laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is a retinal tomography?
output: This computerized test maps the curve of your cornea. It can show problems with your eye's surface, like swelling or scarring, or conditions such as astigmatism. You might have it before you have surgery, a cornea transplant, or a contact lens fitting.
system: What is a corneal topography?
output: This test measures the amount of pressure it takes to flatten a portion of your cornea. It can show problems with your eye's surface, like swelling or scarring, or conditions such as astigmatism. You might have it before you have surgery, a cornea transplant, or a contact lens fitting.
system: What is a non-contact tonometry?
output: Pressure readings help your doctor diagnose and keep track of glaucoma. The doctor will use a tool called a tonometer that blows a tiny puff of air, measuring eye pressure indirectly by the eye's resistance to the puff. Applanation instruments can also measure pressure. They are the most accurate, but you'll need local anesthetic.
system: What is a refraction?
output: The doctor uses special drops to expand your eye's pupil (he'll call this dilate). You look at a chart, usually 20 feet away, or in a mirror that makes things look like they're 20 feet away. You'll look through a tool called a phoropter. It lets the doctor move lenses of different strengths in front of your eyes. You can tell him if things look clear or blurry. Your answers give him your prescription for your glasses or contact lenses. The test will also help him spot presbyopia, hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism.
system: What is an applanation tonometry?
output: This computerized test maps the curve of your cornea. You'll look through a tool called a phoropter. This test helps diagnose glaucoma.
system: How can I remember to do eat right, work out, and do other things that are good for me?
output: You can set up any kind of trigger: an alarm, a note, a text message. A good trigger is one you'll both notice and link to what you want to do. You also want to time it to coincide with the action you want to take.
system: I feel bad about not sticking to healthy habits. What can I do about it?
output: Or skip the gym after you vow to increase activity? In that way, anchors help you remember your healthy habits and give you the mind-set you need to do them.
system: What are anchors, and how can they help me make healthy habits?
output: Anchors help psych you up to do them. Let's say you're listening to music while you're on the treadmill, and you feel supercharged during a particular song. That song can become your anchor for those feelings. When you replay it, you'll feel the same energy boost you got during that workout. Think about a personal item that reminds you of a time you felt especially strong. When you need those feelings back, look at the item or touch it.
system: How do I treat chronic insomnia?
output: If you have chronic insomnia, getting treatment for any underlying health condition or other problem may help you to sleep better. If you still have insomnia, your doctor may suggest behavioral therapy, which is frequently used when insomnia stems from the mind or body being unable to relax. Behavioral therapy teaches a person how to alter behaviors that worsen insomnia and learn new ways to promote sleep.
system: Do sleeping pills treat insomnia?
output: If you still have trouble functioning during the day because of poor sleep, your doctor may prescribe sleeping pills for a few weeks. Commonly used sleep aids include sedatives, minor tranquilizers, and anti-anxiety drugs. Most are safe if a doctor supervises their use. Some sleep aids can become habit-forming or pose the potential for overdose if not used as directed.
system: What causes secondary insomnia?
output: Secondary insomnia: Sleep problems occur because of another issue, such as a sleep disorder like apnea; another health condition or disease; chronic pain from arthritis or headaches; medications; or alcohol, caffeine, and other substances.
system: What should you put in a sleep diary if you have insomnia?
output: If you've made lifestyle changes and still have sleep problems, write down in a journal: Time you went to bed Approximate time you fell asleep Time you woke up Number of times you woke up during the night Amount of time you stayed awake during the night Total amount of sleep you log per night Any grogginess upon waking in the morning or during the day Naps and their duration Any daytime incidents of dozing off and where it happened Any comments about particular sleep problems or quality of sleep Share your sleep diary with your doctor.
system: What's the treatment for short-term insomnia?
