laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How is lithium used to treat bipolar disorder?
output: Lithium (brand names include Eskalith or Lithobid) is the most widely used and studied medication for treating bipolar disorder. It has been used for more than 50 years and helps reduce the severity and frequency of manic states. It may also help relieve bipolar depression. People with bipolar disorder may take lifelong lithium as maintenance therapy to prevent relapses. When lithium treatment stops, relapses can occur within six months in 90% of patients. Moreover, subsequent lithium treatment may sometimes be less effective, particularly if lithium is stopped abruptly rather than gradually (meaning, over a period of 2 weeks or longer). Studies show that lithium can significantly reduce the risk of suicide among people with bipolar disorder. It also helps prevent future manic episodes. Lithium is a simple salt that acts on a person's central nervous system. Doctors don't know exactly how lithium works to stabilize mood. However, it helps people with bipolar disorder have more control over their emotions and cope better with the problems of daily life.
system: What happens when you stop taking Adderall?
output: When you quit taking the drug, your dopamine levels drop and your body and brain have to adjust to the change. Most people who take it as instructed don't have any issues if they take a break from it. But if you use it too often or take too much, you might notice some effects when you stop.
system: How can you prevent Adderall withdrawal symptoms?
output: Adderall should only be used under a doctor's care and typically for only a short time. There's no way to guarantee that you won't have withdrawal symptoms, but you may be less likely to if you: Take the medicine only as instructed. Get regular checkups while you're taking it. Talk to your doctor about lowering your dose before stopping.
system: How is alcoholic hepatitis diagnosed?
output: Over time, it stops working right. Your doctor may ask about your medical past to see if there's reason to believe you may have alcohol-related liver problems. These will check your liver enzymes. Abnormally high levels are a sign of liver damage. Liver biopsy. It depends on how bad the condition is, but your doctor may suggest that you: Stop drinking alcohol.
system: What is alcoholic hepatitis?
output: It's a serious condition that affects people who are, or used to be, heavy drinkers. It can cause short- or long-term liver damage. The liver is the largest organ in the body, and it removes poisons such as alcohol from the blood. Over time, it stops working right. You might also have a fever, stomachache, or liquid buildup in your belly, and you may lose weight. If you've been diagnosed with it or think you might have it, here's what you need to know.
system: What are the side effects of vitamin K?
output: Group Adequate Intake Children 0-6 months 2 micrograms/day Children 7-12 months 2.5 micrograms/day Children 1-3 30 micrograms/day Children 4-8 55 micrograms/day Children 9-13 60 micrograms/day Girls 14-18 75 micrograms/day Women 19 and up 90 micrograms/day Women, pregnant or breastfeeding (19-50) 90 micrograms/day Women, pregnant or breastfeeding (under 19) 75 micrograms/day Boys 14-18 75 micrograms/day Men 19 and up 120 micrograms/day There have been no adverse effects of vitamin K seen with the levels found in food or supplements. However, this does not rule out danger with high dose. Researchers have not set a maximum safe dose.
system: Where can you get vitamin K naturally?
output: Good natural food sources of vitamin K include: Vegetables like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli Legumes like green beans You can also meet your daily requirement with foods that have lesser amounts of vitamin K: Eggs Strawberries Meat like liver Side effects of oral vitamin K at recommended doses are rare.
system: How effective is vitamin K?
output: Many drugs can interfere with the effects of vitamin K. They include antacids, blood thinners, antibiotics, aspirin, and drugs for cancer, seizures, high cholesterol, and other conditions.
system: What is vitamin K?
output: Vitamin K is actually a group of compounds. The most important of these compounds appears to be vitamin K1 and vitamin K2. Vitamin K1 is obtained from leafy greens and some other vegetables. Vitamin K2 is a group of compounds largely obtained from meats, cheeses, and eggs, and synthesized by bacteria. Vitamin K1 is the main form of vitamin K supplement available in the U. S. Recently, some people have looked to vitamin K2 to treat osteoporosis and steroid-induced bone loss, but the research is conflicting.
