laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: Where is your heart and what does it look like?
output: The heart is located under the rib cage, under and to the left of your breastbone (sternum), and between your lungs. Looking at the outside of the heart, you can see that the heart is made of muscle. The strong muscular walls contract (squeeze), pumping blood to the arteries. The major blood vessels that are connected to the heart include the aorta, the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery (which takes oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated), the pulmonary veins (which bring oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart) and the coronary arteries (which supply blood to the heart muscle).
system: What valves are involved in the heart?
output: As blood leaves each chamber of the heart, it passes through a valve. There are four heart valves within the heart: Mitral valve Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Pulmonic valve (also called pulmonary valve) The tricuspid and mitral valves lie between the atria and ventricles. The aortic and pulmonic valves lie between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart. The atria and ventricles work together, alternately contracting and relaxing to pump blood through your heart.
system: What triggers a heart beat?
output: This is your heartbeat. The impulse starts in a small bundle of specialized cells called the SA node (sinoatrial node), located in the right atrium. This node is known as the heart's natural pacemaker. The electrical activity spreads through the walls of the atria and causes them to contract. A cluster of cells in the center of the heart between the atria and ventricles, the AV node (atrioventricular node) is like a gate that slows the electrical signal before it enters the ventricles. This delay gives the atria time to contract before the ventricles do. The His- Purkinje network is a pathway of fibers that sends the electrical impulse from the AV node to the muscular walls of the ventricles, causing them to contract.
system: What are the three main types of blood vessels?
output: In addition to carrying fresh oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to your body's tissues, it also takes the body's waste products, including carbon dioxide, away from the tissues. These are small, thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins. Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste products to pass to and from cells. Veins. These are blood vessels that take blood back to the heart; this blood contains less oxygen and is rich in waste products that are to be excreted or removed from the body. Veins become larger as they get closer to the heart. The superior vena cava is the large vein that brings blood from the head and arms to the heart, and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the abdomen and legs into the heart. This vast system of blood vessels -- arteries, veins, and capillaries -- is over 60,000 miles long. That's long enough to go around the world more than twice! Blood flows continuously through your body's blood vessels. Your heart is the pump that makes it all possible. Here, oxygen travels from the tiny air sacs in the lungs, through the walls of the capillaries, into the blood. The heart receives its own supply of blood from a network of arteries, called the coronary arteries.
system: How much blood does your heart pump?
output: This fist-sized powerhouse beats (expands and contracts) 100,000 times per day, pumping five or six quarts of blood each minute, or about 2,000 gallons per day. Blood flows continuously through your body's blood vessels. On the inside, the heart is a four-chambered, hollow organ.
system: Who shouldn't get the chickenpox vaccine?
output: You should not be vaccinated against chickenpox if you: Are moderately to severely ill at the time of vaccination Are pregnant (women should not become pregnant for one month after receiving the chickenpox vaccine) Have ever had an allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin, or a previous dose of chickenpox vaccine These people should check with their doctor about getting the chickenpox vaccine: Patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation for cancer People taking steroid drugs People with HIV or another disease that compromises the immune system Patients who recently had a blood transfusion or received other blood products The chickenpox vaccine is made from a live, weakened form of the varicella virus.
system: Are there any risks associated with the chickenpox vaccine?
output: The most common side effect from the chickenpox vaccine is swelling, soreness, or redness at the site of the injection. A small number of people may also develop a mild rash or a low-grade fever after vaccination. Serious reactions to the chickenpox vaccine are extremely rare, but they may include: Seizures Brain infection Pneumonia Loss of balance Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) If you think you may be having a serious reaction to the chickenpox vaccine, call your health care provider right away.
system: What should you do if you may be having a serious reaction to the chickenpox vaccine?
output: Serious reactions to the chickenpox vaccine are extremely rare, but they may include: Seizures Brain infection Pneumonia Loss of balance Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) If you think you may be having a serious reaction to the chickenpox vaccine, call your health care provider right away. Make a note of the symptoms you're experiencing, and report them to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System ( VAERS) at 1-800-822-7967. Women who receive the chickenpox vaccine during pregnancy should contact their health care provider right away. Chickenpox during pregnancy can cause birth defects, so there may be a risk that the chickenpox vaccine could cause the same birth defects. As with other vaccines, the risks associated with the chickenpox vaccine are much lower than the risks associated with the disease itself.
system: What is the best way to prevent chickenpox?
