laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is deep brain stimulation?
output: In the 1960s, surgery was used to destroy a small area deep in the brain called the thalamus (thalamotomy) or another part of the brain called the globus pallidus (pallidotomy). These surgeries are still done today, although less frequently because of the availability of deep brain stimulation. These surgeries carry significant risks: both thalamotomy and pallidotomy require purposeful destruction of areas of the brain. If the surgeon is off by even a fraction of an inch, the surgery may not be effective and severe complications such as paralysis, loss of vision, or loss of speech can result. The FDA has approved DBS to treat Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia.
system: Is deep brain stimulation considered experimental?
output: The electrode for deep brain stimulation is left in the brain. Dystonia is a type of movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures and twisting motions. The FDA has not specifically approved deep brain stimulation of the thalamus to treat multiple sclerosis.
system: Has the FDA approved deep brain stimulation of the thalamus to treat multiple sclerosis?
output: The FDA has approved DBS to treat Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. However, this does not mean that the treatment is experimental or that it would not be covered by insurance. There are many examples of treatments that are used every day but have not been approved by the FDA for a specific medical condition.
system: Can you prevent diabetic retinopathy and macular edema?
output: Many studies have shown that you can cut your odds of losing your vision from retinopathy and macular edema with strict control of your blood sugars, blood pressure, and cholesterol.
system: Does diabetic retinopathy cause macular edema?
output: Diabetic retinopathy may also cause macular edema. This happens when fluid leaks into the part of the retina that helps give you the sharp, central vision. You need that for reading, driving, and seeing fine details. Instead, things look blurry.
system: What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)?
output: If you continue to have high blood sugar over several years, though, you could go on to have a more severe disease known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. It's called "proliferative" because new blood vessels start to grow on the surface of the retina. These blood vessels are fragile and can leak blood or fluid. This causes scarring of the retina and long-term vision loss.
system: Can you slow or reverse vision loss due to diabetes?
output: If you find and treat diabetic retinopathy early, you can slow or even reverse some forms of vision loss. If you have diabetes, you should see an eye doctor at least once a year. If your annual exams are normal, you may be able to have follow-up exams every 2-3 years.
system: When is a vitrectomy indicated for people with diabetes?
output: These fragile blood vessels could tear, causing bleeding in your eye. This laser procedure may keep your vision better longer. It works best if used before the fragile new vessels have started to bleed. How Diabetes Affect Your Eyes and Eye Care Tips Diabetes and Eye Problems continued... A procedure called a vitrectomy may be used to remove the clear gel of the eye, called the vitreous, if it becomes clouded by blood. You may also need treatment to repair a detached retina or damaged macula caused by this new blood vessel growth. If you have macular edema, laser surgery or drugs placed inside your eye can slow leaking around the macula.
system: Do I need to do a lot of extra work to care for my eyes if I have diabetes?
output: Take heart: Diabetes care and eye care work together. It doesn't take a lot of extra work to take care of your eyes with diabetes. The steps you take to manage diabetes also help keep your eyes healthy. Follow your diabetes meal plan, get enough exercise, and take any diabetes drugs as prescribed. This helps keep your blood sugar levels healthy -- and gives you the best possible chance of keeping your eyesight strong.
system: How common is diabetic retinopathy?
output: Diabetes and Eye Problems Diabetic retinopathy: At some point, nearly 1 out of 3 people with diabetes has retinopathy -- damage to the blood vessels in the retina. That's the lining at the back of your eye. Non-proliferative retinopathy, which doesn't usually threaten your eyesight, is most common.
system: Does diabetes cause glaucoma?
output: Diabetes and glaucoma: Having diabetes doubles your odds of glaucoma, a condition that puts added pressure in your eye. This extra pressure can damage the retina and the optic nerve, the main eye nerve for sight. You likely won't have symptoms early on. Some people slowly lose vision or see bright halos or colored rings around lights. Glaucoma is treated with prescription eyedrops to lower eye pressure. In some cases, you may need laser treatment or surgery.
