laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How should you get ready for a  liver test?
output: Make sure to tell your doctor about any medicines you're taking, including over-the-counter medications and any herbal supplements.
system: What are symptoms of liver problems?
output: General symptoms of liver problems include: Dark urine or light-colored stool No desire to eat Swelling in your belly Throwing up or feeling like you might Weakness or feeling very tired Yellowish eyes or skin (jaundice) The test can also help your doctor see how bad an illness is getting or how well treatment is working.
system: What happens during a liver test?
output: The test is a basic blood draw. Your doctor uses a thin needle to take a small amount of blood, usually from your arm near your elbow. You'll feel a pinch or stinging when the needle goes in. You may get some soreness or a bruise where the blood is taken, but that's usually it. Typically, these tests are done more than once over a few days or weeks. Your doctor can look at how levels change to be sure of your condition and how far along it is. If you get your test at a clinic that has a lab on site, you can sometimes get results in a few hours. If not, it might take a few days.
system: What is a bilirubin test?
output: Bilirubin test. If you have high levels in your blood, a problem called jaundice, you may have liver damage.
system: When do you need a liver test?
output: Enzymes are special kinds of proteins that help speed up certain reactions in your body. For example, if you're: A heavy drinker or alcoholic From a family with a history of liver disease Very overweight, especially if you also have diabetes or high blood pressure Taking medicine that can harm your liver There are a number of liver tests, with lots of complex names. ALT is an enzyme that helps break down proteins and is found mainly in your liver. By itself, a liver test can't tell you for sure that you have a certain illness.
system: When is a liver test ordered?
output: For example, if you're: A heavy drinker or alcoholic From a family with a history of liver disease Very overweight, especially if you also have diabetes or high blood pressure Taking medicine that can harm your liver There are a number of liver tests, with lots of complex names. You might have high levels if you have liver damage or disease, a blocked bile duct, or bone disease.
system: What do the results of a liver test mean?
output: You might get this test to check if you have a liver disease, such as hepatitis (an illness in which your liver swells and can cause serious issues). Your doctor may order a liver test if you're more likely to have liver damage or disease. High levels in your blood could mean you have liver damage. Keep in mind that globulin is also made by the immune system. Usually, the liver cleans bilirubin out of your body.
system: What is an albumin and total protein test?
output: High levels in your blood could mean you have liver damage. Albumin and total protein test. Keep in mind that globulin is also made by the immune system.
system: How can you manage the itching of your cast?
output: It can be maddening if you can't reach a spot you need to scratch. Locate your itch, and tap it on the outside of the cast. You can also try blowing cool air from a hair dryer around the edges of the cast. Don't give into temptation and stick a pencil, a ruler, or any other objects inside the cast to relieve the itch. That could break your skin. Avoid applying lotions, oils, deodorant, or powder in or around the cast.
system: What is a plaster cast?
output: Take baths instead of showers. Cover the cast with a plastic bag or a sleeve sold in drugstores. If it gets wet, dry it with a blow-dryer on a cool setting, or suck air through the cast with a vacuum cleaner hose. Also called a synthetic cast, it's made of fiberglass, which is a type of plastic that can be shaped. That could break your skin. It's normal for your cast to get smelly after you've worn it for a while.
system: Why should I get hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after surgical menopause?
output: Until the early 2000s, hormone therapy was routinely recommended not just for women who had their ovaries surgically removed, but for any woman entering menopause. But things have changed in recent years as the risks of estrogen therapy have grabbed headlines and its benefits have been thrown into question. For many women undergoing surgical menopause, doctors still recommend hormone therapy.
system: How does patellofemoral pain syndrome cause knee pain?
output: Patellofemoral pain syndrome: Muscle imbalance, tightness, and alignment problems of the legs usually cause this condition. It causes knee pain and occasional âbuckling,â meaning your knee suddenly can't bear your weight. It's not due to an injury.
system: How can I prevent knee pain?
output: Although you can't prevent all injuries, you can take these steps to make them less likely. Stop exercising if you feel pain in your knee. If you want to make your workout more intense, always do it gradually. Stretch your legs before and after physical activity. Use kneepads to prevent bursitis, especially if you have to kneel a lot. Wear shoes that fit well and offer enough support. Keep your thigh muscles strong with regular stretching and strengthening. If you're overweight, work to drop some pounds so there's less stress on all of your joints, including your knees.
system: How does patellar tendinitis cause knee pain?
output: Patellar tendinitis: This means you have inflammation in the tendon that connects the kneecap to the shinbone. Tendons are tough bands of tissue that connect muscles to your bones. When you overdo exercise, they can become inflamed and sore. You may also hear it called âjumper's kneeâ because repetitive jumping is the most common cause.
system: How can bursitis cause knee pain?
