laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How do you know your risk for heart disease based on cholesterol levels?
output: Your doctor will consider your overall likelihood of heart disease to set your personal LDL goal. For people at great risk of heart disease, or who already have it, your LDL should be less than 100 mg/d L. ( Your heart doctor might recommend an even lower LDL -- less than 70 mg/d L -- if your risk of heart disease is very high.) If you have a moderately high chance, an LDL less than 130 mg/d L is your target. If you're not likely to get heart disease, less than 160 mg/d L is probably fine. High triglycerides (150 mg/d L or greater) also raise the odds for heart disease somewhat.
system: What are other treatments for abnormal lipid levels?
output: If diet and exercise don't lower cholesterol levels enough, you can try medications or a combination of treatments including: Statins, the most effective and commonly used cholesterol drugs Niacin Fibrates Zetia Bile acid sequestrants Your cholesterol numbers don't determine your destiny.
system: How are cholesterol tests done?
output: The different kinds of cholesterol and other fats in your blood are together called lipids. Doctors measure and diagnose lipid problems with a simple blood test. You'll probably have to fast for 9 to 12 hours before it to make sure it's not affected by any food you recently ate.
system: What should you know about cholesterol testing and the lipid panel?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Cholesterol is a form of fat we need. It helps make the outer membranes of our bodies' cells stable. But for decades, doctors have known that people with high total cholesterol levels are more likely to get heart disease. More recently, they've found the different forms of cholesterol ("good" and "bad") also play a role. High total cholesterol, high bad cholesterol, or low good cholesterol could raise your chances. For example, LDL, or "bad," cholesterol can stick to blood vessel walls. Over years, it can play a role in clogging arteries in a process called atherosclerosis. Narrowed arteries in your heart can then develop sudden blood clots, causing heart attacks. The American Heart Association recommends that everyone over age 20 get a cholesterol test so you know what your levels are and can do something about them if you need to.
system: What can you do about abnormal lipid levels?
output: Lifestyle changes are the first thing to tackle to reduce your chance of heart disease. A cholesterol-lowering diet can bring down bad cholesterol by up to 30%. A diet low in saturated fat (7% of total calories or less) and no more than 200 mg of cholesterol daily can lower LDL cholesterol. Fiber and plant sterols (found in special margarines and other foods) help, too. Regular aerobic exercise can both lower bad cholesterol ( LDL) and raise good cholesterol ( HDL).
system: Which medicines can cause photophobia?
output: Some medicines can also cause photophobia, including: Antibiotics, such as doxycycline and tetracycline. Furosemide ( Lasix): This keeps your body from holding on to too much fluid. It's used to treat congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and other conditions. Quinine ( Qualaquin): This is a drug used to treat malaria.
system: How can photophobia affect you?
output: It can cause pain whenever you're in bright sunlight or indoor light. You might want to blink or close your eyes. Some people also get headaches.
system: Which brain conditions can cause photophobia?
output: A few brain conditions can cause photophobia, including: Meningitis (swelling of the protective coverings of your brain and spinal cord) Serious brain injury Supranuclear palsy (a brain disorder that causes problems with balance, walking, and eye movement) Tumors in your pituitary gland Some eye diseases cause this symptom, including: Dry eye Uveitis (swelling of the inside of your eye) Keratitis (swelling of your cornea, the clear layer that covers the colored part of your eye) Iritis (swelling of the colored ring around your pupil) Cataracts (cloudy coverings over the lenses of your eyes) Corneal abrasion (a scratch on your cornea) Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear tissue that sits over the white part of your eye) Damage to your retina, the light-sensitive layer in the back of your eye Blepharospasm (a condition that makes your eyelids close uncontrollably) Photophobia may also affect some people who have these mental health conditions: Agoraphobia (a fear of being in public places) Anxiety Bipolar disorder Depression Panic disorder You can also get photophobia after you have LASIK or other surgery to fix vision problems.
system: What should you do if you think you have photophobia?
output: If you think you have photophobia, see your eye doctor. She'll ask about your symptoms and any medical conditions you have. Then she'll check the health of your eyes and possibly your brain.
system: What is recovery like after a cornea transplant surgery?
output: Afterward, you'll probably wear an eye patch for at least a day, maybe 4, until the top layer of your cornea heals. Your eye will most likely be red and sensitive to light. It might hurt or feel sore for a few days, but some people don't feel any discomfort.
system: What happens in a full thickness corneal transplant?
output: If the doctor does a penetrating keratoplasty ( PK), all the layers of your cornea get replaced. The surgeon sews the new cornea onto your eye with stitches thinner than hair.
system: What should you know about a partial thickness corneal transplant?