system: Why is it important to get your eyes checked if you have diabetes?
output: How Diabetes Affect Your Eyes and Eye Care Tips When you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, you're more likely to have eye problems than someone without it. High blood sugar can damage the tiny blood vessels in your eyes over time. That can lead to an eye disease called diabetic retinopathy. High blood sugar can also lead to cataracts and glaucoma. So take care of your diabetes -- and keep up with annual eye exams -- to take care of your eyes.
system: How can managing blood pressure help with diabetes-related eyesight complications?
output: Control your blood pressure to help slow or prevent eye disease caused by diabetes. Have your blood pressure checked by your doctor at every visit. If a low-salt diet, staying at a healthy weight, and exercise aren't enough to keep it under control, you may need drugs to bring it down to a healthier level. The goal for most people with diabetes is blood pressure of less than 130/80.
system: Does diabetes cause cataracts?
output: Diabetes and cataracts: You're more likely to have cataracts -- and at a younger age -- if you have diabetes. Cataracts cloud your eye's lens and cause blurred vision. If you have mild cataracts, sunglasses and glare-control glasses can help. If it's severe, cataract surgery replaces the cloudy lens with a man-made lens to improve your vision.
system: What are some warning signs of diabetes-related eyesight complications?
output: The sooner you notice an eye problem, the more likely treatment will help. Call your doctor if you have any of these symptoms: Blurry, cloudy, or double vision Flashing lights or rings around lights Blank, dark, or floating spots in your vision Pain, pressure, or constant redness in your eyes Trouble seeing signs or straight lines Trouble seeing out of the corner of your eye Any sudden change in your vision 5.
system: How often should I have dilated eye exams to check for diabetes-related eyesight complications?
output: An eye doctor needs to widen your pupils with special eyedrops to look for early signs of damage to tiny eye blood vessels. Get a full eye exam every year, so your eye doctor can find and treat problems early. If you are pregnant or planning to get pregnant, get an eye exam early in your pregnancy and stay in touch with your eye doctor throughout your pregnancy.
system: Is proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatable?
output: If you find and treat diabetic retinopathy early, you can slow or even reverse some forms of vision loss. Your doctor may target the retina with a special laser to shrink the new blood vessels. This laser procedure may keep your vision better longer. It works best if used before the fragile new vessels have started to bleed.
system: How can managing blood sugar help with diabetes-related eyesight complications?
output: Steady blood sugar control can slow the damage to the tiny blood vessels in your eyes. This helps prevent or delay the start of eye problems linked to diabetes. Two to four times a year, have an A1c blood test, which measures your glucose levels for the past 2 to 3 months. This helps your doctor to better plan your treatment. Aim for a test result of around 7% or less. This helps keep your blood sugar levels healthy -- and gives you the best possible chance of keeping your eyesight strong.
system: How can quitting smoking prevent diabetes-related eyesight complications?
output: Many studies have shown that you can cut your odds of losing your vision from retinopathy and macular edema with strict control of your blood sugars, blood pressure, and cholesterol. If you smoke, get help from your doctor, a support group, or a smoking cessation program so you have strength to quit -- and stay smoke-free. The American Cancer Society and other groups sponsor 800- QUIT- NOW, a web site and phone service that gives free advice and support for quitting.
system: Can rapid or irregular heartbeats be a heart failure system?
output: The heart beats faster to pump enough blood to the body. This causes a fast or irregular heartbeat.
system: Can dizziness, fatigue, and weakness be a heart failure symptom?
output: Less blood to your major organs and muscles makes you feel tired and weak. Less blood to the brain can cause dizziness or confusion.
system: Can fluid and water retention be a heart failure symptom?
output: Less blood to your kidneys causes fluid and water retention, resulting in swollen ankles, legs, and abdomen (called edema) and weight gain. Symptoms may cause an increased need to urinate during the night. Bloating in your stomach may cause a loss of appetite or nausea.
