laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What tests are done to help make sure a lung biopsy is safe for you?
output: To make sure a lung biopsy is safe, your doctor may suggest you get a full physical exam and blood tests. Let him know if you're pregnant or have any allergies, including to latex or drugs.
system: What is video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery?
output: It checks for problems on the outside of your lungs. You'll get general anesthesia for this procedure, which means you won't be awake for it. Your doctor puts a breathing tube down your throat and into your lungs and keeps tabs on your breathing, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and heart rate. The doctor makes up to three small cuts on your chest between your ribs, then puts a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end and uses tiny tools to pull out some cells.
system: What do you need to know about lung biopsy?
output: In this procedure, a doctor removes a small sample of cells from your lung and checks it under a microscope for signs of disease. You may also get a lung biopsy to help figure out why there's fluid in your lungs or to diagnose cancer. Whatever the reason, you may have lots of questions about how it's done and how to get ready. A lot depends on which type of lung biopsy your doctor recommends. To find the best place to do the procedure, you'll get an ultrasound, CT scan, or a special type of X-ray known as fluoroscopy.
system: What is an open lung biopsy (limited thoracotomy)?
output: In this procedure, a doctor removes a small sample of cells from your lung and checks it under a microscope for signs of disease. A light and camera help guide tiny tools that take cells from your lung out through the tube. You usually get this type of lung biopsy when cells can't be reached with a bronchoscopy. You'll get general anesthesia for this procedure, which means you won't be awake for it.
system: Can you eat before you have a lung biopsy?
output: You'll need to avoid coughing, and you may have to hold your breath. If you'll be awake during the procedure, you may be able to drink water in the morning.
system: What should I do for someone with hypothermia?
output: Confusion, memory loss, or slurred speech Drop in body temperature below 95 Farenheit Exhaustion or drowsiness Loss of consciousness Numb hands or feet Shallow breathing Shivering In infants, symptoms include: Bright red, cold skin Very low energy level Get the person indoors. Remove wet clothing and dry the person off, if needed. Warm the person's trunk first, not hands and feet. Warming extremities first can cause shock. Warm the person by wrapping him or her in blankets or putting dry clothing on the person. Do not immerse the person in warm water. Rapid warming can cause heart arrhythmia. If using hot water bottles or chemical hot packs, wrap them in cloth; don't apply them directly to the skin.
system: What are symptoms of hypothermia in adults and children?
output: Confusion, memory loss, or slurred speech Drop in body temperature below 95 Farenheit Exhaustion or drowsiness Loss of consciousness Numb hands or feet Shallow breathing Shivering In infants, symptoms include: Bright red, cold skin Very low energy level Get the person indoors.
system: How can cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) help with treating hypothermia?
output: Hypothermia causes respiratory rates to plunge, and a pulse might be difficult to detect. For a child, start CPR for children. For an adult, start adult CPR. Continue CPR until the person begins breathing or emergency help arrives.
system: What are symptoms of hypothermia in infants?
output: Confusion, memory loss, or slurred speech Drop in body temperature below 95 Farenheit Exhaustion or drowsiness Loss of consciousness Numb hands or feet Shallow breathing Shivering In infants, symptoms include: Bright red, cold skin Very low energy level Get the person indoors.
system: Can drinking fluids help with hypothermia?
output: If the person is not breathing, start CPR immediately. Avoid caffeine or alcohol.
system: What is the link between ADHD and marijuana use?
output: Researchers have also found links between ADHD and the use of marijuana and other recreational drugs, particularly in people who also have other psychological disorders (such as obsessive-compulsive disorder). What's more, people with ADHD typically start having problems with drugs and alcohol at an earlier age than people without the condition.
system: What kind of problems can ADHD turn into?
output: People with ADHD tend to be more impulsive and likely to have behavior problems, both of which can contribute to drug and alcohol abuse, researchers say.
system: What do long-term studies suggest about substance abuse in boys with ADHD?
output: One of the longest-term studies, which followed 100 boys with ADHD for 10 years, showed no greater risk for substance abuse in boys who took stimulant drugs compared to those who didn't take the drugs. An earlier study by the same authors even suggested that stimulant use might protect against later drug abuse and alcoholism in children with ADHD by relieving the ADHD symptoms that often lead to substance abuse problems. The earlier the stimulants are started, the lower the potential for substance abuse down the road.
system: When is it more common for children with ADHD to start abusing alcohol?
output: It is also more common for children with ADHD to start abusing alcohol during their teenage years. In one study, 14% of children ages 15-17 with ADHD had problems with alcohol abuse or dependence as adults, compared to peers without ADHD. Another study found that at a mean age of 14.9 years, 40% of children with ADHD began using alcohol, compared to 22% of children without an ADHD diagnosis -- a strong predictor of alcohol and substance abuse in adulthood. Young adults (mean age of 25), on the other hand, were just as likely to use alcohol whether or not they had an ADHD diagnosis, but those with ADHD were likelier to use alcohol excessively .
