laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How does vitiligo develop in diabetics?
output: Vitiligo: This condition affects your skin color. It's more common with type 1 diabetes. With vitiligo, the cells that make the substance that gives your skin color, melanin, are destroyed. Patches of skin look discolored. They often appear on the chest and stomach. But they can also show up on the face around the mouth, nose, and eyes. Steroid creams, ultraviolet light treatments, and micropigmentation (tattooing) are a few treatment options. Use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on your discolored skin.
system: Where do diabetics usually get fungal infections?
output: Women are likely to get this in their vaginas. People also tend to get this infection on the corners of their mouth. It feels like small cuts and is called "angular cheilitis." Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the fingernails and toenails that is more prevalent among people with diabetes. It causes discoloration, thickening, and separation from the nail bed. Medicines that kill fungus -- called antifungals -- are usually needed to treat these infections.
system: Why does diabetes cause itching?
output: Itching skin, also called pruritus, can have many causes, such as dry skin, poor blood flow, or a yeast infection. When itching is caused by poor blood flow, you'll likely feel it in your lower legs and feet. Lotion can help to keep your skin soft and moist, and prevent itching due to dry skin.
system: What is scleredema diabeticorum?
output: Scleredema diabeticorum: This condition causes a thickening of the skin on the back of the neck and upper back. It's rare, but it can affect people with type 2 diabetes. The treatment is to bring your blood sugar levels under control. Lotions and moisturizers might help soften your skin.
system: What is digital sclerosis and how is it related to diabetes?
output: Digital sclerosis: Due to poor blood flow, the skin on your toes, fingers, and hands becomes thick, waxy, and tight. It can also make your finger joints stiff. Get your blood sugar under control, because that can help treat this condition. Try lotions and moisturizers to help soften the skin.
system: What is diabetes-related acanthosis nigricans?
output: Acanthosis nigricans: This condition is most common in people with type 2 diabetes. It causes darkened and thickened skin, especially in skin folds. It looks like a small wart. Skin becomes tan or brown. It's sometimes slightly raised and may look velvety. It can be found on the sides or back of the neck, the armpits, under the breast, and groin. Sometimes, the top of your knuckles will look strange. This condition usually affects people who are very overweight. It usually starts before diabetes, and it can be a sign of insulin resistance. While there's no cure, losing weight may help.
system: How does acanthosis nigricans develop in diabetics?
output: Acanthosis nigricans: This condition is most common in people with type 2 diabetes. It causes darkened and thickened skin, especially in skin folds. It looks like a small wart. Skin becomes tan or brown. It's sometimes slightly raised and may look velvety. It can be found on the sides or back of the neck, the armpits, under the breast, and groin. Sometimes, the top of your knuckles will look strange. This condition usually affects people who are very overweight. It usually starts before diabetes, and it can be a sign of insulin resistance. While there's no cure, losing weight may help.
system: What is diabetes-related vitiligo?
output: Vitiligo: This condition affects your skin color. It's more common with type 1 diabetes. With vitiligo, the cells that make the substance that gives your skin color, melanin, are destroyed. Patches of skin look discolored. They often appear on the chest and stomach. But they can also show up on the face around the mouth, nose, and eyes. Steroid creams, ultraviolet light treatments, and micropigmentation (tattooing) are a few treatment options. Use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on your discolored skin.
system: How are fungal infections due to diabetes treated?
output: A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" causes many of the fungal infections that happen to people with diabetes. Talk with your doctor about the right ones to use.
system: How are fungal infections from diabetes treated?
output: A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" causes many of the fungal infections that happen to people with diabetes. Talk with your doctor about the right ones to use.
system: Are there other factors besides the environment and genetics that can cause multiple sclerosis?
output: There's growing proof that hormones, including sex hormones, can affect and be affected by your immune system. For example, estrogen and progesterone, two important female sex hormones, may suppress your immune system. When these hormone levels are higher during pregnancy, women with MS tend to have less disease activity. Testosterone, the primary male hormone, may also suppress the immune response. Men's higher levels of testosterone may partly account for the fact that more than twice as many women as men have MS.
system: Do genetics play a role in contracting multiple sclerosis?
output: Doctors still don't understand what causes multiple sclerosis.
system: Does the environment affect a person's risk of multiple sclerosis?
output: It's especially common in cooler climates like Scotland, Scandinavia, and throughout northern Europe -- places that are farther from the equator. People who live close to the equator are least likely to get it. In the U. S., it affects white people more than other racial groups.
system: Is multiple sclerosis more common in certain parts of the world?
