United Nations: Targeted Strategies Could Help Boost U.S. Representation
Published: 2001-07-27T00:00:00

Fast Facts:

Highlights:
section_title: What GAO Found
paragraphs: The United Nations (U.N.) and its affiliated entities face the dual challenge of attracting and retaining staff who meet the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity while maintaining the international character of the organizations by ensuring equitable geographic balance in the workforce. Nevertheless, U.N. organizations have made slow progress in addressing U.S. concerns about underrepresentation, and, except for the U.N. secretariat in New York, the organizations with representation targets that GAO studied have not achieved equitable employment of Americans since 1992. Although the U.N. organizations are ultimately responsible for achieving fair geographic balance among its member countries, the State Department, in coordination with other U.S. agencies, plays a role in ensuring that the United States is fairly represented. U.N. organizations have not fully developed long-range workforce planning strategies, and neither State nor the U.N. agencies have formal recruiting and hiring action plans to improve U.S. representation in the U.N. system. Without these measures, the United States' ability to even maintain the number of Americans employed in the United Nations could be hampered.

section_title: Letter
paragraphs: The employment of Americans in international organizations, particularly  at senior and policymaking levels, is a high priority for the United States,  according to the U.S. Department of State.   State believes that placing  qualified Americans in these key positions allows U.S. citizens to become  “goodwill ambassadors” for U.S. interests and values; brings the  organizations a U.S. perspective on global needs; and provides  international entities with management, administrative, and technical  skills.  While State plays a central role in promoting U.S. representation in  the United Nations and other international organizations, it acts in  collaboration with other federal agencies that have a direct interest in these  international entities.
To employ the nationals of U.N. member states in an equitable manner,  several U.N. organizations have established employment targets for  geographical representation.  In 1991, the Congress enacted legislation  requiring the Secretary of State to report annually on whether U.N. entities  with geographic targets were meeting these targets.  The Congress has  continued to be concerned about the number of Americans employed by  U.N. organizations, particularly in senior-level and policymaking positions,  because the United States is the largest contributor to most of these  organizations.  To address these concerns, you asked us to study whether  U.N. organizations have increased the employment of Americans and,  specifically, to (1) analyze the overall levels of U.S. representation and  Americans in senior and policymaking positions at U.N. organizations, (2)  assess U.N. organizations’ efforts to employ nationals of countries that are  underrepresented or close to becoming underrepresented, (3) examine  State’s and other U.S. agencies’ efforts and resources devoted to assisting  the United Nations in meeting their employment targets for Americans, and  (4) identify representation levels of selected U.N. member countries and  describe their approaches and resources directed toward employing their  nationals in the U.N. system.  (See apps. I - V.) You also asked us to identify  factors related to the difficulty that organizations may have experienced in  hiring more Americans. (See app. VI.)
This report analyzes data for the period of 1992 through 2000 that were  obtained from seven U.N. organizations: the U.N. Secretariat (Secretariat)  and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in New York; the  International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization  (WHO), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)  in Geneva; and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World  Food Program (WFP) in Rome.  We did not test the accuracy of the data  provided by these organizations.  These bodies represent about 60 percent  of the professional, senior, and policymaking staff in the U.N. system and  have about 80 percent of the positions in the U.N. system that are subject to  geographic targets.
subsections: section_title: Background
paragraphs: The United Nations comprises six core bodies: the General Assembly, the  U.N. Secretariat, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council,  the Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice. In addition,  the U.N. system has 12 funds and programs and 14 specialized agencies.   Article 101 of the U.N. Charter calls for staff to be recruited on the basis of  “the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity” as well as  from “as wide a geographical basis as possible.”  Thus, to employ the  nationals of U.N. members in an equitable manner, the Secretariat and  several associated U.N. organizations have quantitative formulas that  establish targets for equitable geographical representation.
Geographic representation targets do not apply to all staff positions in the  organizations that have established them.  These organizations set aside a  certain number of positions that are subject to geographic representation  from among the professional and high-level positions.  There also are some  professional positions that are typically exempt from being counted  geographically, including linguist and peacekeeper positions and positions  of 1 year or less in duration.  For example, in 2000, the U.N. Secretariat had  a total of 14,312 staff—5,854 of whom were in professional positions.  Of  those professional positions, 2,389 were subject to geographic  representation.  Table 1 provides information for 2000 on the total number  of staff in the U.N. system compared with the total number of American  staff.
U.N. organizations use a standard pay scale known as the U.N. Common  System base salary scale to compensate their staff.  (See app. VII for the  salary scales for U.N. staff in professional, senior-level, and policymaking  positions.)  However, each U.N. organization has its own personnel  policies, procedures, and staff rules.  Table 2 shows the U.N. grade scale  and the approximate U.S. government equivalent as determined by the  International Civil Service Commission.
The State Department is the U.S. agency primarily responsible for leading  U.S. efforts toward achieving equitable U.S. representation in employment  in U.N. organizations.  In doing so, State works in cooperation with at least  17 federal agencies that have interests in specific U.N. organizations.  A  1970 executive order assigns the U.S. Secretary of State responsibility for  leading and coordinating the federal government’s efforts to increase and  improve U.S. participation in international organizations through transfers  and details of federal employees.  The order further calls for each agency  in the executive branch to cooperate “to the maximum extent feasible” to  promote details and transfers through measures such as (1) notifying well- qualified agency employees of vacancies in international organizations and  (2) providing international organizations with detailed assessments of the  qualifications of employees being considered for specific positions.  In  addition, under the 1991 U.S. law, the Secretary of State is required to  report to the Congress on whether each international organization with a  geographic distribution formula is making “good faith efforts” to increase  U.S. staff as well as meeting its own geographic targets. State’s Bureau of  International Organization Affairs is responsible for implementing these  requirements.  While State is responsible for promoting and seeking to  increase U.S. representation in the U.N. organizations, the U.N. entities  themselves are ultimately responsible for achieving equitable  representation.
section_title: Americans Are Not Equitably Represented in the U.N. System
paragraphs: Since 1992, some of the U.N. organizations in our study have made gains in  employing Americans, but most of the organizations we reviewed continue  to fall short of their own targets for employing U.S. citizens.  Moreover,  compared with relative financial contributions, American representation in  senior-level and policymaking positions is below several major  contributors in a number of U.N. organizations.  Of the six U.N.  organizations in our study with geographic employment targets, only the  U.N. Secretariat employed Americans in sufficient numbers to consistently  satisfy its goal of equitable representation of Americans from the period of  1992 to 2000.  These targets and the methodology for calculating them are  different for each U.N. organization and are based on factors such as the  level of the country’s U.N. contribution and population. UNDP does not  have geographical representation targets for member states; however,  representation of Americans at UNDP is close to the percentage of U.S.  contributions, and thus it appears that the United States is equitably  represented at UNDP.  Although several U.N. organizations have  established overall geographical representation targets, none of the U.N.  organizations has developed numerical targets for senior-level and  policymaking positions among the nationals of its member states.   Furthermore, of the four organizations in our analysis with formal targets  for overall geographic representation, only the Secretariat employed  Americans in senior-level and policymaking positions at levels  commensurate with those of selected major contributors relative to their  contribution level.
subsections: section_title: Organizations Vary on Geographic Representation Targets
paragraphs: The charters and governing documents of most organizations in the U.N.  system articulate the principle of equity, which requires that due regard be  given to the importance of employing staff members from as wide a  geographical basis as possible, and many U.N. organizations have  developed formal or informal targets to achieve this objective.  In the  Secretariat, FAO, ILO, and WHO, where members pay regular assessments  and may make additional voluntary contributions, a formal target or range  is established to calculate geographic targets for employing the nationals of  each member state.   These targets are expressed in terms of a range of  positions to provide organizations with some flexibility in meeting these  targets, but the midpoint of the range is generally viewed as the ideal level  of representation.   A member country is regarded as “underrepresented”  when it falls below the minimum range and “overrepresented” when it  exceeds the maximum range.
The remaining three organizations in our study—UNDP, UNHCR, and  WFP—generally follow the principle of equitable geographic  representation but have not adopted formal targets that are based on  nationality because their funding comes from voluntary contributions  rather than annual assessments.  However, UNHCR and WFP have  established informal targets for representation of Americans since the  United States is the largest contributor to both organizations.  UNDP  officials, on the other hand, said that while the program does not have  targets for individual countries, it seeks to achieve a “reasonable  geographic balance” of international staff between donors and program  countries as well as “equity within contribution levels.”
The organizations in our analysis with formal geographic targets for  individual countries have similar approaches to determining which  positions are subject to these targets.  For example, these organizations  exclude general service positions (e.g., clerical positions), appointments of  less than a year, and language-related positions (such as translators and  interpreters).  In addition, all organizations except WHO disregard  positions that are financed from voluntary contributions in the formula for  calculating equitable geographic distribution targets.   Unlike the  Secretariat and the specialized agencies, UNHCR and WFP do not set aside  positions subject to geographic distribution and apply their informal  targets to all professional positions.  Figure 1 provides a summary of the  targets for equitable U.S. representation established by the U.N.  organizations that we covered in our study, expressed both in numerical  and in percentage terms.  The figure also lists the factors used by these  organizations to determine their geographical representation targets.
Member contributions, population size, and membership status are  three factors that are used to determine equitable representation targets for  U.N. organizations’ member states.  However, not all of these factors are  used by each of the organizations in our analysis.  For example, ILO uses  the contribution and membership factors to calculate its geographic  targets, while FAO uses only the contribution factor.  FAO also differs from  the other organizations in that the level of position that a country’s citizens  hold, in addition to the number of positions, is considered in determining  that country’s representation status.   FAO operates on the principle that a  position low on the hierarchical scale ought not to count as much as one at  the top of the scale.  Thus, FAO uses a position-weighting system in which  points are attributed to a position’s grade level, with a country’s quota  expressed as a number of points, not positions.   Appendix I provides more  detailed information on the different methods used by the Secretariat and  the three specialized agencies to calculate their formal targets for the  equitable representation of member countries.
section_title: Overall, Americans Are Not Equitably Represented
paragraphs: Although some of the U.N. organizations have made gains toward  employing Americans, most of the U.N. organizations in our study continue  to fall short of their own targets for employing Americans.  Almost a  decade after the Congress first required the State Department to report on  American representation in the U.N. system, the United States was  equitably represented in only one of the six U.N. organizations in our study  with either formal or informal targets—the U.N. Secretariat.  Americans  were underrepresented in the three specialized agencies—FAO, ILO, and  WHO—and in two of the U.N. funds and programs—UNHCR and WFP.
