laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How does chemotherapy treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases?
output: In many rheumatic diseases, inflammation causes damage to parts of the body; for example - causing painful joints as in rheumatoid arthritis. In many cases, inflammation results from autoimmunity, a malfunction of the immune system where one's own tissues or organs are not recognized as such and are attacked by the body's immune system. Chemotherapy helps people with certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases because it slows cell reproduction and decreases certain products made by these cells that cause an inflammatory response to occur.
system: What chemotherapy drugs are used to treat rheumatic diseases?
output: These include: Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall). Methotrexate is the chemotherapeutic drug most widely used by rheumatologists because it is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis and certain other rheumatic diseases (such as certain forms of vasculitis, or inflammation of blood vessels), and it is relatively safe. Usually taken in a single or twice daily dose by mouth, Imuran also is used to suppress the abnormal immune response in some patients with vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), and rheumatoid arthritis. Cytoxan is a more powerful drug and has more side effects than methotrexate and Imuran. It is usually given intravenously to treat the most aggressive and dangerous rheumatic diseases and their complications, such as severe lupus and some forms of vasculitis.
system: How common is it for children with ADHD to also have a mood disorder, such as depression?
output: Up to 30% of children who have ADHD also have a serious mood disorder like depression. And some experts say that more than half of people who have the condition will get treatment for depression at some point in their lives.
system: How can psychotherapy help to treat ADHD and depression?
output: Psychotherapy can offer ways to manage your symptoms and live a healthy life. A therapist can give you strategies to deal with everyday challenges, such as issues with friends, family, work, or school.
system: How is epididymitis treated?
output: Treatment for epididymitis includes antibiotics (drugs that kill the bacteria causing the infection), bed rest, ice to reduce swelling, the use of a scrotal supporter, and anti-inflammatory medicines ( NSAIDS such as ibuprofen). Partners will need to be treated if the epididymitis is due to a sexually transmitted infection to prevent re-infection.
system: What is epididymitis?
output: Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis. The epididymis is the coiled tube that lies on and around each testicle. It functions in the transport, storage, and maturation of sperm cells that are produced in the testicles. The epididymis connects the testicles with the vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm).
system: What problems are associated with hypogonadism?
output: When it occurs in adult men, hypogonadism may cause the following problems: Erectile dysfunction (the inability to achieve or maintain an erection) Infertility Decreased sex drive Decrease in beard and growth of body hair Decrease in size or firmness of the testicles Decrease in muscle mass and increase in body fat Lose of bone mass (osteoporosis) Enlarged male breast tissue Mental and emotional symptoms similar to those of menopause in women (hot flashes, mood swings, irritability, depression, fatigue) There are various causes of hypogonadism, including: Klinefelter's syndrome.
system: How successful is testicular cancer treatment?
output: The success of testicular cancer treatment depends on the stage of the disease when it is first detected and treated. If the cancer is found and treated before it spreads to the lymph nodes, the cure rate is very high, greater than 98%. Even after testicular cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, treatment is highly effective, with a cure rate greater than 90%.
system: What treatments are available for testicular cancer?
output: Surgery is the most common treatment for testicular cancer. Surgical treatment involves removing one or both testicles through an incision in the groin. In some cases, the doctor also may remove some of the lymph nodes in the abdomen. Radiation, which uses high-energy rays to attack cancer, and chemotherapy, which uses drugs to kill cancer, are other treatment options. Removing the one testicle should not lead to problems with having sex or children. The remaining testicle will continue making sperm and the male hormone testosterone. To re-establish a normal appearance, a man may be able to have a testicular prosthesis surgically implanted in the scrotum which looks and feels like a normal testicle.
system: What are the symptoms of testicular cancer?
output: Symptoms of testicular cancer include a lump, irregularity or enlargement in either testicle; a pulling sensation or feeling of unusual heaviness in the scrotum; a dull ache in the groin or lower abdomen; and pain or discomfort (which may come and go) in a testicle or the scrotum.
system: What is testicular trauma?
output: Because the testicles are located within the scrotum, which hangs outside of the body, they do not have the protection of muscles and bones. This makes it easier for the testicles to be struck, hit, kicked, or crushed, which occurs most often during contact sports. Males can protect their testicles by wearing athletic cups during sports. Trauma to the testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, and/or swelling. In most cases, the testes -- which are made of a spongy material -- can absorb the shock of an injury without serious damage. A rare type of testicular trauma, called testicular rupture, occurs when the testicle receives a direct blow or is squeezed against the hard bones of the pelvis. This injury can cause blood to leak into the scrotum. In severe cases, surgery to repair the rupture -- and thus save the testicle -- may be necessary.
system: What is testicular cancer?
output: Testicular cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the testicles divide and grow uncontrolled. In some cases, certain benign (non-cancerous) tumors may progress and become cancer. Testicular cancer can develop in one or both testicles in men or young boys.
