Federal Education Funding: Multiple Programs and Lack of Data Raise Efficiency and Effectiveness Concerns
Published: 1997-11-06T00:00:00

Fast Facts:

Highlights:
section_title: Why GAO Did This Study
paragraphs: GAO discussed: (1) the amount and complexity of federal support for education; (2) additional planning, implementation, and evaluative information needed by agencies and the Congress on federal education programs; and (3) some of the challenges of obtaining more and better information.
section_title: What GAO Found
paragraphs: GAO noted that: (1) billions in federal education dollars are distributed through hundreds of programs and more than 30 agencies; (2) agencies and the Congress need information to plan, implement, and evaluate these programs; (3) to gauge and ensure the success of these programs, the Congress and agencies need several kinds of information; (4) they need to know which specific program approaches or models are most effective, the circumstances in which they are effective, and if the individual programs are working nationwide; (5) they also need to be able to look across all programs that are designed to help a given target group to see if individual programs are working efficiently together and whether the federal effort is working effectively overall; (6) GAO believes a close examination of these multiple education programs is needed; (7) the current situation has created the potential for inefficient service and reduced overall effectiveness; (8) basic information about programs and program results is lacking and there are many challenges in obtaining this important information; and (9) the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA) holds promise as a tool to help agencies manage for results, coordinate their efforts with other agencies, and obtain the information they need to plan and implement programs and evaluate program results.

section_title: Letter
paragraphs: I am pleased to be here today to discuss federal support for education, concerns raised by the multiple programs dispersed through over 30 agencies, and the lack of data about the programs and their impact.
Hundreds of federal education programs—the specific number differs depending on how education is defined and who is counting the programs—are administered by more than 30 federal agencies. Although billions of federal dollars support education, state and local governments and the private sector spend even more. For example, federal spending for public elementary and secondary education is only about 7 percent of all funding for kindergarten through high school (K-12) education. State and local sources provide 47 and 46 percent of the funding, respectively. end of this testimony.) I will focus on (1) the amount and complexity of federal support for education; (2) additional planning, implementation, and evaluative information needed by agencies and the Congress on federal education programs; and (3) some of the challenges of obtaining more and better information.
In summary, billions of federal education dollars are distributed through hundreds of programs and more than 30 agencies. Agencies and the Congress need information to plan, implement, and evaluate these programs. Moreover, to gauge and ensure the success of these programs, the Congress and agencies need several kinds of information. First, they need to know which specific program approaches or models are most effective and the circumstances in which they are effective. They also need to know if individual programs are working nationwide. In addition, they need to be able to look across all programs that are designed to help a given target group to see if individual programs are working efficiently together and whether the federal effort is working effectively overall. We believe closely examining these multiple education programs is definitely needed. The current situation has created the potential for inefficient service and reduced overall effectiveness. Basic information about programs and program results is lacking, and we face many challenges in obtaining this important information. The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA) holds promise as a tool to help agencies manage for results, coordinate their efforts with other agencies, and obtain the information they need to plan and implement programs and evaluate program results.
subsections: section_title: Billions of Federal Education Dollars Distributed Through Hundreds of Programs and Multiple Agencies
paragraphs: Overall federal support for education includes not only federal funds, but also nonfederal funds associated with federal legislation. More than 30 departments or agencies administer federal education dollars, although the Department of Education administers the most, accounting for about 43 percent. Of the about $73 billion appropriated to support education, half supports elementary and secondary education. Overall, six program areas account for almost two-thirds of all budgeted education funding. Many departments and programs may target funds to the same target groups, such as poor children. Although some coordination takes place and some programs have been consolidated, much more needs to be done to coordinate the multiple education programs scattered throughout the federal government.
subsections: section_title: Distribution of Federal Support for Education
paragraphs: NCES estimates federal support for education, excluding tax expenditures, as approximately $100.5 billion in fiscal year 1997. This figure is an estimate of the value of the assistance to the recipients—not the cost to the government. NCES describes this support as falling into two main categories: funds appropriated by the Congress (on-budget) and a combination of what NCES calls “off-budget” funds and nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation. Appropriated funds include items such as grants, federal matching funds, and the administration and subsidy costs for direct and guaranteed student loans. Off-budget funds are the portion of direct federal loans anticipated to be repaid. Nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation include nonfederal (generally state or local) funds provided to obtain federal matching funds and capital provided by private lenders for education loans. According to NCES, in fiscal year 1997, appropriated funds constituted approximately three- quarters of the total: $73.1 billion.
section_title: Multiple Departments and Programs
paragraphs: To ensure that all Americans have equal access to educational opportunities, the federal government often targets its education funds to groups, such as poor children, that for various reasons have not had equal access to educational opportunities. The government may also target funds to ensure that all children have access to vital resources—such as well-trained teachers and technology. These concerns have helped disperse federal education programs to over 30 departments or agencies.
