laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What do stents do?
output: In people with coronary heart disease caused by the buildup of plaque, they can: Open narrowed arteries Reduce symptoms, like chest pain Help treat a heart attack These types are called heart stents, but they're also referred to as cardiac stents or coronary stents.
system: What are the different types of stents?
output: Eight years later, the FDA approved the first heart stent for use in the U. S. First-generation stents were made of bare metal. Although they almost eliminated the risk of the artery collapsing, they only modestly reduced the risk of re-narrowing. About a quarter of all coronary arteries treated with bare-metal stents would close up again, usually in about 6 months. So doctors and companies began testing stents coated with drugs that interrupted the re-narrowing. These are called drug-eluting stents. In clinical trials, these reduced re-narrowing cases to less than 10%. They also lowered the need for repeat procedures for people with diabetes, who have a bigger chance of their arteries getting narrow again.
system: Do drug-eluting stents have complications?
output: Still, there were concerns that drug-eluting stents were associated with a rare but serious complication called in-stent thrombosis. This is where a blood clot forms in a stent one or more years after it's implanted. Because this complication can be fatal, it's important that people with drug-eluting stents take aspirin and an anticlotting drug as prescribed until a doctor tells them to stop.
system: How are stents used in the balloon angioplasty?
output: The stent expands when the balloon is inflated, locks into place, and forms a permanent scaffold to hold the artery open after the balloon is deflated and removed. In 1986, French researchers implanted the first stent into a human coronary artery. Eight years later, the FDA approved the first heart stent for use in the U. S. First-generation stents were made of bare metal.
system: What are possible complications from getting a stent?
output: These can include aspirin, which usually must be taken indefinitely, and clopidogrel ( Plavix), prasugrel ( Effient), or ticagrelor ( Brilinta), which are usually prescribed for at least 1 and up to 12 months. Scar tissue or plaque can also form in the area of your stent. This can cause your artery to narrow again over a period of months. Your doctor may call this restenosis. If it happens, another stent can often solve the problem. In some cases, coronary artery bypass surgery may be needed. This is where a blood clot forms in a stent one or more years after it's implanted.
system: What are anticholinergic drugs for an overactive bladder?
output: Other behavioral tips for preventing incontinence include: Avoiding drinking caffeine or a lot of fluids before activities Not drinking fluids right before you go to bed In people with overactive bladder, muscles in the bladder wall contract at the wrong time. A group of drugs called anticholinergics combat this problem by blocking the nerve signals related to bladder muscle contractions. Research suggests that these drugs also might increase bladder capacity and decrease the urge to go.
system: Can botox help treat an overactive bladder?
output: Botox, more commonly known for removing wrinkles, can be injected into the bladder muscle causing it to relax. This can increase capacity in the bladder and lessen contractions. Botox is only recommended for people who can't control symptoms with behavioral therapies or oral medications.
system: Can surgery treat an overactive bladder (OAB)?
output: Before starting any OAB treatment, however, it's important to understand bladder function and what factors may cause overactive bladder. This can increase capacity in the bladder and lessen contractions. Another procedure implants a small device, similar to a pacemaker, under the skin. The device is connected to a wire, which sends small electrical pulses to nerves around the pelvic floor that control the bladder and muscles surrounding it.
system: If I have gestational diabetes, will I develop type 2 diabetes?
output: Because you had gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes. But it won't definitely happen, and you can take action to prevent that. Your blood sugar levels will likely return to normal about 6 weeks after childbirth. ( Your doctor will check on that.) If it does, you should get follow-up tests every 3 years.
system: If I have had gestational diabetes in the past, am I more likely to get it again in the future?
output: If you plan to have another baby, keep in mind that you are more likely to get gestational diabetes again. Ask your doctor if there are any lifestyle changes that would help you avoid that.
system: If I have gestational diabetes will my child be likely to have diabetes?
output: Although your child will be more likely than other kids to develop type 2 diabetes later on, a healthy lifestyle (including a good diet and lots of physical activity) can cut that risk.
system: How does having gestational diabetes affect the size and appearance of my baby?
output: Because you had gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes. But it won't definitely happen, and you can take action to prevent that.
system: Will gestational diabetes affect my baby?
output: Your baby will probably be healthy, if you and your doctor manage your blood sugar while you have gestational diabetes.
system: How do mast cell stabilizers help treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?
output: About a quarter of people with IBS- D also have gastroenteritis, which makes your gut become inflamed. Some experts believe that could be a trigger for IBS. Mast cells control the release of histamine, which causes inflammation. These drugs help lower the amount of histamine your body makes.
system: How do antidiarrheal drugs help treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?
output: In some cases, over-the-counter medicines like loperamide ( Imodium) can improve diarrhea symptoms for people with irritable bowel syndrome.
