laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is the difference between surgery and cosmetic surgery relative to vaginoplasty or labiaplasty?
output: In order to decide if you should consider vaginoplasty or labiaplasty, it's important to understand the difference between reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery improves the function of a body part, while cosmetic surgery changes the aesthetics of essentially normal anatomy. You can think of it like a nose job: a surgeon can restructure the interior nasal cavities to help you breathe better or reshape the nose, just for the sake of appearances. It's a critical distinction, because the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists evaluates surgeries and outcomes to fix functional problems, such as urinary incontinence. But ACOG remains skeptical and cautious about cosmetic vaginal surgery due to its risks and lack of scientific data on safety and effectiveness. Some vaginoplasty procedures, for instance, were originally developed as reconstructive surgeries to repair birth defects when the vagina was malformed, too short, or absent (such as in vaginal agensis), so that a girl could grow up to have normal urination, menstruation, and intercourse.
system: What surgeries are related to vaginoplasty or labiaplasty?
output: More recently, vaginoplasty has grown into a group of cosmetic surgeries marketed as "vaginal rejuvenation" and "designer vagina" procedures. Plastic surgeons and gynecologists are marketing their own array of designer vaginoplasty surgeries, claiming the same benefits to women as with other cosmetic surgeries, such as beauty, self-esteem, and confidence. Recently, laser technology has been introduced by some surgeons for "vaginal rejuvenation" and other vaginal surgeries to replace the traditional scalpel. Individual doctors who are members of the American Society of Plastic Surgery ( ASPS) offer various "vaginal rejuvenation" procedures, but the ASPS itself does not endorse particular surgeries and cautions that "vaginal rejuvenation" surgery may need further scientific study to determine efficacy and success. None of the cosmetic vaginoplasty surgeries are considered accepted, routine procedures by ACOG.
system: What are some examples of vaginal rejuvenation and designer vagina procedures?
output: More recently, vaginoplasty has grown into a group of cosmetic surgeries marketed as "vaginal rejuvenation" and "designer vagina" procedures. The hymen, the thin tissue at the entrance to the vagina, normally "breaks" the first time a woman has intercourse. Because of the strong religious convictions surrounding the importance of virginity in some cultures, this is among the most controversial of cosmetic vaginal surgeries. Clitoral unhooding. Some surgeons are marketing a procedure called clitoral unhooding, which removes the tissue that normally covers the clitoris. G-spot amplification. The front wall of the vagina, some experts believe, holds the highly erotic G-spot, an especially sensitive stimulation site for female arousal and orgasm. The G-spot amplification procedure involves injecting collagen into the front wall of the vagina, theoretically to increase pleasure.
system: When should you call your doctor about taking warfarin for heart disease?
output: If you notice any of the following signs of bleeding or illness, pick up the phone. Weakness or more fatigue than usual, or looking pale (symptoms of anemia) Cuts that won't stop bleeding after pressure is applied for 10 minutes Coughing or vomiting blood (which may look like coffee grounds) Blood from the nose, gums, or ears Unusual color of the urine or stool (including dark brown urine, or red or black, tarry stools) Unusual bruising (black and blue marks on your skin) for unknown reasons Menstrual bleeding that is heavier or lasts longer than normal A fever or illness that gets worse A serious fall or a blow to the head Unusual pain or swelling Unusual headache Dizziness Difficulty breathing Your doctor may want to do a blood test, stop the warfarin, or prescribe medication to stop the bleeding. Also contact your doctor if you have any other symptoms that cause concern.
system: What should you do before you travel if you're taking warfarin for heart disease?
output: Check in with your doctor before you travel. You may need to have a blood test and get your dose adjusted. While traveling, carry your medications with you at all times. Don't put medications in checked baggage, and don't leave them in the car.
system: How can other medications affect the way warfarin for heart disease works?
output: Many medications and dietary supplements can affect the way warfarin works. These include: Prescription drugs Nonprescription pain medications including aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen Cough or cold remedies Herbal products, natural remedies, and nutritional supplements Products with vitamin K Before you take any new drug -- including over-the-counter medications, herbal products, vitamins, nutritional supplements, or medication prescribed by another doctor or dentist -- check with the doctor who monitors your warfarin.
system: When is warfarin used to treat heart disease?
output: People with atrial fibrillation (an irregular heart rhythm), pulmonary embolism (blockage of a major blood vessel in the lung), and who have had artificial heart valve surgery or an orthopedic procedure like hip replacement or other types of bone surgery often take it.
system: What activities can be risky when taking warfarin for heart disease?
output: Check with your doctor before starting any exercise or sports program. Your doctor may want you to avoid activities that may cause a serious fall or other injury. Wear or carry identification that says you're taking warfarin. Use a soft toothbrush. Brush and floss gently so your gums won't bleed. Be careful when using razors.
system: What is warfarin for heart disease?
output: People with atrial fibrillation (an irregular heart rhythm), pulmonary embolism (blockage of a major blood vessel in the lung), and who have had artificial heart valve surgery or an orthopedic procedure like hip replacement or other types of bone surgery often take it. Warfarin may also prevent other clots from forming or growing. It is best to avoid alcohol while taking warfarin.
