laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What causes blood clots?
output: Waxy cholesterol plaques that form in arteries have these things inside, too. If the plaque breaks open, they'll start the clotting process. Most heart attacks and strokes happen when a plaque in your heart or brain suddenly bursts. Blood clots can also form when your blood doesn't flow properly. If it pools in your blood vessels or heart, the platelets are more likely to stick together. Atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis ( DVT) are two conditions where slowly moving blood can cause clotting problems.
system: How do blood thinners affect the clotting process?
output: Aspirin Clopidogrel ( Plavix) Dipyridamole ( Persantine) Prasugrel ( Effient) Ticagrelor ( Brilinta) Ticlopidine ( Ticlid) Medicines called blood thinnersmake it hard for your body to make clotting factors, or they prevent proteins in the clot-forming process from working. Apixaban ( Eliquis) Dabigatran ( Pradaxa) Edoxaban ( Savaysa) Heparin Rivaroxaban ( Xarelto) Warfarin ( Coumadin) Clot-dissolving drugs such as altplase, streptokinase, and tenecteplase activate the protein that breaks down the fibrin strands.
system: How does blood clot?
output: Platelets form a plug. Tiny bits in your blood called platelets get "turned on" by triggers released when a blood vessel is damaged. They stick to the walls in the area and each other, changing shape to form a plug that fills in the broken part to stop blood from leaking out. When activated, platelets also release chemicals to attract more platelets and other cells, and to set off the next step. The clot grows. Proteins in your blood called clotting factors signal each other to cause a rapid chain reaction. It ends with a dissolved substance in your blood turning into long strands of fibrin. These get tangled up with the platelets in the plug to create a net that traps even more platelets and cells. The clot becomes much tougher and more durable. Reactions stop its growth. Other proteins offset extra clotting factor proteins so the clot doesn't spread farther than it needs to. Your body slowly breaks it down. As the damaged tissue heals, you don't need the clot any more. The tough fibrin strands dissolve, and your blood takes back the platelets and cells of the clot.
system: How can you track heartburn triggers?
output: Heartburn can limit your menu choices, interrupt your sleep, and interfere with your daily activities. Keeping tabs on what you eat and when you eat will help your doctor determine what's causing your symptoms. Then together, you can figure out how to prevent them. You can track heartburn triggers by keeping a heartburn diary. Make sure you include notes about portion size -- and be honest! If you have pain after eating a certain food, write that down, too.
system: What can help with heartburn?
output: what the pain feels like what makes it feel better Remember, understanding your heartburn triggers and learning how to avoid them can help you dodge the discomfort of heartburn. An episode of heartburn every now and then is usually nothing to worry about. But call your doctor if you have heartburn frequently of if severe heartburn that interferes with your daily activities.
system: What can you do to prevent heartburn after meals?
output: Eat five or six small meals each day, instead of several large meals. Don't eat before bedtime. Allow 2 hours to digest your food before lying down. This allows time for the food to pass out of the stomach and into the small intestine, rather than having it back up into the esophagus. Lying down makes digestion difficult and makes heartburn more likely.
system: What information should you keep track of for your heartburn?
output: Your diary should include the following information for each day: what you eat and drink, and when time and type of exercise medicines you take and the time you take them if you have pain, and if so, when your pain started (for example, did the heartburn happen after you ate breakfast or took an aspirin?)
system: What food and drinks trigger heartburn?
output: A number of foods and drinks can cause the LES to relax. Food and drinks that commonly trigger heartburn include: alcohol, particularly red wine black pepper, garlic, raw onions, and other spicy foods chocolate citrus fruits and products, such as lemons, oranges and orange juice coffee and caffeinated drinks, including tea and soda peppermint tomatoes However, unless these foods are causing you heartburn you don't have to avoid them.
system: What should you do if medicines are causing your heartburn?
output: But call your doctor if you have heartburn frequently of if severe heartburn that interferes with your daily activities.
system: What are other types of medications that can lead to heartburn?
output: A number of foods and drinks can cause the LES to relax. They include: An asthma medicine called theophylline, taken by mouth Sedatives Narcotic painkillers Progesterone, a hormone found in some birth control pills Medicines for Parkinson's disease Tricyclic antidepressants Certain supplements such as iron and potassium Chemotherapy drugs and a class of osteoporosis medicines called bisphosphates can injure the lining of the esophagus and make heartburn more likely. Taking your osteoporosis medicine with a big glass of water and avoiding lying down for 30 minutes to an hour helps to prevent problems.
system: How can exercises trigger heartburn?
