laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How do you get swollen joints from ankylosing spondylitis?
output: The key feature of this is the involvement of the joints at the base of the spine where the spine joins the pelvis, called the sacroiliac joints.
system: What are the symptoms of swollen joints?
output: Symptoms of swollen joints include: Deep, aching pain May feel warm to touch Stiffness Inability to move them normally Not all swollen joints are treated the same way.
system: How do you get swollen joints from rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
output: RA is an inflammatory arthritis that can happen at any age -- even in young children. RA causes painful, stiff, and swollen joints. Usually, RA affects hands, feet, and knees, but it can also affect most joints and other parts of the body. RA symptoms can interfere with daily activities.
system: How are swollen joints (joint effusion) caused by acute gout treated?
output: Acute gout can be treated with a medicine called colchicine. This prescription drug eases swollen joints, pain, and inflammation caused by the crystal deposits in the joint. NSAIDs may also help decrease pain and swelling. Sometimes, stronger painkillers are needed.
system: How do you get swollen joints from osteoarthritis (OA)?
output: OA is the "wear-and-tear" arthritis that usually happens with aging or after injury. With OA, there's a wearing down of the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones. OA may cause joint swelling in those joints that bear weight over a lifetime, such as knees, hips, feet, and spine. Except for the pain in the affected swollen joint, you usually do not feel sick or tired.
system: What medications are used to treat swollen joints?
output: Symptoms of swollen joints include: Deep, aching pain May feel warm to touch Stiffness Inability to move them normally Not all swollen joints are treated the same way. Treatment for swollen joints depends on the problem or diagnosis. For instance, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) are used in treating swollen joints with OA. NSAIDs may also be used to treat swollen joints from an injury. Along with NSAIDs, applications of moist heat or ice can help ease swollen joints and pain. Steroid medications taken orally for a short period of time may be effective in reducing painful, swollen joints. Steroids block the production of inflammatory chemicals in the body.
system: How do you get swollen joints from joint injuries?
output: Joint injuries can result in painful, swollen joints, and stiffness. Sometimes, joint pain can be caused by injured or torn muscles, tendons, and ligaments surrounding the joint, bursitis, tendonitis, dislocations, strains, sprains, and fractures.
system: How are swollen joints (joint effusion) caused by infectious arthritis treated?
output: Infectious arthritis . Sometimes, surgery may be needed to allow drainage of infected material.
system: How are swollen joints (joint effusion) caused by inflammatory types of arthritis treated?
output: Psoriatic arthritis . These include the disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs), biologic agents such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, and enzyme inhibitors which can block the proteins that cause.
system: What are Muehrcke's lines
output: Muehrcke's lines appear as double white lines that run across the fingernails horizontally. Muehrcke's lines usually affect several nails at a time. There are usually no lines on the thumbnails. The exact cause of Muehrcke's lines is not clearly understood. The lines are not caused by injury to the cuticle or nail area.
system: Have Muehrcke's lines been linked to any health issues?
output: The lines have been linked to low levels of a protein called albumin. Although low albumin level is most commonly linked to liver disease, many different systemic (body-wide) diseases can cause low albumin levels. Muehrcke's lines have been seen in people with: Cancer after chemotherapy Kidney disease, including nephrotic syndrome and glomerulonephritis Liver disease, including cirrhosis An unbalanced diet that leads to an extreme lack of nutrients in the body (severe malnutrition) One possible theory for the appearance of Muehrcke's lines is that these diseases lead to swelling in the nail bed.
system: What leg stretches can help with muscle cramps?
