Tactical Aircraft: Restructuring of the Air Force F-22 Fighter Program
Published: 1997-06-04T00:00:00

Fast Facts:

Highlights:
section_title: Why GAO Did This Study
paragraphs: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Air Force's February 1997 plans to restructure the F-22 program, focusing on the: (1) estimated cost of the restructured program and viability of cost reduction initiatives; (2) planned timing for realization of benefits from initiatives; and (3) criteria for approving initiation and continuation of production.
section_title: What GAO Found
paragraphs: GAO noted that: (1) GAO's reviews of various weapon system acquisitions have shown that initial program schedules and cost estimates have historically been optimistic and have not often been achieved; (2) the F-22 program is not an exception; (3) further, GAO believes the February 1997 restructuring plan reflects revised cost goals that may be optimistic because: (a) the planned reductions in F-22 production unit costs are greater than those experienced by prior fighter programs; and (b) actions intended to reduce production costs have not been fully defined and validated; (4) GAO's comparison of the projected reduction in F-22 production unit costs with the historical unit costs of the F-15, F-16, and F-18 programs indicates that the F-22 reductions exceed those that have been achieved on these other programs; (5) also, to achieve the overall cost avoidance projected by the Joint Estimate Team, the unit cost of full-rate aircraft must be reduced by 54 percent from the unit cost of the low-rate initial production (LRIP) aircraft instead of by 27.9 percent, as projected before the program restructure; (6) an aspect of cost reduction that has been previously reviewed and should continue to be considered is the potential savings from reducing F-22 performance requirements; (7) Joint Estimate Team members told GAO that, although they considered performance reductions in the study as a means of reducing costs, and that potential reductions had been considered in at least a dozen past reviews, no performance reductions were made as a result of their study; (8) the cost reduction initiatives are not planned to achieve significant net savings until F-22 full-rate production, now planned to begin in fiscal year (FY) 2004; (9) the F-22 cost estimate developed by the Joint Estimate Team and endorsed by the Air Force recognizes unit cost increases of 40 percent in F-22 LRIP aircraft through FY 2003; (10) the program exit criteria that were required before awarding each lot of LRIP aircraft and the first full-rate production contract have been revised as part of the program restructuring; and (11) although aircraft performance parameters are reported in the Selected Acquisition Report and other Air Force and Department of Defense reports, GAO believes specific aircraft performance parameters should be included in the exit criteria for each low-rate initial production lot to: (a) maintain visibility of aircraft performance as production rates are accelerated; and (b) ensure that adequate progress is being made to fully demonstrate the aircraft's capabilities.

section_title: Letter
paragraphs: In response to your request of February 24, 1997, we reviewed the Air Force’s February 1997 plans to restructure the F-22 program. This report presents our observations regarding the estimated cost of the restructured program and viability of cost reduction initiatives, planned timing for realization of benefits from initiatives, and criteria for approving initiation and continuation of production.
An important factor that will significantly impact the cost of the restructured program, and the viability of cost reduction initiatives discussed in this report is the Quadrennial Defense Review, which was released in mid-May. This review calls for reductions in the F-22 low-rate initial production (LRIP) quantity, the total production quantity, and the production rates. Because the production quantities and rates were basic assumptions guiding the February 1997 F-22 restructuring plan, changes in the F-22 program that result from the review will require reevaluation of the cost of the program, the potential for cost reductions, and the contract strategy. Nevertheless, the information in this report provides an important historical and contextual framework for decisionmakers as they debate the issues surrounding the F-22.
subsections: section_title: Background
paragraphs: The F-22 is an air superiority aircraft with a capability to deliver air-to-ground weapons. Advanced technology being developed for the F-22 makes it “. . . a very ambitious, challenging program, probably the most challenging program in recent times,” according to the Department of Defense’s (DOD) Defense Science Board. The most significant features include supercruise, the ability to fly efficiently at supersonic speeds without using fuel-consuming afterburners; low observability to adversary systems that have the objective of locating and shooting the F-22; and integrated avionics to significantly improve the pilot’s battlefield awareness.
