laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is polycystic liver disease?
output: Polycystic liver disease ( PLD or PCLD) is a rare condition that causes cysts -- fluid-filled sacs -- to grow throughout the liver. A normal liver has a smooth, uniform appearance. A polycystic liver can look like a cluster of very large grapes. Cysts also can grow independently in different parts of the liver. The cysts, if they get too numerous or large, may cause discomfort and health complications. But most people with polycystic liver disease do not have symptoms and live a normal life.
system: What causes polycystic liver disease?
output: The majority of people with polycystic liver disease inherit the condition, but PLD can occur randomly with no genetic link. Treatments may include: Cyst aspiration: If a cyst is blocking a bile duct or if it has become infected, your doctor may recommend draining it. During cyst aspiration, your doctor, guided by ultrasound or CT imaging, will use a needle or catheter to drain the fluid in the cyst or cysts.
system: When should I get the seasonal flu vaccine?
output: Or just weighing the pros and cons of the seasonal flu vaccine? The flu vaccine is not only about protecting you from getting the flu but also to prevent you from transmitting the flu to vulnerable people around you, such as the elderly, children, or the immuno-compromised.
system: Why do we need to get flu vaccines every year?
output: Flu viruses change, so flu vaccines must change, too. Each year's vaccine is unique, cultivated from the flu strains health officials believe will be most menacing that year.
system: Can people with egg allergy safely get the flu vaccine?
output: It's long been advised that people with allergies to eggs should not get the flu shot. However, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology says the vaccine contains such a low amount of egg protein that it's unlikely to cause an allergic reaction in those with an egg allergy. If you have a severe egg allergy (anaphylaxis), talk to your doctor before getting the flu vaccine. Also, flu vaccines not made with the use of eggs are available.
system: What is the link between autism spectrum disorders and the flu vaccine preservative thimerosal?
output: Concern that there's a link between autism spectrum disorders and the vaccine preservative thimerosal has prevented some parents from getting their kids vaccinated. Worry no more. Studies have found that there is no link between vaccines containing thimerosal and ASD. And if you're still worried, thimerosal-free flu vaccines are now the standard for children in the U. S. -- and available to adults for the asking.
system: How should people 65 and older get vaccinated against the flu?
output: Worry no more. The nasal spray Flu Mist vaccine is approved for healthy, non-pregnant adults, and those between ages 2 and 49.
system: How do you know if you have atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
output: When your heart's electrical signals aren't working right, it can lead to a heartbeat that's too fast or too slow. This abnormal heart rhythm is what doctors call atrial fibrillation, or AFib for short.
system: When are you more likely to get atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
output: You're more likely to get atrial fibrillation if you have: Heart disease Heart failure Valve disease Had a heart attack or heart surgery Any type of AFib can lead to a stroke or heart failure.
system: What medications are used to treat atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
output: Once your heart rate is under control, they may suggest long-term treatment with a wider choice of beta-blockers: Atenolol ( Tenormin) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta, Ziac) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Esmolol ( Brevibloc) Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol) Nadolol ( Corgard) Pindolol ( Visken) Timolol ( Betimol, Istalol) Or they might have you try one of the calcium channel blockers -- diltiazem or verapamil.
system: What can happen if you don't get treated for atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
output: If you don't get treated, over time the condition can damage your heart muscle and lead to heart failure.
system: What causes atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
output: You might feel: Like your heart is beating too fast Chest pain Dizzy Faint Short of breath Tired Weak Electrical signals make your heart beat in a coordinated way. First, the atria squeeze, or contract. Then the signal travels to the lower chambers, or ventricles. They squeeze and pump out blood to your lungs and body. In AFib, these signals don't go out correctly. Instead of contracting, the atria quiver. The flutters are too weak to send enough blood into the ventricles. In AFib with rapid ventricular response, the ventricles also beat too fast. These beats are too weak to push enough blood out of the heart to your lungs and body.
system: When do you need cardioversion for atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
output: Then, your doctor will put the paddles on your chest, and sometimes your back. These will give you a mild electrical shock to get your heart's rhythm back to normal. Most people only need one. If you’re more stable, you’ll just get heart rate medications and you and the doctor can decide if you need cardioversion later.
system: Do you need a pacemaker to treat atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
output: When your heart's electrical signals aren't working right, it can lead to a heartbeat that's too fast or too slow. These will give you a mild electrical shock to get your heart's rhythm back to normal. If you’re more stable, you’ll just get heart rate medications and you and the doctor can decide if you need cardioversion later.
system: How can you deal with irritable bowel syndrome at work?
output: Let them know that symptoms may force you to leave a meeting or go to the bathroom often, but that you'll be able to do your job after the pain and discomfort subsides. If your supervisor isn't sympathetic, you may want to ask your doctor to write a note explaining that IBS is a real illness, and that certain symptoms may occur.