While UNDP does not have a target for U.S. representation, the level of  Americans in UNDP is close to the percentage level of U.S. contributions.    The summary in table 3 provides the overall representation status of  Americans in the U.N. organizations in our study for 2000.   Appendix II  provides more detailed information on the trends in U.S. representation for  each of the organizations in our study since 1992.
section_title: Representation in Senior- Level and Policymaking Positions
paragraphs: We compared the relative financial contributions of the United States and  the representation levels of Americans in senior and policymaking  positions with those of four major contributors in the four U.N.  organizations with geographic targets. We found that only the U.N.  Secretariat employed Americans in senior-level and policymaking positions  at levels commensurate with the average of selected major contributors  relative to their contribution level. (See table 4.)  While some U.N.  organizations have created overall targets for equitable representation of  member countries, they do not set quantitative targets for distributing  positions by grade level—including senior-level and policymaking  positions—among member states.  Both U.S. and U.N. officials indicated  that determining equitable distribution among member states for these  high-level positions can be very subjective.  There are no standard  recruitment procedures for these positions nor is there a formal policy for  rotating policymaking positions among member states.  Traditionally, these  policymaking appointments are made by the Secretary-General or the  respective U.N. agency heads.  The U.N. General Assembly in several  resolutions has emphasized that “no post shall be considered the exclusive  preserve of any member state or group of states.”
The summary in table 4 shows the 3-year average (1998-2000) for the U.S.  assessment to the four U.N. organizations and the representation of  Americans in senior-level and policymaking positions, and a calculated  comparative representation level if U.S. representation in senior-level and  policymaking positions were proportionate to the average for major  contributors given their level of contributions. In table 4, we multiplied  the four-country average representation by the U.S. assessment to derive a  hypothetical comparative representation level, under the assumption that  U.S. representation in senior-level and policymaking positions was  proportionate to the average of these four major contributors.  (This  analysis is not meant to suggest criteria or a methodology for determining  equitable representation in these positions.  It is for comparison purposes  only, to show U.S. representation in senior and policymaking positions  relative to the average of four major contributors.)  For example, if the  United States, given its 25-percent assessment at FAO, were to have  representation proportionate to the 0.76 average ratio for the four selected  countries, then its representation would be 19.1 percent.  For details on the  average ratio of the four contributors for each U.N. organization, refer to  appendix II.  As shown in table 4, only the U.N. Secretariat employs  Americans in senior-level and policymaking positions commensurate to the  average representation levels for the four major U.N. contributors we  included in this study.
While acknowledging that U.S. representation may appear to be less than  ideal, several U.S. officials told us that U.S. influence in certain  organizations is not lacking given its voice and leadership in the governing  bodies and the size of U.S. contributions.   Nonetheless, these officials  recognize the importance of placing highly qualified Americans in high- level positions, particularly in areas considered critical to U.S. interests.
section_title: U.N. Organizations Lack Long-Range Workforce Planning Strategies
paragraphs: While several U.N. organizations in our study are undertaking various  human resource management initiatives, none of them has a long-range  workforce planning strategy nor a formal recruiting and hiring action plan  for achieving equitable representation within a specified time frame.    However, several U.N. organizations did tailor some approaches to address  underrepresentation of member countries, such as targeting entry-level  programs to nationals from underrepresented countries.  U.N. officials and  documents emphasized that the most important criterion for appointing  staff is merit in order to ensure the highest standards of efficiency and  competence—with due consideration to recruiting staff from as wide a  geographical basis as possible.  But in selecting staff, nationality is weighed  against other competing factors because U.N. officials are also asked to  give priority consideration to gender. Although some organizations have  specific guidelines that provide a preference for hiring qualified nationals  from unrepresented and underrepresented countries, our analysis of actual  hiring statistics shows that several U.N. agencies hired more nationals from  equitably represented and overrepresented countries than those from  unrepresented and underrepresented countries.
subsections: section_title: Various Human Resource Management Initiatives Are Under Way
paragraphs: As part of U.N.-wide reform, several U.N. organizations have a number of  human resource management initiatives under way—including measures  that begin to address some workforce planning issues, hold managers  accountable for staff selection decisions, and provide placement and  promotion opportunities for staff that are merit-based—and give due  regard to geographical representation and gender balance considerations.  For example, in 1997, the U.N. Secretary-General proposed a reform  program that included, as one of its core elements, developing a  performance-based human capital system.   In May 2000, we testified that  the United Nations had made some progress in such areas as implementing  a merit-based appraisal system, although overall reform objectives had not  yet been achieved. According to human resources directors with whom  we met, addressing these broad human capital issues—including  competitive compensation packages, aging of the workforce, spousal  employment, and work-life balance—could in the long run help to attract  and retain Americans for U.N. employment in greater numbers.  (For a  discussion of some of these human capital issues and related factors that  may affect recruiting Americans for U.N. organizations, see app. VI.)
section_title: Recruiting and Hiring Efforts Are Not Linked to Long-Range Workforce Planning
paragraphs: Although some human resource management initiatives are under way,  U.N. organizations have not yet developed long-range workforce planning  strategies to guide recruitment and hiring efforts, nor have U.N.  organizations formulated specific action plans and time frames for  achieving equitable representation for underrepresented countries,  including in some cases the United States.   A hallmark of high-performing  organizations is that human resource policies, procedures, and programs  should be directly linked to achieving organizational objectives.  Specifically, it is important that such organizations have a formal recruiting  and hiring action plan targeted to fill short- and long-term human capital  needs identified through workforce planning efforts.
The U.N. organizations we examined had not systematically collected  essential human capital data that could help identify factors contributing to  difficulties in achieving equitable representation. For example, we asked  U.N. officials about exit interviews of and feedback from American staff  leaving the U.N. system as well as reasons why Americans had declined  offers of U.N. employment.  However, we were told that these  organizations do not collect such information, which could help tailor  appropriate strategies for recruiting and retaining Americans.  The  Secretariat and WFP recently have begun collecting this information but  have not yet reported their findings.
section_title: Some Recruitment Programs for Entry-Level Positions Target Underrepresented Member Countries
paragraphs: Each U.N. organization has its own processes and procedures for  recruiting, assessing, and selecting candidates for employment, and many  of their efforts focus on entry-level recruitment. In addition, these entry- level recruiting programs—including the U.N. Secretariat’s national  competitive recruitment examinations and the other U.N. entities’ young  professional programs—specifically target underrepresented member  countries.  Another program for junior professional officers is funded by  donor countries and used as a recruitment strategy, but this program does  not focus specifically on nationals from underrepresented member states.
subsections: section_title: Recent U.N. National Competitive Recruitment Examination Was Not Widely Promoted
paragraphs: To address concerns that the United States was nearing  underrepresentation in the Secretariat due to anticipated retirements, the  national competitive recruitment exam, which is a prerequisite for P1 and  P2 positions, was held in New York in February 2001.  However, the State  Department and the U.S. mission to the United Nations in New York did not  widely publicize this examination.  Only 40 American applicants took the  examination—according to U.N. officials, this turnout was disappointingly  low compared with the last examination in 1992 when 333 American  applicants took the test in 3 major U.S. cities.  Twenty-one of these  applicants from the 1992 examination were eventually employed.  A U.N.  official told us that the U.N. Secretariat relies on the member states to  publicize the exam, which, with the exception of the February exam, is  usually conducted in capital cities. According to the U.N. official, it was not  feasible to conduct the most recent exam at more U.S. sites because of  resource constraints. Notice of the 2001 examination was posted on the  U.N. Web site and advertised in an August 2000 issue of The Economist and  in two September 2000 issues of the International Career Employment  Weekly, which is a publication offering free advertising that was used by the  State Department.   According to a U.S. mission officer in New York,  another examination will be scheduled for the United States in early 2002.
section_title: Programs Offer Opportunities for Young Professionals
paragraphs: Over the past few years, several U.N. organizations have developed entry- level programs and have used these programs to hire citizens from  underrepresented countries.   In 2000, WFP initiated a New Graduates  Program to give young graduates an opportunity to join the U.N. system.   Exclusively targeted at underrepresented countries, 3 of the 10 graduates  selected in 2000 were from the United States.  Similarly, ILO launched a  Young Professionals Career Entrance Program in January 2001 to identify  and hire young, highly qualified persons with the potential to become  future managers within the organization.  Although these positions are  open to nationals of all member states, the program offers a vehicle for  hiring citizens from underrepresented countries, who we were told were  given preference.  Three of the 10 positions filled earlier this year went to  Americans.   In addition, in March 2001, the first 20 recruits started training  under UNDP’s Leadership Development Program, which, UNDP officials  told us, takes demographic balance as well as technical competence into  account in screening applicants.  With assistance from their liaison offices  in Washington, D.C., these organizations have organized some recruitment  missions on U.S. college and university campuses.  ILO, in particular, made  a concerted effort to recruit new graduates, conducting five recruiting  missions during the past year to visit several American colleges and  universities, including Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,  Cornell, Tufts, Columbia, and Stanford, among others.
For many years, U.N. organizations have operated junior professional  officers programs that were funded by donor countries for training young  professionals who serve, usually for 2 or 3 years, in various areas.   Countries that sponsor these junior professional officers pay their full  costs, which range from $70,000 to $150,000 per year depending on an  officer’s grade level, duty station, and marital status.  At the end of their  terms, these officers are often recruited as regular international staff, and  donor countries have used the program as a way to promote their nationals  for entry-level positions, although officers who complete the program are  not guaranteed U.N. employment.  As shown in table 5, the U.S.  government sponsors a small number of junior professional officers. Since  1984, State’s Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration has sponsored  49 junior officers at UNHCR at an average cost of $110,000 per officer  annually.  In supporting the junior professional officers program at  UNHCR, State seeks to assist U.N. organizations in implementing programs  of priority interest to the United States while increasing the pool of  American candidates for recruitment in U.N. organizations.  According to  State officials, about half of the junior officers that State has sponsored  have been hired by UNHCR.  Of the current American employees at  UNHCR, 17 are former U.S. junior professional officers.  Over the years, the  U.S. Department of Agriculture has also supported a limited number of  junior professional officers in the Rome-based international food and  agricultural agencies at an average cost of $90,000 to $100,000 per year.
section_title: Merit Is the Overriding Criterion; Nationality Is Weighed Against Other Competing Factors
paragraphs: While U.N. officials and documents emphasize that the most important  criterion for filling positions is merit, U.N. organizations’ policies generally  call for giving additional consideration to hiring qualified nationals from  unrepresented or underrepresented member states. A resolution on human  resources management adopted by the General Assembly in 1999 requests  the Secretary-General to ensure that  “among equally qualified candidates,  preference is given to candidates from underrepresented member states.”  Nevertheless, U.N. organizations generally weigh nationality against other  competing factors in appointing staff in accordance with policies that aim  to achieve gender balance and to recruit from qualified staff already within  the U.N. system. Following the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women,  the U.N. General Assembly requested a 50/50 gender balance by the year  2000, a target date the United Nations now says will not be met until 2012.   (Specific gender balance goals adopted by various U.N. entities are  discussed in app. VI.) Although the principle of merit as the overriding    criterion is clearly established, the priority placed on secondary factors,        such as nationality and gender, is not as clear. For instance, while the  Secretariat’s hierarchy places nationality second and gender third, ILO  gives nationality and gender equal consideration, while FAO has no  established hierarchy after merit. A 1998 report of the International Civil  Service Commission acknowledged that, in some cases, U.N. organizations  have to balance the priorities of gender and geography.
