laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What causes prolactinoma?
output: Doctors don't know what causes it, but it's fairly common. It happens more often in women than men, and it's rare in kids.
system: How is prolactinoma found in postmenopausal women?
output: Postmenopausal women, who no longer get their periods, may not notice symptoms when the tumor is small. When a prolactinoma becomes large, it may press up against other nearby tissues. Symptoms then can include vision loss, vision changes, and headaches.
system: What can I expect if prolactinoma is found in initial testing?
output: If a prolactinoma is found, you may need more blood tests to see if your pituitary gland is making other hormones like it should. You may also need more MRIs to see if the tumor grows and if it responds to treatment.
system: How can I be tested for prolactinoma?
output: You can expect a physical exam, a medical history questionnaire, and a blood test. If the test shows a high prolactin level, your blood also may be tested to find out how well your thyroid is working. If your doctor thinks you might have a pituitary tumor, he may order an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). This uses powerful magnets and radio waves to get a clear picture of your pituitary gland.
system: What is prolactinoma?
output: Sometimes, a tumor grows on the pituitary gland and makes too much prolactin. This kind of tumor is called a prolactinoma. It's the most common type of pituitary tumor and is most often benign, which means it's not cancer.
system: What are the signs of a prolactinoma?
output: A new mom's prolactin levels go up every time her baby nurses. But for men or women who aren't nursing, high prolactin in the blood can be a sign of a prolactinoma.
system: What is prolactin?
output: The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain.
system: Can premenopausal women regain fertility after being treated for prolactinoma?
output: When medical treatment works, most premenopausal women get their periods again and regain their fertility.
system: How is prolactinoma treated if medication doesn't work or can't be taken?
output: If medication doesn't shrink the tumor, or you can't take it because of side effects (like nausea or dizziness), your doctor may recommend surgery to take the tumor out through your nasal cavity. This returns prolactin levels to normal for about 80% of people with small tumors. But it's successful for only 30% to 40% of people with larger tumors. In rare cases, radiation therapy is used if medicine and surgery don't bring down prolactin levels. This works for about 1 in 3 people.
system: What causes a prolactinoma?
output: It's the most common type of pituitary tumor and is most often benign, which means it's not cancer. The signs of a prolactinoma are different in men and women.
system: What is high blood pressure?
output: Blood pumping through the circulatory system is under pressure, much like the water in the pipes of a house. And just as too much water pressure can damage pipes and faucets, high blood pressure can spell trouble. Hypertension occurs when the force exerted against artery walls is abnormally high. Over time, the increased pressure can cause a wide range of problems. Small bulges, called aneurysms, may form in blood vessels. The heart can become enlarged, increasing the danger of heart failure. Damage to blood vessels in the kidneys can cause them to fail. Because tiny blood vessels in the eyes are especially vulnerable to damage, hypertension can lead to vision problems and even blindness.
system: What are other things you can do to prevent high blood pressure?
output: Along with a healthier diet, it is smart to be as active as possible to prevent high blood pressure. Researchers at the University of Minnesota published results from a study of almost 4,000 people between the ages of 15 and 30 who were followed over time. The more active they were, the lower their risk of developing hypertension. A few other changes can also keep your blood pressure in check. Both excessive alcohol consumption and smoking can raise blood pressure.
system: How can I prevent high blood pressure?
output: How can I prevent high blood pressure? And the results show up fast -- often within two weeks. At the same time, cut down on salt (sodium chloride), which can raise blood pressure. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommends no more than 2,300 milligrams of sodium a day. The ideal is even lower -- only 1,500. For the average person, who consumes about 4,200 milligrams a day, that requires a big change. But studies show that the lower your salt intake, the lower your blood pressure.
system: What are symptoms of too high or low blood sugar levels?
output: When your blood sugar is high, you can get symptoms like a foggy-headed feeling that makes it hard to focus or think clearly. Your energy may also take a dive, and you may feel nervous or moody. If your levels go too low, you could even pass out. In the long run, if your blood sugar stays up, you could be at risk for heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, or other problems.
system: How much is normal for my blood sugar to spike after eating?
output: What levels are too high after a meal? Experts vary on what the number should be, but the ADA says a general goal is a blood sugar level under 180 mg/d L, 1 to 2 hours after a meal. Talk to your doctor about what you should aim for, and don't adjust your medicine without speaking to him first.
system: Is it normal for my blood sugar to spike after eating if I have diabetes?
output: If you're trying to manage diabetes, you already know it's important to keep track of your blood sugar levels. But how do you handle a spike that comes after you eat? It's called "postprandial" blood glucose, and if you take some simple steps, you can get it under control and help avoid health problems.