output: Some complications that can arise from chickenpox include: Skin infections Pneumonia Encephalitis (swelling in the brain) Shingles (later in life) Joint inflammation Vaccination is the best way to prevent chickenpox. A chickenpox vaccine has been available in the U. S. since 1995 and is easy to get from a doctor or a public health clinic. The chickenpox vaccine is very effective at preventing the disease -- between 70% and 90% of people who get vaccinated will be completely immune to chickenpox. If a vaccinated person does get chickenpox, the symptoms will be very mild and only last for a few days.
system: What's in the chickenpox vaccine?
output: You should not be vaccinated against chickenpox if you: Are moderately to severely ill at the time of vaccination Are pregnant (women should not become pregnant for one month after receiving the chickenpox vaccine) Have ever had an allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin, or a previous dose of chickenpox vaccine These people should check with their doctor about getting the chickenpox vaccine: Patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation for cancer People taking steroid drugs People with HIV or another disease that compromises the immune system Patients who recently had a blood transfusion or received other blood products The chickenpox vaccine is made from a live, weakened form of the varicella virus. That means the virus is able to produce immunity in the body without causing illness.
system: What complications can arise from chickenpox?
output: Some complications that can arise from chickenpox include: Skin infections Pneumonia Encephalitis (swelling in the brain) Shingles (later in life) Joint inflammation Vaccination is the best way to prevent chickenpox.
system: When should adults be vaccinated against chickenpox?
output: Two doses of the vaccine should be given at least four weeks apart. If you've never had chickenpox or been vaccinated and you are exposed to chickenpox, being vaccinated right away will greatly reduce your risk of getting sick. Studies have shown that vaccination within three days of exposure is 90% effective at preventing illness; vaccination within five days of exposure is 70% effective. If you do get sick, the symptoms will be milder and shorter in duration. You should not be vaccinated against chickenpox if you: Are moderately to severely ill at the time of vaccination Are pregnant (women should not become pregnant for one month after receiving the chickenpox vaccine) Have ever had an allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin, or a previous dose of chickenpox vaccine These people should check with their doctor about getting the chickenpox vaccine: Patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation for cancer People taking steroid drugs People with HIV or another disease that compromises the immune system Patients who recently had a blood transfusion or received other blood products The chickenpox vaccine is made from a live, weakened form of the varicella virus.
system: What is chickenpox?
output: Symptoms of chickenpox include fever and itchy spots or blisters all over the body. Chickenpox is usually mild and runs its course in five to 10 days, but it can cause more serious problems when teens and adults get it. People with weakened immune systems are especially susceptible to developing serious complications from chickenpox. That means the virus is able to produce immunity in the body without causing illness.
system: How can a disorder of the hypothalamus lead to hypothyroidism?
output: An extremely rare form of hypothyroidism can occur if the hypothalamus in the brain does not produce enough of a hormone called TRH. TRH affects the release of TSH from the pituitary gland.
system: What is the role of the thyroid in people with hypothyroidism?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The thyroid gland is located in the front lower part of your neck. Hormones released by the gland travel through your bloodstream and affect nearly every part of your body, from your heart and brain, to your muscles and skin. The thyroid controls how your body's cells use energy from food, a process called metabolism. Among other things, your metabolism affects your body's temperature, your heartbeat, and how well you burn calories. If you don't have enough thyroid hormone, your body processes slow down. That means your body makes less energy, and your metabolism becomes sluggish.
system: What causes hypothyroidism?
output: Thyroiditis" is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder. With Hashimoto's, your body produces antibodies that attack and destroy the thyroid gland. Thyroiditis may also be caused by a viral infection.
system: How is hypothyroidism treated?
output: If you have hypothyroidism, your doctor will prescribe a synthetic (man-made) thyroid hormone T4. You take this pill every day. Certain other medications can interfere with how your body absorbs synthetic thyroid hormone. Make sure you doctor knows about all the medicines, herbs, and supplements you take, including over-the-counter products. You will need regular blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels. Your doctor may need to adjust your medication dose from time to time.
system: What causes primary hypothyroidism?
output: Rarely, a problem with the pituitary gland can interfere with the production of thyroid hormone.
system: How can radiation therapy to the neck area cause hypothyroidism?
output: Treating certain cancers, such as lymphoma, requires radiation to the neck. Radiation damages the cells in the thyroid. This makes it more difficult for the gland to produce hormone.
system: How can use of certain medications lead to hypothyroidism?
output: Certain medicines to treat heart problems, psychiatric conditions, and cancer can sometimes affect the production of thyroid hormone. These include amiodarone ( Cordarone, Pacerone), , interferon alpha, and interleukin-2.
system: How can problems with the thyroid at birth lead to hypothyroidism?
output: Some babies may be born with a thyroid gland that did not develop correctly or does not work properly. This type of hypothyroidism is called congenital hypothyroidism. Most hospitals in the U. S. screen babies at birth for this disease.