system: What disorders affect the testicles?
output: Some of the more common conditions that affect the testicles include testicular trauma, testicular torsion, testicular cancer, epididymitis, and hypogonadism.
system: What is hypogonadism?
output: Hypogonadism in men is a condition that occurs when the testicles (also called gonads) do not produce enough testosterone. Primary hypogonadism occurs when there is a problem or abnormality in the testicles themselves. Secondary hypogonadism occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland in the brain, which sends chemical messages to the testicles to produce testosterone. Hypogonadism can occur during fetal development, at puberty, or in adult men.
system: What is testicular torsion?
output: Because the testicles are located within the scrotum, which hangs outside of the body, they do not have the protection of muscles and bones. Sometimes, this cord gets twisted around a testicle, cutting off the blood supply to the testicle. Symptoms of testicular torsion include sudden and severe pain, enlargement of the affected testicle, tenderness, and swelling. This condition, which occurs most often in men under the age of 25, can result from an injury to the testicles or from strenuous activity. It also can occur for no apparent reason.
system: What causes testicular cancer?
output: The risk factors for cancer of the testicles include: Age. Testicular cancer can occur at any age, but most often occurs in men between the ages of 15 and 40. Undescended testicle. Family history. Race and ethnicity. The risk for testicular cancer in white men is more than five times that of black men and more than double that of Asian- American men.
system: How do people get vitamin D?
output: Unlike calcium, which you only get through food, your body makes vitamin D when sunlight hits your skin. Active people who live in sunny regions can get at least some of what they need from spending time outdoors every day. But in less temperate areas such as Minnesota, Michigan, and New York, the skin makes less vitamin D in the winter months, especially for older adults. If you're not getting enough from sunlight and food, you may need to take a supplement. You can get vitamin D in multivitamins and also in combination with a calcium supplement, as well as on its own.
system: How can you ease geographic tongue symptoms?
output: These are examples of what your doctor or dentist may prescribe: Over-the-counter pain relievers Anti-inflammatories Mouth rinses with anesthetic Corticosteroids applied directly on the tongue Zinc supplements If you're wondering about steps you can take to hasten the relief of symptoms, try limiting these substances or avoid them altogether: Tobacco Hot, spicy, or acidic foods or dried, salty nuts Toothpaste with additives, whitening agents, or heavy flavoring (toothpaste for sensitive teeth is a better choice)
system: What is geographic tongue?
output: Two other names for geographic tongue are benign migratory glossitis and erythema migrans. Affecting about 1% to 3% of people, geographic tongue can show up at any age. However, it tends to affect middle-aged or older adults more often. It appears to be more common in women than in men. In fissured tongue, cracks and grooves appear on the tops and sides of the tongue.
system: Can geographic tongue make your tongue sensitive?
output: This is often from sensitivity to substances such as: Hot, spicy, or acidic foods Cigarette smoke Toothpaste Geographic tongue occurs when parts of the tongue are missing layers of small bumps called papillae. Geographic tongue has also been seen more frequently in people with psoriasis and in those with fissured tongue.
system: What happens before heartburn surgery?
output: Surgery may also be an option when you have: Severe inflammation of your esophagus, the tube that runs from your mouth to your stomach A narrowing of your esophagus that's not caused by cancer Barrett's esophagus, a change in the cells because of acid reflux Before surgery, you'll probably get tests to check how well the muscles in your esophagus work, including esophageal manometry and esophageal motility studies. Because you're taking a risk with any operation, you should consider surgery for acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) only after other treatments don't work, and when there's a good chance the operation will turn out well.
system: What should you know about heartburn surgery?
output: Surgery may also be an option when you have: Severe inflammation of your esophagus, the tube that runs from your mouth to your stomach A narrowing of your esophagus that's not caused by cancer Barrett's esophagus, a change in the cells because of acid reflux Before surgery, you'll probably get tests to check how well the muscles in your esophagus work, including esophageal manometry and esophageal motility studies. Because you're taking a risk with any operation, you should consider surgery for acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) only after other treatments don't work, and when there's a good chance the operation will turn out well. The main surgery for stubborn heartburn is called fundoplication.
system: How is heartburn surgery done?
output: The main surgery for stubborn heartburn is called fundoplication. The surgeon can either directly touch the parts of your body they're working on (open fundoplication), or they can use special tools, including a thin tube with a light and camera called a laparoscope, to operate on you from the outside. With the LINX procedure, your doctor uses a laparoscope to put a ring of titanium beads around the outside of your lower esophagus. This strengthens the valve between the esophagus and stomach. Food and liquids can still pass through. With a set of small tools at the tip of an endoscope, he can tightly bind the end of the esophagus to the top of the stomach.
system: What should you expect after heartburn surgery?