system: What is rifaximin and how is it used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?
output: Though it's not clear what causes IBS- D, some experts believe the culprit may be too much bacteria in the small intestine. Rimaxifin is an antibiotic that was approved by the FDA in 2015 to treat IBS- D. It's been shown to reduce both stomach pain and diarrhea.
system: How do K-opioid antagonists help treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?
output: Scientists are doing clinical trials of a promising drug called asimadoline, which may help reduce stomach pain and diarrhea without causing constipation.
system: What is eluxadoline and how is it used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?
output: This signals your nervous system to help stop bowel spasms. It can also ease belly cramps and diarrhea.
system: How do antidepressants help treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?
output: Antidepressants: Medicines called tricyclic antidepressants can help reduce belly pain, particularly if you also have depression or anxiety. If you don't have depression, your doctor may still prescribe these, but in smaller doses.
system: How difficult is it to live with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
output: How tough? A 2015 survey from the American Gastroenterological Association found that 47% of people with IBS would give up their cell phone just to feel 1 month of relief from their symptoms. In about a third of cases of this digestive disorder, people also get diarrhea. That's known as IBS- D. Let your doctor know about your symptoms -- even if talking about them feels uncomfortable -- because there are more treatment options than ever. In some cases, over-the-counter medicines like loperamide ( Imodium) can improve diarrhea symptoms for people with irritable bowel syndrome.
system: What is alosetron and how is it used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?
output: For a long time, this was the only prescription medication approved to treat the condition. It can help relieve stomach pain and slow your bowels to relieve diarrhea. It may have fewer side effects, but more research is needed.
system: How can fillings deteriorate?
output: Deteriorating Fillings Constant pressure from chewing, grinding, or clenching can cause dental fillings to wear away, chip, or crack. Although you may not be able to tell that a filling is wearing down, your dentist can identify weaknesses in them during a regular check-up. If the seal between the tooth enamel and the filling breaks down, food particles and decay-causing bacteria can work their way under the filling. You then run the risk of developing additional decay in that tooth. Decay that is left untreated can progress to infect the dental pulp and may cause an abscessed tooth.
system: What should you do if you have tooth sensitivity from fillings?
output: Tooth Pain and Sensitivity Tooth sensitivity following placement of a filling is fairly common. A tooth may be sensitive to pressure, air, sweet foods, or temperature. Usually, the sensitivity resolves on its own within a few weeks. During this time, avoid those things that are causing the sensitivity. Pain relievers are generally not required. Contact your dentist if the sensitivity does not subside within two to four weeks or if your tooth is extremely sensitive. He or she may recommend a desensitizing toothpaste, may apply a desensitizing agent to the tooth, or possibly suggest a root canal procedure.
system: What are the disadvantages of silver fillings?
output: Strength -- can withstand chewing forces Expense -- may be less expensive than composite fillings Disadvantages of silver fillings: Poor aesthetics -- silver fillings don't match the color of natural teeth. Destruction of more tooth structure -- healthy parts of the tooth must often be removed to make a space large enough to hold the amalgam filling. Discoloration -- amalgam fillings can create a grayish hue to the surrounding tooth structure. Cracks and fractures -- although all teeth expand and contract in the presence of hot and cold liquids, which ultimately can cause the tooth to crack or fracture, amalgam material -- in comparison with other filling materials -- may experience a wider degree of expansion and contraction and lead to a higher incidence of cracks and fractures. Allergic reactions -- a small percentage of people, approximately 1%, are allergic to the mercury present in amalgam restorations.
system: What steps are involved in filling a tooth?
output: First, the dentist will use a local anesthetic to numb the area around the tooth to be filled. Next, a drill, air abrasion instrument, or laser will be used to remove the decayed area. Once the decay has been removed, the dentist will prepare the space for the filling by cleaning the cavity of bacteria and debris. If the decay is near the root, your dentist may first put in a liner made of glass ionomer, composite resin, or other material to protect the nerve. Generally, after the filling is in, your dentist will finish and polish it. Several additional steps are required for tooth-colored fillings and are as follows. After your dentist has removed the decay and cleaned the area, the tooth-colored material is applied in layers. Next, a special light that "cures" or hardens each layer is applied. When the multilayering process is completed, the dentist will shape the composite material to the desired result, trim off any excess material, and polish the final restoration.
system: What types of filling materials are available?
output: Several additional steps are required for tooth-colored fillings and are as follows. Teeth can be filled with gold; porcelain; silver amalgam (which consists of mercury mixed with silver, tin, zinc, and copper); or tooth-colored, plastic, and materials called composite resin fillings. There is also a material that contains glass particles and is known as glass ionomer. This material is used in ways similar to the use of composite resin fillings.