Table 6 shows that several U.N. agencies in our study continue to hire more  nationals from equitably represented and overrepresented countries than  from unrepresented and underrepresented countries. Although U.N.  organizations “encourage” hiring managers to recruit candidates from  unrepresented and underrepresented countries, they do not generally  restrict eligibility of candidates on the basis of nationality.  A major  variation is ILO’s practice—that is, competitions are usually open only to  nationals of unrepresented and underrepresented countries, which are  listed in each vacancy announcement.  Even so, according to an ILO  official, when it is difficult to find suitable candidates from one of the  unrepresented or underrepresented countries, applications from nationals  of equitably represented or overrepresented countries may be considered.   In the case of WHO, its executive board adopted a resolution in 1997 to  maintain a recruitment target of 60 percent for nationals from  unrepresented and underrepresented countries and those that are  considered equitably represented but fall below the midpoint of the range  while limiting recruitment from overrepresented countries to 20 percent of  all new appointments. Nonetheless, WHO officials told us that the  organization does not restrict eligibility of applicants on the basis of  nationality.
Although human resources directors indicated that they give priority  consideration to hiring qualified nationals from unrepresented and  underrepresented countries, our analysis of the statistics they provided  showed that the number of nationals hired from overrepresented countries  remains relatively high.   As of 2000, FAO had 85 overrepresented countries,  up from 72 in 1998; ILO had 45 overrepresented countries, down from 49 in  1998; and WHO had 22 overrepresented countries, compared with 12 in  1998.  For a list of the top five countries whose nationals are most  overrepresented at these U.N. entities, see appendix III.
We asked human resources directors whether U.N. organizations face a  shortage of qualified American applicants interested in U.N. employment.  On the basis of the data they provided, in general this does not appear to be  the case.  For instance, at the U.N. Secretariat, nearly 30,000 applications  were received for 649 positions that were announced in 2000.  Of those  applications, more than 2,000 were Americans—of whom 410 were listed  among the best qualified candidates.  Six Americans were eventually hired.   FAO reported receiving 11,670 applications for 130 vacancy  announcements for professional positions it issued in 2000.  More than  8,000 of the applications had been evaluated as of March 2001, of which  1,279 were deemed qualified—115 of them Americans.  Of these, seven  Americans were hired.  However, FAO officials noted, recent statistics  show that while the number of applications from Americans steadily  increased between 1997 and 1999, there was a significant decline in 2000.   FAO has not yet conducted a study examining the reasons for this decline.
section_title: State’s Efforts Do Not Reflect Equitable U.S. Representation As a High Priority
paragraphs: The State Department has written policies stating that equitable  representation of Americans employed by U.N. organizations is a “high  priority” and has mechanisms in place to support American employment in  these bodies.  Nevertheless, State’s level of effort in achieving this objective  does not reflect the stated priority.  Despite only minimal progress in  improving representation of Americans in the U.N. system, State has  reduced resources aimed at recruitment of qualified professionals and has  curtailed other related activities without assessing how these reductions  will affect recruitment.  State’s reduction in resources resulted in its scaling  back activities to support recruitment for professional positions—the  pipeline for senior-level positions.  Although State’s policies seek an  equitable share of high-level positions for Americans, and much of the  Department’s recruitment efforts are aimed toward this goal, State has not  developed guidelines that define “equitable” or a mechanism for assessing  progress in this area. Moreover, State also has not developed recruiting and  hiring strategies or action plans to support U.N. employment of Americans.   In addition, while State and other U.S. government officials with whom we  spoke view promotion of Americans for U.N. employment as a  collaborative effort between the State Department and other federal  agencies, there has been little interagency coordination in this area.  Efforts  by other U.S. government agencies—such as providing federal employees  with opportunities for international assignment—are not systematically  organized or coordinated with State to provide assurances that the United  States employs the best strategies to place Americans in the U.N. system.
subsections: section_title: Written Policies Identify U.S. Representation as High Priority
paragraphs: In a July 1999 cable to the U.S. missions to U.N. agencies, the State  Department articulated the U.S. government’s goal to achieve equitable  representation of Americans in all international organizations, stating that  participation of Americans on the staffs of these organizations is a “high  priority.”  The cable established specific guidelines for supporting  individuals and promoting the hiring of American citizens for senior-level  and professional positions.  This issue was again addressed in the October  2000 Government Performance and Results Act performance plan for  State’s Bureau of International Organization Affairs.  The plan states that  the Bureau will seek to increase the number/percentage of Americans  employed in international organizations, especially those in which the  United States is underrepresented, including FAO, ILO, UNHCR, WFP, and  WHO.
section_title: Measures Are in Place to Support U.N. Employment
paragraphs: The State Department has a variety of mechanisms in place to carry out its  objectives of recruiting Americans for positions in the U.N. system.  The  primary mechanism is the Bureau of International Organization Affairs’   U.N. Employment Information and Assistance Unit, which helps qualified  candidates from both the private and public sectors find employment in the  U.N.  system.  In addition, high-ranking U.S. officials (such as the Secretary  of State, ambassadors, and assistant secretaries) and U.N. officials have  discussed American candidates for key U.N. positions and U.S.  underrepresentation.  The U.N. Employment Information and Assistance  Unit relies on wide-ranging as well as targeted distribution of employment  information as the primary vehicle for increasing recruitment. Figure 2 lists  the main activities that the unit conducts to promote Americans for  positions in the U.N. system.
Once a year, State’s U.N. Employment Information and Assistance Unit, in  collaboration with other federal agencies and the U.S. missions, compiles  lists of key senior-level and policymaking U.N. positions targeted for  recruitment.  However, several State and other U.S. officials whose duties  include recruiting American citizens for U.N. employment told us that they  were not aware that such lists existed.  Initiated in 1998, the lists identify  positions by three rankings:  (1) top priority for recruitment because they  are critical to U.S. interests, (2) important because the functions of the  position could impact U.S. interests, and (3) less significant.  The lists  include, where applicable, the expiration date of the incumbent’s position  so that U.S. agencies can be notified when positions are expected to  become vacant in order to find the most qualified candidates.
subsections: section_title: U.S. Missions Maintain Liaison With U.N. Agencies, Provide Additional Support
paragraphs: U.S. missions to U.N. agencies, such as those we visited in Geneva, Rome,  and New York, have a designated officer as the focal point for U.N.  personnel and other management issues.  These mission officials are the  U.S. representatives on the ground with day-to-day contact with U.N.  officials.  According to these designated mission officers, they spend about  10 percent of their time on U.N. employment matters, including responding  to inquiries and requests for support from American citizens applying for  U.N. employment.  They also help identify positions that are vacant or are  expected to become vacant, which could be of particular interest to the  United States.
Although State’s guidelines urge U.S. missions to maintain active  communications with U.S. citizens employed by international  organizations, American citizens at every U.N. agency we visited expressed  a desire to have more interaction with State staff at the U.S. missions in  New York, Geneva, and Rome.  Without compromising their status as  international civil servants, American employees believe that they can  provide U.S. officials with information and insights on substantive policy  and management issues of interest to the United States.  For instance, in  Geneva, American employees at ILO cited a meeting held last year with a  visiting high-level official from the U.S. Department of Labor that provided  a forum for exchanging views on policy matters and issues of common  concern, such as U.S. government and American employees’ views on  various management reforms.  Many of the American employees in the U.N.  agencies we visited also expressed uncertainty about the type of support  they can expect from the U.S. mission.
section_title: Resources Were Reduced and Activities Were Curtailed Without Assessing Impact
paragraphs: Even though Americans remain underrepresented in many U.N.  organizations, State has reduced its level of effort overall to recruit  Americans in the U.N. system without analyzing and assessing the potential  impact these curtailed and/or reduced functions could have had on  recruitment.  These changes included, among other things, (1) decreasing  the number of staff resources assigned to carry out recruitment efforts,  which required State to focus resources to support primarily senior-level  and policymaking positions rather than all positions; (2) reducing the  frequency of scheduled visits with U.N. human resources directors; and (3) not updating an electronic roster from which candidates are  recommended to U.N. organizations for employment.
subsections: section_title: Decline in Staff Resources
paragraphs: In 1992, the State Department had five professionals assigned to the U.N.  Employment Information and Assistance Unit, which is the unit  responsible for recruitment and monitoring of American employment in  numerous international organizations. Since then, State has reduced the  number of staff assigned to this unit.  In 1993, staff were reduced to four  professionals, and 2 years later staff were further reduced to three  professionals.  Since 2000, two staff have been carrying out the functions  assigned to the unit.
section_title: State’s Recruiting Efforts Focus on Senior-Level Positions
paragraphs: In 1995, State ended its practice of supporting Americans for U.N.  employment at professional levels and instead focused on senior-level and  policymaking positions, which include D1 and above positions.  While  State’s policies call for obtaining an equitable share of high-level positions  for Americans, and much of its recruitment efforts are aimed toward this  goal, the Department has not developed guidelines that define “equitable”  nor does it have a mechanism for assessing progress in this area.  The  redirection of State’s efforts to focus only on high-level positions may have  the effect of reducing the pipeline of Americans in the lower ranks who  could advance to high-level positions through internal promotions, which  our analysis showed was the primary source for senior-level positions at  U.N. organizations.   For example, at WFP, out of 37 senior positions filled  from 1998 to 2000, 31 (83 percent) were internal promotions, while only 6  were recruited externally.  Seven of the internal promotions and two of the  external hires were Americans.   This demonstrates the importance of  maintaining an adequate “pipeline” of qualified entry- and mid-level  Americans to be considered for senior positions.  Agriculture officials said  that a long-term 10- to 15-year strategy aimed at entry-level recruitment to  create a pool of qualified American candidates within the international  organizations may be necessary in order to improve representation levels.
section_title: State’s Liaison With U.N. Agencies on Workforce Matters Has Declined
paragraphs: With support from the U.S. missions, the U.N. Employment Information  and Assistance Unit is State’s primary liaison with the human resources  offices of the different U.N. organizations.  But due to funding constraints,  the director of the unit had not met with the human resources directors of  U.N. organizations in the last 3 years. Human resources directors at the  U.N. agencies told us that a planning session once a year with a U.S.  government representative would be very useful, especially with the large  number of retirements expected in the next several years.  Several human  resources directors told us that due to the age profiles of their staffs, they  need to formulate and implement plans to address this and other workforce  planning issues.  For example, the U.N. Secretariat projects that up to one- fourth of the 400 staff retiring each year for the next 5 years are in positions  subject to geographic distribution.  Moreover, the number of Americans  who left the Secretariat from 1997 to 2000 exceeded the number of  Americans hired, resulting in a net loss of 50 American staff over the last 4  years.  In its strategic framework for 2000 to 2015, FAO projected a staff  turnover of 70 percent in the next 15 years.  In light of this expected  turnover, FAO’s medium-term plan for 2002 to 2007 called for effective  workforce planning and recruitment efforts to ensure that skills and  competencies of staff who are retiring are not lost.