The Department of Education spends the most, accounting for about 43 percent of appropriations or an estimated $31 billion in fiscal year 1997. (See fig. 2.) The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) spends the next largest amount, with about 18 percent or an estimated $13 billion. Over half of this amount ($7.1 billion) funded research; another $4 billion funded the Head Start program. Other Departments with federal education dollars include the Departments of Agriculture, Labor, and Defense, with 13, 6, and 5 percent, respectively. The remaining 15 percent is spent by more than 30 additional departments or agencies. (A)
T I (Educaon)
Pll G (Educaon) (Lbo)
HS) (Educaon)
Elementary and secondary education programs account for half of all budgeted federal education dollars. (See fig. 5.) In addition, the federal government provides funds for postsecondary education (generally as grants and loan guarantees), research (through such Departments as HHS, Energy, and Defense, along with the National Science Foundation), and other activities such as rehabilitative services.
section_title: Many Agencies and Programs Target Specific Groups
paragraphs: Federal funds are generally targeted to specific groups. However, many education programs administered by separate agencies may target any single group. Although we have no comprehensive figures on the number of programs targeted to different groups, figure 6 shows the number of programs in various agencies targeted to three specific groups—young children, at-risk and delinquent youth, and teachers.
Teachers (FY1993) (FY1992 & 1993) (FY1996) services. For example, in 1996, 47 federal programs provided substance abuse prevention, 20 provided substance abuse treatment, and 57 provided violence prevention. Thirteen federal departments and agencies administered these programs and received about $2.3 billion. In addition, the same department or agency administered many programs providing similar services. Justice, for example, had nine programs providing substance abuse prevention services to youth in 1996. Furthermore, many individual programs funded multiple services: about 63 percent of the programs funded four or more services each in 1996, according to our review.
We also examined programs that provide teacher training. For this target group, multiple federal programs exist in a number of federal agencies. For example, the federal government funded at least 86 teacher training programs in fiscal year 1993 in nine federal agencies and offices. For the 42 programs for which data were available, Department officials reported that over $280 million was obligated in fiscal year 1993.
Similarly, in fiscal years 1992 and 1993, the government funded over 90 early childhood programs in 11 federal agencies and 20 offices, according to our review. Our analysis showed that one disadvantaged child could have possibly been eligible for as many as 13 programs. Many programs, however, reported serving only a portion of their target population and maintained long waiting lists.
Secretary of Education Riley testified recently before this Task Force that the Department of Education has made progress in both eliminating low-priority programs and consolidating similar programs. He noted, for example, that the reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act reduced the number of programs from 14 to 6. In addition, the Department has proposed eliminating or consolidating over 40 programs as part of the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act. difficulty for those trying to access the most appropriate services and funding sources. Federal programs that contribute to similar results should be closely coordinated to ensure that goals are consistent and, as appropriate, program efforts are mutually reinforcing. Uncoordinated program efforts can waste scarce funds, confuse and frustrate program customers, and limit the overall effectiveness of the federal effort.
section_title: More Information Is Needed About the Federal Pre-Kindergarten-12 Education Effort and Its Impact
paragraphs: The large numbers of programs and agencies supporting education activities and target groups make management and evaluation information critical to the Congress and agency officials. Information about the federal education effort is needed by many different decisionmakers, for different reasons, at different times, and at different levels of detail. Much of that information, however, is not currently available.
subsections: section_title: Kinds of Information Needed
paragraphs: To efficiently and effectively operate, manage, and oversee programs and activities, agencies need reliable, timely program performance and cost information and the analytic capacity to use that information. For example, agencies need to have reliable data during their planning efforts to set realistic goals and later, as programs are being implemented, to gauge their progress toward reaching those goals. In addition, in combination with an agency’s performance measurement system, a strong program evaluation capacity is needed to provide feedback on how well an agency’s activities and programs contributed to reaching agency goals. Systematically evaluating a program’s implementation can also provide important information about the program’s success or lack thereof and suggest ways to improve it. nationwide. Finally, the Congress needs the ability to look across all programs designed to help a given target group to assess how the programs are working together and whether the overall federal effort is accomplishing a mission such as preventing substance abuse among youths.
In addition, for specific oversight purposes, congressional decisionmakers sometimes want specific kinds of information. For example, this Task Force has indicated that two types of information would be particularly useful to its mission: knowing which federal education programs target which groups and knowing what characterizes successful programs.
section_title: Areas in Which Some Information Exists
paragraphs: Some information is available about preK-12 programs that do not appear to be achieving the desired results and others that appear to be successful. Secretary Riley, for example, has testified that the Department will be doing more to disseminate the latest information on what works in education.
