laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is gastroesophageal reflux?
output: Therefore, gastroesophageal reflux is the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. In normal digestion, the lower esophageal sphincter ( LES) opens to allow food to pass into the stomach and closes to prevent food and acidic stomach juices from flowing back into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when the LES is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing the stomach's contents to flow up into the esophagus. The severity of GERD depends on LES dysfunction as well as the type and amount of fluid brought up from the stomach and the neutralizing effect of saliva.
system: Which foods and beverages should you avoid to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Avoiding foods and beverages that can relax the LES is often recommended. These foods include chocolate, peppermint, fatty foods, caffeine, and alcoholic beverages. Foods and beverages that can irritate a damaged esophageal lining, such as citrus fruits and juices, tomato products, and pepper, should also be avoided if they cause symptoms.
system: How are esophageal manometric and impedance studies used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Esophageal manometric and impedance studies -- pressure measurements of the esophagus -- occasionally help identify low pressure in the LES or abnormalities in esophageal muscle contraction.
system: What are the side effects of antacids for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Long-term use of antacids, however, can result in side effects, including diarrhea, altered calcium metabolism (a change in the way the body breaks down and uses calcium), and buildup of magnesium in the body. Too much magnesium can be serious for patients with kidney disease. If antacids are needed for more than 2 weeks, a doctor should be consulted.
system: What other factors contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Dietary and lifestyle choices may contribute to GERD. Certain foods and beverages, including chocolate, peppermint, fried or fatty foods, coffee, or alcoholic beverages, may trigger reflux and heartburn. Studies show that cigarette smoking relaxes the LES. Obesity and pregnancy can also play a role in GERD symptoms.
system: How are proton pump inhibitors (or acid pumps) used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Another type of drug, the proton pump inhibitor (or acid pump), inhibits an enzyme (a protein in the acid-producing cells of the stomach) necessary for acid secretion. Some proton pump inhibitors include dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant), esomeprazole ( Nexium), lansoprazole ( Prevacid), omeprazole ( Prilosec), omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate ( Zegerid), pantoprazole ( Protonix), and rabeprazole ( Aciphex).
system: How common is heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: More than 60 million American adults experience heartburn at least once a month, and more than 15 million adults suffer daily from heartburn. Many pregnant women experience daily heartburn. Recent studies show that GERD in infants and children is more common than previously recognized and may produce recurrent vomiting, coughing, and other respiratory problems.
system: When is an upper GI series performed to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: An upper GI series may be performed during the early phase of testing. This test is a special X-ray that shows the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). While an upper GI series provides limited information about possible reflux, it is used to help rule out other diagnoses, such as peptic ulcers.
system: When is pH testing used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: For patients in whom diagnosis is difficult, doctors may measure the acid levels inside the esophagus through p H testing. Testing p H monitors the acidity level of the esophagus and symptoms during meals, activity, and sleep. Newer techniques of long-term p H monitoring are improving diagnostic capability in this area.
system: How are antacids used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Along with lifestyle and diet changes, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription treatments. Antacids can help neutralize acid in the esophagus and stomach and stop heartburn. Many people find that nonprescription antacids provide temporary or partial relief. An antacid combined with a foaming agent helps some people. These compounds are believed to form a foam barrier on top of the stomach that prevents acid reflux from occurring.
system: What is the outlook for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Although GERD can limit daily activities and productivity, it is rarely life-threatening. With an understanding of the causes and proper treatment, most people will find relief.
system: What are the complications of long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Sometimes GERD results in serious complications. Esophagitis can occur as a result of too much stomach acid in the esophagus. Esophagitis may cause esophageal bleeding or ulcers. In addition, a narrowing or stricture of the esophagus may occur from chronic scarring. Some people develop a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This condition can increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
system: What is the treatment for chronic reflux and heartburn?
output: The doctor may perform surgery to reduce the size of the hernia or to prevent strangulation. These medicines include H2 blockers, which inhibit acid secretion in the stomach. H2 blockers include: cimetidine ( Tagamet), famotidine ( Pepcid), nizatidine ( Axid), and ranitidine ( Zantac).
system: How much should you eat if you have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Treatment aims at decreasing the amount of reflux or reducing damage to the lining of the esophagus from refluxed materials. Eating meals at least 2 to 3 hours before bedtime may lessen reflux by allowing the acid in the stomach to decrease and the stomach to empty partially. In addition, being overweight often worsens symptoms. Many overweight people find relief when they lose weight.
