laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What should I expect after treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
output: After your treatment is over, you'll have regular visits to your doctor so she can check to make sure your cancer hasn't returned. Your doctor will also check for any lingering side effects of your therapy. For some people, treatment makes the cancer go away. For others, the cancer may not go away completely, or it may return. If that's the case, you may need regular treatment with chemotherapy or other drugs to keep it in check for as long as possible. It's possible that treatment to fight B-cell ALL may stop working. If that happens, you may want to focus on making sure you're as comfortable as possible, known as palliative care. You may not be able to control your cancer, but you can control choices about how you'll live your life. You don't have to face things alone. Consider joining a support group, where you can you share your feelings with others who understand what it's like.
system: How does a stem cell transplant work for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
output: Before the transplant, you'll likely need to get treated with high doses of chemo for about a week or two. This can be a tough process, because you may get side effects like nausea and mouth sores. When the high-dose chemo is done, you'll start the transplant. The new stem cells are given to you through an IV. You won't feel any pain from this, and you're awake while it's happening. After your transplant, it could take 2 to 6 weeks for the stem cells to multiply and start making new blood cells. During this time you may be in the hospital, or at the very least, will need to make visits every day to get checked by your transplant team.
system: How does chemotherapy with stem cell transplant help treat B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
output: Some people with B-cell ALL may need large doses of chemotherapy. But doctors hesitate to give large amounts, because it can damage your bone marrow. That's where a stem cell transplant can help. After your high-dose chemo, you'll get a transplant of stem cells that can help get your bone marrow working right again.
system: How does chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy help in treating B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
output: CAR T-cell therapy uses some of your own immune cells, known as T cells, to treat your cancer. Doctors take the cells out of your blood and change them by adding new genes. The new T-cells can work better to find and kill cancer cells.
system: Are there follow-up tests done after B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is diagnosed?
output: You may also get a test called a spinal tap (lumbar puncture). It checks to see if cancer cells have spread to the brain and spinal cord. For this test, your doctor gives you a shot to numb your lower back. Then he puts a needle in the area around your spinal cord to remove some fluid called CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). You might get these drugs in three phases over about 2 years.
system: How does targeted therapy help treat B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
output: Are there side effects? In this treatment, you take drugs that move through your bloodstream and kill cancer cells throughout your body. You might get these drugs in three phases over about 2 years. This treatment doesn't work for everyone, but it puts a lot of people into remission and may help keep the cancer from coming back.
system: How is B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed?
output: Your doctor will do a physical exam and ask you questions about your medical history. Peripheral blood smear. It looks for changes in the number of blood cells and how they look. The results of these tests can reveal signs that you may have B-cell ALL, such as too many young white blood cells or too few of the two other types of blood cells -- red blood cells and platelets. You may also need to get a bone marrow test. Your doctor will take samples of your bone marrow, usually from the back of your hip bone.
system: How is B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated?
output: The goal of the first phase is "total remission" -- to kill the leukemia cells and get rid of all your symptoms. Your doctor may call it the induction phase. If you go into remission, the next stage is to kill any leftover leukemia cells that aren't active but could grow later, causing the disease to return. Your doctor may call this phase of treatment the consolidation phase or "post-remission therapy." You might get these drugs in three phases over about 2 years. You may not be able to control your cancer, but you can control choices about how you'll live your life.
system: How does chemotherapy help treat B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
output: They build up in your bone marrow and move into your bloodstream. These might include an X-ray or a CT scan. While you're getting chemo, you may feel nauseous, but certain medicines can reduce vomiting.
system: What types of medicines are used to treat arthritis?
output: She might recommend: Medications Physical therapy Splints or other aids Weight loss In rare cases, surgery The types of medicines your doctor might suggest are: Painkillers: over-the-counter or prescription Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Biologics: medications that are designed to counteract inflammatory signals in the body and are made by complex methods involving genetically-modified bacteria Steroids to cut down on inflammation Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs): meds that slow or stop inflammation Alternative treatments such as acupuncture, massage, yoga, and physical therapy may help ease your symptoms, too. Talk to your doctor before you try them or any supplements or herbal remedies.
system: What causes arthritis?
output: With many forms of arthritis, the cause is unknown. But some things can raise your chances of getting it. Age. As you get older, your joints tend to get worn down. Gender. Most types of arthritis are more common among women, except for gout. Genes. Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and ankylosing spondylitis are linked to certain genes. Excess weight. Carrying extra pounds makes arthritis in the knee start sooner and get worse faster. Injuries. They can cause joint damage that can bring on some types of the condition. Infection. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi can infect joints and trigger inflammation. Work. If you go hard on your knees at work -- knee bends and squats -- you might be more likely to get osteoarthritis.
system: What do I need to know about gout?