output: Several other things can also cause knee pain, such as: Bursitis: A bursa is a sac that holds a small amount of fluid that's under the skin above your joint. It helps prevent friction when the joint moves. Overuse, falls, or repeated bending and kneeling can irritate the bursa on top of your kneecap. That leads to pain and swelling. Doctors call this prepatellar bursitis. You may also hear it called ''preacher's knee."
system: How does osteoarthritis cause knee pain?
output: Osteoarthritis: This is the âwear and tearâ type of arthritis. It's a top cause of knee pain after age 50. This condition causes the knee joint to ache or swell when you're active. Joints affected by osteoarthritis can also be stiff early in the day.
system: How does Osgood-Schlatter disease cause knee pain?
output: Osgood- Schlatter disease: This condition happens when you're young, when bones and other parts of the knee are still changing. It can cause a painful bump below the knee, where a tendon from the kneecap connects to the shin. Overdoing exercise, and irritation at a point on the bottom of your knee called the tibial tubercle, often make this area hurt. The ache may come and go over time. It's especially common in teenage boys and girls.
system: How can iliotibial band syndrome cause knee pain?
output: Your doctor may call this âpatellar dislocation.â IT (iliotibial) band syndrome: The iliotibial ( IT) band is a piece of tough tissue that runs from your hip down to the outer part of your knee. When you overdo activity, it can become inflamed over time. That causes pain on the outer side of the knee. It's common among runners when going downhill.
system: What does a knee injury feel like?
output: You may have: Pain, usually when you bend or straighten the knee (including when you go down stairs) Swelling Trouble putting weight on the knee Problems moving your knee Knee buckling or âlockingâ If you have these symptoms, see your doctor.
system: What's causing my knee pain?
output: You may also hear it called âjumper's kneeâ because repetitive jumping is the most common cause. And if you have a torn ligament or certain knee injuries, you may need surgery.
system: What are some tips to help with knee pain?
output: To speed the healing, you can: Rest your knee. Take a few days off from intense activity. Ice it to curb pain and swelling. Do it for 15 to 20 minutes every 3 to 4 hours. Keep doing it for 2 to 3 days or until the pain is gone. Compress your knee. Use an elastic bandage, straps, or sleeves to wrap the joint. It will keep down swelling or add support. Elevate your knee with a pillow under your heel when you're sitting or lying down to cut down on swelling. Take anti-inflammatory medications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen will help with pain and swelling. Follow the instructions on the label. These drugs can have side effects, so you should only use them now and then unless your doctor says otherwise. Practice stretching and strengthening exercises if your doctor recommends them. You may want to do physical therapy, too. The recovery time depends on your injury. While you get better, ask your doctor if you can do an activity that won't aggravate your knee pain.
system: What are additional ways to help with knee pain?
output: You may have: Pain, usually when you bend or straighten the knee (including when you go down stairs) Swelling Trouble putting weight on the knee Problems moving your knee Knee buckling or âlockingâ If you have these symptoms, see your doctor. If you have arthritis, you may need an occasional corticosteroid shot to settle down inflammation. And if you have a torn ligament or certain knee injuries, you may need surgery. Also, some people naturally heal faster than others.
system: What is the timing of a normal period?
output: Every month, your body prepares to get pregnant. Your ovaries release an egg. Hormones rise and fall. This is your menstrual cycle. It starts on the first day of your last period and ends on the first day of your next period. Though the average cycle is 28 days long, anything between 21 and 45 days is considered normal. That's a 24-day difference. For the first year or two after menstruation begins, women tend to have longer cycles that don't start at the same time every month. Older women often have shorter, more consistent cycles. If you're on birth control pills or have an IUD, it can change the timing of your period. Ask your doctor what's normal for your form of contraception. How long your period lasts also varies. The time from the first sign of blood to the last is usually in the 3 to 5 day range. Anything from 2 days to a week-long period is normal.
system: What is a normal period?
output: Now think about how old you may be when you enter menopause. Your body and life will change a lot from one to the other, right? So does your menstrual cycle. When it comes to periods, "normal" covers a lot of ground. Use the broad range of factors below as a guide. And remember: The only true normal is what's normal for you.
system: What are the symptoms of a normal period?
output: Some months your breasts may feel tender when you have your period. Other months you may notice bloating around your abdomen or mood swings.
system: What is the flow like in a normal period?
output: Every month, your body prepares to get pregnant. This is your period. The amount of blood that comes out of your body is called your menstrual flow. Whether your flow is light, moderate, or heavy, it's all considered normal.
system: What problems can Fanconi anemia (FA) cause?