The F-22 program began the engineering and manufacturing development phase of the acquisition process in 1991. According to the fiscal year 1997 President’s budget, the Air Force planned to develop the F-22 and build nine development aircraft, two nonflying structural test articles, and four preproduction aircraft at a cost of about $17.4 billion. The Air Force planned to buy 76 aircraft during the LRIP phase of the program and 362 aircraft during the full-rate production phase. The total estimated production cost was about $48 billion.
The Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition engaged a Joint Estimate Team (JET) because management reviews of the F-22 program indicated potential cost growth. In February 1997, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology approved the Air Force’s proposed plan to restructure the F-22 program based on the results of the JET’s review. JET concluded that the F-22 engineering and manufacturing development program would require additional time and funding to reduce risk before the F-22 enters production. JET estimated that the development cost would increase by about $1.45 billion. Also, JET concluded that F-22 production cost could grow by about $13 billion (from $48 billion to $61 billion) unless offset by various cost avoidance actions, identified as tier I and tier II initiatives. These initiatives are being further defined by a study team chartered by the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition. That team is scheduled to report its conclusions in the fall of 1997. We have not reviewed the basis for the revised savings estimates that are now being devised by the team.
We have issued a number of reports concerning the F-22 fighter program. (See Related GAO Products at the end of this report.) In an April 1995 report, we recommended that the Secretary of Defense reduce the degree of concurrency between development and production of the F-22 and minimize commitments to production until after successful completion of operational testing.
section_title: Estimated Costs Appear Optimistic
paragraphs: Cost growth and schedule delays are among the most prevalent, oldest, and most visible problems associated with weapon systems. Our weapon system reviews over a 15-year period indicate that it takes longer and costs more to develop and produce weapons than the estimates on which the programs were initially approved. Program cost increases on the order of 20 to 40 percent have been common on major weapon programs, as have schedule delays of over 2 years.
Our review of the Air Force’s restructuring plan for the F-22 program indicates that the projected costs are optimistic. The planned reductions in F-22 production unit costs are greater than achieved on prior fighter programs, and the initiatives to reduce the production costs are not fully developed.
subsections: section_title: Cost Reduction Initiatives
paragraphs: JET reported that projected costs for the F-22 grew because (1) making the first three of nine development aircraft was taking substantially more labor than planned, (2) the flight test program did not allow enough time for solving problems likely to be identified in avionics tests, (3) avionics integration was expected to take more time than first thought due to slips in the baseline schedule and loss of experienced software personnel, and (4) the number of engineering changes on the engine was expected to increase over earlier projections.
JET also evaluated the cost impact on the production aircraft that could occur because the cost of the first three development aircraft was increasing above projections and the test program needed to be extended. As a result of these changes, production would have to begin later and at a slower pace, and the cost of production aircraft would reflect the increased costs of the development aircraft. JET concluded that cost growth of about $13 billion in the production program (from $48 billion to $61 billion) was possible unless offset by various cost reduction actions identified as tier I and tier II initiatives. JET’s recommendations have been endorsed by the Air Force and essentially approved by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology. JET’s recommendations are listed in appendix I.
JET concluded that savings of $6.6 billion in production costs could be achieved through the tier I initiatives. Although these techniques have the potential to reduce costs, the amount of savings that can be achieved from each will not be known until the initiatives are more specifically defined and production contracts are negotiated for F-22s. The tier I initiatives were those defined by JET in some detail, as shown in table 1.
Tier II initiatives were less defined and were expected to provide an additional $6.6 billion in savings. Examples given of additional initiatives include (1) corporate consolidation opportunities; (2) full contractor depot support; and (3) others, including foreign military sales, and efficiencies in dealing with out-of-production parts.
section_title: Planned Reductions in Production Cost
paragraphs: Based on prior fighter aircraft programs’ experience, we are skeptical the Air Force can achieve production cost reductions of $13 billion. The planned reductions in F-22 production unit costs are greater than have been experienced by prior fighter programs. Our comparison of the planned reductions in F-22 production unit costs with the historical unit costs of the F-15, F-16, and F-18 programs indicates that the projected reduction in the unit cost of the F-22 exceeds the reductions that have been achieved on these other programs.