system: Does managing blood sugar before meals help spikes after meals?
output: Keep blood sugar in check before meals. That way, even if it goes up after you eat, it won't be so dramatic.
system: Will walking after dinner help with post-meal blood sugar spikes?
output: Go for an after-dinner walk. It's a healthy habit for everyone, but if you have diabetes, it's also a good way to burn extra glucose from a meal.
system: Can medicine help manage my after-meal spikes?
output: Get medicine that works for you. The right insulin or medication program can make a big difference. In general, to cover after-meal spikes, those that kick in quickly and for a short time are a better choice than ones that work slowly over a long period. Your doctor can explain your options.
system: How does medicine manage blood sugar spikes?
output: Get medicine that works for you. The right insulin or medication program can make a big difference. In general, to cover after-meal spikes, those that kick in quickly and for a short time are a better choice than ones that work slowly over a long period. Your doctor can explain your options.
system: How does watching what you eat manage blood sugar spikes?
output: They tend to trigger post-meal spikes. The type of fat you eat may play a role, as well. One study shows you may be able to curb blood sugar spikes after you eat if you skip foods with lots of butter and choose a meal made with a little olive oil instead.
system: What blood sugar levels are too high after a meal?
output: Experts vary on what the number should be, but the ADA says a general goal is a blood sugar level under 180 mg/d L, 1 to 2 hours after a meal. Talk to your doctor about what you should aim for, and don't adjust your medicine without speaking to him first.
system: What is postprandial blood glucose?
output: But how do you handle a spike that comes after you eat? It's called "postprandial" blood glucose, and if you take some simple steps, you can get it under control and help avoid health problems. Even when you're in a hurry to get out the door, don't be tempted to skip it.
system: How should I measure spikes in my blood sugar level while eating?
output: Then do it again 1 to 2 hours after that first bite of food. Keep this up for a week or so. Write down the time and the blood sugar number. Make a note about anything you think might affect your levels, like medicine or exercise. Keep blood sugar in check before meals.
system: Why is eating breakfast every morning important for people with diabetes?
output: Eat breakfast every morning. Even when you're in a hurry to get out the door, don't be tempted to skip it. A small study shows that when people ate a 500-calorie breakfast that was 35% protein, their post-meal blood sugar levels were lower than those who started their day with high-carb food. But check with your doctor to see what's right for you.
system: Does the type of food I eat affect my blood sugar spikes after meals?
output: But how do you handle a spike that comes after you eat? They tend to trigger post-meal spikes. The type of fat you eat may play a role, as well.
system: How does keeping blood sugar in check before meals manage blood sugar spikes?
output: The American Diabetes Association ( ADA) recommends you check your blood sugar levels right before mealtime with a blood sample from a finger stick. That way, even if it goes up after you eat, it won't be so dramatic.
system: How often does autism happen to children in the United States?
output: Over the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of diagnosed cases of autism in the U. S. and around the world. Experts do not know if this is because the disorder is actually on the rise, or if doctors are simply diagnosing it more effectively. We should learn more answers to questions like these over the next few years. That's because many researchers are currently looking into autism's origins, prevalence, and treatment.
system: What are signs and symptoms in children with autism?
output: Varying widely, signs and symptoms in children with autism typically include: Impaired communication skills Difficulty making eye contact Repetitive behaviors and activities such as arm flapping, head banging, or twirling an object over and over Rigid behavior and difficulty with change and transitions Narrow range of interests and activities Experts do not know exactly what causes autism.
system: What is the treatment for children with autism?
output: There is no cure for autism, but early intervention using skills-training and behavior modification can yield excellent results. This type of educational and behavioral treatment tackles autism symptoms -- impaired social interaction, communication problems, and repetitive behaviors. It can also boost the chances of a child with child autism being able to go to school and participate in typical activities. Other treatment options for children with autism include: Medication .
system: What are some features of autism?
output: Some features of autism include: Social withdrawal Verbal or nonverbal communication problems Rigid and repetitive behavior In severe cases, an autistic child may never learn to speak or make eye contact. But many children with autism and other autism spectrum disorders are able to live relatively normal lives.
system: What does molluscum contagiosum look like?
output: The condition usually results in papules that: Are generally painless, but can itch Are small (2 to 5 millimeter diameter) Have a dimple in the center Are initially firm, dome-shaped, and flesh-colored Become softer with time May turn red and drain over time Have a central core of white, waxy material Molluscum contagiosum usually disappears spontaneously over a period of months to years in people who have normal immune systems.
system: How is molluscum contagiosum diagnosed?