output: The most common reason for surgery is heartburn that doesn't go away with medications and lifestyle changes. But surgery won't get rid of all your symptoms. You may need to keep taking medication. About 1 in 10 people will need to have surgery again. You might: Have a hard time swallowing after the surgery Feel bloated often, called gas bloat syndrome Get an infection where you were cut You should talk to your doctor about the pros and cons in your situation to decide whether surgery is a good choice for you.
system: How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat lung cancer?
output: Monoclonal antibodies: Made in a lab, these molecules target specific signs, called antigens, that are found on tumors. Examples used to treat lung cancer are bevacizumab ( Avastin) and ramucirumab ( Cyramza).
system: How does image-guided radiation therapy help with lung cancer detection?
output: Machines with built-in imaging scanners make it possible for your doctor to give radiation more precisely. He can take pictures of your lung and then adjust his aim right before giving you the radiation. It's a way to zero in on your cancer. It may also bring fewer side effects.
system: How effective is low-dose computed tomography scan in preventing lung cancer deaths?
output: Research shows that people who got LDCT had their risk of dying from the disease drop by 16% against those who got chest X-rays. The test is recommended for 55 to 74 year olds who've smoked one or more packs of cigarettes a day for at least 30 years and are still smoking or have quite in the past 15 years.
system: What are targeted treatments for lung cancer?
output: Scientists have learned that people with specific genetic combinations may benefit from targeted therapies like EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) blockers. afatinib ( Gilotrif), erlotinib ( Tarceva), gefitinib ( Iressa), necitumumab ( Portrazza) and Osimertinib ( Tagrisso) block a signal that tells cells to grow. The drugs alectinib ( Alecensa), brigatinib ( Alunbrig), certinib ( Zykadia), and crizotinib ( Xalkori) have been found to help treat certain cancers with a change in the ALK gene. Some of these drugs are also used to treat tumors with an ROS1 gene change. Dabrafenib ( Tafinlar) and Trametinib ( Mekinist) target certain proteins in tumors that have changes in the BRAF gene.
system: How much time and radiation is involved in a low-dose computed tomography scan?
output: It takes about 15 minutes and gives you about the same amount of radiation as a mammogram.
system: How are checkpoint inhibitors used to treat lung cancer?
output: There are a couple of different types: Checkpoint inhibitors: Part of your immune system's job is to not attack normal cells in the body. To do this it uses so-called âcheckpoints,â molecules that must be turned on or off to trigger an immune response. Cancer cells sometimes use these checkpoints to avoid being targeted by your immune system. But four new drugs -- atezolizumab ( Tecentriq), durvalumab ( Imfinzi), nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) -- target these checkpoints and basically take the brakes off your immune system so that it can mount a better attack.
system: Is there a way to screen people at high risk for lung cancer?
output: There are surgical advances, improvements in radiation, and new drugs that target specific traits of the cancer and stimulate your immune system to fight the disease. One of the things that makes lung cancer dangerous is the fact that symptoms don't usually appear until the disease is at a late stage. Doctors can now check for lung cancer in people at high risk for it using what's known as a low-dose computed tomography ( LDCT) scan.
system: How does video-assisted thoracic surgery help with lung cancer detection?
output: Doctors can treat some small lung tumors using this operation. Your surgeon removes parts of your lung through smaller incisions. This makes the procedure less painful. It also can make your recovery faster. A newer approach to VATS is known as ârobotic-assisted surgery.â Your surgeon sits at a control panel inside the operating room to maneuver long surgical instruments using robotic arms.
system: Are there any new treatments for lung cancer?
output: There are surgical advances, improvements in radiation, and new drugs that target specific traits of the cancer and stimulate your immune system to fight the disease.
system: What happens after surgery for thyroid cancer?
output: Thyroid surgery usually takes place without problems. You will have pain in the neck area, but medicine will help. You may also have a hoarse voice or sore throat for a few days. There may be a drain from the site of the incision. It helps with healing and will later be removed. You'll either stay overnight at the hospital, or go home the day of the surgery. Again, it depends on what type of operation you have and well you do. You'll get instructions about how to take care of yourself after the operation, and when to see your doctor for follow-up. Other cancer treatments may begin soon after the operation.
system: What happens before surgery for thyroid cancer?
output: Before surgery, you'll have lab and imaging tests. They help the doctor know as much as possible about the cancer. You may have other exams or tests to check your overall health. You'll be given instructions about what to eat and drink, and what medicines to take the day before your operation.
system: What happens during surgery for thyroid cancer?
output: You'll probably have general anesthesia during your surgery. This means you will sleep through the whole thing. The doctor may make one or more incisions (cuts) in your neck, but that will depend on which type of surgery you have.
system: What kind of surgeries are there for thyroid cancer?
