laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are complications of swimmer's ear?
output: Most of the time, your ear fights off the germs that cause swimmer's ear on its own. But sometimes, it can get worse or lead to other problems, such as: Long-term swimmer's ear (chronic otitis externa). This is when swimmer's ear doesn't go away within 3 months. It can happen if you have hard-to-treat bacteria, fungus, allergies, or skin conditions like psoriasis or eczema. Your doctor may need to test a sample of any fluid in your ear to help you decide on the best treatment. Other infections. Sometimes, the bacteria can spread deeper into your skin or to other parts of your body. One rare condition is malignant otitis externa, which happens when the infection moves into bone and cartilage in your head. It's a medical emergency, and it's most common in older people with diabetes and people with HIV or other immune system problems. Treatment for these infections is with more powerful antibiotics, either by mouth or through a needle ( IV).
system: How can IUDs (intrauterine devices) help with birth control?
output: These are small, plastic devices that a doctor or nurse will insert into your uterus. The procedure is simple and quick, although a little uncomfortable. Once it's in position, the IUD will protect you from pregnancy for a long time. IUDs that use hormones are good for 3-5 years depending on which type you get. The copper- T version -- which uses copper, a natural sperm-killer -- is good for up to 10 years. IUDs are about 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.
system: What is permanent birth control?
output: Women can choose to have a tubal ligation in which the under general anesthesia, the fallopian tubes are closed off preventing eggs from reaching the ovaries. This is also known as âhaving your tubes tied.â For men, the permanent birth control option would be a vasectomy. During this procedure, your doctor causes a permanent interruption in the tube that allows the sperm to get into the semen
system: What are the types hormonal birth control?
output: These include birth control pills, stick-on patches, insertable vaginal rings, shots, and implants. You'll need a prescription for them. They use hormones, similar to the ones in your body, to stop the release of an egg so that it can't get fertilized by sperm.
system: What is emergency contraception?
output: It's for use after unprotected sex or if your condom breaks. It can prevent pregnancy up to 3 to 5 days later, although the sooner you take it, the better. Most emergency contraception products are so-called "morning after" pills, but the copper- T IUD works as emergency contraception, too. Women who are overweight or obese who want emergency contraception should consider using the copper T IUD, since research shows that emergency contraception pills start to lose effectiveness for them.
system: How do I know if postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is right for me to treat hot flashes?
output: Do you have abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as extremely heavy periods or spotting between periods? Do you have a history of endometrial or uterine cancer? Do you currently have, or have you in the past had, venous thrombosis (blood clots in the lungs or veins)? This includes thrombosis or blood clots during pregnancy or when taking birth control pills. Do you have chronic liver disease? Do you smoke? Do you have gallbladder disease? Yes No If you answered yes to any of the above questions, HRT may not be for you.
system: Why should you never discontinue any medication for depression without talking to your doctor?
output: You should never discontinue any medication without talking to your doctor about it first. Most antidepressants are gradually tapered off when a decision is made to stop them. If you abruptly stop taking some antidepressants, you could develop physical symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, headache, flu-like symptoms, or stomach upset (called a "discontinuation syndrome"). While symptoms from abrupt discontinuation generally pose no medical hazard, they can be uncomfortable and resolve once a medicine has been restarted.
system: How risky are antidepressants in the treatment for depression in people with bipolar disorder?
output: In people with bipolar disorder, antidepressants have a small but significant risk for triggering manic or hypomanic symptoms, and antidepressants are usually not recommended without also taking a mood stabilizer. Antidepressants also may be less effective in people with bipolar than unipolar (major) depression, and their long-term value and safety are more controversial and less well-established in bipolar than unipolar depression.
system: How safe are antidepressant medications for children and teens?
output: The FDA has the manufacturers of all antidepressant drugs put a boxed warning that states that antidepressants have been shown to increase suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents and should be used with caution.
system: When and how can you stop taking antidepressants?
output: When you and your doctor determine that you are better and have remained well without a relapse for at least several months, your doctor may gradually taper you off your medicines. Once you and your doctor have determined it is safe for you to stop taking your medicine altogether, you should continue to be monitored during periodic follow-up appointments (about every three months) to detect any signs of depression recurrence.
system: What are the side effects of antidepressants?
output: Antidepressants are medications used to treat depression. You are usually monitored closely during this time to detect the development of side effects and to determine the effectiveness of treatment. You should never discontinue any medication without talking to your doctor about it first.
system: How can brain injuries be classified?