system: Can congested lungs be a heart failure symptom?
output: Lung congestion also causes a dry, hacking cough or wheezing. Bloating in your stomach may cause a loss of appetite or nausea.
system: How can a journal help in managing ulcerative colitis (UC)?
output: Keep a journal of all your health-related information so you can bring it to your next visit with your doctor. She'll want to know what foods you've been eating and any flare triggers you've noticed. Not only can it help you create an "eat this, not that" list, it can also help your doctor tell if you're getting the nutrition you need.
system: How can keeping a journal help you manage your ulcerative colitis?
output: Not only can it help you create an "eat this, not that" list, it can also help your doctor tell if you're getting the nutrition you need. It also helps to track how often you go to the bathroom, how much comes out, and the amount of blood you might be losing. Or do you not pee as much as you normally would? Make sure to keep track of your health on good days and bad.
system: What drugs can interact with thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?
output: Some drugs block the enzyme that processes TZDs. Your doctor may want to prescribe another medicine if you take one of these medications: Fluvoxamine Gemfibrozil Ketoconazole Rifampicin Trimethoprin Other medicines, when combined with a TZD, may raise your chance of having heart problems: NSAIDs Sulfonylureas Nitrates Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: Acarbose ( Precose,) miglitol ( Glyset).
system: What are the side effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) for diabetes?
output: These drugs boost the way insulin works in the body. What are the side effects? It may cause you to hang on to fluids in your body, which can lead to swelling. TZDs can also make you gain weight and raise your levels of LDL "bad" cholesterol. They are also linked with serious side effects, such as bone fractures and heart failure.
system: What are the side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes?
output: SGLT2 inhibitors: Canagliflozin ( Invokana), dapagliflozin ( Farxiga), empagliflozin ( Jardiance). They work in the kidneys and remove extra sugar from your blood through urine. What are the side effects? These drugs raise your chances of having urinary tract and yeast infections. They may also cause low blood sugar.
system: What drugs can interact with SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes?
output: Rifampin may make the drug less effective. SGLT2 inhibitors may also raise the amount of digoxin in the body.
system: What should you know about your medicine for diabetes?
output: Different types of diabetes drugs have their own side effects and ways they interact with other medicines.
system: What are the side effects of taking biguanides to treat diabetes?
output: Biguanides: Metformin ( Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza, Fortamet, Riomet). Metformin is usually the first drug that doctors suggest you try to treat type 2 diabetes. It cuts blood sugar by improving the way your body uses insulin. It also lowers the amount of sugar that the liver makes. These problems usually go away in a few weeks, as your body gets used to the medicine. It may also help to take the drug with food. What are the side effects? Because these medicines affect your digestion, you may have gas, diarrhea, and stomach pain.
system: What drugs can interfere with biguanides for diabetes?
output: Your doctor may need to monitor your blood sugar or adjust your metformin dose if you take any of these: Amiloride Cephalexin Cimetidine Digoxin Procainamide Pyrimethamine Quinidine Quinine Ranitidine Trimethoprim Vancomycin Anticholinergic drugs, such as dicyclomine and oxybutynin, may raise the amount of metformin your body absorbs. This may lead to low blood sugar. Some drugs affect the way that insulin works in the body.
system: What can interact with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for diabetes?
output: You take alpha-glucosidase inhibitors with the first bite of each meal. They may also change the way warfarin works. Talk to your doctor if you take either of these drugs. SGLT2 inhibitors may also raise the amount of digoxin in the body.
system: What can happen when taking drugs for diabetes?
output: Talk to your doctor about what you need to watch out for. Side effects can range from an upset stomach to a serious condition. And other medicines you take can make your diabetes drug stop working -- or even make it work too well. Your doctor may need to keep an eye on your blood sugar levels, adjust your dose, or change your medicine.
system: What can interact with DPP-4 inhibitors for diabetes?