output: MS is an autoimmune condition. It's especially common in cooler climates like Scotland, Scandinavia, and throughout northern Europe -- places that are farther from the equator. This suggests that something about the place you live before puberty raises your odds of getting MS. But the risk factors could be in your genes. At one point, people believed each of these might cause MS.
system: What diseases can Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cause other than mono?
output: EBV is best known for causing mononucleosis, but less often it can lead to other diseases, including: Ear infections and diarrhea in children Guillain- Barre syndrome Certain cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma and cancers of the nose and throat Studies also show a link between EBV and multiple sclerosis ( MS), but more research is needed to determine if the virus can lead to MS.
system: How is your activity restricted if you're recovering from an Epstein-Barr virus infection?
output: There are some rare complications of mono, so see your doctor if you or your child has any of these symptoms: Sudden, sharp pain on the left side of the belly, which could mean a problem with your spleen Very little urine, a sign of dehydration Trouble breathing or swallowing -- call 911 immediately Also call if your symptoms don't go away after 4 to 6 weeks.
system: How can an Epstein-Barr virus infection be prevented?
output: No vaccine can protect you against the EBV virus. The best way to avoid catching it is to stay away from anyone who has mono. Don't share any items, including glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes, with someone who is infected. Also avoid kissing or having sex with an infected person.
system: How do you protect yourself from catching mono?
output: No vaccine can protect you against the EBV virus. The best way to avoid catching it is to stay away from anyone who has mono. Don't share any items, including glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes, with someone who is infected. Also avoid kissing or having sex with an infected person.
system: How common is Epstein-Barr virus?
output: Even though Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV) isn't a household name, you've probably been infected without knowing it. Lots of people carry the virus but don't get sick.
system: How does mono, or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), spread?
output: The virus is found in saliva, so you can catch mono from kissing someone who's infected. You can also get it from drinking from the same glass or using an infected person's toothbrush. It's also found in blood and semen, so it's possible to get mono from sex, a blood transfusion, or an organ transplant. You don't have to be sick to pass the virus to someone else. EBV stays in your body long after you get over mono. The virus can become active again months or years later, making you contagious once more.
system: How is mono diagnosed?
output: It's hard to tell whether you have mononucleosis just by your symptoms. Fever, fatigue, and sore throat could also be signs of other illnesses, like the flu or a cold. See your doctor for an exam to learn for sure what's making you sick. He might find signs that you have mono, such as an enlarged spleen, an organ in your belly that filters blood. Your doctor will also check to see if you have a swollen liver and white patches on your tonsils. You may also need to get some blood tests.
system: What are symptoms of Epstein-Barr virus  infection?
output: If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer.
system: How does the Epstein-Barr virus spread?
output: The virus is found in saliva, so you can catch mono from kissing someone who's infected. You can also get it from drinking from the same glass or using an infected person's toothbrush. It's also found in blood and semen, so it's possible to get mono from sex, a blood transfusion, or an organ transplant. You don't have to be sick to pass the virus to someone else. EBV stays in your body long after you get over mono. The virus can become active again months or years later, making you contagious once more.
system: What are the symptoms of mono?
output: Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. When they do, they're often mild, especially in young children. Kids' symptoms may be more like those of a cold or flu. Teens often have more obvious symptoms of mono. If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer. You may still feel tired a couple of months later.
system: What are other disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus?
output: EBV is best known for causing mononucleosis, but less often it can lead to other diseases, including: Ear infections and diarrhea in children Guillain- Barre syndrome Certain cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma and cancers of the nose and throat Studies also show a link between EBV and multiple sclerosis ( MS), but more research is needed to determine if the virus can lead to MS.
system: How long does it take to recover from an Epstein-Barr virus infection?
output: If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer. You may still feel tired a couple of months later.
system: What is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
output: You might know this disease better by its nickname, "mono." It's also called the "kissing disease" because of one way you can spread it to someone else. Even though Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV) isn't a household name, you've probably been infected without knowing it. Lots of people carry the virus but don't get sick. Like other viruses, Epstein- Barr can't be treated with antibiotics.
system: How is an Epstein-Barr virus infection treated?
output: Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. Fever, fatigue, and sore throat could also be signs of other illnesses, like the flu or a cold.
system: How is mono treated?
output: Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. Drink a lot of water and other liquids to stay hydrated. Suck on lozenges or ice pops, or gargle with warm salt water, to make your sore throat feel better. Take painkillers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen to bring down fever and relieve body aches. ( Don't give aspirin to children under 19 years of age because of the risk of a rare but serious condition called Reye's syndrome.)
