laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: Who can get immunotherapy for lung cancer?
output: Doctors thought for a long time that immunotherapy wouldn't work for non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer ( SCLC), the two most common types. But the past few years have seen several breakthroughs. By the time most people with lung cancer are diagnosed, the disease is in an advanced stage. Options for treatment were once limited to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Your doctor may suggest immunotherapy if other options haven't worked or if your tumor has traces of certain proteins.
system: What are some serious potential side effects of immunotherapy?
output: You might notice: Fever/chills Fatigue Rashes Diarrhea Aches in your joints or muscles Vomiting/nausea Sometimes, these drugs work too well and your immune system goes into overdrive. That could lead to more serious side effects like inflammation of your lungs, liver, kidneys, or thyroid and pituitary glands, or autoimmune disorders that may damage an organ or gland. Alert your doctor early on to any side problems. The sooner they're treated, the less likely they are to get worse.
system: What is immunotherapy for lung cancer?
output: This new type of treatment, called immunotherapy, helps your immune system fight cancer in much the same way it fights off colds and viruses.
system: What monoclonal antibody drugs has the FDA approved to treat lung cancer?
output: The FDA has approved several checkpoint inhibitors within the last several years to treat lung cancer: Atezolizumab ( Tecentriq) Duryalumab ( Imfinzi) Nivolumab ( Opdivo) Pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies for lung cancer include bevacizumab ( Avastin) and ramucirumab ( Cyramza). These drugs cut off nutrients that help create blood vessels that feed cancer growth. Other are being tested in clinical trials. So are vaccine treatments and adoptive cell therapy.
system: What do our cells do when we have cancer?
output: Rev Up Your Immune System White blood cells are your body's main response to attacks from germs and abnormal cells like those that cause cancer. Another way our bodies fight disease is to attack antigens. This is the name for any substance your bodies doesn't recognize and works to fight off. Our bodies produce antibodies to fight foreign substances. These man-made versions act like normal antibodies, but go after cancer cells. The sooner they're treated, the less likely they are to get worse.
system: How do you take immunotherapy drugs and what are side effects?
output: It does this in one of two ways: Helps your immune system work harder Places a bullseye on cancer cells so your immune system can find and destroy them Who Can Get This Treatment? Side effects usually result from of the boost to your immune system. You might notice: Fever/chills Fatigue Rashes Diarrhea Aches in your joints or muscles Vomiting/nausea Sometimes, these drugs work too well and your immune system goes into overdrive.
system: What immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitor drugs has the FDA approved to treat lung cancer?
output: Your doctor may suggest immunotherapy if other options haven't worked or if your tumor has traces of certain proteins. Tumors that produce proteins called PD- L1 turn on these âcheckpointsâ and slow your immune system.
system: What is the function of the external female reproductive structure?
output: The main external structures of the female reproductive system include: Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.
system: What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
output: During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the following events occur: Two hormones, follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH) and luteinizing hormone ( LH), are released from the brain and travel in the blood to the ovaries. The hormones stimulate the growth of about 15 to 20 eggs in the ovaries, each in its own "shell," called a follicle. These hormones ( FSH and LH) also trigger an increase in the production of the female hormone estrogen. As estrogen levels rise, like a switch, it turns off the production of follicle-stimulating hormone. This careful balance of hormones allows the body to limit the number of follicles that mature. As the follicular phase progresses, one follicle in one ovary becomes dominant and continues to mature. This dominant follicle suppresses all of the other follicles in the group. As a result, they stop growing and die. The dominant follicle continues to produce estrogen. The ovulatory phase, or ovulation, starts about 14 days after the follicular phase started.
system: How many eggs does a woman have?
output: The vast majority of the eggs within the ovaries steadily die, until they are depleted at menopause. At birth, there are approximately 1 million to 2 million eggs; by the time of puberty, only about 300,000 remain. Of these, only about 500 will be ovulated during a woman's reproductive lifetime. Any remaining eggs gradually die out at menopause.
system: What should you know about the female reproductive system?
output: It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
system: What are the main external structures of the female reproductive system?
