contraband, unauthorized aliens, and  potential terrorists.” However, in a June 2003 testimony and an August  2003 report, we indicated that CBP, the entity within DHS that is  responsible for carrying out this task, faces several challenges at land  ports of entry related to the determination of traveler admissibility and  other vulnerabilities in the inspection process. In 2003, we testified that  CBP inspectors faced a variety of challenges at the ports, including the  need to make quick decisions on whether to immediately admit a traveler  into the country or refer the traveler for more intensive inspection. This  task is made more challenging because (1) United States and certain  Canadian citizens may enter this country without presenting a travel  document if they make an oral claim of citizenship that satisfies the  inspector and (2) travelers who are required to show an identity document  can present a variety of documents, some of which can be easily  counterfeited. In fact, in October 2003, we testified about the challenges  posed by identity fraud and how counterfeit identification can be easily  produced and used to create fraudulent identities. We also identified  other challenges for CBP at the borders, including ensuring that inspectors  are adequately trained in conducting inspections and detecting fraudulent  documents and challenges regarding the collection, analysis, and use of  intelligence information in the field. The Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11  Commissions made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Effectively Employing Biometric Technologies
paragraphs: The strategy states that the “United States will require visitors to present  travel documentation that includes biometric indicators.” However, in a  November 2002 report and in March and September 2003 testimonies, we  reported that challenges exist in determining the proper role of biometric  technologies for security applications. The first challenge involves  recognizing that the use of biometric technology not a panacea for the  border security problem. Instead, it is just a piece of the overall decision  support system that helps determine whether or not a person is allowed to  enter the United States. For example, while biometrics may be useful in  reducing document fraud, it may not have much effect on the ability of  people to enter the United States through other than official ports of entry.
Another major challenge involves questions regarding the technical and  operational effectiveness of biometric technologies in applications as large  as border control. Additional challenges to be addressed include  determining (1) the system’s effect on existing border control procedures  and people; (2) the costs and benefits of the system, including secondary  costs resulting from changes in processes or personnel to accommodate  the biometrics; and (3) the system’s effect on privacy, convenience, the  economy, and relations with other countries. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Deploying Effective Technologies for the Detection of Weapons of Mass Destruction
paragraphs: The strategy states that the nation will “develop and deploy non-intrusive  inspection technologies to ensure rapid and more thorough screening of  goods and conveyances.” We reported in October 2002, however, that  challenges exist with regard to the acquisition and deployment of radiation  detection equipment. In particular, we have concerns that DHS has not yet  deployed the best available technologies for detecting radioactive and  nuclear materials at U.S. border crossings and ports of entry. Specifically,  we have found that CBP’s primary radiation detection equipment— radiation pagers—have certain limitations and may be inappropriate for  the task. For example, according to U.S. radiation detection vendors and  DOE laboratory specialists, pagers are more effectively used in  conjunction with other radiation detection equipment, such as portal  monitors and radio isotope identifiers. A further challenge is the need for a  comprehensive plan for installing and using radiation detection equipment  at all U.S. border crossings and ports of entry. A comprehensive plan  would address, among other things, vulnerabilities and risks; identify the  complement of radiation detection equipment that should be used at each  type of border entry point—air, rail, land, and sea—and whether the  equipment could be immediately deployed; identify longer-term radiation  detection needs; and develop measures to ensure that the equipment is  adequately maintained. Finally, there is a challenge that goes beyond  simply deploying equipment—personnel must be effectively trained in  radiation science, the proper use of the detection equipment, and how to  identify and respond to alarms.
section_title: Using Visas as an Antiterrorism Tool
paragraphs: The strategy calls on DHS to “build an immigration services organization  that administers immigration laws in an efficient, expeditious, fair, and  humane manner” while ensuring “that foreign visitors comply with entry  conditions.” In carrying out its goal of reforming our nation’s immigration  services, DHS faces a number of challenges.
The first involves the development of a clear policy on how to balance  national security concerns with the desire to facilitate legitimate travel  when issuing visas. Specifically, we reported in October 2002 that this  process should be strengthened for use as an antiterrorism tool. We also  identified the need for more coordination and information sharing to  realize the full potential of the visa process. In addition, there is a need for  more human resources and more training for consular officers.
An additional challenge concerns the lack of a governmentwide policy on  the interagency visa revocation process. This process is an important tool  for preventing potential terrorists from entering the country and  identifying potential terrorists who have already entered. However, we  testified in June 2003 that weaknesses in the process we first identified in  June 2003 have not been eliminated, especially those related to the timely  transmission of information among government agencies. Our review of  visas revoked for terrorism concerns from October through December  2002 showed that delays occurred in screening names of suspected  terrorists for visa holders, transmitting recommendations to revoke  individuals’ visas, revoking visas after receiving recommendations to do  so, and posting lookouts. We also found delays in notifying immigration  officials of the need to investigate individuals with revoked visas who may  be in the country and in initiating field investigations of those individuals.  Finally, challenges exist because of unresolved legal and policy issues  regarding the removal of individuals from the United States based solely  on their visa revocation. For example, there needs to be clear,  comprehensive policies governing visa processes and procedures so that  all agencies involved agree on the level of security screening for foreign  nationals both at our consulates abroad and at ports of entry.
A third challenge concerns the Visa Waiver Program. This involves  discussing the process established by the Departments of Justice and State  for determining whether a country is eligible to participate in the program.
For example, one of the laws passed since the terrorist attacks of  September 11, requires participating countries to issue passports that  contain biometric identifiers, such as fingerprints. However, it is unclear  whether these requirements will be fully implemented by the deadlines  called for in the law. In our November 2002 report, we also pointed out  that the national security challenges created by eliminating the Visa  Waiver Program are difficult to determine, but that doing so could affect  U.S. relations with other countries, U.S. tourism, and State Department  resources abroad. For example, if the program were eliminated, we  estimated that the department’s initial costs to process the additional  workload would range between $739 million and $1.28 billion, and annual  recurring costs would likely range between $522 million and $810 million.  It could take 2 to 4 years or longer to put the necessary people and  facilities in place to handle the increased workload, according to State  officials.
An additional challenge involves reducing the time taken to adjudicate  visas for science students and scholars. Specifically, we reported in  February 2004 that the time it takes to adjudicate a visa for a science  student or scholar depends largely on whether an applicant must undergo  a security check that is designed to protect against sensitive technology  transfers. We took a random sample of these security checks for science  students and scholars sent from posts abroad between April and June 2003  and found it took an average of 67 days for security checks to be  processed and for State to notify the post. Officials from the State  Department and FBI acknowledged there have been lengthy waits, but  reported having measures under way that they believe will improve the  process. However, additional challenges remain, such as interoperability  issues between State’s and FBI’s computer systems.
Finally, a challenge exists in balancing national security concerns with the  expeditious processing of visa applications. Specifically, we reviewed the  visa operations at U.S. posts in Canada and provided information on the  perceptions of consular staff that adjudicate U.S. visas regarding the  importance of national security in the visa process, including impediments  that could interfere with efforts to make security a top priority in visa  processing. Consular officers and managers at U.S. posts in Canada said  that despite rising workloads and increasingly labor-intensive visa- processing requirements, they were placing an emphasis on security in  visa operations. Some officers reported that new post-September 11  processing requirements for visas could reduce the time available for face- to-face interviews. While most officers believed that they had enough time  to screen applicants carefully for possible security risks, some of the  newer officers at posts in Canada expressed concern about their ability to  remain vigilant if the workload increased.
The Bremer and 9/11 Commissions made recommendations related to the  challenges found in this section.
section_title: Improving the US-VISIT Program
paragraphs: Integral to the effort to reform immigration services and the strategy’s call  for a “border of the future,” is the implementation of the United States  Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator (US-VISIT) program, which is  designed to collect, maintain, and share information, including biometric  identifiers, on selected nationals who travel to the United States. We  testified in March 2004 that this implementation is challenging because of  the type of program it is and the way it is being managed. US-VISIT is to  perform a critical, multifaceted mission, its scope is large and complex, it  must meet a demanding implementation schedule, and its potential cost is  enormous. One critical aspect of the program’s mission is to prevent the  entry of persons who pose a threat to the United States. DHS estimated  that the program would cost $7.2 billion through fiscal year 2014, but this  estimate did not include all costs and underestimated some others. In  addition, several factors related to the program’s management increase the  risk of not delivering mission value commensurate with costs or not  delivering defined program capabilities on time and within budget. Also,  the requirements for interim facilities at high-volume land ports of entry  are not only demanding, they are based on assumptions that, if altered,  could significantly affect facility plans. Despite these challenges, the first  increment was deployed at the beginning of 2004. DHS’s fiscal year 2004  US-VISIT expenditure plan and related documentation at least partially  satisfies all conditions imposed by Congress. US-VISIT largely met its  commitments for implementing an initial operating capability in early  January 2004, including the deployment of entry capability to 115 air and  14 seaports of entry. However, challenges remain because DHS has not  employed rigorous, disciplined management controls typically associated  with successful programs. More specifically, testing of the initial phase of  the implemented system was not well managed and was completed after  the system became operational. In addition, multiple test plans were  developed during testing, and only the final test plan, completed after  testing, included all required content. Such controls, while significant for  the initial phases of US-VISIT, are even more critical for the later phases,  as the size and complexity of the program will only increase. Finally, as we  reported in May 2004, DHS’s plans for future US-VISIT resource needs at  the land ports of entry are based on questionable assumptions, making  future resource needs uncertain. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Transportation Security
subsections: section_title: Effectively Prescreening Aviation Passengers
paragraphs: Developing an effective system to prescreen passengers before they even  arrive at the airport is one of the challenges alluded to in the strategy’s  discussion of the implementation of the Aviation and Transportation  Security Act (ATSA) of 2001. DHS’s solution to this challenge was the  development of the Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening Program  (CAPPS II), which was designed to identify passengers requiring  additional security attention. As we said in a February 2004 report and in a  March 2004 testimony, key activities in the development of this program  have been delayed or not addressed. We also identified three additional  challenges TSA faces that may impede the success of CAPPS II. These  challenges are developing the international cooperation needed to obtain  passenger data, managing the possible expansion of the program’s mission  beyond its original purpose, and ensuring that identity theft cannot be  used to negate the security benefits of the system. Recently the  Transportation Security Administration scrapped the CAPPS II program  and created a follow-on program called Secure Flight, which could face  many of the same challenges we identified. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Improving Airline Passenger and Baggage Screening
paragraphs: Another of the challenges alluded to in the strategy’s discussion of ATSA is  the effective and efficient screening of passengers and baggage. This has  been a long-standing concern, and although significant actions have been  taken, we testified in February and March 2004 that challenges in  achieving and sustaining improvements remain. For example, while TSA  met its mandate to establish a federal screener workforce by November  2002, it continues to face challenges in hiring and deploying passenger and  baggage screeners. Additionally, while TSA is making progress in  measuring the performance of passenger screeners, it has collected limited  performance data related to its baggage screening operations. Moreover,  testing of screeners has identified weaknesses in their ability to detect  threat objects, while essential training is hampered by staffing shortages  and a lack of adequate technical capability to access online training  programs. Still another challenge involves deploying and leveraging  screening equipment and technologies. For example, TSA continues to  face operational and funding challenges in its efforts to achieve a mandate  to screen all baggage using explosive detection systems. The 9/11  Commission made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Strengthening Airport Perimeter Security and Access Controls
paragraphs: Another key requirement of ATSA, as discussed in the strategy, is the  “protection of critical infrastructure assets,” including airports. In June  2004 we reported that while TSA has begun evaluating the security of  airport perimeters and access controls, the agency has not yet determined  how the results will be used to address the challenges faced. Specifically,  these challenges include addressing concerns with perimeter and access  control security that have been raised in compliance inspections and  vulnerability assessments; setting priorities for funding airport security  needs, developing a plan for implementing new technologies to meet  security needs, and implementing certain mandated actions to reduce the  security threats posed by airport workers.
section_title: Countering Threats Posed by Hand-Held Missiles
paragraphs: Another consideration for ensuring the security of our aviation system  involves the issue of aircraft protection, specifically countering the threats  posed by Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS). These hand- held missile systems have been used by terrorists against commercial  aircraft.
In January 2004, we reported that DHS faces significant challenges in  adapting a military counter-MANPADS system to commercial aircraft,  such as establishing system requirements, developing technology and  design to sufficient maturity, and setting reliable cost estimates. Our work  on the best practices of product developers in government and industry  has found that such challenges can be successfully overcome by using a  knowledge-based approach.
Additionally, in a May 2004 report, we found that further improvements  are needed in U.S. efforts to keep MANPADS out of the hands of terrorists.  Although the State Department made important progress in 2003 to control  the global proliferation of MANPADS, its ability to assess further progress  is limited because multilateral forums have no mechanisms to monitor  members’ implementation of commitments. DOD has sold thousands of  Stinger missiles (a U.S. MANPADS) to 17 countries and Taiwan, but DOD  agencies responsible for end-use monitoring are not required to maintain  records on the number and destination of Stinger sales. In addition, DOD  officials overseas use inconsistent practices when inspecting Stinger  inventories because DOD lacks procedures for conducting these  inspections. For example, DOD has no requirements for DOD  organizations responsible for end-use monitoring to keep records on the  number and destinations of these Stingers.
section_title: Effectively Addressing Rail and Mass Transit Security Issues
paragraphs: The strategy recognizes “the importance of security for all forms of  transportation.” As we testified in March and September 2003, certain  characteristics of mass transit systems make them inherently vulnerable to  terrorist attacks and a challenge to secure. By design, mass transit systems  are open (i.e., have multiple access points and, in some case, no barriers)  so that they can move large numbers of people quickly. In contrast, the  aviation system is housed in closed and controlled locations with few  entry points. The openness of mass transit systems can leave them  vulnerable because transit officials cannot monitor or control who enters  or leaves the systems. In addition, other characteristics of some transit  systems—high ridership, expensive infrastructure, economic importance,  and location (e.g., large metropolitan areas or tourist destinations)—also  make them attractive targets because of the potential for mass casualties  and economic damage. Moreover, some of these same characteristics  make mass transit systems difficult to secure. For example, the number of  riders that pass through a mass transit system—especially during peak  hours—makes some security measures, such as metal detectors,  impractical. In addition, the multiple access points along extended routes  make the costs of securing each location prohibitive.
Further complicating transit security is the challenge faced by transit  agencies in balancing security concerns with accessibility, convenience,  and affordability. Because transit riders often could choose another means  of transportation, such as personal automobile, transit agencies must  compete for riders. To remain competitive, transit agencies must offer  convenient, inexpensive, and high-quality service. Therefore, security  measures that limit accessibility, cause delays, increase fares, or otherwise  cause inconvenience could push people away from mass transit and back  into their cars.
The size and diversity of the freight rail system make it a challenge to  adequately secure. The freight rail system’s extensive infrastructure  crisscrosses the nation and extends beyond our borders to move millions  of tons of freight each day. There are over 100,000 miles of rail in the  United States. The extensiveness of the infrastructure creates an infinite  number of targets for terrorists. In addition, protecting freight rail assets  from attack is made more difficult because of the tremendous variety of  freight hauled by railroads. For example, railroads carry freight as diverse  as dry bulk (grain) and hazardous materials. The transport of hazardous  materials is of particular concern because serious incidents involving  these materials have the potential to cause widespread disruption or  injury. In 2001, over 83 million tons of hazardous materials were shipped  by rail in the United States across the rail network, which extends through  every major city as well as thousands of small communities. The 9/11  Commission made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Effectively Implementing the Maritime Transportation Security Act
paragraphs: The strategy calls for “targeted improvements in the areas of maritime  domain awareness, command and control systems, and shore-side  facilities.” In response to concerns regarding port security, Congress  passed the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA), mandating  specific security preparations for America’s maritime ports. Passed in  November 2002, MTSA imposed an ambitious schedule of requirements on  a number of federal agencies. MTSA called for a comprehensive security  framework—one that included planning, personnel security, and careful  monitoring of vessels and cargo. Agencies responsible for implementing  the security provisions of MTSA and have made progress in meeting their  requirements. However, in a September 2003 testimony, we identified  challenges that merit attention and further oversight.
The main security-related challenge involves the implementation of a  vessel identification system. MTSA called for the development of an  automatic identification system. Coast Guard implementation calls for a  system that would allow port officials and other vessels to determine the  identity and position of vessels entering or operating within the harbor  area. Such a system would provide an “early warning” of an unidentified  vessel or a vessel that was in a location where it should not be. To  implement the system effectively, however, requires considerable land- based equipment and other infrastructure that is not currently available in  many ports. As a result, for the foreseeable future, the system will be  available in less than half of the 25 busiest U.S. ports.
Challenges also exist regarding the proposed approach for meeting  MTSA’s requirement that the Secretary of DHS approve security plans for  all vessels operating in U.S. waters. Vessel security plans include taking  such steps as responding to assessed vulnerabilities, designating security  officers, conducting training and drills, and ensuring that appropriate  preventive measures will be taken against security incidents. To  implement this MTSA requirement, the Coast Guard has stated, in general,  that it is not the Coast Guard’s intent to individually approve vessel  security plans for foreign vessels. The Coast Guard provides that it will  deem a flag-state approval of a vessel security plan to constitute the  MTSA-required approval of MTSA vessel security plans. However, MTSA  does not mention any role for foreign nations in the required approval of  vessel security plans, and some concerns have been raised about the  advisability of allowing flag states—some with a history of lax  regulation—to ensure the security of vessels traveling to the United States.
Another security-related challenge involves the Coast Guard’s efforts to  address MTSA’s security planning requirements through a series of  security assessments of individual ports. Security assessments are  intended to be in-depth examinations of security threats, vulnerabilities,  consequences, and conditions throughout a port, including not just  transportation facilities but also factories and other installations that pose  potential security risks. The Coast Guard had begun these assessments  before MTSA was passed and decided to continue the process, changing it  as needed to meet MTSA planning requirements, which include developing  area security plans based on the evaluation of specific facilities  throughout the port. Issues were found in the scope and quality of the  assessments and their usefulness to port stakeholders. The Gilmore  Commission made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Improving Container Cargo Security
paragraphs: The strategy states that “containers are an indispensable but vulnerable  link in the chain of global trade” and has an initiative to “increase the  security of international shipping containers.” As we stated in our July  2003 report, CBP has taken steps to address the challenge of terrorist  threats to oceangoing cargo containers through a targeting strategy. CBP  faces continuing challenges in targeting containers for inspections. CBP  needs upon which to target containers for inspection. CBP does not have a  national system for reporting and analyzing inspection statistics, and the  data are generally not readily available by risk level (e.g., low, medium,  high), were not uniformly reported, were difficult to interpret, and were  incomplete. Further, we testified in March 2004, space limitations and  safety concerns about inspection equipment constrain some ports in their  utilization of screening equipment, which has affected the efficiency of  examinations. The Gilmore Commission made recommendations related  to this challenge.
Directly related to the challenge of improving cargo container security are  the challenges associated with the CBP’s implementation of its Container  Security Initiative, which allows CBP officials to screen for high-risk  containers at key overseas ports, and its Customs-Trade Partnership  against Terrorism (C-TPAT), which is designed to improve global supply  chain security in the private sector. Both of these programs were launched  quickly in an effort to secure ocean containers bound for the United  States. However, a number of challenges must be overcome if these  programs are going to accomplish the desired outcome and achieve long- term effectiveness. One of the these challenges is the development of  human capital plans that clearly describe how CSI and C-TPAT will  recruit, train, and retain staff to meet their growing demands as they  expand to other countries and implement new program elements. Another  challenge involves the expansion of efforts already initiated to develop  performance measures for CSI and C-TPAT that include outcome-oriented  indicators. Finally, strategic plans must be developed that clearly lay out  CSI and C-TPAT goals, objectives, and detailed implementation strategies.
section_title: Recapitalizing the U.S. Coast Guard
paragraphs: The continued recapitalization of the U.S. Coast Guard is specifically  called for in the homeland security strategy. In 2002, the Coast Guard  began its largest and most complex recapitalization challenge in its  history, the Integrated Deepwater System program. As part of the  Deepwater program, the Coast Guard is estimated to spend about $17  billion over 20 years to replace or modernize its fleet of cutters, aircraft,  and communications equipment used for missions generally beyond 50  miles from shore. Just 3 years into the program, the Coast Guard has  already experienced management challenges. In March 2004, we reported  that key components needed for the Coast Guard to manage the program  and oversee the system integrator’s performance have not been effectively  implemented. For example, we reported that the Coast Guard’s integrated  product teams have struggled to effectively collaborate and accomplish  their missions, and management has not measured the extent of  competition among suppliers or held the system integrator accountable for  taking steps to increase competition in order to control future costs. In  addition, in June 2004, we expressed concern that the Coast Guard had  not updated Deepwater’s original 2002 acquisition schedule. We noted that  maintaining a current acquisition schedule for programs of similar scope— such as those of the Department of Defense—is a fundamental and  necessary practice. The Coast Guard’s lack of an updated acquisition  schedule makes it difficult to determine the degree to which the program  is on track with its original schedule, lessens the Coast Guard’s ability to  monitor the contractor’s performance, and may prevent the Department of  Homeland Security and Congress from basing budget decisions on  accurate information. As the Deepwater program matures, paying  increased attention to address these outstanding program management  and contractor oversight concerns will help the Coast Guard better meet  current and future management challenges. The Gilmore Commission  made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Appendix IV: Domestic Counterterrorism
paragraphs: This appendix sets forth the definition and major initiatives of the  Domestic Counterterrorism mission area and discusses the federal funding  allocated, the agencies with major roles and the alignment of their  strategic plans and implementation activities with the major initiatives,  and a summary of the challenges faced by the nation. This appendix  presents baseline information that can be used by Congress to provide  oversight and track accountability for the initiatives in the Domestic  Counterterrorism mission area.
subsections: section_title: Definition and Major Initiatives
paragraphs: The National Strategy for Homeland Security categorizes homeland  security activities into six mission areas, the third of which is Domestic  Counterterrorism. This mission area includes the efforts of the nation’s  law enforcement agencies in identifying, halting, preventing, and  prosecuting terrorists in the United States. Included in this mission area is  the pursuit of individuals directly involved in terrorist activity, as well as  their sources of support—the people and organizations that knowingly  fund or provide material support or resources to the terrorists. It should  be noted that this mission area is closely related to the Intelligence and  Warning mission area in that activities that develop the basis for law  enforcement action occur in that mission area and are carried out in this  one. Figure 7 shows an example of the type of activities carried out in the  Domestic Counterterrorism mission area.
