laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are the social symptoms of autism?
output: Problems with social skills are some of the most common signs. If your child is on the spectrum, he might show some social symptoms by the time he's 8 to 10 months old. Playing, sharing, or talking with other people doesn't interest him. He prefers to be alone. He avoids or rejects physical contact. He avoids eye contact. When he's upset, he doesn't like to be comforted. He doesn't understand emotions -- his own or others'. He may not stretch out his arms to be picked up or guided with walking.
system: How is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) diagnosed?
output: PHN usually is diagnosed when pain lasts three months or more after an acute attack of shingles or appears after the skin lesions of shingles have healed.
system: What are symptoms of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)?
output: In PHN, pain is intense and may be described as burning, stabbing, or gnawing. Affected areas of the body may be hypersensitive or may have decreased sensation. In addition, areas previously affected by shingles may show evidence of scarring.
system: How is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) treated?
output: For many people, PHN may improve over time without treatment.
system: Who is more likely to get postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)?
output: PHN occurs most often in elderly people and in people whose immune systems have been compromised. The pain of PHN, which occurs in the same area as the pain and rash of shingles, results from damage to nerve fibers during the shingles infection. Shingles is caused by a reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Anyone who has had chickenpox can get shingles, but the disorder is most common in people over age 60.
system: Can diabetes that develops after an organ transplant go away eventually?
output: After an organ transplant, you need to take drugs for the rest of your life so your body doesn't reject the donor organ. These drugs help organ transplants succeed, but many of them, such as the medication tacrolimus ( Astagraf, Prograf) or steroids, can cause diabetes or worsen it.
system: What organ transplant recipients are at risk for developing diabetes?
output: Apart from those medicines, you are also more likely to get diabetes if: You're obese. Diabetes runs in your family. You're African- American or Latino. You're older than 40. You have hepatitis C. Talk to your doctor if you think that you're at high risk of getting diabetes. He may be able to prescribe medicines that are less likely to cause it.
system: What organ transplant medications cause diabetes?
output: After an organ transplant, you need to take drugs for the rest of your life so your body doesn't reject the donor organ. These drugs help organ transplants succeed, but many of them, such as the medication tacrolimus ( Astagraf, Prograf) or steroids, can cause diabetes or worsen it.
system: Why do doctors prescribe tamoxifen for breast cancer?
output: There are different reasons, including: To treat breast cancer after surgery or radiation To treat cancer in one breast and reduce the risk of the disease in the other breast To prevent invasive breast cancer in women at high risk To treat the earliest stage of breast cancer, called ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), after surgery and radiation To prompt ovulation in women with fertility problems To treat other cancers such as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, and brain tumors In higher than normal doses, tamoxifen may even kill some breast cancer cells that don't depend on estrogen.
system: How does tamoxifen prevent breast cancer?
output: Tamoxifen is a medication that blocks the female hormone estrogen in the body. It blocks estrogen from acting on cells that are not cancerous. Tamoxifen also keeps healthy breast cells from growing and multiplying. That way, it also reduces the number of cells that could become cancer.
system: How does tamoxifen for breast cancer work?
output: Tamoxifen is a medication that blocks the female hormone estrogen in the body. For more than 30 years, doctors have prescribed it to fight breast cancer tumors that depend on estrogen to grow. In order to fuel that growth, estrogen must attach itself to those breast cancer cells. Doctors think that tamoxifen stops estrogen from attaching to the cell. There are different reasons, including: To treat breast cancer after surgery or radiation To treat cancer in one breast and reduce the risk of the disease in the other breast To prevent invasive breast cancer in women at high risk To treat the earliest stage of breast cancer, called ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), after surgery and radiation To prompt ovulation in women with fertility problems To treat other cancers such as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, and brain tumors In higher than normal doses, tamoxifen may even kill some breast cancer cells that don't depend on estrogen.
system: What is a lumbar laminotomy?
output: Sometimes your surgeon will also need to remove a small piece of bone called the lamina from the vertebra. The lamina forms a protective cover over your spinal cord. Removing part or all of it helps the surgeon access your herniated disk. It also can relieve pressure on your nerves and eliminate leg pain and sciatica.
system: What is a diskectomy?
output: During this procedure, your surgeon removes your damaged disk to relieve pressure on your nerves. He can perform the surgery in a couple of ways: Your surgeons performs open diskectomy is via a cut in your back or neck. Microdiscectomy is done through a much smaller incision. Your surgeon inserts a thin tube with a camera on one end to see and remove the damaged disk.
system: How can I prevent getting another herniated disk?
output: To protect your spine and prevent another herniated disk, you should always sit and stand up straight. If you have to stand for a long period of time, rest one foot on a stool or box to take pressure off your back. Be careful when you lift anything heavy. Squat from your knees to pick it up. Don't bend from the waist. It puts too much pressure on your back. Stay at a good weight for you. Extra pounds put more strain on your back. Don't smoke. It can cause hardening of the arteries, which can damage the disks in your spine.
