laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How will my doctor decide where to do the amputation?
output: A doctor may use several methods to determine where to cut and how much tissue to remove. These include: Checking for a pulse close to where the surgeon is planning to cut Comparing skin temperatures of the affected limb with those of a healthy limb Looking for areas of reddened skin Checking to see if the skin near the site where the surgeon is planning to cut is still sensitive to touch During the procedure itself, the surgeon will: Remove the diseased tissue and any crushed bone Smooth uneven areas of bone Seal off blood vessels and nerves Cut and shape muscles so that the stump, or end of the limb, will be able to have an artificial limb (prosthesis) attached to it The surgeon may choose to close the wound right away by sewing the skin flaps (called a closed amputation).
system: How soon after amputation does physical therapy start?
output: Practice with the artificial limb may begin as soon as 10 to 14 days after surgery.
system: What does long-term recovery and rehabilitation include after your amputation?
output: Ideally, the wound should fully heal in about four to eight weeks. But the physical and emotional adjustment to losing a limb can be a long process. Long-term recovery and rehabilitation will include: Exercises to improve muscle strength and control Activities to help restore the ability to carry out daily activities and promote independence Use of artificial limbs and assistive devices Emotional support, including counseling, to help with grief over the loss of the limb and adjustment to the new body image
system: How long does amputation take?
output: Other causes for amputation may include: Severe injury (from a vehicle accident or serious burn, for example) Cancerous tumor in the bone or muscle of the limb Serious infection that does not get better with antibiotics or other treatment Thickening of nerve tissue, called a neuroma Frostbite An amputation usually requires a hospital stay of five to 14 days or more, depending on the surgery and complications. The procedure itself may vary, depending on the limb or extremity being amputated and the patient's general health.
system: What is amputation?
output: Amputation of the leg -- either above or below the knee -- is the most common amputation surgery.
system: What is recovery from amputation like?
output: Recovery from amputation depends on the type of procedure and anesthesia used. In the hospital, the staff changes the dressings on the wound or teaches the patient to change them. The doctor monitors wound healing and any conditions that might interfere with healing, such as diabetes or hardening of the arteries. The doctor prescribes medications to ease pain and help prevent infection.
system: Who can get Crohn's disease?
output: This is the most common type of Crohn's disease.
system: How does Crohn's disease affect the bowel?
output: Crohn's disease is part of a group of diseases known as inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD). Symptoms: Nausea Weight loss Loss of appetite Vomiting (if narrow segments of bowel are obstructed) This type of the disease causes areas of inflammation in the jejunum, which is the middle part of your small intestine.
system: What does Crohn's disease affect?
output: It affects the small intestine, known as the ileum, and the colon. This form affects the stomach and duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.
system: What can I do to manage Crohn's disease?
output: Sometimes more than one area of your digestive tract is affected. This makes the walls thicker and can form strictures, or narrowed areas, that lead to blockages. Penetrating: Crohn's causes fistulas, perianal ulcers, inflammatory masses, or abscesses Uncomplicated It is very important to maintain a healthy lifestyle, even when your disease goes into remission for long periods of time. You should: Exercise regularly. Avoid smoking.
system: What are the types of Crohn's disease?
output: There are five types of Crohn's disease, each with its own set of symptoms. Sometimes more than one area of your digestive tract is affected. For Crohn's, these are based on: Your age when you were diagnosed: Child Young adult Elderly The affected body part: Terminal ileum Colon Ileocolon Upper gastrointestinal tract How the disease behaves: Stricturing: The disease causes swelling and scarring on the walls of your intestine.
system: How can bronchodilators treat asthma?
output: These drugs treat asthma by relaxing the muscle bands that tighten around the airways. They rapidly open the airways, letting more air in and out of the lungs and improving breathing. Bronchodilators also help clear mucus from the lungs. As the airways open, the mucus moves more freely and can be coughed out more easily. In the short-acting form, bronchodilators relieve or stop asthma symptoms and are very helpful during an asthma attack. The three main types of bronchodilators are beta2 agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline.
system: What happens during an asthma attack?
output: Air is normally taken into the body through the nose and windpipe and into the bronchial tubes. At the end of the tubes are tiny air sacs called alveoli that deliver fresh air (oxygen) to the blood. The air sacs also collect stale air (carbon dioxide), which is exhaled out of the body. During normal breathing, the bands of muscle surrounding the airways are relaxed and air moves freely. But during an asthma episode or "attack," there are three main changes that stop air from moving freely into the airways: The bands of muscle that surround the airways tighten, causing them to narrow in what is called "bronchospasm." The lining of the airways becomes swollen, or inflamed. The cells that line the airways produce more mucus, which is thicker than normal. The narrowed airway makes it more difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs. As a result, people with asthma feel they cannot get enough air.