output: This allows time for the food to pass out of the stomach and into the small intestine, rather than having it back up into the esophagus. Keep in mind that leg lifts also work the abdominal muscles and may aggravate heartburn symptoms too. Activities such as headstands and yoga moves like downward dog can reverse the natural flow of stomach contents and may trigger heartburn. Jarring exercises, such as jogging or aerobics, can slosh stomach contents around and upward if you have a weak LES. But never exercise on a full stomach. Doing so increases abdominal pressure, which makes heartburn more likely. Food takes several hours to digest so it really is a matter of what works for you. Most experts recommend waiting about two hours after eating before working out.
system: What medications can trigger heartburn?
output: Heartburn is no reason not to exercise. But regular use of aspirin or a popular class of painkillers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) may irritate the esophagus. NSAIDs include ibuprofen, naproxen, and prescription Cox-2 inhibitors such as Celebrex. These drugs are often used to treat arthritis. Several different types of blood pressure medicines can also cause heartburn. Many blood pressure and heart disease medicines, including calcium channel blockers and nitrates, relax the LES muscle, making it easy for your stomach acids to retreat backwards. Always tell your doctor if a new prescription or over-the-counter medicine gives you heartburn or makes your heartburn worse.
system: Do environmental factors play a role in Crohn's disease?
output: Environmental factors may help trigger Crohn's disease. Also, it should be noted that because a potential trigger is linked or associated to a condition does not mean that it causes it. Associated environmental factors may include any of the following: Substances from something you've eaten Microbes such as bacteria or viruses Cigarette smoke Other substances that are yet unknown Environmental factors may contribute to Crohn's disease in one of these two ways: They may trigger an immune system response.
system: Who is most likely to have Crohn's disease?
output: Brothers, sisters, children, and parents of persons with IBD, including Crohn's disease, are slightly more likely to develop the disease themselves. About 10% to 20% of people with Crohn's disease have at least one other family member who also has the disease. The condition is more common in certain ethnic groups, such as Jews, and is more prevalent in Caucasians.
system: What do scientists think causes Crohn's disease?
output: Scientists believe that Crohn's disease is caused by a combination of these factors: Immune system problems Genetics Environmental factors How might each of these factors contribute to Crohn's disease?
system: What can I do to control Crohn's disease?
output: The factors involved in causing Crohn's disease are complex. Scientists continue to seek more information about the causes -- in hopes of finding better ways to diagnose, treat, and perhaps even cure this frustrating and painful disease. In the meantime, understanding current theories about the causes of Crohn's disease can help you work with your doctor to explore how various treatments might work to control this condition.
system: Is Crohn's disease passed genetically?
output: Scientists have identified a gene associated with Crohn's disease. This gene helps the body decide how to react to certain microbes. If the gene has changed or mutated in some way, your body's reaction to microbes may also be different from the normal reaction. Over time, IBD or Crohn's disease may develop. People with Crohn's disease have this mutated gene twice as often as people who do not have the disease.
system: How does the immune system work?
output: Usually, cells of the immune system defend the body from harmful microbes -- bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other foreign substances -- that have entered it. This immune system response causes inflammation. Inflammation subsides. If the gene has changed or mutated in some way, your body's reaction to microbes may also be different from the normal reaction.
system: How does the immune system in a person with Crohn's disease work?
output: This immune system response causes inflammation. For some reason, though, people with Crohn's disease have an immune system that reacts inappropriately. The immune system may be defending the body against helpful microbes by mistake.
system: How are leg cramps prevented?
output: Here are some simple things you can do: Stretch during the day and before bed. Focus on your calf and foot muscles. Drink plenty of water. Move around during the day to exercise your feet and legs. Wear comfortable, supportive shoes. Sleep under loose covers, especially if you sleep on your back.
system: How serious are leg cramps?
output: Other things can raise the likelihood of leg cramps, including: Diabetes Parkinson's disease Alcoholism Low blood sugar Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism Imbalances in chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium Flat feet Certain medications can also cause leg cramps.
system: What should you do if you get leg cramps?
output: These include: High blood pressure drugs Statins to treat high cholesterol Medications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) Next time a leg cramp strikes, try any of these: Stretch the muscle. Stand on the cramped leg. Massage the muscle. Flex your foot. Grab your toes and pull them toward you. Ice the cramp. Take a warm bath.
system: What medications can cause leg cramps?
output: Other things can raise the likelihood of leg cramps, including: Diabetes Parkinson's disease Alcoholism Low blood sugar Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism Imbalances in chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium Flat feet Certain medications can also cause leg cramps. These include: High blood pressure drugs Statins to treat high cholesterol Medications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) Next time a leg cramp strikes, try any of these: Stretch the muscle.
