laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are the types of invasive breast cancer?
output: It can remain localized, which means it stays near the site where the tumor started. Or cancer cells may spread anywhere in the body. Invasive lobular carcinoma ( ILC). This type accounts for about 10% of invasive breast cancers. ILC starts in the lobules or milk glands and then spreads. With ILC, most women feel a thickening instead of a lump in their breast. Some women may have a combination of both or a different type of invasive breast cancer.
system: How may clinical trials help with invasive breast cancer?
output: Some women may have a combination of both or a different type of invasive breast cancer. These trials test new drugs or treatment combinations to see if they are safe and if they work. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be a good fit for you.
system: What are the signs of invasive breast cancer?
output: Women in the U. S. have a 1 in 8 chance of developing an invasive form of breast cancer during their lifetime. Or cancer cells may spread anywhere in the body. By doing a regular self-check of your breast, you can become familiar with the normal changes in your breasts.
system: How likely are women to get invasive breast cancer?
output: It can then spread into the nearby lymph nodes and beyond. ILC starts in the lobules or milk glands and then spreads. With ILC, most women feel a thickening instead of a lump in their breast.
system: What does the treatment for invasive breast cancer include?
output: There are effective treatments. They include: Surgery. A lumpectomy is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon removes the cancer and a small area of healthy tissue around it. A mastectomy may be performed after chemotherapy. This procedure removes all of your breast. Chemotherapy. This drug treatment may be done before surgery to shrink the tumor and make the cancer operable. It's also sometimes given after surgery to try to prevent he cancer from coming back. Radiation . Often, radiation treatments are given after chemotherapy and surgery to prevent the cancer from coming back. Hormone therapy. Certain medications may be given if the cancer cells have hormone receptors. Targeted therapy. If the cancer cells have the gene HER2, you may be given drug treatments specifically for that.
system: What increases the risk of invasive breast cancer?
output: There's no way to know if you'll develop an invasive form of breast cancer, but there are things that increase your chances, many of which you can't change. Older women are at higher risk. About 10% of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer are under age 45. Also, you're at higher risk if you're obese, your breasts are dense, you didn't have children, or you became pregnant after the age of 35. Different things will determine the type of breast cancer treatment your doctor recommends, including: Size of the tumor Location of the tumor Results of lab tests done on the cancer cells Stage of the cancer Your age and general health If you've been through menopause Your own feelings about the treatment options Family history Results of tests for a gene mutation that would increase the risk of breast cancer There are many treatments for invasive breast cancer. Women with invasive breast cancer have more promise for a good outcome than ever before.
system: What is ketamine?
output: Others have become associated with drug abuse: Ketamine is an anesthetic widely used in people and animals. It keeps you from feeling pain during surgery or other procedures that can hurt. It can make you feel disconnected from your body or make you see things that aren't there (hallucinate). It's sometimes known as a "club drug." In recent years, scientists have studied whether ketamine can be used to treat depression. Other researchers have looked at whether it can be used to help people with bipolar disorder or brain injuries or if PCP and ketamine could be used to treat schizophrenia.
system: How can NMDA receptor antagonist drugs help with Alzheimer's disease?
output: If you have Alzheimer's disease, your cells can make too much glutamate. When that happens, the nerve cells get too much calcium, and that can speed up damage to them. NMDA receptor antagonists make it harder for glutamate to "dock" -- but they still let important signals flow between cells. Scientists are studying how they can be used against Alzheimer's.
system: Are there surgical treatments for spinal compression fractures?
output: When chronic pain from a spinal compression fracture persists despite rest, activity modification, back bracing, and pain medication, surgery is the next step. Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time.
system: What is kyphoplasty and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: Kyphoplasty: This procedure helps correct the bone deformity and relieves the pain associated with spinal compression fractures. During the procedure: A tube is inserted through a half inch cut in the back into the damaged vertebrae. X-rays help ensure the accuracy of the procedure. A thin catheter tube -- with a balloon at the tip -- is guided into the vertebra. The balloon is inflated to create a cavity in which liquid bone cement is injected. The balloon is then deflated and removed, and bone cement is injected into the cavity. The cement mixture hardens in about 10 minutes. "
system: Is spinal fusion surgery used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: Spinal fusion surgery is sometimes used for spinal compression fractures to eliminate motion between two vertebrae and relieve pain. The procedure connects two or more vertebrae together, holds them in the correct position, and keeps them from moving until they have a chance to grow together, or fuse.
system: How are vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time. They also use acrylic bone cement that hardens quickly, stabilizing the spinal bone fragments and therefore stabilizing the spine immediately. Most patients go home the same day or after one night's hospital stay.