system: How much does it cost to care for irritable bowel syndrome?
output: The direct and indirect cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the U. S. has been estimated at between at about $1.5 billion each year.
system: What are the costs of care for irritable bowel syndrome?
output: The direct and indirect cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the U. S. has been estimated at between at about $1.5 billion each year. The numbers alone are staggering.
system: How should I give myself time to prepare if I have irritable bowel syndrome?
output: To reduce your own potential economic loss, Roberts suggests giving yourself time to prepare for work. He has IBS, and gives himself at least two hours to get ready in the morning.
system: What are the treatments for irritable bowel syndrome?
output: Once IBS symptoms do flare up at work, little can be done except to bear through the discomfort and pain. Deep breathing and walking around may help during episodes of pain. But experts say the best way to deal with IBS at work is to try to prevent symptoms. Your doctor may prescribe medicine to prevent IBS symptoms. Some drugs may take a few weeks to take full effect.
system: What are some natural ways to treat irritable bowel syndrome?
output: Other strategies that may help prevent flare-ups of IBS symptoms at work include: Changes in your diet Stress management Acupuncture and other alternative therapies Talk with a doctor about which IBS prevention and treatment strategies may work best for you.
system: How does  irritable bowel syndrome affect a person's ability to work?
output: Even getting ready to go to work can be hard for people who have some types of IBS. It's not unusual for people with IBS to have four to five bowel movements before they leave the house, says Jeffrey Roberts, founder of the IBS Patient Support Group. They often miss or are late for work, school, and other activities. But experts say the best way to deal with IBS at work is to try to prevent symptoms.
system: Should I consider treatment to prevent irritable bowel syndrome?
output: Once at work, he does the best he can to deal with IBS symptoms. " But experts say the best way to deal with IBS at work is to try to prevent symptoms. Your doctor may prescribe medicine to prevent IBS symptoms. Some drugs may take a few weeks to take full effect. Jacks suggests regular exercise. " Roberts recommends behavioral therapy for IBS, which could include hypnotherapy, psychotherapy, and relaxation techniques. Other strategies that may help prevent flare-ups of IBS symptoms at work include: Changes in your diet Stress management Acupuncture and other alternative therapies Talk with a doctor about which IBS prevention and treatment strategies may work best for you.
system: Should I tell someone at work that I have irritable bowel syndrome?
output: Let your supervisor know you have IBS without giving too many personal details. This may mean explaining IBS and its symptoms. It's also important to let your manager know that while you don't always have control over IBS symptoms, you are a dedicated worker and will deal with the situation accordingly, says Roberts. Let them know that symptoms may force you to leave a meeting or go to the bathroom often, but that you'll be able to do your job after the pain and discomfort subsides. If your supervisor isn't sympathetic, you may want to ask your doctor to write a note explaining that IBS is a real illness, and that certain symptoms may occur. Other strategies that may help prevent flare-ups of IBS symptoms at work include: Changes in your diet Stress management Acupuncture and other alternative therapies Talk with a doctor about which IBS prevention and treatment strategies may work best for you.
system: How can eating a healthy diet help in recovering from depression?
output: But a sensible eating plan will keep you feeling healthy and give you the nutrients you need. Don't rely on popular diets that cut out food groups and sharply restrict what you can eat. Just focus on the basics: watch your calories, eat lots of vegetables, whole grains, and fruits, and limit fat and sugar. Since caffeine can make you anxious, cut back on soda, coffee, tea, and chocolate.
system: How can staying connected with family and friends help in recovering from depression?
output: Set aside time to do things that you used to enjoy doing. Get out with your family or friends. Or take up a hobby that used to give you pleasure. Staying active -- and connected with the people in your life -- may help you feel better.
system: How can alcohol and drug avoidance help in recovering from depression?
output: Alcohol and drugs can add to your depression and make it worse. Depression and substance abuse often go together. In addition, alcohol and drugs can prevent your antidepressants from working as well as they should. If you have a substance abuse problem, you need to get help now. Addiction or abuse can prevent you from fully recovering from depression.
system: Will I need a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test if I have Hashiomoto's thyroiditis?
output: The exact dose your doctor prescribes will depend on a number of factors, including: age weight severity of hypothyroidism other health problems other medicines that may interact with synthetic thyroid hormones Once you start treatment, your doctor will order a lab test called a thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH) test to monitor thyroid function and help ensure you are getting the right dose.
system: Is there a cure for Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
output: There is no cure for Hashimoto's, but replacing hormones with medication can regulate hormone levels and restore your normal metabolism.
system: What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
output: In people with Hashimoto's, the immune system attacks the thyroid. This can lead to hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid does not make enough hormones for the body's needs.