Our clearest evidence about a lack of positive effect from federal expenditures comes from one of the largest programs: title I. Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act is the largest federal elementary and secondary education grant program. It has received much attention recently because of an Education Department report showing that, overall, title I programs do not ultimately reduce the effect of poverty on a student’s achievement. For example, children in high-poverty schools began school academically behind their peers in low-poverty schools and could not close this gap as they progressed through school. In addition, when assessed according to high academic standards, most title I students failed to exhibit the reading and mathematics skills expected for their respective grade levels. The study concluded that students in high-poverty schools were the least able to demonstrate the expected levels of academic proficiency. strategies in several areas: school violence, substance abuse prevention,and school-to-work transition. In 1995, we also prepared an overview of successful and unsuccessful practices in schools and workplaces. Our reviews identified several important program characteristics: strong program leadership, linkages between the program and the community, and a clear and comprehensive approach.
The Department of Education also has contracts for evaluating what works. For example, the Prospects study—in addition to providing the data on the overall limited effect of title I—analyzed the five high- performing, high-poverty schools in its sample of 400 schools. Although the number of schools is too small for conclusive generalizations, the study described the characteristics of these schools as “food for thought” for future research on successful programs. These schools had an experienced principal; low teacher and pupil turnover; an emphasis on schoolwide efforts that seek to raise the achievement of every student; a greater use of tracking by student ability; a balanced emphasis on remedial and higher order thinking in classroom involvement; and higher parent support and expectations than low-performing, high-poverty schools.
section_title: Significant Information Gaps
paragraphs: Significant information gaps exist, however, about both programs and their outcomes. Currently, no central source of information exists about all the programs providing services to the same target groups among different agencies or about those providing a similar service to several target groups. Instead, we have had to conduct the specific analyses previously described for at-risk and delinquent youth, young children, and teachers—as well as others—to obtain this information.
Moreover, in our evaluations of specific programs—some of which get billions of federal dollars each year—the most basic information is lacking. For example, our study of the Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program revealed that the program has no centralized information about what specific services the funds pay for—much less whether the money is being spent effectively. In our ongoing work on Head Start, we found that no list of Head Start classrooms and their locations existed.
Urban and Suburban/Rural Special Strategies for Educating Disadvantaged Children: Findings and Policy Implications of a Longitudinal Study, Department of Education (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 1997). changes and changes in the population served. We have recommended that HHS include in its research plan an assessment of the impact of regular Head Start programs. Although the Department believes that clear evidence exists of the positive impacts of Head Start services, it does have plans to evaluate the feasibility of conducting such studies.
More promising, but still incomplete, is the information available for Safe and Drug-Free Schools programs. Information on effectiveness and impact has not been collected, although overall evaluations of the Safe and Drug-Free Schools program have not been completed. However, Education’s evaluative activities focus on broader aspects of program implementation and not the effectiveness of all Safe and Drug-Free Schools programs nationwide. Moreover, the lack of uniform information requirements on program activities and effectiveness may create a problem for federal oversight.
section_title: Challenges in Obtaining Important Information
paragraphs: If (1) process information is critical for program, agency, and interagency management of federal elementary and secondary programs, and (2) outcome and impact information is needed to assess results and focus efforts on what works, why is information not readily available? The challenges to collecting that information include competing priorities—such as reducing paperwork and regulatory burden and promoting flexibility in program implementation—that restrict data collection and evaluation activities; the cost of data collection; the secondary role of education in many programs; the difficulty of obtaining impact evaluation information (under any circumstances); the special challenge to assessing overall effects on federal efforts involving multiple federal programs in multiple agencies; and until recently, a lack of focus on results and accountability.
subsections: section_title: Competing Priorities Limit Data Collection Activities
paragraphs: approving collections of information done by the federal government, whether through questions, surveys, or studies. This can limit the burden on state and local governments and others; however, it can also limit the amount of information collected by the Department of Education.
Similarly, the challenge of balancing flexibility and accountability is apparent in efforts to provide certain federal education funds as block grants. Agencies face the challenge of balancing the flexibility block grants afford states to set priorities on the basis of local need with their own need to hold states accountable for achieving federal goals. For example, the Safe and Drug-Free Schools program allows a wide range of activities and permits states to define the information they collect on program activities and effectiveness. With no requirement that states use consistent measures, the Department faces a difficult challenge in assembling the triennial state reports to develop a nationwide picture of the program’s effectiveness.
