laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What cartilage are in the anatomy of the knee?
output: Cartilage Cartilaginous structures called menisci (singular form is "meniscus") line the top of the tibia and lie between the tibia and the 2 knuckles at the bottom of the femur (called the femoral condyles). The menisci's primary job is to provide cushioning for the knee joint.
system: What bursae are in the anatomy of the knee?
output: Bursae Bursae (one is a bursa) are fluid-filled sacs that help to cushion the knee. The knee contains 3 important groups of bursae: The prepatellar bursae lie in front of the patella. The Pes anserine bursae is located on the inner side of the knee about 2 inches below the joint. The infrapatellar bursae are located underneath the patella.
system: How can staying slim help with knee pain?
output: Stay Slim Staying slim reduces the forces placed on the knee during both athletics and everyday walking and may, according to some medical research, reduce osteoarthritis. Keeping your weight down may also reduce the number of ligament and tendon injuries for similar reasons.
system: How can exercising wisely help with knee pain?
output: Exercise Wisely If you have chronic knee pain, consider swimming or water exercises. In water, the force of buoyancy supports some of our weight so our knees aren't burdened. If you don't have access to a pool or do not enjoy water activities, at least try to limit hard pounding and twisting activities such as basketball, tennis, or jogging. You may find that your aching knees will act up if you play basketball or tennis every day but will not if you limit your pounding sports to twice a week. Whatever you do, respect and listen to your body. If it hurts, change what you are doing. If you are fatigued, consider stopping -- many injuries occur when people are tired.
system: How is crystalline arthritis (gout and pseudogout) described and treated?
output: Crystalline Arthritis (gout and pseudogout) Description: These severely painful forms of arthritis are caused by sharp crystals that form in the knee and other joints. These crystals can form as a result of defects in the absorption or metabolism of various natural substances such as uric acid (which produces gout) and calcium pyrophosphate (pseudogout). Treatment: Treatment is aimed at controlling inflammation with anti-inflammatory medications, and at aiding the metabolism of the various chemicals that may lead to crystal formation.
system: How is rheumatoid arthritis of the knee described and treated?
output: Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Knee Description: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is a connective tissue disease of the whole body that affects many joints, often the knee. Symptoms: In addition to knee pain, rheumatoid arthritis may produce morning stiffness and pain in other joints. Treatment: Treatment includes pain medications, anti-inflammatory medications, and prescription drugs (such as Rheumatrex) that are aimed at slowing disease progression.
system: Can you prevent knee pain?
output: Knee pain has a host of causes. Many types of pain are difficult to prevent, but you can do some general things to reduce the likelihood of sustaining a knee injury. Keep Limber, Keep Fit Many knee problems are caused by tight or imbalanced musculature.
system: How common is knee pain?
output: With today's increasingly active society, the number of knee problems is increasing. This type of bursitis occurs in people who work on their knees.
system: How is a patellofemoral syndrome and chondromalacia patella described and treated?
output: This injury often causes damage to the cartilage on the back of the patella. Bursitis Description: As a result of trauma, infection, or crystalline deposits, the various bursae of the knee may become inflamed. Treatment: Home care with PRICE therapy, NSAIDs, and exercises (such as straight leg raises) that balance the muscles around the patella work for most people. Physical therapy to assess factors that may contribute to the disease process guides management to include exercise, bracing or taping of the patella, commercial arch supports (for the arch of the foot), or orthotic supports that correct foot mechanics and may reduce abnormal forces on the knee. Severe cases of patellofemoral syndrome or chondromalacia may be treated surgically through a variety of procedures. When this band is tight it may rub against the bottom outer portion of the femur (the lateral femoral condyle).
system: How is iliotibial band syndrome described and treated?