output: They could be brought on by medical problems like a stroke or tumor. These are called acquired brain injuries ( ABIs). But most often, brain injuries are due to a violent blow or jolt to the head. These are called traumatic brain injuries ( TBIs).
system: What are the symptoms of second impact syndrome?
output: This is known as second impact syndrome. Second impact syndrome causes rapid and severe brain swelling. The symptoms are almost immediate and include the following: Dilated pupils Loss of eye movement Respiratory failure Unconsciousness Symptoms will progress rapidly. At the very least, it will result in severe TBI and have long-lasting effects that will change your everyday life.
system: What are symptoms of brain injuries?
output: If you take a hit to the head, be on the lookout for these symptoms: Balance problems Blurred vision Dizziness Delayed response to questions Headaches Memory loss Nausea Ringing in the ears Seizure Slurred speech Vomiting This form of TBI is when you have bruises on the brain that cause bleeding.
system: Is a concussion the same thing as a traumatic brain injuries (TBI)?
output: Concussions are the most common type of TBI. They aren't usually life-threatening, but there are dangers. These injuries may not show up in initial tests and could take as long as a few years to completely heal. Immediate symptoms can be loss of consciousness or feeling dazed and confused. But it may take a while before you have any symptoms.
system: What precautions should I take if Iâve had a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
output: If you have had a TBI, take steps to avoid another injury to your brain. Even with mild TBIs, repeated injuries can do long-lasting damage to your nervous system and weaken your mental awareness. If TBIs continue to happen over a short period of time, they could lead to death. Make sure your first TBI has fully healed. Although concussions are generally listed as mild, getting a second concussion before the first one has healed can be deadly. This is known as second impact syndrome.
system: What are signs of a brain injury that I should I see a doctor about?
output: Not every hit to the head will result in a TBI, but if you have any concerns, see your doctor. TBIs can cause any number of problems. You may not be able to think or communicate well, and it can dull your sensory skills. Be on the lookout for changes in these areas, among others: Anxiety Depression Memory Muscle function Poor judgment Sight Sound Smell Taste Touch Understanding TBIs can increase the risk of brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
system: How effective are very low-calorie diets?
output: If you have a BMI over 30 (which your doctor will call âobeseâ), then a very low-calorie diet may let you lose about 3 to 5 pounds per week, for an average total weight loss of 44 pounds over 12 weeks. Losing that amount of weight may improve weight-related medical conditions, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. But in the long-run, very low-calorie diets aren't more effective than more modest diets. Once you go off a diet, you need to change your lifestyle, committing to healthy eating and regular physical activity.
system: Are very low-calorie diets safe?
output: Very low-calorie diets are not OK for everyone. Talk to your doctor to see if this kind of diet is appropriate for you. If your BMI is greater than 30, then very low-calorie diets are generally safe when used under proper medical supervision. For people who are overweight but not obese ( BMI of 27-30), very low-calorie diets should be reserved for those who have weight-related medical problems and are under medical supervision. Very low-calorie-diets are not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and are not appropriate for children or teens except in specialized treatment programs. They also may not be OK for people over age 50, either, depending on the potential need for medications for pre-existing conditions, as well as the possibility of side effects.
system: What are the side effects of very low-calorie diets?
output: People on a very low-calorie diet for 4 to 16 weeks report minor side effects such as fatigue, constipation, nausea, and diarrhea. These conditions usually improve within a few weeks and rarely prevent people from completing the program. Gallstones are the most common serious side effect of very low-calorie diets. The liver then secretes more cholesterol and when combined with bile, can form gallstones.
system: How many calories a day do you usually get if you're on a low-calorie diet?
output: Many very low-calorie diets are commercially-made formulas of 800 calories or fewer that replace all the food you usually eat. Talk to your doctor or dietitian to make sure you get the nutrients you need while on a very low-calorie diet.
system: What are alternative therapies for essential tremor?
output: There is currently no evidence that alternative therapies are beneficial in treating Essential Tremor. Patients who have tremors that worsen with emotional stress may find relaxation therapies helpful, but this type of alternative therapy is certainly not a treatment. Some herbal supplements may actually increase tremor. Always consult your doctor before trying any alternative therapy.
system: How can essential tremor medications affect pregnancy?
output: Discuss the use of ET medications with your doctor before getting pregnant, as some drugs put the developing baby at risk.
system: What is treatment for essential tremor?