output: FA prevents your bone marrow from working properly and producing healthy blood cells, a condition known as aplastic anemia. It's responsible for a variety of physical and mental birth defects, including skeletal issues and unusual skin coloring. Doctors are often able to diagnose FA early because of the physical problems it can cause, including: Abnormal genitalia Misshapen thumbs or forearms Short stature Small, or misshapen, eyes Skeletal issues Smaller-than-normal head, called microcephaly Patches of light-colored skin Heart problems and abnormal kidneys are also common in children with FA. Adults with FA can get head, neck, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancers at a much earlier age than most people. Regardless of age, nearly everyone affected with FA will experience bone marrow failure, although its progression can vary from person to person. The disease also leaves most adult males and half of females infertile. People with FA are more likely to get hydrocephalus, or fluid on the brain.
system: How does epilepsy affect ovulation?
output: Women with epilepsy have more anovulatory cycles than other women do. Some doctors think that as many as 40% of menstrual cycles in women with epilepsy do not release an egg. It depends on the woman, and it is not always the same every month. Some months a woman will release an egg, and some months she will not. In general, though, women with epilepsy do not ovulate as regularly as women without epilepsy.
system: How can epilepsy affect your menstrual period?
output: If you have seizures that start around the last half of your menstrual cycle and continue through the second half of your cycle, then you might have another type of catamenial epilepsy. This is when a woman has menstrual cycles that do not release an egg. These are called "anovulatory" cycles.
system: What is catamenial epilepsy?
output: Some women have a form of epilepsy called catamenial epilepsy. This refers to seizures that are affected by a woman's menstrual cycle. Doctors aren't completely sure how many women with epilepsy have this, but they think it's about 10% to 12%.
system: Is epilepsy in women different from epilepsy in men?
output: For some women, the pattern of epileptic seizures is directly affected by the normal hormonal cycles they experience throughout their lives. Women with epilepsy have more anovulatory cycles than other women do.
system: What is the structure of your back?
output: You might think of them as shock absorbers for your body. They cushion the bones when you move around. Ligaments and muscles hold the spine together. The entire area is called the thoracic spine. It works with your ribs to keep your body stable and protect vital organs such as your heart and lungs. Pain in your upper and middle back may be described as: Aching Stiffness Sharp Burning You might have more serious symptoms, too.
system: What are symptoms of upper and middle back pain?
output: Pain in your upper and middle back may be described as: Aching Stiffness Sharp Burning You might have more serious symptoms, too. These can include: Weakness in your arms or legs Tingling or numbness in your arms, legs, chest, or belly Losing control of your bladder or bowels There are any number of reasons your upper and middle back can hurt.
system: When should I have surgery for my tonsils?
output: Typically, you'd get your tonsils taken out only if tonsillitis: Keeps coming back Causes other problems, such as sleep apnea, a common disorder in which you briefly stop breathing many times a night If the area around your tonsils gets infected and forms a pocket of pus, it's called an abscess.
system: What is circadian rhythm disorder?
output: As always, maintaining good "sleep hygiene," or sleep-promoting behavior, is important to treating any sleep problem, including circadian rhythm disorders. Here are some tips: Go to sleep and wake up at the same time each day.
system: What is chronotherapy for circadian rhythm disorder?
output: This behavioral treatment consists of gradually shifting the sleep time in accordance with your desired schedule. For example, if you have trouble getting to sleep at your desired bedtime, you would delay your bedtime by a few hours each night until you reach your desired bedtime hour. The reverse would be true if you are falling asleep earlier than your desired bedtime; you would then advance your bedtime by a few hours each night until the desired bedtime is achieved. Once your desired bedtime has been established, you must adhere to this schedule on a regular basis.
system: How is tuberculosis (TB) spread?
output: Through the air, just like a cold or the flu. When someone who's sick coughs, sneezes, talks, laughs, or sings, tiny droplets that contain the germs are released. If you breathe in these nasty germs, you get infected. TB is contagious, but it's not easy to catch. You usually have to spend a lot of time around a person who has a high load of bactilli in their lungs. That's why it's often spread among co-workers, friends, and family members. Tuberculosis germs don't thrive on surfaces. You can't get the disease from shaking hands with someone who has it, or by sharing their food or drink.
system: How does tuberculosis (TB) affect your body?
output: A TB infection doesn't mean you'll get sick. There are two forms of the disease: Latent TB: You have the germs in your body, but your immune system stops them from spreading. That means you don't have any symptoms and you're not contagious. But the infection is still alive in your body and can one day become active. If you are at high risk for re-activation â for instance, you have HIV, your primary infection was in the last 2 years, your chest X-ray is abnormal, or you are immunocompromised --- your doctor will treat you with antibiotics to lower the risk for developing active TB. Active TB disease: This means the germs multiply and can make you sick. You can spread the disease to others. Ninety percent of adult cases of active TB are from the reactivation of a latent TB infection.
system: What are the symptoms of tuberculosis (TB)?
output: There aren't any for latent TB. You'll need to get a skin or blood test to find out if you're infected. But there are usually signs if you have active TB disease. They include: A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks Chest pain Coughing up blood Feeling tired all the time Night sweats Chills Fever Loss of appetite Weight loss If you experience any of these symptoms, see your doctor to get tested. Get medical help right away if you have chest pain.