The strategy identifies the following major initiatives in the domestic  counterterrorism mission area:  improving intergovernmental law enforcement coordination,  facilitating apprehension of potential terrorists,    continuing ongoing investigations and prosecutions,    completing FBI restructuring to emphasize prevention of terrorist  attacks,  targeting and attacking terrorist financing, and  tracking foreign terrorists and bring them to justice.
section_title: Agencies with Major Roles in Domestic Counterterrorism
paragraphs: Of the six departments under review, DOJ and DHS have major roles in  Domestic Counterterrorism. Within DOJ, the FBI works to detect and  prevent terrorist acts through analysis and fieldwork to identify terrorists,  their supporters, and materials that may be used to perpetrate a terrorist  act, to include terrorist financing; tracks foreign terrorists and keeps them  from entering the United States; and leads the multi-agency Joint  Terrorism Task Forces (JTTF). In addition, DOJ’s 94 United States  Attorneys lead the Anti-Terrorism Advisory Councils, which enhance  cooperation and information sharing among federal, state, and local law  enforcement; first responders; industry; academia; and others. Within  DHS, ICE, working with other law enforcement agencies, enforces laws  related to the illegal presence of people and goods within the United  States; detains those suspected of immigration-related violations and  removes those convicted of immigration-related violations; and pursues  criminal aliens, cases of identity theft or benefit fraud, human trafficking,  money laundering, and other violations of such laws.
OMB reported that the total fiscal year 2005 funding request for the  domestic counterterrorism mission area is just over $3.4 billion. DOJ  accounts for $1.9 billion (57 percent) of these funds, primarily for the FBI.  DHS accounts for another $1.4 billion (41 percent) of the funding request,  mostly for ICE. Figure 8 summarizes the fiscal year 2005 budget request  for the domestic counterterrorism mission area by agency.
OMB’s reported data do not include funding for four departments that  have activities under way in this mission area. These departments— Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, and State—have either  planning or implementation activity on specific initiatives, as discussed in  the next section of this appendix. On the basis of our previous work, we  have noted several qualifications to OMB’s figures to explain this  discrepancy. According to OMB officials, there is not always a clear  distinction between homeland security activities and other related  activities. The OMB staff must make judgment calls about how to  characterize funding by mission areas. For example, some homeland  security activities have multiple purposes ,and funding for these activities  is allocated to different accounts that can cover multiple mission areas. In  addition, some of the departments’ activities, such as planning,  coordination, or providing advice, may support Domestic  Counterterrorism activities but are not included in the amounts shown.
section_title: Alignment of Department Activities with the Major Initiatives
paragraphs: This section provides more detailed information about the Domestic  Counterterrorism critical mission area initiatives, and the departments  involved in conducting activities related to these initiatives. This includes  a discussion of specific departmental planning and implementation  activities, lead agency designations, and implementation activities in fiscal  year 2004, with respect to each initiative. The data are summarized in table  9.
subsections: section_title: Summary of Departmental Activities on the Initiatives
paragraphs: All six Domestic Counterterrorism initiatives are being addressed in the  key departments’ planning and implementation activities. As shown in  table 9, at least one department cited activity in each of the six initiatives.  At least four departments cited activity in three of the six initiative areas.  For example, DHS, DOJ, DOD, and State implemented activities in the  initiative, facilitating the apprehension of potential terrorists, during fiscal  year 2004. DHS’s ICE operated the Student and Exchange Visitor  Information System computer network to identify and track  nonimmigrants, foreign students, and exchange visitors while in the  United States; DOJ’s FBI continued to make improvements in the  Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System; DOD expanded  maritime interception and intelligence operations; and State bolstered the  security of nations at high risk of terrorist transit by developing and  installing Terrorist Interdiction Program software at their borders and  training immigration officials in its use. Additionally, DHS, DOJ, and State  demonstrated implementation activities in fiscal year 2004 related to  targeting and attacking terrorist financing. DHS implemented Cornerstone,  a comprehensive economic security program, targeting alternative  financing mechanisms that terrorists use to earn, move, and store funds.  DOJ brought to bear several units and task forces to address terrorist  financing and conducted criminal and intelligence investigations and  prosecutions with respect to charities and banking; State cited diplomatic  efforts to encourage countries to ratify and implement United Nations  Security Council Resolution 1373, targeting terrorists’ financing.
All six departments have been engaged in Domestic Counterterrorism  initiatives. In contrast with DHS and DOJ, HHS only addressed a single  initiative in this mission area (i.e., improving intergovernmental law  enforcement coordination.) This limited initiative participation is  understandable, given that the Domestic Counterterrorism mission area is  primarily directed toward law enforcement. This is not a primary mission  for HHS.
While we have identified department activities related to these initiatives,  we did not determine the quality, status, or progress of such activities with  respect to stated goals or targets within this mission area.
section_title: Identification of Lead Agencies on the Initiatives
paragraphs: For all six initiatives, a lead agency is identified either in the strategy or  the Homeland Security Presidential Directives. As shown in table 9, DOJ is  a lead on the most initiatives—all six mission area initiatives. It is  understandable for DOJ to have lead roles in each of these six initiatives  given that the Domestic Counterterrorism critical mission area is primarily  directed toward law enforcement-related initiatives (e.g., improving  intergovernmental law enforcement coordination, facilitating the  apprehension of potential terrorists, continuing ongoing investigations and  prosecutions, and tracking foreign terrorists and bringing them to justice).
Additionally, DHS is a lead on three of the six initiatives (i.e., facilitating  the apprehension of potential terrorists, continuing ongoing investigations  and prosecutions, and tracking foreign terrorists and bringing them to  justice); and State is a lead on one of six initiatives (facilitating the  apprehension of potential terrorists). Three of the departments under  review have not been identified as a lead on any Domestic  Counterterrorism initiatives (DOD, HHS, and DOE) by the strategy and  HSPDs since their missions are not primarily directed toward law  enforcement.
The strategy and HSPDs identified multiple leads on three initiatives (see  table 9). DHS, DOJ, and State are all leads on the initiative, facilitating the  apprehension of potential terrorists; DHS and DOJ are both leads on the  remaining two initiatives (continuing ongoing investigations and  prosecutions and tracking foreign terrorists and bringing them to justice).  In addition, department strategic planning/implementation documents  demonstrated that all identified leads in this mission area are clear leads.
section_title: Fiscal Year 2004 Implementation of the Initiatives
paragraphs: In fiscal year 2004 implementation activity occurred with respect to each  of the six initiatives (see table 9). DOJ implemented activity in 2004 on all  6 initiatives for which it was the lead; it also engaged in prior  implementation in each of these six initiatives. DHS implemented prior  and 2004 activity in each of the three initiatives for which it was identified  as a lead (see illustrations above); and State cited both prior and fiscal  year 2004 activity in the single initiative for which it was identified as a  lead.
Additionally, several of the departments under review implemented  multiple Domestic Counterterrorism initiatives for which they were not  identified as a lead agency either in the strategy or in HSPDS. During fiscal  year 2004, DOE cited implementation activities in two Counterterrorism  initiatives, for which it was not identified as a lead (prior to fiscal year  2004, it conducted implementation activities in these same two initiatives.)  DOD cited 2004 implementation activities in two of the six initiatives,  without lead identification; and DHS and State both cited fiscal year 2004  implementation activities in two initiatives for which they were not  identified as leads.
section_title: Challenges in Domestic Counterterrorism
paragraphs: The attacks of September 11, and the catastrophic loss of life and property  that resulted have redefined the mission of federal, state, and local law  enforcement authorities. Accordingly, while organizations like the FBI  continue to investigate and prosecute criminal activity, they are now  assigning highest priority to preventing and interdicting terror activity  within the United States. Our recent work in the Domestic Counter- terrorism mission area has identified a number of challenges. These  challenges include the need to transform the workforce and business  practices of the FBI in order to focus on counterterrorism and intelligence- related priorities; attaining the level of interagency coordination necessary  to leverage existing law enforcement resources for investigating money  laundering and terrorist financing; developing databases for the collection  and dissemination of alien information; and ensuring that law enforcement  and other officials have the necessary training and expertise to detect  counterfeit identification documents and identity fraud.
subsections: section_title: Transforming the FBI to Focus on Counterterrorism
paragraphs: The strategy sets forth the nation’s highest law enforcement objective as  the prevention of terrorist attacks—a significant shift from pre-9/11  objectives. In order to focus the mission of the federal law enforcement  community on prevention, in March 2004, we reported that it is necessary  for the federal government to restructure the FBI and other federal law  enforcement agencies, reallocating certain resources and energies to the  new prevention efforts. While the FBI has made significant progress in its  transformation, it continues to face challenges in transforming its  workforce and business practices to focus on counterterrorism and  intelligence-related priorities. Additional challenges continue in the areas  of human capital management and information technology, as well as in  the intelligence and language services areas. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Effectively Investigating Terrorist Financing
paragraphs: The strategy provides that a “cornerstone” of the nation’s domestic  “counterterrorism effort involves a concerted interagency effort to target  and interdict the financing of terrorist organizations and operations.”  Although terrorist financing is generally characterized by different motives  than money laundering—a process by which the monetary proceeds from  criminal activities are transformed into funds and assets that appear to  have come from legitimate sources—the techniques used to obscure the  origin of funds and their ultimate use are often quite similar. Therefore,  Treasury, law enforcement agencies, other federal investigators,  prosecutors, and financial regulators often employ similar measures and  techniques in trying to detect and prevent both money laundering and  terrorist financing.
In September 2003, we reported that the annual National Money  Laundering Strategy (NMLS)—which was required by 1998 federal  legislation—has had mixed results in guiding the efforts of law  enforcement in the fight against money laundering and, more recently,  terrorist financing. For example, although expected to have a central role  in coordinating law enforcement efforts, interagency task forces created  specifically to address money laundering and related financial crimes  generally had not yet been structured and operating as intended and had  not reached their expectations for leveraging investigative resources or  creating investigative synergies. Also, most of the NMLS initiatives  designed to enhance interagency coordination of money laundering  investigations had not yet achieved their expectations. While the annual  NMLS has fallen short of expectations, federal law enforcement agencies  recognize the challenge of developing and using interagency coordination  mechanisms to leverage existing resources to investigate money  laundering and terrorist financing.
Additionally, regarding investigative efforts against sources of terrorist  financing, our February 2004 report noted that a memorandum of  agreement signed in May 2003 by the Attorney General and the Secretary  of Homeland Security represents a partnering commitment by two of the  nation’s law enforcement agencies—the FBI and ICE, a component of  DHS. Since the agreement was signed, progress has been made in waging a  coordinated campaign against sources of terrorist financing. Continued  progress will depend largely on the ability of the agencies to overcome the  challenges associated with establishing and maintaining effective  interagency relationships and meeting various other operational and  organizational challenges, such as ensuring that the financial crimes  expertise and other investigative competencies of both agencies are  appropriately and effectively utilized.
The Bremer, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions made recommendations  related to the challenges presented in this section.
section_title: Monitoring Alternative Financing Mechanisms
paragraphs: In addition to the challenge presented by interagency coordination issues,  challenges exist in the monitoring of terrorists’ use of alternative financing  mechanisms. As we recommended in November 2003, the FBI, which leads  terrorist financing investigations and maintains case data, should  systematically collect and analyze data on terrorists’ use of alternative  financing mechanisms. Alternative financing mechanisms are outside the  mainstream financial system and include the use of commodities  (cigarettes, counterfeit goods, illicit drugs, etc.), bulk cash, charities, and  informal banking systems to earn, move, and store assets. Cutting off  terrorists’ funding is an important means of disrupting their operations. As  initial U.S. and foreign government deterrence efforts focused on  terrorists’ use of the formal banking or mainstream financial systems,  terrorists may have been forced to increase their use of various alternative  financing mechanisms. When agencies inform the FBI that an investigation  has a terrorist component, the FBI opens a terrorism case. However, the  FBI’s data analysis programs do not designate the source of funding (i.e.,  specific charity, commodity, etc.) Without such data, the FBI will be  challenged to conduct systematic analysis of trends and patterns focusing  on alternative financing mechanisms from its case data. Without such an  assessment, the FBI does not have analyses that could aid in assessing risk  and prioritizing efforts. In response to our recommendation, the FBI  conducted a onetime survey of its field offices to gather information about  terrorist financing investigations since October 2001. Additionally, the FBI  has instructed its field offices to update some of this information when  new terrorist financing investigations are initiated. FBI officials told us  that information from the surveys was entered into a database, and they  believe that this database enables them to track information on alternative  methods of terrorist financing and identify emerging trends, patterns, and  funding sources. However, we have not evaluated the quality of the  information provided. In addition, the FBI has not indicated how it has  used this capability to perform an analysis of terrorist financing  investigations. The Bremer, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions also  made recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Detecting Identity Fraud
paragraphs: The strategy has an initiative to “coordinate suggested minimum standards  for state driver’s licenses.” In September and October 2003, we testified  about the challenges to homeland security posed by identity fraud and  how counterfeit identification can be easily produced and used to create  fraudulent identities. Specifically, we conducted tests over the past several  years that demonstrate how counterfeit identification documents can be  used to obtain genuine state driver’s licenses. In conducting these tests,  we created fictitious identities and counterfeit identification documents  using off-the-shelf computer graphic software that is available to any  purchaser. These documents were then used to fraudulently obtain  genuine driver’s licenses in other states. Our work identified three basic  challenges: (1) government officials and others generally did not recognize  that the documents we presented were counterfeit; (2) many government  officials were not alert to the possibility of identity fraud, and some failed  to follow security procedures; and (3) identity verification procedures are  inadequate. The weaknesses we found during this investigation clearly  show that border inspectors need to have the means to verify the identity  and authenticity of the documents that are presented to them. In addition,  government officials who review identification need additional training in  recognizing counterfeit documents. Further, these officials also need to be  more vigilant when reviewing identification documents to the possibility  of identification fraud. As we reported in October 2003, directly related to  the issue of detecting counterfeit documents and fictitious identities, is the  importance of having sound practices for avoiding the improper issuance  of Social Security numbers (SSNs) and ensuring the identity of those who  receive them. Although originally created as a means of tracking worker  earnings, the SSN has become a national identifier that is central to a  range of transactions and services associated with American life, including  obtaining a driver’s license, opening a bank account, and establishing  credit. Accordingly, SSNs are key pieces of information in creating false  identities. In prior work we recommended that the Social Security  Administration verify the documents of all SSN applicants and reassess its  policies for issuing replacement cards, which allowed an individual to  obtain up to 52 per year. The recently passed Intelligence Reform and  Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 has specific provisions to address our  recommendations. Additionally, the 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Appendix V: Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets
paragraphs: This appendix sets forth the definition and major initiatives of the  Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets mission area and  discusses the agencies with major roles, their funding, the alignment of  their strategic plans and implementation activities with the major  initiatives, and a summary of the challenges faced by the nation. This  appendix provides baseline information that can be used by Congress to  provide oversight and track accountability for the initiatives in the  Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets mission area.
subsections: section_title: Definition and Major Initiatives
paragraphs: The National Strategy for Homeland Security categorizes homeland  security activities into six mission areas, the fourth of which is protecting  critical infrastructures and key assets. This mission area—commonly  referred to as Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP)—includes programs  that improve protection of the interconnecting sectors that make up the  nation’s critical infrastructure. The sectors are agriculture, banking and  finance, chemical and hazardous materials, emergency services, defense  industrial base, energy, food, government, information technology and  telecommunications, postal and shipping, public health and health care,  transportation, and drinking water and water treatment systems. Programs  associated with the physical or cyber security of federal assets also belong  in this mission area. Finally, programs designed to protect the nation’s key  assets—unique facilities, sites, and structures whose disruption or  destruction could have significant consequences—are also included in this  mission area. In addition to the homeland security strategy, the National  Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key  Assets and the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace provide detailed  discussions of Critical Infrastructure Protection. Figure 9 shows an  example of the type of activities carried out in the Critical Infrastructure  Protection mission area.
The homeland security strategy identifies the following major initiatives in  the critical infrastructure protection mission area:    unifying America’s infrastructure protection effort in the Department of    building and maintaining a complete and accurate assessment of  America’s critical infrastructure and key assets,    enabling effective partnership with state and local governments and the    developing a national infrastructure protection plan,    securing cyberspace,    harnessing the best analytic and modeling tools to develop effective    guarding America’s critical infrastructure and key assets against  “inside” threats, and    partnering with the international community to protect our  transnational infrastructure.
section_title: Agencies with Major Roles in Critical Infrastructure Protection
paragraphs: Of the six departments under review, DHS, DOD, DOE, and DOJ have  major roles in Critical Infrastructure Protection. DHS has primary  responsibility for emergency services, government, information and  telecommunications, transportation, chemicals, and postal and shipping  sectors. Examples of specific functions performed by DHS include the  protection of federally owned or leased properties throughout the country  by the Federal Protective Service, the Secret Service’s role in coordinating  site security plans at designated special security events, and the National  Cyber Response Coordination Group’s role as a coordinating body for  cyber emergencies of national scope. DOD is active in this mission area,  primarily in areas of physical security of military and military-related  activities, installations, and personnel. DOE’s role involves the  development and implementation of policies and procedures for  safeguarding the nation’s power plants, research labs, weapons production  facilities, and cleanup sites from terrorists. DOJ, primarily through work  done by the FBI and the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section  of the Criminal Division, is active in this mission area in preventing, where  possible, the exploitation of the Internet, computer systems, or networks  as the principal instruments or targets of terrorist organizations.
OMB reported that the total fiscal year 2005 funding request for the critical  infrastructure protection mission area is $14 billion. DOD has the largest  share of this funding ($7.6 billion, or 54 percent) for programs focusing on  physical security and improving the military’s ability to prevent or mitigate  the consequences of attacks against its personnel and installations. DHS  accounts for $2.6 billion (18 percent) of 2005 funding. A total of 26 other  agencies report funding to protect their own assets and to work with  states, localities, and the private sector to reduce vulnerabilities in their  areas of expertise. Figure 10 summarizes the fiscal year 2005 budget  request for the CIP mission area by agency.
section_title: Alignment of Department Activities with the Major Initiatives
paragraphs: This section provides more detailed information about the CIP mission  area initiatives and the departments involved in conducting activities  related to these initiatives. This includes a discussion of specific  departmental planning and implementation activities, lead agency  designations, and implementation activities in fiscal year 2004, with  respect to each initiative. The data are summarized in table 10.
subsections: section_title: Summary of Departmental Activities on the Initiatives
paragraphs: All eight CIP initiatives are being addressed by key departments’ planning  and implementation activities. At least three departments (DHS, DOD, and  HHS) cited activity in each of the eight initiatives (see table 10). For  example, DHS, HHS, State, and DOE each implemented activities in fiscal  year 2004 with respect to guarding America’s critical infrastructure and  key assets against inside threats. DHS started the Transportation Worker  Identification Credential program to enhance access security across the  nation’s transportation system; the Food and Drug Administration within  HHS, issued guidance to the food industry that suggested preventive  measures, including employee background checks, which could increase  the security of food while under an establishment’s control; State  developed diplomatic agreements with Mexico and Canada to permit  background checks of truck drivers; and DOE conducted selected  polygraph examinations and financial disclosures of those working in the  energy field. Additionally, DHS, DOJ, DOD, HHS, State, and DOE each  demonstrated implementation activities in fiscal year 2004 with respect to  securing cyberspace. For example, DHS’s Information Analysis and  Infrastructure Protection Directorate refined, updated, and monitored the  implementation of a national plan to protect physical and cyber critical  infrastructures; DOJ operated a Special Technologies and Applications  Section within the Cyber Division to support counterterrorism,  counterintelligence, and criminal investigations involving computer  intrusions; DOD prepared a departmentwide plan for CIP and physical and  cyber assets; HHS’s Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a  fiscal year 2004 cyber security plan that includes activities and metrics;  State took steps to strengthen the network’s intrusion and detection  capabilities; and DOE drafted a comprehensive Critical Infrastructure  Plan, including plans for securing cyberspace.