The Air Force plans to acquire the first full-rate production lot of aircraft (the 71st through the 118th aircraft) at an average unit cost of about 18 percent of the cost of the first lot of LRIP aircraft. Prior programs, such as the F-16, have taken advantage of multiyear procurement and other techniques similar to those proposed for the F-22 program and have achieved significant reductions. However, these reductions were not of the magnitude projected for the F-22. For example, the average unit cost of the first full-rate lot of F-18s was about 31 percent of the cost of the first LRIP lot.
Figure 1 compares the projected change in F-22 unit procurement cost to the actual changes in unit procurement cost of the F-15, F-16, and F-18 and plots the average procurement cost for each succeeding production lot of each aircraft. None of the other programs achieved the degree of unit cost reductions projected for the F-22. DOD officials said F-22 unit cost reductions are a result of production cost reduction business plans for the tier I and tier II initiatives. Air Force officials noted that an important factor is that no configuration changes, except for safety-of-flight changes, are to be made during LRIP of the first 70 aircraft. However, by not making configuration changes in the first 70 aircraft, the likelihood for cost growth in the first full-rate production lot may increase when the changes are made. (projected)
Average unit cost of first full-rate lot as a percentage of first LRIP lot.
JET’s tier I and tier II initiatives primarily consist of techniques that have been used on prior programs. Subsequent to JET’s report, the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition chartered a team to better define JET’s initiatives. The team’s findings are not scheduled to be finalized until the fall of 1997. Considerably more information about the initiatives and their incorporation into a production contract is necessary before it can be determined whether the initiatives will produce the desired outcome.
Even though tier I and tier II initiatives have not been fully defined, our prior work, a DOD Cost Analysis Improvement Group (CAIG) report, and recent developments allow us to make observations about the initiatives dealing with multiyear procurement, warranty costs, depot maintenance, subcontract management, and producibility enhancements. In addition, our discussions with Air Force officials confirmed that tradeoffs in F-22 performance were considered but not recommended by JET.
subsections: section_title: Multiyear Procurement
paragraphs: JET attributed about $2.9 billion in savings to multiyear procurement, but CAIG estimated $2.4 billion savings based on the recent experience of the C-17 program. Multiyear procurement has been a source of significant savings in the past and could provide savings for the F-22 program. A major portion of the savings from multiyear procurement typically results from the lower prices on economic purchase orders from vendors or subcontractors.
section_title: Reducing Warranty Cost
paragraphs: The amount of cost reductions that can be achieved by implementing a different warranty clause is unclear. JET concluded that savings of $1 billion could be achieved. However, the contractors’ more recent estimate of the savings available is about $0.7 billion, which seems more realistic. By applying the average cost of warranties we identified in past work, about 0.87 percent of the total contract value, we believe that about $400 million to $500 million in costs could be avoided if the warranty clause were eliminated. Air Force officials explained that they do not intend to eliminate the warranty and have provided about $200 million in the estimate of the cost for a warranty that is more limited, but complies with statutes. Thus, the projected $1 billion in savings is not likely to occur.
section_title: Depot Maintenance
paragraphs: JET envisioned that, by allowing for full depot maintenance by the contractor, DOD could avoid $2.5 billion in acquisition costs. According to Air Force officials, contractor depot maintenance is no longer being considered a cost reduction initiative. Therefore, the potential for the JET initiatives to achieve $13 billion in cost reductions may be more difficult.
