laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are the symptoms of bile duct cancer?
output: Some other conditions that can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer include: Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) Obesity Diabetes Viral hepatitis Drinking alcohol Cancer can grow in any part of the bile duct. There are three types: intrahepatic (inside the liver), perihilar (where the ducts leave the liver), and distal (closer to the intestine). Symptoms may differ according to the location, but they usually include: Jaundice Pain in your belly or sides Nausea and vomiting Fever Loss of appetite/weight loss Weakness Itching Light-colored stools Dark urine Your doctor will use several methods to figure out if you have bile duct cancer.
system: What questions should you ask your doctor about bile duct cancer?
output: Where is my cancer? Has it spread beyond the bile duct? What stage is it? Do you think you'll be able to remove it completely through surgery? What are my treatment choices? What do you recommend and why? How much experience do you have treating this cancer? Should I get a second opinion? What's the goal of my treatment plan? What are the risks and side effects of the treatment? How will treatment affect my daily life? What are the chances my cancer will return after treatment? If it recurs or if treatment doesn't work, what else can we do? What type of follow-up care will I need?
system: How is an endoscopy used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
output: This tool is sort of like a camera on the end of a cable. It lets your doctor see inside your body without surgery. He can examine your esophagus, stomach, and the beginning of the lower intestine.
system: What should you expect if you have bile duct cancer?
output: The chances of successfully treating this type of cancer depend on its location and how far along it is when you're diagnosed. The bile duct is deep within your body, so unlike other cancers you won't see or feel problems in the early stages. There are no good screening tests, so most cases aren't found until after the tumors are big enough to cause symptoms. Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found early enough to be completely removed by surgery.
system: How is laparoscopy used in the diagnosis of bile duct cancer?
output: You'll be asleep when the doctor does this test because it requires an incision in your belly. He'll insert a thin tube with a light and small video camera. Biopsy. But if the cancer has spread to other organs, the outcome is about the same.
system: What is the treatment for bile duct cancer?
output: In others, it may never go away entirely. While this is hard to hear, you can live with it. You may need regular doses of chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatments to keep it in check. Though it's a challenge to manage the stress, worry, and concerns about the future that come along with a cancer diagnosis, it's important to learn about your illness and to gather support from your medical team, family, and friends. What are the chances my cancer will return after treatment?
system: What can I do to help manage my bile duct cancer symptoms?
output: He'll do a complete medical checkup and ask about your general health, family history of cancer and liver disease, lifestyle, and habits, including drinking alcohol and smoking. He'll also look for symptoms of bile duct cancer, like jaundice, which can appear as a yellowish tint to your skin and eyes. Fatigue or extreme tiredness -- the kind that doesn't get better with rest -- can happen when you have cancer. You might be so tired that it's hard to work out or do other things you want to do. While you do need to get enough rest, following an exercise program that's tailored to you can help reduce fatigue. When you find out you have cancer, it's only normal to think about your future and your own mortality. This can be a distressing time, so seek support everywhere you can. Whether it's a family member or friend, a counselor, or a religious leader, talk to someone you trust.
system: Is there a cure for bile duct cancer?
output: In others, it may never go away entirely. You may need regular doses of chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatments to keep it in check. What are the chances my cancer will return after treatment?
system: How are blood tests used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
output: Others look for signs of tumors, called markers, that show up when you have bile duct cancer. Your doctor may also check levels of bilirubin, the substance in your blood that causes jaundice. Should I get a second opinion?
system: How is a laparoscopy used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
output: This imaging test helps your doctor see the tumor. He'll insert a thin tube with a light and small video camera. It lets him look at your bile duct, gallbladder, liver, and other organs and tissues. When he knows if -- and how far -- the cancer has spread, he can plan your surgery and treatments.
system: How can calcium help with parathyroid and osteoporosis?