All six departments have been engaged in CIP initiatives. While we have  identified department activities related to these initiatives, we did not  determine the quality, status, or progress of such activities with respect to  stated goals or targets within this critical mission area.
section_title: Identification of Lead Agencies on the Initiatives
paragraphs: For all eight initiatives, a lead agency was identified either in the homeland  security strategy or HSPDs. As shown in table 10, DHS is a lead on all eight  initiatives. It seems appropriate that DHS would be the department with  the most initiative leads, given that the “national vision” put forth in the  strategy calls for DHS “to work with the federal departments and agencies,  state and local governments, and the private sector to implement a  comprehensive national plan to protect critical infrastructure and key  assets.” It also seems appropriate that State would have a lead on matters  of international critical infrastructure protection, given its overseas  mission (partnering with the international community to protect our  transnational infrastructure). The four remaining departments each have a  lead on one mission area initiative. DOD, HHS, and DOE are all leads on  the same initiative—building and maintaining a complete and accurate  assessment of America’s critical infrastructure and key assets. These  departments have the sector leads as follows: DOD for defense industrial  base, HHS for public health, and DOE for the energy sector. DOJ has a  leading role in securing cyberspace, owing to its investigative and  prosecutorial role in reducing threats in cyberspace.
In all, the homeland security strategy and HSPDs identified multiple leads  on three of the eight mission area initiatives. The five initiative exceptions  that do not have multiple leads are unifying America’s infrastructure  protection effort in DHS, enabling effective partnership with state and  local governments and the private sector, developing a national  infrastructure protection plan, harnessing the best analytic and modeling  tools to develop effective protective solutions, and guarding America’s  critical infrastructure and key assets against inside threats. DOD, HHS,  and DOE are identified as clear leads on a single initiative; DHS is  identified as a clear lead on six of its eight initiative leads; and DOJ and  State are implied leads on the single initiatives they lead.
DOJ had been identified as a lead agency with respect to enabling effective  partnerships with state and local governments and the private sector.  However, given the transfer of the National Infrastructure Protection  Center programs to the Department of Homeland Security, DOJ officials  indicated that the department no longer serves as a lead on that initiative.
section_title: Fiscal Year 2004 Implementation of the Initiatives
paragraphs: In fiscal year 2004, implementation activity occurred with respect to all  eight initiatives (see table 10). DHS implemented activity in all eight  initiatives for which it was identified as a lead; DOJ, DOD, HHS, State, and  DOE implemented activity in fiscal year 2004 in each of the initiatives for  which they had been identified as a lead.
Additionally, several of the departments under review implemented  multiple CIP initiatives for which they were not identified as a lead in the  strategy and HSPD. During fiscal year 2004, HHS cited implementation  activity on six mission area initiatives for which it is was not given a lead  role (it cited prior implementation on one of these initiatives); DOE cited  2004 implementation activity on six initiatives for which it is not the lead  (with prior implementation on five); DOJ cited 2004 implementation  activity on two initiatives for which it was not a lead (with prior  implementation on four); and State cited 2004 and prior implementation  on two initiatives, for which it was not identified as a lead.
Our analysis further indicates that three departments transferred  programs, systems, or centers to the newly formed DHS, within this  critical mission area. DOJ transferred the Key Asset Identification  program, a component of the National Infrastructure Protection Center, to  DHS. In accordance with the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DOD  transferred the National Communication System. DOE transferred the  National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center and some related  programs oriented toward protecting key infrastructure facilities and their  components.
section_title: Challenges in Critical Infrastructure Protection
paragraphs: As the National Strategy for Homeland Security points out, “protecting  America’s critical infrastructures and key assets is a formidable challenge”  because “our open and technologically complex society presents an  almost infinite array of potential targets, and our critical infrastructure  changes as rapidly as the marketplace.” In fact, the mission area is so  diverse that two additional strategies—the National Strategy for the  Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets and the  National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace—were issued to supplement the  homeland security strategy. Our recent work in the CIP mission area has  identified a number of challenges. These challenges include those related  to the federal government’s role in managing CIP. Among these are  developing a comprehensive and coordinated national CIP plan that  delineates the roles and responsibilities of federal and nonfederal CIP  entities, defines interims objectives and milestones, sets time frames for  achieving objectives, and establishes performance measures. In addition to  identifying the challenges related to the overall management of CIP, our  work has identified numerous challenges within specific infrastructure  sectors. Included here are improving the security of government facilities;  implementing better training and procedures to detect counterfeit  documents and identity fraud; analyzing the strengths, interdependencies,  and vulnerabilities of the financial services sector and developing  strategies for responses to terrorist events; improving the safety and  security of the postal system; strengthening security with regard to  drinking water utilities; addressing the terrorist threat to agriculture and  food; and addressing security issues with regard to chemical plants,  nuclear power plants, and nuclear weapons sites.
subsections: section_title: Effectively Managing Critical Infrastructure Protection
paragraphs: The homeland security strategy specifically calls for the development of a  “national infrastructure protection plan.” The challenges identified in this  mission area include those related to the federal government’s role in  managing CIP. To ensure the coverage of the critical infrastructure sectors  identified in the homeland security strategy, HSPD-7 designated a sector- specific agency for each sector. This agency is responsible for  infrastructure protection activities within its assigned area and for  coordinating and collaborating with other relevant agencies—as well as  state and local governments, and the private sector—to carry out its  mission. In addition, DHS’s Information Analysis and Infrastructure  Protection Directorate (IAIP) has the responsibility to (1) develop a  comprehensive national CIP plan consistent with the Homeland Security  Act of 2002; (2) recommend CIP measures in coordination with other  federal agencies and in cooperation with state and local government  agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities; and (3)  disseminate, as appropriate, information analyzed by the department both  within DHS and to other federal agencies and private sector entities.  Regarding the national CIP plan, according to HSPD-7, it is to be produced  by December 2004 and outline national goals, objectives, milestones, and  key initiatives. IAIP is also tasked with coordinating with other federal  agencies to administer the Homeland Security Advisory System to provide  specific warning information along with advice on appropriate protective  measures and countermeasures.
Over the last several years, we have reviewed various aspects of federal  and private sector CIP efforts and issued numerous related reports. In an  April 2004 testimony, we made numerous recommendations related to the  federal CIP efforts, including issues involving the functions and  responsibilities transferred to DHS, that represent challenges to DHS and  other federal agencies. Among these challenges are    developing a comprehensive and coordinated national CIP plan that  delineates roles and responsibilities of federal and nonfederal CIP  entities, defines interim objectives and milestones, sets time frames for  achieving objectives, and establishes performance measures;    developing fully productive information-sharing relationships within  the federal government and among the federal government and state  and local governments and the private sector; and.  improving the federal government’s capabilities to analyze incident,  threat, and vulnerability information obtained from numerous sources  and share appropriate, timely warnings and other information  concerning both cyber and physical threats to federal entities, state and  local governments, and the private sector.
The Bremer, Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions all made  recommendations related to the challenges presented in this section.
section_title: Improving Security at Government Facilities
paragraphs: The homeland security strategy identifies government operations as a  critical infrastructure sector. In addition, the National Strategy for the  Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets, which  provides guidance in implementing the Homeland Security Strategy,  states that the General Services Administration (GSA) is the principal  agency responsible for the management of federal government facilities.  Additional departments and agencies are similarly involved in the  management of federally owned or operated facilities, including DOD and  the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Furthermore, a challenge  identified in the strategy is that most government organizations occupy  buildings that are also used by a variety of nongovernmental tenants, such  as shops and restaurants where the public is able to move about freely.  The strategy also states that private owners of these properties may not  want or have the ability to modify their procedures to accommodate the  increased or special security countermeasures required by their federal  tenants, such as installing surveillance cameras in lobbies, redesigning  entry points to restrict the flow of traffic, or setting up x-ray machines and  metal detectors at these entrances. To overcome protection challenges  associated with government facilities, DHS plans to    develop a process to screen nonfederal tenants and visitors entering  private sector facilities that house federal organizations,    determine the criticality and vulnerability of government facilities,    develop long-term construction standards for facilities requiring  specialized security measures, and  implement new technological security measures at federally occupied  facilities.
In part because of the challenges associated with protecting government  facilities, we designated federal real property as a high-risk area in January  2003. As the government’s security efforts intensify, the government will  be faced with important questions regarding the level of security needed to  adequately protect federal facilities and how the security community  should proceed. Furthermore, real property managers will have to  dedicate significant staff time and other human capital resources to  security issues and thus may have less time to manage other problems.  Another broader effect is the impact that increased security will have on  the public’s access to government offices and other assets. Debate arose in  the months after September 11, and continues to this day on the challenge  of providing the proper balance between public access and security.
Finally, as we testified in April 2002 and again in September 2003, an  additional challenge to ensuring the proper security of federal buildings is  the ease with which counterfeit identification or identity fraud can be used  to breach security. Our work identified three basic challenges in this  regard: (1) government officials and others generally did not recognize  that the documents we presented were counterfeit; (2) many government  officials were not alert to the possibility of identity fraud, and some failed  to follow security procedures; and (3) identity verification procedures are  inadequate. The weaknesses we found during these investigations clearly  show those government officials who review identification need additional  training in recognizing counterfeit documents. Further, these officials also  need to be more vigilant when searching for identification fraud.
Both the Gilmore and 9/11 Commissions made recommendations related  to the challenges discussed above.
section_title: Addressing Issues Involving the Federal Protective Service
paragraphs: As the agency with primary responsibility for carrying out the protection  of thousands of federal facilities, the Federal Protective Service (FPS),  which transferred from the GSA to DHS in March 2003, plays a critical role  in the federal government’s defense against terrorism. However, in July  2004, we reported that FPS faces significant challenges in carrying out its  responsibilities. One challenge involves the agency’s expanding mission  and increased responsibility. FPS already has responsibility for securing  approximately 8,800 GSA government-occupied facilities and plans to take  on additional DHS facilities. It may also seek authority to protect other  federal facilities. Additionally, the agency’s mission has expanded to  include other homeland security functions, such as supporting efforts to  apprehend foreign nationals suspected of illegal activity. In light of these  changes, however, it does not have a transformation strategy to address its  expanding mission as well as the other challenges it is facing. Among these  other challenges are resolving issues related to the agency’s funding and  the transfer of its mission-support functions to DHS.
section_title: Addressing Vulnerabilities of the Financial Services Sector
paragraphs: As stated in the homeland security strategy, the financial services sector is  essential to sustaining the economy of the United States. Accordingly, the  entities and networks that constitute the U.S. financial system are among  the critical infrastructure that face increasing threats from terrorist and  other disruptions. Transactions involving trillions of dollars occur in the  U.S. financial markets annually. After the large-scale impact on market  participants that resulted from the September 11 attacks, law enforcement  and other government organizations reported that key institutions and  communications networks that support the financial markets have been  specifically identified as targets.
As we reported in February 2003, and September 2004, the government  entities responsible for key financial market participants have begun to  take actions to ensure that financial institutions are taking steps to  minimize disruptions from terrorist attacks, but challenges remain. For  example, although banking and securities regulators have issued standards  for the financial market participants that perform key roles in the  clearance and settlement process through which the payments and  ownership transfers resulting from securities trading are made, these  regulators had not conducted a formal analysis of the readiness of  financial market participants to better ensure that trading in critical U.S.  financial markets could also resume smoothly and in a timely manner after  a major disaster. Among the challenges that these regulators face is that  thousands of entities are active in the financial markets, and they must  ensure that sufficient numbers take adequate steps to allow fair and  orderly trading to resume. Ensuring sufficient actions are taken by the  private sector organizations that participate in the financial markets is also  a challenge for securities r, and thus the extent to which they implement  business continuity plans that would allow them to resume activities is a  business decision.
Another challenge facing the financial sector is implementing the  strategy—developed by industry representatives under the sponsorship of  the U.S. Department of the Treasury—that discusses additional efforts  necessary to identify, assess, and respond to sectorwide threats. For  example, the sector is expected to analyze its infrastructure’s strengths,  interdependencies, and vulnerabilities and develop strategies for  responses to events. However, we reported in January 2003 that the  financial services sector has not developed specific interim objectives;  detailed tasks, time frames, or responsibilities for implementation; or a  process for monitoring progress. Without completing such steps, a greater  risk exists that the financial sector’s efforts will be less focused, efficient,  and effective.
section_title: Improving Postal and Shipping Security
paragraphs: Another critical infrastructure sector identified in the homeland security  strategy is postal and shipping. In our May 2003 testimony, we reported  that one of the challenges faced in this sector is that it is particularly  vulnerable to being used as a means of delivering terrorist attacks. For  example, anthrax was sent through the mail in October 2001, resulting in  the death of five people, including two postal workers in Washington, D.C.,  and potentially exposed hundreds more to this lethal substance. Moreover,  use of the mail as a vehicle for transmitting anthrax or similar weapons  threatens the nation’s mail stream and places the American public at risk.  To help address this challenge, DHS has a role in mail security as part of  its overall homeland security mission, in support of the two agencies that   have key roles—the United States Postal Service (USPS) and GSA. Under  the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS is responsible for, among other  things, protecting certain buildings, grounds, and property owned or  secured by the federal government and identifying and assessing current  and future threats to the homeland. In addition, the National Strategy for  the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets states  DHS has a role in determining the criticality and vulnerability of  government facilities, including federal mail centers. Following the  anthrax attacks, USPS established increased security procedures to  protect mail destined for federal agencies in the Washington, D.C., area,  including the irradiation of mail. At the same time, federal agencies have  taken various steps to increase the security of their mail centers in order  to protect federal workers and buildings from possible exposure to  anthrax and other types of dangerous material, such as explosives. In our  December 2003 review of mail security in the executive branch, we  determined that a lack of information from USPS on mail security  incidents, as well as on mail security policies and practices, reduced the  ability of federal agencies to make well-informed decisions regarding mail  practices or their future plans for mail screening. In addition, we found  that agencies’ fear of cross-contamination influenced their decision to  implement practices which were not recommended by the USPS or other  government and industry sources of mail-screening information. USPS and  GSA have recognized that agencies need more information and have taken  steps in the right direction. We recommended that USPS and GSA further  work together as appropriate to establish mechanisms for providing  federal agencies with USPS mail security policies and procedures, the  risks associated with various classes of mail and the rationales behind  these assessments, and USPS’s future plans in federal mail security, and  include DHS as appropriate in addressing these recommendations.
section_title: Strengthening Drinking Water Security
paragraphs: The homeland security strategy also identifies water as a critical  infrastructure sector. Damage or destruction of drinking water systems by  terrorists could disrupt not only the availability of safe drinking water, but  also the delivery of vital services that depend on these water supplies,  such as fire suppression. In our October 2003 report, we identified  several key physical assets within this sector that are highly vulnerable to  terrorist attacks. Specifically, the distribution system, source water  supplies, critical information systems, and chemicals stored on-site that  are used in the treatment process have been identified as potential targets  of terrorism. Additionally, our work has identified vulnerability challenges  that may involve multiple system components or even an entire drinking  water system. Chief among these challenges are (1) a lack of redundancy  in vital systems, which increases the likelihood that an attack could render  a system inoperable; and (2) the difficulty many systems face because of a  lack of information on the most serious threats to which they are exposed.
Additional challenges relate to the criteria for determining how federal  funds should be allocated among drinking water systems to improve their  security, and the methods for distributing those funds, as well as specific  activities the federal government should support to improve drinking  water security. With regard to the allocation of federal funds, our work  indicates that utilities serving high-density areas deserve at least a high  priority for federal funding. Other utilities warranting priority are those  serving critical assets, such as military bases, national icons, and key  academic institutions. Regarding specific security-enhancing activities  most deserving of federal support, we found that challenges that must be  overcome include implementing physical and technological upgrades to  improve security; researching and developing technologies to prevent,  detect, or respond to an attack (particularly near-real-time monitoring  technologies); providing education and training to support simulation  exercises; conducting specialized training and multidisciplinary consulting  teams; and strengthening key relationships between water utilities and  other agencies that may have key roles in an emergency response.
section_title: Addressing Agriculture and Food Supply Security
paragraphs: Another critical infrastructure sector identified in the homeland security  strategy is the nation’s food supply. While our food supply is generally safe  and plentiful, each year tens of millions of Americans become ill and  thousands die from eating unsafe food. The current federal food safety  system is challenged by its fragmentation, which results in inefficient,  inconsistent, and overlapping programs and operations. We have long  recommended the establishment of a single food safety agency to  administer a uniform, risk-based inspection system. Since the terrorist  attacks of September 11, ensuring the security of our food—that is,  protecting it from deliberate contamination—has become an added  challenge for the federal agencies responsible for protecting the food and  agriculture sectors of our economy.
As we have reported in numerous reports and testimonies over the last  decade, our fragmented federal food safety system hampers the  efficiency and effectiveness of food safety efforts. Federal agencies have  overlapping oversight responsibilities, which result in inefficient use of  inspection resources and enforcement. This system is now further  challenged by the realization that American farms and food are vulnerable  to deliberate contamination. Fundamental changes are needed to improve  the effectiveness and efficiency of the federal food safety system and to  protect the nation’s food supply from acts of deliberate contamination.
One challenge involves the fact that bioterrorism attacks could be directed  at many different targets in the farm-to-table continuum, including crops,  livestock, and food products in the processing and distribution chain. For  example, experts believe that terrorists would attack livestock and crops if  their primary intent were to cause severe economic dislocation. On the  other hand, if their motives were to harm humans, they could decide to  contaminate finished food products. While agencies have taken steps to  better protect the food supply, for the most part, the nation must still rely  on the current food safety system to respond to bioterrorism acts against  it. An additional challenge relates to the broad authority that agencies  have to regulate the safety of the U.S. food supply but not the security of it.  As a result, federal agencies are beginning to explore the extent to which  food processors are voluntarily implementing security measures to protect  against deliberate contamination. Finally, a challenge involves protecting  against animal diseases that could be accidentally—or deliberately— introduced into the country. Certain animal disease can be devastating to  the agricultural economy while others, such as mad cow disease, can be  transmitted to humans. Our recent work has raised serious questions  about security at DHS’s Plum Island Animal Disease Center, which is  responsible for developing strategies to protect the nation against animal  diseases. In particular, we had concerns about the adequacy of the  facility’s controls of dangerous pathogens.
The Gilmore Commission made recommendations related to the  challenges presented in this section.
section_title: Addressing Chemical Plant Security
paragraphs: Although the chemical industry is identified in the homeland security  strategy as a critical infrastructure sector, we reported in March 2003 that  the federal government has not comprehensively assessed the industry’s  vulnerability to terrorist attacks. As a result, federal, state, and local  entities are challenged by a lack of comprehensive information on the  vulnerabilities faced by the sector. An additional challenge concerns the  fact that no federal laws explicitly require all chemical facilities to take  security actions to safeguard their facilities against a terrorist attack.  Moreover, while federal laws require some facilities to take security  precautions, federal requirements do not address security at all facilities  that produce, use, or store hazardous chemicals.
Although the chemical industry has undertaken a number of voluntary  initiatives to address security concerns at chemical facilities, the extent of  participation in voluntary initiatives is unclear. The chemical industry  faces significant challenges in preparing its facilities against terrorist  attack, including ensuring that facilities obtain adequate threat  information, determining the appropriate security measures given the level  of risk, and ensuring that all facilities that house hazardous chemicals  address security concerns.