system: When are you more likely to get leg cramps?
output: While they can strike people of all ages, if you're 50 or older you might get them more often. Stand too long on hard surfaces. Drink plenty of water.
system: What are the sex- and age- related prevalence of leg cramps?
output: While they can strike people of all ages, if you're 50 or older you might get them more often. If you have frequent and severe leg cramps, talk to your doctor.
system: What lifestyle changes can decrease the risk of getting gum disease?
output: Other health and lifestyle changes that will decrease the risk, severity, and speed of gum disease development include: Stop smoking. Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for development of periodontitis. Smokers are seven times more likely to get gum disease than nonsmokers, and smoking can lower the chances of success of some treatments. Reduce stress . Stress may make it difficult for your body's immune system to fight off infection. Maintain a well-balanced diet. Proper nutrition helps your immune system fight infection. Eating foods with antioxidant properties -- for example, those containing vitamin E ( vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables) and vitamin C (citrus fruits, broccoli, potatoes) -- can help your body repair damaged tissue. Avoid clenching and grinding your teeth. These actions may put excess force on the supporting tissues of the teeth and could increase the rate at which these tissues are destroyed.
system: What's the difference between gingivitis and periodontitis (gum disease)?
output: Gingivitis (gum inflammation) usually precedes periodontitis (gum disease). However, it is important to know that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria in plaque build up, causing the gums to become inflamed and to easily bleed during tooth brushing. Although the gums may be irritated, the teeth are still firmly planted in their sockets. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage. When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In a person with periodontitis, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. Toxins or poisons -- produced by the bacteria in plaque as well as the body's "good" enzymes involved in fighting infections -- start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. When this happens, teeth are no longer anchored in place, they become loose, and tooth loss occurs. Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.
system: What causes gum disease?
output: Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Plaque is the primary cause of gum disease. However, other factors can contribute to periodontal disease. These include: Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy, puberty, menopause, and monthly menstruation, make gums more sensitive, which makes it easier for gingivitis to develop. Illnesses may affect the condition of your gums. This includes diseases such as cancer or HIV that interfere with the immune system. Because diabetes affects the body's ability to use blood sugar, patients with this disease are at higher risk of developing infections, including periodontal disease and cavities. Medications can affect oral health, because some lessen the flow of saliva, which has a protective effect on teeth and gums. Some drugs, such as the anticonvulsant medication Dilantin and the anti-angina drug Procardia and Adalat, can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue. Bad habits such as smoking make it harder for gum tissue to repair itself. Poor oral hygiene habits such as not brushing and flossing on a daily basis, make it easier for gingivitis to develop. Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis.
system: What is periodontal disease (gum disease)?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Periodontitis, also generally called gum disease or periodontal disease, begins with bacterial growth in your mouth and may end -- if not properly treated -- with tooth loss due to destruction of the tissue that surrounds your teeth.
system: How can gum disease be prevented?
output: Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis. Proper plaque control consists of professional cleanings at least twice a year and daily brushing and flossing. Brushing eliminates plaque from the surfaces of the teeth that can be reached; flossing removes food particles and plaque from in between the teeth and under the gum line. Antibacterial mouth rinses can reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease, according to the American Dental Association.
system: Is gum disease linked to other health problems?
output: The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. In some people, gum disease may affect only certain teeth, such as the molars. Treatment options depend on the stage of disease, how you may have responded to earlier treatments, and your overall health. Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for development of periodontitis.
system: What are the goals of treatment for atrial flutter?
output: The goals are to control the heart rate, restore a normal sinus rhythm, prevent future episodes, and prevent stroke.
system: How can you prevent future episodes of atrial flutter?
output: Prevent future episodes: You can do this by taking daily medication to keep you heart beating at a safe and comfortable rate.
system: What is a complication of atrial flutter?
output: The choice of medication depends on how often atrial flutter happens, the root cause, your other medical conditions and overall health, and the other drugs you take. The classes of medications used in atrial flutter are: Heart rate medicines: The most common way to treat atrial fibrillation is with drugs that control your heartbeat. These slow your rapid heart rate so your heart can pump more effectively.
system: How do you know what medications to use for atrial flutter?
output: The choice of medication depends on how often atrial flutter happens, the root cause, your other medical conditions and overall health, and the other drugs you take.
system: How long does atrial flutter last?
output: Paroxysmal atrial flutter can come and go. An episode of atrial flutter usually lasts hours or days. Persistent atrial flutter is more or less permanent.
system: How does controlling the ventricular rate treat atrial flutter?
