laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What does an upper GI test do, and how does it work?
output: Upper and Lower GI Tests Upper GI tests use X-rays to examine the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine (the duodenum). For these tests, you need to drink a chalky liquid called barium. As the barium passes through the digestive tract, it fills and coats the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine making them more visible with X-ray. Then a fluoroscope machine is held over the part of the body being examined and transmits continuous images to a video monitor.
system: How safe is radionuclide scanning?
output: Although radiation is used in this scanning technique, the test is very safe. The actual dose of radiation you receive is quite low and stays in your body only for a short time. Drinking plenty of fluids after your scan will help to eliminate any radioactive material from your system.
system: How can a virtual colonoscopy diagnose diseases of the digestive system?
output: New technology has made it possible for a computer to take CT images of the colon and reconstruct a three-dimensional model of your colon -- called a virtual colonoscopy. The inside of this model can be inspected, obviously without causing any pain to you, while searching for abnormalities. However, if an abnormality is found, a scoping test, either sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, will be needed to get a tissue sample.
system: What does an abdominal ultrasound machine do, and how does it work?
output: The lower GI test is used to detect: Colon polyps Tumors Diverticular disease Gastroenteritis Strictures or sites of narrowing and obstruction Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease Other causes of abdominal pain or blood, mucus, or pus in the stool Abdominal ultrasound The ultrasound machine sends out high-frequency sound waves that reflect off body structures, sending them to a computer that creates a picture of organs and structures in the abdomen. This is done with a handheld probe, called a transducer, which is moved over the abdomen. There is no exposure to radiation with this test.
system: What does a lower GI test do, and how does it work?
output: This upper GI test is used to diagnose: Hiatal hernias Ulcers Tumors Esophageal varices Obstruction or narrowing of the upper GI tract Lower GI tests or barium enemas are used to examine the large intestine and the rectum. For this test, barium or an iodine-containing liquid is introduced gradually into the colon through a tube inserted into the rectum. As the barium passes through the lower intestines, it fills the colon, allowing the radiologist to see growths or polyps and areas that are narrowed. The fluoroscope machine is held over the part of the body being examined and transmits continuous images to the video monitor.
system: What is radionuclide scanning?
output: Also called nuclear scanning, radionuclide scanning is a test in which the patient either swallows, inhales, or is injected with a small amount of radioactive material. A special camera is used to detect the radioactivity, producing images of organs and areas of the body that can't be seen well with standard X-rays. Many abnormal tissue growths, or tumors, are particularly visible using radionuclide scanning.
system: How can magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnose diseases of the digestive system?
output: MRI produces very clear pictures of the human body without the use of X-rays. MRI uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to produce these images. The MRI examination poses no risk to the average person if appropriate safety guidelines are followed.
system: What can upper GI tests find?
output: The lower GI test is used to detect: Colon polyps Tumors Diverticular disease Gastroenteritis Strictures or sites of narrowing and obstruction Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease Other causes of abdominal pain or blood, mucus, or pus in the stool Abdominal ultrasound The ultrasound machine sends out high-frequency sound waves that reflect off body structures, sending them to a computer that creates a picture of organs and structures in the abdomen.
system: How does an abdominal X-ray work?
output: Abdominal X-ray A small amount of radiation is used to take a picture that is recorded on film or a computer.
system: How can a computed tomography (CT) scan diagnose diseases of the digestive system?
output: A special camera is used to detect the radioactivity, producing images of organs and areas of the body that can't be seen well with standard X-rays. The actual dose of radiation you receive is quite low and stays in your body only for a short time.
system: Can a preventative mastectomy prevent breast cancer?
output: A preventive mastectomy might also be considered if the woman has the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation that increases her risk of developing breast cancer, a strong family history of breast cancer, a diagnosis of lobular carcinoma in situ ( LCIS), a family history of breast cancer, or history of radiation to the chest before age 30. A recent study suggests that prophylactic mastectomy may reduce the risk of breast cancer by up to 100% if there is a strong family history of breast cancer or a BRCA genetic mutation. However, risk reduction results vary widely for many reasons. In some studies, women had prophylactic mastectomies for non-high risk reasons, such as pain, fibrocystic breast disease, dense breast tissue, cancer phobia, or a family history of breast cancer.
system: Who should have a preventative mastectomy?