output: People with keratoconus or a corneal scar that hasn't affected the inner layers may have this done. The healing time with this procedure is shorter than a full thickness transplant. Because your eye itself isn't opened up, it's unlikely the lens and iris could be damaged, and there's less chance of an infection inside your eye.
system: How do you know if you need a cornea transplant?
output: The light rays that pass through a damaged cornea can get distorted and change your vision. A corneal transplant corrects several eye problems, including: Cornea scarring because of an injury or an infection Corneal ulcers or "sores" from an infection A medical condition that makes your cornea bulge out (keratoconus) Thinning, clouding, or swelling of the cornea Inherited eye diseases, such as Fuchs' dystrophy and others Problems caused by an earlier eye operation Your doctor will let you know which specific procedure is best for your condition.
system: What is a corneal transplant surgery like?
output: Before your operation, your doctor will probably do an exam and some lab tests to check that you're in good general health. You may have to stop taking certain medicines, such as aspirin, a couple of weeks before the procedure. Usually, you'll have to use antibiotic drops in your eye the day before your transplant to help prevent an infection. Most of the time, these surgeries are done as outpatient procedures under local anesthesia. This means you'll be awake but woozy, the area is numb, and you'll be able to go home the same day. Your doctor will do the entire surgery while looking through a microscope. It typically takes 30 minutes to an hour.
system: What other things can happen after cornea transplant surgery?
output: Other things that could happen include: Infection Bleeding Higher pressure in the eye (called glaucoma) Clouding of the eye's lens (called cataracts) Swelling of the cornea A detached retina, when the back inside surface of your eye pulls away from its normal position Most people who have a cornea transplant get at least part of their vision restored, but each situation is different.
system: What happens in a partial thickness corneal transplant?
output: During deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty ( DALK), the surgeon injects air to lift off and separate the thin outside and thick middle layers of your cornea, then removes and replaces only those.
system: What happens during an endothelial keratoplasty?
output: Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty ( DSEK or DSAEK) is the most common type of endothelial keratoplasty. The surgeon removes the endothelium -- a mere one cell thick -- and the Descemet membrane just above it. Then he replaces them with a donated endothelium and Descemet membrane still attached to the stroma (the cornea's thick middle layer) to help him handle the new tissue without damaging it. Another variation, Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty ( DMEK), transplants just the endothelium and Descemet membrane -- no supporting stroma. The donor tissue is very thin and fragile, so it's harder to work with, but healing from this procedure is usually quicker.
system: What eye problems can a corneal transplant treat?
output: The light rays that pass through a damaged cornea can get distorted and change your vision. A corneal transplant corrects several eye problems, including: Cornea scarring because of an injury or an infection Corneal ulcers or "sores" from an infection A medical condition that makes your cornea bulge out (keratoconus) Thinning, clouding, or swelling of the cornea Inherited eye diseases, such as Fuchs' dystrophy and others Problems caused by an earlier eye operation Your doctor will let you know which specific procedure is best for your condition.
system: What complications can happen from a cornea transplant surgery?
output: A corneal transplant is considered a fairly safe procedure, but it is surgery, so there are risks. In about 1 out of every 10 transplants, the body's immune system attacks the donated tissue. This is called rejection. It can be reversed with eye drops most of the time. Because so little donor tissue is used for DSEK and especially DMEK, there's a much lower risk of rejection with these procedures. Other things that could happen include: Infection Bleeding Higher pressure in the eye (called glaucoma) Clouding of the eye's lens (called cataracts) Swelling of the cornea A detached retina, when the back inside surface of your eye pulls away from its normal position Most people who have a cornea transplant get at least part of their vision restored, but each situation is different.
system: How is a cornea transplant done?
output: Most of the time, these surgeries are done as outpatient procedures under local anesthesia. This means you'll be awake but woozy, the area is numb, and you'll be able to go home the same day. Your doctor will do the entire surgery while looking through a microscope. It typically takes 30 minutes to an hour.
system: When is a full thickness corneal transplant needed?
output: You might need this procedure if you have a severe cornea injury or bad bulging and scarring. It has the longest healing time.
system: Is a cornea transplant safe?
output: A corneal transplant is considered a fairly safe procedure, but it is surgery, so there are risks. In about 1 out of every 10 transplants, the body's immune system attacks the donated tissue. This is called rejection. It can be reversed with eye drops most of the time. Because so little donor tissue is used for DSEK and especially DMEK, there's a much lower risk of rejection with these procedures.
system: Do I need medications to recover from cornea transplant surgery?
output: You may have to stop taking certain medicines, such as aspirin, a couple of weeks before the procedure. Usually, you'll have to use antibiotic drops in your eye the day before your transplant to help prevent an infection. After the first year, you should see your eye doctor once or twice every year.
system: What happens in a cornea transplant surgery?