output: Essential tremor is a movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable shaking (tremors) in different parts and on different sides of the body. There is no cure for essential tremor, but treatments that provide relief from its symptoms may be helpful in improving quality of life. These include medications, MRI-focused ultrasound, and surgical procedures that ease tremor. Not every treatment or procedure is effective for every person with ET, but most patients find satisfactory relief. Your doctor will recommend an individualized treatment plan, including certain lifestyle changes that may help to reduce your tremors.
system: What are treatments for different stages of esophageal cancer?
output: Chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy; treatment for this stage focuses on "palliative" therapy.
system: What are the symptoms of esophageal cancer?
output: Early on there may be no symptoms. In more advanced cancers, symptoms of esophageal cancer include: Difficulty or pain when swallowing Weight loss Pain in the chest, behind the breastbone Coughing Hoarseness Indigestion and heartburn There are a number of factors which increase a person's risk of developing esophageal cancer.
system: Who gets esophageal cancer?
output: They include: Smoking or other use of tobacco Heavy alcohol use Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD), in which contents and acid from the stomach back up into the esophagus Barrett's esophagus, a condition that affects the lower part of the esophagus and can lead to esophageal cancer; Barrett's esophagus may be caused by GERD. Over time, stomach acid in the esophagus can cause changes in the cells that increase risk for adenocarcinoma. In addition, certain groups -- men, the elderly, and people who are obese -- are at greater risk for esophageal cancer. Risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is higher in white men, but squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is more common in Asian men and men of color.
system: What tests determine the stage of esophageal cancer?
output: To diagnose esophageal cancer, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine you. Other tests, including computed tomography ( CT) scans, positron emission tomography ( PET) scan, thoracoscopy, and laparoscopy, may be performed to determine if the cancer has spread, or metastasized, outside of the esophagus.
system: What are the stages of esophageal cancer?
output: The stages are: Stage 0 . Abnormal cells (not yet cancer) are found only in the layer of cells that line the esophagus. Cancer cells are found only in the layer of cells that line the esophagus. The cancer has reached the muscle layer or the outer wall of the esophagus. In addition, the cancer may have spread to 1 to 2 nearby lymph nodes (small glands that are part of the immune system). The cancer has reached deeper into the inner muscle layer or the connective tissue wall. It may have spread beyond the esophagus into surrounding organ and/or has spread to more lymph nodes near the esophagus. Stage IV .
system: What is esophageal cancer?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Esophageal cancer occurs when cancer cells develop in the esophagus, a tube-like structure that runs from your throat to your stomach. Squamous cells line the inner esophagus, and cancer developing from squamous cells can occur along the entire esophagus. This is cancer that develops from gland cells. This typically occurs in the lower esophagus near the stomach and is believed to be largely related to acid exposure to the lower esophagus. Unfortunately, by the time esophageal cancer is diagnosed for many people, it is often already in an advanced stage (has spread throughout the esophagus and beyond).
system: How do you diagnose esophageal cancer?
output: To diagnose esophageal cancer, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine you. In addition, he or she may order certain blood tests and X-rays. Tests for esophageal cancer may include: Barium swallow X-ray, in which you drink a liquid that coats your esophagus. Endoscopy: the doctor passes an endoscope, a thin, lighted tube, down your throat into your esophagus to examine it. Endoscopic ultrasound uses sound waves to provide more information about the extent of tumor involvement in nearby tissues. Biopsy: during an endoscopy, the doctor can take cells or tissue from your esophagus. This process is called "staging."
system: How can you treat esophageal cancer?
output: Treatment of esophageal cancer depends on many factors, including the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the patient. Options include surgery, photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation, or endoscopic muscosal resection.
system: How is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) diagnosed?
output: HCM is diagnosed based on medical history (your symptoms and family history), a physical exam, and echocardiogram results. Additional tests may include blood tests, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, exercise stress test, cardiac catheterization, CT scan, and MRI.
system: What medications are used to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
output: Drugs are often used to treat symptoms and prevent further complications of HCM. Medications can help relax the heart and reduce the degree of obstruction so the heart can pump more efficiently. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blocker blockers are two classes of medications that may be prescribed. If you have an arrhythmia, your doctor may prescribe medications to control your heart rate or decrease the occurrence of arrhythmias. You may be told to avoid certain medications, such as nitrates, because they lower blood pressure, or digoxin, because it increases the force of the heart's contraction. Non-obstructive HCM symptoms may be treated with medications. If heart failure occurs, treatment is aimed at controlling it through heart failure medications and diet changes. Your doctor will discuss which medications are best for you.
