laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is locked-in syndrome?
output: The person is totally paralyzed except for the eye muscles, but remains awake and alert and with a normal mind.
system: Can toxins cause a coma?
output: Toxins: Substances that are normally found in the body can accumulate to toxic levels if the body fails to dispose of them correctly. As an example, ammonia due to liver disease, carbon dioxide from a severe asthma attack, or urea from kidney failure can accumulate to toxic levels in the body.
system: What is anoxic brain injury?
output: Anoxic brain injury. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain. Lack of oxygen for a few minutes causes cell death to brain tissues. Anoxic brain injury may result from heart attack (cardiac arrest), head injury or trauma, drowning, drug overdose, or poisoning.
system: Can bleeding in your brain cause a coma?
output: Bleeding: Bleeding in the layers of the brain may cause coma due to swelling and compression on the injured side of the brain. This compression causes the brain to shift, causing damage to the brainstem and the RAS (mentioned above). High blood pressure, cerebral aneurysms, and tumors are non-traumatic causes of bleeding in the brain.
system: Can infection cause a coma?
output: Infection: Infections of the central nervous system, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can also cause coma.
system: Can high blood sugar cause a coma?
output: Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. That's a condition known as hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia, or blood sugar that's too low, can also lead to a coma.
system: How can trauma to the head cause a coma?
output: Problems that can lead to coma include: Trauma: Head injuries can cause the brain to swell and/or bleed. When the brain swells as a result of trauma, the fluid pushes up against the skull. The swelling may eventually cause the brain to push down on the brain stem, which can damage the RAS ( Reticular Activating System) -- a part of the brain that's responsible for arousal and awareness.
system: What is a medically induced coma?
output: Medically induced: This type of temporary coma, or deep state of unconsciousness, is used to protect the brain from swelling after an injury. This happens only in hospital intensive care units.
system: Is there effective treatment for a coma?
output: Treatment for a coma depends on the cause. For example, if there is an infection that's affecting the brain, antibiotics may be needed. Glucose may be required in the event of a diabetic shock. Surgery may also be necessary to relieve the pressure on the brain due to swelling or to remove a tumor. Certain drugs may also help relieve the swelling.
system: What causes a coma?
output: Brain injury can be due to increased pressure, bleeding, loss of oxygen, or buildup of toxins. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain.
system: What are tips for someone with aphasia?
output: Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. Certain drugs may also help relieve the swelling.
system: What are the different types of Burkitt lymphoma?
output: In the World Health Organization classification, there are three types of Burkitt lymphoma: Endemic ( African). Endemic Burkitt lymphoma primarily affects African children ages 4 to 7 and is twice as common in boys. Sporadic (non- African). Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurs worldwide. Globally, it accounts for 1% to 2% of adult lymphoma cases. In the U. S. and Western Europe, it accounts for up to 40% of pediatric lymphoma cases. Immunodeficiency-associated. This variant of Burkitt lymphoma is most common in people with HIV/ AIDS. It accounts for 30% to 40% of non- Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV patients and may be an AIDS-defining disease. It also can occur in people with congenital conditions that cause immune deficiency and in organ transplant patients who take immunosuppressive drugs.
system: What are the symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma?
output: The symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma depend on the type. The endemic ( African) variant usually starts as tumors of the jaw or other facial bones. It also can affect the gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, and breasts and can spread to the central nervous system, causing nerve damage, weakness, and paralysis. The types more commonly seen in the U. S. -- sporadic and immunodeficiency-associated -- usually start in the bowel and form a bulky tumor mass in the abdomen, often with massive involvement of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. These variants also can start in the ovaries, testes, or other organs, and spread to the brain and spinal fluid. Other symptoms associated with Burkitt lymphoma include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Fatigue Night sweats Unexplained fever Because Burkitt lymphoma spreads so quickly, prompt diagnosis is essential.
system: What are the benefits of giving your baby a massage?
output: Giving your newborn a massage is important one-on-one time. Like cuddling, a massage is a way to convey your love and affection for your baby. In fact, research shows that a baby's very survival depends on being touched by others -- as touch triggers hormones, boosts immunity, and helps fight disease. Also, massaged babies are calmer, sleep better, and cry less -- every parent's dream!
system: How should I wash my baby's clothes and bedding?