output: Calcium helps you move muscles, clot blood, and send messages through nerves. It also builds and strengthens bone. Your body can't make its own calcium -- it has to get it from the food you eat or from supplements. When you aren't getting enough calcium, your body takes it from your bones. Over time, your bones get weak and brittle -- you get osteoporosis. But even a high-calcium diet can't get your body the calcium it needs if your parathyroids aren't working correctly.
system: What do you need to know about parathyroid and osteoporosis?
output: Your parathyroids control how much calcium is in your bones and blood. When they aren't working the way they should, calcium levels can get out of whack. Since calcium is key to good bone health, this puts you at a higher risk of getting osteoporosis.
system: What are parathyroid glands?
output: Since calcium is key to good bone health, this puts you at a higher risk of getting osteoporosis. But even a high-calcium diet can't get your body the calcium it needs if your parathyroids aren't working correctly. These four tiny glands just behind your thyroid work like a thermostat. Your body reacts by absorbing more calcium from food and keeping it from leaving through your urine.
system: What is hyperparathyroid disease or hyperparathyroidism?
output: You may know that low levels of calcium in your bones can cause osteoporosis. When your body needs calcium, parathyroids make a hormone called parathyroid hormone ( PTH). This can happen for several reasons, including: â¢ A non-cancerous growth on one of the glands â¢ Two or more glands get too big â¢ A cancerous tumor (this is rare) You also can get hyperparathyroidism if something else is keeping your calcium levels low.
system: What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
output: When your body needs calcium, parathyroids make a hormone called parathyroid hormone ( PTH). The parathyroid can cause osteoporosis by making too much PTH, which eventually makes your body take calcium from your bones. Your parathyroids will work overtime making PTH if you have: â¢ Not enough vitamin D â¢ Kidney failure â¢ Problems absorbing calcium When you have hyperparathyroidism, you might have symptoms like: â¢ Body aches and pains â¢ Bone and joint pain â¢ Confusion and memory loss â¢ Frequent urges to go the bathroom â¢ Heartburn â¢ High blood pressure â¢ Kidney stones â¢ Nausea or vomiting â¢ No appetite â¢ Stomach pain â¢ Tiredness You also may break bones easily -- a sign of bone weakness and osteoporosis.
system: How is hyperparathyroid disease treated?
output: The parathyroid can cause osteoporosis by making too much PTH, which eventually makes your body take calcium from your bones. If your symptoms are mild, your doctor may decide to wait and see if they get worse. Or you may take medications like estrogen and bisphosphonates to get your body to make less PTH so your bones can rebuild. However, the medication won't cure your hyperparathyroidism. If you have a growth on your parathyroid glands and have symptoms, your doctor probably will recommend surgery to remove it. Your symptoms should stop within a month of having it taken off. The growth usually doesn't come back.
system: How is diabetes related to kidney failure?
output: Diabetes is the No. 1 cause of kidney failure (and the leading cause of microalbumin in the urine) in the United States. When you have diabetes, the level of sugar (or âglucoseâ) in your blood is too high. Over time, that extra sugar damages the small blood vessels in your kidneys. It becomes harder for them to clean your blood. Diabetes can also harm your nerves, which may lead to kidney injury.
system: What can affect the results of my albumin test?
output: Random Test Normal: less than 30 micrograms (mcg) per milligram (mg) of creatinine Microalbuminuria: 300 mcg per mg of creatinine Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mcg/mg creatinine Timed Test Normal: Less than 20 mcg/minute Microalbuminuria: 20-200 mcg/minute Clinical albuminuria: More than 200 mcg/minute 24- Hour Test Normal: Less than 30 mg Microalbuminuria: 30-300 mg Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mg If there is albumin in your pee, the amount likely varies during the day. That makes it a little harder to get an accurate measure. Plus, any of these could give you a result that's higher than normal: Blood in your urine Fever Lots of exercise right before the test Other kidney diseases Some medicines Urinary tract infection If your results show a high level, your doctor will probably want to repeat the test.
system: How does diabetes and kidney disease relate?