system: Are there any drawbacks or side effects of spinal fusion surgery?
output: There are drawbacks to spinal fusion surgery. It eliminates the natural movement of the two vertebrae, which limits the person's movement. Also, it puts more stress on vertebrae next to the fusion - increasing the chance of fracture in those vertebrae. Even after healing is complete, patients may need to avoid certain lifting and twisting activities to prevent putting excess stress on the spine. "
system: Are graft techniques used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: The patient's own bone or bone from a bone bank can be used to create a graft. The patient's own bone marrow or blood platelets -- or a bio-engineered molecule -- can be used to stimulate growth of bone for the procedure.
system: What occurs during spinal fusion surgery?
output: Metal screws are placed through a small tube of bone and into the vertebrae. The screws are attached to metal plates or metal rods that are bolted together in the back of the spine. The hardware holds the vertebrae in place. This stops movement, allowing the vertebrae to fuse. Bone is grafted into the spaces between vertebrae. "
system: How is vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time. They also use acrylic bone cement that hardens quickly, stabilizing the spinal bone fragments and therefore stabilizing the spine immediately. Most patients go home the same day or after one night's hospital stay.
system: What can be used in spinal fusion surgery for spinal compression fractures?
output: The patient's own bone or bone from a bone bank can be used to create a graft. The patient's own bone marrow or blood platelets -- or a bio-engineered molecule -- can be used to stimulate growth of bone for the procedure.
system: When is spinal fusion surgery used for spinal compression fractures?
output: Spinal fusion surgery is sometimes used for spinal compression fractures to eliminate motion between two vertebrae and relieve pain. The procedure connects two or more vertebrae together, holds them in the correct position, and keeps them from moving until they have a chance to grow together, or fuse.
system: What pain medications are used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: A carefully prescribed "cocktail" of pain medications can relieve bone-on-bone, muscle, and nerve pain, explains F. Todd Wetzel, MD, professor of orthopaedics and neurosurgery at Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia. " If it's prescribed correctly, you can reduce doses of the individual drugs in the cocktail." Over-the-counter pain medications are often sufficient in relieving pain. Two types of non-prescription medications -- acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) -- are recommended. Narcotic pain medications and muscle relaxants are often prescribed for short periods of time, since there is risk of addiction. Antidepressants can also help relieve nerve-related pain.
system: How can back bracing treat spinal compression fractures?
output: A back brace provides external support to limit the motion of fractured vertebrae -- much like applying a cast on a broken wrist. The rigid style of a back brace limits spine-related motion significantly, which may help reduce pain. Newer elastic braces and corsets are more comfortable to wear but don't work, says Wetzel. " There's an old saying, ' The inconvenience of the brace is directly proportional to its effectiveness,'" he tells Web MD. However, braces should be used cautiously and only under a doctor's supervision. Weakening and loss of muscle can occur with excessive use of braces for lumbar conditions.
system: How is spinal fusion surgery done to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: Metal screws are placed through a small tube of bone and into the vertebrae. The screws are attached to metal plates or metal rods that are bolted together in the back of the spine. The hardware holds the vertebrae in place. This stops movement, allowing the vertebrae to fuse. Bone is grafted into the spaces between vertebrae. "
system: What do doctors think about vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for the treatment of spinal compression fractures?
output: These procedures are amazing, when you look at how well patients do," says Rex Marco, MD, chief of spine surgery and musculoskeletal oncology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. " They're often in terrible, terrible pain, and it's not going away. But with two small incisions we can take care of something that needed a huge operation in the past but without really good results." " We do everything we can to make the operation go as smoothly as possible," says Marco. " Antibiotics decrease the chance of infection. And a special x-ray machine helps us get the needle into the bone and assure that cement goes into the bone and stays in the bone."
system: What is the treatment for osteoporosis that has caused a spinal compression fracture?
output: Osteoporosis treatment.
system: How can activity modification treat spinal compression fractures?
output: Bed rest may help with acute pain, but it can also lead to further bone loss and worsening osteoporosis, which raises your risk for future compression fractures. Doctors may recommend a short period of bed rest for no more than a few days. However, prolonged inactivity should be avoided.
system: What is vertebroplasty and how is it used to treat spinal compression?
output: This procedure is effective for relieving pain from spinal compression fractures and helping to stabilize the fracture. During this procedure: A needle is inserted into the damaged vertebrae. X-rays help ensure that it's done with accuracy. The doctor injects a bone cement mixture into the fractured vertebrae. The cement mixture hardens in about 10 minutes. The patient typically goes home the same day or after a one-night hospital stay.