output: Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. Wash baby clothes, bedding, and blankets separately from the family's laundry.
system: Is peeling skin normal for a newborn baby?
output: A newborn baby is born with wrinkly skin and a protective covering called vernix that naturally peels off during the first week. There's no need to rush it, rub it, or treat it with lotions or creams. ( If baby is born past the due date, this process is likely finished while she is still inside the womb.)
system: Can I use scented baby products for a newborn?
output: Don't use Scented baby products in the early months. Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free.
system: How often should I bathe my baby?
output: Too-frequent bathing -- more than three times per week during the first year of life -- removes the natural oils that protect baby's skin. That may leave baby's skin vulnerable and dry. In between, simply clean baby's mouth and diaper area with a little water or cleanser. Once-a-week sponge baths (or even less) are best for newborns with darker skin tones (like African- American). Most newborn skin problems, such as eczema or diaper rash, don't develop for the first month or two. Don't rub.
system: How can you prevent baby eczema and diaper rash?
output: For the first month or so, a sponge bath two or three times a week will keep your baby safely clean. A few tips on preventing dry, irritated skin and eczema: Try once-a-week bathing. Limit your use of baby scented skin products. If her skin is dry, use only ointment or lotion on dry skin areas. Make sure baby wears only soft clothing, preferably cotton.
system: How should I care for my newborn baby's skin?
output: Here are tips to help protect your baby from developing allergies and rashes: Resist the urge to bathe your baby frequently. Too-frequent bathing -- more than three times per week during the first year of life -- removes the natural oils that protect baby's skin. That may leave baby's skin vulnerable and dry. Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. Wash baby clothes, bedding, and blankets separately from the family's laundry. Limit your use of baby scented skin products.
system: How much protein should healthy adults get each day?
output: Healthy adults should get about 45 to 56 grams of protein a day.
system: What do protein shakes have in them?
output: Protein shakes can range in their protein content, but all contain some carbohydrates and maybe a little fat. They come a variety flavors in powder form or in ready-to-drink packages, such as cans or foil packs.
system: What are different types of protein in protein shakes?
output: Protein shakes use different types of protein in varying amounts.
system: What does the antidiuretic hormone do?
output: It's made in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus and stored in your pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated.
system: What happens if you lose too much water with diabetes insipidus?
output: When you lose too much water, your electrolyte levels can go up.
system: Why does diabetes insipidus cause clear urine?
output: When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. Your kidneys reabsorb more water and put out concentrated urine. If you've had plenty to drink, vasopressin levels fall and what comes out is clear and diluted. When your body doesn't make enough vasopressin, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. If you make enough but your kidneys can't respond to it, you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In either form, the result is the same. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.
system: How does diabetes insipidus affect you?
output: It's made in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus and stored in your pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. ( Vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.) When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. Your kidneys reabsorb more water and put out concentrated urine. If you've had plenty to drink, vasopressin levels fall and what comes out is clear and diluted. When your body doesn't make enough vasopressin, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. If you make enough but your kidneys can't respond to it, you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In either form, the result is the same. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.
system: How is diabetes insipidus treated?
output: Central diabetes insipidus. First, the doctor will tell you to drink plenty of fluids. You'll take medications like desmopressin ( DDAVP) or vasopressin ( Pitressin). It usually comes as a nasal spray. There are also treatments to help these drugs work better. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be harder to treat. If it's caused by a drug, stopping the medicine helps. Other medicines may improve the symptoms.
system: What is diabetes insipidus?
output: Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that causes your body to make a lot of urine that is "insipid," or colorless and odorless. When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. It usually comes as a nasal spray.
system: What are the signs of diabetes insipidus?
output: You might notice: Extreme thirst Peeing a lot (your doctor might call this polyuria) Getting up to go a lot at night Preference for cold drinks Dehydration Unexplained weakness Muscle pains Irritability Your body makes a substance called vasopressin. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.
system: How serious is diabetes insipidus?
output: It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. Diabetes insipidus can lead to nocturia, a medical name for waking up in the night to pee. But you will be more prone to dehydration. Make sure you always have something to drink close by, especially when it's hot or when you exercise.
system: How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed?
output: It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. You might get a series of tests that include: Urinalysis. This will measure the amount of electrolytes and glucose in your blood. You'll have this done in a hospital so doctors can make sure you don't get dehydrated.