system: What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Many people, including pregnant women, suffer from heartburn or acid indigestion caused by GERD. Doctors believe that some people suffer from GERD due to a condition called hiatal hernia. In most cases, GERD can be relieved through diet and lifestyle changes; however, some people may require medication or surgery. Therefore, gastroesophageal reflux is the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus.
system: How can you adjust your sleeping position to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
output: Therefore, gastroesophageal reflux is the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Do not use pillows to prop yourself up; that only increases pressure on the stomach.
system: What should I do before taking calcium channel blockers?
output: Examples of calcium channel blockers include: Norvasc (amlodipine) Plendil (felodipine) Dyna Circ (isradipine) Cardene (nicardipine) Procardia XL, Adalat (nifedipine) Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac, Diltia XL (diltiazem) Sular ( Nisoldipine) Isoptin, Calan, Verelan, Covera- HS (verapamil) Potential side effects from taking a calcium channel blocker include: Dizziness or lightheadedness Low blood pressure Heart rhythm problems Dry mouth Edema (swelling of ankles, feet, or lower legs) Headache Nausea Fatigue Skin rash Constipation or diarrhea Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Before taking a calcium channel blocker, tell your doctor: About any medical conditions you have, including any heart or blood vessel disorders, kidney or liver disease About every medication you are taking, including any over-the-counter or herbal medications; certain drugs may interact with calcium channel blockers.
system: What are examples of calcium channel blockers?
output: Examples of calcium channel blockers include: Norvasc (amlodipine) Plendil (felodipine) Dyna Circ (isradipine) Cardene (nicardipine) Procardia XL, Adalat (nifedipine) Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac, Diltia XL (diltiazem) Sular ( Nisoldipine) Isoptin, Calan, Verelan, Covera- HS (verapamil) Potential side effects from taking a calcium channel blocker include: Dizziness or lightheadedness Low blood pressure Heart rhythm problems Dry mouth Edema (swelling of ankles, feet, or lower legs) Headache Nausea Fatigue Skin rash Constipation or diarrhea Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Before taking a calcium channel blocker, tell your doctor: About any medical conditions you have, including any heart or blood vessel disorders, kidney or liver disease About every medication you are taking, including any over-the-counter or herbal medications; certain drugs may interact with calcium channel blockers.
system: What are calcium channel blockers?
output: They work by slowing the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessel walls, which makes it easier for the heart to pump and widens blood vessels. As a result, the heart doesn't have to work as hard, and blood pressure lowers. Taking other blood pressure medications in combination with a calcium channel blocker may cause a sudden drop in blood pressure.
system: How should I take calcium channel blockers?
output: Follow the label directions on how often to take it. The number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and how long you need to take the medicine will depend on the type of medication prescribed and on your condition. Avoid grapefruit juice while taking these medications, because grapefruit prevents the breakdown of the drug in the body. Ask your doctor or pharmacist whether your calcium channel blocker is affected by grapefruit juice.
system: What foods and medicines should I avoid if I take a calcium channel blocker?
output: Most calcium channel blockers can be taken with food or milk; however, ask your doctor. Avoid grapefruit juice while taking these medications, because grapefruit prevents the breakdown of the drug in the body. Do not drink alcohol while taking a calcium channel blocker. Alcohol interferes with the effects of the drug and increases the side effects. Taking other blood pressure medications in combination with a calcium channel blocker may cause a sudden drop in blood pressure. Discuss with your doctor the best way to take the medication if you are taking other drugs.
system: What can you do if you get headaches from hormone replacement therapy?
output: Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) treats symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes and night sweats. It can cause headaches. If you get headaches when you take HRT, discuss it with your doctor. There are several different changes he can make that may reduce your pain. You could try a lower dose of HRT or you could try different types of HRT to find the one that works best for you. For instance, an estrogen skin patch is a type of HRT that releases a low level of estrogen. It's the least likely method of HRT to trigger headaches.
system: What can you do to treat headaches from taking birth control pills?
output: Here's what can help: Use a birth control pill that has fewer inactive pill days, such as Seasonale, Seasonique, or others. Use a type of birth control pill that has lower levels of estrogen. Switch to an IUD (intrauterine device) for birth control. Take over-the-counter or prescription headache medicine during the inactive pill days. Try a birth control pill that only contains progestin instead of a combination of estrogen and progestin. Take a low dose of estrogen pills or wear an estrogen patch during the inactive pill days.
system: What withdrawal symptoms will you get when you stop the medicine for headaches?
output: Keep in mind that when you stop the medicine, you may get withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, sleep problems, diarrhea, or worse headaches. The good news is that once you quit the medicine and your rebound headaches go away, the drugs you take for headaches can be more effective.
system: Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause symptoms cause headaches?