output: Iliotibial Band Syndrome Description: A fibrous ligament, called the iliotibial band, extends from the outside of the pelvic bone to the outside of the tibia. When this band is tight it may rub against the bottom outer portion of the femur (the lateral femoral condyle). Symptoms: Distance runners typically suffer from this condition. These runners complain of outside knee pain usually at the lateral femoral condyle. Early on, the pain will typically come on 10 minutes to 15 minutes into a run and improve with rest. Treatment: The most important aspect of treating iliotibial band syndrome is to identify why it is tight. A physical therapist can evaluate mechanics and prescribe treatments, which may include stretching the iliotibial band. In addition to stretching the iliotibial band, PRICE therapy and NSAIDs may be of some help.
system: What characteristics are common in a person with Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP)?
output: Certain characteristics are common in a person with MSP, including: Is a parent or caregiver, usually a mother May be a health care professional Is very friendly and cooperative with the health care providers Appears quite concerned (some may seem overly concerned) about their child May suffer from Munchausen syndrome (a related disorder in which a person repeatedly acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick) Other possible warning signs of MSP include: The child has a history of many hospitalizations, often with a strange set of symptoms.
system: How can psychotherapy help with treating Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP)?
output: Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) generally focuses on changing the thinking and behavior of the individual with the disorder (cognitive-behavioral therapy). The goal of therapy for MSP is to help the person identify the thoughts and feelings that are contributing to the behavior, and to learn to form relationships that are not associated with being ill.
system: What is Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP)?
output: It affects a primary caretaker, often the mother. The person with MSP gains attention by seeking medical help for exaggerated or made-up symptoms of a child in his or her care. As health care providers strive to identify what's causing the child's symptoms, the deliberate actions of the mother or caretaker can often make the symptoms worse. Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) generally focuses on changing the thinking and behavior of the individual with the disorder (cognitive-behavioral therapy).
system: How is Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP) treated?
output: The first concern in MSP is to ensure the safety and protection of any real or potential victims. In fact, managing a case involving MSP often requires a team that includes a social worker, foster care organizations, and law enforcement, as well as doctors. Successful treatment of people with MSP is difficult because those with the disorder often deny there is a problem. In addition, treatment success is dependent on the person telling the truth, and people with MSP tend to be such accomplished liars that they begin to have trouble telling fact from fiction. In general, MSP is a very difficult disorder to treat and often requires years of therapy and support.
system: How many carbs are in sugar-free cookies?
output: Sorry, but sugar-free doesn't equal carb-free. Some sugar-free cookies have nearly as many carbs per serving as their regular counterparts. Check the nutrition facts label before making your choice.
system: How many carbs are in salad dressing?
output: Practically any bottle you reach for will have some sugar. The amount varies by brand, so check labels. Consider making your own. Olive oil and vinegar is an easy option. Or at least stick to the recommended serving size on the bottle. A tablespoon or two is unlikely to send your blood sugar soaring, but if you drown your salad, you could be in trouble.
system: How many carbs are in tomato sauce?
output: If it comes from a jar, you can almost bet that there's added sugar and carbs in there (about 12 grams per half-cup). Look at the nutrition facts closely, and be aware that many brands are also high in sodium. When in doubt, drizzle it on your (whole-grain) pasta sparingly.
system: What are some healthy milk substitutes for people with diabetes?
output: But watch out for flavored varieties, which tend to have more sugar. For example, a cup of vanilla almond milk has 16 grams of carbs. A cup of chocolate soy milk has 23 grams, compared to plain soy milk, which has about 12 grams of carbs.
system: How many carbs are in barbecue sauce?
output: One tablespoon will cost you about 7 grams of carbs. If you keep dipping and dipping until you've consumed one-half cup, you'll have eaten 58 grams of carbs from the sauce alone.
system: How much carbs are in salad dressing?
output: Practically any bottle you reach for will have some sugar. The amount varies by brand, so check labels.
system: How much carbs are in barbecue sauce?
output: One tablespoon will cost you about 7 grams of carbs. If you keep dipping and dipping until you've consumed one-half cup, you'll have eaten 58 grams of carbs from the sauce alone.
system: How many carbs should people with diabetes have per meal?
output: Many people with diabetes aim for 45-60 grams of carbs per meal. But you should talk to your doctor or diabetes educator to find out the right amount of carbs for you.