output: If you have short-term insomnia, you may not need treatment. Don't hang out in bed; reserve it for sleep. Go to bed at the same time every night. Exercise. Make your bedroom comfortable for sleep. Keep it dark, quiet, and not too cold or warm. Use a sleeping mask to block light or use earplugs or a fan to block noise. Relax before bedtime by reading, listening to relaxing music, bathing, or doing another relaxing activity. Don't eat a heavy meal late in the day; a light snack before bedtime may help with sleep, though.
system: How do doctors diagnose insomnia?
output: Many factors can cause acute or chronic insomnia: Stress (including job change or loss, moving, death of a loved one) Medical condition or disease (including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, asthma, cancer, heartburn, heart failure, overactive thyroid, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and other health problems) Pain or physical discomfort Medications Noise, light or extreme temperatures Interference with one's regular sleep schedule (including jet lag or switching work shifts) Substance abuse If you have insomnia, you may have some of these symptoms: Difficulty falling asleep Difficulty staying asleep Waking up too early Feeling tired and irritable Daytime sleepiness Mood changes Lack of motivation Attention, concentration, or memory problems Making errors at work, school, or while driving Tension headaches or stomach aches Frustration or worry about sleep To diagnose insomnia, your doctor will ask about your sleep patterns and habits, stress levels, medical history, level of physical activity, and use of medications, alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, and illegal substances. He or she might also ask you to keep a detailed log of your sleep habits, including sleep and wake times, napping, and any specific problems with sleeping. Your doctor will also do a physical exam to look for health disorders that can cause insomnia. If the specialist suspects a disorder, such as sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome, you may need to do an overnight sleep study at home or at a special sleep center.
system: How can bone-forming medications help treat osteoporosis?
output: Bone-forming medications are designed to do just what they say. Instead of just slowing or stopping the process of bone breakdown, they work to build more of it. Abaloparatide ( Tymlos) and teriparatide ( Forteo) is the only medicines of this type approved by the FDA. In women, they help reduce fractures of the spine and in the hands and feet. They're also approved for men with low testosterone levels and men with osteoporosis caused by steroids. With either drug, you have to inject it daily, and the treatment is expensive.
system: How can estrogen therapy help in treating osteoporosis?
output: This type of osteoporosis treatment works well in decreasing bone loss and reducing hip and spine fractures, but it comes with a number of very serious drawbacks. While it replaces the estrogen levels that drop drastically during menopause, it may also raise your chances for blood clots, heart attack, breast cancer, and stroke. The FDA recommends that you try other osteoporosis drugs first.
system: How can medication help me with my osteoporosis?
output: They also may lower your chances for dangerous breaks in bones, or "fractures." They help prevent bone loss and reduce spinal fractures, but don't seem to do much in other parts of the body.
system: How does denosumab (Prolia, Xgeva) help in treating osteoporosis?
output: It strengthens bones throughout the body. It's a twice-yearly injection. If one drug doesn't work well for you, another may.
system: What are symptoms of brittle bone disease?
output: They break very easily. Your child may have a bone break during a diaper change, or even when being burped. Someone with the condition may have only a few broken bones in a lifetime, or may have hundreds of them. Sometimes, babies are born with fractures or get them while growing in their mother's womb. Other times, symptoms don't appear until the teen years or later.
system: What are treatments for brittle bone disease?
output: That treatment may include: Splints and casts for broken bones Braces for weak legs, ankles, knees, and wrists Physical therapy to strengthen the body and improve movement Medicine to make the bones stronger Surgery to implant rods in the arms or legs Special dental work, such as crowns, for brittle teeth Other things that could be helpful: Try to maintain a healthy weight.
system: What can help relieve symptoms of brittle bone disease?
output: Too much weight adds stress to the bones. Talk to the doctor or physical therapist about a safe exercise routine. Eat a diet rich in vitamin D and calcium. But high doses of these supplements are not recommended. Avoid alcohol, or drink it only occasionally. Cut back on caffeine. Discuss the use of any steroid medications with your doctor. These drugs reduce bone density. Do not smoke.
system: What are symptoms of mild brittle bone disease?
