Naval Aviation: F-14 Upgrades Are Not Adequately Justified
Published: 1994-10-19T00:00:00

Fast Facts:

Highlights:
section_title: Why GAO Did This Study
paragraphs: GAO reviewed the Navy's decision to spend about $2.5 billion between fiscal years 1994 and 2003 for a limited ground attack upgrade and other modifications to about 200 F-14 Tomcat fighters.
section_title: What GAO Found
paragraphs: GAO found that: (1) although the Navy has justified F-14 attack upgrades as necessary to replace the loss of A-6E aircraft, most upgraded F-14 aircraft will be less capable than F/A-18C aircraft; (2) although upgraded F-14 aircraft have greater range than F/A-18C aircraft, this capability may not be needed, since the Navy's shift to a littoral warfare strategy will bring the Navy's targets within range of the F/A-18C and other weapons systems; (3) delivery of upgraded F-14 aircraft is not scheduled to begin until after the A-6E fleet is retired, even though the Navy stated that the aircraft are needed to fill a gap between A-6E retirement and the introduction of the F/A-18E/F aircraft; (4) for several years, the Navy will deploy carriers without A-6E or upgraded F-14 aircraft and will rely on its F/A-18C fleet for all attack missions; and (5) the Navy has not adequately justified its $2.5-billion plan to upgrade the F-14 fleet.

section_title: Letter
paragraphs: We evaluated the implications of the Navy’s decision to spend about $2.5 billion between fiscal years 1994 and 2003 for a limited ground attack upgrade and other modifications to about 200 F-14 Tomcat fighters. Subsequent to our review, the Navy removed the ground attack upgrade from its Program Objectives Memorandum. However, the Navy is currently awaiting the results of an ongoing cost and operational effectiveness analysis (COEA) of potential F-14 improvements to determine the magnitude of future modifications to the F-14, including this upgrade. Since this upgrade or a similar one continues to be a possibility, we are providing this report to assist you in ongoing deliberations of Department of Defense aviation modernization issues at a time of declining Defense budgets and forces.
subsections: section_title: Background
paragraphs: Prior to recent congressional deliberations on the Navy’s fiscal year 1995 budget, the Navy planned to spend over $2.5 billion to add limited ground attack capability and other improvements to 210 F-14 Tomcat fighter aircraft (53 F-14Ds, 81 F-14Bs, and 76 F-14As). According to the Navy, the ground attack capabilities were required to partially compensate for the loss in combat capabilities during the period starting in 1997, when all of its A-6E Intruder attack aircraft are scheduled to be retired, to the turn of the century when the F/A-18E/F, the next generation strike fighter, is scheduled to arrive. The F-14 was to undergo two upgrades. An initial upgrade, commonly called the A/B upgrade, included structural modifications to extend the F-14’s fatigue life to 7,500 hours, improved defensive capabilities and cockpit displays, and incorporation of digital architecture and mission computers to speed data processing time and add software capacity. The A/B upgrade had to be incorporated into 157 F-14 aircraft before the second upgrade, called the Block I, could be added. Block I was to add a Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) pod with a built-in laser to designate targets and allow F-14s to independently drop laser guided bombs (LGBs), a modified cockpit for night attack operations (night vision devices and compatible lighting), and enhanced defensive countermeasures.
Concerned about the Navy’s capability to maintain carrier-based power projection without A-6Es and with only limited F-14 upgrades, the Joint Conference Committee on the fiscal year 1994 Defense Authorization Act directed the Navy to add an F-15E equivalent capability to its F-14D aircraft, including the capability to use modern air-to-ground stand-off weapons. The act restricted the obligation of fiscal year 1994 F-14 procurement funds until 30 days after the Navy submitted a report outlining its plans to add more robust ground attack capability. The report, submitted on May 20, 1994, reiterated the Navy’s intent to add only the A/B and Block I upgrades.