system: How much carbs are in milk substitutes?
output: For example, a cup of vanilla almond milk has 16 grams of carbs. A cup of chocolate soy milk has 23 grams, compared to plain soy milk, which has about 12 grams of carbs.
system: How much carbs are in yogurt?
output: But some low-fat, fruit-flavored varieties have upward of 40 grams of carbs for an 8-ounce serving. For a lower-carb alternative, try Greek yogurt. The plain, no-fat variety has about 9 grams of carbs for the same size serving, and it also packs more protein than the regular stuff.
system: How much carbs are in split pea soup?
output: Peas are starchy veggies, which means you'll be getting a hefty amount of carbs (26 grams per cup) along with other nutrients like fiber. Many soups also have a lot of salt, so pick reduced-sodium varieties.
system: How much carbs are in protein bars?
output: Don't assume that high-protein means low-carb. Many bars, especially those aimed at athletes who need extra energy, have plenty of both. Need a healthy snack before your workout? A banana with 1 tablespoon of peanut butter might be a better option.
system: How much carbs are in tomato sauce?
output: When in doubt, drizzle it on your (whole-grain) pasta sparingly. If you keep dipping and dipping until you've consumed one-half cup, you'll have eaten 58 grams of carbs from the sauce alone. Check the nutrition facts label before making your choice.
system: How much carbs are in baked beans?
output: For example, a cup of vanilla almond milk has 16 grams of carbs. A tablespoon or two is unlikely to send your blood sugar soaring, but if you drown your salad, you could be in trouble.
system: What can be used to diagnose sinus problems?
output: Symptoms include: Nasal congestion Pain or discomfort around the eyes, forehead or cheeks Cough Headache Thick nasal or post-nasal drainage Sometimes other tests such as computed tomography ( CT) scan or cultures are used to help make the diagnosis. Despite the recommendations that antibiotic use be judicious, they are still overused for sinusitis, according to many physicians who specialize in treating sinus problems. Some physicians say they give patients with sinusitis a prescription for antibiotics, and recommend they wait three to five days before filling it, and only fill it if symptoms are not better by then. A decongestant can be used to help relieve your symptoms and promote drainage. The longer symptoms last, the more likely a sinus problem is to be a bacterial infection, some experts say.
system: When should antibiotics be used to treat sinus problems?
output: Antibiotics may be more appropriate to give to certain patients who are less able to fight off infection, such as those with diabetes, or serious heart or lung disease. And antibiotics should be considered in patients with severe sinusitis symptoms, according to the practice guidelines from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. If antibiotics are given, a 10- to 14-day course is recommended, according to the practice guidelines. Amoxicillin is typically the first choice for people who are not allergic to penicillin.
system: What do triglyceride levels mean from a cholesterol test?
output: Sometimes your doctor will tell you that you may eat normally the day of the test. High levels, in combination with either low HDL or high LDL, can clog your arteries. As with LDL levels, you want this number to be low: Less than 150 mg/d L: A healthy level150 to 199 mg/d L: An almost unhealthy level200 to 499 mg/d L: An unhealthy level500 mg/d L and higher: A very unhealthy, dangerous level Not everyone's target levels are the same.
system: What are the symptoms of dissociative fugue?
output: A fugue in progress often is difficult for others to recognize because the person's outward behavior appears normal. Symptoms of dissociative fugue might include the following: Sudden and unplanned travel away from home Inability to recall past events or important information from the person's life Confusion or loss of memory about his or her identity, possibly assuming a new identity to make up for the loss Extreme distress and problems with daily functioning (due to the fugue episodes) Dissociative fugue has been linked to severe stress, which might be the result of traumatic events -- such as war, abuse, accidents, disasters, or extreme violence -- that the person has experienced or witnessed.
system: How is dissociative fugue diagnosed?