output: They include: Broken bones (fractures) Bleeding and easy bruising (frequent nosebleeds or heavy bleeding after an injury) Blue color in the white part of the eyes Bowing of the legs Breathing problems Brittle, discolored teeth Curved spine, called scoliosis Feeling very tired Skin that is easily hurt Hearing loss that starts in early adulthood Can't stand warm temperatures Loose joints Short height Weak muscles and tissues Doctors group brittle bone disease into types, based on symptoms and number of fractures. The most common types of brittle bone disease are: Mild Few signs of the condition Little to no bone deformity Number of broken bones from a few to many Height not usually affected May have premature hearing loss Broken bones decrease after puberty Average life expectancy Moderate to severe Increased number and frequency of broken bones Babies can be born with many broken bones, an unstable neck, or soft skull Problems with long bones slowly get worse Short height Abnormally shaped spine and rib cage May have a dozen to several hundred broken bones in a lifetime May not be able to move and may need a motorized wheelchair Severe breathing problems can lead to early death Lethal Babies usually die in the womb or soon after birth Severe fractures and breathing problems cause death soon after birth If your baby is born with broken bones, the doctor can diagnose the condition with a physical exam.
system: How is brittle bone disease diagnosed?
output: Your doctor will examine your child and ask questions about your family and medical history. Blood and urine tests will rule out other health conditions that can cause weak bones, such as rickets. Genetic testing can confirm brittle bone disease. Genetic tests can also tell if you or your family members carry the gene.
system: Can brittle bone disease be cured?
output: There is no cure for brittle bone disease, but treatment can relieve symptoms, prevent breakage of bones, and maximize movement. Severe forms of the disease can affect the shape of the rib cage and spine, which can lead to life-threatening breathing problems. Some people may need to be on oxygen. But in many other cases, people with this condition live a healthy, productive life with monitoring on a regular basis and the right treatment.
system: What is a brittle bone disease?
output: There is no cure for brittle bone disease, but your doctor can treat it. If you don't have enough of it, your bones become very weak and will break easily. They break very easily.
system: What causes brittle bone disease?
output: It's caused by a defect in a gene that is supposed to make a substance called collagen. Collagen is a protein in your body that forms and strengthens bones. Most children with brittle bone disease get this gene from only one parent, but it's possible to get it from both. Sometimes a child doesn't inherit the gene from either parent, but the gene mutation develops on its own. They break very easily.
system: What are other symptoms of brittle bone disease?
output: They break very easily. General symptoms of brittle bone disease may be mild or very severe. They include: Broken bones (fractures) Bleeding and easy bruising (frequent nosebleeds or heavy bleeding after an injury) Blue color in the white part of the eyes Bowing of the legs Breathing problems Brittle, discolored teeth Curved spine, called scoliosis Feeling very tired Skin that is easily hurt Hearing loss that starts in early adulthood Can't stand warm temperatures Loose joints Short height Weak muscles and tissues Doctors group brittle bone disease into types, based on symptoms and number of fractures.
system: What is hypoglycemia unawareness?
output: Most people with diabetes can drive safely. The exception is if you have a condition called hypoglycemia unawareness, which means low blood sugars hit you out of the blue, with no warning at all. It can be especially dangerous for you to be on the road. If this happens to you, talk to your doctor. You might be able to learn how to feel low blood sugar coming on.
system: When should you pull over when driving if you have diabetes?
output: Ask your doctor how high is too high to be on the road.) Pull over and check your levels if you start feel: A headache Shaky or jumpy Sweaty Hungry Like you can't see straight Sleepy Dizzy, lightheaded, or confused Clumsy Irritable or cranky Weak If your blood sugar is low, have a snack with fast-acting carbohydrates.
system: How does diabetes affect driving?
output: That can make it hard for you to concentrate on the road and react to what's going on around you. If you're not sure whether your diabetes medication can cause low blood sugar, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Second, over time diabetes can cause other health problems that can affect your driving. Diabetes can also hurt your vision by damaging blood vessels in your eyes or making you more likely to get cataracts. It can be especially dangerous for you to be on the road. You might be able to learn how to feel low blood sugar coming on.