One promising strategy as an alternative to traditional block grants is the use of Performance Partnership Grants (PPG). Under PPGs, the states and the federal government negotiate an arrangement that identifies specific objectives and performance measures regarding outcomes and processes. This approach gives the states more control over their funding decisions, while encouraging them to accept greater accountability for results.
section_title: Information Is Costly
paragraphs: Obtaining and analyzing information to manage and evaluate programs requires significant resources. For example, the Department of Education’s strategic plan cites the need to improve the quality of performance data on programs and operations and to promote the integration of federal programs with one another as well as with state and local programs. Towards this end, in fiscal year 1997, the Department of Education was appropriated about $400 million for educational research and improvement. Education estimates an additional $367 million was obligated by the Department for information technology for Department operations.
In addition, evaluation research is costly. For example, in fiscal year 1993, the Department awarded 38 contracts totaling more than $20 million for evaluating elementary and secondary education programs. Contract amounts ranged from $38,000 to fund a program improvement conference to $6.8 million for implementing the chapter 1 longitudinal study (Prospects). But this accounted for only 1 year of this multiyear study: this longitudinal study to assess the impact of significant participation in title I programs on student and young adult outcomes cost about $25 million over a 4-year period. The median cost for an evaluation contract was about $180,000 in fiscal year 1993.
In our testimony last spring on challenges facing the Department of Education, we noted that the Department needed more information to determine how its programs are working and that additional departmental resources may be needed to manage funds and provide information and technical assistance. For example, title I is intended to promote access to and equity in education for low-income students. The Congress modified the program in 1994, strengthening its accountability provisions and encouraging the concentration of funds to serve more disadvantaged children. At this time, however, the Department does not have the information it needs to determine whether the funding is being targeted as intended. Although the Department has asked for $10 million in its fiscal year 1998 budget request to evaluate the impact of title I, it has only just begun a small study of selected school districts to examine targeting to identify any necessary mid-course modifications. The ultimate impact of the 1994 program modifications could be diminished if the funding changes are not implemented as intended.
section_title: Many Programs Involving Education Have Other Primary Purposes
paragraphs: Many federal programs involving education have other primary purposes. For example, the Department of Agriculture’s child nutrition program provides school breakfast and school lunch programs. The Head Start program also emphasizes health and nutrition as well as parenting skills; cognitive development is only one of six program goals. In addition, Safe and Drug-Free Schools Act money can be used to provide comprehensive health education, whose major goals and objectives are broader than just drug and violence prevention.
section_title: Impact Evaluation Information Is Difficult to Obtain
paragraphs: Good evaluative information about program effects is difficult to obtain. Each of the tasks involved—measuring outcomes, ensuring the consistency and quality of data collected at various sites, establishing the causal connection between outcomes and program activities, and distinguishing the influence of extraneous factors—raises formidable technical or logistical problems. Thus, evaluating program impact generally requires a planned study and, often, considerable time and expense. Program features affect the relative difficulty of getting reliable impact information. The more varied the program activities and the less direct the connection between the provider and the federal agency, the greater the difficulty of getting comparable, reliable data on clients and services. For example, a federal agency whose own employees deliver a specified service can probably obtain impact data more easily than one that administers grants that states then pass on to several local entities to be used different ways. Also, due to the absence of contrasting comparison groups, it is extremely difficult to estimate the impact of a long-standing program that covers all eligible participants.
section_title: Multiple Federal Programs Managed by Different Agencies
paragraphs: The sheer number of departments and agencies that spend federal education dollars makes it hard to aggregate existing information among federal programs for certain issues or target groups. Each program may have its own measures on the federal, state, and local levels. Even for a single program, each state may use different measures (as mentioned earlier regarding the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act programs), creating difficult challenges to developing a nationwide picture of the program’s effectiveness. Yet this is just 1 of the 127 programs administered by 15 agencies that target at-risk and delinquent youth. If the Congress wanted to know the overall effectiveness of the federal effort in helping at-risk and delinquent youth, the task would be even more daunting than that the Department of Education faces in developing a nationwide picture of one flexibly administered program.
section_title: Past Lack of Emphasis on Results and Accountability
paragraphs: Federally funded programs have historically placed a low priority on results and accountability. Therefore, until recently, the statutory framework has not been in place to bring a more disciplined approach to federal management and to provide the Congress and agency decisionmakers with vital information for assessing the performance and costs of federal programs.
In recent years, however, governments around the world, including ours, have faced a citizenry that is demanding that governments become more effective and less costly. These two demands are driving the move to a performance-based approach to managing public-sector organizations.