system: Why are people with ADHD more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol?
output: People with ADHD tend to be more impulsive and likely to have behavior problems, both of which can contribute to drug and alcohol abuse, researchers say. Also, both ADHD and alcoholism tend to run in families. A child with ADHD who has a parent with alcoholism is more likely to also develop an alcohol abuse problem. Researchers have pointed to common genes shared between ADHD and alcoholism.
system: Why do parents worry about treating their children for ADHD?
output: Parents sometimes worry whether the stimulant drugs their children are taking to treat ADHD (such as Ritalin and Adderall) are themselves addictive.
system: Why are people with ADHD more likely to have problems with drugs or alcohol?
output: People with ADHD tend to be more impulsive and likely to have behavior problems, both of which can contribute to drug and alcohol abuse, researchers say.
system: Is ADHD more common in people with alcohol or substance abuse problems?
output: Several studies have shown a strong connection between ADHD, drug abuse, and alcoholism. ADHD is five to 10 times more common among adult alcoholics than it is in people without the condition. Among adults being treated for alcohol and substance abuse, the rate of ADHD is about 25%.
system: Are Ritalin or other stimulants effective in someone with both ADHD and substance abuse problems?
output: Whether Ritalin and other stimulants are effective treatments for ADHD patients with substance abuse problems is less clear. These drugs may be useful when prescribed in a long-acting form and in a controlled way to minimize the risk for becoming physically dependent on or misusing them.
system: What treatment is available to someone with ADHD who develops an alcohol or substance abuse problem?
output: It's important to remember that not everyone with ADHD will develop an alcohol or substance abuse problem. In adults who do develop a problem, doctors suggest treatment with nonstimulant medications, including guanfacine ( Tenex, Intuniv), Clonidine ( Kapvay), or atomoxetine ( Strattera), and sometimes certain antidepressants such as Desipramine ( Norpramin) and Bupropion ( Wellbutrin).
system: How do stimulant medications work to treat ADHD?
output: Stimulant medications work by raising levels of a chemical messenger called dopamine in the brain, which helps improve focus and attention -- skills that people with ADHD often find difficult to master.
system: Is it more common for children with ADHD to abuse alcohol as teenagers?
output: It is also more common for children with ADHD to start abusing alcohol during their teenage years. In one study, 14% of children ages 15-17 with ADHD had problems with alcohol abuse or dependence as adults, compared to peers without ADHD.
system: How are ADHD medications abused?
output: There have been reports of people using ADHD stimulants that weren't prescribed for them. People have crushed and snorted Ritalin tablets or dissolved the drug in water and taken it intravenously. Studies show that abusing Ritalin can lead to dependence on the drug. When carefully taken as prescribed, though, Ritalin is less likely to be addictive in children or adults.
system: Do ADHD and alcoholism run in families?
output: Also, both ADHD and alcoholism tend to run in families. A child with ADHD who has a parent with alcoholism is more likely to also develop an alcohol abuse problem. Researchers have pointed to common genes shared between ADHD and alcoholism.
system: What kind of substance abuse programs are available for people with ADHD?
output: Individual or group therapy, as well as 12-step support groups, can also be an important part of the substance abuse program for people with ADHD.
system: Are children with ADHD more at risk for substance abuse problems as adults?
output: People with ADHD tend to be more impulsive and likely to have behavior problems, both of which can contribute to drug and alcohol abuse, researchers say.
system: What happens if someone develops a tolerance to ADHD medication?
output: Long-term use of all stimulants can sometimes lead to a phenomenon called tolerance -- that is, higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect of a controlled substance. If and when this happens, a doctor may then be more likely to consider using nonstimulant medicines to treat ADHD.
system: How effective is Ritalin in ADHD patients?
output: Parents sometimes worry whether the stimulant drugs their children are taking to treat ADHD (such as Ritalin and Adderall) are themselves addictive. When carefully taken as prescribed, though, Ritalin is less likely to be addictive in children or adults. It's important to remember that not everyone with ADHD will develop an alcohol or substance abuse problem.
system: How similar is Ritalin to cocaine?