section_title: Roster of Qualified American Candidates Is Not Being Updated
paragraphs: The U.N. Employment Information and Assistance Unit has maintained a  roster of highly qualified American citizens who wish to be considered for  senior positions but, according to State officials, updating the roster was  put on hold earlier this year due to resource constraints.  More than 2,000  names were on the roster before 1995 when State fielded candidates for  both professional and senior-level positions.  In 1991, when the roster was  actively used, State submitted approximately 600 applications for 293  professional positions throughout the United Nations. However, in 1995  State decided to stop maintaining a central roster of candidates for most  professional or technical positions and to stop screening, nominating, and  offering support to American candidates for these positions.  About 300  names for senior positions are currently registered on the roster.  Over the  past 3 years, State has used the roster to submit slates of 3 or 4 candidates  for about 40 senior positions.
section_title: State Lacks Recruiting Strategy and Action Plan
paragraphs: The State Department has no recruiting strategy or action plan to guide its  efforts to support Americans for employment in the United Nations and  against which to measure its performance.  The Bureau of International  Organization Affairs’ performance plan includes the employment of  American citizens in U.N. organizations as an important objective, but this  objective is not included in State’s overall annual performance report  prepared in response to the Government Performance and Results Act.   The act requires agencies to pursue performance-based management,  including strategic planning and goal-setting, that is results-oriented and  measures performance.  State does report annually to the Congress on  efforts by international organizations to improve U.S. representation levels,  but the report is limited to actions taken by the U.N. organizations and does  not include the Department’s own efforts.  The annual report includes  information on those agencies that have established geographic  distribution formulas, as well as a few other organizations that are of  particular interest to the United States due to the size of U.S. contributions  and level of representation.  State does not officially provide the report to  the heads of U.N. agencies to press those organizations with persistent U.S.  underrepresentation to respond with appropriate targeted strategies to  improve levels of U.S. representation.  A State official told us that while  some State and U.S. mission officials use the Department’s annual report to  the Congress in discussions with U.N. agencies about underrepresentation,  this practice does not occur consistently.
section_title: Interagency Coordination Is Largely Ad Hoc
paragraphs: Although State officials acknowledge that promoting U.S. representation at  U.N. and other international organizations must be a collaborative effort  between State and other federal agencies, coordination of U.S.  governmentwide efforts over the last several years has largely been done  on an informal, ad hoc basis.  In a special report to State’s Bureau of  International Organization Affairs in August 1992, State’s Office of  Inspector General found a lack of understanding among U.S. agencies on  what they can do to help with the recruitment effort.  Accordingly, the  Inspector General recommended that the Bureau develop memorandums  of understanding between State and other U.S. government agencies to  facilitate better cooperation, support, and effectiveness in recruitment.  In  its November 1994 response to the Inspector General’s recommendations,  the Bureau stated that this was an excellent recommendation and began to  work with the various federal agencies to develop memorandums of  understanding with at least 13 of them.  The memorandums were to have  been completed by the end of 1994.  However, when we asked State  officials about them, they could not provide evidence that any  memorandums were in place.
We found that U.S. governmentwide efforts to recruit and place Americans  in specific areas within the U.N. system that are of particular importance to  U.S. interests are done primarily on an ad hoc, case-by-case basis, such as  when a key post critical to the United States needs to be filled.  It appears  that formal mechanisms to organize and coordinate U.S. government  activities in the past have not worked without consistent high-level  management attention and support.  For instance, an Inter-agency Contact  Group of working-level agency staff has not been active for many years.   Instead, various U.S. government agencies, particularly those that deal  regularly with international organizations, have staff assigned to serve as  the liaison for international recruitment activities.   These include, among  others, staff from the Foreign Agricultural Service within Agriculture; the  Bureau of International Labor Affairs within Labor; and the Office of  International and Refugee Health within the U.S. Department of Health and  Human Services (HHS).  However, related activities within each of the U.S.  agencies are often decentralized to several offices and units that work with  international organizations on specific areas. Furthermore, staff assigned  as liaisons typically have other duties and responsibilities, and they told us  that they are unable to devote the attention necessary to address U.N.  employment matters in a comprehensive, systematic way because of  resource constraints and other limitations within their own departments.   Nonetheless, on a specific area—in this case, food and agricultural issues— Agriculture has recently taken the initiative to reconstitute an informal,  interagency international recruitment network, primarily for information- sharing purposes and to help identify qualified candidates for key  vacancies.
subsections: section_title: U.S. Agencies Can Do More to Promote Details and Transfers of Federal Employees
paragraphs: Executive Order 11552 of August 24, 1970, calls on executive branch  agencies to assist in and encourage details and transfers of federal  employees to international organizations to the maximum extent possible  and with due regard to the agencies’ manpower requirements.    According  to U.S. agency officials, placing federal employees on details and transfers  to international organizations can be an effective way to provide significant  input on policy and technical issues of interest to the United States.  In  fiscal year 2000, 17 federal agencies had 165 employees on detail or  transferred to the United Nations and other international organizations,  according to State Department records.  Of this total, the agencies with the  largest number of federal employees assigned to international  organizations were: HHS, 59 employees; the State Department, 20; the  Departments of Transportation and the Treasury, 18 each; Agriculture, 15;   the Department of Energy, 6; and Labor, 4.  An official from HHS attributed  that Department’s level of participation to the fact that the agency  considers its contributions to international organizations an integral part of  the Department’s mission to combat diseases such as polio and Acquired  Immune Deficiency Syndrome.  According to this official, public health  specialists in HHS vigorously vie for opportunities to gain international  work experience, which they view to be not only meaningful and important  but also career-building.  However, several Americans we interviewed,  particularly those from other federal agencies, suggested that executive  agencies can do more to promote opportunities and provide incentives for  work in international organizations and to help employees apply for these  jobs.
section_title: Other Major Contributors Actively Promote U.N. Employment for Their Citizens
paragraphs: In 2000, the representation levels of other major contributors to the United  Nations varied in the four organizations in our study that had formal  geographic targets—the Secretariat, FAO, ILO, and WHO.  The five  countries for which we identified representation levels were Canada,  France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom.  Japan, which is the  second largest contributor to the United Nations, was significantly  underrepresented in each of the four organizations.  Germany, the third  largest contributor, was underrepresented in three organizations and  equitably represented in one organization.  Canada, France, and the United  Kingdom were either equitably represented or overrepresented in the four  organizations.  For more information on the representation trends for these  selected countries, see appendix IV.
Japan and Germany, which have higher representation targets because of  their higher contributions, devote more resources toward achieving  equitable representation than France, the United Kingdom, and Canada,  which are within equitable levels or are overrepresented.  For example,  Germany has established formal mechanisms, including a high-level Office  of the Coordinator for International Personnel, to organize and coordinate  efforts to place its nationals in key positions within the U.N. system and  other international organizations.  Japan—which has historically been  significantly underrepresented—has full-time staff at its mission in Geneva  dedicated to promoting U.N. employment of Japanese nationals.  The  United States, like Japan and Germany, is generally underrepresented but is  not as active as these two countries in promoting its citizens for U.N.  employment.  As the largest contributor to the United Nations, the United  States has higher representation targets to fill than Japan or Germany, but it  takes a less active approach in assisting its citizens to gain U.N.  employment.  Ultimately, responsibility for hiring decisions and achieving  equitable representation rests with U.N. officials.  However, it does not  appear that given the slow progress in improving U.S. representation over  nearly 10 years, U.S. representation levels will significantly improve  without changes in the United Nations’ and United States’ actions.  For a  more detailed presentation of selected member states’ efforts to promote  U.N. employment for their nationals, see appendix V.
section_title: Conclusions
paragraphs: The United Nations and its affiliated entities face the dual challenge of  attracting and retaining staff who meet the highest standards of efficiency,  competence, and integrity while maintaining the international character of  the organizations by ensuring equitable geographic balance in the  workforce.  Nevertheless, U.N. organizations have made slow progress in  addressing U.S. concerns about underrepresentation, and except for the  U.N. Secretariat in New York, the organizations with representation targets  that we studied have not achieved equitable employment of Americans  since 1992.  Although the U.N. organizations are ultimately responsible for  achieving fair geographic balance among its member countries, the State  Department, in coordination with other U.S. agencies, plays a role in  ensuring that the United States is equitably represented. U.N. organizations  have not fully developed long-range workforce planning strategies, and  neither State nor the U.N. agencies have formal recruiting and hiring action  plans to improve U.S. representation in the U.N. system.  Without these  measures, the United States’ ability to even maintain the number of  Americans employed in the United Nations could be hampered.  Regular  planning sessions with human resources directors could help State identify  areas in which to focus its recruitment of American candidates and ensure  that U.S. levels of representation do not decline as a result of American  retirements without corresponding increases in new hires.  High-level State  Department attention and intervention is needed to elevate the importance  of this matter to the United States and to reemphasize the seriousness of  this concern to State, U.S., and U.N. officials.  Finally, sustained efforts and  actions by State to facilitate employment of Americans for professional- level positions, as well as senior-level and policymaking positions, will be  required to ensure progress toward the goal of equitable U.S.  representation.
section_title: Recommendations
paragraphs: Because equitable representation of Americans employed at the U.N.   organizations has been determined to be important to U.S. interests, we  recommend that the Secretary of State:  develop, with other U.S. government agencies, a comprehensive U.S.  strategy for achieving equitable representation of Americans in U.N.  employment that includes efforts to improve interagency coordination  and specifies performance goals, time frames, and resource  requirements, and incorporate these goals and progress achieving them  into State’s Annual Performance Plan and Annual Performance Report,  respectively;  work with human resources directors of U.N. organizations in which  Americans are underrepresented or are close to being  underrepresented, particularly in light of anticipated retirements in the  next several years, to help ensure that long-range workforce planning  efforts include measures targeted to achieve equitable U.S.  representation within a specified time frame;   develop guidelines that define State’s goal of securing an equitable share  of senior-level and policymaking posts, and use these guidelines to  assess whether the United States is equitably represented in high- ranking positions in U.N. organizations; and  provide heads of U.N. agencies, for their appropriate attention and  action, with copies of State’s annual report to the Congress on efforts by  the United Nations and other international organizations to employ  Americans.
section_title: Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
paragraphs: In commenting on a draft of this report, State generally agreed with our  findings and conclusions, and agreed with most of our recommendations.   However, State disagreed that it should develop guidelines that define its  goal for obtaining an equitable share of high-level positions for Americans  and use these guidelines to help assess whether the United States is  equitably represented.  State said it should not develop separate guidelines  for defining its goal of obtaining an equitable share of Americans in senior- level and policymaking positions but rather that it should focus on  equitable representation at all levels.  While we agree that State should be  concerned about achieving equitable employment for Americans at all  levels in U.N. organizations, we believe it is important to emphasize  achieving an equitable share of senior-level and policymaking positions.    We further believe that without guidelines defining equitable share, State  lacks a mechanism for assessing whether its top recruitment priority— equitable representation of Americans in high-level positions—is being  achieved.
