laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What works best to treat encopresis?
output: Although many different regimens have been developed for the treatment of encopresis, most rely on the following principles: Empty the colon of stool Establish regular soft and painless bowel movements Maintain very regular bowel habits While there is almost always a large behavioral component to chronic encopresis, behavioral therapy alone, such as offering rewards or reasoning with the child, usually is not effective. Rather, a combination of medical and behavioral therapy works best.
system: How can you establish regular bathroom times to treat encopresis?
output: Establish regular bathroom times: The child should sit on the toilet for 5-10 minutes after breakfast and again after dinner EVERY DAY. Some families must alter their daily routines to accomplish this, but it is a crucial step, particularly for school-aged children. Sitting on the toilet right after a meal takes advantage of the âgastrocolic reflex,â intestinal contractions that naturally occur after eating.
system: What behavioral techniques can help with encopresis?
output: Behavioral techniques: Offer age-appropriate positive reinforcement for developing regular toilet habits. For young children, a star or sticker chart can be helpful. For older children, earning privileges, such as extra television or video game time, may be useful.
system: How is a suppository used to treat severe encopresis?
output: Give a suppository or a series of suppositories: A suppository is a tablet or capsule that is inserted into the rectum. The suppository is made of a substance that may stimulate the rectum to contract and expel stool or it may soften the stool by drawing extra water from the body into the bowel. Popular stimulant suppositories include Dulcolax or Fleet Bisacodyl. Popular stool softening suppositories with glycerin are provided by Fleet or Pedia- Lax. Daily suppositories for several days may be needed to completely evacuate the colon.
system: How does magnesium hydroxide work to help with encopresis?
output: Magnesium hydroxide ( Philip's Milk of Magnesia, Pedia- Lax) -- Besides causing retention of fluid in the intestine, this laxative promotes the release of a hormone that stimulates movement of stool through the intestine. Some children experience abdominal cramping. This laxative is flavorless but has a thick chalky texture that may be more acceptable when mixed with a fluid such as milk or chocolate milk. It should be avoided by children with kidney problems.
system: How can you train your child to help with encopresis?
output: Training: Children may respond to teaching about the appropriate use of muscles and other physical responses during defecation. This helps them learn how to recognize the urge to have a bowel movement and to defecate effectively.
system: What tests are done to diagnose encopresis?
output: In some cases, an X-ray of the child's abdomen or pelvis is performed to determine how much stool is present in the colon and assess if the colon and rectum are enlarged. Occasionally, a barium enema is performed. This is a special type of X-ray. A small tube is inserted into the child's rectum, and the colon is slowly filled with a radiopaque dye (barium). X-rays are taken throughout the procedure to see if areas of narrowing, twisting, or kinking in the lower intestine are causing the child's symptoms. In some cases, anorectal manometry may be performed. With this test, a small tube is inserted into the child's rectum. The tube has several pressure sensors in it. During the test, the doctor can determine how the child is using his or her abdominal, pelvic, and anal muscles during defecation. Many children who have chronic constipation and/or encopresis do not use their muscles in a coordinated fashion during bowel movements.
system: How is encopresis diagnosed?
output: Any of the following warrants a visit to your child's primary care provider: Severe, persistent, or recurrent constipation Pain during bowel movements Reluctance to have bowel movements, including straining to hold stool in Soiling in a child who is at least 4 years old To diagnose enopresis, your child's health care provider will ask many questions about his medical history, toilet training history, diet, lifestyle, habits, medications, and behavior. A thorough physical exam will be done to assess the child's general health as well as the status of the colon, rectum, and anus. The examiner may insert a gloved finger into the child's rectum to feel for stool and make sure the anal opening and rectum are of normal size and that the anal muscles are of normal strength.
system: What causes encopresis?
output: Rarely, encopresis is caused by an anatomic abnormality or disease that the child is born with. In the great majority of cases, encopresis develops as a result of chronic (long-standing) constipation. However, each person has his or her own schedule for bowel movements, and many healthy people do not have a bowel movement every day. A constipated child might pass a bowel movement every third day or less often. Constipation implies not only infrequent bowel movements, but also having difficulty or experiencing pain when doing so.
system: What are other treatments for encopresis?
output: Most cases of encopresis respond to the treatment regimen outlined above. It is used rarely and under close supervision in children. For encopresis, fiber supplements and certain foods, such as fruit juices and prunes, can have a laxative effect. These foods and juices function as osmotic laxatives. They all contain various sugars that are not efficiently absorbed by the intestinal lining, thus increasing the amount of water in the colon. Given in large enough doses, all of these foods and juices are very effective laxatives. The best way to prevent encopresis is to prevent constipation in the first place.
system: What is the final step in treating encopresis?