system: How can asthma be cured?
output: There's no cure for asthma, but it can be treated and controlled. In most cases, people with asthma can live free of symptoms by following their treatment plan.
system: How are asthma drugs taken?
output: Many asthma drugs are taken using a device called a "hydrofluoroalkane inhaler" or HFA Inhaler (formerly called a metered dose inhaler,) a small aerosol canister in a plastic container that releases a burst of medication when pressed down from the top. Several asthma drugs can also be taken as a powder inhaled through the mouth from a device called a dry powder inhaler. Asthma drugs can also be taken as vapors, pills, liquids, shots or intravenously.
system: How can symptoms of asthma vary?
output: The narrowed airway makes it more difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs. As a result, people with asthma feel they cannot get enough air. Common symptoms of asthma include: Frequent cough, especially at night Shortness of breath Wheezing Chest tightness, pain, or pressure Not every person with asthma has the same symptoms in the same way. Mild asthma episodes are generally more common. Usually, the airways open up within a few minutes to a few hours. Severe episodes are less common, but last longer and require immediate medical help. It is important to recognize and treat even mild symptoms to help prevent severe episodes and keep asthma in control.
system: What are asthma triggers?
output: The narrowed airway makes it more difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs. You may not have all of these asthma symptoms, or you may have different symptoms at different times. The airways in a person with asthma are very sensitive and react to many things, which are referred to as "triggers." Coming into contact with these triggers often produces asthma symptoms. Some people have many triggers while others have none that they can identify.
system: What is the treatment for asthma?
output: The narrowed airway makes it more difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs. It is important to recognize and treat even mild symptoms to help prevent severe episodes and keep asthma in control. By avoiding asthma triggers, taking medication, and carefully monitoring daily asthma symptoms, asthma attacks can be avoided or at least limited. Drugs used to treat asthma include bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, leukotriene modifiers and immunomodulators. Leukotriene modifiers may interact with other drugs, like Coumadin and theophylline.
system: How can leukotriene modifiers treat asthma?
output: You may not have all of these asthma symptoms, or you may have different symptoms at different times. Mild asthma episodes are generally more common. Leukotriene modifiers used for asthma treatment include the drugs Accolate, Singulair, and Zyflo. Leukotrienes are chemicals that occur naturally in our bodies and cause tightening of airway muscles and production of mucus and fluid. Leukotriene modifiers work by limiting these reactions, improving airflow and reducing asthma symptoms.
system: What are common asthma triggers?
output: You may not have all of these asthma symptoms, or you may have different symptoms at different times. The airways in a person with asthma are very sensitive and react to many things, which are referred to as "triggers." Common asthma triggers include: Infections: colds, flu, sinus infections Exercise: very common in children* Weather: cold air, changes in temperature Tobacco smoke and air pollution Allergens: substances that cause allergic reactions in the lungs, including dust mites, pollens, pets, mold spores, foods, and cockroaches Dust or items causing dust Strong odors from chemical products Strong emotions: anxiety, and crying, yelling, or laughing hard Medicines: aspirin, ibuprofen, and beta blocker drugs used to treat conditions including high blood pressure, migraines, or glaucoma * Note: While exertion may be an asthma trigger, exercise should not be avoided.
system: Which anti-inflammatory drugs can treat asthma?
output: These asthma drugs, which include inhaled corticosteroids such as Alvesco, Arnuity Ellipta, Asmanex, Azmacort, Flovent, Qvar, and Pulmicort, reduce swelling and mucus production in the airways. As a result, airways are less sensitive and less likely to react to triggers. If taken every day, they can control or prevent asthma symptoms. Another type of anti-inflammatory asthma drug is cromolyn sodium. This medication is a mast cell stabilizer, which means that it helps prevent the release of asthma-inducing chemicals from cells in the body known as mast cells.
system: What is allergic asthma?
output: Asthma is a disease of the branches of the windpipe (bronchial tubes), which carry air in and out of the lungs. Allergic asthma is a type of asthma that is triggered by an allergy (for example, pollen or mold spores). The narrowed airway makes it more difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs. As a result, people with asthma feel they cannot get enough air.
system: What are the early warning signs of an asthma attack?
output: The narrowed airway makes it more difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs. As a result, people with asthma feel they cannot get enough air. Early warning signs and symptoms of an asthma attack include: Frequent cough, especially at night Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath Feeling very tired or weak when exercising, in addition to wheezing, coughing, or shortness of breath Decreases or changes in peak expiratory flow, a measurement of how fast air comes out of the lungs when you exhale forcefully Signs of a cold or other upper respiratory infections, or allergies Difficulty sleeping If you have any of these asthma symptoms, seek treatment as soon as possible to prevent experiencing a severe asthma attack.