output: If the diagnosis is in question, a doctor can confirm the diagnosis with a skin biopsy -- the removal of a portion of skin for closer examination.
system: How is molluscum contagiosum treated?
output: Molluscum contagiosum is usually self-limited, so treatment is not always necessary. However, individual lesions may be removed by scraping or freezing. Topical medications, such as those used to remove warts, may also be helpful in lesion removal. Note: The surgical removal of individual lesions may result in scarring.
system: What causes molluscum contagiosum?
output: Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a virus (the molluscum contagiosum virus) that is part of the pox virus family. The virus is contagious through direct contact and is more common in children. However, the virus also can be spread by sexual contact and can occur in people with compromised immune systems. Molluscum contagiosum can spread on a single individual through scratching and rubbing.
system: What is molluscum contagiosum?
output: It is a chronic infection, so lesions may persist from a few months to a few years. However, most cases resolve in six to nine months. To prevent molluscum contagiosum, follow these tips: Avoid direct contact skin-to-skin with anyone who may have the condition.
system: How is the skin infection  molluscum contagiosum prevented?
output: Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes either single or multiple raised, pearl-like bumps (papules) on the skin. The virus is contagious through direct contact and is more common in children. Remain sexually abstinent or have a monogamous sexual relationship with an uninfected individual. ( Male and female condoms cannot offer full protection, as the virus can be found on areas not covered by the condom.)
system: Whatâs the treatment for a staph infection?
output: But there's been a gradual change in how well these antibiotics work. While most staph infections used to be treatable with penicillin, stronger antibiotics are now used. In about 50% of cases, however, resistance is seen to even these stronger antibiotics. These cases are no longer just happening in hospitals -- as once was true -- but now are occurring in the general community. That's been a problem. Many doctors are accustomed to using certain antibiotics, but those then fail because of antibiotic resistance. There are several more potent antibiotics now, but doctors need to know when to use them to prevent further antibiotic resistance. There's another treatment sometimes used with staph infections. If the infection goes so deep that it involves muscles or fibers that enclose muscles, it needs to be surgically cleaned.
system: What is a staph infection of the skin?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A staph infection is caused by a Staphylococcus (or "staph") bacteria. Actually, about 25% of people normally carry staph in the nose, mouth, genitals, or anal area, and don't have symptoms of an infection. The foot is also very prone to picking up bacteria from the floor. The infection often begins with a little cut, which gets infected with bacteria. This can look like honey-yellow crusting on the skin. These staph infections range from a simple boil to antibiotic-resistant infections to flesh-eating infections. The difference between all these is the strength of the infection, how deep it goes, how fast it spreads, and how treatable it is with antibiotics. The antibiotic-resistant infections are more common in North America, because of our overuse of antibiotics.
system: What is cellulitis?
output: It is treatable with antibiotics. This type of infection is very common in the general population -- and more common and more severe in people with weak immune systems. People who have diabetes or weakened immunity are particularly prone to developing cellulitis. Other staph infections of the skin include impetigo, a painful rash that is contagious, boils, and in babies and young children, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, which causes rash, blisters, and fever.
system: What are the symptoms of a staph infection of the skin?
output: It is treatable with antibiotics. Other times, there is no obvious break in the skin at all. The signs of cellulitis are those of any inflammation -- redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. Any skin sore or ulcer that has these signs may be developing cellulitis. If the staph infection spreads, the person may develop a fever, sometimes with chills and sweats, as well as swelling in the area. Other staph infections of the skin include impetigo, a painful rash that is contagious, boils, and in babies and young children, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, which causes rash, blisters, and fever.
system: What is a concussion?
output: A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury ( TBI) that happens when the brain is jarred or shaken hard enough to bounce against the skull. This can happen when two athletes collide or when someone falls and hits his or her head.
system: What are signs of a traumatic brain injury?
output: In 2008, the following activities resulted in the highest number of head injuries for all ages: Cycling Football Basketball Baseball and softball Riding powered recreational vehicles such as dune buggies, go-carts, and mini bikes According to the Brain Injury Association of America, the five leading activities responsible for concussions in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years of age are: Cycling Football Basketball Playground activities Soccer Signs of a TBI include: Confusion Depression Dizziness or balance problems Double or fuzzy vision Feeling foggy or groggy Feeling sluggish or tired Headache Memory loss Nausea Sensitivity to light or noise Sleep disturbance Trouble concentrating Trouble remembering Indications that a head injury is more serious than a concussion and requires emergency treatment include: Changes in size of pupils Clear or bloody fluid draining from the nose, mouth, or ears Convulsions Distorted facial features Facial bruising Fracture in the skull or face Impaired hearing, smell, taste, or vision Inability to move one or more limbs Irritability Lightheadedness Loss of consciousness Low breathing rate Restlessness, clumsiness, or lack of coordination Severe headache Slurred speech or blurred vision Stiff neck or vomiting Sudden worsening of symptoms after initial improvement Swelling at the site of the injury Persistent vomiting If you think you may have a concussion or suspect that someone else has one, the most important step to take is to prevent further injury.