output: A cornea transplant, also called keratoplasty, can bring back vision, lessen pain, and possible improve the appearance of your cornea if it is white and scarred. About half of the people who need cornea transplants each year have a problem with the innermost layer of the cornea, the endothelium.
system: What do I need to do to recover from cornea transplant surgery?
output: You'll have to protect your eye from injury after your surgery. Follow your doctor's instructions carefully. It could take a few weeks and up to a year for your vision to improve fully.
system: When is an endothelial keratoplasty needed?
output: Doctors often do this type of surgery to help Fuchs' dystrophy and other medical conditions. Other things that could happen include: Infection Bleeding Higher pressure in the eye (called glaucoma) Clouding of the eye's lens (called cataracts) Swelling of the cornea A detached retina, when the back inside surface of your eye pulls away from its normal position Most people who have a cornea transplant get at least part of their vision restored, but each situation is different.
system: How often should you see your eye doctor after a cornea transplant surgery?
output: He'll want to check your eye the day after surgery, several times during the following couple of weeks, and then a few more times during the first year. The donated tissue usually lasts a lifetime.
system: How can avoiding smoking prevent you from getting prediabetes?
output: Smoking is strongly linked to diabetes: People who smoke are 30% to 40% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who don't. And people with diabetes who continue smoking are more likely to develop complications such as heart disease and blindness. So the sooner you ditch the cigarettes, the better.
system: What is advanced, metastatic, or stage IV colorectal cancer?
output: Colorectal cancer is a tumor that starts in your colon or rectum, the end of your large intestine. When it spreads to other parts of your body -- most often to your liver, lungs, or bones -- doctors use the word âadvancedâ to describe it. Your doctor may also call it metastatic or stage IV disease. Although it's outside your colon or rectum, it's still colorectal cancer, and doctors treat it with drugs for that disease.
system: How does adding chemotherapy to immunotherapy work to fight cancer?
output: Researchers think that similar to radiation, chemotherapy may make some tumors more likely to respond to immunotherapy. Chemotherapy is used along with two types of immune cell gene therapy: CAR T-cell therapy and TCR therapy. CAR T-cell therapy has been approved to treat two types of blood cancer, while TCR therapy is still in the research stages. Both treatments involve âreprogrammingâ immune cells called T cells to fight cancer better. Doctors typically recommend a course of chemotherapy before the re-engineered T cells are put in your bloodstream to cut down the number of other immune cells in your body. This makes it easier for the T cells to seek out and destroy cancer cells.
system: Has pairing immunotherapy with radiation been a successful cancer treatment?
output: There are good reasons for doctors to be excited about pairing immunotherapy drugs with radiation that shrinks tumors and kills cancer cells: Radiation affects some immune cells. Immunotherapy can reverse this damage. Studies show that radiation can make cancer cells vulnerable to attack by the immune system. Combining radiation with immunotherapy drugs has been studied in breast cancer, lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, melanoma, uterine cancer, and sarcoma.
system: How can pairing immunotherapies help in treating cancer?
output: Doctors may combine two immunotherapies that work in different ways and have been effective. Combining immunotherapy drugs that work on many fronts, researchers think, can make your immune system even more powerful. Already, the FDA has approved the immunotherapies nivolumab ( Opdivo) plus ipilimumab ( Yervoy) for combined use with certain types of metastatic melanoma, advanced colorectal cancer, and advanced kidney cancer. The drugs work better together than either one does alone. Studies on other combination immunotherapies are being done.
system: What monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can be used for bipolar depression?
output: Antidepressants in this class of drugs that can be used for bipolar depression include: Isocarboxazid ( Marplan) Phenelzine ( Nardil) Selegiline ( Emsam) Tranylcypromine ( Parnate) Among these, Parnate has been the most extensively studied specifically in bipolar depression, leading in one randomized trial to improvement in over 80% of subjects.
system: What are monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
output: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are an extremely potent class of antidepressants that treat depression by preventing the breakdown of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain, increasing their availability. These medications are not used often because of their potential for drug interactions that can lead to problems with blood pressure, as well as the need to avoid foods that contain the amino acid tyramine. They also can be highly dangerous if there is an overdose. Generally, like most antidepressants, MAOIs should be used for bipolar depression only in combination with a mood stabilizer such as lithium or valproate, to minimize the risk of inducing mania. You will also need to monitor what foods you eat to avoid side effects.
system: What are nonsurgical treatments for rectal cancer?
output: Other nonsurgical treatments include giving chemotherapy directly into the liver using radioactive isotopes (radioembolization) or cutting off the blood supply to the tumor in the liver (embolization). Often, doctors give chemotherapy directly into the liver along with embolization. You may hear this called chemoembolization.
system: What are my treatment options for recurrent rectal cancer?