output: Diabetes is the No. 1 cause of kidney failure (and the leading cause of microalbumin in the urine) in the United States. When you have diabetes, the level of sugar (or âglucoseâ) in your blood is too high. Over time, that extra sugar damages the small blood vessels in your kidneys. It becomes harder for them to clean your blood. Diabetes can also harm your nerves, which may lead to kidney injury.
system: Why are microalbumin urine tests important for people with diabetes or high blood pressure?
output: When you find out about a health issue early on, you can often take steps to protect yourself and keep your body strong. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, one of the things to look out for is kidney disease. A microalbumin urine test helps because it can find kidney problems before they get too far.
system: When should I get tested for kidney disease?
output: Your doctor will suggest one when you have: Type 1 diabetes. You'll get the test once a year starting 5 years from when you got the condition. Type 2 diabetes. You'll get the test once a year starting as soon as you find out you have it. High blood pressure Your doctor will talk to you about how often to get tested. You may also need to get tested if you: Are 65 or older with risk factors for heart or kidney disease Belong to an ethnic group more likely to get kidney disease, including African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians Have any family members who have or had kidney disease In these cases, talk to your doctor about when to start testing and how often you'll need it.
system: What is a random albumin test?
output: They'll send you to a restroom and give you directions to pee into a cup. Your doctor will most likely ask the lab to check for creatinine as well as albumin. Creatinine is a normal waste product in your urine. When you measure both numbers, you get a clearer picture of what's happening.
system: When should I start testing for kidney disease?
output: You may also need to get tested if you: Are 65 or older with risk factors for heart or kidney disease Belong to an ethnic group more likely to get kidney disease, including African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians Have any family members who have or had kidney disease In these cases, talk to your doctor about when to start testing and how often you'll need it.
system: What does a microalbumin urine test look for?
output: A microalbumin urine test checks for small (or "micro") amounts of albumin in your urine -- at levels so small a regular urine test might not find them. It can be a sign of kidney disease. Your doctor can help you understand what they mean.
system: What does a microalbumin urine test check?
output: A microalbumin urine test checks for small (or "micro") amounts of albumin in your urine -- at levels so small a regular urine test might not find them. It can be a sign of kidney disease. Your doctor can help you understand what they mean.
system: What happens during a timed microalbumin urine test?
output: High blood pressure Your doctor will talk to you about how often to get tested. Your doctor will most likely ask the lab to check for creatinine as well as albumin. Timed test. You'll pee into it over 24 hours and take it back.
system: What is a microalbumin test?
output: But if your kidneys aren't working quite right, albumin starts to leak into your urine. A microalbumin urine test helps because it can find kidney problems before they get too far. Your kidneys filter your blood. They keep the good stuff your body needs and send the waste out through your pee.
system: What do the results of a random microalbumin urine test mean?
output: Creatinine is a normal waste product in your urine. For a short test, 2 hours, you'll probably stay at the doctor's office or lab. Random Test Normal: less than 30 micrograms (mcg) per milligram (mg) of creatinine Microalbuminuria: 300 mcg per mg of creatinine Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mcg/mg creatinine Timed Test Normal: Less than 20 mcg/minute Microalbuminuria: 20-200 mcg/minute Clinical albuminuria: More than 200 mcg/minute 24- Hour Test Normal: Less than 30 mg Microalbuminuria: 30-300 mg Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mg If there is albumin in your pee, the amount likely varies during the day. If the results are much higher than normal, it could be a sign of more advanced problems. Your doctor will help you figure out what the results mean and what steps you can take.
system: Are there different types of spinal cord injury?
output: In a complete injury, a person loses all ability to feel and voluntarily move below the level of the injury. In an incomplete injury, there is some functioning or feeling below the level of the injury.
system: How is spinal cord injury different from back injury?
output: Spinal cord injury is not the same as back injury.
system: What happens when the spinal cord is injured?
