laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What types of surgery are used to treat internal bleeding?
output: The type of surgery used will depend on the location of the injury and bleeding: Exploratory laparotomy: A surgeon makes a large incision in the skin of the abdomen and carefully explores the abdomen. The surgeon will seal the ends of any leaking blood vessels with a heat probe or suture material. Thoracotomy: For bleeding around the heart or lungs, a surgeon makes an incision along the rib cage or the breastbone. Gaining access to the chest, the surgeon can identify and stop the bleeding and protect the heart and lungs from pressure caused by excess blood. Craniotomy: For bleeding due to traumatic brain injuries, a surgeon may create a hole in the skull. This can relieve pressure and reduce further injury to the brain. Fasciotomy: Internal bleeding into an area such as the thigh can create high pressure and prevent blood flow to the rest of the leg. A surgeon can cut deeply into the thigh to relieve pressure and gain access to stop the bleeding.
system: How is internal bleeding treated?
output: The most serious sources of internal bleeding due to trauma are: Head trauma with internal bleeding (intracranial hemorrhage) Bleeding around the lungs (hemothorax) Bleeding around the heart (hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade) Tears in the large blood vessels near the center of the body (aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and their major branches) Damage caused by trauma to the abdomen such as liver or spleen lacerations or perforation of other organs In the large majority of cases of internal bleeding that results from trauma, the injury is obvious and serious. Imaging tests (usually an ultrasound, CT scan, or both) can identify whether internal bleeding is present. Doctors consider the amount of internal bleeding along with the injured person's blood pressure and severity of injuries to decide on the best initial treatment -- surgery or observation. When internal bleeding is slower or delayed, observation may be appropriate at first. Sometimes, internal bleeding from trauma stops on its own. Ongoing or severe internal bleeding due to trauma requires surgery to correct the problem. When internal bleeding is severe, emergency surgery may take place within minutes after arrival at the hospital. Fasciotomy: Internal bleeding into an area such as the thigh can create high pressure and prevent blood flow to the rest of the leg.
system: What are the symptoms of internal bleeding because of trauma?
output: Internal bleeding may also occur after a less severe trauma or be delayed by hours or days. As the bleeding continues, symptoms appear and steadily get worse. Symptoms depend on the type of trauma and what body part was involved. For example: Abdominal pain and/or swelling can be caused by Internal bleeding from trauma in the liver or spleen. These symptoms get worse as the bleeding continues. Light-headedness, dizziness, or fainting can result from any source of internal bleeding once enough blood is lost. A large area of deeply purple skin (called ecchymosis) can result from bleeding into the skin and soft tissues. Swelling, tightness, and pain in the leg can result from internal bleeding in the thigh. Most often, this is caused by a fracture of the thighbone. Headache, seizures, and loss of consciousness could be the result of internal bleeding in the brain.
system: When is immunotherapy used as a second treatment for lung cancer?
output: Immunotherapy as Second Treatment If you have late-stage lung cancer that hasn't responded to platinum-based chemotherapy or that has started to come back after chemo or other drug treatments, your doctor may suggest you try a checkpoint inhibitor.
system: When is immunotherapy used as a first treatment?
output: Immunotherapy as First Treatment Scientists know that lung tumors with high levels of the protein PD- L1 are more likely to respond to a pembrolizumab than to the other approved treatments. You won't have to try chemotherapy or other drugs first.
system: Who shouldn't get immunotherapy?
output: But immunotherapy doesn't work for all types of metastatic NSCLC, and it's not for all people with the disease. Your doctor will also want to make sure any active or chronic infections are under control before starting this type of treatment.
system: What lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?
output: Reducing the risk factors that lead to atherosclerosis will slow or stop the process. Ways to reduce the amount of cholesterol in your body involves taking cholesterol and blood pressure medication, eating a healthy diet, getting frequent exercise, and not smoking. These treatments won't unclog arteries. They do, though, lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
system: How do cholesterol plaques cause peripheral arterial disease?
output: Peripheral arterial disease -- Blocked arteries in the legs can cause pain on walking and poor wound healing due to poor circulation. Severe disease may lead to amputations.