output: Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) treats symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes and night sweats. It can cause headaches. If you get headaches when you take HRT, discuss it with your doctor. There are several different changes he can make that may reduce your pain.
system: How can nitrates cause headaches?
output: Headaches are a common side effect of nitrates. You can get a mild to moderate headache soon after you take the medicine, or you might get an intense migraine about 3 to 6 hours later. You may also have nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light. Your headaches may go away as your body gets used to the medicine.
system: What's the treatment for rebound headaches?
output: Some examples of drugs that can cause rebound headaches are: Aspirin Acetaminophen Sleeping pills Ibuprofen Naproxen Codeine and prescription pain relievers Medicines that contain caffeine Migraine drugs called triptans The best way to treat rebound headaches is to not take the medicine anymore. Work with your doctor to come off of the medication that may be causing them. You may be able to stop taking the drug, or you may need to gradually reduce the dose.
system: What can I do if my birth control pill gives me headaches?
output: Here's what can help: Use a birth control pill that has fewer inactive pill days, such as Seasonale, Seasonique, or others. Use a type of birth control pill that has lower levels of estrogen. Switch to an IUD (intrauterine device) for birth control. Take over-the-counter or prescription headache medicine during the inactive pill days. Try a birth control pill that only contains progestin instead of a combination of estrogen and progestin. Take a low dose of estrogen pills or wear an estrogen patch during the inactive pill days.
system: What medicines can cause headaches?
output: A wide variety of medicines, including birth control pills, heart drugs, and even pain relief medications, can cause headaches. But if your head starts hurting, don't stop your medicine on your own. Always talk to your doctor first so the two of you can figure out what your next step should be. He may suggest you change your dose or switch to a different drug.
system: Can birth control pills cause headaches?
output: They have a mixed track record when it comes to headaches. Some women who get migraines find that hormonal birth control helps treat them. Others find that birth control pills and other hormonal birth control methods, such as the patch or vaginal ring, cause migraines.
system: Which medicines can cause headaches?
output: A wide variety of medicines, including birth control pills, heart drugs, and even pain relief medications, can cause headaches. But if your head starts hurting, don't stop your medicine on your own. Always talk to your doctor first so the two of you can figure out what your next step should be. He may suggest you change your dose or switch to a different drug.
system: Can you get headaches from pain medicine?
output: OK, this may not be what you were hoping to hear, but the truth is some medicines that are used to treat headaches can actually cause them. It's called a rebound headache. It happens when you use pain relief drugs several times a week. As your medication wears off, you get a headache again, which leads you to take even more medicine. Eventually, you find yourself getting headaches more and more, and often with greater pain.
system: How can you treat rebound headaches?
output: Some examples of drugs that can cause rebound headaches are: Aspirin Acetaminophen Sleeping pills Ibuprofen Naproxen Codeine and prescription pain relievers Medicines that contain caffeine Migraine drugs called triptans The best way to treat rebound headaches is to not take the medicine anymore. Work with your doctor to come off of the medication that may be causing them. You may be able to stop taking the drug, or you may need to gradually reduce the dose. Keep in mind that when you stop the medicine, you may get withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, sleep problems, diarrhea, or worse headaches. The good news is that once you quit the medicine and your rebound headaches go away, the drugs you take for headaches can be more effective.
system: Which pain medicines cause rebound headaches?
output: Some examples of drugs that can cause rebound headaches are: Aspirin Acetaminophen Sleeping pills Ibuprofen Naproxen Codeine and prescription pain relievers Medicines that contain caffeine Migraine drugs called triptans The best way to treat rebound headaches is to not take the medicine anymore. Take over-the-counter or prescription headache medicine during the inactive pill days.
system: What can you do to treat headaches from nitrates?
output: Don't try to treat yourself. Certain medicines that are used to treat migraines, such as triptans, may be unsafe to take when you have a heart condition. If you get headaches when you take HRT, discuss it with your doctor.
system: Can nitrates cause headaches?
output: Headaches are a common side effect of nitrates. You can get a mild to moderate headache soon after you take the medicine, or you might get an intense migraine about 3 to 6 hours later. You may also have nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light. Your headaches may go away as your body gets used to the medicine. Certain medicines that are used to treat migraines, such as triptans, may be unsafe to take when you have a heart condition. In addition to helping control your blood pressure, this medication can be given to help with chest pain if you have heart disease.
system: What are the serious side effects of antipsychotic medications?