output: Medications that can cause muscle cramps include: Furosemide ( Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide ( Microzide), and other diuretics ("water pills") that remove fluid from the body Donepezil ( Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer's disease Neostigmine ( Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis Nifedipine ( Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure Raloxifene ( Evista), an osteoporosis treatment Terbutaline ( Brethine), albuterol ( Proventil and Ventolin), asthma medications Tolcapone ( Tasmar), which helps treat Parkinson's disease Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin ( Lipitor), fluvastatin ( Lescol), lovastatin ( Mevacor), pravastatin ( Pravachol), rosuvastatin ( Crestor), or simvastatin ( Zocor) For a charley horse in the calf or a cramp in the back of the thigh (hamstring), try this stretch: Put your weight on the affected leg and bend your knee slightly. Or, sit or lie down with your leg out straight and pull the top of your foot toward your head. For a cramp in the front of the thigh (quadriceps), hold on to a chair to steady yourself and pull your foot back toward your buttock.
system: What medications can cause muscle cramps?
output: They include: Poor blood circulation in your legs Working calf muscles too hard while exercising Not stretching enough Being active in hot temperatures Muscle fatigue Dehydration Magnesium and/or potassium deficiency A problem such as a spinal cord injury or pinched nerve in your neck or back Kidney disease Muscle cramps can also occur as a side effect of some drugs. Medications that can cause muscle cramps include: Furosemide ( Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide ( Microzide), and other diuretics ("water pills") that remove fluid from the body Donepezil ( Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer's disease Neostigmine ( Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis Nifedipine ( Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure Raloxifene ( Evista), an osteoporosis treatment Terbutaline ( Brethine), albuterol ( Proventil and Ventolin), asthma medications Tolcapone ( Tasmar), which helps treat Parkinson's disease Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin ( Lipitor), fluvastatin ( Lescol), lovastatin ( Mevacor), pravastatin ( Pravachol), rosuvastatin ( Crestor), or simvastatin ( Zocor) For a charley horse in the calf or a cramp in the back of the thigh (hamstring), try this stretch: Put your weight on the affected leg and bend your knee slightly.
system: Can I prevent muscle cramps?
output: To help stop cramps before they start: Eat more foods high in vitamins and magnesium. Stay well-hydrated. Stretch daily and before exercise.
system: What causes muscle cramps?
output: You are having a muscle cramp. They include: Poor blood circulation in your legs Working calf muscles too hard while exercising Not stretching enough Being active in hot temperatures Muscle fatigue Dehydration Magnesium and/or potassium deficiency A problem such as a spinal cord injury or pinched nerve in your neck or back Kidney disease Muscle cramps can also occur as a side effect of some drugs.
system: When should I call the doctor about muscle cramps?
output: You are having a muscle cramp. How can you stop it and prevent another one from happening? But if you get them often and for no clear reason, tell your doctor.
system: Is a C-peptide test used for type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
output: The C-peptide test is a tool your doctor uses to test whether you have type 1 diabetes, when the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, or type 2, when your body doesn't use insulin as well it should.
system: How is a C-peptide test done?
output: The C-peptide test typically uses a sample of your blood. To take a blood test, someone in your doctor's office or a lab places a needle into a vein, usually in your forearm. You may feel a slight prick. The blood will collect into a vial or syringe. For a urine test, you will pee into a cup as instructed. For a 24-hour sample, you'll need to collect all that you produce in a day.
system: How can I prepare for a C-peptide test?
output: To find out why you have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) To diagnose a tumor of the pancreas that releases insulin, called an insulinoma If you've had your pancreas removed You might need to stop eating 8 to 10 hours before the test. Sometimes, it's done after you eat. Let your doctor know about any medicines you are on. Include medicine you take by prescription and those you buy over the counter, such as herbal supplements or vitamins.
system: What do the results from my C-peptide test mean?
output: Levels are low when your body makes less than it normally should.
system: What does a high C-peptide level indicate?
output: Have a tumor, called an insulinoma Have kidney disease A high level may also show you take too much of a certain class of medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. They're called sulfonylureas, and they include: Chlorpropamide ( Diabinese) Glimepiride ( Amaryl) Glipizide ( Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL) Glyburide ( Dia Beta, Glynase Pres Tab, Micronase) Tolazamide or tolbutamide A low C-peptide level may mean that: You have type 1 or type 2 diabetes You are on insulin shots and it is suppressing the release of insulin from your pancreas You have low blood sugar so your pancreas stops releasing insulin Treatment has shrunk your insulinoma Ask your doctor for more details about what your test results mean.