output: The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genitals) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. The main external structures of the female reproductive system include: Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body). Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion. Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
system: What happens during the menstrual cycle?
output: If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). There are four major hormones (chemicals that stimulate or regulate the activity of cells or organs) involved in the menstrual cycle: follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone. The ovulatory phase, or ovulation, starts about 14 days after the follicular phase started. The woman is now considered pregnant.
system: What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
output: The average menstrual cycle takes about 28 days and occurs in phases: the follicular phase, the ovulatory phase (ovulation), and the luteal phase. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg to implant. If intercourse has taken place and a man's sperm has fertilized the egg (a process called conception), the fertilized egg (embryo) will travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterus. The woman is now considered pregnant. If the egg is not fertilized, it passes through the uterus. Not needed to support a pregnancy, the lining of the uterus breaks down and sheds, and the next menstrual period begins.
system: What happens during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle?
output: The average menstrual cycle takes about 28 days and occurs in phases: the follicular phase, the ovulatory phase (ovulation), and the luteal phase. During this phase, the following events occur: The rise in estrogen from the dominant follicle triggers a surge in the amount of luteinizing hormone that is produced by the brain. This causes the dominant follicle to release its egg from the ovary. As the egg is released (a process called ovulation), it is captured by finger-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae). The fimbriae sweep the egg into the tube. Also during this phase, there is an increase in the amount and thickness of mucus produced by the cervix (lower part of the uterus). If a woman were to have intercourse during this time, the thick mucus captures the man's sperm, nourishes it, and helps it to move towards the egg for fertilization.
system: What are the main internal structures of the female reproductive system?
output: They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body). The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit. Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones. Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into the lining of the uterine wall. As the egg is released (a process called ovulation), it is captured by finger-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae).
system: What is it like to live with chronic illness and depression?
output: Chronic medical conditions can bring on bouts of depression, which, in turn get in the way of successful treatment of the disease. Living with a chronic illness is a challenge, and it's normal to feel grief and sadness as you come to grips with your condition and its implications. But if these feelings don't go away, or you are having trouble sleeping or eating, or you've lost interest in the activities you normally enjoy, seek help.
system: What is chronic illness?
output: A chronic illness is a condition that lasts for a very long time and usually cannot be cured completely, although some illnesses can be controlled or managed through lifestyle (diet and exercise) and certain medications. Examples of chronic illnesses include diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, kidney disease, HIV/ AIDS, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
system: How can you avoid depression if you have a chronic illness?
output: More than 80% of people with depression can be treated successfully with medicine, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. But if these feelings don't go away, or you are having trouble sleeping or eating, or you've lost interest in the activities you normally enjoy, seek help. To avoid depression: Try not to isolate yourself. Reach out to family and friends. Learn as much as you can about your condition. Make sure that you have medical support from experts you trust and can talk to openly about your ongoing questions and concerns. If you suspect that your medication is bringing you down, talk to your doctor about other possible treatments. Talk with your doctor about pain management. Find a therapist or counselor you trust.
system: What is the risk of depression if you have a chronic illness?
output: A chronic illness is a condition that lasts for a very long time and usually cannot be cured completely, although some illnesses can be controlled or managed through lifestyle (diet and exercise) and certain medications. It's estimated that up to one-third of people with a serious medical condition have symptoms of depression. Risk is especially high in someone who has a history of depression. Depression caused by chronic disease often makes the condition worse, especially if the illness causes pain and fatigue or it limits a person's ability to interact with others. Depression can intensify pain, as well as fatigue and sluggishness. The combination of chronic illness and depression might lead you to isolate yourself, which is likely to make the depression even worse.
system: What are treatment options for chronic illness and depression?
output: Risk is especially high in someone who has a history of depression. Early diagnosis and treatment can ease distress along with the risk of complications and suicide. Many times, depression treatment can improve your overall medical condition, a better quality of life, and a greater likelihood of sticking to a long-term treatment plan. When depressive symptoms are related to the physical illness or the side effects of medication, your doctor may need to adjust or change your treatment. When the depression is a separate problem, it can be treated on its own. More than 80% of people with depression can be treated successfully with medicine, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. Antidepressant drugs usually take effect within a matter of weeks. You should work closely with your doctor or psychiatrist to find the most effective medication.