system: When might you have a vitamin K deficiency?
output: While vitamin K deficiencies are uncommon, you may be at higher risk if you: Have a disease that affects absorption in the digestive tract, such as Crohn's disease or active celiac disease Take drugs that interfere with vitamin K absorption Are severely malnourished Drink alcohol heavily In these cases, a health care provider might suggest vitamin K supplements.
system: Why do people take vitamin K?
output: Vitamin K1 is the main form of vitamin K supplement available in the U. S. Recently, some people have looked to vitamin K2 to treat osteoporosis and steroid-induced bone loss, but the research is conflicting. While vitamin K deficiencies are uncommon, you may be at higher risk if you: Have a disease that affects absorption in the digestive tract, such as Crohn's disease or active celiac disease Take drugs that interfere with vitamin K absorption Are severely malnourished Drink alcohol heavily In these cases, a health care provider might suggest vitamin K supplements. Uses of vitamin K for cancer, for the symptoms of morning sickness, for the removal of spider veins, and for other conditions are unproven.
system: What are the risks of taking vitamin K?
output: Most people get enough vitamin K from their diets. Good natural food sources of vitamin K include: Vegetables like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli Legumes like green beans You can also meet your daily requirement with foods that have lesser amounts of vitamin K: Eggs Strawberries Meat like liver Side effects of oral vitamin K at recommended doses are rare. Many drugs can interfere with the effects of vitamin K. They include antacids, blood thinners, antibiotics, aspirin, and drugs for cancer, seizures, high cholesterol, and other conditions. You should not use vitamin K supplements unless your health care provider tells you to. They should not use vitamin K supplements unless advised to do so by their health care provider.
system: How effective are psoriasis laser treatments?
output: Because laser treatment for psoriasis is still a relatively new therapy, research is still underway to confirm its effectiveness. Some studies find that most people who are treated with lasers see real improvements in their skin that can last anywhere from several months to a year. Results are usually seen within 8 to 10 sessions.
system: What are side effects of psoriasis laser treatments?
output: Avoid laser treatments if you have: Lupus or scleroderma Sun sensitivity Xeroderma pigmentosum (an inherited disease that causes sensitivity to sunlight) Risks for, or a history of, skin cancer A condition that requires you to take medications that make you sensitive to the sun Laser therapy is generally safe, but some people have reported side effects after treatment, including: Temporary redness, itching, burning, and stinging Blistering Purple-colored spots (purpura) on the skin Darkening or lightening of the skin (hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation) Scarring More research is needed to determine whether exposure to UVB light from the excimer laser might increase the long-term risk for skin cancer.
system: Are excimer lasers used to treat psoriasis?
output: Today, there is another option for treating psoriasis: excimer lasers, which deliver ultraviolet light to localized areas of the skin. This treatment uses intense, focused doses of laser light to help control areas of mild to moderate psoriasis without harming healthy skin around them. Targeted laser therapy is similar in effectiveness to traditional light therapy, but it works in fewer sessions with stronger doses of light that can reach deeper into the affected skin. The handheld laser wands are also good for reaching psoriasis in hard-to-treat areas, such as the elbows, knees, palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and scalp.
system: Where are psoriasis laser treatments done?
output: Excimer laser treatments are performed in the dermatologist's office. Each session takes only a few minutes. During the treatment, the doctor aims the laser directly at patches of psoriasis. You might feel some warmth at the site or a snapping sensation against the skin.
system: What dose of laser light will treat my psoriasis?
output: Your doctor will determine your dose of laser light based on the thickness of your psoriasis plaques and your skin color (a lower dose is used on lighter skin). During the procedure, you will be given dark goggles to protect your eyes.
system: What are the side effects of laser treatment for psoriasis?
output: Avoid laser treatments if you have: Lupus or scleroderma Sun sensitivity Xeroderma pigmentosum (an inherited disease that causes sensitivity to sunlight) Risks for, or a history of, skin cancer A condition that requires you to take medications that make you sensitive to the sun Laser therapy is generally safe, but some people have reported side effects after treatment, including: Temporary redness, itching, burning, and stinging Blistering Purple-colored spots (purpura) on the skin Darkening or lightening of the skin (hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation) Scarring More research is needed to determine whether exposure to UVB light from the excimer laser might increase the long-term risk for skin cancer.