system: What is Epstein-Barr virus?
output: You might know this disease better by its nickname, "mono." It's also called the "kissing disease" because of one way you can spread it to someone else. Like other viruses, Epstein- Barr can't be treated with antibiotics.
system: How is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used to treat bipolar I disorder?
output: Electroconvulsive Therapy ( ECT) Despite its scary reputation, electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) is a safe and effective treatment for both manic and depressive symptoms. ECT is often used to treat severe forms of depression or mania in bipolar I disorder when medicines may not be effective or likely to work fast enough to bring symptom relief.
system: Who is at risk for bipolar I disorder?
output: Understanding Bipolar Disorder Virtually anyone can develop bipolar I disorder. About 2.5% of the U. S. population suffers from bipolar disorder -- almost 6 million people. Most people are in their teens or early 20s when symptoms of bipolar disorder first appear. Nearly everyone with bipolar I disorder develops it before age 50. People with an immediate family member who has bipolar are at higher risk.
system: How does bipolar I disorder differ from other types of bipolar I disorder?
output: People with bipolar I disorder experience full episodes of mania -- the often severe abnormally elevated mood and behavior described above. These manic symptoms can lead to serious disruptions in life (for example, spending the family fortune, or having an unintended pregnancy). In bipolar II disorder, the symptoms of elevated mood never reach full-blown mania. They often pass for extreme cheerfulness, even making someone a lot of fun to be around -- the "life of the party." Not so bad, you might think -- except bipolar II disorder usually involves extensive and disabling periods of significant depression, which can often be harder to treat than if episodes of hypomania had never occurred.
system: Which antipsychotic medications are used to treat bipolar I disorder?
output: Antipsychotics For severe manic episodes, traditional antipsychotics (such as Haldol, Loxapine, or Thorazine) as well as newer antipsychotic drugs -- also called atypical antipsychotics -- may be necessary. Cariprazine ( Vraylar) is a newly approved antipsychotic to treat manic or mixed episodes. Aripiprazole ( Abilify), asenapine ( Saphris), clozapine ( Clozaril), olanzapine ( Zyprexa), quetiapine ( Seroquel), risperidone ( Risperdal), and ziprasidone ( Geodon) are often used, and many other drugs are available. The antipsychotic lurasidone ( Latuda)is approved for use -- either alone or with lithium or valproate ( Depakote) -- in cases of bipolar I depression. Antipsychotic medicines are also sometimes used for preventive treatment.
system: How are manic bipolar I disorder episodes treated?
output: Manic episodes in bipolar I disorder require treatment with drugs, such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics, and sometimes sedative-hypnotics which include benzodiazepines such as clonazepam ( Klonopin) or lorazepam ( Ativan).
system: How is lithium used to treat bipolar I disorder?
output: Mood Stabilizers Lithium: This simple metal in pill form is especially effective at controlling mania that involves classical euphoria rather than mixtures of mania and depression simultaneously. Lithium has been used for more than 60 years to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium can take weeks to work fully, making it better for maintenance treatment than for sudden manic episodes. Blood levels of lithium as well as tests to measure kidney and thyroid functioning must be monitored to avoid side effects.
system: Can bipolar disorder be prevented?
output: Other antiseizure medicines that are less well-established but still sometimes used experimentally for the treatment of bipolar disorder, such as oxcarbazapine ( Trileptal). It's not known if bipolar I disorder can be prevented entirely. It is possible to lower the risk of episodes of mania or depression once bipolar disorder has developed. Regular therapy sessions with a psychologist or social worker can help people to identify factors that can destabilize mood (such as poor medication adherence, sleep deprivation, drug or alcohol abuse, and poor stress management), leading to fewer hospitalizations and feeling better overall. Taking medicine on a regular basis can help to prevent future manic or depressive episodes.
system: What are the symptoms of bipolar I disorder?
output: Abnormal behavior during manic episodes includes: Flying suddenly from one idea to the next Rapid, "pressured" (uninterruptable), and loud speech Increased energy, with hyperactivity and a decreased need for sleep Inflated self-image Excessive spending Hypersexuality Substance abuse People in manic episodes may spend money far beyond their means, have sex with people they wouldn't otherwise, or pursue grandiose, unrealistic plans. In severe manic episodes, a person loses touch with reality. They may become delusional and behave bizarrely. As a mood stabilizer that can be used by a "loading dose" method -- beginning at a very high dose -- valproate allows the possibility of significant improvement in mood as early as four to five days.
system: What is "nursemaid's elbow"?