section_title: Potential Overlap of Estimated Savings
paragraphs: Initiatives regarding multiyear procurement, more aggressive management of subcontracts, and producibility enhancements all have applicability to subcontractors. A significant portion of multiyear procurement savings on other programs have been achieved by acquiring products from subcontractors on an economic order quantity basis. Further, to achieve savings of the magnitude projected, producibility enhancements will involve subcontractors. More aggressive management of subcontracts overlaps both of these initiatives. Because the initiatives were not well defined by JET, we are uncertain whether the identified savings are counted more than once.
section_title: Reducing Aircraft Performance
paragraphs: Although JET members told us they considered performance reductions in their study as a means of reducing costs, no such reductions were made. The Defense Science Board, in a 1995 review of the concurrency and risk in the F-22 program concluded that such reductions may be appropriate if problems are encountered in the program. The Board concluded in April 1995 that the “. . . best approach to handling problems that do arise is to seriously consider accepting some reduced F-22 performance, slip in the schedule, or some combination of both.” The Board also stated that F-22 performance in many areas, if it fell short of that specified, would still represent a major increase in military capability, and that rigid adherence to the current specifications and goals would generally be unproductive and very costly.
section_title: Benefits of Initiatives Are Not Planned to Be Realized Until After Fiscal Year 2003
paragraphs: The restructuring plan recognized substantial cost growth in the LRIP phase of the program. The plan also projected substantial cost reductions in the full-rate production phase of the program that will offset the earlier cost growth and investment in cost reduction techniques.
subsections: section_title: Cost Growth in LRIP
paragraphs: As a result of restructuring, the average estimated unit cost of LRIP aircraft increased from $142.6 million to $200.8 million, or about 40 percent. Table 2 shows a reduction in the number of LRIP aircraft from 76 to 70 aircraft but an increase of $3.2 billion in the estimated cost of LRIP. Before restructuring, the Air Force estimated that 76 LRIP aircraft could be purchased for $10.8 billion. With the February 1997 restructured program, the Air Force estimated that 70 aircraft could be purchased at $14 billion. The restructuring plan eliminated the preproduction aircraft and changed the production plan for LRIP, as shown in table 2.
section_title: Cost Reductions Planned for Full-Rate Production Phase
paragraphs: Some savings from tier I and tier II initiatives are expected to begin during LRIP. However, the costs of investment to implement the initiatives are expected to exceed any savings achieved during LRIP. Most savings are not planned to be achieved until full-rate production that is scheduled to begin in 2004. As shown in table 3, the unit price of LRIP F-22s before restructuring was $142.6 million, and the unit price of full-rate aircraft was $102.8 million—a decrease of 27.9 percent. After restructuring the program and implementing the JET initiatives, the unit price of LRIP aircraft is projected to be $200.8 million, and the unit price of full-rate aircraft is projected to be $92.4 million—a decrease of 54 percent. Therefore, to achieve the overall cost avoidance projected by JET, the unit cost of full-rate aircraft must be reduced by 54 percent from the unit cost of the LRIP aircraft instead of by 27.9 percent, as projected before the program restructure.
In December 1996, the Air Force, Lockheed, and Pratt & Whitney entered into a memorandum of agreement that summarizes their intentions for implementing the restructured program. The memorandum of agreement describes a contract strategy requiring negotiation of a target price curve that is to permit production of 438 F-22s at a cost of about $48 billion. In February 1997, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, in approving the Air Force’s plan to restructure the F-22 program, required the Air Force to clarify the contractual implications of the memorandum of understanding.
According to DOD officials, six factors are critical to maintaining the production cost at the planned level: maintaining stable funding throughout the production phase of the procuring a total of 438 aircraft in 13 lots; attaining a production rate of 48 aircraft per year in fiscal year 2004; achieving cost savings at the levels estimated by JET; maintaining a single configuration for aircraft produced through the LRIP program, except for changes for safety reasons; and negotiating a target price curve that is tied to a production lot profile as recommended by JET and endorsed by the Air Force.
In view of the announced reduction of F-22 production quantities from  438 to 339, it appears that the contract strategy may require change.