system: How do babies get microcephaly?
output: The child's brain stops growing as it should. This can happen while the baby is still in the mother's womb or within the first few years of birth. Your doctor may not be able to tell you why this happened to your baby. In most cases, the exact cause is unknown. It can be brought on by: A problem with your genes (congenital microcephaly) Something in your environment (acquired microcephaly) Congenital microcephaly is passed down through families.
system: How is microcephaly treated?
output: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Other symptoms may include: Balance and coordination problems Developmental delays (delayed sitting, standing, walking) Trouble swallowing and problems with feeding Hearing loss Hyperactivity (trouble paying attention or sitting still) Seizures Short height Speech problems Vision problems There's no cure for microcephaly, but there are treatments to help with development, behavior, and seizures. If your child has mild microcephaly, he'll need regular doctor checkups to monitor how he grows and develops. Children who have more severe cases need lifelong treatment to control symptoms. Some, like seizures, can be life-threatening. Your doctor will discuss treatments to keep your child safe and improve his quality of life.
system: What are long-term effects of microcephaly?
output: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Your child may need: Medicines to control seizures and hyperactivity and to improve nerve and muscle function Speech therapy Physical and occupational therapy How well your child does depends on what caused the brain to stop growing in the first place. Children with a mild form of this disorder may have no other problems. They grow normally during childhood and adolescence and still meet age-appropriate growth milestones as they get older. Others can have severe problems with learning and moving. Children with microcephaly are more likely to have other medical problems, like cerebral palsy and epilepsy.
system: What is acquired microcephaly?
output: Microcephaly is a rare nervous system disorder that causes a baby's head to be small and not fully developed. The child's brain stops growing as it should. This can happen while the baby is still in the mother's womb or within the first few years of birth. Some things that may do this while a baby is in the womb are: Viral infections, including rubella ( German measles), chickenpox, and possibly Zika, which is spread by mosquitos Parasite infections, such as toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus Toxic chemicals such as lead Not getting enough food or nutrients (malnutrition) Alcohol Drugs Acquired microcephaly can also be caused by other things, including: Hemorrhage or stroke in the newborn Injury to the brain after birth Spine or brain defects Your doctor may diagnose microcephaly before or after the baby is born.
system: How does a doctor know if a baby has microcephaly?
output: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Some things that may do this while a baby is in the womb are: Viral infections, including rubella ( German measles), chickenpox, and possibly Zika, which is spread by mosquitos Parasite infections, such as toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus Toxic chemicals such as lead Not getting enough food or nutrients (malnutrition) Alcohol Drugs Acquired microcephaly can also be caused by other things, including: Hemorrhage or stroke in the newborn Injury to the brain after birth Spine or brain defects Your doctor may diagnose microcephaly before or after the baby is born. During pregnancy, an ultrasound may show that the baby has a smaller-than-expected head size. After the baby is born, a health care worker will measure around the widest part of your child's head. Doing this tells the doctor how your child's head is growing compared to other kids of the same age and sex. If your child's head measurement falls a certain point below the average, it's considered microcephaly. A head measurement is taken during every checkup until age 2 or 3. If your child has microcephaly, the size of his head will be checked at every doctor's visit.
system: How can microcephaly be prevented?
output: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Some things that may do this while a baby is in the womb are: Viral infections, including rubella ( German measles), chickenpox, and possibly Zika, which is spread by mosquitos Parasite infections, such as toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus Toxic chemicals such as lead Not getting enough food or nutrients (malnutrition) Alcohol Drugs Acquired microcephaly can also be caused by other things, including: Hemorrhage or stroke in the newborn Injury to the brain after birth Spine or brain defects Your doctor may diagnose microcephaly before or after the baby is born. While you're pregnant, you can take steps to try to prevent acquired microcephaly: Eat a healthy diet and take prenatal vitamins. Don't drink alcohol or do drugs. Stay away from chemicals. Wash your hands often, and get treated for any illness as soon as you feel sick. Have someone else change the litter box. Cat feces can spread the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. Use insect repellent when in wooded areas or countries known for mosquitos. The CDC says insect repellent is safe to use while pregnant. If you have a child with microcephaly and wish to get pregnant again, talk to your doctor. Genetic counseling may help you understand your family's risk for the disease.