In addition, the Department of State’s Bureau of International Organization  Affairs and officials from the Departments of Agriculture, Health and  Human Services, and Labor who deal with international recruitment  provided technical comments on this report, which we incorporated as  appropriate.  U.N. human resources offices also reviewed a draft of this  report for technical accuracy.  (State’s written comments, along with our  evaluation of them, are in app. IX.)
section_title: Scope and Methodology
paragraphs: To analyze trends in the overall representation levels of Americans and  nationals of other selected countries and Americans in senior-level and  policymaking U.N. positions, we performed various statistical analyses of  personnel data provided by the State Department and the U.N. entities that  fully cooperated with our review—the U.N. Secretariat and UNDP in New  York; ILO, UNHCR, and WHO in Geneva; and FAO and WFP in Rome.   These organizations represent about 60 percent of the professional staff in  the U.N. system and have about 80 percent of the positions in the U.N.  system that are subject to geographic distribution.  We did not  independently verify the accuracy of the data provided to us.   In some  cases, the data in the State Department’s annual report to the Congress  were not the same as data that the U.N. organizations provided to us.  (For  a detailed discussion of the statistical methods we used, see app. VIII.)
To assess U.N. efforts to employ nationals of countries that are  underrepresented or close to becoming underrepresented, we reviewed  various U.N. documents and met with the human resources directors at the  headquarters of the U.N. entities we reviewed.  In addition, we met with  officials from the U.N. Joint Inspection Unit, the International Civil Service  Commission, the Administrative Committee on Coordination, the U.N.  Office of Internal Oversight Services, and the U.N. Board of Auditors.  We  also met with representatives of the Washington, D.C., liaison offices of  FAO, ILO, UNHCR, WFP, and WHO.
To examine State’s and other U.S. agencies’ efforts and resources devoted  to assisting the United Nations in achieving equitable U.S. representation,  we met with State Department officials from the Bureau of International  Organization Affairs and the U.S. missions in New York, Geneva, and Rome.   We also spoke with officials from the U.S. Departments of Agriculture,  Labor, and Health and Human Services who deal with international  recruitment.
To describe other member countries’ activities to assist employing their  nationals in the U.N. system, we met with representatives of the British,  Canadian, French, German, and Japanese missions to the United Nations in  New York, Geneva, and Rome.
In addition, we met with several American citizens employed in each of the  U.N. organizations in our study to obtain their views about U.N. and U.S.  efforts to recruit Americans.
We conducted our review from December 2000 to June 2001 in accordance  with generally accepted government auditing standards.
We are sending copies of this report to the Chairman, Senate Committee on  Foreign Relations; the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member,  Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, and the Judiciary, Senate  Committee on Appropriations; the Ranking Minority Member,  House  Committee on International Relations; the Ranking Minority Member,  Subcommittee on the Middle East and Asia, House Committee on  International Relations; and the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member,  Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary, and Related  Agencies, House Committee on Appropriations. We are also sending copies  of this report to the Honorable Colin Powell, Secretary of State.  Copies will  be made available to others upon request.
If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me  on (202) 512-4128.  Other GAO contacts and staff acknowledgments are  listed in appendix X.
section_title: Methods Used by U.N. Organizations to Determine Representation Status of Member Countries
paragraphs: This appendix provides information on the methods that the U.N.  Secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Labor  Organization (ILO), and World Health Organization (WHO) used to  calculate equitable representation targets for member countries and thus  determine the representation status of each organization’s member  countries.  The other organizations in our study—the United Nations  Development Program (UNDP), United Nations High Commissioner for  Refugees (UNHCR), and World Food Program (WFP)—do not calculate or  use equitable representation ranges to determine a country’s  representation status.
subsections: section_title: U.N. Secretariat
paragraphs: The Secretariat takes into consideration three factors—assessed  contribution, membership, and population—in calculating the equitable  representation targets for member countries.  In determining the number of  positions attributed to each of these factors, the Secretariat uses a base  number as the total number of positions, rather than the actual number of  filled positions.  In 2000, the base number used was 2,600, while the number  of filled positions subject to geographic distribution was 2,389.  Table 7  shows the weight assigned to each of the three factors and the number of  positions assigned to each factor when multiplied by the base number.
For each member country:   The number of positions allocated for the assessed contribution factor  (1,430) is multiplied by the member country’s percentage assessment to  the Secretariat.
The number of positions allocated for the membership factor (1,040) is  divided by the number of member states (189).
The number of positions allocated for the population factor (130) is  divided by the world population and multiplied by the member country’s  population.
For each country, the resulting numbers of positions attributed to each  factor are added together to produce the midpoint of that country’s  equitable representation range.  The upper and lower limits of each range  are 15 percentage points above and below the midpoint, respectively, or a  minimum of 4.8 positions from the midpoint.  The minimum range for  member countries is 1 to 14.
In 2000, the midpoint for the United States was 369, and the upper and  lower limits of the U.S. range were 424 and 314, respectively.  In 2000, there  were 325 Americans in positions subject to geographic representation.
FAO determines each member country’s representation status using a  system that weighs the level of positions, rather than focusing on the  number of positions targeted for each country.  In this system, point values  are assigned to grade levels, with the higher grades being worth more  points. This system, therefore, attempts to measure a country’s level of  influence rather than just the number of positions it holds.  Table 8 shows  the point values that FAO assigns to each grade level.
A country’s representation status is determined by dividing the number of  points from the positions held by that country’s nationals by the total  number of points of all filled regular budget positions.  The resulting  percentage then is compared with the country’s equitable representation  range, which is also expressed as a percentage.
In calculating the equitable representation targets for member countries,  FAO takes into consideration only one factor—contribution.  The  contribution factor is used as follows:  If a country contributes 10 percent or less of the budget, it is considered  equitably represented if its representation ranges from 25 percent below  to 50 percent above its contribution percentage.
If a country contributes between 10 percent and 20 percent of the  budget, it is considered equitably represented if its representation  ranges from 25 percent below to 25 percent above its contribution  percentage.
If a country contributes more than 20 percent of the budget, it is  considered equitably represented if its representation ranges from 25  percent below to 0 percent above its contribution percentage.
In 2000, the United States was in the third category, with a target  representation range of 18.75 percent to 25 percent.  The actual U.S.  representation level was 12.5 percent.
ILO takes two factors into consideration—contribution and membership— in determining the equitable representation targets for member countries.   For the membership factor, ILO uses an equitable range of one to two  positions for countries that contribute 0.2 percent or less of the ILO budget.   In 2000, 142 of ILO’s member countries contributed 0.2 percent or less of  the budget, and their total budget contribution was 4.03 percent.  The  number of positions set aside for these minimum contribution countries  can vary from year to year, depending on the number of countries that fit  the criteria.
For countries that contribute more than 0.2 percent of the budget, equitable  geographic targets are determined by the contribution factor.  For these  countries there is one further differentiation:  In 2000, for countries that contributed between 0.2 percent and 10  percent of the budget, a midpoint was calculated using the following  formula: After the midpoint is calculated, the equitable range is obtained by adding  and subtracting 25 percent from the midpoint.
The formula presented above is also used for countries that contribute  10 percent or more of the budget. However, the number that is  calculated using the formula becomes the maximum of the country’s  range.  The minimum of the range is obtained by subtracting 25 percent  from the maximum number.
Because the United States contributed 25 percent of the ILO budget in  2000, its geographic range was calculated using the latter method.  The  equitable range for the United States in 2000 was 101 to 135, and there were  87 American staff in geographically counted positions during that year.
WHO’s method for determining member countries’ representation status is  based on the system used by the U.N. Secretariat, although there are some  differences.  As with the Secretariat, WHO uses three factors (contribution,  membership, and population), with 55 percent of the positions being tied to  the contribution factor, 40 percent tied to the membership factor, and 5  percent tied to the population factor.  The midpoint for each country is  obtained by adding the number of positions attributed to each of these  factors.  The minimum and maximum of the range are set by subtracting and adding 15 percent to the midpoint.  Like the Secretariat, WHO also  uses a base number for the total number of positions subject to geographic  distribution rather than using the number of filled positions.  In 2000, WHO  used a base number of 1,450, while there were 1,138 filled positions subject  to geographic distribution.
A major difference between the systems used by the Secretariat and WHO  is that WHO includes positions financed by extrabudgetary resources as  geographically counted positions.  However, the contribution factor  includes only contributions made to the regular budget, not extrabudgetary  contributions.
The number of positions assigned to each factor was as follows:  580 positions were set aside for the membership factor (3.02) per   797.5 positions were set aside for the contribution factor (7.975  positions for each 1 percent contributed); and  72.5 positions were set aside for the population factor (0.012 positions  for each 1 million of population).
The United States’ equitable range was 174 to 237, and there were 152  American staff in positions subject to geographic distribution.
section_title: U.S. Staffing Trends and Levels of Representation
paragraphs: This appendix details the U.S. staffing situation at each of the seven U.N.  organizations we examined—the U.N. Secretariat, FAO, ILO, WHO, UNDP,  UNHCR, and WFP.
subsections: section_title: U.N. Secretariat
subsections: section_title: Representation of Americans Within the Geographic Range
paragraphs: The Secretariat, located in New York, has met its targets for employing  Americans each year from 1992 to 2000, and Americans are represented in  senior-level and policymaking positions at a level commensurate with the  average of selected major contributors relative to their contributions to the  Secretariat.  From 1992 through 1997, the number of Americans in  geographically targeted positions was near the midpoint of the range,  which the Secretariat describes as the desirable representation, until about  3 years ago when the number of Americans declined to the minimum  portion of the range (see fig. 4).   During this period, hiring rates did not  compensate for the number of separations of Americans in the Secretariat.   From 1992 through 2000, the total number of geographically targeted  positions in the Secretariat decreased by more than 200 positions to about  2,400, representing about an 8.4 percent decline.  The United States’  assessed contribution to the Secretariat from 1998 through 2000 averaged  25 percent of total contributions.  In 2001, the range for the United States  was lowered as a result of the decrease in the U.S. assessment to 22  percent.  Because of the lowered range, it is expected that in 2001  Americans will remain represented in the lower portion of the geographic  range.
Americans are represented in senior-level and policymaking positions at a  level commensurate with the average for selected major contributors  relative to their contributions to the Secretariat.   Combining the  percentages of Americans in policymaking (Assistant Secretary-General  (ASG) and Under Secretary-General (USG)) positions and senior-level (D1- D2) positions for the periods ending 1994, 1997, and 2000 shows Americans  holding 11.5 percent, 14 percent, and 13.6 percent of these positions,  respectively.  (Fig. 5 provides information, by grade category, on the  percentage of the total number of positions held by Americans.  The period  covered is from 1992 to 2000, with each bar representing staffing grade  information as an average over a separate 3-year period between 1992 and  2000.  The number in the 1998 to 2000 bar is the average annual number of  staff positions during 1998 to 2000 for each grade level.)  For the period of  1998 to 2000, the United States had its highest representation at grade  levels equivalent to middle management positions (P4-P5 equivalencies).