output: According to the National Cancer Institute, only those women who are at very high risk of breast cancer should consider preventive mastectomy. This includes women with one or more of the following risk factors: BRCA or certain other gene mutations Strong family history of breast cancer Previous cancer in one breast and high risk of developing breast cancer in the opposite breast History of lobular carcinoma in situ ( LCIS) plus family history of breast cancer History of radiation to the chest before age 30 Preventive mastectomy should only be considered after you've received the appropriate genetic and psychological counseling to discuss the psychosocial impacts of the procedure.
system: What is preventative mastectomy?
output: The surgery aims to remove all breast tissue that potentially could develop breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, only those women who are at very high risk of breast cancer should consider preventive mastectomy.
system: What are my options for breast cancer surgery?
output: Some experts have argued that even for high-risk women, prophylactic mastectomy is inappropriate, because not all breast tissue can be removed during a surgical procedure. In a mastectomy, it is necessary to remove tissue from just beneath the skin down to the chest wall and around the borders of the chest. This technique removes the vast majority of the glands where breast cancer may be likely to develop. The nipple and surrounding tissue, called the areola, are removed, because the ducts converge toward the nipple, creating a concentrated area of duct tissue. However, the skin of the breast is spared, preserving the breast skin envelope. When skin-sparing mastectomy is combined with immediate breast reconstruction, the results can be excellent. Many women who choose prophylactic mastectomy, often combined with immediate reconstruction, are very pleased, not only with their choice but also the reconstruction. While surgery is not an approach that should be advocated for all high-risk individuals, it can be very important for some women. It is important that you talk to your doctor to learn about all your options.
system: What are symptoms of eye problems caused by high blood sugar?
output: Watch for these other skin symptoms: Hair loss on your toes, feet, or lower legs Brown patches of raised skin on the sides of your neck, armpit, or groin, called acanthosis nigricans The sooner you get treatment for eye problems, the better. Get help right away if you notice these warning signs: Blurred vision Trouble reading See rings around lights or dark spots Get very sensitive to sunlight and other bright light Can't see well at night Eye damage doesn't always cause symptoms, even when it's advanced. So it's important to see an eye doctor at least once a year for a thorough exam.
system: How do I know if I have symptoms of heart disease if I have diabetes?
output: And if you have kidney disease, there could be no warning signs until your kidneys are damaged.
system: What other diabetes-related skin symptoms should I watch for?
output: Watch for these other skin symptoms: Hair loss on your toes, feet, or lower legs Brown patches of raised skin on the sides of your neck, armpit, or groin, called acanthosis nigricans The sooner you get treatment for eye problems, the better.
system: How are skin problems from high blood sugar treated?
output: You may notice symptoms like: Itching in moist folds of your skin, such as under your breasts, between fingers and toes, or in your armpits Itching, pain, or discharge in your vagina For uncircumcised men, itching under the foreskin Your doctor may prescribe medication for yeast infections, especially if you get them often.
system: How can I catch health complications of diabetes if I don't have any symptoms?
output: Even without symptoms, though, you can catch these problems early, or make them less likely, with these steps: See your doctor at least once a year. Take your diabetes medication as prescribed. Try to lose weight if you're overweight. Eat healthy and don't skip meals. Exercise regularly. If you smoke, get help to quit. Work with your doctor to keep your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol under control.
system: What are symptoms of nerve damage due to high blood sugar?
output: But it can also affect your stomach, bowels, bladder, genitals, heart, and other parts of your body. See your doctor right away if you get: Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder Problems getting or keeping an erection Dizzy or lightheaded If you have nerve damage, you can improve or slow its progress if you keep your blood sugar levels near normal.
system: Is there anything I can do if I have nerve damage due to high blood sugar?
output: See your doctor right away if you get: Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder Problems getting or keeping an erection Dizzy or lightheaded If you have nerve damage, you can improve or slow its progress if you keep your blood sugar levels near normal. Some supplements and medications for pain, nausea, or sexual problems can also help.
system: Can I have health complications of diabetes without having symptoms?
output: Call your doctor right away if you: Get very tired Lose weight Feel hungry a lot Get very thirsty and pee often Some serious health issues linked to diabetes may not have any symptoms, such as: Kidney disease High blood pressure Heart disease With diabetes, you may not have symptoms of heart disease even if you're having a heart attack. And if you have kidney disease, there could be no warning signs until your kidneys are damaged.
system: What can help with keeping a normal blood sugar level if I have nerve damage?
output: See your doctor right away if you get: Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder Problems getting or keeping an erection Dizzy or lightheaded If you have nerve damage, you can improve or slow its progress if you keep your blood sugar levels near normal. Some supplements and medications for pain, nausea, or sexual problems can also help.