system: What are the most common symptoms of asthma?
output: The narrowed airway makes it more difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs. As a result, people with asthma feel they cannot get enough air. Common symptoms of asthma include: Frequent cough, especially at night Shortness of breath Wheezing Chest tightness, pain, or pressure Not every person with asthma has the same symptoms in the same way.
system: How does electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) work in treating depression?
output: With ECT, an electrical stimulation is delivered to the brain and causes a seizure. For reasons that doctors don't completely understand, this seizure helps relieve the symptoms of depression. ECT does not cause any structural damage to the brain.
system: What are the chances of getting a relapse after an electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
output: ECT can often work quickly, but 50% or more of the people who receive this treatment will relapse within several months if there is no subsequent treatment (for example, medicines) to prevent relapse. Your doctor will typically advise a medication regimen including antidepressants, or possibly additional periodic ("maintenance") ECT sessions to help prevent relapse.
system: What is the most common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
output: The most common side effect of ECT is short-term memory loss. However, some people report that they have long-term memory loss, as well. ECT also causes a brief rise in heart rate and blood pressure during the procedure, so it may not be recommended in people with unstable heart problems. A physical examination and basic laboratory tests including an electrocardiogram ( ECG) are necessary before starting ECT to assure that no medical problems are present that could interfere with the safe administration of ECT.
system: How many sessions of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are required in treating depression?
output: For some people with severe or hard-to-treat depression, electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) is the best treatment. Studies have shown that ECT works for many people who have treatment-resistant depression.
system: What are oral problems in dogs?
output: Just as with humans, dogs can suffer from oral problems like: Bad breath Build-up of saliva, bacteria, and food on teeth (plaque) A hard yellow or brown residue on teeth (tartar) Swollen, bleeding, or irritated gums Pain Improving teeth and gum health.
system: What are some heart failure symptoms you should tell your doctor about right away?
output: Call your doctor immediately if you: Gain 2 or more pounds in 1 day or 5 or more pounds in 1 week Have swelling in your ankles, feet, legs, or abdomen that's gotten worse Have shortness of breath that has gotten worse or is happening more often, especially if you wake up short of breath Feel bloated with a loss of appetite or nausea Are really tired or have a harder time doing daily activities Have a respiratory (lung) infection or a cough that has gotten worse Get a fast heart rate (around 120 beats per minute) Have a new irregular heartbeat Feel chest pain or discomfort during activity that gets better if you rest Have trouble breathing during regular activities or if you're resting Sleep differently, including if you have trouble sleeping or you feel like you need to sleep a lot more than usual Don't pee as much Feel restless or confused Get dizzy or lightheaded Feel nauseous or don't want to eat much Always keep the following close to your phone for easy access: A list of your doctors' phone numbers A list of your medications and dosages, as well as any allergies you have Go to your local emergency room or call 9-1-1 if you have: New chest pain or discomfort that's severe, unexpected, and comes with shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, or weakness A fast heart rate (more than 120-150 beats per minute) -- especially if you are short of breath Shortness of breath not relieved by rest Sudden weakness or paralysis (inability to move) in your arms or legs A sudden or severe headache A fainting spell with loss of consciousness
system: How do you manage heart failure symptoms?
output: The key to managing heart failure is to take your medicines, make proper changes to your diet, live a healthy lifestyle, and keep your doctor's appointments. Your doctor will tell you how often you need to visit. But if you have any unusual symptoms, do not wait until your next appointment to discuss them with your doctor.
system: How can I prevent nosebleeds?
output: You can't always prevent nosebleeds from happening, but there are certain things you can do to help lower your chances of getting them: Keep the inside of your nose moist. Dryness can cause nosebleeds. Use a cotton swab to gently smear a thin layer petroleum jelly in your nostrils three times a day, including before you go to sleep. You can also use an antibiotic ointment like Bacitracin or Polysporin. Use a saline nasal product. Spraying it in your nostrils helps keep the inside of your nose moist. Use a humidifier. Your nostrils might be dry because the air in your house is dry. Don't smoke. Also, don't blow or rub it too hard. If your child is getting nosebleeds, keep his fingernails short and discourage him from picking his nose. Don't use cold and allergy medications too often. These can dry out your nose. In some cases, certain medications can cause nosebleeds or make them worse. You may need to discuss your medications with your doctor.
system: How is schizophrenia in teens treated?
output: If your teen has the condition, a combination of treatments may work best. These might include medication and individual and family therapy. The diagnosis can be tough news to hear.
system: Which specialists can best work with schizophrenics?