system: What should you do before you drive if you have diabetes?
output: That can make it hard for you to concentrate on the road and react to what's going on around you. Before you drive, make sure your blood sugar is at least 80 mg/d L. If it's lower than that, have a snack with 15 grams of carbohydrate. Wait 15 minutes, then check again. Bring snacks. Stock your car with some snacks that have fast-acting carbohydrates in case your blood sugar starts to go too low. Try glucose tablets or gel, regular soda (not diet), and juice boxes or snack bars that won't go bad if you leave them in the car. Bring your meter. You might have to check your blood sugar along the way. Don't leave it in the car when you're not driving, though. Extreme heat or cold can damage it. Wear your medical ID. If there's an emergency, police and rescuers need to know that you have diabetes. Get your eyes checked. Keep up with your regular eye appointments to make sure diabetes isn't changing your vision.
system: What can you do if your blood sugar is low while driving with diabetes?
output: Wait 15 minutes, then check again. Stock your car with some snacks that have fast-acting carbohydrates in case your blood sugar starts to go too low. If it's still not high enough, eat another snack, wait another 15 minutes, and check again. Don't drive again until your blood sugar is in a normal range. Then when you get a chance, eat a bigger snack or a meal with some protein.
system: Does hormone therapy work for anyone when treating symptoms of menopause?
output: Hormone therapy isn't for everyone. Don't take it if you've ever had breast cancer, uterine or "endometrial" cancer, blood clots, liver disease, or a stroke. Also don't take it if you might be pregnant or you have undiagnosed vaginal bleeding. If you can't or don't want to take hormones, other medications can ease symptoms. They include antidepressants, antiseizure drugs, or blood pressure medications to help with hot flashes and mood swings.
system: Are there any tests for menopause?
output: The most accurate way to tell if it's happening to you is to watch your menstrual cycles for 12 months in a row. It helps to keep track of your periods and chart them as they become irregular. Menopause has happened when you have not had any period for an entire 12 months. Your doctor can check your blood for follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH). The levels will jump as your ovaries begin to shut down. As your estrogen levels fall, you'll notice hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and less lubrication during sex. The tissue in and around your vagina will thin as estrogen drops, too. The only way to check for this is through a Pap-like smear, but it's rarely done. As this happens, you might have urinary incontinence, painful sex, a low sex drive, and vaginal itching.
system: What are the stages of menopause?
output: The process happens slowly over three stages: Perimenopause. Your cycles will become irregular, but they haven't stopped. Most women hit this stage around age 47. Even though you might notice symptoms like hot flashes, you can still get pregnant. Menopause. This is when you'll have your final menstrual period. You won't know for sure it's happened until you've gone a year without one. Hot flashes, vaginal dryness, sleep problems, and other symptoms are common in this stage. Postmenopause. This begins when you hit the year mark from your final period. Once that happens, you'll be referred to as postmenopausal for the rest of your life. Keep in mind that after more than 1 year of no menstrual periods due to menopause, vaginal bleeding isn't normal, so tell your doctor if you have any ASAP.
system: What are other ways to treat symptoms of menopause?
output: Prescription and OTC medication for vaginal dryness and sleep problems. You can try topical estrogen, lubricants, and non-estrogen prescriptions for dryness and painful sex. Acupuncture, meditation, and relaxation techniques are harmless ways to ease the stress of menopause, and some people believe they help. Many women also try herbal or natural remedies. Talk to a doctor before trying any of these.
system: How can I treat the symptoms of menopause?
output: A healthy diet and regular exercise program will help manage your symptoms and boost your health. It helps with hot flashes and night sweats, and it may help prevent osteoporosis. If you don't have a uterus, you might get estrogen alone. Hormone therapy isn't for everyone. If you can't or don't want to take hormones, other medications can ease symptoms.
system: I have diabetes and a cold, what should I do if my blood sugar is too high?
