laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is the definition of carbon dioxide?
output: Carbon Dioxide: A gas created during metabolism, when the cells use oxygen to burn fat and release energy. The lungs release carbon dioxide when you breathe out.
system: What is the definition of angiogenesis?
output: Angiogenesis: The spontaneous or drug-induced growth of new blood vessels. The growth of these vessels may help to alleviate coronary artery disease by rerouting blood flow around clogged arteries.
system: What is the definition of atrioventricular node?
output: Atrioventricular ( AV) Node: A group of special cells located near the center of the heart that helps to regulate the heart rhythm.
system: What is the definition of myocardial biopsy (cardiac biopsy)?
output: Myocardial Biopsy ( Cardiac biopsy): An invasive procedure to obtain a small piece of heart muscle tissue for analysis.
system: What is the definition of pulse rate?
output: Pulse Rate: The number of heartbeats per minute. The resting pulse rate for an average adult is between 60 and 80 beats per minute.
system: What is the definition of intravascular ultrasound?
output: Intravascular Ultrasound ( IVUS): An invasive procedure, performed along with cardiac catheterization. A miniature sound probe (transducer) on the tip of a catheter is threaded through the coronary arteries and, using high-frequency sound waves, produces detailed images of the interior walls of the arteries.
system: What is the definition of pericardium?
output: Pericardium: The sac that surrounds the heart.
system: What is the definition of hypotension?
output: Hypotension: Low blood pressure.
system: What is the definition of platelets?
output: The plaque builds up and narrows the artery Platelets: Components of blood that aid in clotting.
system: What is the definition of head upright tilt test?
output: Head Upright Tilt Test ( HUT, tilt table test, head-up tilt test): A test used to determine the cause of fainting spells. The test involves being tilted at different angles for a period of time. Heart rhythm, blood pressure, and other measurements are evaluated with changes in position.
system: What is the definition of carotid artery?
output: Carotid Artery: A vessel that supplies the brain with oxygenated blood.
system: What is the definition of septum?
output: Septum: The muscular wall separating the right and left sides of the heart.
system: What is the definition of pericardiocentesis (pericardial tap)?
output: Pericardiocentesis (pericardial tap): An invasive procedure that involves using a needle and catheter to remove fluid from the sac around the heart. The fluid may then be sent to a lab for tests to look for signs of infection or cancer.
system: What is the definition of metabolic exercise stress test?
output: Metabolic Exercise Stress Test (also called metabolic stress test): A test used to measure the performance of the heart and lungs while they are under physical stress. The test involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike at increasing levels of difficulty, while being closely monitored.
system: What is the definition of ventricular rupture?
output: Ventricular Rupture: An area of the muscular wall of the heart that weakens and ruptures, usually due to a heart attack. If this happens, then blood from within the heart can leak into the pericardium. This is a medical emergency and usually requires urgent surgery.
system: What is the definition of mitral insufficiency?
output: Mitral Insufficiency: A condition where the mitral valve does not fully close during heart contraction, allowing blood from the left ventricle to leak back into the left atrium.
system: What is the definition of tricuspid valve?
output: Tricuspid Valve: The tricuspid valve is the valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium during contraction of the ventricle.
system: What is the definition of hypertension?
output: Hypertension: High blood pressure.
system: What is ablation?
output: Biopsy: Removal and analysis of a tissue sample.
system: What is the definition of homocysteine?
output: Homocysteine: An amino acid. High levels of homocysteine are a risk factor for coronary artery disease.
system: What is bundle branch block?
output: Bundle Branch Block: Normally, the electrical impulse travels down both the right and left bundle branches at the same speed and the ventricles contract at the same time. If there is a block in one of the branches, it's called a bundle branch block. A bundle branch block causes one ventricle to contract just after the other ventricle, reducing the overall efficiency of contraction.
system: What is the definition of arteries?
output: Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
system: What is the definition of bicuspid-valve?
output: Bicuspid Valve: A valve with two leaflets (cusps) instead of three.
system: What is the definition of biopsy?
output: Biopsy: Removal and analysis of a tissue sample.
system: What is the definition of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors?
output: Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ( ACE inhibitors): A group of drugs used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. ACE inhibitors block a specific enzyme ( ACE or angiotensin-converting enzyme) that retains salt in the kidney and can cause heart and blood pressure problems. ACE inhibitors have been shown to decrease the risk of dying from a heart attack or heart failure.
system: What is the definition of antihypertensive?
output: Antihypertensive: A drug used to treat high blood pressure.
system: What is the definition of calcium-channel blocker?
output: Calcium- Channel Blocker: A drug that reduces spasm of the blood vessels, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina; it acts by selectively blocking the uptake of calcium by the cells.
system: What is the definition of blood pressure?