output: It helps to know what symptoms to watch for and when you should check with your doctor. A psychiatrist has special training in how to diagnose and treat schizophrenia.
system: How can you recognize schizophrenia in teens?
output: It helps to know what symptoms to watch for and when you should check with your doctor. The diagnosis can be tough news to hear.
system: Can easing your stress help you feel better if you have primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?
output: It can make many symptoms worse, including fatigue.
system: How can watching your salt help with treating primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?
output: Choose low-salt and no-salt foods when possible. Too much salt can cause swelling.
system: Can cutting back on alcohol help if you have primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?
output: If you drink alcohol, you should stop or at least cut back. It's your liver's job to process what you drink. Drinking can make your already damaged liver work even harder.
system: Should you eat low-fat foods to help treat primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?
output: Watch the fat in your diet, especially if you aren't at your ideal weight or have fatty liver.
system: How can skipping raw shellfish help with treating primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?
output: It can be home to bacteria that could cause a serious infection. Primary biliary cholangitis affects your immune system, so you're more likely to get this kind of infection.
system: Can smoking make primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) worse?
output: If swelling is a problem, ask your doctor if you should drink less. It can make many symptoms worse, including fatigue.
system: How can exercise help you feel better when you have primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?
output: The disease can change your metabolism, too, so you may be eating less because you just don't feel hungry. Primary biliary cholangitis affects your immune system, so you're more likely to get this kind of infection. The dry mouth that comes with PBC can raise your odds of problems like tooth decay.
system: Are there ways to manage the symptoms of Felty's syndrome?
output: If your RA is under control, you may not need treatment for FS. If you do need help with your symptoms, there are ways to manage them: Drugs that slow down the disease: low-dose methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Otrexup, Trexall) is often used to stop your FS from getting worse.
system: What causes Felty's syndrome?
output: Doctors aren't sure what causes FS. Your white blood cells may have stopped fighting infections like they should. Or your bone marrow could be making abnormal white blood cells. Another theory is that your immune system attacks your white blood cells by mistake. FS doesn't always run in families, but some genes that raise your chances of getting it could be passed down to you.
system: Is surgery used to treat Felty's syndrome?
output: Surgery: If your FS is severe and other treatments don't work, your doctor may recommend that your spleen be taken out. This could return your red and white blood cells to normal levels and may lower your risk of infection for an indefinite amount of time.
system: Are there typical signs of Felty's syndrome?
output: Signs of FS are similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. They also overlap other autoimmune diseases -- a disease in which your immune system attacks your own healthy cells -- like lupus. Because of that, FS can be hard to diagnose.
system: Are blood tests used to diagnose Felty's syndrome?
output: Your doctor will also have you take a blood test. People with FS have very low levels of special white blood cells called neutrophils. These are important for fighting off bacterial infections.
system: What drugs are used to treat Felty's syndrome?
output: Doctors aren't sure what causes FS. It can cause some side effects, such as nausea and mouth ulcers. You'll also need regular tests to make sure MTX isn't hurting your liver. Other drugs your doctor might advise you to take include glucocorticoids or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) that are used to treat RA, such as abatacept ( Orencia) and leflunomide ( Arava ). Drugs that affect your immune system: Rituximab ( Rituxan) is also a preferred treatment for FS and can shut off the part of your immune system that isn't working as it should. They're given by IV but may take up to a few weeks to work. Drugs that stimulate your white blood cells: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( G- CSF) can help increase the number of white blood cells and help fight infection. Home care: Your doctor will tell you how much physical activity and rest you need. A heating pad may help with mild aches and pains. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID) such as ibuprofen can also help. Surgery: If your FS is severe and other treatments don't work, your doctor may recommend that your spleen be taken out. This could return your red and white blood cells to normal levels and may lower your risk of infection for an indefinite amount of time.
system: What can I do to understand my medical information while Iâm coping with cancer?
output: Don't be afraid to ask your doctor, nurse, or other health care provider to repeat and explain any instructions or medical terms that you don't understand. They should be available to answer your questions and address your concerns. Make use of resources and support services offered by your hospital and in the community. Learning more about your disease will help you feel more comfortable with your treatment. Ask your family and friends to help you sort through the information you receive. Talk with other patients and families about cancer and its treatment.
system: How can counseling help after a cancer diagnosis?
output: Counseling services can help cancer patients and families: Discuss issues of concern Develop and enhance coping abilities Gain a sense of control Enjoy a quality of life In addition, mental health care providers are available to create a treatment plan to meet your specific needs. Strategies can be designed to help you regain a sense of control over your life and improve your quality of life -- something everyone deserves. At times, if depression is present, medications other than those treating your cancer may be prescribed.