output: Control your heart rate: The first treatment goal is to control the ventricular rate. If you have serious symptoms, like chest pain or congestive heart failure related to the ventricular rate, the doctor will lower your heart rate rapidly with IV medications or electrical shock. ( This is called cardioversion.) If you have no serious symptoms, you may get medications by mouth. Sometimes you may need a combination of oral drugs to control your heart rate. You might need surgery to control your heart rate or rhythm, but this is rare.
system: What is the outlook of atrial flutter?
output: But if you don't have other heart disease, your outlook is generally quite good. If it happens once without serious heart or lung disease, you may never have it again. If you do have other heart disease, your atrial flutter may come back. If that happens, you should see a heart specialist (cardiologist).
system: What are symptoms of atrial flutter if you have heart or lung disease?
output: Others describe: Palpitations (rapid heartbeat or a pounding or fluttering sensation in the chest) Shortness of breath Anxiety People with heart or lung disease who have atrial flutter may have these and other, more significant symptoms: Angina pectoris (chest or heart pains) Feeling faint or light-headed Syncope (fainting) Call your doctor: If you have any of the symptoms of atrial flutter If you're taking medication for atrial flutter, and you have any of the signs and symptoms described If you've been diagnosed and are being treated for atrial flutter, go immediately to a hospital emergency department if you: Have severe chest pain Feel faint or light-headed Faint When you tell him your symptoms, your doctor will probably suspect an arrhythmia.
system: How can you take care of an atrial flutter at home?
output: Talk to your doctor before taking any new medications, herbs, or supplements.
system: When does atrial flutter occur?
output: It beats extra-fast, about 250-400 beats per minute. The beat slows down when the signals reach the AV node, a bundle of cells in the upper wall of muscle between the ventricles, your heart's lower chambers. Because atrial flutter comes from the atria, it is called a supraventricular (above the ventricles) tachycardia. ( This is called cardioversion.)
system: Does atrial flutter increase your risk of getting a stroke?
output: Persistent atrial flutter is more or less permanent. Prevent stroke : This devastating complication of atrial flutter happens when a piece of a blood clot formed in your heart breaks off and travels to the brain, where it blocks blood flow. This lowers the odds that a blood clot will form in the heart or in a blood vessel and lead to a stroke. Atrial flutter does raise your chance of having a stroke.
system: What should you do if you have symptoms of atrial flutter but your electrocardiogram results are normal?
output: Others describe: Palpitations (rapid heartbeat or a pounding or fluttering sensation in the chest) Shortness of breath Anxiety People with heart or lung disease who have atrial flutter may have these and other, more significant symptoms: Angina pectoris (chest or heart pains) Feeling faint or light-headed Syncope (fainting) Call your doctor: If you have any of the symptoms of atrial flutter If you're taking medication for atrial flutter, and you have any of the signs and symptoms described If you've been diagnosed and are being treated for atrial flutter, go immediately to a hospital emergency department if you: Have severe chest pain Feel faint or light-headed Faint When you tell him your symptoms, your doctor will probably suspect an arrhythmia. Also, you can't get treatment until the doctor knows your specific arrhythmia type. That can happen because arrhythmia comes and goes. Or you may just have premature heartbeats, which aren't dangerous. This test can help your doctor find out if you have a significant arrhythmia and what type. If you have no serious symptoms, you may get medications by mouth. Atrial flutter does raise your chance of having a stroke.
system: How is defibrillation used to treat atrial flutter?
output: That can happen because arrhythmia comes and goes. ( This is called cardioversion.) The goal of treatment is to convert the atrial flutter to a normal sinus rhythm and make sure it doesn't come back. The first step in treatment is to restore a normal rate and sinus rhythm. These will give you a mild electrical shock to get your heart's rhythm back to normal.
system: How is catheter ablation (radiofrequency ablation) used to treat atrial flutter?
output: Atrial flutter results from an abnormal circuit inside the right atrium, or upper chamber of your heart. In some people, no root cause is ever found. Prevent stroke : This devastating complication of atrial flutter happens when a piece of a blood clot formed in your heart breaks off and travels to the brain, where it blocks blood flow. Radiofrequency ablation: This is a type of catheter ablation most often used for atrial flutter.
system: What controls the beating of the heart?
output: The beat slows down when the signals reach the AV node, a bundle of cells in the upper wall of muscle between the ventricles, your heart's lower chambers. Because atrial flutter comes from the atria, it is called a supraventricular (above the ventricles) tachycardia. These tests can tell a lot about what's happening with your heart: Electrocardiogram ( EKG): Measures and records the electrical impulses that control your heartbeat Highlights problems in these impulses and abnormalities in the heart The tracings can help pinpoint the type of arrhythmia and where in the heart it comes from.