system: When should I avoid psoriasis laser treatments?
output: Avoid laser treatments if you have: Lupus or scleroderma Sun sensitivity Xeroderma pigmentosum (an inherited disease that causes sensitivity to sunlight) Risks for, or a history of, skin cancer A condition that requires you to take medications that make you sensitive to the sun Laser therapy is generally safe, but some people have reported side effects after treatment, including: Temporary redness, itching, burning, and stinging Blistering Purple-colored spots (purpura) on the skin Darkening or lightening of the skin (hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation) Scarring More research is needed to determine whether exposure to UVB light from the excimer laser might increase the long-term risk for skin cancer.
system: What are some common treatment options for psoriasis?
output: If you're living with psoriasis, you know how uncomfortable and embarrassing the red, itchy, scaly skin can be. Treatment options for psoriasis include steroid cream or other medicated creams, oral medications, and light therapy. All of these treatments work well, but medications can have side effects and light therapy requires a regimen of three sessions a week for two to three months followed by maintenance therapy.
system: How does psoriasis laser treatment work?
output: Excimer laser treatments are performed in the dermatologist's office. Each session takes only a few minutes. During the treatment, the doctor aims the laser directly at patches of psoriasis. You might feel some warmth at the site or a snapping sensation against the skin. Excimer lasers aim a high intensity ultraviolet B ( UVB) light dose of a very specific wavelength -- 308 nanometers -- directly at the psoriasis plaques. Because the laser light never touches the surrounding skin, it reduces the risk of UV radiation exposure. Excimer lasers are used to treat mild-to-moderate psoriasis. With excimer laser therapy, patients usually have 2 sessions a week for 4 to 10 sessions to get results. Your doctor will determine your dose of laser light based on the thickness of your psoriasis plaques and your skin color (a lower dose is used on lighter skin). During the procedure, you will be given dark goggles to protect your eyes.
system: How does excimer laser treatments work?
output: Excimer lasers aim a high intensity ultraviolet B ( UVB) light dose of a very specific wavelength -- 308 nanometers -- directly at the psoriasis plaques. Because the laser light never touches the surrounding skin, it reduces the risk of UV radiation exposure. Excimer lasers are used to treat mild-to-moderate psoriasis.
system: Can psoriasis laser treatments increase the risk for skin cancer?
output: Avoid laser treatments if you have: Lupus or scleroderma Sun sensitivity Xeroderma pigmentosum (an inherited disease that causes sensitivity to sunlight) Risks for, or a history of, skin cancer A condition that requires you to take medications that make you sensitive to the sun Laser therapy is generally safe, but some people have reported side effects after treatment, including: Temporary redness, itching, burning, and stinging Blistering Purple-colored spots (purpura) on the skin Darkening or lightening of the skin (hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation) Scarring More research is needed to determine whether exposure to UVB light from the excimer laser might increase the long-term risk for skin cancer.
system: What levels of psoriasis can laser sessions treat?
output: Psoriasis laser treatments work well on people with mild-to-moderate psoriasis. But because the light is concentrated, it's not effective for people with psoriasis on large areas of the body.
system: What should I know before starting psoriasis laser treatments?
output: Here's what the research shows about this new treatment for psoriasis. To make sure you're a good candidate, have a complete health history and exam done before starting treatment.
system: What are my treatment options for psoriasis?
output: All of these treatments work well, but medications can have side effects and light therapy requires a regimen of three sessions a week for two to three months followed by maintenance therapy. During the procedure, you will be given dark goggles to protect your eyes.
system: What are the most common places for a fracture when you have osteoporosis?
output: The spine, hips, and wrist are the most common places for a fracture when you have osteoporosis.
system: What is spinal compression fracture  from osteoporosis?