system: When should I see my doctor about the warning signs of diabetes problems?
output: But it can also affect your stomach, bowels, bladder, genitals, heart, and other parts of your body. See your doctor right away if you get: Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder Problems getting or keeping an erection Dizzy or lightheaded If you have nerve damage, you can improve or slow its progress if you keep your blood sugar levels near normal.
system: Does abnormal blood sugar cause symptoms?
output: But if you know their warning signs, you can nip them in the bud or keep them from getting worse. Work with your doctor to keep your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol under control.
system: How old do you have to be to donate part of your liver?
output: Most transplant centers want you to be between 18 and 60 years old, although the exact age range varies. The reason is that older donors tend to have more complications than younger ones. Transplant centers also consider children and teens to be too young to give the proper consent.
system: What are possible complications from a chemical peel?
output: Some skin types are more likely to develop a temporary or permanent color change in the skin after a chemical peel. Taking birth control pills, subsequent pregnancy, or a family history of brownish discoloration on the face may make that more likely. There is a low risk of scarring in certain areas of the face. Some people may be more likely to scar. If scarring does happen, it can usually be treated with good results. For people with a history of herpes outbreaks, there is a small risk of reactivating cold sores. Your doctor can prescribe medication to prevent or treat that.
system: What should you expect after the chemical peel?
output: Depending upon the type of chemical peel, a reaction similar to sunburn occurs following the procedure. Peeling usually involves redness followed by scaling that ends within three to seven days. Mild peels may be repeated at one to four-week intervals until you get the look you're after. Medium-depth and deep peeling may result in swelling as well as blisters that may break, crust, turn brown, and peel off over a period of seven to 14 days. Medium-depth peels may be repeated in six to 12 months, if necessary. After treatment, you may need bandages for several days on part or all of the skin that was treated. You'll need to avoid the sun for several months after a chemical peel since your new skin will be fragile.
system: Who is a good candidate for a chemical peel?
output: Chemical peels can improve the skin's appearance. If you have darker skin, you may also have good results, depending upon the type of problem being treated. After treatment, you may need bandages for several days on part or all of the skin that was treated.
system: How are chemical peels done?
output: But you also may be more likely to have an uneven skin tone after the procedure. Before you get a chemical peel, your doctor may ask you to stop taking certain drugs and prepare your skin by using other medications, such as Retin- A, Renova, or glycolic acid. Work with your doctor to determine the depth of your peel. Ask your doctor in advance whether you will need to have someone drive you home after your peel. During a chemical peel, most people feel a burning sensation that lasts about five to ten minutes, followed by a stinging sensation. Putting cool compresses on the skin may ease that stinging. You may need pain medication during or after a deeper peel.
system: What should you do before you get a chemical peel?
output: This decision depends upon the condition of your skin and your goals for treatment. Ask your doctor in advance whether you will need to have someone drive you home after your peel. Then he or she will apply one or more chemical solutions -- such as glycolic acid, trichloroacetic acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid, or carbolic acid (phenol) -- to small areas of your skin. For people with a history of herpes outbreaks, there is a small risk of reactivating cold sores. Your doctor can prescribe medication to prevent or treat that.
system: What should you know about chemical peels and my skin?
output: The new skin is usually smoother and less wrinkled than the old skin. They can be used to: Reduce fine lines under the eyes and around the mouth Treat wrinkles caused by sun damage and aging Improve the appearance of mild scars Treat certain types of acne Reduce age spots, freckles, and dark patches (melasma) due to pregnancy or taking birth control pills Improve the look and feel of skin Areas of sun damage may improve after chemical peeling. This decision depends upon the condition of your skin and your goals for treatment.
system: How are chemical peels used?
output: Chemical peels can improve the skin's appearance. They can be used to: Reduce fine lines under the eyes and around the mouth Treat wrinkles caused by sun damage and aging Improve the appearance of mild scars Treat certain types of acne Reduce age spots, freckles, and dark patches (melasma) due to pregnancy or taking birth control pills Improve the look and feel of skin Areas of sun damage may improve after chemical peeling.
system: What should you do after a chemical peel?
output: They can be used to: Reduce fine lines under the eyes and around the mouth Treat wrinkles caused by sun damage and aging Improve the appearance of mild scars Treat certain types of acne Reduce age spots, freckles, and dark patches (melasma) due to pregnancy or taking birth control pills Improve the look and feel of skin Areas of sun damage may improve after chemical peeling. It should say "broad-spectrum" on the label, meaning it protects against the sun's UVA and UVB rays. Also, it should be a physical sunscreen and be above SPF 30. Some skin types are more likely to develop a temporary or permanent color change in the skin after a chemical peel.