output: You may also have: Fatigue Fever Weight loss Eye inflammation Bumps under the skin called nodules Lung inflammation Gout is another form of arthritis that can be very painful. Uric acid buildup in the body causes needle-like crystal deposits to form in your joints. You might notice lumps under your skin called tophi. A lot of people see the first symptoms of gout in their big toe, which can get swollen, sore, red, and warm.
system: What are basics of arthritis?
output: It has everything to do with your joints -- the places where your bones connect -- such as your wrists, knees, hips, or fingers. But some types of arthritis can also affect other connective tissues and organs, including your skin. About 1 out of 5 adults have some form of the condition. It can happen to anyone, but it becomes more common as you age. With many forms of arthritis, the cause is unknown.
system: How is arthritis treated?
output: She might recommend: Medications Physical therapy Splints or other aids Weight loss In rare cases, surgery The types of medicines your doctor might suggest are: Painkillers: over-the-counter or prescription Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Biologics: medications that are designed to counteract inflammatory signals in the body and are made by complex methods involving genetically-modified bacteria Steroids to cut down on inflammation Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs): meds that slow or stop inflammation Alternative treatments such as acupuncture, massage, yoga, and physical therapy may help ease your symptoms, too. The sooner you're treated, the more likely you are to avoid permanent joint damage.
system: How is arthritis diagnosed?
output: For example, an athletic injury like a torn anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL) or a fracture near a joint can lead to arthritis. It can give you pain, swelling, stiffness, and trouble with moving. But get help from your doctor if: The pain, swelling, or redness isn't going away. Take samples of your joint fluid and test them. Do imaging scans, which may include X-rays, MRIs, or ultrasounds.
system: What are symptoms of arthritis?
output: You might also have: One or more joints that are swollen or stiff Joints that look red or feel warm to the touch Tenderness Trouble moving Problems doing everyday tasks The symptoms can be constant, or they may come and go. They can range from mild to severe. More-severe cases may lead to permanent joint damage. Uric acid buildup in the body causes needle-like crystal deposits to form in your joints.
system: When should I see a doctor about my arthritis?
output: You might feel pain in your fingers, knees, or hips. But get help from your doctor if: The pain, swelling, or redness isn't going away. Your symptoms get worse quickly. You have relatives with autoimmune disorders. You've got relatives with other arthritis-related diseases. Don't ignore joint pain. In some cases, it can cause damage that can't be reversed, even with treatment. When in doubt, talk to your doctor.
system: How can I manage arthritis?
output: As you get older, your joints tend to get worn down. You doctor can help you manage your pain, prevent damage to the affected joint, and keep inflammation at bay. Exercise can help you move better, lessen pain, and put off disability. Watch your weight. Extra pounds raise your chances of related health problems. Don't put off treatment. The sooner you're treated, the more likely you are to avoid permanent joint damage.
system: What do I need to know about rheumatoid arthritis?
output: This can damage the joint surface and underlying bone. RA mostly targets your fingers, thumbs, wrists, elbows, shoulders, knees, feet, and ankles. It can give you pain, swelling, stiffness, and trouble with moving. You may also have: Fatigue Fever Weight loss Eye inflammation Bumps under the skin called nodules Lung inflammation Gout is another form of arthritis that can be very painful. Lupus is a long lasting, autoimmune disease that can damage almost any part of the body, including joints and skin.
system: How does a doctor determine the cause of your  back problems?
output: Unless you are totally immobilized from a back injury, your doctor probably will examine your range of motion and nerve function and touch your body to locate the area of discomfort. Blood and urine tests may be done to determine if the pain is caused by an infection or other systemic problem. X-rays are useful in pinpointing broken bones or other skeletal defects. They can sometimes help locate problems in connective tissue. To analyze soft-tissue or disc damage, computed tomography ( CT) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scans may be needed. To determine possible nerve or muscle damage, an electromyogram ( EMG) may be ordered.
system: What does PRICE mean for treating knee pain?
output: Some common home care techniques for knee pain that control inflammation and help to break the inflammatory cycle are protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation. This regimen is summarized by the memory device PRICE.
system: How is Osgood-Schlatter disease described and treated?
output: Osgood- Schlatter Disease Description: Osgood- Schlatter disease occurs in adolescent athletes where repetitive extension of the knee causes inflammation and injury of the tibial tubercle (the bony protrusion at the top of the shin, just below the kneecap). Symptoms: Children suffering from this syndrome report pain at the tibial tubercle. This pain is typically worse when extending the leg. The tibial tubercle is tender to touch and over time begins to protrude more because the chronic inflammation stimulates the bone to grow. Treatment: Osgood- Schlatter disease is a self-limited condition that usually resolves as the the tibial tubercle stops growing with the end of adolescence (at about age 17 in males and age 15 in females). Treatment includes PRICE and NSAID therapy to minimize acute pain from activity. Physical therapy to identify limitations will reduce stress to the tibial tubercle and often includes strength training of the hip and core. In severe cases, splinting the knee for a few weeks may help reduce the pain and halt the inflammation cycle.