system: What are the drawbacks of spinal fusion surgery for spinal compression fractures?
output: There are drawbacks to spinal fusion surgery. It eliminates the natural movement of the two vertebrae, which limits the person's movement. Also, it puts more stress on vertebrae next to the fusion - increasing the chance of fracture in those vertebrae. Even after healing is complete, patients may need to avoid certain lifting and twisting activities to prevent putting excess stress on the spine. "
system: How can you recover from spinal compression fractures?
output: The majority of fractures heal with pain medication, reduction in activity, medications to stabilize bone density, and a good back brace to minimize motion during the healing process. Most people return to their everyday activities. Some may need further treatment, such as surgery.
system: How is a vertebroplasty done to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: This procedure is effective for relieving pain from spinal compression fractures and helping to stabilize the fracture. During this procedure: A needle is inserted into the damaged vertebrae. X-rays help ensure that it's done with accuracy. The doctor injects a bone cement mixture into the fractured vertebrae. The cement mixture hardens in about 10 minutes. The patient typically goes home the same day or after a one-night hospital stay.
system: What do doctors say about spinal fusion surgery for treating spinal compression fractures?
output: Spinal fusion is often the last resort," Wetzel tells Web MD. " If the bone is more than 50% compressed in height, if patients are in a great deal of pain, and if they have had complications from another spinal surgery, we suggest spinal fusion surgery."
system: Are there nonsurgical treatment options for spinal compression fractures?
output: But the pain usually improves significantly in a matter of days or weeks. Pain management may include analgesic pain medicines, bed rest, back bracing, and physical activity. " We do everything we can to make the operation go as smoothly as possible," says Marco. "
system: Are vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: But with two small incisions we can take care of something that needed a huge operation in the past but without really good results." And a special x-ray machine helps us get the needle into the bone and assure that cement goes into the bone and stays in the bone."
system: Is osteoporosis treatment used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: Some may need further treatment, such as surgery. This is a critical part of treatment to help prevent further compression fractures.
system: Is back bracing used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: A back brace provides external support to limit the motion of fractured vertebrae -- much like applying a cast on a broken wrist. The rigid style of a back brace limits spine-related motion significantly, which may help reduce pain. However, braces should be used cautiously and only under a doctor's supervision. Weakening and loss of muscle can occur with excessive use of braces for lumbar conditions.
system: What is the surgical treatment for spinal compression fractures?
output: Activity modification. Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time.
system: What are some non-surgical treatments for spinal compression fractures?
output: But the pain usually improves significantly in a matter of days or weeks. Pain management may include analgesic pain medicines, bed rest, back bracing, and physical activity. " We do everything we can to make the operation go as smoothly as possible," says Marco. "
system: Do the majority of spinal compression fractures heal quickly?
output: Some may need further treatment, such as surgery. Pain medications.
system: Is activity modification used to treat spinal compression fractures?
output: If osteoporosis has caused a spinal compression fracture, the treatment should address the pain, the fracture, and the underlying osteoporosis to prevent future fractures. Doctors may recommend a short period of bed rest for no more than a few days. However, prolonged inactivity should be avoided.
system: How often should I see an eye doctor if I have diabetes?
output: Here are more tips to prevent diabetic retinopathy: Make sure you see an eye doctor at least once a year for a complete eye exam. If you have diabetes and are pregnant, have a thorough eye exam during your first trimester. Follow up with your eye doctor during pregnancy. Tell your eye doctor if you develop gestational diabetes.
system: What are symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
output: It's the leading cause of blindness for all adults in the U. S. You might not have any signs of diabetic retinopathy until it becomes serious. When you do have symptoms, you might notice: Loss of central vision, which is used when you read or drive Not being able to see colors Blurry vision Holes or black spots in your vision Floaters, or small spots in your vision caused by bleeding If your blood glucose level (blood sugar) is too high for too long, it blocks off the small blood vessels that keep your retina healthy. Your doctor will tell you if any of these treatments are right for you.
system: What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
output: It's the leading cause of blindness for all adults in the U. S. You might not have any signs of diabetic retinopathy until it becomes serious. When you do have symptoms, you might notice: Loss of central vision, which is used when you read or drive Not being able to see colors Blurry vision Holes or black spots in your vision Floaters, or small spots in your vision caused by bleeding If your blood glucose level (blood sugar) is too high for too long, it blocks off the small blood vessels that keep your retina healthy. Your doctor will tell you if any of these treatments are right for you.
system: What is laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy?