output: Treatment includes: Surgery to remove all the organs involved with the cancer. Studies show that this can help people live longer. If surgery can't remove all of the recurrences, many experts recommend chemotherapy with or without radiation. Sometimes, this shrinks the tumor enough for surgeons to remove it later.
system: What causes fast, labored breathing in my baby?
output: Fast, labored breathing: Fluid in the smallest airways (the "alveoli") causes pneumonia, an infection due to a virus or bacteria. Pneumonia causes fast, labored breathing, occasionally cyanosis, a persistent cough, and crackly sounds ("rales") when listened to with a stethoscope.
system: What causes a deep cough in my baby's breathing?
output: Deep cough: A blockage in the large bronchi (divisions of the trachea, which lead into the lungs) makes a deep cough.
system: What causes a whistling sound (wheezing) in my baby's breathing?
output: Whistling sound (wheezing): A blockage in the bronchioles (small airways that come from the bronchi) makes a whistling sound when the infant breathes out (as in bronchiolitis or asthma later on).
system: What causes a high-pitched squeaky sound in my baby's breathing?
output: High-pitched, squeaky sound: Called stridor or laryngomalacia, this is a sound very young babies make when breathing in. It is worse when a child is lying on his or her back. It is caused by excess tissue around the larynx and is typically harmless. It typically passes by the time a child reaches age 2.
system: What causes a whistling noise in my baby's breathing?
output: This will help determine if there is a problem in the breathing passages and where: Whistling noise: A small blockage in the nostrils tends to make a whistling noise that clears when you suction it out. Newborn babies breathe out of their noses, not their mouths. This is a good trick, as it allows them to breathe and eat at the same time. However, their little noses have small air passages, so a little bit of mucus or dried milk can make the breathing passage even smaller, causing a whistling noise or occasionally, difficulty moving the air in and out.
system: What causes a hoarse cry and a "barking" cough in my baby's breathing?
output: Hoarse cry and a "barking" cough: A blockage in the larynx (windpipe), often due to mucus, makes a hoarse cry and a "barking" cough. This may be a sign of croup, an infection of the larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes.
system: When should you worry about your baby's breathing?
output: Signs of potentially worrisome breathing problems in your baby include: Persistently increased rate of breathing (greater than 60 breaths per minute or so) Increased work to breathe. Signs of this include: Grunting. The baby makes a little grunting noise at the end of respiration. This serves to try to open up blocked airways. Flaring. The baby's nostrils flare during breathing, showing increased effort. Retractions. The muscles in the baby's chest (under the ribs) and neck are visibly seen going in and out much more deeply than usual. Cyanosis. This means the blood has remained blue and has not gotten sufficient oxygen from the lungs (such as with pneumonia). For true cyanosis, the blood all over the body should look blue. Check areas that get a lot of blood flow, such as the lips and the tongue. Sometimes, the hands and feet of newborns turn bluish, but the rest of the body is fine. This is not cyanosis but a common response to changes in temperature. Poor feeding. " Respiratory distress" is often accompanied by a noticeable decrease in feeding intake. Lethargy. Your baby's energy level may be markedly decreased if she has a significant lung problem. Fever. Most infections of the lung will cause a fever, as well. Always check your baby's temperature when you are concerned.
system: Are breathing problems normal in babies?
output: Breathing problems (such as noisy breathing) that only occur occasionally are normal. Worrisome breathing problems, on the other hand, are usually persistent. However, when it comes to any breathing concerns, be sure to contact your pediatrician.
system: What are some tips for parents concerned with their baby's breathing?
output: Watch your baby's breathing when she's well, so you can get used to how it looks. Time how many breaths she takes in a minute. It's probably faster than you imagined. Knowing what's normal for your baby's breathing will help you spot a potential problem more quickly. When in doubt of what's going on, make a video of the breathing pattern that is worrying you to show to your baby's health care provider.
system: How does having diabetes affect your risk for infection?
output: Germs or fungus can get into small cuts or cracks. If you think you've gotten an infection, tell your doctor right away. Early treatment can prevent it from spreading. And that makes you more likely to avoid bigger problems. Some people with diabetes who get major infections even have to get surgery to remove part or all of an affected limb. So, check your feet carefully each day. Keep your skin clean and moisturized, avoid injuries, and protect your feet to prevent small cuts, corns, calluses, blisters, or injuries.
system: How does poor blood sugar control affect the feet of people with diabetes?
output: If your blood sugar isn't well-controlled, you can also have poor or no feeling in your feet. You might not even realize you have a minor injury. Diabetes can also dry the skin on your feet and make your heels crack.
system: How should you file your toenails if you have diabetes?
output: File your toenails with an emery board. You can also have a nail technician or your podiatrist trim and file them regularly. If you get pedicures at a nail salon, bring your own nail tools.