system: How is bursitis described and treated?
output: Bursitis Description: As a result of trauma, infection, or crystalline deposits, the various bursae of the knee may become inflamed. Symptoms: Acute or chronic trauma causes a painful and often swollen knee from the inflammation of the bursae. A particularly common bursitis is prepatellar bursitis. This type of bursitis occurs in people who work on their knees. It is often referred to as housemaid's knee or carpet layer's knee. Another type of bursitis is anserine bursitis. The anserine bursa is located about 2 inches below the knee along the medial side of the knee. More commonly occurring in the overweight and in women, but also affecting athletes and others, anserine bursitis often causes pain in the region of the bursa and is often worse with bending the knee or at night with sleep. Treatment: Treatment will usually include home care with PRICE therapy and NSAIDs. Severe forms, however, can be treated with periodic steroid injections.
system: What bones are in the anatomy of the knee?
output: Bones The knee joint involves four bones. The thighbone or femur comprises the top portion of the joint. One of the bones in the lower leg (or calf area), the tibia, provides the bottom weight-bearing portion of the joint. The kneecap or patella rides along the front of the femur. The remaining bone in the calf, the fibula, is not involved in the weight-bearing portion of the knee joint but provides ligament attachments for stability.
system: What is the knee joint's main function?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The knee joint's main function is to bend, straighten, and bear the weight of the body, along with the ankles and hips. The knee, more than just a simple hinged joint, however, also twists and rotates. In order to perform all of these actions and to support the entire body while doing so, the knee relies on a number of structures including bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
system: How is a fluid removal done to diagnose knee pain?
output: Fluid removal The knee and all bursae of the knee are filled with fluid. If your symptoms suggest infection or crystalline arthritis, such as gout, your physician may remove fluid, with a needle, from the knee. This fluid will then be analyzed to better clarify the diagnosis. Crystals, which suggest crystalline arthritis, often can be seen under the microscope. Infection may also be detected under a microscope by finding bacteria and pus in the fluid.
system: What over-the-counter pain medicine is used for knee pain?
output: Over-the-counter pain medicine: Commonly used pain relievers, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) like naproxen ( Aleve or Naprosyn) and ibuprofen ( Advil or Motrin), also play a role in the treatment of knee pain. These drugs directly control pain and, at higher doses, act as anti-inflammatory agents, helping to break the inflammatory cycle.
system: When should you call the doctor for knee pain?
output: When you are deciding whether to call the doctor about your knee pain, a good rule of thumb exists for most long-term knee injuries. If your symptoms have not gone away after trying a week of PRICE therapy and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain meds, you should set up an appointment with your doctor, physical therapist, or a sports medicine orthopaedic (bone and muscle) specialist to further evaluate the pain. This rule can also be applied to new knee injuries that are not disabling. Remember, however, that this rule should only serve as a guide. If you are concerned about the pain, you should call the doctor.
system: How are X-rays, CT scans, and other tests used to diagnose knee pain?
output: X-rays, CT scans, and other tests Depending on your particular history and exam, the doctor may suggest X-rays of the knee. X-rays show fractures (broken bones) and dislocations of bones in the knee as well as arthritis and abnormally large or small joint spaces. Rarely, the doctor may order a CT scan (a 3-dimensional X-ray) of the knee to precisely define a fracture or deformity. Both X-rays and CT scans are excellent for diagnosing fractures. They both are also poor, however, at evaluating soft tissue structures of the knee, such as ligaments, tendons, and the menisci.
system: When should you go to the hospital for knee pain?
output: If you are concerned about the pain, you should call the doctor.
system: What tendons are in the anatomy of the knee?
output: Instead of connecting bones to other bones as ligaments do, tendons connect muscles to bones. The two important tendons in the knee are (1) the quadriceps tendon connecting the quadriceps muscle, which lies on the front of the thigh, to the patella and (2) the patellar tendon connecting the patella to the tibia (technically, this is a ligament because it connects two bones).
system: How is arthroscopy used to diagnose knee pain?
output: This is a surgical procedure where the doctor will place a fiber optic telescope within the knee joint. The arthroscope is attached to a camera that relays real-time images to a video monitor. By doing so, the surgeon may be able to see small particles in the knee or to look more closely at damaged menisci or cartilage. The doctor may also be able to treat damage by shaving down torn cartilage or removing particles from the knee while looking at the inside of your knee on a video monitor.
system: How are tendon ruptures described and treated?