output: Blood Pressure: The force exerted in the arteries by blood as it circulates. It is divided into systolic (when the heart contracts) and diastolic (when the heart is filling) pressures.
system: What is the definition of capillaries?
output: Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels connecting arteries to veins. These blood vessels carry oxygen and nutrients to individual cells throughout the body.
system: What is the definition of premature ventricular contraction?
output: Premature Ventricular Contractions ( PVCs): An irregular heartbeat in which the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) beat before they are supposed to.
system: What is the definition of patency rate?
output: Patency Rate: The likelihood that a vessel will remain open.
system: What is the definition of atrial myxoma?
output: Atrial Myxoma: A myxoma is a benign tumor of the heart. It resides in the atrial chamber and causes symptoms when its growth produces a tumor so large it obstructs blood flow through the heart chambers. Treatment of atrial myxoma is surgical removal of the tumor.
system: What is the definition of pericarditis?
output: Pericarditis: Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium. The pericardium is the sac around the heart.
system: What is the definition of intracardiac tumor?
output: Intracardiac Tumor: An intracardiac tumor can be any tumor of the heart, either malignant or benign. The most common tumor of the heart is a benign atrial myxoma.
system: What is the definition of atherosclerosis?
output: Atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"): The process whereby abnormal deposits of lipids, cholesterol, and plaque build up, leading to coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular problems.
system: What is the definition of atria?
output: Atria: The upper chambers of the heart. ( Atrium refers to one chamber of the heart).
system: What is the definition of annulus?
output: Annulus: A ring of tough fibrous tissue that is attached to and supports the leaflets of the heart valve.
system: What is the definition of clubbing?
output: Clubbing: An abnormality where the ends of the fingers and toes enlarge and the nails curve; often it is related to an inadequate oxygen-rich blood supply, however it can be hereditary and completely normal.
system: What is the definition of cholesterol?
output: Cholesterol: A fatty substance made by the body and found in some foods.
system: What is the definition of bradycardia?
output: Bradycardia: A slow heart rate.
system: What is the definition of cardiac catheterization?
output: Cardiac Catheterization: A heart procedure used to diagnose heart disease. During the procedure, a catheter (inserted into an artery in your arm or leg) is guided to your heart, contrast dye is injected, and X-rays of the coronary arteries, heart chambers, and valves are taken.
system: What is the definition of atrial septal defect?
output: Atrial Septal Defect: An abnormal hole located in the walls between the two atria. Tiny defects called patent foramen ovale are present in up to 30% of people and are of no consequence except in unusual circumstances. Moderate size to larger size defects should be corrected and may require heart surgery, though there are now devices that can close the hole without open heart surgery.
system: What is the definition of atrium?
output: Atrium: The top chamber of the heart. There are two atria -- the left and the right, divided by a muscular wall, called the septum. The atrium contracts before the ventricle to allow optimal filling of the ventricle.
system: What is the definition of magnetic resonance imaging?
output: This test is used to help your doctor find out the cause of your rhythm disturbance and the best treatment for you. MRI uses large magnets and radio-frequency waves to produce pictures of the body's internal structures.
system: What is the definition of antioxidant?
output: Antioxidant: Vitamins ( A, C, and E) that may help to limit the cellular damage caused by free radicals (which are released when tissue is being injured, such as during the progression of heart disease.) It is an inherited disease of the heart that causes thickening of the heart muscle and other changes to the heart that significantly impair its function.
system: How can I prevent tendinitis?
output: Vary your exercises and gently stretch all the muscles and tendons you are planning to exercise. Include warm-up and cool-down exercises and stretches in your routine. As a general rule, a good warm-up is five minutes for every 30 minutes of planned exercise.
system: How can ultrasound and whirlpool treatments help with treating tendinitis?
output: Ultrasound and whirlpool treatments are useful for relaxing muscles and tendons, improving circulation, and promoting healing.
system: How will my doctor diagnose tendinitis?
output: Tendinitis, also called overuse tendinopathy, typically is diagnosed by a physical exam alone.
system: What can treatment do for tendinitis?
output: The goals of treatment for overuse tendinopathy are to restore movement to the joint without pain and to maintain strength in surrounding muscles while giving the tissues time to heal.
system: How can your physical therapist help with treating tendinitis?
output: A physical therapist can propose an exercise plan that rests the tendon while strengthening nearby muscle groups and maintaining overall muscle tone. Only gradually will you begin to exercise the tendon itself. Your program may also include "eccentric" exercises, in which you gradually strengthen the muscle while stretching, stopping at the first sign of pain. You may also work into easy stretching exercises, done several times a day.
system: What is the first treatment for tendinitis?