During recent fiscal year 1995 deliberations, the defense authorization act conferees eliminated funding for F-14 Block I ground attack upgrades, authorizing funds for only the A/B structural and survivability modifications. In a subsequent similar action, defense appropriation act conferees did not appropriate funds for the Block I upgrades. The Navy eliminated the Block I ground attack upgrade from its Program Objectives Memorandum. However, Navy officials continue to believe a ground attack upgrade is necessary. A final decision on the extent of the upgrade depends upon the results of a COEA and an acquisition milestone decision scheduled for the first quarter of fiscal year 1995.
In a related response to congressional direction to add more robust capability to the F-14, beyond that mentioned above, the Navy estimated it would cost $1.8 billion to add F-15E-equivalent capability to 53 F-14Ds and another $9 billion to upgrade 198 F-14A/Bs. According to the Navy, an upgrade of that magnitude was not affordable.
section_title: Most Upgraded F-14s Will Be Less Capable Than F/A-18Cs
paragraphs: Most F-14s, even after receiving the Block I upgrade, will lack some important capabilities that the F/A-18C currently has or will gain in the near future. The absence of these capabilities could limit the combat effectiveness and utilization of the F-14 under some adverse conditions.
subsections: section_title: Most F-14s Will Lack Ground Attack Radars
paragraphs: The Block I upgrade will permit F-14s to drop LGBs, which are more accurate than unguided gravity bombs. But the usefulness of laser targeting is limited when targets are obscured by clouds, smoke, haze, and moisture that prevent laser beams from illuminating and marking the targets and from providing a clear path for the bomb guidance system to follow. Thus, to assist crews in locating and identifying targets, attack aircraft need synthetic aperture radar with ground mapping capability.
The F-14A/B models’ AWG-9 radar is one of the most powerful U.S. military aircraft radars for detecting multiple air targets approaching at long range, but it is not ideally suited to pinpointing ground targets under some conditions. For example, it does not provide a ground mapping capability that permits crews to locate and attack targets in adverse weather and poor visibility or to precisely update the aircraft’s location relative to targets during the approach, a capability that improves bombing accuracy. Only the 53 F-14Ds, with their improved APG-71 synthetic aperture ground mapping radar, will have this capability. The 157 F-14A/Bs in the Block I program, lacking the APG-71 radar, will not be as effective in locating, identifying, and attacking targets, except in daylight and clear visibility conditions. F/A-18Cs, which have synthetic aperture ground mapping radar with a doppler beam sharpening mode to generate ground maps, have greater capability, and they will get even more precise and clear radar displays when they receive the APG-73 radar upgrade later this decade. New production F/A-18Cs are scheduled to receive APG-73 radars later in 1994.
section_title: Limited Variety of Weapons
paragraphs: The Navy, in a COEA summary dated May 1992 comparing the F/A-18 to various alternatives, wrote that “a strike fighter should be capable of effectively employing all Navy strike and fighter weapons in the inventory and under development.” However, the Block I upgrade will not add any weapon capability new to the F-14, except the ability to independently drop LGBs. No Block I F-14s will be able to launch precision stand-off attack weapons such as the High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM), Harpoon antiship missile, Maverick anti-armor missile, Walleye guided bomb, and Stand-off Land Attack Missile (SLAM). F/A-18Cs and A-6Es can. Block I aircraft will not be able to employ future precision stand-off weapons, including the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and the Joint Stand Off Weapon (JSOW). F/A-18Cs will. The Navy does plan to add the capability to launch the Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) to F-14Ds when their computer software is updated. (AMRAAM is the Defense Department’s newest air-to-air missile.) The Navy has stated that it cannot afford to add stand-off weapon capability to other F-14s. Currently, F/A-18Cs have AMRAAM capability. Table 1 shows the weapons carried by F-14s and F/A-18Cs.
section_title: F-14s Have Greater Range Than F/A-18Cs, but Existing Weapon Systems Offer Alternatives
paragraphs: In defending the F-14 upgrade, Navy officials said F-14s have a combat range and/or endurance approaching that of the A-6E, which is considerably longer than the F/A-18. While range (distance) and endurance (loiter time in the target area) are important capabilities, they are not as critical in littoral warfare, when carriers may operate close to shore. Operating close to the shore decreases the distance to targets and increases the amount of loiter time the aircraft has at or near the target. The Secretary of the Navy, in the 1994 Posture Statement, stated that 85 percent of the Navy’s potential targets are within 200 miles of the world’s shorelines.