output: If symptoms of dissociative fugue are present, the doctor will often begin an evaluation by performing a complete medical history and physical exam. Although there are no lab tests to specifically diagnose dissociative disorders, the doctor might sometimes recommend various diagnostic tests, such as neuroimaging studies, electroencephalograms ( EEGs), and blood tests, to rule out physical illness or medication side effects if these are suspected as causing the symptoms. Certain conditions -- including brain diseases (such as epilepsy), head injuries, drug and alcohol intoxication, and sleep deprivation -- can lead to symptoms similar to those of dissociative disorders, including amnesia (loss of memory). If no physical illness is found, the person might be referred to a psychiatrist or psychologist, health care professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interviews and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a dissociative disorder.
system: Can dissociative fugue be prevented?
output: Treatment also aims to develop new coping methods to prevent further fugue episodes.
system: How is dissociative fugue treated?
output: The goal of dissociative fugue treatment is to help the person come to terms with the stress or trauma that triggered the fugue. Creative therapies (art therapy, music therapy): These therapies allow the patient to explore and express his or her thoughts and feelings in a safe and creative way.
system: How common is dissociative fugue?
output: Dissociative fugue, formerly called psychogenic fugue, is one of a group of conditions called dissociative disorders. The frequency of dissociative fugue tends to increase during stressful or traumatic periods, such as during wartime or after a natural disaster.
system: How can you manage fatigue from immunotherapy?
output: It sounds strange, but sleeping as much as you want can make you more tired. Limit daytime naps to less than 1 hour. Try short walks and light exercise to build more energy. Eat healthy meals with lean protein, and drink at least 8 glasses of water a day to keep up your strength. Find ways to lower stress: Talk with a friend, draw, or listen to music. Lots of things can help you recharge.
system: Can you get flu-like symptoms after immunotherapy?
output: Flu-like symptoms: Some immunotherapy drugs can make you feel like you have the flu. Along with a fever, you could have a headache, nausea, muscle or joint aches, chills, weakness, and dizziness. Some people also get a runny nose, dry cough, or diarrhea.
system: What should I do if I have a high fever after immunotherapy?
output: Fever: If your temperature's 100.5 F or higher, you can often lower it with over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) like ibuprofen, but check with your doctor first. If you have other health issues, like a bleeding disorder, NSAIDs could make it worse.
system: How can you manage flu-like symptoms from immunotherapy?
output: Flu-like symptoms: Some immunotherapy drugs can make you feel like you have the flu. Along with a fever, you could have a headache, nausea, muscle or joint aches, chills, weakness, and dizziness. Some people also get a runny nose, dry cough, or diarrhea. There's no single way to treat all these symptoms. Instead, your doctor will suggest ways to ease them. Sometimes, an over-the-counter pain reliever can make you more comfortable. You may need a stronger prescription drug for symptoms like diarrhea and severe vomiting. Your doctor will also suggest ways to manage your symptoms at home. For instance, to calm your stomach, you can try cold foods that don't have a strong smell. If you're throwing up, sip ice water, juice, or ginger ale throughout the day so you don't get dehydrated. A heating pad or ice pack can ease sore muscles. Alternative treatments like massage, acupuncture, and hypnosis may help with some of these symptoms, too.
system: What are the side effects of immunotherapy?
output: How you'll feel during and after treatment will depend on a few things: The cancer you have The type of drug and the dose you get How healthy you are when you start treatment Most people have these problems when they go through immunotherapy, but you can manage them.
system: How can you manage skin problems from immunotherapy?
output: To keep inflamed skin from getting worse, use a mild, unscented soap and lukewarm -- not hot -- water in the shower or bath. Within 5 minutes of getting out, moisturize your skin. ( Choose a brand that doesn't have perfume in it.) Stay out of the sun as much as you can, and if you are outside, use a sunscreen of SPF 30 or higher. It's also a good idea to speak to a dermatologist (a skin doctor). If your symptoms don't clear up, they can prescribe a stronger cream or antibiotic.
system: What should I do if I have skin problem after immunotherapy?