DHS and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have taken steps to  identify high-risk facilities, develop appropriate information-sharing  mechanisms, and develop a legislative proposal to require chemical  facilities to expeditiously assess their vulnerability to terrorist attacks and,  where necessary, require these facilities to take corrective action.  Legislation is now before Congress that, if enacted, would direct DHS, or  DHS and EPA, to require chemical facilities to address these challenges.
section_title: Challenge: Addressing Nuclear Power Plant Security
paragraphs: Another critical infrastructure sector identified in the homeland security  strategy is energy. Among the possible terrorist targets within this sector  are the nation’s nuclear power plants—104 facilities containing radioactive  fuel and waste. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) oversees  security of these facilities through an inspection program designed to  verify the plants’ compliance with security requirements. However, in  September 2003, we reported that NRC faces challenges in ensuring that  its oversight programs are effective in safeguarding these facilities and the  surrounding communities. Specifically, three aspects of its security  inspection program reduced NRC’s effectiveness in this area. First, NRC’s  inspectors often used a process that minimized the significance of security  problems found in annual inspections by classifying them as “non-cited  violations” if the problem had not been identified frequently in the past or  if the problem had no direct, immediate, or adverse consequences at the  time it was identified. By making extensive use of these non-cited  violations for serious problems, NRC may overstate the level of security at  a power plant and reduce the likelihood that needed improvements are  made. Second, NRC does not have a routine, centralized process for  collecting, analyzing, and disseminating security inspections to identify  problems that may be common to plants or to provide lessons learned in  resolving security problems. Such a mechanism may help plants improve  their security. Third, although NRC’s force-on-force exercises can  demonstrate how well a nuclear power plant might defend itself against a  real-life threat, several weaknesses in how NRC conducts these exercises  limited their usefulness. Weaknesses included using (1) more personnel to  defend the plant during these exercises than would be available on a  normal day, (2) attacking forces that are not trained in terrorist tactics,  and (3) unrealistic weapons (rubber guns) that do not simulate actual  gunfire. We also found that NRC made only limited use of some available  improvements that would make force-on-force exercises more realistic  and provide a more useful training experience. Finally, even if NRC  strengthens its inspection program, commercial nuclear power plants face  legal challenges in ensuring plant security. First, federal law generally  prohibits guards at these plants from using automatic weapons, even  though terrorists are likely to be using them. Second, state laws vary  regarding the permissible use of deadly force and the authority to arrest  and detain intruders, and we found that guards are unsure about the  extent of their authorities and may hesitate or fail to act if the plant is  attacked.
section_title: Effectively Securing Nuclear Weapons Sites
paragraphs: The homeland security strategy identifies the defense industrial base as a  critical infrastructure sector. Within this sector, DOE has responsibility for  sites containing nuclear weapons or the materials used in making nuclear  weapons. A terrorist attack on one of these sites could have devastating  consequences for the site and its surrounding communities. In ensuring  that these sites are adequately prepared to defend themselves against the  higher terrorist threats present in a post-September 11, world, DOE faces  significant challenges. Among the challenges identified in our April 2004  report are the development of a new design basis threat (DBT), a  classified document that identifies, among other things, the potential size  and capabilities of terrorist forces. While the May 2003 DBT identified a  larger terrorist threat than did the 1999 DBT, further analysis by DOE, in  response to GAO’s April 2004 report, resulted in a 2004 DBT that has been  refined and more closely identified with the terrorist parameters reflected  in the intelligence community’s postulated threat. An additional challenge  involves the fact that National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)  has not been fully effective in managing its safeguards and security  program. As a result, NNSA has had difficulty in providing fully effective  oversight to ensure that its contractors are properly protecting its critical  facilities and materials from individuals seeking to inflict damage. Finally,  although both DOE and NNSA have made progress in implementing  security initiatives, both agencies could benefit from clarifying the roles  and authorities of various security offices and developing methods for  evaluating program effectiveness and improvement.
section_title: Improving Security at DOD Installations
paragraphs: The homeland security strategy discusses critical infrastructure as “those  systems and assets so vital to the United States that their destruction or  incapacity would have a debilitating impact on security.” As DOD  installations are an essential element of the national defense  establishment, it follows that their security is equally essential. However,  we have found that DOD faces challenges in safeguarding its installations  and personnel from terrorist attacks. Specifically, in August 2004, we  reported that although DOD has taken several steps and committed  significant resources to immediately begin installation preparedness  improvements, it lacks a comprehensive approach that incorporates  results-oriented management principles to guide improvement initiatives  in the most efficient and effective manner. A major challenge DOD faces is  the lack of a single organization or entity with the responsibility and  authority to integrate and manage the installation preparedness  improvement efforts of numerous DOD organizations engaged in efforts to  improve installation preparedness. Additional challenges to be overcome  include DOD’s difficulty in developing departmentwide standards and  concepts of operations for installation preparedness and in preparing a  comprehensive plan for installation preparedness.
section_title: Appendix VI: Defending Against Catastrophic Threats
paragraphs: This appendix sets forth the definition and major initiatives of the  Defending Against Catastrophic Threats mission area and discusses the  agencies with major roles, their funding, the alignment of their strategic  plans and implementation activities with the major initiatives, and a  summary of the challenges faced by the nation. This appendix presents  baseline information that can be used by Congress to provide oversight  and track accountability for the initiatives in the Defending Against  Catastrophic Threats mission area.
subsections: section_title: Definition and Major Initiatives
paragraphs: The National Strategy for Homeland Security categorizes homeland  security activities into six mission areas, the fifth of which is Defending  Against Catastrophic Threats. This mission area includes homeland  security programs that involve protecting against, detecting, deterring, or  mitigating terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction, including  understanding terrorists’ efforts to gain access to the expertise,  technology, and materials needed to build chemical, biological,  radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. In addition, this mission area  includes planning and activities related to decontaminating buildings,  facilities, or geographic areas after a catastrophic event. This mission area  dovetails into Border and Transportation Security, Critical Infrastructure  Protection, and Emergency Preparedness and Response as detection  technologies are fielded and integrated into broader processes. Figure 11  shows an example of the type of activities carried out in the Defending  Against Catastrophic Threats mission area.
The strategy identifies the following major initiatives in the Defending  Against Catastrophic Threats mission area:    preventing terrorist use of nuclear weapons through better sensors and    detecting chemical and biological materials and attacks;   improving chemical sensors and decontamination techniques;    developing broad-spectrum vaccines, antimicrobials, and antidotes;    harnessing the scientific knowledge and tools to counter terrorism; and   implementing the Select Agent Program.
section_title: Agencies with Major Roles in Defending against Catastrophic Threats
paragraphs: Of the six departments under review, DHS and HHS have major roles in  Defending Against Catastrophic Threats. DHS’s Science and Technology  Directorate develops and tests technologies and systems to detect CBRN  materials and high explosives, develops and tests forensic methods to  analyze CBRN materials and high explosives, and prioritizes measures to  address catastrophic threats through research and modeling. HHS’s  National Institutes of Health (NIH) conducts basic and applied research  related to likely bioterrorism agents; designs and tests diagnostics,  therapies, and vaccines; and maintains laboratory capacity and provides  expert assistance to address bioterrorism and other threats. Other  organizations involved in this mission area include DOD, which performs  research and development related to chemical and biological threats; the  Department of Commerce, which is working to improve export control of  weapons, materials that may be used to construct weapons, and other  technologies; and the National Science Foundation, which is working to  improve security and control of nuclear fuels.
OMB reported that the total 2005 funding request for Defending Against  Catastrophic Threats is just over $3.3 billion. The agencies with the most  funding are HHS ($1.9 billion, or 57 percent), largely for research at NIH,  and in DHS’s Directorate of Science and Technology ($886 million, or 26  percent). Figure 12 summarizes the fiscal year 2005 budget request for the  Defending against Catastrophic Threats mission area by agency.
OMB’s reported data do not include funding for two departments that have  activities under way in this mission area. These departments—DOE and  State—have either planning or implementation activity on specific  initiatives, as discussed in the next section of this appendix. On the basis  of our previous work, we have noted several qualifications to OMB’s  figures to explain this discrepancy. According to OMB officials, there is  not always a clear distinction between homeland security activities and  other related activities. OMB staff must make judgment calls about how to  characterize funding by mission areas. For example, some homeland  security activities have multiple purposes and funding for these activities  is allocated to different accounts that can cover multiple mission areas. In  addition, some of the departments’ activities, such as planning,  coordination, or providing advice may support Defending Against  Catastrophic Defense activities but are not included in the amounts  shown.
section_title: Alignment of Department Activities with the Major Initiatives
paragraphs: In this section, we provide more detailed information about the Defending  Against Catastrophic Threats mission area initiatives and the departments  involved in conducting activities related to these initiatives. This includes  a discussion of specific departmental planning/implementation activities,  agency leads, and implementation activities during fiscal year 2004, with  respect to each initiative. The data are summarized in table 11.
subsections: section_title: Summary of Departmental Activities on the Initiatives
paragraphs: All six Defending Against Catastrophic Threats initiatives are being  addressed in key departments’ planning and implementation activities. As  shown in table 11, at least two departments cited activity in each of the six  initiatives. At least four departments cited activity in four of the six  initiatives. For example, DHS, DOD, State, and DOE implemented  activities in fiscal year 2004 to prevent terrorist use of nuclear weapons  through better sensors and procedures. DHS’s Science and Technology  Directorate provided leadership in directing, funding, and coordinating  research, development, testing, and evaluation and procurement of  technology and systems to prevent the importation of chemical, biological,  and radiological nuclear and related weapons; DOD activities addressed  the clandestine transportation of weapons of mass destruction, including  nuclear devices, via the Container Security and Proliferation Security  Initiatives; State pursued diplomatic efforts in fiscal year 2004 to ensure  compliance with existing multilateral treaties, strengthening verification  and compliance procedures, and strengthening the International Atomic  Energy Agency; and DOE worked with DOD to secure Iraqi radiological  and nuclear materials, as well as continued research at Los Alamos  National Laboratory on radiological and nuclear countermeasures.  Additionally, DHS, DOE, and HHS demonstrated fiscal year 2004  implementation activities oriented toward improving chemical sensors and  decontamination techniques. With regard to sensors, DHS’s Homeland  Security Advanced Research Projects Agency approved multiple chemical  sensor technology contracts, and HHS continued to increase the number  of toxic substances that can be readily measured by Rapid Toxic Screen  testing. With regard to decontamination, DOE, through a national  laboratory, developed a decontamination countermeasure for biological  and chemical agents.
The only department that did not have activities related to Defending  Against Catastrophic Threats initiatives is DOJ. This is understandable,  given that Justice is concerned with identifying, capturing, and  prosecuting individuals involved in terrorist activity rather than  developing and improving sensors, vaccines, antimicrobials, antidotes, and  decontamination techniques and procedures.
section_title: Identification of Lead Agencies in the Initiatives
paragraphs: For all six initiatives, a lead agency is identified either in the strategy or  HSPDs. As shown in table 11, DHS is a lead on all six initiatives. It seems  appropriate that DHS would be the department with the most leads, given  that the strategy’s “national vision” calls for that department to  “unify  much of the federal government’s efforts to develop and implement  scientific and technological counter-measures against human, animal, and  plant diseases that could be used as terrorist weapons” and “sponsor and  establish national priorities for research, development, and testing to  develop new vaccines, antidotes, diagnostics, therapies and other  technologies against chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear  terrorism.” HHS is also a lead on two initiatives, both oriented toward the  public health safety of the nation (improving chemical sensors and  decontamination techniques and developing broad spectrum vaccines,  antimicrobials, and antidotes). More specifically, DOD, State, and DOE are  all leads on the same single initiative (preventing terrorist use of nuclear  weapons through better sensors and procedures).
The strategy and HSPDs identified multiple leads on three of the six  Defending Against Catastrophic Threats initiatives (see table 11). DHS,  DOD, State, and DOE are all leads on one initiative, preventing terrorist  use of weapons through better sensors and procedures; and DHS and HHS  are both leads on two initiatives (improving chemical sensors and  decontamination techniques and developing broad-spectrum vaccines,  antimicrobials, and antidotes.) More specifically, with respect to the latter  initiative, DHS identifies needs and coordinates activities rather than  actually developing the vaccines, antimicrobials, and antidotes. The  initiative is broadly defined to cover each of these areas. In addition,  departmental strategic planning and implementation documents show that  DHS is a clear lead on four of the six initiatives; and DOD, HHS, State, and  DOE are implied leads on all their initiatives.
section_title: Fiscal Year 2004 Implementation of the Initiatives
paragraphs: In fiscal year 2004, implementation activity occurred with respect to all six  of the Defending Against Catastrophic Threats initiatives (see table 11).  DHS implemented activity in five of the six initiatives for which it was  identified as a lead by either the strategy or HSPDs. HHS implemented  activity in both initiatives for which it was identified as a lead; State, DOD,  and DOE each implemented activity in the single initiative for which they  are leads.
Additionally, several of the departments under review implemented  multiple Defending Against Catastrophic Threats initiatives for which they  were not identified as a lead in the strategy or HSPDs. During fiscal year  2004, HHS and DOE cited implementation activities (as well as prior  implementation activities) in three and four initiatives, respectively, for  which they were not a lead; State cited implementation and prior  implementation activities in two initiatives for which it was not a lead.  DOD conducted prior implementation activities in three initiatives for  which it was not a lead.
In accordance with the Homeland Security Act of 2002, several  departments transferred some of their programs and centers to the newly  created DHS. In the case of DOE, the nuclear smuggling programs and  activities that had previously been within the proliferation detection  program were transferred to DHS; DOE’s chemical and biological national  security and supporting programs were transferred; activities of the  nonproliferation and verification research and development program and  nuclear activities associated with assessment, detection, and cooperation  regarding international materials and protection were all transferred to  DHS. In the case of DOD, functions of the National Bio-Weapons Defense  Analysis Center, including related functions of the Secretary of Defense,  were also transferred to DHS.
section_title: Challenges in Defending Against Catastrophic Threats
paragraphs: The expertise, technology, and material needed to build the most deadly  weapons known to mankind—including chemical, biological, radiological,  and nuclear weapons—are proliferating. The consequences of a terrorist  attack using these types of weapons could be far more devastating than  those suffered on September 11, in that such an attack could cause a large  numbers of casualties, mass psychological disruption, and widespread  contamination, and could overwhelm local medical capabilities. Our  recent work in the Defending Against Catastrophic Threats mission area  has identified a number of challenges. These challenges include the  strengthening of efforts involving the nonproliferation of weapons of mass  destruction, dangerous weapons systems and materials, and dual-use  items; the control of the sale of excess items that can be used to produce  and deliver biological agents; and the designation of lead agencies for  setting priorities for information systems related to bioterrorism.
subsections: section_title: Strengthening Nonproliferation Efforts
paragraphs: The strategy declares that one of the nation’s top priorities is to keep  weapons of mass destruction out of the hands of terrorists. We have  issued a number of reports concerning U.S. efforts to more effectively  control and limit the spread of weapons of mass destruction, dangerous  weapons systems and materials, and dual-use items. United States efforts  in this regard are designed to prevent sensitive items from reaching  persons, entities, or countries involved in terrorism or the proliferation of  weapons of mass destruction and the vehicles to deliver them.
We testified in March 2004 that the Departments of Commerce  (Commerce), State, and Defense need to enhance their programs in this  area. Specifically, we found that the United States faces a growing threat  from the international proliferation of cruise missile and unmanned aerial  vehicle (UAV) technology, challenging the tools the U.S. government has  traditionally used. Multilateral export control regimes have expanded their  lists of controlled items, but key countries of concern are not members.  Some of these countries are also on the State Department’s list of state  sponsors of terrorism. In addition, U.S. efforts to control U.S. exports of  dual-use items are hindered by a gap in U.S. export control authority. U.S.  companies can sell certain dual-use items to foreign buyers, even if the  exporter knows the buyer plans to use the items to build cruise missiles or  UAVs. Finally, the United States seldom uses its end-use monitoring  program to verify compliance with conditions placed on the use of cruise  missiles.
With regard to export controls over items that could be employed by  terrorists, we found that post-shipment verification (PSV) provides limited  assurance that dual-use items are being properly used. Specifically, we  reviewed Commerce’s efforts to conduct PSV checks to ensure that dual- use items and technologies arrive at their intended destination and are  used for the purpose stated in the export license. We reported, in February  2004, that Commerce conducted relatively few post-shipment verification  checks. For example, PSV checks were completed on only 6 percent of  dual-use items exported to countries of potential proliferation concern.  We also identified three key challenges in the PSV process itself. First,  PSVs do not confirm compliance license conditions because U.S. officials  frequently do not check license compliance, they often lack the technical  training to assess compliance, and end-users may not be aware of the  license conditions they are supposed to be abiding by. Second, some  countries of concern limit the U.S. government’s access. Third, PSV results  have only limited impact on Commerce’s future licensing decisions.  Commerce generally agreed with our recommendation to address these  challenges and indicated it had taken steps to strengthen the PSV process.
In March 2004, we reported that another area of proliferation raising  potential terrorism concerns involves delays in implementing the  Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). CWC bans chemical weapons and  requires their destruction by 2007, with possible extension to 2012. CWC  has played an important role in reducing the risks posed by chemical  weapons. However, CWC’s nonproliferation goals have proven more  challenging than originally anticipated. First, the destruction of chemical  weapons will likely take longer and cost more than originally anticipated.  Even with significant international assistance, Russia may not be able to  destroy its declared chemical weapons stockpile until 15 years beyond the  extended CWC deadline. Second, technical advancements in the chemical  industry and the increasing number of dual-use commercial facilities  worldwide challenge the CWC’s ability to deter and detect proliferation.  Third, many CWC member states have not yet adopted national laws to  fully implement the CWC or have not submitted complete and accurate  declarations of their CWC-related activities.
The Bremer, Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 commissions made  recommendations related to the challenges presented in this section.
section_title: Controlling the Sale of Biological Production Equipment
paragraphs: Another challenge related to keeping weapons of mass destruction out of  the hands of terrorists involves the ability of terrorists to readily obtain  equipment that can be used to make biological agents. We have previously  reported that many items needed to establish a laboratory for making  biological warfare agents were being sold on the Internet to the public  from DOD’s excess property inventory for pennies on the dollar—making  them both easy and economical to obtain. Although production of  biological warfare agents requires a high degree of expertise, public sales  of these DOD excess items increase the risk that terrorists could obtain  and use them to produce and deliver biological agents within the United  States. To prove this point, we created a fictitious company and purchased  over the Internet key excess DOD biological equipment items and related  protective clothing necessary to produce and disseminate biological  warfare agents. Additionally, our investigation of several buyers of the  biological equipment items found that they exported them to countries,  such as the Philippines, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates, for  transshipment to other countries—some of which may be prohibited from  receiving exports of similar trade-security-controlled items. Finally, the  possibility that anthrax and other biological agents could have fallen into  the wrong hands because of poor controls at laboratories handling  biological agents calls for an assessment of the challenge to national  security posed by public sales of excess biological laboratory equipment  and protective clothing. While it should be noted that our work to date has  focused on DOD sales, we found that these same types of items are  available from other sources, indicating a much broader problem. The  Bremer, Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 Commissions made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Effective Implementation of Emerging Information Technologies
paragraphs: The strategy calls for the development of a national system to detect  biological and chemical attacks that will include “a public health  surveillance system to monitor public and private databases for indicators  of biological or chemical attack.” One of the challenges we identified in a  May 2003 report is that there are six federal agencies with key roles in  bioterrorism preparedness and response. Within these six agencies, we  identified 72 information systems and supporting technologies, as well as  12 other information technology initiatives, with about 74 percent of these  currently operational. Of the 72 information systems identified, 34 are  surveillance systems, 18 are supporting technologies, 10 are  communication systems, and 10 are detection systems. In planning or  operating each of these information systems and IT initiatives, the extent  of coordination or interaction among the lead and other related  government agencies covered a wide range. There was no one entity or  coordinating body to set priorities for information systems, supporting  technologies, and other IT initiatives.
Within the public health sector, the implementation of emerging  information technologies could help to strengthen agencies’ technological  capabilities to support the nation’s ability to prepare for and respond to  bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. Agencies identified  several activities to research, develop, and implement emerging  technologies, and these activities are generally initiated to meet agencies’  specific needs. However, challenges exist that may hinder the public  health community from benefiting from the implementation of emerging  information technologies. These challenges include (1) the likelihood that  emerging technologies have not been in use long enough for the  developers to identify all areas of standardization, or for the technologies  to have evolved to the point that they are interoperable with other existing  technologies within public health; (2) the likelihood that the use of  emerging technologies may change an organization’s existing business  model and thereby introduce a significant level of risk by disrupting  existing business practices; and (3) the lack of a clearly defined  mechanism for continuing research and development for emerging  technologies once the results are turned over to the public sector.