system: How do cholesterol plaques cause cerebrovascular disease?
output: Cerebrovascular disease -- Cholesterol plaque can rupture in one of the brain's arteries. This causes a stroke, leading to permanent brain damage. Blockages can also cause transient ischemic attacks, or TIAs. A TIA has symptoms like those of stroke. But they are temporary and there is no permanent brain damage. However, patients who experience a TIA are at a much higher risk of a subsequent stroke, so medical attention and care is essential.
system: How do cholesterol plaques behave?
output: Once established, cholesterol plaques can behave in different ways. They can stay within the artery wall. The cholesterol plaque may stop growing, or may grow into the wall, out of the path of blood. Plaques can grow in a slow, controlled way into the path of blood flow. Slow-growing cholesterol plaques may or may not ever cause any symptoms -- even with severely blocked arteries. Cholesterol plaques can suddenly rupture -- the worst case scenario. This will allow blood to clot inside an artery. In the heart, this causes a heart attack. In the brain, it causes a stroke.
system: How do cholesterol plaques cause coronary artery disease?
output: Cholesterol plaques from atherosclerosis cause the three main kinds of cardiovascular disease: Coronary artery disease -- Stable cholesterol plaques in the heart's arteries can cause no symptoms or can cause chest pain called angina. Sudden cholesterol plaque rupture and clotting causes blocked arteries. When that happens, heart muscle dies. This is a heart attack, also called myocardial infarction.
system: What is bypass surgery and how can it unclog arteries?
output: Bypass surgery: Surgeons harvest a healthy blood vessel from the leg or chest. They use the healthy vessel to bypass blocked arteries.
system: What is cholesterol and artery plaque buildup?
output: The sudden blood clot that forms over the rupture then causes a heart attack or stroke. Atherosclerosis develops over years. Plaques can grow in a slow, controlled way into the path of blood flow. Cholesterol plaques can suddenly rupture -- the worst case scenario. Cholesterol plaques from atherosclerosis cause the three main kinds of cardiovascular disease: Coronary artery disease -- Stable cholesterol plaques in the heart's arteries can cause no symptoms or can cause chest pain called angina.
system: What is the best way to treat cholesterol plaques?
output: Long before they can be called plaques, hints of atherosclerosis can be found in the arteries. Aspirin helps prevent clots from forming.
system: Can you shrink cholesterol plaques?
output: But they are temporary and there is no permanent brain damage. With effective treatment, though, plaque buildup may slow down or stop. Some evidence shows that, with aggressive treatment, cholesterol plaques can even shrink slightly. In one major study, cholesterol plaques shrank 10% in size after a 50% reduction in blood cholesterol levels.
system: What is angiography, angioplasty, and stenting and how can it be used to unclog arteries?
output: Long before they can be called plaques, hints of atherosclerosis can be found in the arteries. This is a heart attack, also called myocardial infarction. These treatments won't unclog arteries. Using invasive procedures, doctors can see and unclog arteries, or provide a path for blood to go around blocked arteries. A tiny balloon on the catheter can be inflated to compress cholesterol plaque in the blocked arteries. The stent is usually made of metal and is permanent. It can also be made of a material that the body absorbs over time. Some stents have medicine that helps keep the artery from getting blocked again.
system: How can you tell you have cholesterol plaque?
output: The growth of cholesterol plaques slowly blocks blood flow in the arteries. Long before they can be called plaques, hints of atherosclerosis can be found in the arteries. Even some adolescents have these "fatty streaks" of cholesterol in their artery walls. These streaks are early precursors of cholesterol plaques. They can't be easily detected by tests. But researchers have found them during autopsies of young victims of accidents and violence.
system: What are risk factors that are to blame for most heart attacks?
output: Progressive and painless, atherosclerosis grows cholesterol plaques silently and slowly. They are also preventable. Nine risk factors are to blame for up to 90% of all heart attacks including: smoking high cholesterol high blood pressure diabetes abdominal obesity ("spare tire") stress not eating many fruits and vegetables excessive consumption of alcohol -- more than one drink per day for women, or more than one or two drinks per day for men not getting regular physical activity You may notice almost all of these have something in common: you can do something about them.