system: How is chronic illness linked to depression?
output: A chronic illness is a condition that lasts for a very long time and usually cannot be cured completely, although some illnesses can be controlled or managed through lifestyle (diet and exercise) and certain medications. In fact, depression is one of the most common complications of chronic illness. It's estimated that up to one-third of people with a serious medical condition have symptoms of depression. Serious illness can cause tremendous life changes and limit your mobility and independence. A chronic illness can make it impossible to do the things you enjoy, and it can eat away at your self-confidence and a sense of hope in the future. In some cases, the physical effects of the condition itself or the side effects of medication lead to depression, too.
system: Who gets the plague?
output: Symptoms include: Cough, sometimes with blood Trouble breathing Nausea and vomiting For most people, the chances of the plague are low. But you're more likely to get if you visit or live in an area with the plague and you: Touch a living or dead animal that might have been infected, like a rat, mouse, squirrel, rabbit, or chipmunk Work with animals regularly Spend a lot of time outdoors working, hiking, camping, or hunting Spend time with someone who has the plague If you've been in an area with the plague and have symptoms, see a doctor right away.
system: What are symptoms of bubonic plague?
output: This is the most common type. It causes buboes, which are very swollen and painful lymph nodes under the arms, in the neck, or in the groin. Without treatment, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body.
system: What is the treatment for the plague?
output: If you've been around someone who has the plague, your doctor may start treatment even if you don't have symptoms. You'll get antibiotics like: Ciprofloxacin ( Cipro) Doxycycline ( Vibramycin) Gentamicin ( Garamycin) Levofloxacin ( Levaquin) Treatment works well. With antibiotics, most people get better within a week or two. But without treatment, most people with the plague die.
system: What are symptoms of pneumonic plague?
output: This is the most common type. It's the rarest form of the disease. It's deadly without treatment. It's also very contagious because the plague can spread through the air when a person coughs. Symptoms include: Cough, sometimes with blood Trouble breathing Nausea and vomiting For most people, the chances of the plague are low.
system: What do I need to know about the plague?
output: This type is more dangerous than bubonic plague. It's the rarest form of the disease. It's deadly without treatment. If you must be near the person, wear tight-fitting disposable surgical masks so you won't breathe in the plague bacteria.
system: What are symptoms of the plague?
output: You can also catch the plague directly from infected animals or people. You feel very sick and weak and may have a fever, chills, and headaches. Other symptoms depend on the three main kinds of plague: Bubonic plague.
system: How can I prevent the plague?
output: If you have the plague, you'll be admitted to the hospital. Avoid areas with the plague if you can, and stay away from sick or dead animals while you're there.
system: Why do you need a stool culture?
output: Your doctor could order this test if you show any of these symptoms: Diarrhea that lasts more than a few days Poop that contains blood or mucus Stomach pain or cramping Nausea Throwing up Fever Your doctor may be more concerned if: You're very young or elderly You have a weakened immune system You've traveled outside the United States You've eaten contaminated food or water Your symptoms are severe You may need antibiotics to get rid of the infection or prevent other health problems, like dehydration (losing too much fluid).
system: What are the steps in a stool culture?
output: In most cases, you'll follow these steps: Place something in your toilet to catch your poop. Your doctor may give you a small container or you could use a clean, empty plastic one that you have. If your stool isn't loose or watery, you could also spread newspaper or plastic wrap over the toilet rim. Make sure your poop doesn't touch the inside of your toilet. It could pick up germs that aren't yours. Place the sample into the container. Don't use your hands. Your doctor should give you a small spoon or spatula you can throw away after you use it. Don't overfill the container. For the test, you'll only need to provide a sample that's about the size of a walnut. Make sure to include any pieces that are bloody, slimy, or watery. Avoid getting urine mixed up with your stool. If you need to pee, do so before starting. Put the container in a sealed plastic bag and wash your hands well with soap and water. Flush any leftover poop down your toilet. Return the sample to your doctor's office as soon as you can. It can be kept in your refrigerator until then, but for no more than 24 hours. Tell your doctor about any medicines you're taking, since these can affect your test results. He should also know if you're taking any herbs, supplements, vitamins, over-the-counter, or illegal drugs.