output: A thyroidectomy is when all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. A lobectomy is when one of the two lobes of your thyroid is removed. If the cancer has spread, lymph nodes in the neck area may be taken out, as well. Tissue around the thyroid gland may also be removed, depending on the size and location of the tumor.
system: How can cutting back on caffeine improve your mood?
output: It's a stimulant, which means it can make you anxious and keep you up at night. So limit how much soda, coffee, tea, and chocolate you have.
system: How can avoiding alcohol and illegal drugs improve your mood?
output: They can cause depression and affect how well antidepressants or other medicines for mood work. Also, many people who are depressed battle substance abuse, too. If you think you have a problem, you need to get help. Addiction can keep you from recovering from your depression.
system: How can foods with omega-3 fatty acids improve your mood?
output: Some research has shown that these fats can help with mood, but experts need to do more studies to know for sure. Some fish, walnuts, soybeans, flaxseed, and other foods have omega-3s, as do some supplements. Talk to your doctor or dietitian about how much of them you should get every day.
system: Does depression affect your appetite?
output: Depression or its treatment can sometimes affect how hungry you feel. That can mean weight gain or loss. If you've noticed a change in your appetite, your doctor can help you get back on track.
system: What is the outlook for cystic fibrosis?
output: Although CF is a severe condition that needs daily care, there are many ways to treat it, and there's been a great improvement in those treatments over the years. People who have CF now can expect to live a much longer life than those who had it in the past.
system: Which parts of the body does cystic fibrosis affect?
output: The lungs aren't the only part of your body CF damages. Cystic fibrosis also affects the following organs: Pancreas. This stops proteins that break down your food, called digestive enzymes, from reaching your intestine. As a result, your body has a hard time getting the nutrients it needs. Over time, this can also lead to diabetes. Liver. Because it can be hard to break down high-acid foods that come from your stomach, the lining of the small intestine can wear away. Large intestine. This can lead to blockages. In some cases, your intestine may also start to fold in on itself like an accordion, a condition called intussusception. Bladder. This means that you leak a little pee when you cough, sneeze, laugh, or lift something. Though it's more common in women, men can have it, too. Kidneys. These small, hard globs of minerals can cause nausea, vomiting, and pain. If you don't treat them, you could get a kidney infection. Reproductive organs. Women with CF have very thick cervical mucus, which can make it harder for a sperm to fertilize an egg. Other parts of the body. Because it upsets the balance of minerals in your blood, it can also cause low blood pressure, fatigue, a fast heart rate, and a general feeling of weakness.
system: What are some tips for healthy eating if you have ulcerative colitis and are pregnant?
output: Pregnant or not, it makes sense when you have ulcerative colitis to avoid greasy, fried, high-sugar, and spicy foods. Stay away from nuts, popcorn, and corn, because they can make swelling worse. Make sure you drink plenty of water, since diarrhea can cause dehydration. Sometimes, five or six small meals a day are easier to handle than three big ones. This habit also helps when you get nausea and heartburn because of your pregnancy.
system: What are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids to eat when pregnant with ulcerative colitis (UC)?
output: If you need to be lactose-free, try: Lactose-free milk or calcium-fortified soy milk Lactase pills or drops, which help you digest lactose Fish is a great way to get omega-3 fatty acids, which help build your baby's brain and eyes. They may also cut down on UC symptoms and prevent flares. Some seafood is high in mercury. But when you're pregnant, you can eat other fish by following these guidelines: Have up to 12 ounces a week of low-mercury fish such as shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, and catfish. Don't eat shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tilefish. They tend to be higher in mercury. Limit albacore tuna to 6 ounces a week.
system: How much weight should you gain during pregnancy if you have ulcerative colitis?
output: If you're at a healthy weight, you should have put on 25 to 35 pounds by the end of your pregnancy. If you're underweight to start, you should aim to gain 28 to 40 pounds.
system: What foods are good calcium sources if you're pregnant and have ulcerative colitis (UC)?
output: Some options include: Yogurt or hard cheeses, which might be easier to digest Juices and other drinks, cereals, and breads with added calcium Tofu, soybeans, black-eyed peas, or canned fish with bones you can eat (such as sardines or salmon) Drinking milk with a meal, or adding it to cereal to make it easier on your system.
system: Can you have lactose intolerance and ulcerative colitis?
output: Look for one who specializes in working with people who have long-term illnesses. Some people can't digest lactose, which is the sugar in milk. If you need to be lactose-free, try: Lactose-free milk or calcium-fortified soy milk Lactase pills or drops, which help you digest lactose Fish is a great way to get omega-3 fatty acids, which help build your baby's brain and eyes. If you're underweight to start, you should aim to gain 28 to 40 pounds.
system: Who should you talk to for help about eating right for a healthy pregnancy if you have ulcerative colitis (UC)?
output: Look for one who specializes in working with people who have long-term illnesses. If you need help, talk to a dietitian about healthy food choices.