output: It can make your vision blurry. Your eye doctor can usually tell if you have diabetic retinopathy during your eye exam. It shows if any of your blood vessels are leaking or damaged.
system: How is diabetic retinopathy treated?
output: It can make your vision blurry. It shows if any of your blood vessels are leaking or damaged. Scatter laser surgery. If blood vessels leak into your retina and vitreous humor and your vision clouds, you may need to have this procedure. It removes the leaked blood so you can see better. This can treat cloudy vision. Your doctor will tell you if any of these treatments are right for you.
system: Is it common to get diabetic retinopathy?
output: When you do have symptoms, you might notice: Loss of central vision, which is used when you read or drive Not being able to see colors Blurry vision Holes or black spots in your vision Floaters, or small spots in your vision caused by bleeding If your blood glucose level (blood sugar) is too high for too long, it blocks off the small blood vessels that keep your retina healthy. If you have any form of diabetes -- type 1, type 2, or gestational -- you may get diabetic retinopathy. This can change the way your retina looks. You're more likely to get DME at later stages of diabetic retinopathy, but it can happen at any point. This will slow down diabetic retinopathy and maybe even stop it from happening.
system: How can fruits and vegetables keep your child's teeth healthy?
output: Tips for selecting and eating foods that are more healthful to your child's teeth: Keep lots of fruits and vegetables in your house -- to offer as "healthy snacks" -- instead of carbohydrates. Choose fruits and vegetables that contain a high volume of water, such as pears, melons, celery, and cucumbers. Limit bananas and raisins, as these contain concentrated sugar, or urge your child to brush after these fruits are eaten.
system: Why should you brush your child's teeth after giving him or her medicine?
output: Be sure to brush your child's teeth after giving him or her medicine. Medicines such as cough syrups contain sugar that bacteria in the mouth use to make acids. These acids can eat away at the enamel -- the protective top layer of the tooth.
system: Is  xylitol-sweetened or sugar-free gum OK for children's teeth?
output: Other tips: If your child chews gum, encourage him or her to choose xylitol-sweetened or sugar-free gum. Xylitol has been shown to reduce the amount of bacteria in the mouth and the chewing action helps increase the flow of saliva.
system: How can offering your child plain water keep his teeth healthy?
output: Offer your child plain water instead of juice or soda. Juices, sodas, and even milk contain sugar. Water does not harm the teeth and aids in washing away any food particles that may be clinging to teeth.
system: What sticky, chewy foods should your child avoid to keep his teeth healthy?
output: Raisins, dried figs, granola bars, oatmeal or peanut butter cookies, jelly beans, caramel, honey, molasses, and syrup stick to teeth making it difficult for saliva to wash away. If your child consumes these types of products, have him or her brush their teeth immediately after eating. Avoid sugary foods that linger on the teeth.
system: What are the symptoms of pinworm infection?
output: Most people who are infected don't have any. If you do, they might include any of the following: Anal itching, especially at night Restless sleep Itching of the vaginal area -- if adult worms move to the vagina Feeling irritable Abdominal pain that comes and goes Talk to your doctor if you have severe anal itching -- especially at night.
system: Which over-the-counter medications may your doctor recommend for a pinworm infection?
output: Your doctor may recommend an over-the-counter treatment like pyrantel pamoate ( Reese's Pinworm Medication, Pin- X). He might also prescribe medication to everyone in your household to prevent infection and re-infection.
system: What are the complications of pinworm infection?
output: Most of the time, pinworm infections don't cause serious problems. In rare cases, and especially if you have a lot of them, the pinworms can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and around the pelvic organs. This can cause inflammation of the vagina -- what doctors call vulvovaginitis.
system: How do you get pinworm infection?
output: The eggs can also live on surfaces like clothing, bedding, or other objects. If you touch one of these items and then put your fingers in your mouth, you'll ingest the eggs. About a month later, the eggs hatch in your intestines and mature into adult worms. Female pinworms move to your anus area to lay their eggs. This causes anal itching. If you scratch the area, the eggs cling to your fingers and get under your nails. If you touch other surfaces or objects, you could spread the worms.
system: How is a pinworm infection diagnosed?
output: If you, your child, or someone in your household has symptoms of pinworm infection, call your doctor and ask about the tape test. Simply take a clear piece of tape and press the sticky side to the skin around the anus. Do this as soon as you or your child wake up -- before you use the bathroom, shower, or get dressed. The pinworm eggs will stick to the tape. You'll need to repeat this test three days in a row, then take all the pieces of tape to your doctor. He'll view them under a microscope.