output: Over time, the child with encopresis may also develop incoordination of the muscles used to pass bowel movements. This step is just as critical as the first two steps and must not be abandoned just because the soiling has improved after the previous steps.
system: What is encopresis?
output: This stool or fecal soiling usually has a physical origin and is involuntary -- the child doesn't do it on purpose. However, each person has his or her own schedule for bowel movements, and many healthy people do not have a bowel movement every day. More than 80% of children with encopresis have experienced constipation or painful defecation in the past.
system: How are severe cases of encopresis treated?
output: Eventually, looser, partly formed stool from higher up in the intestine leaks around the large collection of harder, more formed stool at the bottom of the colon (rectum) and then leaks out of the anus (the opening from the rectum to the outside of the body). Evacuation can be accomplished in the following ways: Give an enema or series of enemas: An enema pushes fluid into the rectum.
system: What are concerns about using laxatives for encopresis?
output: Laxatives do not stop working if they are used every day for a long time. Osmotic laxatives: These laxatives contain agents that are not efficiently absorbed by the intestinal lining. Since all osmotic laxatives work by increasing the amount of water in the colon, it is important that your child drinks lots of fluid while taking any of these laxatives.
system: What is the best way to prevent encopresis?
output: Drinking plenty of fluid helps keep stools soft and may help prevent constipation in the first place. Make sure the child gets a varied diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables and whole grain breads and cereals. The child should drink water and other fluids frequently and be physically active every day. Finally, make sure the child has a regular time every day when he or she sits on the toilet. After a meal is the best time for this.
system: How does encopresis develop?
output: This âholding inâ becomes a habit that often remains long after the constipation or pain with passing bowel movements has resolved. As more and more stool collects in the child's lower intestine (colon), the colon slowly stretches (sometimes called megacolon). Over time, the child with encopresis may also develop incoordination of the muscles used to pass bowel movements. In most cases, this is not the case. Children with encopresis rarely need surgery.
system: Who is more likely to be affected by encopresis?
output: Many more boys than girls experience encopresis; approximately 80% of affected children are boys. Generally, it takes longer in younger children than in older children.
system: Should I go to the doctor if my congestion and headache aren't going away?
output: Colds and allergies that block your nose with mucus can lead to a sinus infection. If your cold medicine doesn't give you relief, see your doctor for more treatment.
system: Should I go to the doctor if my cough isn't going away?
output: If it doesn't go away, it's likely due to postnasal drip -- mucus that moves from your nose into your throat. It can be treated with antihistamines. But it could also be related to asthma or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). Your doctor can tell you what to do for it. A lasting, severe cough is also the main symptom of whooping cough, a disease that's become more common in many parts of the U. S. So, if you've been hacking away for more than 2-3 weeks, your doctor may give you a test to see if you've got it.
system: Should I go to the doctor if I can't eat or drink without vomiting?
output: If you can't drink anything without vomiting, you may need to go to your doctor's office or the hospital to get fluids through an IV.
system: Should I go to the doctor if my sore throat makes it hard to swallow?
output: Although a sore throat can make it hurt a little to swallow, severe pain can be a sign of an infection or injury that needs to be treated by a doctor.
system: What are some tips to prevent winter allergies?
output: But if you know you're allergic, you can take steps to avoid a reaction. Use these tips: Throw out shower curtains, wallpaper, and carpeting that have mold. Wash showers and sinks with a solution containing 5% bleach and a little detergent. To help control dust mites and mold, use a dehumidifier to keep the humidity in your home below 50%. Use a HEPA air filter to clean dust from the air. Wash bedding in hot water (130 F) each week. Use allergy-proof covers on mattresses, pillows, and comforters. If someone in your household is allergic to pet dander and you really want a pet, the best choices are animals without fur, such as fish. If you already have a cat or dog, don't let it sleep in your bedroom, and give it a bath at least once a week.
system: What are common indoor winter allergy triggers?
output: Some common indoor allergy triggers are: Dust mites . These microscopic bugs flourish in mattresses and bedding. When their droppings and remains become airborne, they can cause allergy symptoms. Mold. This fungus thrives in damp, humid areas such as basements and bathrooms. When mold spores get into the air, they can trigger allergy symptoms. Animals. Most people are not allergic to animal fur, but rather to a protein found in the pet dander, saliva, and urine.
system: How are winter allergies diagnosed?
output: A cold usually doesn't last for more than 10 days. Allergies can linger for weeks or even months. He may refer you to an allergist, who will ask you about your health history and symptoms. The allergist may do a skin test where he scratches your skin with a tiny bit of an allergen or injects it just under your skin. If the area turns red and itchy, you're allergic. There's also a blood test to diagnose some allergies.
system: What are treatments for winter allergies?