output: Some drugs can affect how your body processes meglitinides. Your doctor will want to track your blood sugar levels carefully and watch for potential side effects if you take these medicines: Atazanavir and ritonavir Clarithromycin and rifampin Diltiazem Ketoconazole ACE inhibitors combined with DPP-4 may raise your chance of swelling.
system: What are the cause of mood episodes in bipolar disorder?
output: Aside from a shift in your mood, look for changes in your: Sleep patterns Energy level Alcohol or drug use Sex drive Self-esteem Concentration Mood episodes in bipolar disorder often happen suddenly, for no particular reason. Sometimes, you may notice that there are specific things that can trigger mania or depression, such as getting too little sleep, changes to your daily routine, or jet lag when you travel. Many people find they're more likely to become depressed or manic during stressful times at work or during holidays. Some people see seasonal patterns to their mood changes.
system: When should I get help with a mood swing in bipolar disorder?
output: If you see the signs of potential trouble, get help. Don't wait for the mood episode to pass on its own. You might be able to stop a minor change from becoming a serious problem.
system: What is a way to spot triggers of mood swings in bipolar disorder?
output: One good way to spot your triggers is to keep a journal. Make note of big events, stresses, your medication dose, and the amount of sleep you're getting. Over time, you might see some patterns. Of course, there may be triggers that you just can't avoid, like a serious illness or the death of a loved one. But if you can recognize the things that are likely to bring on mania or depression, you can prepare for times when you might be most vulnerable. Work with a mental health professional to plan what to do when you think a mood swing might happen. Ask for more help from family and friends. Have them check in more often so you get extra support.
system: What is the problem with mania in bipolar disorder?
output: Nobody likes feeling that way. But it's different for people who are manic. Often, they don't think anything is wrong. Or if they notice a difference in their mood and personality, they think it's an improvement. Mania can be seductive. You might feel more energized, creative, and interesting. You might be able to get tons of work done. So what's the problem? Manic phases often turn destructive. You might wipe out your savings account on a shopping spree. You might have affairs that ruin your marriage. Most dangerous of all, mania can make you do things that risk your life or the lives of others. And it's often followed by depression. Although mania can feel good at the moment, in the long run, you'll be happier, healthier, more productive, and more successful if you can keep a stable mood.
system: What are changes to look for that can indicate mood swings if you have bipolar disorder?
output: Even people who always take their medication and take care of their health can still have mood swings from time to time. But over time, you might start to see patterns or signs that you're entering a period of mania or depression. Aside from a shift in your mood, look for changes in your: Sleep patterns Energy level Alcohol or drug use Sex drive Self-esteem Concentration Mood episodes in bipolar disorder often happen suddenly, for no particular reason.
system: What is the best way to manage mood swings with bipolar disorder?
output: During manic periods, you may be reckless and volatile. The best way to avoid mood swings is to get treatment. You may not be able to totally prevent bouts of mania or depression. Even people who always take their medication and take care of their health can still have mood swings from time to time. That's why it's important to catch changes in your mood, energy levels, and sleeping patterns before they turn into something serious. Most dangerous of all, mania can make you do things that risk your life or the lives of others.
system: Are vaccines available for prostate cancer?
output: Now in clinical trials are several types of vaccines for boosting the body's immune system against prostate cancer cells. Provenge is the only vaccine available on the market.
system: What treatments can help relieve symptoms of bone pain in prostate cancer?
output: When PSA test results suggest that the cancer has come back or continued to spread, X-rays or other imaging tests (such as a bone scan) may be done, depending on your situation and symptoms.
system: What type of follow-up treatments are available for recurrent prostate cancer?
output: If prostate cancer recurs, follow-up treatment depends on what treatment you have already had, the extent of your cancer, the site of recurrence, other illnesses, your age, and other aspects of your medical situation. One possible treatment might include hormone therapy. Researchers are working on new drugs to block the effects of male hormones, which can cause prostate cancer to grow, and drugs to prevent prostate cancer growth. Radiation therapy, ultrasound, extreme cold, electrical current, or medicines may be used to relieve symptoms of bone pain. Chemotherapy or other treatments being medically researched are also options. Now in clinical trials are several types of vaccines for boosting the body's immune system against prostate cancer cells.