Table 9 shows the financial contributions and senior-level and  policymaking representation of the United States and four other selected  countries with regard to the Secretariat.  This table also shows the ratio of  each country’s representation to its assessment, and the average ratio for  the four other selected countries.  As shown in table 9, the U.S.  representation-to-assessment ratio is approximate to the average ratio for  the four selected countries.
section_title: Some Gains Made, but Americans Are Still Significantly Underrepresented Overall
paragraphs: Although modest progress in employing Americans has been made in  recent years at FAO, headquartered in Rome, Americans continue to be  significantly underrepresented overall and are represented in senior and  policymaking positions at levels that are below the average for four major  contributors, given their contribution to FAO.  (Fig. 6 provides information  on the trends in overall U.S. representation compared with FAO’s  geographic representation range for the United States.)  Since 1992, FAO  has increased its staff by 42 to 992, which is equivalent to an annual average  growth rate of 0.5 percent compared with an annual average growth rate of  4.5 percent for the United States.  During this period, the number of  Americans in geographically targeted positions increased by 38 to 126.   Because FAO uses a position-weighting system to calculate each member  country’s representation percentage, the equitable ranges were derived  using this weighting system.  The United States’ assessed contribution to  FAO from 1998 through 2000 averaged 25 percent of total contributions.  Although the minimum range for the United States decreased in 2001 as a  result in the decrease in the U.S. assessment, the United States is still  expected to remain significantly below the minimum range. In contrast to  the high level of underrepresentation of Americans, about 80 countries  were overrepresented in FAO over the last 3 years.  (Refer to app. III for a  list of the top five overrepresented countries.)
Americans are represented in senior and policymaking positions at levels  that are below the average of four major contributors, given their  contribution to FAO.  (Fig. 7 provides information, by grade category, on  the percentage of the total number of positions held by Americans. The  number in the 1998 through 2000 bar is the average annual number of staff  positions during 1998 through 2000 for each grade level.)  Combining the  percentages of Americans in policymaking positions—the Assistant  Director-General (ADG) and the Deputy Director-General (DDG)—and  senior-level positions for the periods ending 1994, 1997, and 2000 shows  that Americans held 11.1 percent, 9.5 percent, and 9.4 percent of these  positions, respectively.
Table 10 shows the financial contributions and senior-level and  policymaking representation of the United States and four other selected  countries with regard to FAO.   This table also shows the ratio of each  country’s representation to its assessment and the average ratio for the four  other selected countries.  As shown in table 10, the U.S. representation-to- assessment ratio is below the average ratio for the four selected countries.
section_title: Overall Progress Made, but Senior-Level and Policymaking Positions Have Declined
paragraphs: Progress toward achieving equitable representation of Americans has been  made at ILO, located in Geneva, where the United States has been  underrepresented during the period under review, 1992 to 2000.   Nonetheless, U.S. representation in high-ranking positions has declined.   Americans continue to be underrepresented overall and are represented in  senior-level and policymaking positions at levels that are below the average  of four major contributors given their contribution.  (Fig. 8 provides  information on the trends in overall U.S. representation from 1992 to 2000,  compared with ILO’s geographic representation range for the United  States.)  Overall, since 1992, geographic positions in ILO have increased by  5 to 659.  With the average annual growth rate for the United States (about 3  percent) exceeding the ILO’s (about -0.3 percent), the number of  Americans in geographic positions has increased and accordingly brought  the United States closer to its minimum geographic range in 2000.  By  contrast with historical U.S. underrepresentation, 45 member states are  overrepresented.  (Refer to app. III for a list of the top five overrepresented  countries.) The United States’ assessed contribution to ILO from 1998 to  2000 averaged 25 percent of total contributions.  Beginning in January 2002,  the geographic representation range for the United States is expected to be  lowered, from 101 through 135 to 89 through 119 positions, as a result of  the decrease in the U.S. assessment to 22 percent effective in the next  biennium.
U.S. representation in senior levels (D1-D2) has declined and U.S.  representation in senior-level and policymaking positions (ADG-DDG) is  below that of the average of four major contributors given their  contribution. (Fig. 9 provides information, by grade category, on the  percentages of the total number of positions held by Americans.  The  period covered is from 1995 to 2000, with each bar representing staffing  grade information as an average over a 3-year period.)  Combining the  percentages of Americans in policymaking positions and senior-level  positions for the periods ending 1997 and 2000 shows Americans holding  12.1 percent and 9.7 percent of these positions, respectively.
Table 11 shows the financial contributions and senior-level and  policymaking representation of the United States and four other selected  countries with regard to ILO.   This table also shows the ratio of each  country’s representation to its assessment and the average ratio for the four  other selected countries.  As shown in this table, the U.S. representation-to- assessment ratio is below the average ratio for the four selected countries.
section_title: Americans Remain Underrepresented; Top- Level Positions Have Declined
paragraphs: WHO, based in Geneva, continues to have Americans represented below  the equitable geographic targets for the United States, which has been  underrepresented there since 1993.  In addition, there has been a decline in  policymaking positions, and combined U.S. representation in senior-level  and policymaking positions is below the average of the four major  contributors, given their contributions.  (Fig. 10 provides information on  the trends in overall U.S. representation levels from 1992 to 2000 compared  with WHO’s geographic representation range for the United States.)  In  1992, U.S. representation was at the minimum level of the equitable range.   However, since that time, there have been declines in the level of U.S.  representation; in 2000, the United States was underrepresented.  In  contrast to U.S. underrepresentation at WHO, 22 countries were  overrepresented in 2000.  (Refer to app. III for a list of the top five  overrepresented countries.)  By and large, from 1992 to 2000, the total  number of geographic positions decreased by 174, or 13 percent, to 1,138,  for WHO, and similarly the number of geographic positions filled by  Americans declined by 14 percent.  In 2001, the U.S. assessment decreased  from 25 percent to 22 percent, and accordingly, the geographic target for  the United States will be reduced for 2002.
There has been a decrease in U.S. representation at the top policymaking  positions (Ungraded (UG) is equivalent to the ASG and USG positions) and  U.S. representation in senior-level and policymaking positions is below the  average for four of WHO’s major contributors, given their contribution  level.  (Fig. 11 provides information, by grade category, on trends in U.S.  representation by grade, compared with WHO’s U.S. geographic  representation target.  The time period covered is from 1992 through 2000,  with each bar representing staffing grade information as an average over a  3-year period.)  While the percentage of Americans in D1 to D2 positions  has been relatively constant from 1992 through 2000, there has been a  significant decline in the percentage of Americans in policymaking  positions.  The most recent year that an American held a top-ranking  position in WHO was in 1998.  Combining the percentages of Americans in  policymaking and senior-level positions for the periods ending 1994, 1997,  and 2000 shows Americans holding 8.1 percent, 8.0 percent, and 8.0 percent  of these positions, respectively.
Table 12 shows the financial contributions and senior-level and  policymaking representation of the United States and four other selected  countries with regard to WHO.   This table also shows the ratio of each  country’s representation to its assessment, and the average ratio for the  four selected countries.  As shown in table 12, the U.S. representation-to- assessment ratio is below the average ratio of the four selected countries.
section_title: Americans Appear to Be Equitably Represented Overall
paragraphs: The United States appears to be equitably represented at UNDP.  Because  UNDP, headquartered in New York, does not have a geographic  representation target for the United States, we did not have an established  criterion with which to assess U.S. representation there. However, when  comparing U.S. representation with U.S. contributions to UNDP, from 1995  to 2000, the U.S. representation percentage at UNDP was higher than the  U.S. contribution percentage for most of these years.  As shown in figure  12, from 1995 to 2000, the percentage of Americans in professional  positions remained relatively constant, declining slightly. Over the broader  9-year period, the U.S. contribution to UNDP varied, ranging from a high of  14 percent of the budget in 1993 to a low of 6 percent in 1996.
Figure 13 provides information, by grade category, on the percentage of the  total number of positions held by Americans and presents this information  as a 3-year average.  The percentage of Americans in senior-level positions  (D1-D2) and lower level professional positions (P1-P3) remained close to  14 percent throughout the period we covered.
Although an American held the top position at UNDP from 1993 through  1999, beginning in 2000, no Americans were represented in policymaking  positions (equivalent to ASG and USG). Combining the percentages of  Americans in policymaking and senior-level positions for the periods  ending 1997 and 2000 shows Americans holding 13.9 percent and 14.2  percent of these positions, respectively.
section_title: Americans Continue to Be Underrepresented
paragraphs: Overall, Americans have been underrepresented at UNHCR.   Moreover,  little progress has been made in hiring Americans.  Because voluntary  contributions by member states provide the funding for UNHCR, it does  not have formal targets for achieving equitable geographic representation  of the nationals of its member states. However, since 1995, UNHCR has had  an informal target of 13 percent of its international professional positions  for the United States, from which it received about one-third of its  resources over the last 3 years.  (Refer to fig. 14 for the trend in the level of  representation of Americans.)  Despite the existence of this informal target,  UNHCR has not come close to meeting it, and, for almost a decade, the  percentage of Americans employed by UNHCR compared with the total of  its international professional positions has not improved.  During 1992  through 2000, UNHCR staffing levels have grown by 380 to 1,159, an annual  growth rate of 4.1 percent.  The annual average growth rate for the United  States has been virtually the same at 4.3 percent.
For the period 1993 to 1998, not one American was at the policymaking  level, although subsequently, an American was hired for one of these three  high-ranking positions at UNHCR. (Refer to fig. 15, which provides  information, by grade category, for the percentage of the total number of  positions held by Americans and presents this information as a 3-year  average.)     Combining the percentages of Americans in policymaking  positions (High Commissioner, Deputy High Commissioner, and Assistant  High Commissioner) and senior-level positions for the periods ending 1994,  1997, and 2000 shows Americans holding 10.6 percent, 10.8 percent, and 9.2  percent of these positions, respectively.
section_title: American Representation Is Below Informal Target
paragraphs: Americans have been underrepresented at WFP, located in Rome, but gains  have been made in hiring more Americans in senior-level and policymaking  positions.  Because voluntary contributions by member states provide the  funding for WFP, it does not have formal targets for achieving equitable  geographic representation of its member states. However, in 1997, WFP  established informal targets for donor countries in order to address an  imbalance in the representation levels between donor countries and  program countries. Accordingly, WFP set an informal target of 20 percent  of its international professional positions for the United States from which  it received almost one-half of its resources over the last 3 years. Despite  establishing an informal target in 1997, the percentage of Americans  employed as international professional staff has not improved. (Refer to  fig. 16, which presents data on U.S. contributions, percentage of  Americans, and the informal target for the United States.)  From 1996  through 2000, annual employment growth rates for WFP and the United  States were 10.5 percent and 5.5 percent, respectively, with the size of  WFP’s international staff increasing by 255 positions to 831.