output: Some common indoor allergy triggers are: Dust mites . Treatments for winter allergies include: Antihistamines , which reduce sneezing, sniffling, and itching Decongestants , which clear mucus to relieve congestion and swelling Immunotherapy (allergy shots or under-the-tongue tablets), which expose your body to gradually bigger doses of the allergen. This approach can curb your symptoms for a longer period of time than allergy drugs.
system: What is winter allergies?
output: But if you have indoor allergies such as mold and dust mites, you may notice your allergy symptoms more during winter, when you spend more time inside. But if you know you're allergic, you can take steps to avoid a reaction.
system: What are things to do during  holidays to prevent winter allergies?
output: Some common indoor allergy triggers are: Dust mites . Live ones can have chemicals and mold on them. Wash dust off of ornaments before you hang them. Buy glass or plastic ornaments rather than fabric, which can collect more dust. If you have a pet allergy and you'll be visiting people who have cats or dogs, take your allergy medication with you and keep up with your immunotherapy before you go. Bring your own pillow with you, too.
system: What heart conditions can be treated with beta-blockers?
output: Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Esmolol ( Brevibloc) Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol- XL) Propranolol ( Inderal) Doctors often prescribe beta-blockers for these heart conditions: Heart failure High blood pressure Angina Abnormal heart rhythms Heart attack Beta-blockers can also treat: Glaucoma Migraine headaches Anxiety Certain types of tremors Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) If you have asthma or COPD, your doctor may not prescribe a beta-blocker because it may make your breathing symptoms worse.
system: How are beta-blockers used to treat heart disease?
output: Beta-blockers are one of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and are a mainstay treatment of congestive heart failure. Beta-blockers work by blocking the effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) and slowing the heart's rate, thereby decreasing the heart's demand for oxygen. Long-term use of beta-blockers helps manage chronic heart failure.
system: What should you do while you are taking a beta-blocker for heart disease?
output: While you're taking a beta-blocker, you may need to check your pulse every day. If it's slower than it should be, contact your doctor about taking your beta-blocker that day. Never stop taking a beta-blocker without speaking to your doctor first, even if you feel that it's not working. Sudden withdrawal can worsen angina and cause heart attacks.
system: Do other drugs interact with beta-blockers for heart disease?
output: Typically, those are for a diuretic (''water pill'') or other medications such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers ( ARBs), which lower blood pressure and improve heart failure symptoms. If you have side effects and you're taking your heart drugs together, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. You may need to change when you take each medication, so they're at different times. It's important to tell your doctor about everything you're taking -- including over-the-counter drugs, herbs, and supplements -- because they might affect how your beta-blocker works.
system: What beta-blockers are used to treat heart disease?
output: Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Esmolol ( Brevibloc) Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol- XL) Propranolol ( Inderal) Doctors often prescribe beta-blockers for these heart conditions: Heart failure High blood pressure Angina Abnormal heart rhythms Heart attack Beta-blockers can also treat: Glaucoma Migraine headaches Anxiety Certain types of tremors Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) If you have asthma or COPD, your doctor may not prescribe a beta-blocker because it may make your breathing symptoms worse.
system: When should you not use beta-blockers for heart disease?
output: Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Esmolol ( Brevibloc) Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol- XL) Propranolol ( Inderal) Doctors often prescribe beta-blockers for these heart conditions: Heart failure High blood pressure Angina Abnormal heart rhythms Heart attack Beta-blockers can also treat: Glaucoma Migraine headaches Anxiety Certain types of tremors Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) If you have asthma or COPD, your doctor may not prescribe a beta-blocker because it may make your breathing symptoms worse. If you have heart failure and severe lung congestion, your doctor will treat your congestion before prescribing a beta-blocker. You shouldn't take beta-blockers if you have low blood pressure or a slow pulse, because bringing down your heart rate more can cause dizziness and lightheadedness.
system: How common is bedwetting?
output: About 40% of 3-year-olds wet the bed.
system: What should I tell my child during bedwetting treatment?
output: Assure your child that bedwetting in children is common. It's nothing to be ashamed of and almost all children eventually outgrow it. Make sure siblings understand this as well. Don't allow them to tease the bedwetter.
system: Can you get potassium naturally from foods?
output: Good natural food sources of potassium include: Bananas Avocados Nuts, like almonds and peanuts Citrus fruits Leafy, green vegetables Milk Potatoes Keep in mind that some types of cooking, such as boiling, can decrease the potassium content in some foods.
system: Who is more likely to get potassium deficiencies?
output: Potassium deficiencies are more common in people who: Use certain medicines, such as diuretics Have physically demanding jobs Athletes exercising in hot climates and sweating excessively Have health conditions that affect their digestive absorption, such as Crohn's disease Have an eating disorder Smoke Abuse alcohol or drugs The Institute of Medicine has set an adequate intake for potassium.
system: What causes heartburn in children and infants?