output: If your blood sugar is too high, sip liquids like water or sugar-free ginger ale. If it's too low, sip half a cup of apple juice or 1/2 cup of ginger ale. Always check what you eat or drink against your regular diabetes diet to make sure these foods and drinks are allowed in your situation.
system: Can I eat foods from my regular meal plan if I have a cold with diabetes?
output: You may not feel hungry when you first get sick, but it's important to try to eat something anyway. You can have foods from your regular meal plan.
system: How often should I check my blood sugar if I have a cold and diabetes?
output: Check it at least every 3 or 4 hours when you're sick with a cold. If your levels aren't near your target, you can tweak your diabetes management plan -- your doctor may tell you to use more insulin if your blood sugar levels are too high.
system: I have a cold and diabetes, what should I do if I have fever, vomiting, or diarrhea?
output: You can sip the liquid if you want -- no need to gulp it down all at once. The important thing is to avoid getting dehydrated. If your blood sugar is too high, sip liquids like water or sugar-free ginger ale. If it's too low, sip half a cup of apple juice or 1/2 cup of ginger ale.
system: What can happen if I'm a diabetic with a cold and I don't eat?
output: Some foods to try: 3-ounce fruit juice bar 1/2 cup frozen yogurt 1/2 cup cooked cereal If you don't eat, your blood sugar might fall too low.
system: What cold medications should I avoid if I have diabetes and high blood pressure?
output: If you have high blood pressure, avoid any cold medicine that contains decongestants, which can raise it even more.
system: Can a cold make my diabetes worse?
output: When you're sick, there's a chance your blood sugar levels could go up.
system: I have a cold and diabetes, what is recommended that I should eat and drink?
output: You may not feel hungry when you first get sick, but it's important to try to eat something anyway. Some foods to try: 3-ounce fruit juice bar 1/2 cup frozen yogurt 1/2 cup cooked cereal If you don't eat, your blood sugar might fall too low.
system: What are short-term and long-term effects of raspberry ketone?
output: When ketones are taken from raspberries, they can be used to add fragrance and flavor to things such as colas, ice cream, and cosmetics. No study has been done to document potential side effects. There are also no studies that look at potential drug or food interactions. Without scientific evidence, no one can say what dosage of raspberry ketone supplements, if any, might be safe to take.
system: What are the symptoms of kyphosis ?
output: Symptoms of lordosis may include: Appearing swayback, with the buttocks being more pronounced Having a large gap between the lower back and the floor when lying on your back on a hard surface that does not change when you bend forward Back pain and discomfort Problems moving certain ways Symptoms of kyphosis are usually visible in nature and include: Bending forward of the head compared to the rest of the body Hump or curve to the upper back Fatigue in back or legs Postural kyphosis does not typically cause back pain; however, physical activity and long periods of standing and sitting can cause discomfort for people with Scheuermann's kyphosis.
system: What types of surgery are used to treat spine curvature disorders?
output: The following procedures may be used to treat spine curvature disorders: Spinal instrumentation. Instruments such as hooks, rods, and wire are attached to the spine to realign the bones of the spine and keep them secure following spinal fusion. Artificial disc replacement. Degenerated discs in the spine are replaced with artificial devices. Kyphoplasty. A balloon is inserted inside the spine to straighten and stabilize the affected area and relieve pain.
system: What should I know about spine curvature disorder?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The spine, or backbone, is made up of small bones (vertebrae) stacked -- along with discs -- one on top of another. A healthy spine when viewed from the side has gentle curves to it. The curves help the spine absorb stress from body movement and gravity. When viewed from the back, the spine should run straight down the middle of the back. When abnormalities of the spine occur, the natural curvatures of the spine are misaligned or exaggerated in certain areas, as occurs with lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
system: What conditions can cause lordosis?
output: A condition in which a vertebrae, usually in the lower back, slips forward Osteoporosis, a condition in which vertebrae become fragile and can be easily broken (compression fractures) Obesity, or being extremely overweight Kyphosis.