Although the F-14 generally has greater range and endurance than the F/A-18C, the majority of littoral targets should be within the F/A-18C’s range, even with an aircraft carrier operating 100 miles or more offshore. The Navy’s Atlantic Fleet officials told us that F/A-18Cs carrying four 1,000-pound bombs and external fuel tanks have an unrefueled mission radius of about 340 miles. Future F/A-18Es are projected to carry the same weapon load up to 520 miles without refueling. While the longer range F-14s could potentially reach the 15 percent of the targets beyond 200 miles of shorelines, alternatives are available. The Navy’s Tomahawk cruise missile can strike fixed targets up to a range of about 700 miles. Air Force bombers, with mid-air refueling, have even a greater range. If aerial refueling is available, as should be the case with U.S. forces operating jointly, an aircraft’s range, including the F/A-18’s, can be extended significantly.
section_title: Upgraded F-14s Will Be Less Capable Than Some Attack Aircraft
paragraphs: The Block I F-14 aircraft will not have all of the capability of the Air Force’s F-15E Strike Eagle (a long range, all-weather, multimission strike fighter with precision weapons capability), the Navy’s own F/A-18C Hornet, or its A-6E Intruder (see table 2). F-14A/Bs can drop most unguided bombs, including 500-, 1,000-, and 2,000-pound gravity bombs, as well as cluster munitions. They can also drop LGBs if another aircraft marks the target with a laser beam. Block I will add the capability to independently drop LGBs without external assistance. F-14A/B aircraft will not have a radar ground mapping capability to assist crews in locating, identifying, and attacking targets when visibility is poor. No F-14s, including the D model, will be able to launch precision stand-off weapons, and none will have all-weather terrain following capability.
section_title: Upgraded F-14s Will Not Reach the Fleet Before A-6Es Are Retired
paragraphs: Although the Navy justified the F-14 upgrade as necessary to fill the gap between A-6E retirements and delivery of F/A-18E/Fs, no F-14s, under the original Block I plan, were scheduled to begin receiving upgrades until fiscal year 1998, a year after the last A-6s were retired. The Navy plans to procure F/A-18 E/F aircraft starting in fiscal year 1997 and expects the aircraft to enter service in the year 2000. In the interim, two carrier air wings have retired their A-6Es, and these air wings will operate for 5 years, at a minimum, before the first upgraded F-14s are delivered in 1999. The USS Constellation is scheduled to deploy late in 1994, without A-6Es. Its F-14Ds cannot drop bombs because they lack the necessary computer software.
The first carrier air wing equipped with Block I F-14s will not deploy until fiscal year 1999 or 2000. The last F-14s will not complete the upgrade until fiscal year 2003. By that time, if not earlier, the Navy should start receiving squadrons of F/A-18E/Fs to replace F-14s and older F/A-18s.
As the Navy eliminates A-6Es from carrier air wings, it plans to add a third squadron of F/A-18s to each wing, increasing the number of F/A-18s in each air wing from 20 to 36. The Navy also plans to eliminate one F-14 squadron from each air wing, reducing the number from 20 to 14 planes. Two air wings, including the USS Constellation’s, will receive this modified air wing mix in fiscal year 1994. Two more air wings are expected to change their aircraft mix in fiscal year 1995, with three more wings changing in fiscal years 1996 and 1997, respectively, until the configuration of all 10 active air wings is changed.