output: What's more, people with ADHD typically start having problems with drugs and alcohol at an earlier age than people without the condition. However, researchers have found marked differences between the two drugs. One of the factors that leads to addiction and drug abuse is how quickly a drug raises dopamine levels. The faster dopamine levels go up, the greater the potential for abuse. One researcher found that Ritalin takes about an hour to raise dopamine levels in the brain, compared to only seconds with inhaled cocaine. The doses of Ritalin and other stimulants used to treat ADHD tend to be lower and longer-acting, which reduces the risk of addiction. Long-term use of all stimulants can sometimes lead to a phenomenon called tolerance -- that is, higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect of a controlled substance. If and when this happens, a doctor may then be more likely to consider using nonstimulant medicines to treat ADHD.
system: What are signs of a dust mite allergy?
output: If you are sensitive or allergic to them, you may have: Watery, red eyes Runny or itchy nose and sneezing Sore throat or hoarse voice Coughing and other breathing problems Skin rash and itching Worsening of your asthma Dust mites settle down in carpet, draperies, stuffed animals, and upholstered furniture.
system: What are some tips for using dust mite covers for mattresses and pillows to prevent allergies?
output: You can find dust mite covers for mattresses, pillows, and box springs at mattress and allergy supply stores and in a variety of materials. Plastic or vinyl covers with zippers help seal in allergens so you don't inhale them when sleeping. Plastic or vinyl covers are easier to keep clean than covers made of natural fibers. Many plastic covers have an outer layer of material like nylon to make them more comfortable. If possible, cover your mattress and pillows when they are new. Put duct tape or electrical tape over cover zippers to double-block dust-mites from coming and going.
system: Where do dust mites live?
output: Dust mites are everywhere -- anywhere there are people or animals, warm temperatures, and high humidity. They like to be indoors, where they can get plenty of food like mold spores and dead skin cells from people and pets. If you are sensitive or allergic to them, you may have: Watery, red eyes Runny or itchy nose and sneezing Sore throat or hoarse voice Coughing and other breathing problems Skin rash and itching Worsening of your asthma Dust mites settle down in carpet, draperies, stuffed animals, and upholstered furniture. Mattresses, pillows, and soft bedding are favorite hangouts.
system: What are some ways to minimize dust mites to prevent allergies?
output: You can find dust mite covers for mattresses, pillows, and box springs at mattress and allergy supply stores and in a variety of materials. Cold water does not kill dust mites. Wash sheets and pillowcases at least once a week. Wash comforters and bedspreads every one to two months. Consider using an electric blanket, which can reduce humidity on bed surfaces. Wash and dry stuffed animals often and keep them off beds. Clean mattresses in late winter and early spring by vacuuming them with the upholstery attachment on your vacuum cleaner or a powerful handheld vacuum.
system: What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
output: That's because your kidneys can't remove waste products from your body like they should.
system: Why do you need to limit potassium when you have chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
output: This mineral helps your nerves and muscles work properly. But when you have CKD, your body can't filter out excess potassium. When you have too much of it in your blood, it can lead to serious heart problems.
system: How can you cut sodium in your diet when you have chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
output: Try these simple tips to cut the sodium in your diet: Avoid table salt and high-sodium seasonings (soy sauce, sea salt, garlic salt, etc.). Cook at home -- most fast foods are high in sodium.
system: Is the Whipple procedure available for patients newly diagnosed with pancreatic cancer?
output: The Whipple procedure isn't an option for the 40% of newly diagnosed patients whose tumors have spread (metastasized) beyond the pancreas. Only rarely is it an option for the 40% of patients with locally advanced disease that has spread to adjacent areas such as the superior mesenteric vein and artery, or for those whose tumors have spread to the body or tail of the pancreas.
system: Who is a candidate for the Whipple procedure?
output: Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven't spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity. Intensive testing is usually necessary to identify possible candidates for the Whipple procedure. Some patients may be eligible for a minimally invasive (laparoscopic) Whipple procedure, which is performed through several small incisions instead of a single large incision. Compared to the classic procedure, the laparoscopic procedure may result in less blood loss, a shorter hospital stay, a quicker recovery, and fewer complications. The Whipple procedure isn't an option for the 40% of newly diagnosed patients whose tumors have spread (metastasized) beyond the pancreas. Only rarely is it an option for the 40% of patients with locally advanced disease that has spread to adjacent areas such as the superior mesenteric vein and artery, or for those whose tumors have spread to the body or tail of the pancreas.
system: How many people survive after the Whipple procedure?
output: Overall, the five-year survival rate after a Whipple procedure is about 20 to 25%. Even if the procedure successfully removes the visible tumor, it's possible that some cancer cells have already spread elsewhere in the body, where they can form new tumors and eventually cause death. The five-year survival rate is higher in node-negative patients (their cancer has not spread to nearby lymph nodes) than for node-positive patients.
system: How long do patients stay in the hospital after a Whipple procedure?
output: Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Because recovery can be slow and painful, they usually need to take prescription or over-the-counter pain medications.
system: What are other complications after the Whipple procedure?