system: Can you prevent risk factors of heart disease?
output: Blocked arteries caused by plaque buildup and blood clots are the leading cause of death in the U. S. Reducing cholesterol and other risk factors can help prevent cholesterol plaques from forming. Ask your doctor before starting aspirin, as it can have side effects. They are usually saved for people with significant symptoms or limitations caused by the cholesterol plaques of atherosclerosis.
system: What do blocked arteries lead to?
output: Aspirin helps prevent clots from forming. Some evidence shows that, with aggressive treatment, cholesterol plaques can even shrink slightly.
system: What do the cholesterol plaques of atherosclerosis cause?
output: Cholesterol plaques can be the cause of heart disease. Cardiovascular disease is the No. 1 killer in America, causing more than 900,000 deaths each year. Cholesterol plaques from atherosclerosis cause the three main kinds of cardiovascular disease: Coronary artery disease -- Stable cholesterol plaques in the heart's arteries can cause no symptoms or can cause chest pain called angina.
system: Could your eyes be red because of dry eyes?
output: And sometimes the eye can't make tears at all. This condition is called dry eye. It can cause pain, ulcers on your cornea or even, in rare instances, some vision loss. Besides eye redness, you may have some other symptoms of dry eye: A gritty feeling A burning sensation in the eye Occasional blurred vision Heavy eyelids Inability to cry Eye fatigue When your eyes aren't dry, you get a lot of tears A stringy discharge Discomfort with contact lenses Also known as conjunctivitis, pinkeye is when the lining inside your eyelid and the white of your eye become inflamed.
system: Could your eyes be red because of a broken vessel?
output: Other symptoms include: More tears than usual Your eyes burn, itch, or feel gritty White, yellow, or green discharge from your eyes Your eyes are more sensitive to light You get a crust on your eyelid or eyelashes This happens when tiny blood vessels break beneath the surface of your eye. The blood is trapped and makes the white of your eye look bright red. It can be caused by an intense sneeze, heavy lifting, hard vomiting, or even rubbing your eye a little too hard. Usually, the eye does not hurt. Broken blood vessels cause other symptoms like: A bright red area on your eye along with the general redness A scratchy sensation Sometimes fluid builds up in the front part of the eye.
system: Could your eyes be red because of glaucoma?
output: Broken blood vessels cause other symptoms like: A bright red area on your eye along with the general redness A scratchy sensation Sometimes fluid builds up in the front part of the eye. This causes pressure on the eye and can damage the optic nerve. This is called glaucoma, and is the leading cause of blindness for people 60 and over. The usual form of glaucoma is generally painless. An unusual form of acute glaucoma can cause symptoms such as: Severe pain in the eye Headache Decreased or blurred vision Rainbows or halos in your vision Nausea and vomiting It's usually nothing to worry about, as long as it only happens every now and then and doesn't last long.
system: When should you call a doctor about red eyes?
output: You should call a doctor if, along with red eyes, you also have: A sudden change in vision Sensitivity to light Sudden halos around lights Severe headache, pain in the eye, or fever Nausea or vomiting A foreign object or substance in your eye Swelling in the eye Inability to keep the eye open
system: What should I do about my red eyes?
output: An unusual form of acute glaucoma can cause symptoms such as: Severe pain in the eye Headache Decreased or blurred vision Rainbows or halos in your vision Nausea and vomiting It's usually nothing to worry about, as long as it only happens every now and then and doesn't last long. You might find temporary relief in over-the-counter eye drops, such as tear substitutes that wash and moisten the eye. But remember, routine and repeated use of these âget the red outâ drops will make the problem worse with your eyes becoming dependent on the drops and becoming even more red when the drops wear off. In that case, you could try a different brand or stop using them completely. Decongestants can help the itchiness along with the redness of allergies.
system: Will pinkeye make my eyes red?