output: As an immediate treatment for overuse tendinopathy, doctors and physical therapists often recommend the RICE program: rest, ice, compression, and elevation of the injured tendon. They may also suggest a short course of aspirin, ibuprofen, or other anti-inflammatory drugs to help inflammation and pain. Occasionally, your doctor may discuss injecting corticosteroids (a stronger anti-inflammatory drug) around the tendon for an acute injury, but these are not used in chronic overuse tendinopathy due to potential harmful effects of use.
system: How expensive is biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
output: If your doctor prescribes a biologic to treat your RA and your insurance covers it, your portion of the payment can still sometimes run hundreds of dollars per month.
system: Is it expensive to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
output: Biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis are effective. They reduce some of the signs and symptoms of RA, like the number of tender or swollen joints, pain, and disability. And they can slow or stop joint damage. Still, relief doesn't come cheap. Biologics can be expensive, even with medical insurance.
system: How did the Healthcare Reform Act work to make biologics more affordable?
output: They reduce some of the signs and symptoms of RA, like the number of tender or swollen joints, pain, and disability. Trials must show that a biosimilar drug is as safe and effective as the original biologic. The FDA is still refining the requirements a drug will have to meet to be called "biosimilar."
system: Why are biologic treatments for rheumatoid arthritis so expensive?
output: Biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis are effective. The materials needed to create them cost more, and the manufacturing process, which uses live organisms, is more complex. The cost of research and development is higher, too. Biologics use technology called genetic modification. Simply put, biologics target specific parts of RA's inflammatory process while sparing others. Drugmakers say the cost of researching and developing these drugs makes them much more expensive than chemical drugs. There isn't as much brand competition. Because many biologics work in different ways to ease inflammation, there aren't as many similar drugs. As a result, pharmacy benefit managers can't negotiate prices for them. The way they are given. You'll get some biologics by IV in a rheumatologist's office or infusion center. You take DMARDs by mouth at home. The fact that some biologics are taken by IV also affects the way Medicare will reimburse you for them. If you can't afford that, there are still ways to get the medications your doctor recommends: Patient assistance plans: Most, if not all, companies that make biologics offer plans to help people who can't afford them. To find out if the drug company that makes your biologic offers assistance, talk with your doctor or check the company's website.
system: What drugs interact with hypothyroidism medicine?
output: Some medicines can affect the way your thyroid drug works, including: Anti-seizure medicines like carbamazepine ( Tegretol) and phenytoin sodium ( Dilantin) Birth control pills and estrogen Cancer drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors Medicines for depression, like sertraline ( Zoloft) Testosterone If you take one of these meds, talk to your doctor about how you should time taking your other medications based on when you take your thyroid medication.
system: What are the side effects of moedications used for hypothyroidism?
output: The main risk of thyroid medicine is if you take too much of it, you can get symptoms of an overactive thyroid, like: Fast heartbeat Sensitivity to heat Hunger Nervousness and anxiety Shakiness Sweating Thin skin and brittle hair Tiredness Trouble sleeping Weight loss If you have any of these, see your doctor for a blood test. He may need to lower your dose.
system: How should I take my hypothyroid medicine?
output: To make sure your hypothyroidism stays under control: Stick with the same brand. Different types of thyroid hormone medicine may contain slightly different doses. That could mess with your hormone levels. Follow a schedule. Take your medicine at the same time each day. Aim for about an hour before a meal or at bedtime. Don't take it when you eat. Food can affect the way your body uses it. Don't skip doses. If you miss one, take it as soon as you remember. You can take two pills in one day if you need to. Follow instructions carefully. Don't stop taking your medicine without first checking with your doctor.
system: How long will I have to take medicine for my hypothyroidism>
output: You'll need to keep taking thyroid medicine throughout your life to control your hormone levels. Keep up with your treatment and you'll see results. You'll feel better, and your levels won't drop again.
system: What is the most common treatment for hypothyroidism?
output: It's not a cure, but it can keep your condition under control for the rest of your life. The most common treatment is levothyroxine ( Levoxyl, Synthroid, Tirosint, Unithroid, Unithroid Direct), a man-made version of the thyroid hormone thyroxine ( T4). It acts just like the hormone your thyroid gland normally makes. The right dose can make you feel a lot better. You'll need to keep taking thyroid medicine throughout your life to control your hormone levels.
system: What can I expect from my hypothyroid treatment?
output: About 6 weeks after you start taking the medicine, you'll go back to your doctor for a blood test to check your thyroid hormone levels. But it may take a few months for your thyroid hormone levels to get back to normal. If your levels get better, but you still have symptoms like fatigue and weight gain, your doctor may need to change your treatment.
system: What is Celiac disease and how is it related to IBS?
output: Research suggests that as many as 1 in 5 people with this condition, in which the body can't digest a protein in wheat called gluten, also have IBS. The intestinal inflammation they get when they eat foods like pasta, bread, and beer may make them more likely to get IBS. Symptoms typically go away once you stop eating foods that have gluten.