section_title: Navy Study Concluded a Modernized F-14 Was Less Capable Than the F/A-18C
paragraphs: As noted earlier, most F-14s, even after under going the Block I upgrade, will lack some important capabilities that the F/A-18C has or will gain in the near future. The absence of these capabilities could limit the F-14’s combat effectiveness and utilization under some adverse conditions. This view is supported by an April 1992 Navy COEA summary, which compared the F/A-18 to various alternatives, including an upgraded F-14D called Quick Strike. This version was to have more capability than is planned for Block I. The analysis concluded that the F-14 Quick Strike was a less capable strike aircraft than the F/A-18C.
section_title: Matters for Congressional Consideration
paragraphs: Because the Navy faces an uncertain budget environment and system affordability concerns, and, since planned F-14 upgrades offer little or no improvement over current capabilities and may not be fielded before F/A-18E/Fs are delivered, the upgrades do not appear to be cost-effective.
Current Navy plans will not provide F-14s with F-15E-equivalent capabilities. If the Congress wishes to add these capabilities, Navy estimates show that it will cost much more.
Therefore, the Congress may wish to defer authorizing or appropriating additional monies for the F-14 until the Navy can demonstrate that planned upgrades are essential when considering (1) the current F/A-18C capabilities; (2) the net weapon capability gain over current F-14A/B levels; (3) the absence of a ground attack radar in 157 of the 210 aircraft; (4) the lack of precision stand-off weapons capability in all 210 F-14 aircraft that limits the versatility and use of these aircraft in combat; (5) the nearly simultaneous delivery of upgraded F-14s and F/A –18E/Fs; and (6) the Navy’s willingness to deploy carriers without A-6Es or upgraded F-14s, as evidenced by the upcoming deployment of the USS Constellation.
section_title: Agency Comments
paragraphs: Navy officials, commenting on a draft of this report, defended the F-14 upgrade as necessary, even though they were aware that the Block I ground attack upgrade capability had been eliminated from the Navy’s budget by the House and Senate defense authorization conferees and from the Navy’s 1996 Program Objectives Memorandum. Navy officials said the upgrade was only eliminated from the Program Objectives Memorandum for the present. They defended the need for this upgrade, which is one of several possible upgrades being considered in an ongoing COEA. The Navy could resubmit the ground attack upgrade in a future budget. However, if this upgrade is delayed, it is likely that new F/A-18E/Fs will be deployed before upgraded F-14s enter the fleet, making a need based on capability more questionable.
Navy officials said the key issue discussed in our report is not whether planned F-14 upgrades duplicate strike capabilities available in the Navy as well as in the other services, as suggested by us, but rather the contribution these aircraft would make to the capability of each carrier air wing. Commenting on the Navy’s willingness to immediately deploy carriers without A-6Es, relying completely on F/A-18s for its strike capability, Navy officials said this decision is a reflection of affordability constraints, not a willingness to forgo the capability. We agree that affordability is part of the issue. Affordability provided the impetus for the Navy to set priorities. In setting its priorities, the Navy eliminated the F-14 upgrade from its Program Objectives Memorandum, which was a clear admission that the Navy weighed its needs and found it had more important priorities.
section_title: Scope and Methodology
paragraphs: Our data gathering and analysis focused on the Navy’s decision to upgrade 210 F-14 aircraft. We interviewed officials and reviewed documents from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (Director for Air Warfare); the Naval Air Systems Command; and Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, in Washington, D.C. We also interviewed personnel at the U.S. Naval Air Forces, Atlantic Fleet and Pacific Fleet; Headquarters, U.S. Air Force Air Combat Command; the Naval Strike Warfare Center, Naval Air Station, Fallon, Nevada; Carrier Air Wings Two and Fifteen at Naval Air Station, North Island, California; and Naval Air Station, Miramar, California; and Hughes Aircraft Company, Los Angeles, California.
We conducted our review between June 1993 and May 1994 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.
We are sending copies of this report to the Secretaries of Defense, the Navy, and the Air Force; the Director, Office of Management and Budget; and the Chairman, Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Forces.
Please contact me at (202) 512-3504 if you or your staff have any questions concerning this report. The major contributors to this report are William C. Meredith, Kenneth W. Newell, and Frances W. Scott.
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