system: What is a spinal fusion?
output: After a diskectomy or laminotomy, your surgeon may fuse together the two vertebrae on either side of the disk to stabilize your spine. This is called spinal fusion. Fusing the two disks will stop the bones from moving and prevent you from having any more pain.
system: Will surgery treat a herniated disk?
output: Most people with a herniated disk don't need surgery. Rest and other treatments should start to improve your symptoms within 4 to 6 weeks. But if your pain doesn't improve, surgery might be an option. Talk to your doctor about surgery if: You're not getting relief from pain relievers, injections, and physical therapy. Your symptoms keep getting worse. You have trouble standing or walking. You can't control your bowels or bladder.
system: Why does pregnancy cause acid reflux?
output: Many women experience acid reflux for the first time during pregnancy. This is caused by increasing levels of hormones combined with pressure from the growing fetus. Usually worst during the third trimester, the symptoms almost always go away after delivery.
system: What medications can cause acid reflux?
output: Other common causes of acid reflux disease include: Being overweight or obese Eating a heavy meal and lying on your back or bending over at the waist Snacking close to bedtime or lying down right after a meal Taking aspirin or ibuprofen, some muscle relaxers, or certain blood pressure medications
system: What can cause acid reflux disease?
output: Doctors aren't always sure. Other common causes of acid reflux disease include: Being overweight or obese Eating a heavy meal and lying on your back or bending over at the waist Snacking close to bedtime or lying down right after a meal Taking aspirin or ibuprofen, some muscle relaxers, or certain blood pressure medications
system: How does a nicotine test work?
output: There are a couple of ways to test for nicotine and cotinine, the product created after nicotine enters your body: Qualitative testing: It simply looks for whether or not you have nicotine in your body. Quantitative testing: It actually measures the concentration of nicotine or cotinine in your body. It gives more information about your tobacco habits. It can tell whether you're an active smoker or if you've recently quit. If you're not a tobacco user, it can tell if you've been breathing in a lot of tobacco smoke or not.
system: Why would you need a nicotine test?
output: Some of the most common reasons include: Court-ordered testing in child custody cases For smoking cessation programs When applying for health or life insurance Before certain surgeries For employment If your doctor suspects nicotine overdose The amount of nicotine in your blood rises just seconds after you light up.
system: What chemicals does a nicotine test look for?
output: Usually, the tests look for cotinine, not nicotine. That's because cotinine is more stable and lasts longer in your body. Cotinine can show up in a blood or urine test. If you've quit smoking or using other tobacco products and you're now on a nicotine replacement product, you may need a test that looks for nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine, a substance that's found in tobacco but not in nicotine replacement products. If you test positive -- meaning anabasine is present in your body -- that indicates you're actually still using tobacco. It wouldn't show up if you were just using nicotine replacement products.
system: What can you do to protect your ears and prevent swimmer's ear?
output: Don't stick stuff in your ear! You've probably heard this before, but never put cotton swabs, hairpins, pen caps, pencils, your finger, tissues, or anything else into your ear canal. It not only damages your skin, but bits of cotton or tissue can get stuck and break down in your ear, raising the chances of an infection. Leave earwax alone. Earwax plays an important role in protecting your ears. So when you try to pry it out, you raise your odds of getting swimmer's ear. What's more, you're also probably pushing wax farther into your ear. If you think you really do have too much earwax, talk to your doctor about safe ways to treat the problem. Take off your headphones. Headphones -- especially ones you stick into your ear canal, like earbuds -- can sometimes scratch the skin, leading to infections. Keep hearing aids clean. Just like earbuds, hearing aids can rub against the ear canal and lead to swimmer's ear. To lower your risk, make sure to take out your hearing aid each night to clean it regularly. Put cotton balls in your ears before using hair spray, dye, or other products. Some people get swimmer's ear from chemicals in cosmetics, which irritate the skin.
system: What can you do before swimming to prevent swimmer's ear?
output: Put in earplugs. If you can keep water out of your ear canal, you're much less likely to have a problem. Choose earplugs that are designed for swimming. A bathing cap that covers your ears can help, too. Don't swim in lakes, ponds, or rivers with lots of bacteria. Check for posted signs about bacteria levels and whether it's safe to swim. High bacteria levels in the water can mean more bacteria in your ears. Make sure pools and spas are clean. Dirty water is more likely to have bacteria. If you don't know if a pool or spa is clean, don't get in.
system: What can you do after swimming to prevent swimmer's ear?