system: How is depression related to your heart?
output: Depression has been linked to heart disease. When you are under stress or having a panic attack, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol as part of our natural "fight or flight" response. These hormones can trigger physical symptoms like chest pain and a rapid heartbeat that may feel like a heart attack.
system: Can depression affect your heart?
output: These symptoms can be related to lung or heart problems, even serious ones like a heart attack. But they also can be symptoms of depression and anxiety, what doctors call "anxious depression." These chest pains can often be chronic in those suffering from depression, but may be felt suddenly in those suffering from anxiety. If you are having these symptoms, see a doctor right away to rule out serious heart, gastrointestinal, or lung problems.
system: What further testing is done to measure cortisol?
output: In addition to the tests listed above, your doctor may order other blood tests to pinpoint the cause of your abnormal cortisol levels. Some things, like abnormal growths or tumors, can affect them. If he suspects this may be the case, your doctor will order a CT scan or an MRI.
system: How is a urine test done to measure cortisol?
output: Your doctor might order this to test what's called âfreeâ cortisol. This means the cortisol isn't bound to a protein like the kind blood tests measure. If you doctor prescribes a urine test, you'll need to provide a 24-hour sample. This means you'll pee into a special container or bag every time you need to use the bathroom over the course of a full day.
system: What should I know about cortisol?
output: Your doctor may want you to be tested to see if you have the right level of cortisol in your blood. Cortisol is made by your adrenal glands -- two small glands that sit on top of your kidneys. Along with helping you respond to stress, it also plays a key role in other functions, including how your body breaks down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
system: How is a saliva test done to measure cortisol?
output: Your results will show the level of cortisol in your blood at the time of the test. You'll do it at night, before you go to bed. That's because cortisol levels tend to be lowest between 11 p.m. and midnight. A high cortisol level near midnight can signal a disorder. You can purchase salivary cortisol tests at drugstores. In addition to the tests listed above, your doctor may order other blood tests to pinpoint the cause of your abnormal cortisol levels.
system: What questions will your pediatrician ask during your baby's 2-year checkup?
output: Weigh and measure your child Perform a physical exam of your child Catch up on any vaccines Is your child physically active? What words is she learning? Does she respond to 2-step commands?
system: How should I keep my 2-year-old active?
output: Give your child plenty of opportunities to be active. Learning how to throw, kick, and catch builds physical confidence. Play together as much as possible and make fun the top priority. Be active as a family. It's a great way to spend time together while moving your bodies! Limit the amount of TV your toddler watches. Remember that toddlers learn by your example. So make sure to set a good one!
system: What can I expect from my baby's 2-year checkup?
output: Weigh and measure your child Perform a physical exam of your child Catch up on any vaccines Is your child physically active?
system: How should my 2-year-old baby eat?
output: Let your child feed herself and choose what she eats. If your child doesn't like a particular food, keep offering it. She may change her mind later. At this stage, your child should be eating about 3 meals and 2 healthy snacks a day. Don't worry if your child doesn't eat much at times. Most of the time, it should balance out. Give your child plenty of opportunities to be active.
system: How is immunotherapy used to treat skin cancer?
output: Some of the most promising developments in the field of immunotherapy have arisen from efforts to cure advanced melanoma. Some researchers are treating advanced cases with vaccines, while others are using drugs such as interferon, interleukin-2, and ipilimumab ( Yervoy) in an effort to stimulate immune cells into attacking melanoma cells more aggressively. In patients with advanced melanoma, two drugs, nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) have been found to be effective after use of ipilimumab. These drugs help block proteins on T cells that normally help keep them in check, therefore allowing these immune cells to attack melanoma cells. Genetic manipulation of melanoma tumors may make them more vulnerable to attack by the immune system. Each of these treatment approaches aims to immunize a patient's body against its own cancer -- something the body cannot do naturally.
system: What drugs do doctors use to treat skin cancer?
output: There are other drugs that target specific genes within normal cells that cause them to become cancerous. Called targeted therapy, these drugs include dabrafenib ( Tafinlar), trametinib ( Mekinist) and vemurafenib ( Zelboraf).
system: How can alternative therapies help treat skin cancer?
output: Once skin cancer is diagnosed, the only acceptable treatment is medical care. Alternative approaches may be useful in cancer prevention and in combating nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and headaches from chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy used to treat advanced skin cancer. Be sure to discuss any alternative treatments you are considering using with your cancer doctor.
system: How do I know if I have skin cancer?
output: Depending on the suspected type of skin cancer, the biopsy techniques vary slightly but crucially. Any potential melanoma requires a surgical biopsy, in which the entire growth is removed with a scalpel if possible. A pathologist then studies the sample under a microscope to determine whether cancer cells are present. Skin growths that are most likely basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or other forms of non-melanoma can be biopsied in various ways.