output: Other possible complications include: Weight loss. Most patients can expect to lose weight after the surgery. Diabetes. This condition can develop if too many insulin-producing cells are removed from the pancreas. However, patients who have normal blood sugar before surgery are unlikely to develop diabetes, and those who recently developed diabetes before surgery are even likely to improve.
system: What other treatments do patients get after the Whipple procedure?
output: Regardless of node status, most patients receive chemotherapy, radiation, or both after surgery. However, cancer specialists have differing opinions on the best combination and the best drugs to use. It's not yet known if therapy works better before or after surgery. But some research suggests that therapy could allow a few patients who are initially thought to be ineligible for surgery to eventually undergo the Whipple procedure. Studies are ongoing.
system: How long does the Whipple procedure take?
output: The Whipple procedure can take several hours to perform and requires great surgical skill and experience. The area around the pancreas is complex and surgeons often encounter patients who have a variation in the arrangement of blood vessels and ducts.
system: Where should the Whipple procedure be done?
output: Because the Whipple procedure continues to be one of the most demanding and risky operations for surgeons and patients, the American Cancer Society says it's best to have the procedure done at a hospital that performs at least 15 to 20 pancreas surgeries per year. The organization also recommends choosing a surgeon who does many such operations.
system: Who should perform the Whipple procedure?
output: The Whipple procedure can take several hours to perform and requires great surgical skill and experience. The area around the pancreas is complex and surgeons often encounter patients who have a variation in the arrangement of blood vessels and ducts.
system: What is it like for patients after the Whipple procedure?
output: At first, patients can eat only small amounts of easily digestible food. They may need to take pancreatic enzymes -- either short-term or long-term -- to assist with digestion. Diarrhea is a common problem during the two or three months it usually takes for the rearranged digestive tract to fully recover.
system: What is the death rate for patients undergoing the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer?
output: Since then, improvements in diagnosis, staging, surgical techniques, anesthesia, and postoperative care have reduced the short-term death rate to less than 4% in patients whose operation is performed at cancer centers by experienced surgeons. At some major centers, the reported death rate is less than 1%. But the rate may still be above 15% in patients who are treated at small hospitals or by less experienced surgeons.
system: What is recovery from the Whipple procedure like?
output: Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Because recovery can be slow and painful, they usually need to take prescription or over-the-counter pain medications. At first, patients can eat only small amounts of easily digestible food. They may need to take pancreatic enzymes -- either short-term or long-term -- to assist with digestion. Diarrhea is a common problem during the two or three months it usually takes for the rearranged digestive tract to fully recover.
system: What is the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer?
output: Also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple procedure involves removal of the "head" (wide part) of the pancreas next to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It also involves removal of the duodenum, a portion of the common bile duct, gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach. Afterward, surgeons reconnect the remaining intestine, bile duct, and pancreas.
system: Which pancreatic cancer patients can have the Whipple procedure done?
output: Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven't spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity. Intensive testing is usually necessary to identify possible candidates for the Whipple procedure.
system: What is the Whipple procedure?
output: Also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple procedure involves removal of the "head" (wide part) of the pancreas next to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It also involves removal of the duodenum, a portion of the common bile duct, gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach. Afterward, surgeons reconnect the remaining intestine, bile duct, and pancreas. After the Whipple procedure was introduced, many surgeons were reluctant to perform it because it had a high death rate.
system: What is the prognosis for pancreatic cancer?
output: Because pancreatic cancer often grows and spreads long before it causes any symptoms, only about 6% of patients are still alive five years after diagnosis. One of the most common of these include the development of false channels (fistulas) and leakage from the site of the bowel reconnection.
system: How many people die from the Whipple procedure?
output: The classic Whipple procedure is named after Allen Whipple, MD, a Columbia University surgeon who was the first American to perform the operation in 1935. As recently as the 1970s, up to 25% of patients either died during the surgery or shortly thereafter. Since then, improvements in diagnosis, staging, surgical techniques, anesthesia, and postoperative care have reduced the short-term death rate to less than 4% in patients whose operation is performed at cancer centers by experienced surgeons. At some major centers, the reported death rate is less than 1%. But the rate may still be above 15% in patients who are treated at small hospitals or by less experienced surgeons.
system: What should you expect if you have pancreatic cancer?
output: Because pancreatic cancer often grows and spreads long before it causes any symptoms, only about 6% of patients are still alive five years after diagnosis. One of the most common of these include the development of false channels (fistulas) and leakage from the site of the bowel reconnection.
system: What are complications of the Whipple procedure?
output: One of the most common of these include the development of false channels (fistulas) and leakage from the site of the bowel reconnection. Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Most patients can expect to lose weight after the surgery.