WFP has made progress in hiring Americans in senior-level (D1-D2)  positions since 1996.   (Fig. 17 provides information, by grade category, on  the percentage of the total number of positions held by Americans.)   Combining the percentages of Americans in policymaking positions  (equivalent to ASG and USG) and senior-level positions for the periods  ending 1997 and 2000 shows Americans holding 14.1 percent and 24.1  percent of these positions, respectively.
section_title: Countries That Are Overrepresented in the U.N. Secretariat, FAO, ILO, and WHO
paragraphs: For each organization, the top five overrepresented countries for 1998 to  2000 are listed on the basis of the number of staff exceeding the maximum  of the country’s equitable range.  The total numbers of overrepresented  countries at each organization are also listed for the years 1998 to 2000.   (See tables 13-20.)
The use of a base number, rather than actual employment figures, to  calculate target ranges may tend to reduce the number of countries that are  classified as underrepresented.  The larger upper targets for the Secretariat  and WHO may partially explain why they have fewer overrepresented  countries than FAO and ILO (see app. VIII).
section_title: Staffing Trends for Selected Other Countries in Specific U.N. Organizations
paragraphs: Figures 17 to 22 provide information on trends in staffing levels for selected  countries at the seven U.N. organizations we studied—the U.N. Secretariat,  FAO, ILO, WHO, UNDP, UNHCR, and WFP.  The selected countries are  Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Canada, which are all  major contributors.  We also present combined staffing data for the  European Union countries.  The figures provide information on the trends  in each country’s total staff compared with its geographic target and  contribution to the U.N. organization, as well as the trends in that country’s  representation at different grade levels.  The grade level groupings used in  the figures are P1 to P3 (entry-level and mid-level professionals, equivalent  to GS-9 to GS-13); P4 to P5 (mid-level professionals, equivalent to GS-13 to  GS-15); D1 to D2 (equivalent to Senior Executive Service positions); and  Assistant Secretary-General to Under Secretary-General (ASG-USG)  (policymaking positions).
In the figures, grade level employment percentages are presented as 3-year  averages for the non-overlapping periods 1992 to 1994, 1995 to 1997, and  1998 to 2000.  The numbers in the 1998 to 2000 bars are the 3-year average  of the number of nationals employed at the respective U.N. organization for  the designated grade levels.  The line that represents a country’s financial  assessment or contribution percentage share is a 3-year average for 1998 to  2000.  Similarly, the target range is a 3-year average for 1998 to 2000.
section_title: Overall Representation Status of Selected Other Countries and Their Efforts to Promote U.N. Employment for Their Citizens
paragraphs: This appendix describes the overall representation status of selected major  contributors in the U.N. Secretariat and the specialized agencies in our  study and discusses some of the approaches they employ to support their  citizens seeking U.N. employment.  In this study, we included Japan, which  was admitted to the United Nations in 1956; Germany, which became a  member in 1973; and France, the United Kingdom, and Canada, all original  members of the United Nations.
subsections: section_title: Japan
paragraphs: Japan is the second largest contributor to the U.N. secretariat and the  specialized agencies in our study but is significantly underrepresented in  each of these U.N. organizations. (See table 21.)
According to a Japanese mission representative, the government of Japan  seeks to achieve representation levels that reflect its financial  contributions to these organizations, which are about 20 percent, second  only to the United States.  Japanese officials with whom we met noted that  although seriously underrepresented in U.N. organizations, Japan has made  slow progress in improving its representation. Within its foreign ministry in  Tokyo, Japan has a recruitment center for international organizations with  about a half dozen staff.  In addition, in Geneva there is an officer in the  Japanese mission who works full time on personnel management issues,  including promoting the employment of Japanese citizens in U.N.  organizations.  This officer and her counterparts in Japan’s missions in  Rome and New York spend a substantial amount of their time prescreening  résumés of Japanese citizens interested in U.N. employment, providing  interested parties with information and advice about employment in  international organizations, and following up with U.N. officials on behalf  of individual applicants.   The Japanese government uses the junior  professional officers program systematically because it is viewed to be an  effective recruitment tool for entry-level positions.  Japan sponsors about  50 to 60 junior professional officers annually for 2- to 3-year terms;  therefore, there are about 160 junior officers working in various U.N.  organizations at any given time.
section_title: Germany
paragraphs: Germany, which is the third largest contributor in these organizations,  generally falls short of its representation targets in most of the U.N. entities  we reviewed.   (See table 22.)
Concerned about its overall representation status in international  organizations, the German government addresses the issue on various  levels, starting with a high-level working group of top officials from several  ministries, which meets regularly at the Chancellor’s Office to discuss  German participation in international organizations.   In light of continuing  concerns, Germany has in the past year established a new office within the  foreign ministry—the Office of the Coordinator for International  Personnel—to organize its recruitment efforts.  The new office focuses its  efforts on junior and senior-level positions alike.  The Coordinator for  International Personnel is ranked at the ambassador level.  In addition,  Germany’s Federal Employment Agency has an office that deals with  promoting the employment of German citizens in international  organizations, mostly for professional and technical positions.  The  German government also provides support for junior professional officers  programs, annually funding anywhere from 25 to 30 new officers, who  serve for 2 to 3 years.
section_title: France
paragraphs: As shown in table 23, France, the fourth largest contributor, is equitably  represented across all of the U.N. organizations we examined.
The French foreign ministry has an office in Paris that promotes  employment in international organizations. This office prescreens  candidates and forwards applicants’ files to the French missions that have  responsibility for U.N. organizations.  In some cases, Mission officials may  support French applicants by sending a letter in support of the candidate  to, or meeting in person with, the relevant U.N. hiring official.  In addition  to funding about 40 junior professional officers per year, mostly in field  locations, the French government has also agreed to sponsor a limited  number of junior officers from developing countries.
section_title: United Kingdom
paragraphs: As shown in table 24, the United Kingdom is generally well-represented,  falling within or exceeding its desirable levels of representation in major  U.N. agencies.
According to representatives of the British missions with whom we met,  geographic representation is not a particularly important concern to their  government, especially in light of U.K. representation levels.  These  officials told us they are primarily concerned about efficient management  of the United Nations and a competent workforce and do not consider  geographic representation a key issue.  For this reason, the United  Kingdom generally makes no special effort to promote the employment of  its citizens.
section_title: Canada
paragraphs: Canada, as shown in table 25, is generally well-represented in the United  Nations.
The Public Service Commission of Canada is responsible for coordinating  the Canadian government’s efforts to identify professional Canadians for  jobs in international organizations.  The Commission’s international  programs office works in concert with the Department of Foreign Affairs  and International Trade in targeting key positions considered attainable  and of strategic interest to Canada and identifying Canadian candidates for  them.   According to Canadian mission representatives, the Director of  International Programs visits the human resources directors of U.N.  organizations about once a year to establish contacts, verify information,  and plan to search for suitable candidates.  Although Canada provides only  limited support for junior professional officers programs, Canada’s  Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade has a Youth  International Internship Program that provides young people, ages 18 to 29,  with an opportunity for international work experience for a period of 6 to 8  months.
section_title: Human Capital Issues and Other Factors That May Affect Recruiting Americans for U.N. Organizations
paragraphs: Several U.N. organizations have recently developed human resource  management strategies to address a broad range of human capital issues  they face, some of which affect their efforts to achieve equitable  geographic balance.  The following section discusses selected human  capital issues that provide insight into some factors that may affect  recruiting qualified Americans in greater numbers for U.N. employment.   Many of the American citizens with whom we met cited these among the  contributing factors to difficulties recruiting and retaining Americans in the  U.N. system.
subsections: section_title: Gender Balance
paragraphs: Following the Fourth World Conference on Women in September 1995, the  U.N. Secretary-General established a goal that the United Nations will  strive to achieve 50-percent representation of women in its workforce by  2000.  The United Nations has since determined that this target will not be  met until 2012.  In accordance with this goal, some U.N. organizations have  similarly adopted policies to reach specific gender balance targets.  For  example, in 1997, WHO established a target of 50-percent employment of  women on its staff.  UNDP expects that by the end of this year, the gender  ratio for senior management positions at headquarters will be at least 4  women to 6 men, and that 38 percent of resident representative positions  and 40 percent of the deputy resident representative positions will be  occupied by women.   In its written personnel policies, UNHCR aims to  ensure that women constitute two-thirds of recruits until equal  representation of women is achieved.   Several U.N. officials with whom we  met noted that the United States may have an advantage in recruiting  qualified women candidates.  State officials acknowledged that, to the  extent possible, the State Department tries to make qualified American  women aware of U.N. vacancies and assists in forwarding their  applications.
section_title: Compensation
paragraphs: All of the U.N. entities we examined follow the U.N. Common System of  Salaries, Allowances, and Benefits established by the International Civil  Service Commission (ICSC).  Salaries and benefits are based on the  application of the Noblemaire principle, which states that compensation be  set on the basis of the highest paid civil service—historically, the United  States.  The Commission is currently undertaking a major review of the pay  and benefits system and is expected to propose recommendations to the  General Assembly in 2002.  According to ICSC documents and Commission  officials with whom we met, the objective of the review is to devise a  compensation system, more flexible than the current one, that will, among  others, (1) enable U.N. organizations to attract and retain highly qualified  staff, including senior management personnel and professional and  technical staff that are in short supply, and (2) provide staff with career  progression opportunities.
U.N. officials and many of the American citizens with whom we met  suggested that certain studies have shown that the United States civil  service may no longer be the highest paid civil service.  A 1995 study of the  ICSC reported that the compensation package for the German civil service  was 15.2 percent higher than the U.S. civil service—primarily because,  although U.S. salaries were generally higher, German compensation was  superior in terms of retirement and health insurance, leave, and other  benefits.  However, ICSC officials told us that Germany’s standing has since  slipped due to significant budgetary obligations facing the government, and  the Commission will be scheduling the next Noblemaire study shortly.