system: How do I prepare for a C-peptide test?
output: To find out why you have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) To diagnose a tumor of the pancreas that releases insulin, called an insulinoma If you've had your pancreas removed You might need to stop eating 8 to 10 hours before the test. Sometimes, it's done after you eat. Let your doctor know about any medicines you are on. Include medicine you take by prescription and those you buy over the counter, such as herbal supplements or vitamins.
system: Why would I need a C-peptide test?
output: Doctors don't use it to actually diagnose diabetes, but it can give them a reading to help treat it. It can tell the difference between insulin your body has made and insulin that you took. You might get the C-peptide test: To find out whether you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes When you have type 1 and your doctor needs to know how much insulin your pancreas still makes To find out if it time to start insulin in a patient with type 2 diabetes.
system: What does a high C-peptide level mean?
output: Have a tumor, called an insulinoma Have kidney disease A high level may also show you take too much of a certain class of medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. They're called sulfonylureas, and they include: Chlorpropamide ( Diabinese) Glimepiride ( Amaryl) Glipizide ( Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL) Glyburide ( Dia Beta, Glynase Pres Tab, Micronase) Tolazamide or tolbutamide A low C-peptide level may mean that: You have type 1 or type 2 diabetes You are on insulin shots and it is suppressing the release of insulin from your pancreas You have low blood sugar so your pancreas stops releasing insulin Treatment has shrunk your insulinoma Ask your doctor for more details about what your test results mean.
system: What is a C-peptide test?
output: The C-peptide test is a tool your doctor uses to test whether you have type 1 diabetes, when the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, or type 2, when your body doesn't use insulin as well it should. It shows how well your body makes insulin, which moves sugar (or âglucoseâ) from your blood into your cells. The test can help your doctor decide whether you need to take insulin to control your condition.
system: How is the C-peptide test done?
output: The C-peptide test typically uses a sample of your blood. To take a blood test, someone in your doctor's office or a lab places a needle into a vein, usually in your forearm. You may feel a slight prick. The blood will collect into a vial or syringe. For a urine test, you will pee into a cup as instructed. For a 24-hour sample, you'll need to collect all that you produce in a day.
system: What do the results of a C-peptide test mean?
output: Levels are low when your body makes less than it normally should.
system: How can I be referred for a diabetes educator?
output: The C-peptide test is a tool your doctor uses to test whether you have type 1 diabetes, when the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, or type 2, when your body doesn't use insulin as well it should. A high level can mean that you: Have insulin resistance -- meaning your body doesn't use it as well as it should; if you have type 2 diabetes, your insulin levels may be high.
system: What anticonvulsant medications are used to treat bipolar disorder, and what symptoms do they treat?
output: Anticonvulsants used to treat bipolar disorder include: Depakote, Depakene (divalproex sodium, valproic acid, or valproate sodium) Lamictal (lamotrigine) Tegretol (carbamazepine) These medicines differ in the types of bipolar symptoms they treat. Depakote and Tegretol, for example, tend to be more effective in treating mania than depressive symptoms while Lamictal appears to have stronger antidepressant than antimanic effects. Lamictal also is used more often to prevent future episodes (rather than treat current episodes). Depakote and Tegretol are used to treat acute episodes more than as preventative treatments.
system: What are some warnings about anticonvulsant medication?
output: In general: Pregnant women should not take anticonvulsants without consulting with their doctor, because some of these drugs may increase the risk of birth defects. Some anticonvulsants can cause problems with the liver over the long term, so your doctor may monitor your liver periodically. Anticonvulsants can interact with other drugs -- even aspirin -- to cause serious problems. Be sure to tell your doctor about any drugs, herbs, or supplements you take. Don't take any other substance during treatment without talking with your doctor. Always talk to your doctor before stopping an anticonvulsant. Sometimes, stopping one too quickly can raise the risk of having a seizure.