system: Do people with IBS also have lactose intolerance?
output: One in three people with IBS don't feel good after they eat dairy products, a condition called lactose intolerance. They may have diarrhea, bloating, and gas. It could be that those foods irritate the already sensitive intestines of people with IBS. If you don't feel good 30 minutes to 2 hours after you eat milk, cheese, or yogurt, talk to your doctor. She might order tests to see how your body handles lactose, the sugar in dairy foods. You might need to cut back on the milk products you eat, but you can also try taking lactase tablets or drops to help you digest them.
system: Do people with IBS have too much gut bacteria?
output: But people with IBS are more likely to have too many of these germs, a condition called small intestinal bacterial overgrowth ( SIBO). It can cause diarrhea that doesn't get better, weight loss, and a lack of vitamins in the body. Your doctor can do some tests to see if SIBO is the cause of your symptoms. If it is, antibiotics can kill the extra bacteria in your gut.
system: What does pain management involve for Peyronie's disease?
output: In most men who have penile pain due to Peyronie's disease, the discomfort usually will fade on its own as the penile inflammation subsides. This process may take as long as 6 to 18 months.
system: What are other ways to treat Peyronie's disease?
output: But because radiation therapy can only relieve pain associated with Peyronie's disease and pain often stops without treatment, it's rarely done.
system: How effective is surgery for Peyronie's disease?
output: But because of the possibility of complications that can't be corrected, most doctors prefer to operate only on the small number of men with curvature so severe that it prevents sex.
system: How do doctors diagnose Peyronie's disease?
output: You'll get an exam in which your doctor will feel the hardened tissue caused by the disease during an exam. It's not always necessary, but if the penis has to be erect for the exam, the doctor would inject a medicine to make that happen. There's a chance you may need to get an X-ray or ultrasound of the penis. It's rare, but in some cases where the doctor's exam does not confirm Peyronie's disease, or if the condition develops rapidly, your doctor may do a biopsy. That involves removing a little bit of tissue from the affected area for lab tests.
system: How is Peyronie's disease treated?
output: If you need treatment, your doctor will consider surgery or medicine. First, your doctor will probably prescribe a pill, such as pentoxifylline or potassium para-aminobenzoate ( Potaba). If those don't work, you may get a shot of verapamil or collagenase ( Xiaflex) into the scar tissue of the penis. If nothing else works, your doctor may consider surgery, but usually only for men who can't have sex because of their Peyronie's disease.
system: Who gets Peyronie's disease?
output: In some men, injury and genes could both be involved. It becomes more common as a man gets older.
system: What causes Peyronie's disease?
output: Many researchers believe the fibrous plaque can start after trauma (hitting or bending) that causes bleeding inside the penis. You might not notice the injury or trauma. Other cases, which develop over time, may be linked to genes. In some men, injury and genes could both be involved. Some medications list Peyronie's disease as a possible side effect. Also, the pain that comes from Peyronie's disease happens only with an erection and is usually mild.
system: What are the symptoms of reactive arthritis?
output: The first symptoms of reactive arthritis are painful urination and a discharge from the penis if there is inflammation of the urethra. Diarrhea may occur if the intestines are affected. This is then followed by arthritis four to 28 days later that usually affects the fingers, toes, ankles, hips, and knee joints. Typically, only one or a few of these joints may be affected at one time. Other symptoms include: Mouth ulcers Inflammation of the eye Keratoderma blennorrhagica (patches of scaly skin on the palms, soles, trunk, or scalp) Back pain from sacroiliac ( SI) joint involvement Pain from inflammation of the ligaments and tendons at the sites of their insertion into the bone (enthesitis) Diagnosis of reactive arthritis can be complicated by the fact that symptoms often occur several weeks apart.
system: What is the outlook for people with reactive arthritis?
output: Reactive arthritis, formerly referred to as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of arthritis that affects the joints, eyes, urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body), and skin. Most people recover in three to four months, but about half have recurrences for several years. Some people develop complications that may include inflammation of the heart muscle, inflammation with stiffening of the spine, glaucoma, progressive blindness, feet abnormalities, or accumulation of fluid in the lungs.
system: What is reactive arthritis?
output: Reactive arthritis, formerly referred to as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of arthritis that affects the joints, eyes, urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body), and skin. It may come on quickly and severely or more slowly, with sudden remissions or recurrences. The first symptoms of reactive arthritis are painful urination and a discharge from the penis if there is inflammation of the urethra.
system: Where can you get support if you're HIV-positive?
output: A wide range of people can help provide you with the emotional and physical support you may need to cope with your diagnosis of HIV. Discuss with your doctor the information you get from these sources. Some are accurate; some are not. A person at the hotline can provide you with practical advice or emotional support over the phone. They can also refer you to local HIV/ AIDS self-help organizations.