output: Heartburn in infants and young children is usually a sign of gastroesophageal reflux (also called GER or acid reflux). That's a condition that occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus -- the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. There is a muscle at the bottom of the esophagus called the lower esophageal sphincter ( LES) that normally keeps acids in the stomach. But if the LES relaxes too much, the harsh stomach acids can rise up and irritate the delicate lining of the esophagus. That leads to heartburn and other symptoms.
system: What are the symptoms of heartburn in children?
output: Heartburn feels like a burning sensation in the chest, neck, and throat. If the cause of heartburn is GERD, the infant or child may also experience other symptoms, such as: Arching of the back during feedings Chest pain Coughing Fussiness Hoarse voice Painful swallowing Poor eating Sore throat Vomiting Wheezing Keep in mind that these symptoms are seen in other conditions, so may not necessarily be a sign of GER or GERD.
system: How do I know if my child is having heartburn?
output: It's often hard to clearly diagnose heartburn in young children. That's because they have more difficulty articulating their symptoms than adults. Instead of feeling a burning in their chest, they may experience heartburn as a stomachache higher in their belly. If your child is displaying any symptoms of heartburn or GERD, start with a visit to the pediatrician. You may get a referral to a specialist called a gastroenterologist.
system: How often does GERD occur in children?
output: Heartburn in infants and young children is usually a sign of gastroesophageal reflux (also called GER or acid reflux). The baby's spit-up is stronger, often repetitive, and babies may also experience the discomfort of heartburn. This can be seen with fussiness during feeding. In very young children, the cause of heartburn is usually an immature digestive tract.
system: What usually causes heartburn in children?
output: Heartburn in infants and young children is usually a sign of gastroesophageal reflux (also called GER or acid reflux). In older children, risks include being overweight, exposure to secondhand smoke, and eating certain types of foods (for example, spicy foods). Children with neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy, are also at greater risk.
system: What tests might a child get for GERD?
output: The doctor will examine your child and ask about symptoms. Tests for heartburn caused by GERD include: Upper GI (gastrointestinal) series. Endoscopy. Esophageal p H probe. The doctor inserts a thin flexible tube through the child's nose and into the esophagus to test acid levels in the esophagus. Gastric emptying study. After your child drinks milk that contains a special radioactive material, the doctor uses a camera to watch the substance move through the digestive tract.
system: Should children with ADHD be involved in their treatment plans?
output: Every child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) should be involved in his own treatment plan. For most kids, that treatment involves medication. From the start, your child should understand what ADHD is, how it affects him, and how his medicine helps his symptoms. He should also know what his treatment plan is and how it works.
system: Is it ok for my child to allow other students to take his ADHD medication?
output: No one else can take his medication. Other students who don't have ADHD may want to take his stimulant medication to help them focus while they study. But giving pills to another person is illegal and can get him into trouble with school and legal authorities.
system: Is it ok for me to let my child take their own medication if they are in middle or high school?
output: If your child is in middle school or high school, you may want to let him take his medication on his own. It's still best for you to monitor how many pills are in the bottle, and watch to see that he takes them as prescribed. If he manages that well, he may be ready to take pills without supervision. You know your child best, but talk to his doctor and other people involved in his ADHD treatment, like therapists and teachers, before you make that call.
system: What should I tell my child regarding drugs and alcohol use while taking ADHD medication?
output: He can't drink or use illegal drugs while on ADHD medication. ADHD medications are safe, but they can have serious side effects if he takes them with alcohol or other drugs.
system: What should I tell my child about medication dosages before allowing him to manage his own medication?
output: If you decide it's time to let him manage his meds, make sure he understands these key things before you hand over the pill bottles: He has to take ADHD medication as prescribed. More is not necessarily better. Make sure he or she knows it may be dangerous to increase the dose without talking to your doctor.
system: Can my child be in charge of their own ADHD medication?
output: Every child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) should be involved in his own treatment plan. Many ADHD experts think it's best for you, not your child, to dispense pills each day as long as he's living with you.
system: What should I tell my child regarding his ADHD medication before going to college?
output: Kids who feel involved are more likely to take their medication as prescribed. They may also be more aware of their symptoms. That can make it harder to study or do tasks that require concentration. It can even increase the odds he'll engage in risky behavior. If he thinks he doesn't need as much medication, or is ready to go off it altogether, he should talk to his doctor before making any changes.
system: How do dietitians combat cancer-related fatigue?
output: Make an appointment with a dietitian. A registered dietitian provides suggestions to work around any eating problems that may be interfering with proper nutrition (such as early feeling of fullness, swallowing difficulty, or taste changes). A dietitian can also suggest ways to maximize calories and include proteins in smaller amounts of food (such as powdered milk, instant breakfast drinks, other commercial supplements, or food additives).