system: Do genes play a role in causing Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
output: This can lead to hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid does not make enough hormones for the body's needs. The exact cause of Hashimoto's is not known, but many factors are believed to play a role.
system: How is a colonoscopy used to diagnose blood in stool?
output: A procedure similar to an EGD except that the scope is inserted through the rectum to view the colon. As with an EGD, colonoscopy can be used to collect tissue samples to biopsy.
system: How is a barium X-ray used to diagnose blood in stool?
output: A procedure that uses a contrast material called barium to make the digestive tract show up on an X-ray. The barium may either be swallowed or inserted into the rectum.
system: How can colitis cause blood in the stool?
output: Inflammation of the colon. Among the more common causes are infections or inflammatory bowel disease.
system: How is a nasogastric lavage used to diagnose blood in stool?
output: A test that may tell your doctor whether bleeding is in the upper or lower digestive tract. The procedure involves removing the contents of the stomach through a tube inserted into the stomach through the nose. If the stomach does not contain evidence of blood, the bleeding may have stopped or is more likely in the lower digestive tract.
system: How is blood in stool diagnosed?
output: It is important to have a doctor evaluate any bleeding in the stool. Any details you can give about the bleeding will help your doctor locate the site of bleeding. For example, a black, tarry stool is likely an ulcer or other problem in the upper part of the digestive tract. Bright red blood or maroon-colored stools usually indicate a problem in the lower part of the digestive tract such as hemorrhoids or diverticulitis.
system: How can an anal fissure cause blood in the stool?
output: A small cut or tear in the tissue lining the anus similar to the cracks that occur in chapped lips or a paper cut. Fissures are often caused by passing a large, hard stool and can be painful.
system: How can esophageal problems cause blood in the stool?
output: Varicose veins of the esophagus or tears in the esophagus can lead to severe blood loss.
system: How can polyps or cancer cause blood in the stool?
output: Usually diverticula don't cause problems, but sometimes they can bleed or become infected. Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the U. S. It often causes bleeding that is not noticeable with the naked eye.
system: What other lab tests are used to diagnose blood in stool?
output: After getting a medical history and doing a physical exam, the health care provider may order tests to determine the cause of bleeding. The doctor can use this to look for the source of bleeding.
system: How can blood in the stool vary?
output: Sometimes the amount of blood is so small that it can only be detected by a fecal occult test (which checks for hidden blood in the stool). At other times it may visible on toilet tissue or in the toilet after a bowel movement as bright red blood. Bleeding that happens higher up in the digestive tract may make stool appear black and tarry. A test that may tell your doctor whether bleeding is in the upper or lower digestive tract.
system: How can angiodysplasia cause blood in the stool?
output: A condition in which fragile, abnormal blood vessels lead to bleeding. The doctor can use this to look for the source of bleeding.
system: How can tumors lead to severe hearing loss?
output: Cancer or benign tumors can cause severe hearing loss. This includes acoustic neuroma, paraganglioma, and meningioma. People who have one might also have numbness in their face or weakness and ringing in their ear.
system: What is conductive hearing loss?
output: There are three main types of hearing loss: Conductive hearing loss happens because of a problem in the ear canal, eardrum, or the middle ear that prevents sound from carrying well to the inner ear. An ear infection, trauma, a tumor, or fluid or an object in the ear (such as wax buildup) can cause it.
system: Can illness or infection lead to severe hearing loss?
output: Measles, mumps, syphilis, and meningitis are just a few of the conditions that can cause hearing loss.
system: How can trauma lead to severe hearing loss?
output: Injuries like a skull fracture or a punctured eardrum can cause severe hearing loss.
system: How can genes lead to severe hearing loss?
output: Scientists have found genes that make people more prone to severe hearing loss, particularly as they age. Most of the time, newborn screening tests find genetic hearing loss, but it can show up later.
system: What is sensorineural hearing loss?
output: Sensorineural hearing loss happens most often from damage to the hair cells in the inner ear. Other causes include damage to the nerve for hearing, called the auditory nerve, or the brain. It's usually happens as you get older, but it also can happen because of noise exposure, chemotherapy, radiation, trauma, and your genes.
system: How can a malformed ear lead to severe hearing loss?
output: Some people are born with poorly formed ears.
system: How can autoimmune disorders lead to severe hearing loss?
output: Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, for example, may affect hearing. It's one of the main features of several autoimmune disorders, including Cogan's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Behcet's disease.
system: How can an object stuck in the ear lead to severe hearing loss?
output: When your hearing is normal, sound waves enter your outer ear and cause your eardrum and middle ear bones to vibrate. Earwax can sometimes build up and harden, which can make it hard to hear.
system: How can loud noise lead to severe hearing loss?