system: How do anticonvulsant drugs treat bipolar disorder mood episodes, and when are they most effective?
output: Several anticonvulsant medications are recognized as mood stabilizers to treat or prevent mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Today, they are often prescribed alone, with lithium, or with an antipsychotic drug to control mania. Anticonvulsants work by calming hyperactivity in the brain in various ways. They are often prescribed for people who have rapid cycling -- four or more episodes of mania and depression in a year. In general, however, these drugs are at maximal effectiveness after taking them for several weeks.
system: How does hypermobility joint syndrome affect adults?
output: The syndrome rarely leads to arthritis later in life. But some people with the condition may get shoulder or kneecap problems if they often dislocate those joints or if their cartilage gets worn down. People who have the syndrome as adults are more likely to get osteoarthritis (âwear and tear" arthritis) as they age. A few people still have muscle pain from hypermobility as they become adults. They are more likely than others to have sprains, injuries, dislocations, occasional swelling, backaches, and discomfort after exercise.
system: How do you diagnose hypermobility joint syndrome?
output: Doctors use several specific mobility tests, including: The wrist and thumb can be moved downward so the thumb touches the forearm. The little fingers can be extended back beyond 90 degrees. When standing, the knees are abnormally bowed backward when viewed from the side. When fully extended, the arms bend further than normal (beyond straight). When bending at the waist, with the knees straight, the child or adult can put their palms flat on the floor. Since the symptoms of hypermobility can sometimes mimic arthritis, you may need to get lab tests to make sure your child doesn't have a more serious disorder (such as juvenile arthritis or other inflammatory conditions). In rare cases, you may need to get X-rays.
system: What can you do for hypermobility joint syndrome?
output: It's a good idea to strengthen the muscles around loose joints. For some people, doctors recommend splints, braces, or taping to protect affected joints during activity. Joint protection. These tips will help your child avoid overstretching their hypermobile joints: Don't sit cross-legged with both knees bent (" Indian style"). Bend the knees slightly when standing. Wear shoes with good arch supports. Stop any unusual joint movements that hypermobile children often use to entertain their friends.
system: What are symptoms of hypermobility joint syndrome?
output: It is a common joint or muscle problem in children and young adults. The pain is more common in the legs, such as the calf or thigh muscles. It most often involves large joints such as the knees or elbows. That swelling may come and go within hours. For some people, doctors recommend splints, braces, or taping to protect affected joints during activity.
system: How can phototherapy help with treating newborn jaundice?
output: Sometimes phototherapy -- special light treatment -- is used to help the body get rid of the excess bilirubin. Phototherapy is conducted with a lamp called a bili-light or with a bili-blanket. Your baby is naked during the treatment so that as much skin as possible is exposed to light. Eyes are covered to protect them during treatment. Supplemental feedings may be necessary because of the excess water loss that can occur through the skin.
system: What drugs can lower the risk of prostate cancer?
output: Adding certain foods in your diet may also help reduce the risk, including tomato sauce and vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage.
system: Is there a cure for prostate cancer?
output: Cancer that has spread beyond the prostate (such as to the bones, lymph nodes, and lungs) is not curable, but it may be controlled for many years. Because of the many advances in available treatments, most men whose prostate cancer becomes widespread can expect to live five years or more. Some men with advanced prostate cancer live a normal life and die of another cause, such as heart disease.
system: How does prostate cancer develop?
output: Most men with prostate cancer die of other causes, and many never know that they have the disease. But once prostate cancer begins to grow quickly or spreads outside the prostate, it is dangerous. Prostate cancer in its early stages (when it's only found in the prostate gland) can be treated with very good chances for survival. Fortunately, about 85% of American men with prostate cancer are diagnosed in an early stage of the disease.