output: Spinal cord injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spinal cord or the result of compression, damage from inflammation, infections, bleeds or clots, neoplasms, or spinal arthritis. Spinal cord damage results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. In most people who have acute, traumatic spinal cord injury, the spinal cord is not fully severed but is bruised or torn.
system: What is the spinal cord?
output: The spinal cord is the major bundle of nerves carrying nerve impulses to and from the brain to the rest of the body. These bones constitute the spinal column or back bones. In a complete injury, a person loses all ability to feel and voluntarily move below the level of the injury.
system: What is the treatment for itching as a result of polycythemia vera?
output: If you have itching that doesn't go away, your doctor may prescribe antihistamines.
system: What questions might your doctor ask about polycythemia vera?
output: Your doctor may ask you questions like: Do you get a lot of headaches? Have you lost weight lately? Do you sometimes feel dizzy or weak? Have you had shortness of breath? Do you sweat a lot at night?
system: How is polycythemia vera treated?
output: The treatment you get depends on your age and your situation. If you don't have a lot of symptoms, your doctor may just want to check you every now and then without treatment.
system: What can happen if you don't treat polycythemia vera?
output: Without treatment, the extra red blood cells in your veins can cause clots that slow your blood flow. This makes you more likely to have a stroke or heart attack. It can also cause pain called angina in your chest.
system: How is an EPO level used to diagnose polycythemia vera?
output: This test measures how much of the hormone EPO you have in your blood. EPO tells your bone marrow to make blood cells. People who have polycythemia vera have very low amounts of it.
system: What questions should you ask your doctor about polycythemia vera?
output: Before your appointment, it's a good idea to make a list of things to ask your doctor, such as: Which treatment do you recommend? What are the side effects? How can I prevent complications? Since I have polycythemia vera, am I more likely to have a stroke or heart attack? How can I ease my symptoms?
system: When are antihistamines used for treating polycythemia vera?
output: If you have itching that doesn't go away, your doctor may prescribe antihistamines.
system: What are signs of polycythemia vera?
output: You might have warning signs like dizziness or feeling tired and weak, but lots of things can cause those symptoms. If you have polycythemia vera, the first sign may be when a routine blood test shows that you have a high number of blood cells.
system: What medicine to lower blood cells is used to treat polycythemia vera?
output: If you need more than phlebotomy and aspirin, your doctor may prescribe hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea), a pill that lowers your red blood count and eases symptoms.
system: What drugs are used to treat polycythemia vera?
output: Another drug, interferon alfa ( Intron A), helps the immune system cut back on making blood cells. The drug ruxolitinib ( Jakafi) is approved for use in people who aren't helped by hydroxyurea or can't handle its side effects.
system: What is the first sign of polycythemia vera?
output: You might have warning signs like dizziness or feeling tired and weak, but lots of things can cause those symptoms. If you have polycythemia vera, the first sign may be when a routine blood test shows that you have a high number of blood cells.
system: What effect do the extra red blood cells have on the body?
output: Without treatment, the extra red blood cells in your veins can cause clots that slow your blood flow. This makes you more likely to have a stroke or heart attack. It can also cause pain called angina in your chest.
system: How is EPO level used to diagnose polycythemia vera?
output: This test measures how much of the hormone EPO you have in your blood. EPO tells your bone marrow to make blood cells. People who have polycythemia vera have very low amounts of it.
system: What should you expect if you have polycythemia vera?
output: Although there's no cure, the right treatment can help you manage this disease for many years. Remember that everyone's case is different. With good care, you can still have an active lifestyle. It's rare, but your condition could lead to acute leukemia or myelofibrosis, which are also blood diseases but are more serious than polycythemia vera. Acute leukemia is a blood cancer that gets worse quickly. Myelofibrosis is a condition in which your bone marrow gets filled with scar tissue.
system: Are there groups that provide polycythemia vera support?
output: The MPN Research Foundation has more information about polycythemia vera. It can also help you find support groups.