output: Sensorineural hearing loss happens most often from damage to the hair cells in the inner ear. How much hearing you lose depends on the volume of the sound and how long you were around it.
system: When should you see a doctor about hearing loss?
output: See your doctor as soon as you have trouble hearing. The earlier you get a diagnosis and treatment, the more you can stay involved in the world around you. Those signals go to your brain where they are turned into sounds you can recognize.
system: How can age lead to severe hearing loss?
output: As the fluid moves, it sets in motion thousands of tiny hairs that convert the sound vibrations into nerve signals. Hearing loss happens when there's a problem with the parts of the ear that you use to hear. Hearing loss can get worse over several years.
system: Should I take medications for my migraines if I am pregnant?
output: If you're pregnant -- or planning to get pregnant soon -- your doctor will generally advise you to stay off medications unless they're absolutely needed. Together, you'll have to weigh the potential effects of a drug on your unborn baby. In some cases, a decision will need to be made based on scant or inconclusive research into a particular drug. Many of the anti-migraine medications to treat or prevent migraine headache and its symptoms should be avoided during pregnancy. That's because they've been linked to birth defects in babies. Other medications are associated with pregnancy complications. For instance, some have been associated with bleeding, miscarriage, or intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR), a condition in which the uterus and fetus don't grow normally.
system: What should I write down each time I have a headache?
output: Each time you have a headache, write down: Your specific symptoms: where you feel the pain, what the pain feels like, and any other symptoms such as vomiting or sensitivity to noise, smells, or bright light The time your headache started and ended Food and beverages you had during the 24 hours before the migraine Any change in your environment, such as traveling to a new place, a change in weather, or trying new kinds of food Any treatment you tried, and whether it helped or made the headache worse Common headache triggers include: Chocolate Caffeine Foods that contain the preservatives MSG (monosodium glutamate) and nitrates Aspartame, the sweetener in Nutra Sweet and Equal Headaches can be caused by a pregnancy complication called preeclampsia.
system: How can a headache diary help my migraines during pregnancy?
output: A headache diary can let you track your particular triggers. This will help your doctor decide on what treatment will work best to relieve your specific symptoms. It may also help you recognize a pattern that tells you which triggers to avoid while you're pregnant.
system: Does estrogen play a role in migraines during pregnancy?
output: Estrogen is thought to play a role in migraines. That's why pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause often change a woman's pattern of migraine headaches.
system: What are some self-care tips for migraines during pregnancy?
output: Your first line of defense against migraine headaches is a healthy lifestyle and self-care. Here are some tips to help you manage migraines during pregnancy: Avoid your known triggers, such as specific foods, as much as possible.
system: Are ergotamines used to treat migraines during pregnancy?
output: Ergotamines work specifically for migraine pain. But doctors advise against taking these drugs during pregnancy. They carry a risk of birth defects, especially if taken in the first trimester. These drugs may also stimulate labor contractions and premature birth.
system: What can trigger a migraine during pregnancy?
output: Hormone changes during pregnancy are not the only thing that can trigger migraine headaches. Most women have a combination of triggers. For instance, stress, skipped meals, and lack of sleep may all trigger a migraine.
system: What do you need to know about migraine headaches and pregnancy?
output: If you're pregnant, you're no doubt experiencing new aches and pains. If you're also one of the millions of pregnant women who experience migraines, you might be glad to know that pregnancy eases migraine headache symptoms for many women.
system: Are triptans used to treat migraines during pregnancy?
output: Triptans work specifically on the migraine pain pathway. Triptans aren't known to cause birth defects. But most research to date has focused on animals, not humans. Some experts still warn about combining triptans with two common classes of antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs) The combination was thought to carry the risk of a life-threatening condition called "serotonin syndrome." But many doctors now believe that it is safe for many people to take both medicines. Your doctor can tell you if either is safe for you and your unborn baby.
system: Are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat migraines during pregnancy?
output: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), including aspirin, may carry a risk of bleeding and miscarriage if taken near the time of conception. There is also a possible risk of heart complications in the baby if they are taken in the third trimester. Aspirin taken near delivery may lead to excess blood loss in mothers during birth.
system: What medications are used for migraine headaches in pregnancy?
output: If you're pregnant -- or planning to get pregnant soon -- your doctor will generally advise you to stay off medications unless they're absolutely needed. Together, you'll have to weigh the potential effects of a drug on your unborn baby. In some cases, a decision will need to be made based on scant or inconclusive research into a particular drug. Many of the anti-migraine medications to treat or prevent migraine headache and its symptoms should be avoided during pregnancy. That's because they've been linked to birth defects in babies. Other medications are associated with pregnancy complications. For instance, some have been associated with bleeding, miscarriage, or intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR), a condition in which the uterus and fetus don't grow normally.