The Gilmore Commission made recommendations with regard to this  challenge.
section_title: Safeguarding Military Installations
paragraphs: As DOD installations are an essential element of the nation’s national  defense establishment, it follows that their security is equally essential.  However, we reported in August 2004 that DOD faces challenges in  safeguarding its installations and personnel in the United States and  overseas from terrorist attacks involving chemical, biological, radiological,  and nuclear weapons and high explosives. Specifically, we found that  improving the preparedness of military installations is a challenging and  complex task that will require a significant allocation of resources; involve  numerous organizations within the department; and necessitate the  coordination with other federal agencies, civilian organizations, and  foreign host governments. Although DOD has taken several steps and  committed significant resources to immediately begin installation  preparedness improvements, it faces significant challenges and lacks a  comprehensive approach that incorporates results-oriented management  principles to guide improvement initiatives in the most efficient and  effective manner. One major challenge DOD faces is the lack of a single  organization or entity with the responsibility and authority to oversee and  integrate the installation preparedness improvement efforts of various  DOD organizations. Additional challenges to be overcome include the  evolving or unclear responsibilities of key organizations and assignment of  responsibility to update DOD’s installation preparedness plans.
section_title: Appendix VII: Emergency Preparedness and Response
paragraphs: This appendix sets forth the definition and major initiatives of the  Emergency Preparedness and Response mission area and discusses the  agencies with major roles, their funding, the alignment of their strategic  plans and implementation activities with the major initiatives, and a  summary of the challenges faced by the nation. This appendix presents  baseline information that can be used by Congress to provide oversight  and track accountability for the initiatives in the Emergency Preparedness  and Response mission area.
subsections: section_title: Definition and Major Initiatives
paragraphs: The National Strategy for Homeland Security categorizes homeland  security activities into six mission areas, the sixth of which is Emergency  Preparedness and Response. This mission area includes programs that  prepare to minimize the damage and recover from any future terrorist  attacks that may occur despite our best efforts at prevention. Included  here are programs that help to plan, equip, train, and practice the needed  skills of the varied and necessary first responders—including police  officers, firefighters, emergency medical providers, public works  personnel, and emergency management officials. Finally, this mission area  includes activities to consolidate federal response plans and activities to  build a national system for incident management in cooperation with state  and local government. Figure 13 shows an example of the types of  activities carried out in the Emergency Preparedness and Response  mission area.
The strategy identifies the following major initiatives in the Emergency  Preparedness and Response mission area:  integrating separate federal response plans into a single all-discipline  incident management plan;    creating a national incident management system;   improving tactical counterterrorist capabilities;    enabling seamless communication among all responders;    preparing health care providers for catastrophic terrorism;    augmenting America’s pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles;    preparing for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear    planning for military support to civil authorities;    building the Citizen Corps;  implementing the first responder initiative of the fiscal year 2003  budget;    building a national training and evaluation system; and    enhancing the victim support system.
section_title: Agencies with Major Roles in Emergency Preparedness and Response
paragraphs: Of the six departments under review, the Department of Homeland  Security and the Department of Health and Human Services have major  roles in Emergency Preparedness and Response. DHS’s activities include  the development and implementation of the National Response Plan and  the National Incident Management System, maintaining the National  Disaster Medical System and Urban Search and Rescue Teams, and  supporting state and local first responders through a wide-range of  programs. HHS’s activities are centered on preparing the nation’s health  care providers for catastrophic terrorism by, among other things,  maintaining the Strategic National Stockpile and other emergency  preparedness and response assets. In addition to DHS and HHS, several  other agencies—including the Department of Defense, which maintains  weapons of mass destruction (WMD) response teams to support civil  authorities; and the Department of Energy, which maintains radiological  and nuclear response capabilities—are involved in Emergency  Preparedness and Response.
The Office of Management and Budget  reported that the total fiscal year  2005 funding request for the Emergency Preparedness and Response  mission area is just over $8.8 billion. DHS receives the largest share of this  funding ($5.9 billion, or 68 percent), mostly for preparedness and grant  assistance to state and local first responders and Project Bioshield. HHS  also receives a significant amount of this funding ($2.2 billion, or 25  percent) for assisting states and localities in upgrading their public health  capacity. A total of 18 other federal agencies receive emergency  preparedness and response funding, with a number of these maintaining  specialized response assets that may be called upon in select  circumstances. Examples of these agencies include DOD, which  maintains WMD response teams to support civil authorities; DOE, which  maintains radiological and nuclear response capabilities; and the  Environmental Protection Agency, which maintains chemical, biological,  radiological, and nuclear response teams. Figure 14 summarizes the fiscal  year 2005 budget request for the emergency preparedness and response  mission area by agency.
section_title: Alignment of Department Activities with the Major Initiatives
paragraphs: This section provides more detailed information about the Emergency  Preparedness and Response mission area initiatives and the departments  involved in conducting activities related to these initiatives. This includes  a discussion of specific departmental planning/implementation activities,  lead agency designations, and department implementation activities in  fiscal year 2004, with respect to each initiative. The data are summarized  in table 12.
subsections: section_title: Summary of Departmental Activities on the Initiatives
paragraphs: All 12 Emergency Preparedness and Response initiatives are being  addressed in key departments’ planning and implementation activities. As  shown in table 12, at least two departments cited activity in each of the 12  initiatives. At least four departments cited activity in 7 of the 12 initiatives.  For example, DHS, DOD, HHS, and DOE each cited implementation  activities in fiscal year 2004 with respect to creating a national incident  management plan. DHS Federal Emergency Management Agency worked  on a comprehensive National Incident Management System that  incorporates federal, state, tribal, and local government personnel,  agencies, and regional authorities; DOD participated in the planning of the  National Incident Management System; HHS issued continuing guidance to  assist state and local jurisdictions in preparation for joining the National  Incident Management System; and DOE implemented an agreement to  release departmental emergency response assets to DHS as requested in  support of DHS’s national incident management role. Additionally, DHS  and HHS implemented activities in fiscal year 2004 toward creating  seamless communication among all responders. DHS established an office  to oversee interoperability efforts, contracts have been awarded to  develop interoperability communication technologies, and the DHS  Science and Technology Directorate is leading the RAPIDCOM initiative  (under SAFECOM, a federal governmentwide program to achieve  communication interoperability), and HHS (through its Centers for  Disease Control and Prevention) increased the percentage of health  departments with interoperable, redundant communication systems and  high-speed Internet access, and has raised the number of jurisdictions  having access to the Epidemic Information Exchange.
All departments have implemented several initiatives in fiscal year 2004  related to the Emergency Preparedness and Response critical mission  area, with one exception: State has implemented activity with respect to  only one initiative (improving tactical counterterrorist capabilities).
section_title: Identification of Lead Agencies on the Initiatives
paragraphs: For all 12 initiatives, a lead agency is identified either in the strategy or the  Homeland Security Presidential Directives. DHS is the lead on the most  initiatives in this mission area—11 of the 12 initiatives, the single  exception being the initiative to augment America’s pharmaceutical and  vaccine stockpiles. It seems appropriate that DHS would be the  department with the most leads given that the strategy’s “national vision”  calls for DHS to “consolidate federal response plans and build a national  system for incident management” and “ensure that leaders at all levels of  government have complete incident awareness and can communicate with  and command all appropriate response personnel.”
Additionally, HHS is a lead on 3 of the 12 initiatives—augmenting  America’s pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles; preparing for chemical,  biological, radiological, and nuclear decontamination; and building a  national training and evaluation system. DOD is a lead on 1 of the 12  initiatives within this mission area—planning for military support to civil  authorities. Three departments have not been identified as a lead on any  initiatives in this mission area: DOJ, State, and DOE.
The strategy and HSPDs identified multiple leads on 2 initiatives (see table  12). DHS and DOD are both leads on planning for military support to civil  authorities; and DHS and HHS are leads on building a national training and  evaluation system. In addition, 10 of the 11 DHS leads are clear, and the  single DOD lead is clear. HHS lead is clear with respect to augmenting  America’s pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles and implied with respect  to building a normal training and evaluation system and preparing for  chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear decontamination. (We  included HHS as an implicit lead on the latter initiative since the  department was an implicit lead on the closely related initiative,  “improving chemical sensors and decontamination techniques” in the  Defending against Catastrophic Threat mission area.)
section_title: Fiscal Year 2004 Implementation of the Initiatives
paragraphs: In fiscal year 2004 implementation activity occurred with respect to each  of the 12 Emergency Preparedness and Response initiatives (see table 12).  DHS implemented activity in 2004 on all 11 initiatives for which it was  identified as a lead. DOD implemented prior and 2004 activities in the one  area where it was the lead (planning for military support to civil  authorities), and HHS implemented prior and 2004 activities in its two lead  areas (augmenting America’s pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles and  building a national training and evaluation system).
Additionally, several of the departments under review implemented  multiple Emergency Preparedness and Response initiatives for which they  were not identified as a lead in either the strategy or HSPDs. During fiscal  year 2004, DHS cited implementation activities in the single initiative for  which it was not identified as a lead—augmenting America’s  pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles. HHS cited 2004 implementation  activities in 7 initiatives for which it was not a lead. Similarly, DOE cited  implementation activities in 6 initiatives for which it was not identified as  a lead in the strategies or HSPDs; and DOJ and DOD both cited fiscal year  2004 implementation activities in 3 initiatives for which they were not  leads, respectively.
DOJ’s role in the Emergency Preparedness and Response mission area has  been modified because of program transfers. DOJ’s Office of Domestic  Preparedness (ODP) had provided grant funding to assist state and local  emergency response agencies (with respect to law enforcement, fire,  hazardous materials, emergency medical services, emergency  management, and public health) to enhance their capabilities to respond  to threats posed by terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction. This  program was transferred to DHS.
section_title: Challenges in Emergency Preparedness and Response
paragraphs: Our recent work in the Emergency Preparedness and Response mission  area has identified a number of challenges that must be overcome if the  nation is to effectively minimize the damage and successfully recover from  future terrorist attacks that may occur despite its best efforts at preventing  them. One challenge involves the adoption of an “all-hazards” approach to  emergency preparedness and response. Addressing this challenge would  ensure that the nation is better prepared for terrorist events while  simultaneously better preparing itself to deal with natural disasters.  Another challenge involves providing better governmental planning and  coordination with regard to first responder issues. An example of the  challenge faced here concerns the National Capital Region (NCR), where  there exists no coordinated regionwide plan for first responder priorities.  Other challenges with regard to first responders include better preparing  them to respond to incidents involving catastrophic terrorism and  restructuring the federal grant system. An additional challenge involves  improving public health communications and information sharing. An  example of this challenge is the lack of a coordinated review process that  ensures that communications projects complement one another.  Additional challenges include better preparing health care providers to  respond to incidents involving bioterrorism; improving regional response  planning involving multiple municipalities; ensuring that hospitals have the  medical equipment necessary for large influxes of patients; ensuring  adequate communications among responders and with the public, and  defining the roles and responsibilities of DOD in defending the homeland  and providing military support to civil authorities.
subsections: section_title: Adopting an All-hazards Approach
paragraphs: The strategy calls for the creation of “a fully integrated national emergency  response system that is adaptable enough to deal with any terrorist attack,  no matter how unlikely or catastrophic, as well as all manner of natural  disasters.” This all-hazards approach to emergency preparedness and  response has been embodied in a number of documents, including HSPD-5  and HSPD-8; the National Incident Management System; and the National  Response Plan. In our May, June, and July 2004 reports, we pointed out  that the challenges the nation’s emergency responders face in adapting an  all-hazards approach include (1) identifying the types of emergencies— e.g., hurricane or truck bomb attack—for which they should be prepared  and the requirements—e.g., incident management plans and procedures,  equipment, and training—for responding effectively to these different  types of emergencies; (2) assessing current capabilities against those  requirements; (3) developing and implementing effective, coordinated  plans among multiple first responder disciplines and jurisdictions to close  the gap between current capabilities and established requirements; and (4)  defining the roles and responsibilities of federal, state, and local  governments and private entities in defining requirements, assessing  capabilities, and developing and implementing coordinated plans to  enhance first responder capabilities. The Gilmore and 9/11 commissions  made recommendations with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Improving Intergovernmental Planning and Coordination
paragraphs: The strategy emphasizes a shared national responsibility—involving all  levels of government—in responding to a serious emergency, such as a  terrorist incident. However, in May 2004 we reported that a major  challenge involves a lack of coordination in preparing for, responding to,  and recovering from terrorist and other emergency incidents. In  particular, our work indicates that there has been a lack of regional  planning and coordination for developing first responder preparedness,  defining preparedness goals, identifying spending priorities, and  expending funds. For example, our review of the first responders grants in  the National Capital Region (NCR) found that there was no coordinated  regionwide plan for establishing first responder performance goals, needs,  and priorities and assessing benefits of expenditures to enhance first  responder capabilities. As a result, NCR faces several challenges in  organizing and implementing efficient and effective regional preparedness  programs, including the lack of a coordinated strategic plan for enhancing  NCR preparedness, performance standards, a central source of data on  funds available and the purposes for which they are spent.
We found similar challenges related to regional coordination in our April  2003 bioterrorism work. The strategy calls for state and local governments  to “sign mutual aid agreements to facilitate cooperation with their  neighbors in time of emergency.” Such agreements are particularly  important because although the response to a terrorist incident (such as a  bioterrorism attack) would occur at the local level, it could spread across  local, state, and even national boundaries. We found that health care  officials were challenged by a lack of regional coordination between the  states and with neighboring countries. Specifically, states tend to organize  their planning on a regional basis, assigning local areas to particular  regions within the state. Additionally, we found that border states varied  with regard to the intensity of their coordination efforts with Canada and  Mexico. The Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 commissions made  recommendations with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Overcoming Fragmentation of the Federal Grant System
paragraphs: The strategy acknowledges that the federal grant system for first  responders is highly fragmented. In September 2003, we testified that this  fragmentation leads to challenges in the coordination and integration of  services, as well as in planning at state and local levels. There are many  different grant programs that can be used by first responders to address  preparedness activities. However, in April 2003, we testified that  substantial differences exist in the types of recipients and the allocation  methods for grants addressing similar purposes. For example, some grants  go directly to local first responders, such as firefighters, while others go to  state emergency management agencies or directly to state fire marshals.  The allocation methods differ as well—some are formula grants, while  others involve discretionary decisions by federal agency officials on a  project basis. Grant requirements vary as well. For example, DHS’s  Assistance to Firefighters Grant has a maintenance of effort requirement,  while the State Fire Training Systems Grant has no similar requirement.  Several alternatives might be employed to overcome problems fostered by  this fragmentation, including consolidating grant programs, establishing  performance partnerships between federal agencies and state and local  governments, and waiving federal funding restrictions and program  requirements. The Gilmore and 9/11 commissions made recommendations  with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Improving Communications and Information Sharing
paragraphs: The strategy has an initiative to enable seamless communications among  all first responders and public health entities. However, in our August and  November 2003 reports, we stated that insufficient collaboration among  federal, state, and local governments creates a challenge for sharing public  health information and developing interoperable communications for first  responders. For example, states and cities implemented many initiatives to  improve information sharing, but these initiatives were not well  coordinated and risked creating partnerships that limited access to  information and created duplicative efforts. Another challenge involves  the lack of effective, collaborative, interdisciplinary, and  intergovernmental planning for interoperable communications. For  instance, the federal and state governments lack a coordinated grant  review process to ensure that funds are used for communication projects  that complement each other and add to overall statewide and national  interoperability capacity. Moreover, we testified in April 2004 that the  Wireless Public Safety Interoperable Communications Program, or  SAFECOM, has had very limited progress in achieving communication  interoperability among all entities at all levels of government and has not  achieved the level of collaboration necessary. Finally, in our October 2002  report on public health preparedness, we reported that challenges exist  in ensuring communication among responders and with the public. For  example, during the anthrax incidents of 2001, local officials identified  communication among responders and with the public as a challenge, both  in terms of having the necessary communication channels and in terms of  making the necessary information available for distribution. The 9/11  Commission made recommendations with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Better Preparing Health Care Providers for Catastrophic Terrorism
paragraphs: The strategy has an initiative to “prepare health care providers for  catastrophic terrorism.” However, in April 2003, we reported that many  local areas and their supporting agencies may not be adequately prepared  to respond to such an event. Specifically, while many state and local  officials reported varying levels of preparedness to respond to a  bioterrorist attack, they reported that challenges existed because of  deficiencies in capacity, communication, and coordination elements  essential to preparedness and response (such as workforce shortages,  inadequacies in disease surveillance and laboratory systems, and a lack of  regional coordination and compatible communications systems). Some of  these challenges, such as those involving coordination efforts and  communication systems, were being addressed more readily, whereas  others, such as infrastructure and workforce issues, were more resource- intensive and, therefore, more difficult to address. Generally, we found  that cities with more experience in dealing with public health emergencies  were generally better prepared for a bioterrorist attack than other cities,  although challenges remain in every city. An additional challenge reported  to us by state and local officials concerned the lack of adequate guidance  from the federal government on what it means to be prepared for  bioterrorism. These officials said that they needed specific standards  (such as how large an area a response team should be responsible for) to  indicate what they should be doing to be adequately prepared. Finally,  state officials indicated that a challenge to be overcome involved the lack  of sharing of best practices information. These officials stated that while  each jurisdiction might need to adapt procedures to its own  circumstances, time could be saved and needless duplication of effort  avoided if better mechanisms existed for sharing strategies across  jurisdictions. The Gilmore, Hart-Rudman, and 9/11 commissions made  recommendations with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Improving Response Capabilities
paragraphs: The strategy recognizes that “a major act of biological terrorism would  almost certainly overwhelm existing state, local, and privately owned  health care capabilities.” In fact, in May 2003 we testified that while the  efforts of public health agencies and health care organizations to increase  their preparedness for major public health threats has increased,  significant challenges remain. Specifically, we found that there are gaps  in disease surveillance systems and laboratory capacity, and the number of  personnel trained for disease detection is insufficient. Additionally, most  emergency departments across the country lack the capacity to respond to  large-scale infectious disease outbreaks. For example, although most  hospitals across the country reported participating in basic planning  activities for large-scale infectious disease outbreaks, few have acquired  the medical equipment resources—such as ventilators—that would be  required in such an event. Further, because most emergency departments  already routinely experience some degree of overcrowding, they may not  be able to handle the sudden influx of patients that would occur during a  large-scale terrorist incident or infectious disease outbreak. The Gilmore  Commission made recommendations with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Adequately Equipping Hospitals for Large Influxes of Patients
paragraphs: The strategy states that DHS, working with HHS and VA, will help  hospitals “expand their surge capacity to care for large numbers of  patients in a mass-casualty incident.” However, in August 2003 we  reported that a challenge to be overcome involved the fact that the  medical equipment available for response to such an incident varies  greatly among hospitals. Additionally, many hospitals reported that they  did not have the capacity to respond to the large increase in the number of  patients that would be likely to result from a bioterrorist incident with  mass casualties. For example, if a large number of patients with severe  respiratory problems associated with anthrax or botulism were to arrive at  a hospital, a comparable number of ventilators would be required to treat  them. However, half of the hospitals we reviewed had, per 100 staffed  beds, fewer than six ventilators, three or fewer personal protective  equipment suites, fewer than four isolation beds, or the ability to handle  fewer than six patients per hour through a 5-minute decontamination  shower. Overcoming this challenge is particularly difficult because  bioterrorism preparedness is expensive, and hospitals are reluctant to  create capacity that is not needed on a routine basis and may never be  needed at a particular facility. Related to this challenge, HSPD-10 stated  that HHS “in coordination with other appropriate federal departments and  agencies, is the principal federal agency responsible for coordinating all  federal-level assets activated to support and augment the state and local  medical and public health response to mass casualty events.” The Gilmore  Commission made recommendations with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Establishing Emergency Preparedness Standards
paragraphs: Although the strategy discusses benchmarks, standards, and other  performance measures for emergency preparedness, we have found that  there is not yet a comprehensive set of preparedness standards for  assessing first responder capacities, identifying gaps in those capacities,  and measuring progress in achieving performance goals. Additionally, in  June 2004, we testified that state and local officials were concerned about  the lack of specific standards for determining preparedness, and these  officials noted that specific benchmarks would help them determine  whether they were adequately prepared to respond to a bioterrorism  incident. Moreover, in our past work on interoperable communications,  we discussed the need to establish national interoperability performance  goals and standards. Finally, we have reported on the lack of reliable  information on existing federal, state, and local capabilities for combating  terrorism and the need to develop a comprehensive inventory of existing  capabilities. Without standards linked to such capabilities, it will be a  challenge to assess preparedness gaps and efforts to address the gaps  without information on existing capabilities. The Gilmore Commission  made recommendations with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Defining DOD’s Homeland Security Roles and Missions
paragraphs: The strategy called for a review of the authority for military assistance in  domestic security. One of the reasons for this review is that federal law  places some restrictions on military personnel performing law  enforcement functions with the United States—functions that might be  needed in a terrorist incident. Another reason for this review is that  DOD’s primary mission is to deter and prevent aggression abroad and fight  to win if these measures fail. This is accomplished through military  presence and power projection. However, the federal government’s view  of the defense of U.S. territory has changed since September 11. As a  result, DOD has adjusted its strategic and operational focus to encompass  not only traditional military concerns posed by hostile states overseas but  also asymmetric threats directed at our homeland by both terrorists and  hostile states. In a July 2003 report, we noted that DOD faces challenges  in balancing its domestic and overseas missions with a renewed emphasis  on homeland defense. Moreover, current operations both home and  abroad are stressing military forces, as shown in personnel tempo data.  Complicating the situation is the fact that some units are not well  structured for their domestic missions, cannot practice the varied skills  needed to maintain combat proficiency while performing domestic  missions, and receive little training value from their assigned domestic  duties. Therefore military force readiness may erode and future personnel  retention problems may develop, if action is not taken to address these  challenges. The Gilmore and 9/11 commissions made recommendations  with regard to this challenge.
section_title: Appendix VIII: Crosscutting Issues
paragraphs: This appendix describes challenges in implementing the National Strategy  for Homeland Security that are crosscutting—they cut across the six  critical mission areas. Many of them also cut across the federal, state, local  and private sectors. Because this appendix is not based on any critical  mission area (as defined in the strategy), it does not include information  on major initiatives, agencies with major roles, funding by department, or  alignment of department plans with major initiatives.
subsections: section_title: Crosscutting Challenges
paragraphs: Our recent work has identified a number of challenges to ensuring the  security of the homeland that are not confined to a specific mission area.  These challenges are governmentwide in nature and include balancing  homeland security funding needs with other national requirements,  providing timely and transparent homeland security funding information,  improving risk management methods for resource allocation and  investments, expanding agency use of performance measures that link  costs to outcomes, establishing baseline performance goals and measures  upon which to assess and improve preparedness, developing and  implementing national standards, clarifying roles and responsibilities  within and between the levels of government and the private sector,  developing a national enterprise architecture, and improving information  technology management governmentwide.