output: Shake or drain water from your ears. Just tilt your head and let gravity do its thing. Pulling your earlobe at different angles can also help. Dry your ears. Use a clean towel to gently rub the outside of your ear. You can also use a hair dryer. Just make sure to set it on low and hold it about 12 inches away from your ear. Use eardrops. You can buy over-the-counter eardrops that will help dry up any leftover water. You can also make eardrops at home. Just mix a half-teaspoon of white vinegar and a half-teaspoon of rubbing alcohol and pour it into each ear. Then let it drain out. Don't put eardrops in your ear if you have had any ear pain, ear surgery, or have a tear in your eardrum (perforated eardrum).
system: How can you get swimmer's ear?
output: Despite the name, swimmer's ear isn't always caused by swimming. You can sometimes get it after scratching the inside of your ear canal, which can break the skin and let in germs.
system: How can I prevent swimmer's ear?
output: To protect yourself before and after you swim -- or get in a spa or bath -- keep your ears dry. Put in earplugs. Dirty water is more likely to have bacteria. Shake or drain water from your ears. Dry your ears. Use a clean towel to gently rub the outside of your ear. Just make sure to set it on low and hold it about 12 inches away from your ear. Use eardrops. Just mix a half-teaspoon of white vinegar and a half-teaspoon of rubbing alcohol and pour it into each ear. Then let it drain out. You can sometimes get it after scratching the inside of your ear canal, which can break the skin and let in germs. To lower your risk, make sure to take out your hearing aid each night to clean it regularly. You may have a greater chance of getting swimmer's ear and serious complications.
system: What is acanthosis nigricans?
output: Acanthosis nigricans usually strikes people who are very overweight. While there is no cure for acanthosis nigricans, losing weight may improve the skin condition. Acanthosis nigricans usually precedes diabetes and is considered to be a marker for the disease. There are other health conditions that also are known to cause acanthosis of the skin and these include acromegaly and Cushing syndromes. It is thought that this health condition is a skin manifestation of insulin resistance.
system: What causes diabetic blisters?
output: Diabetic blisters (bullosis diabeticorum): In rare cases, people with diabetes develop skin problems, such as blisters that resemble burn blisters. These blisters can occur on the fingers, hands, toes, feet, legs, or forearms. Diabetic blisters usually are painless and heal on their own. These skin problems often occur in people who have severe diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. Bringing your blood sugar level under control is the medical treatment for this health condition.
system: What is vitiligo?
output: Vitiligo: Vitiligo, a skin problem more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes, affects skin coloration. With vitiligo, the special cells that make pigment (the substance that controls skin color) are destroyed, resulting in patches of discolored skin. Vitiligo often affects the chest and abdomen, but may be found on the face around the mouth, nostrils, and eyes. Current treatment options for vitiligo include topical steroids and micropigmentation (tattooing). If you have vitiligo, you should use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on the discolored skin.
system: How is necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin?
output: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum ( NLD) is thought to be caused by changes in the collagen and fat content underneath the skin. The overlaying skin area becomes thinned and reddened. Most lesions are found on the lower parts of the legs and can ulcerate if subjected to trauma. Lesions have fairly well defined borders between them and normal skin. Sometimes, NLD is itchy and painful. As long as the sores do not break open, treatment is not necessary. If the sores do break open, see your doctor for medical treatment.
system: How does disseminated granuloma annulare show up in diabetics?
output: Disseminated granuloma annulare: This skin condition causes sharply defined, ring or arc-shaped areas on the skin. These rashes most often occur on the fingers and ears, but they can occur on the chest and abdomen. The rash can be red, red-brown, or skin colored. Medical treatment usually is not required, but sometimes a topical steroid medication, such as hydrocortisone, may help.
system: How is digital sclerosis linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin?
output: Digital sclerosis: Digital sclerosis is a health condition in which the skin on your toes, fingers, and hands become thick, waxy, and tight. Stiffness of the finger joints also may occur. The medical treatment is to bring your blood sugar level under control. Lotions and moisturizers may help soften the skin.
system: How is diabetic dermopathy linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin?
output: Diabetic dermopathy: Also called shin spots, this skin condition develops as a result of changes to the blood vessels that supply the skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion of thin skin over the front lower parts of the lower legs. The patches do not hurt, although rarely they can be itchy or cause burning. Medical treatment generally is not necessary.
system: How is acanthosis nigricans linked to diabetes and insulin resistance?
output: This is a skin problem that results in the darkening and thickening of certain areas of the skin especially in the skin folds. The skin becomes tan or brown and is sometimes slightly raised and described as velvety. Most often the condition, which typically looks like small warts, appears on the sides or back of the neck, the armpits, under the breast, and groin. Occasionally the top of the knuckles will have a particularly unusual appearance. Acanthosis nigricans usually strikes people who are very overweight. While there is no cure for acanthosis nigricans, losing weight may improve the skin condition. Acanthosis nigricans usually precedes diabetes and is considered to be a marker for the disease. There are other health conditions that also are known to cause acanthosis of the skin and these include acromegaly and Cushing syndromes. It is thought that this health condition is a skin manifestation of insulin resistance.