system: How can your immune system affect your risk for tuberculosis (TB)?
output: But if you have any of the following, you might not be able to fend off active TB disease: HIV or AIDS Diabetes Severe kidney disease Head and neck cancers Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy Low body weight and malnutrition Medications for organ transplants Certain drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis Babies and young children also are at greater risk, because their immune systems aren't fully formed.
system: Whoâs at risk for tuberculosis (TB)?
output: You can only get TB if you come into contact with others who have it. Here are some situations that could increase your risk: A friend, co-worker, or family member has active TB disease. You live or have traveled to an area where TB is common, like Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. You're part of a group where TB is more likely to spread, or you work or live with someone who is. This includes homeless people, people with HIV, and IV drug users. You work or live in a hospital or nursing home.
system: What is tuberculosis (TB)?
output: A type of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes it. !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } In the 20th century, TB was a leading cause of death in the United States. Today, most cases are cured with antibiotics. If you are at high risk for re-activation â for instance, you have HIV, your primary infection was in the last 2 years, your chest X-ray is abnormal, or you are immunocompromised --- your doctor will treat you with antibiotics to lower the risk for developing active TB. You can spread the disease to others. TB is contagious, but it's not easy to catch.
system: What are warning signs of suicide risk in someone who has bipolar disorder?
output: The very nature of self-injury is physical damage to one's body. It's important for the self-injurer to seek help. Warning signs of suicide may include: Talking about suicide Always talking or thinking about death Making comments about being hopeless, helpless, or worthless Saying things like " It would be better if I wasn't here" or " I want out" Worsening depression A sudden switch from being very sad to being very calm or appearing to be happy Having a "death wish," tempting fate by taking risks that could lead to death, like driving through red lights Losing interest in things one used to care about Putting affairs in order, tying up loose ends, changing a will Hoarding pills Unusual interest in nationally publicized disasters or suicides If you or a loved one has both bipolar disorder and, in addition, self-injurious behavior, it's vital that you work with your doctor to jointly manage your illness.
system: What should you do if your bipolar symptoms are getting worse?
output: If you feel your bipolar symptoms are worsening, contact your doctor immediately. Sometimes a change in medication or dosage is all that's needed to treat breakthrough symptoms of depression or mania/hypomania.
system: What is the goal of breast cancer surgery?
output: The goal of breast cancer surgery is to remove the tumor itself and a portion of surrounding tissue, while conserving as much of the breast as possible. Various breast cancer surgery techniques differ in the amount of breast tissue that is removed with the tumor, and that depends on the tumor location, extent of spread, and the individual's personal feelings. The surgeon also removes some lymph nodes under the arm as part of the operation so they can be tested for the presence of cancer cells. This will help your doctor plan your treatment after surgery.
system: What is breast conserving surgery?
output: A specific surgical procedure may be recommended based on the size, location, or your genetic risk factors. Some of the procedures you may discuss with your doctor include: Breast conserving surgery (also known as lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, or quadrantectomy) - removes a portion of the breast Mastectomy - Removes the whole breast.
system: What type of breast cancer surgery is mastectomy?
output: Some of the procedures you may discuss with your doctor include: Breast conserving surgery (also known as lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, or quadrantectomy) - removes a portion of the breast Mastectomy - Removes the whole breast. Types include: Total mastectomy Skin-sparing mastectomy Modified radical mastectomy Radical mastectomy (rarely performed) You should thoroughly discuss these surgical options with your doctor to achieve the best outcome. Whichever type of surgery is your best option, you will be able to return home after a short stay in the hospital.
system: What are soluble fibers?
output: All types of soluble fibers slow digestion, so it takes longer for your body to absorb sugar (glucose) from the foods you eat. This helps prevent quick spikes in your blood sugar levels -- an important part of managing diabetes. Soluble fibers also bind with fatty acids, flushing them out of the body and helping to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol.
system: How much fiber do I need?
output: Women 50 and younger should try to get 25 grams a day, and men should shoot for 38 grams.
system: How can I get fiber?
output: Most of us get both types of fiber from foods and supplements. You can get the nutrient from fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans, and grains. But if you don't get enough from your diet, fiber supplements can help fill in the gap.
system: How is paronychia treated at home?
output: For paronychia, a skin rash around the nails, avoiding moisture can be helpful. Oral itraconazole ( Sporanox) or fluconazole ( Diflucan) can also be helpful and can be prescribed by a doctor. Topical antifungal and topical corticosteroids are also used.
system: Can candidal (yeast) infections be treated at home?
output: PerlÃ¨che is treated with topical antiyeast or antifungal agents, and often with a mild corticosteroid cream. Limit lip licking of the corners of the mouth.