output: Nursemaid's Elbow, or "pulled elbow," occurs in small children as a result of being lifted, yanked, swung by the hand or wrist, or falling on an outstretched arm. One of the arm bones slips out of place slightly. The child may: Complain that the elbow hurts Cry when the arm is moved or touched Hold the arm close to his or her side or support it with the other arm. Not use the arm The health care provider may see the child or refer you to a hospital emergency room.
system: How do the drugs Ditropan and Levsin work for bed-wetting, and what are their side effects?
output: Ditropan and Levsin Ditropan and Levsin work by reducing unwanted bladder contractions. Side effects may include: Dry mouth Drowsiness Flushing Heat sensitivity Constipation
system: What is Tofranil and how is it used to treat bed-wetting?
output: Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years. How it works is not clear, but it is known to have a relaxing effect on the bladder, allowing the bladder to hold more urine comfortably. Side effects of Tofranil tend to be rare with correct dosage but may include: Nervousness Anxiety Constipation Personality changes A warning: Tofranil can have toxic side effects if taken improperly. Deaths have been attributed to accidental overdoses.
system: Are there medications to help with bedwetting?
output: The two drugs approved by the FDA specifically for bed-wetting are DDAVP and Tofranil. Other medications that are sometimes used to treat bed-wetting include Ditropan and Levsin. Drug therapy does not work for everyone, and these medications can have significant side effects. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child.
system: Does my child need medication for bed-wetting?
output: Bed-wetting tends to go away by itself. However, if after talking to your child's doctor you decide to treat your child with medications, several drug therapies are available. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child.
system: What is DDAVP and how is it used to treat bed-wetting?
output: Here's an overview of each drug used to treat bed-wetting: DDAVP DDAVP is a synthetic form of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH), a substance that occurs naturally in the body. This drug works by imitating ADH in the body, which reduces the amount of urine that the body produces and also increases the concentration of the urine. Its main use is for children who have not been helped by an alarm. It is also used as a stopgap measure to help children attend camps or sleepovers without embarrassment. It is an FDA-approved treatment for bed-wetting. Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years.
system: When should you call your doctor immediately about back pain?
output: Certain back pain symptoms mean you should call your doctor ASAP. * New or progressive motor weakness, sometimes with numbness or tingling. * Loss of bowel or bladder function. * Pain for 6 weeks or more. Other red flags indicating that your back pain should be evaluated immediately include: * History of cancer or unexplained weight loss * History of immune system problems * Fever All is fine during the day, but as soon as your head hits the pillow your back starts to hurt, making sleep near impossible.
system: Are teachers able to recognize ADHD in children?
output: Since teachers work with many different children, they also come to know how students typically behave in classroom situations requiring concentration and self-control. So when they notice something outside the norm, they may speak with the school psychologist or the parents about their concerns. But teachers can't diagnose ADHD. They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on.
system: Is there a test I can give my child if the teacher suggests they have ADHD?
output: Instead, the ADHD diagnosis is based on observations of a child's behavior in multiple settings. The teacher, sometimes past teachers, will play a key role in the process. The professional who makes the diagnosis is usually a specially trained doctor (apsychiatrist or pediatrician), psychologist, counselor, or social worker. They will ask you and your child's teachers to rate their observations of your child's behavior on standardized evaluation or rating scales.
system: Is it acceptable for my child's teacher to suggest my child has ADHD?
output: Teachers are often the first ones to recognize or suspect ADHD in children. That's because ADHD symptoms typically affect school performance or disrupt the rest of the class. Also, teachers are with children for most of the day and for months out of the year.
system: Do I need to tell the teacher if my child is diagnosed with ADHD?
output: As a parent, you'll need to keep open the lines of communication with the teacher to ensure a consistent system of incentives and discipline between school and home. For example, a younger child's teacher may make a checklist and reward the child with a star or smiley face each time he or she completes a certain number of items on the list. You may have a similar system at home or provide a bigger reward -- such as a special dinner, a family movie night, or an extra hour of TV or computer time -- when your child gets a certain number of stars or smiley faces.
system: Should my child's teacher help and support me if they are diagnosed with ADHD?
output: Your child's teacher can be a good supporter and resource, but you may want more help dealing with the challenges and emotions of parenting a child with ADHD, or with concerns about medications or other issues.
system: Do I need to tell the school nurse if my child is diagnosed with ADHD?
output: They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on. The school nurse may play a role in dispensing ADHD medications and monitoring for side effects. Your child's teacher will be important in carrying out the behavioral part of a treatment plan and in communicating about the effectiveness of medications.