output: If your compression fracture is minor and develops over a long time, you may not have any symptoms. And you could get a curved spine or humped back, which may be a sign that you have more than one compression fracture. You'll have symptoms like: Pain, swelling, or bruising in your wrist or the base of your thumb Your wrist bends at an unnatural angle It hurts when you try to grip something in your injured hand
system: What do you need to know about spinal compression fractures due to osteoporosis?
output: If you have osteoporosis, sometimes just the simple act of bending over, coughing, or lifting something heavy may cause it. If your compression fracture is minor and develops over a long time, you may not have any symptoms. If that's the case, it may heal on its own. You'll feel it along the spine, usually in your middle to lower back. It often gets worse when you stand or sit for a long period and gets better when you lie down. You may also notice that you're getting a little shorter. And you could get a curved spine or humped back, which may be a sign that you have more than one compression fracture. You'll have symptoms like: Pain, swelling, or bruising in your wrist or the base of your thumb Your wrist bends at an unnatural angle It hurts when you try to grip something in your injured hand
system: Is there a cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
output: Because of medical advancements, people can now live long, active lives with HIV. There are more than two dozen of them, and they fall into six main types.
system: How can a CD4 count help in the treatment plan for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
output: Which specific ones your doctor prescribes depends on what other medical conditions you have, what medications you take, how well your immune system is working, and even how many pills you want to take each day. HIV attacks your CD4 cells, and the test checks the number of them you have in a sample of your blood. You'll likely get your CD4 count tested about a month after you start treatment and then every 3 to 6 months.
system: How does the World Health Organization (WHO) define metabolic syndrome?
output: According to American Heart Association guidelines, any three of the following traits in the same person meet the criteria for the metabolic syndrome: Abdominal obesity: a waist circumference over 102 cm (40 in) in men and over 88 cm (35 inches) in women Serum triglycerides: 150 mg/dl or above, or taking medication for elevated triglycerides HDL (''good'') cholesterol: 40mg/dl or lower in men and 50mg/dl or lower in women Blood pressure of 130/85 or above (or taking medication for high blood pressure) Fasting blood glucoseof 100 mg/dl or above The World Health Organization ( WHO) has slightly different criteria for defining the metabolic syndrome: High insulin levels, an elevated fasting blood glucose or an elevated post-meal glucose alone with at least two of the following criteria: Abdominal obesity as defined by a waist-to-hip ratio of greater than 0.9, a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2 or a waist measurement over 37 inches Cholesterol panel showing a triglyceride level of at least 150 mg/dl or an HDL cholesterol lower than 35 mg/dl Blood pressure of 130/80 or higher (or on treatment for high blood pressure) Approximately 20%-30% of the population in industrialized countries has metabolic syndrome.
system: How is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?
output: According to American Heart Association guidelines, any three of the following traits in the same person meet the criteria for the metabolic syndrome: Abdominal obesity: a waist circumference over 102 cm (40 in) in men and over 88 cm (35 inches) in women Serum triglycerides: 150 mg/dl or above, or taking medication for elevated triglycerides HDL (''good'') cholesterol: 40mg/dl or lower in men and 50mg/dl or lower in women Blood pressure of 130/85 or above (or taking medication for high blood pressure) Fasting blood glucoseof 100 mg/dl or above The World Health Organization ( WHO) has slightly different criteria for defining the metabolic syndrome: High insulin levels, an elevated fasting blood glucose or an elevated post-meal glucose alone with at least two of the following criteria: Abdominal obesity as defined by a waist-to-hip ratio of greater than 0.9, a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2 or a waist measurement over 37 inches Cholesterol panel showing a triglyceride level of at least 150 mg/dl or an HDL cholesterol lower than 35 mg/dl Blood pressure of 130/80 or higher (or on treatment for high blood pressure) Approximately 20%-30% of the population in industrialized countries has metabolic syndrome.
system: What are the dangers of having metabolic syndrome?