system: What skin problems do atherosclerosis cause?
output: When the blood vessels supplying the skin become narrow, changes occur to the skin due to a lack of oxygen, such as hair loss, thinning and shiny skin especially on the shins, thickened and discolored toenails, and cold skin. Because blood carries the white blood cells that help fight infection, legs and feet affected by atherosclerosis heal more slowly when they are injured.
system: What causes rashes and bumps in people with diabetes?
output: Rashes and bumps: Allergic reactions to foods, bug bites, and medicines can cause rashes, depressions, or bumps on the skin. It is especially important for people with diabetes to check for skin problems, such as rashes or bumps, in the areas where they inject their insulin.
system: What is the appearance of eruptive xanthomas?
output: The bumps -- which are surrounded by red halos and are itchy -- usually are found on the face and buttocks. They also can be seen on the back side of the arms and legs as well as in the creases of the extremities. Treatment for eruptive xanthomatosis consists of controlling the level of fats in your blood. The skin eruptions will resolve over a few weeks. Drugs that control different types of fats in the blood (lipid-lowering drugs) may also be needed. Rashes and bumps: Allergic reactions to foods, bug bites, and medicines can cause rashes, depressions, or bumps on the skin.
system: What bacterial infections are associated with diabetes?
output: Skin infections with the bacteria known as Staphylococcus are more common and more serious in people with diabetes which is not under control. These bacteria can result in 'boils', an inflamed nodule from a hair follicle, which can occur in areas where hair follicles can be irritated. Other infections include styes, which are infections of the glands of the eyelids, and bacterial nail infections. Most bacterial infections require medical treatment with antibiotics in the form of pills and/or creams.
system: What is "candida albicans" and where does it occur in people with diabetes?
output: Fungal infections : A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" is responsible for many of the fungal infections causing skin problems in people with diabetes. Women in particular are prone to infection with this fungus in the vagina. Other commonly seen areas of infection include the corners of the mouth with what is known as "angular cheilitis," which feels like small cuts on the corners of the mouth. Fungus also can occur in between the toes and fingers and in the nails (onychomycosis). This fungus creates itchy, bright red rashes, often surrounded by tiny blisters and scales. These infections most often occur in warm, moist folds of the skin.
system: What is diabetic dermopathy?
output: Diabetic dermopathy: Also called shin spots, this skin condition develops as a result of changes to the blood vessels that supply the skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion of thin skin over the front lower parts of the lower legs. The patches do not hurt, although rarely they can be itchy or cause burning. Medical treatment generally is not necessary.
system: How do bacterial infections affect people with diabetes?
output: Bacterial infections: There are different kinds of bacterial infections commonly affecting the skin of those with diabetes. Skin infections with the bacteria known as Staphylococcus are more common and more serious in people with diabetes which is not under control. These bacteria can result in 'boils', an inflamed nodule from a hair follicle, which can occur in areas where hair follicles can be irritated. Other infections include styes, which are infections of the glands of the eyelids, and bacterial nail infections. Most bacterial infections require medical treatment with antibiotics in the form of pills and/or creams.
system: How do fungal infections affect diabetics?
output: Fungal infections : A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" is responsible for many of the fungal infections causing skin problems in people with diabetes. Women in particular are prone to infection with this fungus in the vagina. Other commonly seen areas of infection include the corners of the mouth with what is known as "angular cheilitis," which feels like small cuts on the corners of the mouth. Fungus also can occur in between the toes and fingers and in the nails (onychomycosis). This fungus creates itchy, bright red rashes, often surrounded by tiny blisters and scales. These infections most often occur in warm, moist folds of the skin. Three common fungal infections are: jock itch (red, itchy area on the genitals and the inside of the thighs), athlete's foot (affects the skin between the toes), and ringworm (ring-shaped, scaly patches that can itch or blister and appear on the feet, groin, chest and abdomen, scalp, or nails). Medicines that kill the fungus are usually needed to treat these infections. A rare but potentially fatal fungal infection with Mucormycosis is seen in people with diabetes. The infection usually starts in the nasal cavities and can spread to the eyes and brain.
system: Does necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum need to be treated?
output: As long as the sores do not break open, treatment is not necessary. If the sores do break open, see your doctor for medical treatment.
system: What causes itching in people with diabetes?
output: Itching: Itching skin, also called pruritus, can have many causes, such as a yeast infection, dry skin, or poor blood flow. When itching is caused by poor blood flow, the lower legs and feet are most often affected. Using lotion can help to keep your skin soft and moist, and prevent itching due to dry skin.