Although noncompetitive compensation was a common concern among  American employees, there were other compensation issues raised by  certain groups.  For example, Americans who were transferred or detailed  to U.N. agencies expressed concerns about pension and related benefits.   They believed that the U.S. government could be more supportive of those  who accept a detail or transfer to an international organization by allowing  them to continue as active members of the Thrift Savings Plan for U.S.  federal employees, thereby allowing them to continue making regular  payments and choosing their own investment options.  American  employees in New York called for extending education grant benefits to  U.S. professional staff at U.N. headquarters and proposed several methods  to do so without costing the organization more money.  These employees  argued that the system—originally designed to provide equality for staff  serving at foreign duty stations away from their home countries—has  evolved into one that discriminates against professional staff at  headquarters by virtue of their nationality.
section_title: Spousal Employment
paragraphs: Because of the rise in dual income families and dual career couples,  employment opportunities for spouses are an important factor in recruiting  and retaining staff, according to U.N. documents and many people with  whom we met.  In the last several years, a number of organizations,  including ILO, UNDP, and WFP, have taken steps to address the issue of  spousal employment, including adopting policies and programs to facilitate  employment of spouses.  This issue appeared to be of particular concern to  American citizens employed at FAO in Rome because, unlike the other U.N.  organizations we examined—including WFP, which also is in Rome—FAO  still prohibits spouses from employment within the organization.   According to American staff with whom we met, while the association of  professional staff at FAO favors spousal employment, the issue has been  extremely contentious because the union for the general services staff  strongly opposes allowing spousal employment.  General service staff are  concerned that their positions, which include secretaries and file clerks,  would be taken by spouses.  Thus, FAO management has not made the  policy changes for spousal employment that other U.N. organizations have.
section_title: Other Related Issues
subsections: section_title: Language Skills
paragraphs: To ensure the international character of U.N. organizations, fluency in a  second U.N.-designated language is typically a requirement for  employment.  Many view this requirement as an obstacle for Americans  and certain other nationals who are less likely than the French, Canadians,  and others to be multilingual.  However, human resources directors told us  that waivers may be granted for candidates viewed to be best qualified in  all areas except for the second language requirement.  American citizens  employed in the United Nations had mixed reactions regarding the need for  a second language.  Along with some U.N. officials, many of the American  citizens with whom we spoke told us that English is the language  commonly used within agencies and that at certain locations, such as  Geneva, one can get by without fluency in a second language such as  French.  Although the requirement for a second language may be waived,  this practice is not widely known; therefore, it is unclear how many  Americans interested in U.N. employment choose not to even apply  because they do not meet the requirement.
section_title: Organizational Culture and Management Processes
paragraphs: Many of the American citizens with whom we spoke expressed the need to  advance reforms that promote greater transparency and accountability in  the human resource management practices of U.N. agencies.   While citing  some progress in recent years, American staff characterized the  organizational culture within several of the agencies to be “very  bureaucratic,” “highly centralized,” and “authoritarian.”  According to these  staff, this organizational attitude can lead to a high level of frustration  among Americans, who are accustomed to greater organizational efficiency  and more participatory management styles.
A particular problem mentioned by some Americans we interviewed was  the need to expedite the lengthy recruitment and selection process, which  can take as long as 1 year.   Recognizing this impediment, several human  resources directors told us they are taking steps to streamline the  recruitment process.  For example, at FAO and WFP, officials claimed they  cut the recruitment time for professional positions by half in the last few  years—reducing it from 1 year to 6 months for FAO and from 8 to 10  months to 4 to 5 months for WFP.
section_title: U.N. Salary Scales
section_title: Methodology
paragraphs: The methodology section describes the data used in our analysis and  highlights some of the methodological issues and approaches that we use.   It also includes a discussion of the use of a base number by some U.N.  organizations to calculate a country's representation target range and  possible implications.
Most U.N. organizations included in our study provided the annual total  number of geographic staff positions filled for the organization and for  selected countries for 1992 to 2000.  Annual financial country assessments  or contributions and the organization’s regular budget were also supplied.   Information was provided for the United States, Canada, Japan, and each of  the 15 member countries of the European Union.  The four organizations  that have formal geographic equitable staff representation targets–the U.N.  Secretariat, FAO, ILO, and WHO–provided these annual targets.   Employment data generally refer to the end of the calendar year, except for  the Secretariat, which was for June 30.  Four organizations provided annual  data on the number of geographic staff employed by grade level for the  organization as a whole and for the selected nationalities for the 9-year  period.  ILO and UNDP provided these data for 1995 to 2000 and WFP for  1996 to 2000.
To facilitate comparisons across time and across countries, financial  assessments/contributions, equitable representation targets, and grade  level staff are expressed as percentages.  For example, the high and low  equitable representation target staff numbers for each country are divided  by the respective organization's total number of geographic staff used in  the calculation of these targets.  For the Secretariat and WHO, this is a  specified base number, which includes actual filled positions and  vacancies.  For ILO, it is the number of filled positions.  FAO provides its  targets as a position-weighted percentage.  In order to compare a country's  actual employment to the target range, the total number of national staff  employed is divided by the organization's total number that was used to  calculate the annual targets.  For organizations that do not have formal  targets–UNDP, UNHCR, and WFP–the organization's total number of filled  international professional positions is used.
For the figures in appendixes II and IV, grade level employment  percentages are presented as 3-year averages for the non-overlapping  periods of 1992 to 1994, 1995 to 1997, and 1998 to 2000.  Only 5 years of  grade level data are available for WFP, 1996 to 2000.  For this organization,  the black bar in the figures describing country representation is a 2-year  average, 1996 to 1997.  The numbers in the 1998 to 2000 bars are the 3-year  average of the number of nationals employed at the respective U.N.  organization for the designated grade levels during 1998 to 2000.  The sum  of grade level employment numbers may not equal the total number due to  rounding.  The line that represents a country’s financial assessment or  contribution percentage share is a 3-year average for 1998 to 2000.   Similarly, the target range is a 3-year average for 1998 to 2000.
To calculate the grade level representation percentage, a country’s grade  level employment is divided by the organization’s total employment for the  corresponding grade level.  For the Secretariat and WHO, the organization’s  grade level employment number is scaled up by the ratio of base number  employment to actual total employment for each year.  Thus, grade level  employment percentages are constructed in a comparable fashion to actual  total representation percentages and target range percentages.
We compared U.S. representation in senior-level and policymaking  positions with those of four major contributors—Japan, Germany, France,  and the United Kingdom.  For the period of 1998 to 2000, we calculate the  average ratio of each country's percentage representation of these high- level positions to the country's annual average assessment at the four U.N.  organizations with formal geographic targets.  The resulting number can be  interpreted as the country's percentage representation at senior-level and  policymaking positions per 1 percent of its assessment.  For illustrative  purposes, consider table 10 in appendix II describing representation at  senior-level and policymaking positions at FAO.  U.S. representation in  these high-level positions is 9.4 percent, and its average assessment is 25  percent.  Dividing 9.4 by 25 results in 0.38 percent, the U.S. representation  of high-level positions per 1 percent of U.S. assessment.  In a similar  fashion, 0.14 percent is the Japanese representation per 1 percent of its  assessment, and 1.48 percent is the French representation per 1 percent of  its assessment.  The average representation for the four selected countries  is 0.76 percent per 1-percent assessment.
In table 4, in the report we multiplied this four-country average  representation by the U.S. assessment to derive a hypothetical comparative  representation level, under the assumption that U.S. representation in  senior-level and policymaking positions was proportionate to the average  of these four major contributors.  For example, if the United States, given  its 25-percent assessment at FAO, were to have representation  proportionate to the 0.76 average ratio for the four selected countries, then  its representation would be 19.1 percent.
To describe U.S. representation over time, both the actual number and  relative number of American staff in each organization are presented.  For  example, see figures 4 and 5 in appendix II, which describe U.S.  representation at the U.N. Secretariat.  A relative number, a ratio of the  number of total country staff employed expressed as a percentage of the  organization's total staff, allows the reader to examine the change in  country staff size over time while taking into consideration the change in  the total organization staff size.  However, because of different means of  measuring an organization's total staff size, care should be taken when  interpreting this information.
For U.N. organizations that use a base number rather than the actual  number of filled staff positions, there may be a significant difference in  national representation trends and the trend of total national employment  as a percentage of total actual organization employment.  In some  situations, as described below for WHO, one trend may be positive and the  other negative.  For example, annual U.S. representation at WHO during  1998 to 2000 can be interpreted as follows: As shown in figure 10 in  appendix II, the gap between U.S. employment and the lower target range,  which is calculated using a base number, is narrowing which indicates an  improvement in U.S. representation.  During this period, U.S. employment  grew at an annual rate of 1.8 percent, while the WHO employment base  number remained constant at 1,450. Thus, U.S. representation increased  relative to its target range.  However, during this period total actual  employment at WHO grew at an annual rate of 2.9 percent.  Employment of  non-Americans increased at a faster rate than for Americans.  The  percentage of Americans actually employed declined.  However, based on the representation methodology employed by WHO, U.S. representation is  shown as increasing.
The criteria to judge whether a country is underrepresented,  overrepresented, or equitably represented at an organization are to  compare the actual number of nationals employed to the target range  numbers.  That is the approach used for organizations with formal targets  in the first of each U.N. organization’s figures for U.S. representation in  appendix II.  The second figure for each organization in appendix II and all  of the figures in appendix IV use a percentage measure to compare actual  country employment with representation targets.  Except for FAO, which  uses a position-weighted percentage to calculate target ranges and actual  representation, our percentage approach is not the official method used by  the U.N. organizations.  Our approach enables one to compare a country’s  total employment as well as grade level employment with representation  target ranges.
The use of a base number rather than actual employment figures to  calculate target ranges tends to reduce the number of countries that are  classified as overrepresented.  The base number includes actual filled  positions and vacancies.  Since the annual base numbers for the Secretariat  and WHO are greater than each organization’s respective actual number  employed, the upper target figure is larger than would be derived if the  actual employment number were used in the target range formula.  For  example, the Secretariat’s target range for the United States in 2000 is 424  to 314 when a base number employment figure of 2,600 is used.  If the  actual employment number of 2,389 were to have been used in the target  range formula, the target range would have been 390 to 289.  In this case,  the United States still would have been equitably represented.  However, if  actual employment numbers had been used in the target range formula,  Canada and the United Kingdom would have been classified as  overrepresented.  The larger, upper target may partially explain why the  Secretariat and WHO have fewer overrepresented countries than FAO or  ILO (see apps. III and V).
section_title: Comments From the U.S. Department of State
subsections: section_title: GAO Comments
paragraphs: The following are GAO's comments on the Department of State's letter  dated July 19, 2001. 1. While State commented that it places a high priority on efforts to  ensure the United States is represented, at all levels, in U.N.  organizations, we found that its actions to achieve equitable  representation do not reflect this stated priority.  For example, as  discussed in this report, State has reduced many of its recruitment  efforts without assessing how these reductions will affect recruitment  and does not have recruiting or action plans in place to support U.N.  employment of Americans.   2. State disagreed with our recommendation to develop guidelines that  define its goal for obtaining an equitable share of senior-level and  policymaking positions for Americans and use these guidelines to help  assess whether the United States is equitably represented.  State said it  should not develop separate guidelines for defining its goal of obtaining  an equitable share of Americans in these high-level positions but rather  that it should focus on equitable representation at all levels.  While we  agree that State should be concerned about achieving equitable  employment for Americans at all levels in U.N. organizations, we  believe it is important to emphasize achieving an equitable share of  high-level positions.   We further believe that without guidelines  defining equitable share, State lacks a mechanism for assessing  whether its top recruitment priority—equitable representation of  Americans in high-level positions—is being achieved.
section_title: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments
subsections: section_title: GAO Contact
section_title: Acknowledgments
paragraphs: In addition to the person named above, Joy Labez, Jeremy Latimer, Bruce  Kutnick, Janey Cohen, Mark Speight, Mary Moutsos, and Rick Barrett made  key contributions to this report.
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