output: Common side effects may include: Drowsiness Rapid or irregular heartbeat Dizziness when changing positions Decrease in sexual interest or ability Problems with menstrual periods Skin rashes or skin sensitivity to the sun Weight gain Muscle spasms Restlessness and pacing Slowing down of movement and speech Shuffling walk Menstrual irregularities in women There are, however, a few serious side effects that are possible, especially with long-term use of anti-psychotic medications. These side effects include: Tardive dyskinesia : This is a movement disorder that results in unusual and uncontrollable movements, usually of the tongue and face (such as sticking out the tongue and smacking the lips), and sometimes jerking and twisting movements of other parts of the body. It can be treated by taking deutetrabenazine ( Austedo) or valbenazine ( Ingrezza). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome : This is a potentially fatal disorder characterized by severe muscle rigidity (stiffening), fever, sweating, high blood pressure, delirium, and sometimes coma. Agranulocytosis: This is a condition marked by a sharp decrease in the number of infection-fighting white blood cells. This condition can leave the person prone to infection and at greater risk of death. Agranulocytosis has been particularly linked with Clozaril, where it may occur in 1 in 100 patients. People taking Clozaril must have regular blood tests to closely monitor their white blood cell count. However, all antipsychotics carry a warning label from the FDA noting that as a class they have a risk for lowering someone's white blood cell count. Changes in Blood Sugar and Cholesterol : Some atypical antipsychotics can cause increases in blood sugar (which could eventually lead to diabetes) and blood lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides. Periodic blood tests are necessary to monitor these factors.
system: What drugs treat mental illness in children?
output: Many drugs used to treat mental disorders in adults are also used to treat the same illnesses in children. However, doctors often adjust the doses given and monitor more closely. The FDA has determined that antidepressant drugs can increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. If you have questions or concerns, discuss them with your health care provider.
system: Can I stop taking antidepressants to treat mental illness?
output: If you decide to stop taking your antidepressants, it is important that you gradually reduce the dose over a period of several weeks. With many antidepressants, quitting them abruptly can cause discontinuation symptoms or speed the risk for depression relapse. It is important to discuss quitting (or changing) medications with your health care provider first.
system: What drugs treat attention deficit hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD)?
output: Another group of drugs called stimulants may be used for certain disorders, primarily attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD). The most commonly used stimulants include amphetamine salt combo ( Adderall, Adderall XR), Daytrana, dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine), lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse), and methylphenidate ( Concerta, Quillivant XR, Ritalin). Recently, the FDA approved a once a day treatment of mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product called Mydayis. A class of drugs, called alpha agonists, are nonstiumulant medicines that are also sometimes used to treat ADHD. Examples include clonidine ( Catapres) and guanfacine ( Intuniv). Atomoxetine ( Strattera) also has FDA-approval for the treatment of ADHD. It is a non-stimulant more similar to the SNRI antidepressants. But the agency has also issued warnings that children and teens who taking it may have suicidal thoughts. The FDA requires all ADHD drugs to include patient medication guides that detail serious outcomes from the use of the drugs, including a slightly higher risk of stroke, heart attack and sudden death, and psychiatric problems like becoming manic or psychotic.
system: What happens if the antipsychotic drug side effects are particularly troublesome?
output: If antipsychotic drug side effects are particularly troublesome, your doctor may change medications or dosages or sometimes add additional medicines to counteract side effects like weight gain or high blood lipids. The newer atypical antipsychotic medications appear to be much better tolerated, with fewer side effects such as movement disorders or drowsiness. They do, though, require monitoring for weight and metabolic risks, which appear to be higher than with older-generation anti-psychotics.
system: Is combining antidepressants to treat mental illness normal?
output: In some cases, a combination of antidepressants sometimes called augmentation, may be necessary. Sometimes an antidepressant combined with a different type of drug, such as a mood stabilizer (like Lithium), a second antidepressant, or atypical anti-psychotic drug, is the most effective treatment. Side effects vary, depending on what type of drug you are taking, and may improve once your body adjusts to the medication.
system: How long does it take for mental illness drugs to work?
output: Remember that medications usually take 4 to 6 weeks to become fully effective. And if one drug does not work, there are many others to try.
system: What are common side effects of antipsychotic drugs?
output: Many side effects of anti-psychotic drugs are mild and many go away after the first few weeks of treatment. Common side effects may include: Drowsiness Rapid or irregular heartbeat Dizziness when changing positions Decrease in sexual interest or ability Problems with menstrual periods Skin rashes or skin sensitivity to the sun Weight gain Muscle spasms Restlessness and pacing Slowing down of movement and speech Shuffling walk Menstrual irregularities in women There are, however, a few serious side effects that are possible, especially with long-term use of anti-psychotic medications.