system: How is a phlebotomy used to treat polycythemia vera?
output: This is often the first treatment people with polycythemia vera get. Your doctor removes blood from your vein. It's a lot like donating blood. The goal is to lower your number of blood cells. After it's done, your blood will be thinner and it'll flow more easily. You'll usually feel better, too. Some symptoms will ease, like headaches or dizziness. Your doctor will decide how often you need phlebotomy. For some people, it's the only treatment they need for many years.
system: Where can you get support for polycythemia vera?
output: Talk to your friends and family about how to keep a positive attitude. You may also want to join a support group for people with your condition. The MPN Research Foundation has more information about polycythemia vera. It can also help you find support groups.
system: Does polycythemia vera lead to leukemia or myelofibrosis?
output: It's rare, but your condition could lead to acute leukemia or myelofibrosis, which are also blood diseases but are more serious than polycythemia vera. Acute leukemia is a blood cancer that gets worse quickly. Myelofibrosis is a condition in which your bone marrow gets filled with scar tissue.
system: How is a blood smear used to diagnose polycythemia vera?
output: In this test, your doctor will look at a sample of your blood through a microscope. It's a way to check for other diseases that are sometimes linked to polycythemia vera.
system: What are the treatment options for polycythemia vera?
output: Polycythemia vera is different for each person who has it. If you don't have many symptoms, you might not need treatment right away. Your doctor will keep a close watch on you. If you do need treatment, its goal is to lower the amount of red blood cells your body makes and prevent blood clots and other complications. Your options include: Phlebotomy.
system: When do most people find out about polycythemia vera?
output: If you have polycythemia vera, you'd usually find out about it when you're 60 or older. But it can happen at any age. It's more common among men than women.
system: What is the genetic cause of polycythemia vera?
output: Your bone marrow makes three types of blood cells: Red White Platelets Red blood cells carry oxygen, white fight infections, and platelets clot your blood to stop bleeding. Most people with polycythemia vera have too many red blood cells. But the disease can also cause you to have too many white blood cells and platelets. Most likely, the problem in your JAK2 or TET2 gene happened over the course of your life. It's rare, but parents can pass these broken genes to children.
system: What is a complete blood count and how is it used to diagnose polycythemia vera?
output: Your doctor takes a sample of your blood and sends it to a lab, where a machine counts the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets you have. An unusually high number of any of these could be a sign of polycythemia vera.
system: How long does it take for polycythemia vera to develop?
output: This disease gets worse very slowly, usually over many years. Although it can be life-threatening if you don't get treatment, most people have a good chance of living a long life when they get the right care.
system: How is medicine used to lower blood cells in order to treat polycythemia vera?
output: If you need more than phlebotomy and aspirin, your doctor may prescribe hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea), a pill that lowers your red blood count and eases symptoms. Another drug, interferon alfa ( Intron A), helps the immune system cut back on making blood cells. The drug ruxolitinib ( Jakafi) is approved for use in people who aren't helped by hydroxyurea or can't handle its side effects.
system: What are questions to ask my doctor about polycythemia vera?
output: Before your appointment, it's a good idea to make a list of things to ask your doctor, such as: Which treatment do you recommend? What are the side effects? How can I prevent complications? Since I have polycythemia vera, am I more likely to have a stroke or heart attack? How can I ease my symptoms?
system: What can I do to keep myself healthy if I have polycythemia vera?
output: Most people with polycythemia vera take low-dose aspirin. There are a lot of ways you can keep yourself comfortable and as healthy as possible: Don't smoke or chew tobacco. Tobacco makes blood vessels narrow, which can make blood clots more likely. Get some light exercise, such as walking, to help your circulation and keep your heart healthy. Do leg and ankle exercises to stop clots from forming in the veins of your legs. Your doctor or a physical therapist can show you how. Bathe or shower in cool water if warm water makes you itch. Keep your skin moist with lotion, and try not to scratch.