In addition to the challenges discussed above, DHS—as the department  most responsible for Homeland Security—faces a number of other  challenges. Because of this, in January 2003 we designated the overall  implementation and transformation of DHS as high-risk. We gave it this  designation for three reasons. First, the size and complexity of the effort  make the challenge especially daunting, requiring sustained attention and  time to achieve the department’s mission in an effective and efficient  manner. Second, the components being merged into DHS already face a  wide array of existing challenges that must be addressed. Finally, if DHS  cannot effectively carry out its mission, it exposes the nation to potentially  very serious consequences. We are currently in the process of reviewing  the challenges faced by DHS, the progress it has made in addressing these  challenges, and its continued high-risk designation. The results of this  review will be published in a forthcoming GAO report.
subsections: section_title: Balancing Homeland Security with Other National Budget Needs
paragraphs: The strategy notes that “the national effort to enhance homeland security  will yield tremendous benefits and entail substantial financial and other  costs.” In April 2002 and September 2003, we reported that, among other  things, the federal government must address the challenge of formulating  realistic budget and resource plans that support and will sustain  implementation of an efficient and effective homeland security program  and that provide sufficient guidance to federal, state, local and private  sector entities to create concurrent and compatible strategic plans and  investments. In this regard, extensive resources that have already been  designated for homeland security, along with those resources currently  being proposed, clearly reflect a large and rapidly growing federal role  involving direct spending and assistance to others. While a robust  homeland security program is critical to the nation’s protection and  prosperity, the challenge will be to develop it in a manner that is targeted  to areas of greatest need and avoids wasteful, unfocused, or “hitchhiker”  spending. Moreover, the new commitments will compete with and  increase the pressure on other important priorities within the budget. As  our long-term budget simulation notes, known demographic trends and  rising health care costs will place unprecedented pressures on our long- range fiscal position. A fundamental review of existing programs and  operations can create much-needed fiscal flexibility by weeding out  programs that are outdated, poorly targeted, or inefficiently designed and  managed. An additional challenge with regard to balancing homeland  security funding with other national requirements involves the role of both  the executive and legislative branches of government in ensuring optimum  performance and appropriate accountability of our homeland security  activities and program expenditures. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Providing Timely and Transparent Budget Information
paragraphs: The strategy reflects that “it is important to reprioritize spending to meet  our homeland security needs, and not simply to permit unchecked overall  growth in federal outlays.” To examine homeland security as a  crosscutting governmentwide function, Section 889 of the Homeland  Security Act of 2002 requires that the President’s budget include a funding  analysis covering all federal homeland security activities—not just those  carried out in DHS. As we reported in November 2002, agencies provide  information that distinguishes funding for homeland security from  combating terrorism and other federal activities at a level of detail that  OMB describes as sufficient to analyze government spending on homeland  security. OMB has made a number of improvements to its annual Report to  Congress on Combating Terrorism. For the first time, the annual report  issued in September 2003 aggregated funding information by the critical  mission areas in the National Strategy for Homeland Security.  Additionally, by releasing this year’s analysis with the President’s fiscal  year 2005 budget, OMB has made this crosscutting presentation a timely  complement to individual budget proposals and a resource for  congressional budget deliberations. Despite these positive changes,  congressional decision makers still face challenges in using this  information to make sound decisions on appropriations. Specifically, a key  element to understanding spending for homeland security is missing—that  is, how much of the funding provided has been obligated. Without  obligation information, it is impossible to know (1) whether funds are  being used to implement programs (e.g., orders placed, contracts awarded,  and services received); (2) how much funding from prior years is still  available to potentially offset new needs or priorities; (3) whether the rate  of spending for a program is slower than anticipated; or (4) what the level  of effort or commitment is in a particular mission area for a given year or  over time.
section_title: Improving Risk Management Methods for Resource Allocation and Investment
paragraphs: The strategy states that “we must carefully weigh the benefit of each  homeland security endeavor and only allocate resources where the benefit  of reducing risk is worth the amount of additional cost.” We have long  advocated a risk management approach to guide the allocation of  resources and investments for improving homeland security. Additionally,  OMB has identified various tools it considers useful in planning, such as  benefit-cost analysis, capital budgeting, and regulatory decision making.  Such tools are difficult to apply to homeland security expenditures even  when such application is encouraged in the homeland security strategy. A  challenge to the central management of the budget is to develop and adopt  a framework and supporting tools to inform cost allocations in a risk  management process. Although OMB asked the public in 2002 for  suggestions on how to adjust standard tools to the homeland security  setting, a vacuum currently exists in which benefits of homeland security  investments are often not quantified and are almost never valued in  monetary terms. As OMB guidance is relatively silent on acceptable  treatments of nonquantifiable benefits, there is a lack of criteria to guide  agency analysts in developing information to inform management. The  Gilmore and 9/11 commissions made recommendations on the need for  risk management.
section_title: Establishing Baseline Performance Goals and Measures
paragraphs: While the strategy discusses creating benchmarks and performance  measures, it does not provide a baseline set of performance goals and  measures upon which to assess and improve preparedness. The  Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA) required  federal agencies to develop strategic plans with long-term, outcome- oriented goals and objectives, annual goals linked to achieving the long- term goals, and annual reports on the results achieved. In July 2002, we  testified that because of lack of performance goals and measures in the  homeland security strategy, the nation does not have a comprehensive set  of performance goals and measures upon which to assess and improve  prevention efforts, vulnerability reduction, and responsiveness to damage  and recovery needs at all levels of government. Thus the nation faces a  challenge to establish clear goals and performance measures to ensure  both a successful and a fiscally responsible preparedness effort. We  identified strategic planning as one of the critical success factors for new  organizations. For example, as part of its implementation phase, we noted  that DHS should engage in strategic planning through the involvement of  stakeholders, assessment of internal and external environments, and an  alignment of activities, core processes, and resources to support mission- related outcomes. We are currently reviewing DHS’s first strategic plan to,  among other things, assess the extent to which it reflects GPRA  requirements and supports the strategy. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Clarifying Government and Private Sector Roles and Responsibilities
paragraphs: According to the strategy, “the responsibility for providing homeland  security is shared between federal, state and local governments, and the  private sector.” In April 2002, we testified, however, that the appropriate  roles and responsibilities within and between the levels of governments  and with the private sector are evolving and need to be clarified. New  threats are prompting a reassessment and shifting of long-standing roles  and responsibilities. These shifts have been occurring on a piecemeal and  ad hoc basis without the benefit of an overarching framework and criteria  to guide the process. The homeland security strategy recognizes the  challenge posed by a complex structure of overlapping federal, state, and  local governments—our country has more than 87,000 jurisdictions—but  its initiatives often do not provide a baseline set of performance goals and  measures upon which to assess and improve preparedness. Thus, the  nation does not yet have a comprehensive set of performance goals and  measures upon which to assess and improve prevention efforts,  vulnerability reduction, and responsiveness to damage and recovery needs  at all levels of government. Given the need for a highly integrated  approach to the homeland security challenge, national performance goals  and measures for strategy initiatives that involve both federal and  nonfederal actors may best be developed in a collaborative way involving  all levels of government and the private sector. Standards are one tool the  homeland security strategy emphasizes in areas such as training,  equipment, and communications. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Developing a National Enterprise Architecture for Homeland Security
paragraphs: The strategy points out that mobilizing and organizing the nation to secure  it from terrorist attacks is “an exceedingly complex mission that requires  coordinated and focused effort from our entire society.” The development  of a national enterprise architecture could assist in transforming the  various organizations involved in homeland security, as well as their  supporting systems, in a way that eliminates duplication, promotes  interoperability, reduces costs, and optimizes mission performance. An  enterprise architecture is a blueprint that defines, both in logical terms  (including interrelated business processes and business rules, integrated  functions, applications, systems, users, work locations, and information  needs and flows) and in technical terms (including hardware, software,  data, communications, and security) how an organization operates today,  how it will operate in the future, and a road map for the transition.
DHS intends to incrementally develop a national enterprise architecture  for homeland security. In August 2004, we reported that DHS’s initial  enterprise architecture provided a partial basis upon which to build future  versions that can be made applicable beyond the department itself.  However, it was missing most of the content necessary to be considered a  well-defined architecture. Moreover, the content in this version was not  systematically derived from a DHS or national corporate business strategy;  rather, it was more the result of an amalgamation of the existing  architectures that several of DHS’s predecessor agencies already had,  along with their respective portfolios of system investment projects. Such  a development approach is not consistent with recognized architecture  development best practices. DHS officials agreed with our content  assessment of their initial architecture, stating that it is largely a reflection  of what could be done without a departmental strategic plan to drive  architectural content and with limited resources and time. Since our  report was published, DHS has developed the next version or increment of  its enterprise architecture, with the intent of developing future versions or  increments that extend horizontally to include, for example, state and  local government homeland security entities. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Improving Governmentwide Information Technology Management
paragraphs: The strategy states that “every government official performing every  homeland security mission depends upon information and information  technology.” However, in January 2004, we reported that challenges are  faced throughout the federal government with regard to information  technology management—including the consistent application of IT  strategic planning and performance measurement practices. Specifically,  we have found that agencies generally have IT strategic plans and goals,  but that these goals are not always linked to specific performance  measures that are tracked. Additionally, while agencies largely have IT  investment management boards, we found no agency had the practices  associated with control fully in place. These practices are important  ingredients for ensuring effective strategic planning and investment  management, and they, in turn, make it more likely that the billions of  dollars in government IT investments will be wisely spent. Finally, our  experience with federal agencies has shown that attempts to modernize IT  environments without blueprints—models simplifying the complexities of  how agencies operate today, how they will operate in the future, and how  they will get there—often result in unconstrained investment and systems  that are duplicative and ineffective. Enterprise architectures, as described  in our report, offer such blueprints. The 9/11 Commission made  recommendations related to this challenge.
section_title: Appendix IX: Department Summary Across Critical Mission Areas
paragraphs: This appendix provides a summary analysis across all the six mission  areas. It includes information on whether all 43 initiatives are being  covered, how frequently departments are cited with lead responsibilities,  whether they are implementing programs related to these initiatives in  fiscal year 2004, and where such implementation efforts are concentrated.  As stated earlier, we used the National Strategy for Homeland Security  and Homeland Security Presidential Directives 1 through 12 to determine  lead agencies with respect to each initiative. The “clear” and “implied”  leads, discussed in the methodology section, are denoted by solid and  dashed line boxes, respectively.
The strategy identifies 43 initiatives across the six mission areas. All 43  initiatives have been addressed through department planning or  implementation activities. Each initiative has been addressed by at least  two departments under review, with a single exception (Justice is the only  department involved in planning/implementing activities to complete the  FBI’s restructuring process to emphasize the prevention of terrorist  attacks). A total of 33 initiatives have been addressed by three or more  departments under review; 9 initiatives have been addressed by five or  more departments.
All initiatives have identified leads, with one exception (the Intelligence  and Warning initiative, “employment of red-team techniques”).  The  strategy and HSPDs intended DHS to be the prominent department on  matters related to homeland security. This is reflected in DHS being  identified as a lead on 37 of the 43 initiatives, spanning all six critical  mission areas. DOJ is identified as a lead department on 8 of the 43  initiatives, including all 6 initiatives cited under the Domestic  Counterterrorism mission area—the mission area most specifically related  to criminal justice matters. (DOJ had been identified as a lead agency with  respect to two initiatives, creating smart borders and guarding America’s  critical infrastructure and key assets against inside threats. However,  given the transfer of the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the  National Infrastructure Protection Center programs to the Department of  Homeland Security, DOJ officials indicated the department no longer  serves as a lead on these 2 initiatives). HHS is identified as a lead on 6 of  the 43 initiatives. (HHS has no lead responsibilities with respect to the  Intelligence and Warning, Border and Transportation Security, and  Domestic Counterterrorism mission areas.) State is cited as a lead on 4  initiatives, spanning all the critical mission areas with the exception of  Intelligence and Warning and Emergency Preparedness and Response.  DOD has been cited in the homeland security strategy and HSPDs as a lead  on 3 initiatives (excluding the Intelligence and Warning, Border and  Transportation Security, and Domestic Counterterrorism mission areas).  DOE is a lead department on 2 initiatives, encompassing just two critical  mission areas: Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets and  Defending against Catastrophic Threats.
The six departments under review have implemented activities on several  initiatives during fiscal year 2004, for which they have been identified as  leads. DHS cited implementation activities in 36 of the 37 initiatives for  which it was identified as a lead (the one exception being the Select Agent  Program). HHS, DOD, DOE, DOJ, and State cited implementation activities  in fiscal year 2004 on each of their lead areas. In total, one or more  departments cited implementation activities in fiscal year 2004 on all 43  initiatives.
When considering departmental implementation activities during fiscal  year 2004, irrespective of lead, we find that DHS documented activities in  40 of the 43 initiatives, spanning all six critical mission areas. DOE  documented fiscal year 2004 implementation activities in 25 of the 43  initiatives, also spanning all six critical mission areas. HHS identified 2004  activities in 24 of the 43 initiatives, covering five of the six mission areas  (the exception: Intelligence and Warning). DOD cited 2004 implementation  activities in 17 of the 43 initiatives, covering all six mission areas. State  demonstrated 2004 activities in 15 of the 43 initiatives, spanning all six  mission areas; and DOJ identified 2004 activities in 13 of the 43 initiatives,  covering four of the six mission areas (the exceptions: Border and  Transportation Security and Defending against Catastrophic Threats).
section_title: Appendix X: Homeland Security Presidential Directives
paragraphs: This appendix describes, in chronological order, the presidential directives  that, in conjunction with the National Strategy for Homeland Security  and certain other national strategies, form the foundation for the federal  government’s efforts to protect the nation against terrorist attack and  ensure the security of the homeland. These documents set forth agencies’  roles and responsibilities for responding to potential or actual terrorist  threats or incidents as well as the processes and mechanisms by which the  federal government mobilizes and deploys resources and coordinates  assistance to state and local authorities, the public, and the private sector.
subsections: section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-1
paragraphs: HSPD-1 was issued on October 29, 2001. It established the Homeland  Security Council (HSC) and charged it with ensuring that all homeland  security-related activities carried out by the executive agencies and  departments are properly coordinated and with promoting the effective  development and implementation of all homeland security policies. In  addition to describing the organization and operation of the HSC, it set  forth the composition and duties of the HSC Principals Committee (the  senior interagency forum under the HSC for homeland security issues) and  the HSC Deputies Committee (the senior sub-Cabinet interagency forum  for consideration of policy issues affecting homeland security). It also  discussed the formation of the 11 HSC Policy Coordination Committees to  serve as the main day-to-day forum for interagency coordination of  homeland security policy.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-2
paragraphs: HSPD-2, also issued on October 29, 2001, set forth U.S. national policy for  combating terrorism through the application of enhanced immigration  policies designed to aggressively prevent the entry into the country of  aliens who engage in or support terrorist activity and to identify, locate,  detain, prosecute, and deport any such aliens already residing in the  United States. This directive established the Foreign Terrorist Tracking  Task Force to ensure federal agency coordination and directed the (1)  development and implementation of multiyear plans to enhance the  investigative and intelligence analysis capabilities of the INS and Customs  Service; (2) implementation of measures to end the abuse of student visas  and prohibit certain international students from receiving education and  training in sensitive areas; (3) initiation of negotiations with Canada and  Mexico to ensure maximum possible compatibility of immigration,  customs, and visa policies; and (4) study of the use of advanced  technologies for data sharing and enforcement efforts.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-3
paragraphs: Issued on March 11, 2002, HSPD-3 established the Homeland Security  Advisory System (HSAS) as a comprehensive and effective means for  ensuring the rapid dissemination of information regarding the risk of  terrorist acts to federal, state, and local authorities and to the general  public. It describes the HSAS as a system that provides warnings in the  form of a set of graduated threat levels that increase as the risk of an  attack rises and goes on to explain that for each threat level there would  be a corresponding set of protective measures that would be implemented.  According to HSPD-3, the HSAS is intended to create a common  vocabulary, context, and structure for an ongoing national dialogue about  the nature of the terrorist threat and the actions that can be taken in  response to it.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-4
paragraphs: Issued in December 2002, HSPD-4 is the unclassified version of the  National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. This directive  promulgates the nation’s resolve to combat weapons of mass destruction  through the application of new technologies, increased emphasis on  intelligence collection and analysis, the strengthening of alliance  relationships, and the establishment of new partnerships with former  adversaries. Further, HSPD-4 sets forth the three principal pillars upon  which the strategy will rest—counterproliferation to combat WMD use;  strengthened nonproliferation to combat WMD proliferation; and  consequence management to respond to WMD use. The classified version  of this HSPD is NSPD-17.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-5
paragraphs: HSPD-5, issued on February 28, 2003, is concerned with the management  of domestic terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergency  incidents. It calls for the establishment of a single, comprehensive national  incident management system in order to ensure that all levels of  government across the nation have the capability to work together  efficiently and effectively, using a national approach to domestic incident  management. HSPD-5 further states that with regard to domestic  incidents, the federal government will treat crisis management and  consequence management as a single, integrated function, rather than as  two separate functions. HSPD-5 is considered to be a companion to HSPD- 8, which was issued in December 2003.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-6
paragraphs: Issued on September 16, 2003, HSPD-6 set forth the policy of the United  States with regard to the integration and use of screening information. It  directed the Attorney General to establish an organization to consolidate  the government’s approach to terrorism screening and provide for the  appropriate and lawful use of terrorist information in screening processes.  HSPD-6 further directed that the heads of executive departments and  agencies provide—to the extent permitted by law—the Terrorist Threat  Integration Center with all appropriate terrorist information in their  possession, custody, or control on an ongoing basis.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-7
paragraphs: HSPD-7 was issued on December 17, 2003, and established a national  policy for federal departments and agencies to identify and prioritize  United States critical infrastructure and key resources and to protect them  from terrorist attacks. It set forth the roles and responsibilities of the  Secretary of Homeland Security, sector-specific federal agencies, and  other departments, agencies, and offices in critical infrastructure  protection. It should be noted that HSPD-7 superseded an earlier  presidential directive on critical infrastructure protection (PDD 63).