system: What are the symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
output: Many people with HCM have no symptoms or only minor symptoms, and live a normal life. Other people develop symptoms, which progress and worsen as heart function worsens. Symptoms of HCM can occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with exertion Fatigue (feeling overly tired) Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms, abnormal responses of the blood vessels during exercise, or no cause may be found) Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia Sudden death (occurs in a small number of patients with HCM) HCM can run in families, but the condition may also be acquired as a part of aging or high blood pressure.
system: What people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at risk for sudden cardiac death?
output: A small number of people with HCM have an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. People at risk include: Those who have family members who have had sudden cardiac death Young people with HCM who have had several episodes of fainting Those who have an abnormal blood pressure response with exercise Adults who have a history of arrhythmia with a fast heart rate Those with severe symptoms and poor heart function If you have two or more risk factors for sudden cardiac death, your doctor will treat you with medications to prevent arrhythmias or with an ICD. Most people with HCM are at low risk for sudden cardiac death. Talk to your doctor about any concerns you may have.
system: How can I avoid endocarditis related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
output: People with obstructive HCM may be at increased risk for infective endocarditis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Ask your doctor if you need to take endocarditis precautions, which include: Telling all your doctors and dentist you have HCM. They should prescribe antibiotics to prevent an infection before performing any procedures on you that may cause bleeding (dental, respiratory, and gastrointestinal procedures). Calling your doctor if you have symptoms of an infection. Taking good care of your teeth and gums.
system: What lifestyle changes are recommended to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
output: Diet . Drinking at least six to eight, 8-ounce glasses of water a day is important, unless fluids are restricted. In hot weather, you should increase your fluid intake. Fluid and salt restrictions may be necessary for some patients if heart failure symptoms are present. Ask your doctor about specific fluid and dietary guidelines, including information about alcoholic beverages and caffeinated products. Exercise. Your doctor will tell you if you may exercise or not. Most people with cardiomyopathy are able to do non-competitive aerobic exercise. However, your doctor may ask you not to exercise, based on your symptoms and the severity of your disease. Heavy weight lifting is not recommended. Regular follow-up visits. Patients with HCM should have an annual follow-up visit with their cardiologist to monitor their condition. Follow-up appointments may be more frequent when HCM is first diagnosed.
system: What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
output: Symptoms of HCM can occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with exertion Fatigue (feeling overly tired) Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms, abnormal responses of the blood vessels during exercise, or no cause may be found) Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia Sudden death (occurs in a small number of patients with HCM) HCM can run in families, but the condition may also be acquired as a part of aging or high blood pressure. In other instances, the cause is unknown.
system: What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
output: This leads to stiffening of the walls of the heart and abnormal aortic and mitral heart valve function, both of which may impede normal blood flow out of the heart. During this surgical procedure, the surgeon removes a small amount of the thickened septal wall of the heart to widen the outflow tract (the path the blood takes) from the left ventricle to the aorta.
system: What are the most common symptoms of hypoxia?
output: Although they can vary from person to person, the most common hypoxia symptoms are: Changes in the color of your skin, ranging from blue to cherry red Confusion Cough Fast heart rate Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Slow heart rate Sweating Wheezing If you have symptoms of hypoxia, call 911.
system: How can you prevent hypoxia when you have asthma?
output: The best way to prevent hypoxia is to keep your asthma under control, every day. Stick with your asthma treatment plan. Take your medicine to help prevent flares and the need to use your rescue inhaler. Eat right and stay active. Know your asthma triggers, and find ways to avoid them.
system: What is hypoxia?
output: Hypoxemia (low oxygen in your blood) can cause hypoxia (low oxygen in your tissues) when your blood doesn't carry enough oxygen to your tissues to meet your body's needs. The word hypoxia is sometimes used to describe both problems.
system: What causes hypoxia?
output: A severe asthma attack, or flare, can cause hypoxia in adults and kids. Hypoxia can also result from lung damage due to trauma. Other things can cause hypoxia include: Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD), emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) Strong pain medicines and other drugs that hold back breathing Heart problems Anemia (a low number of red blood cells, which carry oxygen) Cyanide poisoning ( Cyanide is a chemical used to make plastics and other products.)
system: Can oxygen deprivation cause a coma?
output: Oxygen deprivation: Oxygen is essential for brain function. Cardiac arrest causes a sudden cutoff of blood flow and oxygen to the brain, called hypoxia or anoxia. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR), survivors of cardiac arrest are often in comas. Oxygen deprivation can also occur with drowning or choking.
system: Can seizures cause a coma?
output: Seizures : A single seizure rarely produces coma. But continuous seizures -- called status epilepticus -- can. Repeated seizures can prevent the brain from recovering in between seizures.