system: What tests may be done if prostate cancer comes back?
output: When PSA test results suggest that the cancer has come back or continued to spread, X-rays or other imaging tests (such as a bone scan) may be done, depending on your situation and symptoms. Your doctor may use a radioactive tracer called Axumin with a PET scan to help detect and localize any recurrent cancer so that it could be biopsied or treated.
system: What factors raise your chances for recurrent prostate cancer?
output: Several signs can point to a prostate cancer that has come back or spread, including: Lymph node involvement. Men who have cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the pelvic region may be more likely to have a recurrence. Tumor size. In general, the larger the tumor, the greater the chance of recurrence. Gleason score. The higher the grade, the greater the chance of recurrence. Your doctor can tell you your score when the biopsy results come back from the laboratory. Stage. The stage of a cancer is one of the most important factors for selecting treatment options, as well as for predicting future outlook of the cancer.
system: How is recurrence of prostate cancer found?
output: More than 90% of the time prostate cancer is discovered while it is either confined to the prostate gland or has spread beyond the prostate only to a small degree, referred to as regional spread. Among the less than 10% of men whose prostate cancers have already spread to distant part of the body at the time of diagnosis, about 30% are expected to survive at least five years. After prostate cancer treatment, you will go for medical check-ups every few months as determined by your doctor. At each follow-up appointment, your doctor will order a blood test to measure PSA levels. This test helps your doctor detect a cancer recurrence. You will also be examined. New symptoms should be reported to the doctor, as these may prompt other testing.
system: Where can prostate cancer recur?
output: The cancer may also affect the surrounding lymph nodes in the pelvis or lymph nodes outside this area. Prostate cancer can also spread to tissues next to the prostate, such as the muscles that help control urination, the rectum, or the wall of the pelvis. It also can travel through the bloodstream and recur distantly in bones or other organs. This spread is called metastasis. Metastases through the lymph channels are called lymphatic metastases, while those through the bloodstream are hematogenous, or blood-borne metastases.
system: What is the prognosis of prostate cancer?
output: According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 100% of men with low- to intermediate-grade prostate cancer ( the most common types) can expect to live at least five years after the initial diagnosis. Since many men who get prostate cancer are already elderly, they are more likely to die from causes other than the cancer. More than 90% of the time prostate cancer is discovered while it is either confined to the prostate gland or has spread beyond the prostate only to a small degree, referred to as regional spread. Among the less than 10% of men whose prostate cancers have already spread to distant part of the body at the time of diagnosis, about 30% are expected to survive at least five years.
system: What will happen if my results show that my prostate cancer has recurred?
output: When PSA test results suggest that the cancer has come back or continued to spread, X-rays or other imaging tests (such as a bone scan) may be done, depending on your situation and symptoms. Your doctor may use a radioactive tracer called Axumin with a PET scan to help detect and localize any recurrent cancer so that it could be biopsied or treated.
system: What are signs that my prostate cancer has came back or spread?
output: Several signs can point to a prostate cancer that has come back or spread, including: Lymph node involvement. Men who have cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the pelvic region may be more likely to have a recurrence. Tumor size. In general, the larger the tumor, the greater the chance of recurrence. Gleason score. The higher the grade, the greater the chance of recurrence. Your doctor can tell you your score when the biopsy results come back from the laboratory. Stage. The stage of a cancer is one of the most important factors for selecting treatment options, as well as for predicting future outlook of the cancer.
system: What are the survival rates with prostate cancer?
output: According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 100% of men with low- to intermediate-grade prostate cancer ( the most common types) can expect to live at least five years after the initial diagnosis. Since many men who get prostate cancer are already elderly, they are more likely to die from causes other than the cancer.