output: Besides eye redness, you may have some other symptoms of dry eye: A gritty feeling A burning sensation in the eye Occasional blurred vision Heavy eyelids Inability to cry Eye fatigue When your eyes aren't dry, you get a lot of tears A stringy discharge Discomfort with contact lenses Also known as conjunctivitis, pinkeye is when the lining inside your eyelid and the white of your eye become inflamed. Causes can include a virus, bacteria, an allergy, or irritants like swimming pool chlorine. It's very common, especially among children, and is very contagious. Other symptoms include: More tears than usual Your eyes burn, itch, or feel gritty White, yellow, or green discharge from your eyes Your eyes are more sensitive to light You get a crust on your eyelid or eyelashes This happens when tiny blood vessels break beneath the surface of your eye.
system: Could glaucoma make my eyes red?
output: Broken blood vessels cause other symptoms like: A bright red area on your eye along with the general redness A scratchy sensation Sometimes fluid builds up in the front part of the eye. This causes pressure on the eye and can damage the optic nerve. This is called glaucoma, and is the leading cause of blindness for people 60 and over. The usual form of glaucoma is generally painless. An unusual form of acute glaucoma can cause symptoms such as: Severe pain in the eye Headache Decreased or blurred vision Rainbows or halos in your vision Nausea and vomiting It's usually nothing to worry about, as long as it only happens every now and then and doesn't last long.
system: Could your eyes be red because of allergies?
output: Allergy triggers may make your eyes red. Outdoor causes include pollen from grasses and trees. Indoor triggers include pet dander, dust or mold, or irritants like perfume and smoke. In these cases, your eyes may also have: Itching Burning Tearing You may also have nasal allergy symptoms, such as sneezing and a stuffy nose.
system: What makes my eyes red?
output: Many things can cause it, like a night of heavy drinking, or a physical injury to your eye. But if you haven't had too much alcohol, or scratched or poked your eyeball recently, there are other possibilities. Other symptoms include: More tears than usual Your eyes burn, itch, or feel gritty White, yellow, or green discharge from your eyes Your eyes are more sensitive to light You get a crust on your eyelid or eyelashes This happens when tiny blood vessels break beneath the surface of your eye.
system: How can cromolyn (Crolom) help with treating hay fever?
output: Cromolyn ( Crolom): This OTC nasal spray blocks the release of histamines, chemicals that cause your nose to run and make you sneeze. You'll take it three to six times a day, and it may take up to 4 weeks to feel relief from symptoms. Start to take it before allergy season and your symptoms begin.
system: How many Americans have hay fever?
output: If you have hay fever, you're better off with a steroid spray.
system: How is hay fever treated?
output: Start with prevention. If you have seasonal allergies, limit outdoor activities when pollen counts are high. Nasal irrigation and saline sprays can help remove allergen particles from your nose. Saline sprays are available over-the-counter, or you can make your own. Use salt and boiled, sterile, or distilled water, but not tap water. Pour or spray into your nose with a neti pot, nasal syringe, or squeeze bottle. If your symptoms don't go away, certain over-the-counter ( OTC) and prescription medications work well. If you have a severe allergy you might try immunotherapy, a long-term process that lowers your response.
system: How can decongestants help with treating hay fever?
output: Decongestants: They'll open up your stuffy nose. You can find products like pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine as tablets or pills. You can get decongestant sprays like oxymetazoline and phenylephrine, but these can make your congestion worse if you take them longer than 3 days. If you have hay fever, you're better off with a steroid spray. Decongestant eye drops are also on the market. Like nasal spray, you should only use them for 3 days.
system: How can antihistamines help with treating hay fever?
output: Antihistamines: They can help ease your itches, stop your sneezes, and clear up your runny nose. Doctors recommend the ones that come in pills like cetirizine, fexofenadine, and loratadine. You can get each without a prescription, and they shouldn't make you drowsy. You can also get drops for your runny, itchy eyes.
system: How can ipratropium (Atrovent) help with treating hay fever?
output: Ipratropium ( Atrovent), another asthma medication, can help with an ongoing runny nose.
system: How can nasal corticosteroids help with treating hay fever?