system: Who is at risk for hypothyroidism?
output: Women, particularly older women, are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. You are also more likely to develop hypothyroidism if you have a close family member with an autoimmune disease. Other risk factors include: Race (being white or Asian) Age (growing older) Prematurely graying hair Autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, or vitiligo Bipolar disorder Down syndrome Turner syndrome If you have symptoms of hypothyroidism, your doctor will order blood tests to check hormone levels.
system: What causes tertiary hypothyroidism?
output: Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid disease, is a common disorder.
system: What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
output: Symptoms of hypothyroidism may be vague and can often mimic other conditions. They may include: Changes in the menstrual cycle Constipation Depression Dry hair and hair loss Dry skin Fatigue Greater sensitivity to cold Slow heart rate Swelling of the thyroid gland (goiter) Unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight Carpal tunnel syndrome Babies with hypothyroidism may have no symptoms.
system: How can thyroid surgery lead to hypothyroidism?
output: Surgery to remove the thyroid will lead to hypothyroidism. If only part of the thyroid is removed, the remaining gland may still be able to produce enough hormone for the body's needs.
system: What are the complications of hypothyroidism?
output: Untreated, hypothyroidism may cause: Heart problems Infertility Joint pain Obesity Thyroid problems in a pregnant woman can affect the developing baby. During the first three months of pregnancy, the baby receives all thyroid hormone from its mother. If the mother has hypothyroidism, the baby does not get enough thyroid hormone. This can lead to problems with mental development. Extremely low levels of thyroid hormone can cause a life-threatening condition called myxedema. Myxedema is the most severe form of hypothyroidism. A person with myxedema can lose consciousness or go into a coma. The condition can also cause the body temperature to drop very low, which can cause death.
system: What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism in babies?
output: They may include: Changes in the menstrual cycle Constipation Depression Dry hair and hair loss Dry skin Fatigue Greater sensitivity to cold Slow heart rate Swelling of the thyroid gland (goiter) Unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight Carpal tunnel syndrome Babies with hypothyroidism may have no symptoms. If symptoms do occur, they can include: Cold hands and feet Constipation Extreme sleepiness Hoarse cry Little or no growth Low muscle tone (floppy infant) Persistent jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) Poor feeding habits Puffy face Stomach bloating Swollen tongue Make an appointment with your health care provider if you or your baby has any of these symptoms. It is important to note that these symptoms can be due to other medical conditions.
system: How can pituitary gland damage or disorder lead to hypothyroidism?
output: Rarely, a problem with the pituitary gland can interfere with the production of thyroid hormone. The pituitary gland makes a hormone, called thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH), which tells your thyroid how much hormone it should make and release.
system: How can radioactive iodine treatment cause hypothyroidism?
output: This treatment is commonly prescribed to people who have an overactive thyroid gland, a condition known as hyperthyroidism. However, radiation destroys the cells in the thyroid gland. This usually leads to hypothyroidism.
system: How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?
output: These may include: Thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH) T4 (thyroxine) Lower-than-normal T4 levels usually mean you have hypothyroidism. However, some people may have increased TSH levels while having normal T4 levels. This is called subclinical (mild) hypothyroidism. It is believed to be an early stage of hypothyroidism. If your test results or physical exam of the thyroid are abnormal, your doctor may order a thyroid ultrasound, or thyroid scan, to check for nodules or inflammation. You will need regular blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels.
system: How can pregnancy lead to hypothyroidism?
output: Thyroiditis" is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. Women with this condition usually have a severe increase in thyroid hormone levels followed by a sharp drop in thyroid hormone production. Most women with postpartum thyroiditis will regain their normal thyroid function. This is called subclinical (mild) hypothyroidism.
system: How can too little iodine in the diet lead to hypothyroidism?
output: If only part of the thyroid is removed, the remaining gland may still be able to produce enough hormone for the body's needs. Your body doesn't make iodine, so you need to get it through your diet. Iodized table salt is rich in iodine. Other food sources of iodine include shellfish, saltwater fish, eggs, dairy products, and seaweed. Iodine deficiency is rare in the U. S. Pregnancy .
system: What causes secondary hypothyroidism?
output: The thyroid needs iodine to produce thyroid hormone. For example, the pituitary gland or hypothalamus produce hormones that trigger the release of thyroid hormone. A problem with one of these glands can make your thyroid underactive.
system: What is hypothyroidism?
output: With hypothyroidism, your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis. "
system: How are urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids diagnosed?