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-8
paragraphs: This directive was also issued on December 17, 2003. It established  policies to strengthen the nation’s preparedness to prevent and respond to  potential or actual terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other  emergencies by requiring a national domestic all-hazards preparedness  goal, establishing mechanisms for improved delivery of federal  preparedness assistance to state and local governments, and outlining  actions to strengthen the preparedness capabilities of federal, state, and  local entities. HSPD-8 is a companion to HSPD-5, which had been issued  earlier in the year.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-9
paragraphs: HSPD-9, issued on January 30, 2004, established a national policy to  defend the agriculture and food system of the United States against  terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. It set forth the  roles and responsibilities of the Secretaries of Homeland Security,  Agriculture, and Health and Human Services and the Administrator of the  Environmental Protection Agency in ensuring the safety and security of  the nation’s food supply.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-10
paragraphs: HSPD-10 was issued on April 28, 2004, under the title “Biodefense for the  21st Century.” It set forth a blueprint—based on a comprehensive  evaluation of the nation’s biological defense capabilities—for the nation’s  future biodefense program that fully integrates the sustained efforts of the  national and homeland security, medical, public health, intelligence,  diplomatic, and law enforcement communities. HSPD-10 describes the  pillars of the national biodefense program as threat awareness, prevention  and protection, surveillance and detection, and response and recovery.  Finally, it provided that specific direction to departments and agencies for  implementing the biodefense program is contained in a classified version  of the HSPD, NSPD-33.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-11
paragraphs: Issued on August 27, 2004, HSPD-11 builds on HSPD-6 in setting forth the  nation’s policy with regard to comprehensive terrorist-related screening  procedures. Specifically, it states that terrorist-related screening will be  enhanced through (1) the adoption of comprehensive, coordinated  procedures that detect, identify, track, and interdict people, cargo,  conveyances, and other entities that pose a threat to homeland security  and (2) the implementation of a comprehensive and coordinated approach  to terrorist-related screening—in immigration, law enforcement,  intelligence, counterintelligence, and protection of the border,  transportation systems, and critical infrastructure—that supports  homeland security.
section_title: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-12
paragraphs: HSPD-12, also issued on August 27, 2004, directs the establishment of a  common identification standard for federal employees and contractors.  Specifically, HSPD-12 states that the policy of the United States is to  enhance security, increase government efficiency, reduce identity fraud,  and protect personal privacy through the establishment of a mandatory,  governmentwide standard for secure and reliable forms of identification  issued by the federal government.
section_title: Appendix XI: Comments from the Department of Defense
subsections: section_title: GAO Comment
paragraphs: We incorporated the point indicated in the DOD letter and responded to  technical comments where appropriate throughout the report.
section_title: Appendix XII: Comments From the Department of Health and Human Services
subsections: section_title: GAO Comment
paragraphs: We incorporated the technical comments where appropriate throughout  the report.
section_title: Appendix XIII: Comments From the Department of Homeland Security
subsections: section_title: GAO Comment
paragraphs: In addition to making the changes indicated in the enclosure, we  incorporated the technical comments where appropriate throughout the  report.
section_title: Appendix XIV: Comments From the Department of Justice
subsections: section_title: GAO Comments
paragraphs: In addition to the letter reprinted in this appendix, we included the  enclosure containing the recent accomplishments of the Federal Bureau of  Investigation. We did not solicit this type of information from any  participating department nor its components, during this engagement. Nor  did we conduct the necessary audit to verify the validity of the findings. In  addition to providing the letter and enclosure, the department provided  technical comments. We incorporated the technical comments where  appropriate throughout the report.
section_title: Appendix XV: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments
subsections: section_title: GAO Contacts
subsections: section_title: Intelligence and Warning
section_title: Border and Transportation Security
section_title: Domestic Counterterrorism
section_title: Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets
section_title: Defending Against Catastrophic Threats
section_title: Emergency Preparedness and Response
section_title: Crosscutting Issues
section_title: Staff Acknowledgments
paragraphs: The following persons made key contributions to this report: Stephen L.  Caldwell, Jared A. Hermalin, Wayne A. Ekblad, and Ricardo A. Marquez. In  addition, numerous other individuals across GAO made contributions  regarding the challenges faced in implementing the National Strategy for  Homeland Security.
section_title: Related GAO Products
paragraphs: Intelligence Reform: Human Capital Considerations Critical to 9/11  Commission’s Proposed Reforms. GAO-04-1084T. Washington, D.C.:  September 14, 2004.
Information Technology: Foundational Steps Being Taken to Make  Needed FBI Systems Modernization Management Improvements.  GAO-04-842. Washington, D.C.: September 10, 2004.
Homeland Security: Communication Protocols and Risk  Communication Principles Can Assist in Refining the Advisory System.  GAO-04-682. Washington, D.C.: June 25, 2004.
FBI Transformation: Human Capital Strategies May Assist the FBI in  Its Commitment to Address Its Top Priorities. GAO-04-817T. Washington,  D.C.: June 3, 2004.
Security Clearances: FBI Has Enhanced Its Process for State and Local  Law Enforcement Officials. GAO-04-596. Washington, D.C.: April 30, 2004.
FBI Transformation: FBI Continues to Make Progress in Its Efforts to  Transform and Address Priorities. GAO-04-578T. Washington, D.C.:  March 23, 2004.
Homeland Security: Risk Communication Principles May Assist in  Refinement of the Homeland Security Advisory System. GAO-04-538T.  Washington, D.C.: March 16, 2004.
Homeland Security Advisory System: Preliminary Observations  Regarding Threat Level Increases from Yellow to Orange. GAO-04-453R.  Washington, D.C.: February 26, 2004.
Drinking Water: Experts’ Views on How Future Federal Funding Can  Best Be Spent to Improve Security. GAO-04-29. Washington, D.C.: October  31, 2003.
Homeland Security: Efforts to Improve Information Sharing Need to be  Strengthened. GAO-03-760. Washington, D.C.: August 27, 2003.
Post-Hearing Questions from the May 8, 2003, Hearing on Barriers to  Information Sharing at the Department of Homeland Security.   GAO-03-985R. Washington, D.C.: July 7, 2003.
Homeland Security: Information Sharing Responsibilities, Challenges,  and Key Management Issues. GAO-03-715T. Washington, D.C.: May 8,  2003.
Information Technology: Terrorist Watch Lists Should Be Consolidated  to Promote Better Integration and Sharing. GAO-03-322. Washington,  D.C.: April 15, 2003.
Combating Terrorism: Actions Needed to Improve Force Protection for  DOD Deployment through Domestic Seaports. GAO-03-15. Washington,  D.C.: October 22, 2002  Homeland Security: Information Sharing Activities Face Continued  Management Challenges. GAO-02-1122T. Washington, D.C.: September 23,  2002.
subsections: section_title: Border and Transportation Security
paragraphs: Port Security: Planning Needed to Develop and Operate Maritime Worker  Identification Card Program. GAO-05-106. Washington, D.C.: December  10, 2004.
Aviation Security: Preliminary Observations on TSA’s Progress to Allow  Airports to Use Private Passenger and Baggage Screening. GAO-05-126.  Washington, D.C.: November 19, 2004.
General Aviation Security: Increased Federal Oversight Is Needed, but  Continued Partnership with the Private Sector is Critical to Long-Term  Success. GAO-05-144. Washington, D.C.: November 10, 2004.
Homeland Security: Management Challenges Remain in Transforming  Immigration Programs. GAO-05-81. Washington, D.C.: October 14, 2004.
Immigration Enforcement: DHS Has Incorporated Immigration  Enforcement Objectives and Is Addressing Future Planning  Requirements. GAO-05-66. Washington, D.C.: October 8, 2004.
Maritime Security: Better Planning Needed to Help Ensure an Effective  Port Security Assessment Program. GAO-04-1062. Washington, D.C.:  September 30, 2004.
Transportation Security R&D: TSA and DHS Are Researching and  Developing Technologies, but Need to Improve R&D Management.   GAO-04-890. Washington, D.C.: September 30, 2004.
Social Security Numbers: Use Is Widespread and Protections Vary in  Private and Public Sectors. GAO-04-1099T. Washington, D.C.: September  28, 2004.
Border Security: Joint, Coordinated Actions by State and DHS Needed to  Guide Biometric Visas and Related Programs. GAO-04-1080T.  Washington, D.C.: September 9, 2004.
Border Security: State Department Rollout of Biometric Visas on  Schedule, but Guidance Is Lagging. GAO-04-1001. Washington, D.C.:  September 9, 2004.
Maritime Security: Partnering Could Reduce Federal Costs and  Facilitate Implementation of Automatic Vessel Identification System.  GAO-04-868. Washington, D.C.: July 23, 2004.
Border Security: Additional Actions Needed to Eliminate Weaknesses in  the Visa Revocation Process. GAO-04-795. Washington, D.C.: July 13, 2004.
Maritime Security: Substantial Work Remains to Translate New  Planning Requirements into Effective Port Security. GAO-04-838.  Washington, D.C.: June 30, 2004.
Homeland Security: Performance of Information Systems to Monitor  Foreign Students and Exchange Visitors Has Improved but Issues  Remain. GAO-04-690. Washington, D.C.: June 18, 2004.
Border Security: Agencies Need to Better Coordinate Their Strategies  and Operations on Federal Lands. GAO-04-590. Washington, D.C.: June  16, 2004.
Aviation Security: Further Steps Needed to Strengthen the Security of  Commercial Airport Perimeters and Access Controls. GAO-04-728.  Washington, D.C.: June 4, 2004.
Homeland Security: First Phase of Visitor and Immigration Status  Program Operating, but Improvements Needed. GAO-04-586. Washington,  D.C.: May 11, 2004.
Aviation Security: Private Security Screening Contractors Have Little  Flexibility to Implement Innovative Approaches. GAO-04-505T.  Washington, D.C.: April 22, 2004.
Coast Guard: Key Management and Budget Challenges for Fiscal Year  2005 and Beyond. GAO-04-636T. Washington, D.C.: April 7, 2004.
Homeland Security: Summary of Challenges Faced in Targeting  Oceangoing Cargo Containers for Inspection. GAO-04-557T. Washington,  D.C.: March 31, 2004.
Rail Security: Some Actions Taken to Enhance Passenger and Freight  Rail Security, but Significant Challenges Remain. GAO-04-598T.  Washington, D.C.: March 23, 2004.
Border Security: Improvements Needed to Reduce Time Taken to  Adjudicate Visas for Science Students and Scholars. GAO-04-371.  Washington, D.C.: February 25, 2004.
Border Security: Improvements Needed to Reduce Time Taken to  Adjudicate Visas for Science Students and Scholars. GAO-04-443T.  Washington, D.C.: February 25, 2004.
Coast Guard Programs: Relationship between Resources Used and  Results Achieved Needs to Be Clearer. GAO-04-432. Washington, D.C.:  March 22, 2004.
Aviation Security: Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System  Faces Significant Implementation Challenges. GAO-04-385. Washington,  D.C.: February 12, 2004.
The Department of Homeland Security Needs to Fully Adopt a  Knowledge-based Approach to Its Counter-MANPADS Development  Program. GAO-04-341R. Washington, D.C.: January 30, 2004.
Department of Homeland Security, Bureau of Customs and Border  Protection: Required Advance Electronic Presentation of Cargo  Information. GAO-04-319R. Washington, D.C.: December 18, 2003.
Homeland Security: Preliminary Observations on Efforts to Target  Security Inspections of Cargo Containers. GAO-04-325T. Washington,  D.C.: December 16, 2003.
Posthearing Questions Related to Aviation and Port Security.   GAO-04-315R. Washington, D.C.: December 12, 2003.
Aviation Security: Efforts to Measure Effectiveness and Strengthen  Security Programs. GAO-04-285T. Washington, D.C.: November 20, 2003.
Aviation Security: Efforts to Measure Effectiveness and Address  Challenges. GAO-04-232T. Washington, D.C.: November 5, 2003.
Homeland Security: Overstay Tracking Is a Key Component of a Layered  Defense. GAO-04-170T. Washington, D.C.: October 16, 2003.
Airport Passenger Screening: Preliminary Observations on Progress  Made and Challenges Remaining. GAO-03-1173. Washington, D.C.:  September 24, 2003.
Homeland Security: Risks Facing Key Border and Transportation  Security Program Need to Be Addressed. GAO-03-1083. Washington, D.C.:  September 19, 2003.
Maritime Security: Progress Made in Implementing Maritime  Transportation Security Act, but Concerns Remain. GAO-03-1155T.  Washington, D.C.: September 9, 2003.
Land Border Ports of Entry: Vulnerabilities and Inefficiencies in the  Inspections Process. GAO-03-1084R. Washington, D.C.: August 18, 2003.
Container Security: Expansion of Key Customs Programs Will Require  Greater Attention to Critical Success Factors. GAO-03-770. Washington,  D.C.: July 25, 2003.
Border Security: New Policies and Increased Interagency Coordination  Needed to Improve Visa Process. GAO-03-1013T. Washington, D.C.: July  15, 2003.
Border Security: New Policies and Procedures Are Needed to Fill Gaps in  the Visa Revocation Process. GAO-03-798. Washington, D.C.: June 18, 2003.
Border Security: New Policies and Procedures Are Needed to Fill Gaps in  the Visa Revocation Process. GAO-03-908T. Washington, D.C.: June 18,  2003.
Homeland Security: Challenges Facing the Department of Homeland  Security in Balancing Its Border Security and Trade Facilitation  Missions. GAO-03-902T. Washington, D.C.: June 16, 2003.
Transportation Security: Federal Action Needed to Address Security  Challenges. GAO-03-843. Washington, D.C.: June 30, 2003.
Counterfeit Documents Used to Enter the United States from Certain  Western Hemisphere Countries Not Detected. GAO-03-713T. Washington,  D.C.: May 13, 2003.
Transportation Security Research: Coordination Needed in Selecting  and Implementing Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessments.   GAO-03-502. Washington, D.C.: May 1, 2003.
Coast Guard: Challenges during the Transition to the Department of  Homeland Security. GAO-03-594T. Washington, D.C.: April 1, 2003.
Transportation Security: Post-September 11th Initiatives and Long- Term Challenges. GAO-03-616T. Washington, D.C.: April 1, 2003.
Homeland Security: Challenges to Implementing the Immigration  Interior Enforcement Strategy. GAO-03-660T. Washington, D.C.: April 10,  2003.
Border Security: Challenges in Implementing Border Technology.   GAO-03-546T. Washington, D.C.: March 12, 2003.
Coast Guard: Comprehensive Blueprint Needed to Balance and Monitor  Resource Use and Measure Performance for All Missions. GAO-03-544T.  Washington, D.C.: March 12, 2003.
Homeland Security: Challenges Facing the Coast Guard as It  Transitions to the New Department. GAO-03-467T. Washington, D.C.:  February 12, 2003.
Weaknesses in Screening Entrants into the United States. GAO-03-438T.  Washington, D.C.: January 30, 2003.
Aviation Safety: Undeclared Air Shipments of Dangerous Goods and  DOT’s Enforcement Approach. GAO-03-22. Washington, D.C.: January 10,  2003.
Mass Transit: Federal Action Could Help Transit Agencies Address  Security Challenges. GAO-03-263. Washington, D.C.: December 13, 2002.
Border Security: Implications for Eliminating the Visa Waiver Program.  GAO-03-38. Washington, D.C.: November 22, 2002.
Homeland Security: INS Cannot Locate Many Aliens because It Lacks  Reliable Address Information. GAO-03-188. Washington, D.C.: November  21, 2002.
Technology Assessment: Using Biometrics for Border Security.   GAO-03-174. Washington, D.C.: November 15, 2002.
Coast Guard: Strategy Needed for Setting and Monitoring Levels of  Effort for All Missions. GAO-03-155. Washington, D.C.: November 12,  2002.
Border Security: Visa Process Should Be Strengthened as an  Antiterrorism Tool. GAO-03-132NI. Washington, D.C.: October 21, 2002.
Customs Service: Acquisition and Deployment of Radiation Detection  Equipment. GAO-03-235T. Washington, D.C.: October 17, 2002.
Mass Transit: Challenges in Securing Transit Systems. GAO-02-1075T.  Washington, D.C.: September 18, 2002.
Port Security: Nation Faces Formidable Challenges in Making New  Initiatives Successful. GAO-02-993T. Washington, D.C.: August 5, 2002.
Combating Terrorism: Preliminary Observations on Weaknesses in  Force Protection for DOD Deployments through Domestic Seaports.   GAO-02-955TNI. Washington, D.C.: July 23, 2002.
Aviation Security: Vulnerabilities in, and Alternatives for, Preboard  Screening Security Operations. GAO-01-1171T. Washington, D.C.:  September 25, 2001.
Aviation Security: Weaknesses in Airport Security and Options for  Assigning Screening Responsibilities. GAO-01-1165T. Washington, D.C.:  September 21, 2001.
Aviation Security: Terrorist Acts Demonstrate Urgent Need to Improve  Security at the Nation’s Airports. GAO-01-1162T. Washington, D.C.:  September 20, 2001.
Aviation Security: Terrorist Acts Illustrate Severe Weaknesses in  Aviation Security. GAO-01-1166T. Washington, D.C.: September 20, 2001.
section_title: Domestic Counterterrorism
paragraphs: FBI Transformation: Data Inconclusive on Effects of Shift to  Counterterrorism-Related Priorities on Traditional Crime Enforcement.  GAO-04-1036. Washington, D.C.: August 31, 2004.
Combating Terrorism: Federal Agencies Face Continuing Challenges in  Addressing Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering. GAO-04-501T.  Washington, D.C.: March 4, 2004.
Investigations of Terrorist Financing, Money Laundering, and Other  Financial Crimes. GAO-04-464R. Washington, D.C.: February 20, 2004.
Terrorist Financing: U.S. Agencies Should Systematically Assess  Terrorists’ Use of Alternative Financing Mechanisms. GAO-04-163.  Washington, D.C.: November 14, 2003.
Combating Money Laundering: Opportunities Exist to Improve the  National Strategy. GAO-03-813. Washington, D.C.: September 26, 2003.
FBI Reorganization: Progress Made in Efforts to Transform, but Major  Challenges Continue. GAO-03-759T. Washington, D.C.: June 18, 2003.
Information Technology: FBI Needs an Enterprise Architecture to Guide  Its Modernization Activities. GAO-03-959. Washington, D.C.: September  25, 2003.
FBI Reorganization: Initial Steps Encouraging, but Broad  Transformation Needed. GAO-02-865T. Washington, D.C.: June 21, 2002.
Foreign Languages: Workforce Planning Could Help Address Staffing  and Proficiency Shortfalls. GAO-02-514T. Washington, D.C.: March 12,  2002.
Foreign Languages: Human Capital Approach Needed to Correct  Staffing and Proficiency Shortfalls. GAO-02-375. Washington, D.C.:  January 31, 2002.
Homeland Security: Justice Department’s Project to Interview Aliens  after September 11, 2001. GAO-03-459. Washington, D.C.: April 11, 2003.
section_title: Critical Infrastructure Protection
paragraphs: Homeland Security: Further Actions Needed to Coordinate Federal  Agencies’ Facility Protection Efforts and Promote Key Practices.  GAO-05-49.  Washington, D.C.: November 30, 2004.
U.S. Postal Service: Physical Security Measures Have Increased at Some  Core Facilities, but Security Problems Continue. GAO-05-48. Washington,  D.C.: November 16, 2004.
Financial Market Preparedness: Improvements Made, but More Action  Needed to Prepare for Wide-Scale Disasters. GAO-04-984. Washington,  D.C.: September 27, 2004.
Drinking Water: Experts’ Views on How Federal Funding Can Best Be  Spent to Improve Security. GAO-04-1098T. Washington, D.C.: September  30, 2004.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Preliminary Observations on Efforts  to Improve Security at Nuclear Power Plants. GAO-04-1064T. Washington,  D.C.: September 14, 2004.
U.S. Postal Service: Better Guidance Is Needed to Ensure an Appropriate  Response to Anthrax Contamination. GAO-04-239. Washington, D.C.:  September 9, 2004.
Combating Terrorism: DOD Efforts to Improve Installation  Preparedness Can Be Enhanced with Clarified Responsibilities and  Comprehensive Planning. GAO-04-855. Washington, D.C.: August 9, 2004.
Public Key Infrastructure: Examples of Risk and Internal Control  Objectives Associated with Certification Authorities. GAO-04-1023R.  Washington, D.C.: August 10, 2004.
Homeland Security: Transformation Strategy Needed to Address  Challenges Facing the Federal Protective Service. GAO-04-537.  Washington, D.C.: July 14, 2004.
Information Security: Agencies Need to Implement Consistent Processes  in Authorizing Systems for Operation. GAO-04-376. Washington, D.C.:  June 28, 2004.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Improving Information Sharing with  Infrastructure Sectors. GAO-04-780. Washington, D.C.: July 9, 2004.
National Nuclear Security Administration: Key Management Structure  and Workforce Planning Issues Remain as NNSA Conducts Downsizing.  GAO-04-545. Washington, D.C.: June 25, 2004.
Nuclear Security: Several Issues Could Impede Ability of DOE’s Office of  Energy, Science, and Environment to Meet the May 2003 Design Basis  Threat. GAO-04-894T. Washington, D.C.: June 22, 2004.
Information Security: Information System Controls at the Federal  Deposit Insurance Corporation. GAO-04-630. Washington, D.C.: May 28,  2004.