system: What are concerns when taking a stool culture?
output: Your doctor could order this test if you show any of these symptoms: Diarrhea that lasts more than a few days Poop that contains blood or mucus Stomach pain or cramping Nausea Throwing up Fever Your doctor may be more concerned if: You're very young or elderly You have a weakened immune system You've traveled outside the United States You've eaten contaminated food or water Your symptoms are severe You may need antibiotics to get rid of the infection or prevent other health problems, like dehydration (losing too much fluid).
system: When do you get results from a stool culture?
output: Most of the time, you should get results back within 1 or 2 days.
system: How is a stool culture done?
output: You'll need to give your doctor a sample of your poop. You won't need to do this at the doctor's office. Instead, you'll be given a special container with a lid to take home. This may have your name and birthdate on it. If not, you can write it on the label. Your doctor will go over how to collect the sample and any special instructions.
system: What do results from a stool culture mean?
output: If your test results are negative, that means that they're normal. No germs were found in your poop and you don't have an infection. A positive test result means that your poop was infected with a germ, virus, or other type of bacteria. The lab will tell your doctor which type it is and which medicines will fight against it.
system: What is a stool culture?
output: This test can look in your poop for bacteria, a virus, or other germs that might be making you sick. Your doctor could order this test if you show any of these symptoms: Diarrhea that lasts more than a few days Poop that contains blood or mucus Stomach pain or cramping Nausea Throwing up Fever Your doctor may be more concerned if: You're very young or elderly You have a weakened immune system You've traveled outside the United States You've eaten contaminated food or water Your symptoms are severe You may need antibiotics to get rid of the infection or prevent other health problems, like dehydration (losing too much fluid).
system: What's the treatment for complex regional pain syndrome?
output: The options may include: Pain killers ranging from over-the-counter aspirin to more powerful medicines that you can only get with a prescription. Anti-swelling medicine. Anesthetic creams and patches that numb the affected area. Physical therapy to improve blood circulation and make the injured arm or leg more flexible. Spinal cord stimulation by a battery-powered device put in during surgery. Surgery that destroys some of the nerves. Doctors disagree about whether this helps.
system: What is good self-care when you have complex regional pain syndrome?
output: As you work on getting better, these steps may help: Keep up your usual daily routine as much as you can. Get plenty of rest. Don't try to do more than your strength can handle. Look to your family and friends for support. Share with them information about complex regional pain syndrome so they can better understand what you're dealing with. Long-term pain can take a toll on your mind and emotions. They might teach you relaxation or meditation techniques, for instance.
system: How does complex regional pain syndrome progress?
output: Anyone can sprain a wrist or fracture a bone. The condition's main sign is intense pain that affects you all the time. As it does the symptoms get more severe: Up to three months: You feel burning pain, and the affected area is more sensitive to touch. Those are the most common early symptoms. Swelling and joint stiffness usually start next. Three months to a year: Swelling is more lasting, and wrinkles in the skin go away. Pain spreads, and joints get stiffer. A year or more: Skin becomes pale, stretched, and shiny. Pain may lessen. Stiffness may mean that the affected limb won't ever move as well as it used to.
system: What are symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome?
output: Anyone can sprain a wrist or fracture a bone. The condition's main sign is intense pain that affects you all the time. If you have it, you might see or feel some of these in a hand, foot, arm, or leg: Constant burning or throbbing pain Swelling Sensitivity to touch or cold Changes in skin temperature between sweaty and cold Skin that becomes white, mottled, red, or blue Skin that turns thin or shiny Joint stiffness or swelling Nails or hair growing faster than normal Muscle spasms or weakness Difference in temperature between the affected limb and the opposite one ( One may sweat more than the other.) Pain in the opposite limb from the one that was injured Complex regional pain syndrome usually goes through three stages.