output: Skin problems: Many people who get immunotherapy have a skin reaction. To keep inflamed skin from getting worse, use a mild, unscented soap and lukewarm -- not hot -- water in the shower or bath. Within 5 minutes of getting out, moisturize your skin. ( Choose a brand that doesn't have perfume in it.) Stay out of the sun as much as you can, and if you are outside, use a sunscreen of SPF 30 or higher. If your symptoms don't clear up, they can prescribe a stronger cream or antibiotic.
system: How can immunotherapy help your immune system?
output: It's an exciting new treatment that can work well for many types of the disease. Still, it can cause side effects. It only affects your immune system.
system: What are follow-up treatments for toxic shock syndrome?
output: Go to a hospital emergency room or see a doctor for these symptoms, especially if the person has been using tampons, a diaphragm, or contraceptive sponge or has a skin wound or infection: High fever that appears suddenly Faintness Headache Muscle aches Vomiting Diarrhea Sunburn-like rash Confusion The doctor will do an exam and blood tests. If toxic shock syndrome is diagnosed, the person will likely be hospitalized and treated with intravenous antibiotics.
system: What should you do about toxic shock syndrome?
output: The person shows signs of shock. See Shock Treatment. Go to a hospital emergency room or see a doctor for these symptoms, especially if the person has been using tampons, a diaphragm, or contraceptive sponge or has a skin wound or infection: High fever that appears suddenly Faintness Headache Muscle aches Vomiting Diarrhea Sunburn-like rash Confusion The doctor will do an exam and blood tests.
system: What is a risky level of LDL (bad cholesterol) level?
output: Doctors recommend your total cholesterol stay below 200 mg/d L. Here is the breakdown: Total Cholesterol Category Less than 200 Desirable 200 - 239 Borderline high 240 and above High An LDL (bad cholesterol) level of 190 or above is considered a serious risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and other problems caused by clogged arteries.
system: How much cholesterol is too much?
output: Doctors recommend your total cholesterol stay below 200 mg/d L. Here is the breakdown: Total Cholesterol Category Less than 200 Desirable 200 - 239 Borderline high 240 and above High An LDL (bad cholesterol) level of 190 or above is considered a serious risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and other problems caused by clogged arteries.
system: What's the difference between "good" and "bad" cholesterol?
output: HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol is known as "good" cholesterol. HDL takes the "bad," LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol out of your blood and keeps it from building up in your arteries. LDL cholesterol is known as bad cholesterol because it leads to the development and build up of plaque on the walls of your arteries. That increase your chances of getting cardiovascular disease. When being tested for cholesterol, make sure you get numbers of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
system: What makes my cholesterol levels go up?
output: Eating foods such as red meat, whole milk dairy products, egg yolks, and some kinds of fish can make your cholesterol levels go up. Being overweight can make your bad cholesterol go up and your good cholesterol go down.
system: How will your doctor assess the risk of your cholesterol level?
output: Your doctor will first work with you to determine your current level of risk, considering such things as your age, whether or not you smoke, and your blood pressure.
system: What are high triglyceride levels?
output: Then together, the two of you will consider the options you have for achieving that percentage Triglyceride levels that are borderline high (150-199) or high (200 or more) may require treatment in some people.
system: If a product's package reads "low cholesterol," does that mean it is low in fat?
output: Numerous foods marked "low cholesterol" can contain oils that may be high in saturated fats, which are not healthy. In addition, unsaturated fats like vegetable oil can also be high in calories.
system: What can I do to lower my cholesterol levels?
output: You can lower your cholesterol levels by making changes to your lifestyle. Here are some tips. Eat foods with less fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Take off the skin and fat from meat, poultry, and fish. Eat food that has been broiled, baked, roasted, or poached instead of fried. Eat lots of fruits and vegetables everyday. Eat cereals, breads, rice, and pasta made from whole grains, such as whole wheat bread or spaghetti. Get at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise everyday. Talk to your doctor about the safest and best ways for you to exercise. Lose weight if you are overweight. Stop smoking. Take your cholesterol medication as prescribed by your doctor.