system: What does PTSD look like?
output: Common behaviors include the following: Avoiding activities, places, or people associated with the triggering event Difficulty concentrating Difficulty sleeping Being hypervigilant (you closely watch your surroundings) Feeling a general sense of doom and gloom with diminished emotions (such as loving feelings or aspirations for the future) Symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness, fainting, and weakness should not be automatically attributed to anxiety and require evaluation by a doctor.
system: What is generalized anxiety disorder?
output: They might include: Mitral valve prolapse Hypoglycemia Hyperthyroidism Heart attacks Social phobia Agoraphobia (fear of not being able to escape, such as flying in an airplane or being in crowds) Generalized anxiety disorder is excessive and unrealistic worry over a period of at least six months. It is associated with at least three of the following symptoms: Restlessness Fatigue Difficulty concentrating Irritability or explosive anger Muscle tension Sleep disturbances Personality changes, such as becoming less social Phobic disorders are intense, persistent, and recurrent fear of certain objects (such as snakes, spiders, blood) or situations (such as heights, speaking in front of a group, public places).
system: What can trigger a panic attack?
output: Panic disorder involves recurrent panic attacks along with constant fears about having future attacks and, often, avoiding situations that may trigger or remind someone of previous attacks. Not all panic attacks are caused by panic disorder; other conditions may trigger a panic attack.
system: What are phobic disorders?
output: It is associated with at least three of the following symptoms: Restlessness Fatigue Difficulty concentrating Irritability or explosive anger Muscle tension Sleep disturbances Personality changes, such as becoming less social Phobic disorders are intense, persistent, and recurrent fear of certain objects (such as snakes, spiders, blood) or situations (such as heights, speaking in front of a group, public places). These exposures may trigger a panic attack. Social phobia and agoraphobia are examples of phobic disorders.
system: What are symptoms of a panic attack?
output: Panic attacks are intense periods of fear or feelings of doom developing over a very short time frame -- up to 10 minutes -- and associated with at least four of the following: Sudden overwhelming fear Palpitations Sweating Trembling Shortness of breath Sense of choking Chest pain Nausea Dizziness A feeling of being detached from the world (de-realization) Fear of dying Numbness or tingling in the limbs or entire body Chills or hot flushes var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && !
system: Should you use the same lab for all your lab tests?
output: Make sure your doctor always uses the same lab to do your tests if possible. It can be hard to compare results from different labs because they may approach the test differently. For example, one lab might have different ranges for ânormalâ and âabnormalâ than another.
system: What does positive lab test result mean?
output: These results are usually written as âpositiveâ or ânegative.â In this case, positive doesn't necessarily mean âgoodâ and negative doesn't necessarily mean âbad.â Instead: Positive: The lab found whatever your doctor was testing for. So if you had a test for strep throat, testing positive means you do have strep throat.
system: What can affect lab test results?
output: Lots of things can affect certain lab test results, like: Intense physical activity Some foods (like avocados, walnuts, and licorice) Sunburn Colds or infections Having sex Some medications or drugs When you get your results, ask your doctor how accurate the test is.
system: What does inconclusive lab test result mean?
output: Some lab tests answer yes-or-no questions like whether you're pregnant or have certain kinds of infections. If your doctor thinks your results may not be right, she may recommend that you do the test again or take a different test.
system: What questions should you ask your doctor about your lab test results?
output: What do my results mean? Your doctor may want you to do the test again or have another kind of test. Lots of things can affect certain lab test results, like: Intense physical activity Some foods (like avocados, walnuts, and licorice) Sunburn Colds or infections Having sex Some medications or drugs When you get your results, ask your doctor how accurate the test is. If you're worried about any of your results or have any questions, call your doctor's office.
system: What does negative lab test result mean?
output: Negative. Negative: The lab didn't find whatever you were tested for. A negative result for strep throat means that the lab didn't find any strep bacteria in the sample, so you probably don't have it.
system: How long does it takes to get lab test results?
output: Some can be done right in the office or a nearby lab, so you may have the results that day or the next. Other tests may take days or weeks, especially if they have to be sent to a specific kind of lab. Before you leave your doctor's office, ask when you'll know the results. And ask the office staff to let you know when they're in. ( Some offices might not call if you don't request it, especially if the results are in the normal range.) Sometimes, the result might be âinconclusive.â That means the lab doesn't have a clear yes or no answer based on your sample.