Posthearing Questions Related to Fragmentation and Overlap in the  Federal Food Safety System. GAO-04-832R. Washington, D.C.: May 26,  2004.
Terrorism Insurance: Effects of Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002.  GAO-04-720T. Washington, D.C.: April 28, 2004.
Nuclear Security: DOE Needs to Resolve Significant Issues before It  Fully Meets the New Design Basis Threat. GAO-04-623. Washington, D.C.:  April 27, 2004.
Terrorism Insurance: Implementation of the Terrorism Risk Insurance  Act of 2002. GAO-04-307. Washington, D.C.: April 23, 2004.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Establishing Effective Information  Sharing with Infrastructure Sectors. GAO-04-699T. Washington, D.C.:  April 21, 2004.
Homeland Security: Federal Action Needed to Address Security  Challenges at Chemical Facilities. GAO-04-482T. Washington, D.C.:  February 23, 2004.
Posthearing Questions from the September 17, 2003, Hearing on  “Implications of Power Blackouts for the Nation’s Cybersecurity and  Critical Infrastructure Protection: The Electric Grid, Critical  Interdependencies, Vulnerabilities, and Readiness”. GAO-04-300R.  Washington, D.C.: December 8, 2003.
Security: Counterfeit Identification Raises Homeland Security  Concerns. GAO-04-133T. Washington, D.C.: October 1, 2003.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Oversight of Security at Commercial  Nuclear Power Plants Needs to Be Strengthened. GAO-03-752.  Washington, D.C.: September 4, 2003.
Nuclear Security: DOE Faces Security Challenges in the Post September  11, 2001, Environment. GAO-03-896TNI. Washington, D.C.: June 24, 2003.
Nuclear Security: NNSA Needs to Better Manage Its Safeguards and  Security Program. GAO-03-471. Washington, D.C.: May 30, 2003.
Homeland Security: EPA’s Management of Clean Air Act Chemical  Facility Data. GAO-03-509R. Washington, D.C.: March 14, 2003.
Homeland Security: Voluntary Initiatives Are Under Way at Chemical  Facilities, but the Extent of Security Preparedness Is Unknown. GAO-03- 439. Washington, D.C.: March 14, 2003.
Potential Terrorist Attacks: Additional Actions Needed to Better Prepare  Critical Financial Market Participants. GAO-03-414. Washington, D.C.:  February 12, 2003.
Potential Terrorist Attacks: More Actions Needed to Better Prepare  Critical Financial Markets. GAO-03-468T. Washington, D.C.: February 12,  2003.
Potential Terrorist Attacks: Additional Actions Needed to Better Prepare  Critical Financial Market Participants. GAO-03-251. Washington, D.C.:  February 12, 2003.
High-Risk Series: Protecting Information Systems Supporting the  Federal Government and the Nation’s Critical Infrastructures.   GAO-03-121. Washington, D.C.: January 1, 2003.
Information Security: Progress Made, but Challenges Remain to Protect  Federal Systems and the Nation’s Critical Infrastructures. GAO-03-564T.  Washington, D.C.: April 8, 2003.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significant Homeland Security  Challenges Need to Be Addressed. GAO-02-918T. Washington, D.C.: July 9,  2002.
Combating Terrorism: Actions Needed to Guide Services’ Antiterrorism  Efforts at Installations. GAO-03-14. Washington, D.C.: November 1, 2002.
Homeland Security: Department of Justice’s Response to Its  Congressional Mandate to Assess and Report on Chemical Industry  Vulnerabilities. GAO-03-24R. Washington, D.C.: October 10, 2002.
Building Security: Interagency Security Committee Has Had Limited  Success in Fulfilling Its Responsibilities. GAO-02-1004. Washington, D.C.:  September 17, 2002.
Chemical Safety: Emergency Response Community Views on the  Adequacy of Federally Required Chemical Information. GAO-02-799.  Washington, D.C.: July 31, 2002.
Information Security: Corps of Engineers Making Improvements, but  Weaknesses Continue. GAO-02-589. Washington, D.C.: June 10, 2002.
Security Breaches at Federal Buildings in Atlanta, Georgia. GAO-02- 668T. Washington, D.C.: April 30, 2002.
National Preparedness: Technologies to Secure Federal Buildings.   GAO-02-687T. Washington, D.C.: April 25, 2002.
Diffuse Security Threats: Technologies for Mail Sanitation Exist, but  Challenges Remain. GAO-02-365. Washington, D.C.: April 23, 2002.
Terrorism Insurance: Rising Uninsured Exposure to Attacks Heightens  Potential Economic Vulnerabilities. GAO-02-472T. Washington, D.C.:  February 27, 2002.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significant Challenges in  Safeguarding Government and Privately Controlled Systems from  Computer-Based Attacks. GAO-01-1168T. Washington, D.C.: September 26,  2001.
Combating Terrorism: Actions Needed to Improve DOD Antiterrorism  Program Implementation and Management. GAO-01-909. Washington,  D.C.: September 19, 2001.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significant Challenges in Protecting  Federal Systems and Developing Analysis and Warning Capabilities.  GAO-01-1132T. Washington, D.C.: September 12, 2001.
section_title: Defending against Catastrophic Threats
paragraphs: Nuclear Nonproliferation: DOE Needs to Consider Options to Accelerate  the Return of Weapons-Usable Uranium from Other Countries to the  United States and Russia. GAO-05-57. Washington, D.C.: November 19,  2004.
Nuclear Nonproliferation: DOE Needs to Take Action to Further Reduce  the Use of Weapons-Usable Uranium in Civilian Nuclear Reactors.   GAO-04-807. Washington, D.C.: July 30, 2004.
Department of State: Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining, and  Related Programs Follow Legal Authority, but Some Activities Need  Reassessment. GAO-04-521. Washington, D.C.: April 30, 2004.
Nonproliferation: Improvements Needed for Controls on Exports of  Cruise Missile and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology. GAO-04-493T.  Washington, D.C.: March 9, 2004.
Missile Defense: Actions Being Taken to Address Testing  Recommendations, but Updated Assessment Needed. GAO-04-254.  Washington, D.C.: February 26, 2004.
Weapons of Mass Destruction: Defense Threat Reduction Agency  Addresses Broad Range of Threats, but Performance Reporting Can Be  Improved. GAO-04-330. Washington, D.C.: February 13, 2004.
Nonproliferation: Strategy Needed to Strengthen Multilateral Export  Control Regimes. GAO-03-43. Washington, D.C.: October 25, 2002.
Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Should Clarify Expectations for  Medical Readiness. GAO-02-219T. Washington, D.C.: November 7, 2001.
Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Clarify Expectations in  Medical Readiness. GAO-02-38. Washington, D.C.: October 19, 2001.
Combating Terrorism: Considerations for Investing Resources in  Chemical and Biological Preparedness. GAO-02-162T. Washington, D.C.:  October 17, 2001.
Bioterrorism: Review of Public Health Preparedness Programs.   GAO-02-149T. Washington, D.C.: October 10, 2001.
Bioterrorism: Public Health and Medical Preparedness. GAO-02-141T.  Washington, D.C.: October 9, 2001.
Bioterrorism: Coordination and Preparedness. GAO-02-129T.  Washington, D.C.: October 5, 2001.
Bioterrorism: Federal Research and Preparedness Activities.   GAO-01-915. Washington, D.C.: September 28, 2001.
section_title: Emergency Preparedness and Response
paragraphs: Effective Regional Coordination Can Enhance Emergency Preparedness.  GAO-04-1009. Washington, D.C.: September 15, 2004.
Infectious Disease Preparedness: Federal Challenges in Responding to  Influenza Outbreaks. GAO-04-1100T. Washington, D.C.: September 28,  2004.
Homeland Security: Federal Leadership Needed to Facilitate  Interoperable Communications between First Responders.   GAO-04-1057T. Washington, D.C.: September 8, 2004.
September 11: Health Effects in the Aftermath of the World Trade Center  Attack. GAO-04-1068T. Washington, D.C.: September 8, 2004.
HHS’s Efforts to Promote Health Information Technology and Legal  Barriers to Its Adoption. GAO-04-991R. Washington, D.C.: August 13, 2004.
Health Care: National Strategy Needed to Accelerate the Implementation  of Information Technology. GAO-04-947T. Washington, D.C.: July 14, 2004.
Homeland Security: Coordinated Planning and Standards Needed to  Better Manage First Responder Grants in the National Capital Region.  GAO-04-904T. Washington, D.C.: June 24, 2004.
Homeland Security: Management of First Responder Grants in the  National Capital Region Reflects the Need for Coordinated Planning and  Performance Goals. GAO-04-433. Washington, D.C.: May 28, 2004.
Homeland Security: DHS Needs a Strategy to Use DOE’s Laboratories for  Research on Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Detection and Response  Technologies. GAO-04-653. Washington, D.C.: May 24, 2004.
Emergency Preparedness: Federal Funds for First Responders.   GAO-04-788T. Washington, D.C.: May 13, 2004.
National Emergency Grants: Labor Is Instituting Changes to Improve  Award Process, but Further Actions Are Required to Expedite Grant  Awards and Improve Data. GAO-04-496. Washington, D.C.: April 16, 2004.
Project SAFECOM: Key Cross-Agency Emergency Communications  Effort Requires Stronger Collaboration. GAO-04-494. Washington, D.C.:  April 16, 2004.
Public Health Preparedness: Response Capacity Improving, but Much  Remains to Be Accomplished. GAO-04-458T. Washington, D.C.: February  12, 2004.
HHS Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs: States Reported Progress but  Fell Short of Program Goals for 2002. GAO-04-360R. Washington, D.C.:  February 10, 2004.
Smallpox Vaccination: Review of the Implementation of the Military  Program. GAO-04-215R. Washington, D.C.: December 1, 2003.
Homeland Security: Challenges in Achieving Interoperable  Communications for First Responders. GAO-04-231T. Washington, D.C.:  November 6, 2003.
September 11: Overview of Federal Disaster Assistance to the New York  City Area. GAO-04-72. Washington, D.C.: October 31, 2003.
U.S. Postal Service: Clear Communication with Employees Needed before  Reopening the Brentwood Facility. GAO-04-205T. Washington, D.C.:  October 23, 2003.
Bioterrorism: Public Health Response to Anthrax Incidents of 2001.  GAO-04-152. Washington, D.C.: October 15, 2003.
Infectious Diseases: Gaps Remain in Surveillance Capabilities of State  and Local Agencies. GAO-03-1176T. Washington, D.C.: September 24, 2003.
Homeland Security: Reforming Federal Grants to Better Meet  Outstanding Needs. GAO-03-1146T. Washington, D.C.: September 3, 2003.
Hospital Preparedness: Most Urban Hospitals Have Emergency Plans  but Lack Certain Capacities for Bioterrorism Response. GAO-03-924.  Washington, D.C.: August 6, 2003.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Established Infectious Disease  Control Measures Helped Contain Spread, but a Large-Scale Resurgence  May Pose Challenges. GAO-03-1058T. Washington, D.C.: July 30, 2003.
Homeland Defense: DOD Needs to Assess the Structure of U.S. Forces for  Domestic Military Missions. GAO-03-670. Washington, D.C.: July 11, 2003.
U.S. Postal Service: Issues Associated with Anthrax Testing at the  Wallingford Facility. GAO-03-787T. Washington, D.C.: May 19, 2003.
SARS Outbreak: Improvements to Public Health Capacity Are Needed for  Responding to Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases.   GAO-03-769T. Washington, D.C.: May 7, 2003.
Smallpox Vaccination: Implementation of National Program Faces  Challenges. GAO-03-578. Washington, D.C.: April 30, 2003.
Homeland Defense: Preliminary Observations on How Overseas and  Domestic Missions Impact DOD Forces. GAO-03-677T. Washington, D.C.:  April 29, 2003.
Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Bioterrorism Preparedness Efforts Have  Improved Public Health Response Capacity, but Gaps Remain.   GAO-03-654T. Washington, D.C.: April 9, 2003.
Bioterrorism: Preparedness Varied across State and Local Jurisdictions.  GAO-03-373. Washington, D.C.: April 7, 2003.
Homeland Security: CDC’s Oversight of the Select Agent Program.   GAO-03-315R. Washington, D.C.: November 22, 2002.
Homeland Security: New Department Could Improve Coordination, but  Transferring Control of Certain Public Health Programs Raises  Concerns. GAO-02-954T. Washington, D.C.: July 16, 2002.
Homeland Security: New Department Could Improve Biomedical R&D  Coordination but May Disrupt Dual-Purpose Efforts. GAO-02-924T.  Washington, D.C.: July 9, 2002.
Homeland Security: New Department Could Improve Coordination but  May Complicate Public Health Priority Setting. GAO-02-883T.  Washington, D.C.: June 25, 2002.
Combating Terrorism: Intergovernmental Cooperation in the  Development of a National Strategy to Enhance State and Local  Preparedness. GAO-02-550T. Washington, D.C.: April 2, 2002.
Combating Terrorism: Enhancing Partnerships through a National  Preparedness Strategy. GAO-02-549T. Washington, D.C.: March 28, 2002.
Combating Terrorism: Critical Components of a National Strategy to  Enhance State and Local Preparedness. GAO-02-548T. Washington, D.C.:  March 25, 2002.
Combating Terrorism: Intergovernmental Partnership in a National  Strategy to Enhance State and Local Preparedness. GAO-02-547T.  Washington, D.C.: March 22, 2002.
Combating Terrorism: Key Aspects of a National Strategy to Enhance  State and Local Preparedness. GAO-02-473T. Washington, D.C.: March 1,  2002.
Bioterrorism: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Role in  Public Health Protection. GAO-02-235T. Washington, D.C.: November 15,  2001.
Homeland Security: A Risk Management Approach Can Guide  Preparedness Efforts. GAO-02-208T. Washington, D.C.: October 31, 2001.
Anthrax Vaccine: Changes to the Manufacturing Process. GAO-02-181T.  Washington, D.C.: October 23, 2001.
Homeland Security: Need to Consider VA’s Role in Strengthening Federal  Preparedness. GAO-02-145T. Washington, D.C.: October 15, 2001.
section_title: Crosscutting Issues
paragraphs: Homeland Security: Further Action Needed to Promote Successful Use of  Special DHS Acquisition Authority. GAO-05-136. Washington, D.C.:  December 15, 2004.
Information Technology: Major Federal Networks That Support  Homeland Security Functions. GAO-04-375. Washington, D.C.: September  17, 2004.
Homeland Security: Observations on the National Strategies Related to  Terrorism. GAO-04-1075T. Washington, D.C.: September 22, 2004  Homeland Security: Efforts Under Way to Develop Enterprise  Architecture, but Much Work Remains. GAO-04-777. Washington, D.C.:  August 6, 2004.
Department of Homeland Security: Formidable Information and  Technology Management Challenge Requires Institutional Approach.  GAO-04-702. Washington, D.C.: August 27, 2004.  9/11 Commission Report: Reorganization, Transformation, and  Information Sharing. GAO-04-1033T. Washington, D.C.: August 3, 2004.
Human Capital: Building on the Current Momentum to Transform the  Federal Government. GAO-04-976T. Washington, D.C.: July 20, 2004.
Financial Management: Department of Homeland Security Faces  Significant Financial Management Challenges. GAO-04-774. Washington,  D.C.: July 19, 2004.
Status of Key Recommendations GAO Has Made to DHS and Its Legacy  Agencies. GAO-04-865R. Washington, D.C.: July 2, 2004.
Department of Homeland Security: Financial Management Challenges.  GAO-04-945T. Washington, D.C.: July 8, 2004.
The Chief Operating Officer Concept and Its Potential Use as a Strategy  to Improve Management at the Department of Homeland Security.   GAO-04-876R. Washington, D.C.: June 28, 2004.
Human Capital: DHS Faces Challenges in Implementing Its New  Personnel System. GAO-04-790. Washington, D.C.: June 18, 2004.
Information Technology: Homeland Security Should Better Balance Need  for System Integration Strategy with Spending for New and Enhanced  Systems. GAO-04-509. Washington, D.C.: May 21, 2004.
Additional Posthearing Questions Related to the Proposed Department of  Homeland Security Human Capital Regulations. GAO-04-617R.  Washington, D.C.: April 30, 2004.
Transfer of Budgetary Resources to the Department of Homeland  Security. GAO-04-329R. Washington, D.C.: April 30, 2004.
Reserve Forces: Observations on Recent National Guard Use in Overseas  and Homeland Missions and Future Challenges. GAO-04-670T.  Washington, D.C.: April 29, 2004.
Human Capital: Opportunities to Improve Federal Continuity Planning  Guidance. GAO-04-384. Washington, D.C.: April 20, 2004.
Combating Terrorism: Evaluation of Selected Characteristics in  National Strategies Related to Terrorism. GAO-04-408T. Washington,  D.C.: February 3, 2004.
Homeland Security: Information Sharing Responsibilities, Challenges,  and Key Management Issues. GAO-03-1165T. Washington, D.C.:  September 17, 2003.
Department of Homeland Security: Challenges and Steps in Establishing  Sound Financial Management. GAO-03-1134T. Washington, D.C.:  September 10, 2003.
Combating Terrorism: Observations on National Strategies Related to  Terrorism. GAO-03-519T. Washington, D.C.: March 3, 2003.
Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: A Governmentwide  Perspective. GAO-03-95. Washington, D.C.: January 1, 2003.
Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: Department of  Homeland Security. GAO-03-102. Washington, D.C.: January 1, 2003.
Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: Department of  Justice. GAO-03-105. Washington, D.C.: January 1, 2003.
Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: Federal Emergency  Management Agency. GAO-03-113. Washington, D.C.: January 1, 2003.
Combating Terrorism: Funding Data Reported to Congress Should Be  Improved. GAO-03-170. Washington, D.C.: November 26, 2002.
Highlights of a GAO Forum on Mergers and Transformation: Lessons  Learned for a Department of Homeland Security and Other Federal  Agencies. GAO-03-293SP. Washington, D.C.: November 14, 2002.
Homeland Security: Management Challenges Facing Federal Leadership.  GAO-03-260. Washington, D.C.: December 20, 2002.
Homeland Security: Effective Intergovernmental Coordination Is Key to  Success. GAO-02-1013T. Washington, D.C.: August 23, 2002.
Homeland Security: Effective Intergovernmental Coordination Is Key to  Success. GAO-02-1012T. Washington, D.C.: August 22, 2002.
Homeland Security: Effective Intergovernmental Coordination Is Key to  Success. GAO-02-1011T. Washington, D.C.: August 20, 2002.
Homeland Security: Critical Design and Implementation Issues.   GAO-02-957T. Washington, D.C.: July 17, 2002.
Homeland Security: Title III of the Homeland Security Act of 2002.   GAO-02-927T. Washington, D.C.: July 9, 2002.
Homeland Security: Intergovernmental Coordination and Partnership  Will Be Critical to Success. GAO-02-901T. Washington, D.C.: July 3, 2002.
Homeland Security: Intergovernmental Coordination and Partnership  Will Be Critical to Success. GAO-02-900T. Washington, D.C.: July 2, 2002.
Homeland Security: Intergovernmental Coordination and Partnership  Will Be Critical to Success. GAO-02-899T. Washington, D.C.: July 1, 2002.
Homeland Security: New Department Could Improve Coordination but  May Complicate Priority Setting. GAO-02-893T. Washington, D.C.: June  28, 2002.
Homeland Security: Proposal for Cabinet Agency Has Merit, but  Implementation Will be Pivotal to Success. GAO-02-886T. Washington,  D.C.: June 25, 2002.
Homeland Security: Key Elements to Unify Efforts Are Underway, but  Uncertainty Remains. GAO-02-610. Washington, D.C.: June 7, 2002.
National Preparedness: Integrating New and Existing Technology and  Information Sharing into an Effective Homeland Security Strategy.  GAO-02-811T. Washington, D.C.: June 7, 2002.
Homeland Security: Responsibility and Accountability for Achieving  National Goals. GAO-02-627T. Washington, D.C.: April 11, 2002.
National Preparedness: Integration of Federal, State, Local, and Private  Sector Efforts Is Critical to an Effective National Strategy for Homeland  Security. GAO-02-621T. Washington, D.C.: April 11, 2002.
Homeland Security: Progress Made; More Direction and Partnership  Sought. GAO-02-490T. Washington, D.C.: March 12, 2002.
Homeland Security: Challenges and Strategies in Addressing Short- and  Long-Term National Needs. GAO-02-160T. Washington, D.C.: November 7,  2001.
Homeland Security: Key Elements of a Risk Management Approach.  GAO-02-150T. Washington, D.C.: October 12, 2001.
Homeland Security: A Framework for Addressing the Nation’s Efforts.  GAO-01-1158T. Washington, D.C.: September 21, 2001.
Combating Terrorism: Selected Challenges and Related  Recommendations. GAO-01-822. Washington, D.C.: September 20, 2001.