CAIG also evaluated the cost of the F-22 program and concluded in March 1997 that the production cost could approach $64.4 billion—about $3 billion higher than the Air Force’s estimate. However, CAIG was not convinced that the JET-identified initiatives would achieve $13 billion in cost savings and accepted as valid only an estimated $2.4 billion of savings—those associated with multiyear procurement. That savings lowered CAIG’s estimate to about $62 billion for production compared with the Air Force’s $48 billion estimated cost after considering the JET-identified initiatives.
section_title: Revised Exit Criteria Resulted From Restructuring
paragraphs: The program exit criteria that were required to be met before awarding contracts for F-22 production aircraft have been revised in the restructured program. In 1991, when approving the F-22 program to begin the engineering and manufacturing development phase, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition required the Air Force to establish exit criteria that needed to be met before awarding production contracts. The Air Force established exit criteria for each lot of LRIP aircraft and the first lot of full-rate production aircraft. As part of the program restructuring, the Air Force revised these criteria, increasing the emphasis on avionics but removing criteria concerning aircraft performance.
In the previous criteria, aircraft performance parameters for combat radius, maneuverability, and supercruise were required to be validated by analysis, test, or demonstration before contracts for lot 1 and subsequent production lots could be awarded. Air Force and DOD officials noted that key aircraft performance parameters are routinely reported in periodic Air Force and DOD reports, such as the Selected Acquisition Report, to acquisition and other executives. Accordingly, the officials said that reporting the performance parameters as part of the exit criteria is duplicative and not encouraged by DOD directives.
The revised exit criteria include no specific requirements regarding aircraft performance as the program advances from one LRIP lot to the next. Although we recognize that reporting the key performance parameters occurs through other reports, we believe aircraft performance should be included as exit criteria because analysis and demonstration of aircraft performance are important factors in determining whether to proceed to the next production lot. We believe exit criteria for aircraft performance equivalent to those established when the program entered engineering and manufacturing development are still valid and should be retained in the restructured program.
section_title: Recommendations
paragraphs: Since the Air Force plans to request approval for the first production lot of F-22 aircraft in fiscal year 1999, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense, as part of the budget justification for fiscal year 1999, provide financial plans and cost estimates that clearly identify the basis for cost savings initiatives that have been approved for the program at that time. Because of the potential for cost growth in the F-22 program, we also recommend that the Secretary reconsider the potential savings that can be achieved by reducing the performance requirements of the F-22, as previously suggested by the Defense Science Board. Finally, we recommend that the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology reevaluate the exit criteria for the F-22 to ensure that the integrity of the prior criteria are maintained.
section_title: Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
paragraphs: In commenting on a draft of this report, DOD indicated that our recommendations were appropriate areas for consideration due to the restructuring and reduction of the F-22 program, as called for in the May 1997 Quadrennial Defense Review. DOD acknowledged the importance of updating the production cost estimate and incorporating information from restructuring activities and program reductions into the budget process as quickly as practical. DOD also stated that it would make every effort to complete the detailed F-22 costing data in time to influence the fiscal year 1999 President’s budget. In addition, DOD said that it does not believe that a substantial reduction in F-22 required performance is currently justified, but it indicated that cost-effectiveness analyses will be done to determine whether it is appropriate to lower requirements that are not met during testing. DOD acknowledged that certain aircraft performance measures had been deleted from exit criteria. However, DOD stated that the exit criteria had been simplified and reordered to conform to the restructured schedule but not at the expense of either the quality or difficulty of the events and performance levels that determine whether the program should be allowed to proceed to the next acquisition phase. Moreover, DOD indicated that the new criteria related to the demonstration of avionics maturity had been added.