output: While obesity itself is likely the greatest risk factor, others include: Being in postmenopause Smoking Eating a diet that is excessively high in carbohydrates Not getting enough physical activity Metabolic syndrome is a condition that can lead to both diabetes and heart disease, two of the most common chronic diseases today. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (the common type of diabetes) anywhere from 9 to 30 times over the normal population. As to the risk of heart disease, studies vary, but metabolic syndrome appears to increase the risk 2 to 4 times that of the normal population.
system: How do drugs help in treating metabolic syndrome?
output: Medications also may be useful. Drugs to control cholesterol and high blood pressure may be considered. Some blood pressure medications -- ACE inhibitors -- have also been found to reduce levels of insulin resistance and to defer the complications of type 2 diabetes. This is an important consideration when discussing the choice of blood pressure drugs in the metabolic syndrome. However, there are currently no established guidelines on treating metabolic syndrome patients with metformin if they do not have a diabetes diagnosis.
system: How can adopting an exercise plan help in treating metabolic syndrome?
output: In itself, exercise is helpful in treating metabolic syndrome. Studies show no benefit in liposuction on insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, or cholesterol.
system: What are the risks of Bisphenol A (BPA)?
output: The FDA maintains that studies using standardized toxicity tests have shown BPA to be safe at the current low levels of human exposure. But based on other evidence -- largely from animal studies -- the FDA expressed "some concern" about the potential effects of BPA on the brain, behavior, and prostate glands in fetuses, infants, and young children.
system: What is Bisphenol A (BPA)?
output: BPA is a chemical that has been used to harden plastics for more than 40 years. It's everywhere. It's in medical devices, compact discs, dental sealants, water bottles, the lining of canned foods and drinks, and many other products. More than 90% of us have BPA in our bodies right now. We get most of it by eating foods that have been in containers made with BPA. It's also possible to pick up BPA through air, dust, and water.
system: What states have banned the use of Bisphenol A (BPA)?
output: Similar laws are likely to pass in New York and California, and state legislatures are considering restrictions in many other states. It isn't as hard as it once was. Throw out any plastic products -- like bottles or sippy cups -- that are chipped or cracked.
system: When should you call your doctor about ketoacidosis?
output: If you have these symptoms, call your doctor: Thirstiness or a dry mouth Peeing a lot Feeling tired Dry or flushed skin Feeling sick to your stomach Throwing up Trouble breathing Confusion Fruity-smelling breath Pain in your belly When you have diabetes, throwing up can be especially dangerous.
system: What causes people with diabetes to get ketoacidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis?
output: They can also get DKA when they're sick or injured or they don't get enough fluids and become dehydrated.
system: When is ketosis dangerous?
output: If you have uncontrolled diabetes, ketosis can become dangerous when ketones build up. High levels lead to dehydration and change the chemical balance of your blood.
system: How does ketosis help you lose weight?
output: Ketosis is a popular weight loss strategy. Low-carb eating plans include the first part of the Atkins diet and the Paleo diet, which stress proteins for fueling your body. In addition to helping you burn fat, ketosis can make you feel less hungry. It also helps you maintain muscle.
system: Who may go on a ketogenic diet?
output: Doctors may put children who have epilepsy on a ketogenic diet, a special high-fat, very low-carb and protein plan because it might help prevent seizures. Adults with epilepsy sometimes eat modified Atkins diets.
system: What is ketosis?
output: Ketosis is a normal process that happens when your body doesn't have enough carbs to burn for energy. Instead, it burns fat and makes substances called ketones, which it can use for fuel. Ketosis is a word you'll probably see when you're looking for information on diabetes or weight loss. Is it a good thing or a bad thing? That depends. Ketosis is a popular weight loss strategy.
system: What is the risk of throwing up if you have diabetes?
output: If you have these symptoms, call your doctor: Thirstiness or a dry mouth Peeing a lot Feeling tired Dry or flushed skin Feeling sick to your stomach Throwing up Trouble breathing Confusion Fruity-smelling breath Pain in your belly When you have diabetes, throwing up can be especially dangerous. Although DKA usually starts off slowly, throwing up can speed up the process so that it happens in just a few hours. Call your doctor if you've been throwing up for 2 hours.