system: How are topical medications used to treat plaque psoriasis?
output: Treatment options include: Topical medications: If you have only a few plaques, your doctor will probably try a prescription cream first. You put these directly on your skin. They either help with inflammation or slow the growth of skin cells. Examples include corticosteroids, vitamin D, vitamin A, and anthralin. You can also try over-the-counter topical medicines. Both salicylic acid and coal tar are approved to treat psoriasis. Other ingredients may soothe itch and remove scale, including aloe vera, jojoba, zinc pyrithione, and capsaicin.
system: How are systemic drugs used to treat plaque psoriasis?
output: Systemic drugs: If you have a severe case of plaque psoriasis, you may need medicines that work throughout your body. They calm your immune system or make your skin cells grow more slowly. But they can cause serious side effects, like depression, aggressive thoughts, liver problems, or a higher risk of skin cancer. You take systemic drugs like acitretin, cyclosporine, and methotrexate by pill, or your doctor will give you a shot.
system: When are you more likely to get plaque psoriasis?
output: Whether you get plaque psoriasis depends on your genes and your health history: Heredity: Psoriasis seems to run in families. About 10% of people are born with genes that make them likely to get psoriasis. But only about 3% of people get the disease. Triggers: Something has to happen to start your immune system's reaction. Sometimes it's an injury to your skin or a bad sunburn. It could be a certain medicine, like lithium or malaria drugs. An infection, particularly strep, can bring on psoriasis. So can high levels of stress. Psoriasis isn't contagious. It can't be spread by touch or other close contact.
system: How should you get support to avoid plaque psoriasis?
output: Get support: Plaque psoriasis can take an emotional toll. You may feel self-conscious about the way it looks or overwhelmed by what it takes to manage it. Many people with psoriasis become depressed. If you think you need some help, talk with your doctor about therapy or medication. It also helps to talk with people who understand what you're going through and can offer strategies for coping.
system: How are biologic drugs used to treat plaque psoriasis?
output: Biologic drugs: Another kind of systemic drug also targets your immune system. Biologic drugs used to treat psoriasis include adalimumab ( Humira), brodalumab ( Siliq), etanercept( Enbrel),guselkumab ( Tremfya), infliximab ( Remicade), ixekizumab ( Taltz), risankisumab-rzaa ( SKYRIZI)),secukinumab ( Cosentyx), and ustekinumab ( Stelara). They're given either by a shot or through a vein in your arm. They affect a specific type of immune cell or keep certain proteins from causing inflammation. But these drugs can make it harder for you to fight an infection.
system: What can trigger plaque psoriasis?
output: You can do a few things to deal with it better: Avoid triggers: Things like stress and smoking don't cause psoriasis. But they can make it worse. Try to figure out what triggers your flare-ups. You may be affected by: Alcohol Allergies Cold, dry weather Hormones Watch your diet : There's no proof that specific foods make a difference with psoriasis.
system: How is plaque psoriasis diagnosed?
output: A dermatologist (skin doctor) can usually tell if you have plaque psoriasis just by talking with you about your medical history and looking at your skin. In some cases, he may need to do a biopsy to know for sure. He'll take a tiny sample of your skin and look at the cells under a microscope.
system: What are the types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
output: Both can lead to AIDS. However, they're very different from each other. HIV-1 is the most common type. When you hear the term " HIV," it's probably HIV-1. HIV-2 occurs in a much smaller number of people, mostly in West Africa. In the U. S., it makes up only 0.01% of all HIV cases, and those are primarily people from West Africa. It's harder to transmit HIV-2 from person to person, and it takes longer for the infection to turn into AIDS. Researchers haven't named any strains for this group because there are so few cases of it.
system: What is group M (Major) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)?
output: HIV-1 is the most common type. Your doctor can treat your HIV better if she knows what strain you have. Nearly 90% of all HIV-1 cases stem from this group. The group has nine named strains: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, and K. Some of these have sub-strains.
system: Is there a vaccine for bird flu?
output: No. Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu.
system: Are all flus the same?
output: Not all flu is created equal: Some types can make you very ill, while other types of flu cause milder symptoms. Read on to learn about the different types of flu.
system: What virus causes bird flu?