After considering DOD’s comments, we believe our recommendation is still valid because the original exit criteria required intermediate validation of the aircraft performance parameters before award of each LRIP lot, whereas the revised exit criteria deleted the intermediate validation requirement and only considered the comparable requirement to enter full-rate production. However, a number of aircraft will have already been procured by that time. DOD’s comments are reprinted in appendix II. DOD also provided technical corrections to the report, which we have incorporated where appropriate.
section_title: Scope and Methodology
paragraphs: We reviewed and analyzed available reports, briefings, documents, and records and interviewed officials at the F-22 program office, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio; Air Force Headquarters, and the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, Washington, D.C. To gauge the overall viability of the Air Force’s restructuring plans, we compared the unit costs of the F-22 before the restructuring with the unit costs after restructuring. We also compared the unit cost reductions planned for the F-22 with the historical cost reductions experienced on the F-15, F-16, and F-18 fighter aircraft programs. We also used our prior reports and those of other organizations to provide a historical and contextual framework for evaluating the Air Force’s planned cost reduction initiatives. We reviewed a Defense Science Board report regarding concurrency and risk in the F-22 program and reports on F-22 restructuring by CAIG and the Congressional Budget Office.
We performed our review between March and May 1997 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.
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Please contact me at (202) 512-4841 if you or your staff have any questions concerning this report. Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix III.
section_title: Recommendations of the Joint Estimate Team
paragraphs: The Joint Estimate Team recommended that the Air Force slow the manufacturing of development aircraft to ensure an efficient transition from development to low-rate initial production; increase the time available for avionics software development and integration; develop a more effective avionics ground test capability; implement revised avionics flight test processes; extend the flight test schedule by 9 months to allow additional time to identify, analyze, and resolve avionics anomalies; extend the development program by 12 months to accommodate a 9-month flight test extension; finish development of a baseline capability before beginning dedicated initial operational test and evaluation; delete the plans to produce preproduction aircraft and conduct dedicated initial operational test and evaluation with two refurbished development aircraft and the first two production aircraft; delay initiation of full-rate production by 10 months; slow the rates of low-rate initial production to make funds available for development activities and increase system maturity; and deliver a mature avionics capability before initial operational capability planned for November 2004.
section_title: Comments From the Department of Defense
section_title: Major Contributors to This Report
subsections: section_title: National Security and International Affairs Division, Washington, D.C.
section_title: Chicago Field Office
section_title: Related GAO Products
paragraphs: Defense Aircraft Investments: Major Program Commitments Based on Optimistic Budget Projections (GAO/T-NSIAD-97-103, Mar. 5, 1997).
F-22 Restructuring (GAO/NSIAD-97-100R, Feb. 28, 1997).
Combat Air Power: Joint Assessment of Air Superiority Can Be Improved (GAO/NSIAD-97-77, Feb. 26, 1997).
Combat Air Power: Joint Mission Assessments Needed Before Making Program and Budget Decisions (GAO/NSIAD-96-177, Sept. 20, 1996).
Tactical Aircraft: Concurrency in Development and Production of F-22 Aircraft Should Be Reduced (GAO/NSIAD-95-59, Apr. 19, 1995).
Air Force F-22 Embedded Computers (GAO/AIMD-94-177R, Sept. 20, 1994).
Tactical Aircraft: F-15 Replacement Issues (GAO-T/NSIAD-94-176, May 5, 1994).
Tactical Aircraft: F-15 Replacement Is Premature as Currently Planned (GAO/NSIAD-94-118, Mar. 25, 1994).
Aircraft Development: Reasons for Recent Cost Growth in the Advanced Tactical Fighter Program (GAO/NSIAD-91-138, Feb. 1, 1991).
Aircraft Development: Navy’s Participation in Air Force’s Advanced Tactical Fighter Program (GAO/NSIAD-90-54, Mar. 7, 1990).
Aircraft Development: The Advanced Tactical Fighter’s Costs, Schedule, and Performance Goals (GAO/NSIAD-88-76, Jan. 13, 1988).
Aircraft Procurement: Status and Cost of Air Force Fighter Procurement (GAO/NSIAD-87-121, Apr. 14, 1987).
DOD Acquisition: Case Study of the Air Force Advanced Tactical Fighter Program (GAO/NSIAD-86-45S-12, Aug. 25, 1986).
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