output: Tendon Ruptures Description: Both the quadriceps and patellar tendons may rupture partially or completely. A quadriceps tendon rupture typically occurs in recreational athletes older than 40 years (this is the injury former President Clinton suffered while jogging), and a patellar tendon rupture typically occurs in younger people who have had previous tendonitis or steroid injections to the knee. Symptoms: Rupture of either the quadriceps or patellar tendon causes pain (especially when trying to kick or extend the knee). Those people with complete ruptures are unable to extend the knee. The patella is also often out of place either upward (with patellar tendon rupture) or downward (with quadriceps tendon rupture). Treatment: Tendon ruptures require urgent care. They typically need surgical repair, while a partial rupture may be treated with splinting alone.
system: What ligaments are in the anatomy of the knee?
output: The knee includes four important ligaments, all of which connect the femur to the tibia: The anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL) provide front and back (anterior and posterior) and rotational stability to the knee. The medial collateral ligament ( MCL) and lateral collateral ligament ( LCL) located along the inner (medial) and outer (lateral) sides of the knee provide medial and lateral stability to the knee.
system: What other signs and symptoms of knee pain demand emergency evaluation?
output: Other signs and symptoms that demand emergency evaluation: Unbearable pain Pain that does not improve with rest Pain that wakes you Drainage Large wounds Puncture wounds Swelling, if you are on a blood thinner (warfarin or Coumadin) or have a bleeding disorder (such as hemophilia) History: Even in today's world of technology, doctors rely on a detailed history and physical exam more than any single test.
system: How are sprained and torn cruciate ligaments described and treated?
output: Sprained and Torn Cruciate Ligaments Description: An anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL) injury is a common sports injury generally caused by a hard stop or a violent twisting of the knee. The posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL) is stronger than the ACL and much less commonly torn. A PCL injury may happen with a serious blow, such as when the knee strikes the dashboard in a car accident; this is why a PCL injury is often associated with other ligament and bone injuries. Symptoms: If you tear your ACL, you may hear a pop. You will also notice your knee give way or become unstable and feel pain that is bad enough that you might feel like vomiting. This will, almost always, be followed by marked knee swelling over the next couple of hours because the ACL bleeds briskly when torn. Treatment: Surgical repair is often recommended for high-level athletes who demand optimal outcomes. Conservative treatment and knee braces may prove sufficient for those who do not demand quite so much from their knees.
system: Are there different types of knee pain?
output: Knee pain, therefore, can arise from the knee itself or be referred from conditions of the hip, ankle, or lower back. All of the following sources of knee pain arise from the knee joint itself. In general, knee pain is either immediate (acute) or long-term (chronic). Acute knee pains can be caused by an acute injury or infection. Chronic knee pain is often from injuries or inflammation (such as arthritis) but can also be caused by infection.
system: How can keeping limber and fit help with knee pain?
output: Keep Limber, Keep Fit Many knee problems are caused by tight or imbalanced musculature. Stretching and strengthening, therefore, also help to prevent knee pain. Stretching keeps your knee from being too tight and aids in preventing both patellofemoral syndrome and iliotibial band syndrome. Strengthening exercises, particularly of the quadriceps (straight leg raises and leg extensions are among the prescribed exercises), can help prevent knee injury and are essential to reducing arthritis and associated complications.
system: How can you protect your knee?
output: Protect the Knee Wearing proper protection for the activity at hand can help avoid knee injuries. When playing volleyball or when laying carpet, protecting your knees may include kneepads. When driving, knee protection may include wearing a seatbelt to avoid the knee-versus-dashboard injuries as well as injuries to other parts of your body.
system: What happens in a physical exam for knee pain?
output: Physical exam The doctor will likely have you disrobe to completely expose the knee. If possible, wear shorts to your appointment. The doctor will then inspect the knee and press around the knee to see exactly where it is tender. In addition, the doctor may perform a number of maneuvers to stress the ligaments, tendons, and menisci of the knee and evaluate the integrity of each of these.
system: How is a dislocated kneecap (patella) described and treated?
output: Dislocated Kneecap (patella) Description: A common injury caused by direct trauma or forceful straightening of the leg, such as an injury that happens when serving in volleyball or tennis. Kneecap dislocation is more common in women, the obese, knock-kneed people, and in those with high-riding kneecaps. Symptoms: If you have this injury, you will notice the patella being out of place and may have difficulty flexing or extending your knee. Treatment: The doctor will move the patella back into place (reduce the dislocation). Even if the patella goes back into place by itself, it needs to be X-rayed for a fracture. After reducing the dislocation and ensuring the absence of a fracture, the doctors will treat these injuries by splinting the knee to allow the soft tissues around the patella to heal followed by strengthening exercises to keep the patella in line.