output: The avian influenza virus causes bird flu. Birds can be infected by influenza A viruses and all of its subtypes. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses. There are three main subtypes of avian flu, including H5, H7, and H9. The subtypes H5 and H7 are the most deadly, while the H9 subtype is less dangerous.
system: What are the different types of flu viruses?
output: There are three types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Type A and B cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing, and running high fevers. Type C also causes flu; however, type C flu symptoms are much less severe.
system: Why do you have to get a new flu shot every year?
output: Different strains of the flu virus mutate over time and replace the older strains of the virus. This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus.
system: What kind of bird flu do people talk about, and how is it spread?
output: The reason H5 N1 has caused so much alarm is its ability to pass from wild birds to poultry and then on to people. While wild birds are commonly immune to the devastating and possibly deadly effects of H5 N1, the virus has killed more than half of the people infected with it. The risk of avian flu is generally low in most people because the virus does not typically infect humans. Infections have occurred as a result of contact with infected birds. Spread of this infection from human to human has been reported to be extremely rare.
system: How does a flu virus make me sick?
output: Flu viruses enter the body through the mucus membranes of your nose, eyes, or mouth. Every time you touch your hand to one of these areas, you are possibly infecting yourself with a virus. This makes it very important to keep your hands germ-free with frequent and thorough hand washing. Encourage family members to do the same to stay well and prevent flu.
system: How long does it take for a flu shot to work?
output: Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu.
system: Should I be worried about catching bird flu?
output: People in the United States have less to fear than people who live abroad. Most of the illnesses associated with bird flu have been reported in Asian countries among people who have had close contact with farm birds. Also, people are not able to catch the bird flu virus by eating cooked chicken, turkey, or duck. High temperatures kill the virus.
system: How many hospitalizations and deaths occur from the flu?
output: The flu is linked to between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. The seasonal flu vaccine was created to try to avert these epidemics.
system: What is a type C flu virus?
output: Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C flu viruses donot cause epidemics.
system: How many viruses does the flu shot protect against?
output: This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus. Today, Flu Mist and some traditional flu shots generally cover up to four strains: two Influenza A viruses and two Influenza B viruses. The avian influenza virus causes bird flu.
system: What is a type A flu virus?
output: Wild birds commonly act as the hosts for this flu virus. Type A flu virus is constantly changing and is generally responsible for the large flu epidemics. The influenza A2 virus (and other variants of influenza) is spread by people who are already infected. The most common flu hot spots are those surfaces that an infected person has touched and rooms where he has been recently, especially areas where he has been sneezing. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses.
system: What are the symptoms of dog bloat?
output: At first, your dog may show signs that his stomach hurts. He may: Act restless Drool Have a swollen stomach Look anxious Look at his stomach Pace Try to vomit, but nothing comes up Stretch with his front half down and rear end up As the condition gets worse, he may: Collapse Have pale gums Have a rapid heartbeat Be short of breath Feel weak If you think your pet has bloat, get him to a clinic right away. If dogs don't get treatment in time, the condition can kill them.
system: What causes dog bloat?
output: Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds.
system: Which dogs usually have bloat?
output: Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds. Some are at a higher risk than others, including Great Danes, Gordon Setters, Irish Setters, Weimaraners, and St. Bernards.
system: How is dog bloat treated?
output: The treatment a dog gets depends on how severe his condition is. First, the vet may put a tube into your dog's throat and down to his stomach to release the pressure that has built up. Sometimes, a twisted stomach can keep the tube from passing through. If that's the case, the vet may put a large, hollow needle through his belly into his stomach and release the pressure that way. If your dog is in shock, the vet will start giving him fluids through an IV immediately, usually with antibiotics. The vet will take X-rays to see if his stomach is twisted. If it is, your dog will have emergency surgery to untwist it and put it back in its normal position. The vet also will fix the stomach in the right place to keep your dog from getting bloat again. She'll also check to see if the condition damaged other parts of his body.
system: What is dog bloat?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Bloat happens when a dog's stomach fills with gas, food, or fluid, making it expand. The stomach puts pressure on other organs. It can cause dangerous problems, including: No blood flow to his heart and stomach lining A tear in the wall of his stomach A harder time breathing In some cases, the dog's stomach will rotate or twist, a condition that vets call gastric dilatation volvulus. It traps blood in the stomach and blocks it from returning to the heart and other areas of the body. This can send your dog into shock.