output: Other symptoms of a UTI include: Burning or pain when your child pees Foul-smelling or cloudy pee An urgent need to go, and then only peeing a few drops Fever Nausea or vomiting Diarrhea If your child has symptoms of a UTI, see your pediatrician. The doctor will take a urine sample and test it for bacteria. He can collect urine in a number of ways: Older children can pee into a cup (doctors call this a âclean catchâ). Younger children who aren't toilet trained will have a plastic bag placed over their genitals to collect the urine. Children who wear diapers can have a tube (catheter) inserted into their urethra and bladder to collect the sample. In infants, the doctor can place a needle straight into the bladder through the stomach to get the sample.
system: How are urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids treated?
output: These medications kill bacteria. Kids usually take them for anywhere from 3 to 10 days (most commonly 7-10 days). Your doctor might do another urine test after your child finishes the medicine to see if the infection has cleared up. Make sure your child finishes all of her meds, even if she starts to feel better. Stopping too soon can make germs resistant to antibiotics and cause another infection. Most UTIs clear up in about a week. Some kids will have symptoms for a few weeks. Call your doctor if your child's symptoms don't start to improve after 3 days from when she started on antibiotics, or if they get worse.
system: Why are girls more likely to get urinary tract infections (UTIs) than boys?
output: Bacteria from the anus can more easily get into the vagina and urethra. Some kids have a problem with their bladder or kidneys that makes them more likely to get UTIs. Narrowing in the urinary tract can block urine flow and allow germs to multiply. A condition called vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR) can cause urine to back up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys.
system: What imaging tests are used to diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids?
output: If your child has had a few UTIs, your doctor might refer you to a nephrologist (kidney specialist) and do one or more of these imaging tests to look for problems in the urinary tract: Ultrasound uses sound waves to show any blockages or other problems in the kidneys Voiding cystourethrogram ( VCUG) places fluid into the bladder through a tube to show any problems in the urethra or bladder when your child pees Nuclear scan uses liquids that contain a small amount of radioactive material to see how well the kidneys work CT, or computed tomography, is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures of the bladder and kidneys MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the bladder and kidneys Antibiotics, mainly.
system: How can you prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in your kids?
output: Instruct girls to wipe from front to back. This helps to prevent bacteria in poop from getting into the vagina and urinary tract. Encourage your kids to go to the bathroom as soon as they feel the urge -- not to hold it in. Girls should avoid bubble baths and should not use perfumed soaps. And, they should wear cotton underwear -- not nylon -- to improve airflow and prevent bacteria from growing. Have your kids drink lots of water, which helps flush bacteria out of the urinary tract. Extra water also prevents constipation, which can create blockages in the urinary tract that allow bacteria to grow.
system: What are the main symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids?
output: The main symptoms are pain in the lower belly, back, or side and an urgent need to pee or pee more often. Some kids who already have been toilet trained lose control over their bladder, and may wet the bed. Infants can have more general symptoms, like fussiness, little interest in food, or a fever. Other symptoms of a UTI include: Burning or pain when your child pees Foul-smelling or cloudy pee An urgent need to go, and then only peeing a few drops Fever Nausea or vomiting Diarrhea If your child has symptoms of a UTI, see your pediatrician.
system: How common are urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids?
output: Colds and other respiratory infections are common. But kids can get urinary tract infections ( UTIs), too. Up to 8% of girls and 2% of boys will get a UTI by age 5. Sometimes the symptoms of this infection can be hard to spot in kids. It's important to get your child treated, because a UTI can turn into a more serious kidney infection. With the right treatment, your child should start to feel better in just a few days. Have your kids drink lots of water, which helps flush bacteria out of the urinary tract.
system: What are examples of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
output: Examples of ARBs include: Atacand (candesartan) Avapro (irbesartan) Benicar (olmesartan) Cozaar (losartan) Diovan (valsartan) Micardis (telmisartan) Teveten (eprosartan) Some of the side effects of taking ARBs include: Dizziness , lightheadedness, or faintness upon rising, This side effect may be strongest after the first dose, especially if you have been taking a diuretic (water pill).
system: What are side effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
output: Examples of ARBs include: Atacand (candesartan) Avapro (irbesartan) Benicar (olmesartan) Cozaar (losartan) Diovan (valsartan) Micardis (telmisartan) Teveten (eprosartan) Some of the side effects of taking ARBs include: Dizziness , lightheadedness, or faintness upon rising, This side effect may be strongest after the first dose, especially if you have been taking a diuretic (water pill). Physical problems. Diarrhea, muscle cramps or weakness, back or leg pain, insomnia (difficulty sleeping), irregular heartbeat, or fast or slow heartbeat, sinusitis or upper respiratory infection. Contact your doctor right away. Severe vomiting or diarrhea.