GPRA is the centerpiece of a statutory framework provided by recent legislation to bring needed discipline to federal agencies’ management activities. Other elements are the expanded Chief Financial Officers Act, the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, and the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996. These laws each responded to a need for accurate, reliable information for executive branch and congressional decision-making. In combination, they provide a framework for developing (1) fully integrated information about an agency’s mission and strategic priorities, (2) performance data for evaluating the achievement of these goals, (3) the relationship of information technology investments to meeting performance goals, and (4) accurate and audited financial information about the costs of meeting the goals.
GPRA requires that agencies clearly define their missions, establish long-term strategic goals as well as annual goals linked to them, measure their performance according to the goals they have set, and report on their progress. In addition to ongoing performance monitoring, agencies are also expected to perform discrete evaluations of their programs and to use information obtained from these evaluations to improve their programs. Agencies are also expected to closely coordinate with other federal agencies whose programs contribute to similar results to ensure that goals are consistent and, as appropriate, that program efforts are mutually reinforcing. Each agency was required to submit to OMB and the Congress a strategic plan explaining its mission, long-term goals, and strategies for meeting these goals by September 30, 1997, and the Department of Education did so. needed to meet any unmet goals. In addition, by early 1998, OMB must submit to the Congress governmentwide performance plans based on agencies’ plans as part of the president’s fiscal 1999 budget.
For federal education programs, this shift to a focus on results can help inform decisionmakers about effective program models and the actual activities and characteristics of individual federal programs. GPRA provides an incentive for agency and program personnel to systematically assess their programs and identify and adapt successful practices of similar programs. The act also provides an early warning system for identifying goals and objectives that are not being met so that agency and program staff can replace ineffective practices with effective ones.
The act’s emphasis on coordination among similar programs and linking results to funding also provides a way to better understand the overall effect of federal activities and to identify programs that might be abolished, expanded, or consolidated with others. If agencies and OMB use the annual planning process to highlight crosscutting program issues, the individual agency performance plans and the governmentwide performance plan should provide the Congress with the information needed to identify agencies and programs addressing similar missions. Once these programs are identified, the Congress can consider the associated policy, management, and performance implications of crosscutting program issues. This information should also help identify the performance and cost consequences of program fragmentation and the implications of alternative policy and service delivery options. These options, in turn, can lead to decisions about department and agency missions and allocating resources among those missions.
Achieving the full potential of GPRA is a particularly difficult challenge because of the multiple programs and many departments involved in the federal effort to improve public K-12 education. Meanwhile, this challenge—combined with the current limited data available about the programs and their effectiveness—is precisely why GPRA is needed. It is also why we believe it holds promise to help improve the information available to decisionmakers and, thus, the federal effort in this important area.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be pleased to respond to any questions you or members of the Task Force may have.
section_title: Related GAO Products
paragraphs: Managing for Results: Building on Agencies’ Strategic Plans to Improve Federal Management (GAO/T-GGD/AIMD-98-29, Oct. 30, 1997).
Safe and Drug-Free Schools: Balancing Accountability With State and Local Flexibility (GAO/HEHS-98-3, Oct. 10, 1997).
Education Programs: Information on Major Preschool, Elementary, and Secondary Education Programs (GAO/HEHS-97-210R, Sept. 15, 1997).
Education Programs: Information on Major Postsecondary Education, School-to-Work, and Youth Employment Programs (GAO/HEHS-97-212R, Sept. 15, 1997).
At-Risk and Delinquent Youth: Fiscal Year 1996 Programs (GAO/HEHS-97-211R, Sept. 2, 1997).
Managing for Results: Using the Results Act to Address Mission Fragmentation and Program Overlap (GAO/AIMD-97-146, Aug. 29, 1997).
Substance Abuse and Violence Prevention: Multiple Youth Programs Raise Questions of Efficiency and Effectiveness (GAO/T-HEHS-97-166, June 24, 1997).
The Government Performance and Results Act: 1997 Governmentwide Implementation Will Be Uneven (GAO/GGD-97-109, June 2, 1997).
Head Start: Research Provides Little Information on Impact of Current Program (GAO/HEHS-97-59, Apr. 15, 1997).
Department of Education: Challenges in Promoting Access and Excellence in Education (GAO/T-HEHS-97-99, Mar. 20, 1997).
Schools and Workplaces: An Overview of Successful and Unsuccessful Practices (GAO/PEMD-95-28, Aug. 31, 1995).
Block Grants: Issues in Designing Accountability Provisions (GAO/AIMD-95-226, Sept. 1, 1995).
Multiple Teacher Training Programs: Information on Budgets, Services, and Target Groups (GAO/HEHS-95-71FS, Feb. 22, 1995).
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