system: Who is mainly affected by prostate cancer?
output: About 80% of cases are in men over 65, and less than 1% of cases are in men under 50. Men with a family history of prostate cancer are more likely to get it.
system: What is prostate cancer?
output: The walnut-sized gland is located beneath the bladder and surrounds the upper part of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder. Prostate cancer is a major health concern for American men. The disease is less common before age 50, and experts believe that most elderly men have traces of it.
system: What causes prostate cancer?
output: Doctors don't know what causes prostate cancer, but diet contributes to the risk. Men who eat lots of fat from red meat are most likely to have prostate cancer. Eating meat may be risky for other reasons: Meat cooked at high temperatures produces cancer-causing substances that affect the prostate. The disease is much more common in countries where meat and dairy products are common than in countries where the diet consists of rice, soybean products, and vegetables. Hormones also play a role. Eating fats raises the amount of testosterone in the body, and testosterone speeds the growth of prostate cancer. A few job hazards have been found. Welders, battery manufacturers, rubber workers, and workers frequently exposed to the metal cadmium seem to be more likely to get prostate cancer. Not exercising also makes prostate cancer more likely.
system: What should I do if someone faints?
output: If he or she is sitting, carefully support them in a bent position, with their head between their knees. If he or she is lying down, position them on their back and raise their feet higher than their head. Turn their head to the side, so that their tongue does not accidentally block their breathing and so that any vomit will not cause choking. Once they regain consciousness, do not allow someone who has fainted to get up immediately. Then be prepared to support them in case they faint again when they stand.
system: What are usual treatments for psychotic disorders?
output: Partly because shared psychotic disorders are rare, effective treatments are not well-established. Usually, treatment involves separating the person who has the shared psychotic disorder from the person who has the psychotic disorder. Treatments for the person with the shared psychotic disorder might include: Psychotherapy: This type of counseling can help someone recognize the delusions and get back to healthy thinking.
system: What can happen if shared psychotic disorder is untreated?
output: If they're not treated, shared psychotic disorders can become an ongoing problem. People with a delusional disorder often don't realize that they need treatment and may choose not to take prescribed medications. But with treatment, a person with a shared psychotic disorder often may have a good chance for recovery.
system: How does psychotic disorder affect people?
output: People with psychotic disorders have trouble staying in touch with reality and often can't handle daily life. The most obvious symptoms are hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't real) and delusions (believing things that aren't true, even when they get the facts).
system: When can shared psychotic disorders happen?
output: Shared psychotic disorders usually happen only in long-term relationships in which the person who has the psychotic disorder is dominant and the other person is passive. For instance, this could happen in a cult if the leader is psychotic and his or her followers take on their delusions. Usually, treatment involves separating the person who has the shared psychotic disorder from the person who has the psychotic disorder.
system: What causes trigeminal neuralgia?
output: This starts with irritation of the trigeminal nerve. You might have a blood vessel pressing on the nerve, damaging the protective coating around it, which is called the myelin sheath. Certain diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, also can injure the myelin sheath. Sometimes a tumor or a tangle of arteries presses on the nerve. Your trigeminal nerve can also be injured -- perhaps by surgery, an accident, or a stroke.
system: What are the types of trigeminal neuralgia?
output: Doctors considers sudden and intense bouts of pain to be signs of âclassicâ trigeminal neuralgia. If your pain is less intense but constant -- more of an aching, burning sensation -- you might have what's known as âatypicalâ trigeminal neuralgia. Some people with this condition also have anxiety because they are uncertain when the pain will return.
system: Where do you feel trigeminal neuralgia?
output: The disorder can affect any of the three nerve branches, meaning you could feel pain from your forehead to your jaw. Usually, you'll feel pain on only one side of your face. Some people feel it on both sides. When that happens, it's called bilateral trigeminal neuralgia.