system: Can corticosteroids help with  hair loss?
output: Most cases of alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes hair to fall out in clumps, resolve spontaneously. Some doctors try to speed recovery with topical corticosteroid drops or steroid shots directly into the areas of hair loss on the scalp. The treatment may be somewhat painful and may cause skin thinning in the injected sites. Prednisone, an oral steroid, may be an effective treatment for alopecia areata, but its potential side effects include weight gain, metabolic abnormalities, acne, and menstrual problems. Its positive effects are often only temporary.
system: What is hair transplantation?
output: Hair transplantation involves the relocation of plugs of skin from parts of the scalp containing active hair follicles to bald areas. A person may need several hundred plugs -- implanted 10 to 60 per session. The transplanted hair may drop out, but new hair usually begins to grow from the transplanted follicles within several months.
system: What is diphencyprone, and how can it help with hair loss?
output: This is a topical sensitizing agent used occasionally to stimulate hair regrowth in alopecia areata.
system: What are the treatments for hair loss?
output: For cosmetic purposes, or after hair loss from surgical or drug treatments, many people turn to wigs, hairpieces, and hair weaving. Some people get tattoos to simulate lost eyebrows and eyelashes. Some people may benefit from the following hair loss treatments: Minoxidil ( Rogaine). Rogaine works on hair follicles to reverse their shrinking process to stimulate new hair growth.
system: What are the causes of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
output: Most UTIs are due to bacteria that are normally found in your gut, such as E. coli. Other bacteria that can cause them include staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiella, enterococcus, and pseudomonas. Some bladder infections in both men and women are linked to sexually transmitted infections, including Chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma. The parasite trichomonas can also cause similar symptoms.
system: What are urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
output: UTIs are bacterial infections in the urinary system. They're very common and usually not serious, though there can be exceptions. Your urinary tract includes your bladder, kidneys, ureters (tubes that go from your kidneys to your bladder), and urethra (the tube that carries urine out of your body from your bladder).
system: Who gets urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
output: Anyone can. But they're more likely when you: Are a woman Have had UTIs before Have a condition that affects your bladder's nerves (including diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries) Have been through menopause Are overweight Have something that blocks the passage of urine, such as a tumor, kidney stone, or an enlarged prostate Use a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control Have a catheter, a tube placed into the bladder to drain urine from the bladder into a bag outside the body Are a man who has sex with men, has HIV, or hasn't been circumcised Most of these traits also raise the odds that a simple bladder infection may become a more serious kidney infection or turn into sepsis (an infection that has gotten into your bloodstream).
system: What is carb counting for diabetes?
output: When you watch your diet because you have diabetes, you'll want to pay special attention to carbohydrates, because they can affect your blood sugar level faster than protein or fat. You get carbs from sweets, fruit, milk, yogurt, bread, cereal, rice, pasta, potatoes, and other vegetables. It can help to count your carbs from things you eat or drink, and split them evenly between meals so that it's in line with how much insulin is available from your body or from medicine. If you get more than your insulin supply can handle, your blood sugar level goes up. If you eat too few carbohydrates, your blood sugar level may fall too low. With carbohydrate counting, you can pick almost any food product off the shelf, read the label, and use the information about grams of carbohydrates to fit the food into your meal plan.
system: What diabetic people is carb counting most useful for?
output: Counting carbs is most useful for people who use insulin several times a day or wear an insulin pump, or want more flexibility and variety in their food choices. The amount and type of insulin you are prescribed may affect the flexibility of your meal plan. You don't have to count carbs. You could use diabetes food exchange lists instead. Ask your doctor or a registered dietitian for their advice on that.
system: How does carb counting help someone with diabetes?
output: With carbohydrate counting, you can pick almost any food product off the shelf, read the label, and use the information about grams of carbohydrates to fit the food into your meal plan.
system: What are some good food-based sources of fiber for diabetics?
output: Fiber helps control blood sugar. It also helps you lower your âbadâ ( LDL) cholesterol. Most Americans need more fiber in their diets. The average American only gets about half the fiber needed on a daily basis. You get fiber from plant foods, so plan to eat more of these foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables Cooked dried beans and peas Whole-grain breads, cereals, and crackers Brown rice Bran products Nuts and seeds Although it's best to get fiber from food sources, fiber supplements can also help you get the daily fiber you need.
system: How does someone with diabetes raise his or her blood sugar level?
output: It can help to count your carbs from things you eat or drink, and split them evenly between meals so that it's in line with how much insulin is available from your body or from medicine. If you get more than your insulin supply can handle, your blood sugar level goes up. If you eat too few carbohydrates, your blood sugar level may fall too low.