output: Nasal corticosteroids: These are considered the safest and most effective treatment. They have few side effects and will greatly ease your symptoms. It may take a few days for them to work, so start to take them a week or two before pollen season begins. In the U. S., several OTC brands are available including budesonide, fluticasone, and triamcinolone.
system: How can leukotriene modifiers help with treating hay fever?
output: Leukotriene modifiers: The prescription drugs montelukast ( Singulair), often used to treat asthma, stops your body from making the chemicals that cause an allergic reaction. It doesn't work as well as nasal steroids, but it's an option if you can't handle the spray.
system: How is hay fever diagnosed?
output: Symptoms can include: Stuffy or runny nose Sneezing Cough Itchy, watery eyes Itchy mouth, throat, or ears Postnasal drip Dark circles under your eyes Your doctor will know if you have hay fever based on your symptoms and a physical exam. If he needs more proof, he'll use skin and blood tests to see how your body reacts to certain substances.
system: Is it dangerous to mix sleeping pills and alcohol?
output: Mixing alcohol and sleeping pills can have additive sedating effects from both drugs, and the combination can cause someone to stop breathing, which could cause death. Sleeping pill labels warn against using alcohol while taking the drug.
system: Can benzodiazepines help you sleep?
output: They also increase drowsiness and help people sleep. They are usually not recommended for long-term treatment of sleeping problems. Mixing alcohol and sleeping pills can have additive sedating effects from both drugs, and the combination can cause someone to stop breathing, which could cause death.
system: How do I get ready for an oral glucose tolerance test?
output: To get an accurate result on the OGTT, eat about 150 grams of carbohydrates each day for 3 days before the test. Don't eat or drink anything except water after about 10 o'clock the night before. You don't need to do any special prep before the pregnancy glucose challenge test. You can eat in the morning. Just avoid foods with a lot of sugar, such as doughnuts or orange juice.
system: What problems can you get from taking an oral glucose tolerance test?
output: The OGTT has very few issues. Some people have minor side effects from the sugary drink or from the needle stick. Side effects from the drink include: Nausea Vomiting Bloating Headache Low blood sugar (rarely) Possible problems from the blood test include: Excess bleeding Fainting Infection More than one attempt to find a vein, which can hurt a little Your blood glucose level should rise after you finish the sugary drink.
system: How is an oral glucose tolerance test done?
output: You'll get the OGTT at your doctor's office, a clinic, hospital, or lab. Here's what happens: A nurse or doctor will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm to test your starting blood sugar level. You'll then drink a mixture of glucose dissolved in water. You'll get another blood glucose test 2 hours later.
system: What does an oral glucose tolerance test tell you?
output: Your blood sugar level can give your doctor important clues about your health, and an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT) shows how well your body handles sugar from foods. It can tell whether you are at risk for diabetes or if you already have it. A shorter version of an OGTT checks for diabetes during pregnancy.
system: What side effects are associated with the oral glucose tolerance test drink?
output: The OGTT has very few issues. Some people have minor side effects from the sugary drink or from the needle stick. Side effects from the drink include: Nausea Vomiting Bloating Headache Low blood sugar (rarely) Possible problems from the blood test include: Excess bleeding Fainting Infection More than one attempt to find a vein, which can hurt a little Your blood glucose level should rise after you finish the sugary drink.
system: How does having diabetes affect glucose?
output: Normally when you eat, your blood sugar rises. Your pancreas, a long gland deep in the belly, releases a hormone called insulin. It helps move sugar from your blood into your cells for energy and storage. Then your blood sugar goes back down to normal. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body uses insulin poorly. Glucose builds up in your blood. This excess sugar can damage blood vessels around your body. Diabetes can lead to heart disease, nerve damage, eye disease, and kidney damage.
system: What are possible problems from a blood glucose test?
output: Side effects from the drink include: Nausea Vomiting Bloating Headache Low blood sugar (rarely) Possible problems from the blood test include: Excess bleeding Fainting Infection More than one attempt to find a vein, which can hurt a little Your blood glucose level should rise after you finish the sugary drink.