system: How can warfarin help with heart disease?
output: Your doctor may have prescribed warfarin because your body is making blood clots or you have a medical condition known to promote them. Warfarin won't dissolve a blood clot. However, over time, the blood clot may dissolve on its own. Warfarin may also prevent other clots from forming or growing.
system: How is surgery used to treat frequent urination?
output: Several types of surgery are also available. The least invasive involve implanting small nerve stimulators just beneath the skin. The nerves they stimulate control the pelvic floor and the devices can manipulate contractions in the organs and muscles within the pelvic floor.
system: What are some less common causes of frequent urination?
output: Less common causes include bladder cancer, bladder dysfunction, and radiation therapy.
system: How is frequent urination treated?
output: Treatment for frequent urination will address the underlying problem that is causing it. For example, if diabetes is the cause, treatment will involve keeping blood sugar levels under control.
system: How can interstitial cystitis cause frequent urination?
output: This condition of unknown cause is characterized by pain in the bladder and pelvic region. Often, symptoms include an urgent and/or frequent need to urinate.
system: What drugs are used to treat frequent urination?
output: Treatment may also include drugs such as darifenacin ( Enablex), desmopressin acetate ( Noctiva), imipramine ( Tofranil), mirabegron ( Myrbetriq), oxybutynin ( Ditropan), oxybutynin skin patch ( Oxytrol), solifenacin ( Vesicare). tolterodine extended-release ( Detrol LA), and trospium extended-release ( Sanctura XR), Oxytrol for women is the only drug available over the counter. Darifenacin is specifically for people who wake up more than twice a night to urinate.
system: When should you see a doctor about frequent urination?
output: When frequent urination is accompanied by fever, an urgent need to urinate, and pain or discomfort in the abdomen, you may have a urinary tract infection.
system: What are some other options to treat frequent urination?
output: There are other options for those that do not respond to lifestyle changes and medication. The drug Botox can be injected into the bladder muscle causing the bladder to relax, increasing its storage capacity, and reducing episodes of leakage.
system: How can frequent urination be a problem?
output: Often, frequent urination is not a symptom of a problem, but is the problem. In people with overactive bladder syndrome, involuntary bladder contractions lead to frequent and often urgent urination, meaning you have to get to a bathroom right now -- even if your bladder is not full. It may also lead you to wake up once or more during the night to use the bathroom.
system: How can stroke or other neurological diseases cause frequent urination?
output: In people with overactive bladder syndrome, involuntary bladder contractions lead to frequent and often urgent urination, meaning you have to get to a bathroom right now -- even if your bladder is not full.
system: What causes frequent urination?
output: Frequent urination can be a symptom of many different problems from kidney disease to simply drinking too much fluid. When frequent urination is accompanied by fever, an urgent need to urinate, and pain or discomfort in the abdomen, you may have a urinary tract infection.
system: How can diabetes cause frequent urination?
output: Frequent urination with an abnormally large amount of urine is often an early symptom of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes as the body tries to rid itself of unused glucose through the urine.
system: How can prostate problems cause frequent urination?
output: An enlarged prostate can press against the urethra (the tube that carries urine out the body) and block the flow of urine. This causes the bladder wall to become irritable. The bladder begins to contract even when it contains small amounts of urine, causing more frequent urination.
system: How can pregnancy cause frequent urination?
output: From the early weeks of pregnancy the growing uterus places pressure on the bladder, causing frequent urination.
system: How will your doctor diagnose frequent urination?
output: Do you have the problem only during the day or also at night? Are you drinking more than usual? Is your urine darker or lighter than usual? Do you drink alcohol or caffeinated beverages? Depending on the findings of the physical exam and medical history, your doctor may order tests, including: Urinalysis .
system: How can diuretic use cause frequent urination?
output: This causes the bladder wall to become irritable. These medications that are used to treat high blood pressure or fluid buildup work in the kidney and flush excess fluid from the body, causing frequent urination.
system: What behavioral therapies do doctors use to treat frequent urination?
output: The treatment for overactive bladder should begin with behavioral therapies, such as: Bladder retraining. This involves increasing the intervals between using the bathroom over the course of about 12 weeks. This helps retrain your bladder to hold urine longer and to urinate less frequently. Diet modification. You should avoid any food that appears to irritate your bladder or acts as a diuretic. These may include caffeine, alcohol, carbonated drinks, tomato-based products, chocolate, artificial sweeteners, and spicy foods. It's also important to eat high-fiber foods, because constipation may worsen the symptoms of overactive bladder syndrome. Monitoring fluid food intake. You should drink enough to prevent constipation and over-concentration of urine. These exercises help strengthen the muscles around the bladder and urethra to improve bladder control and reduce urinary urgency and frequency. This techinique can help you learn how your pelvic muscles work to help you better control them. The nerves they stimulate control the pelvic floor and the devices can manipulate contractions in the organs and muscles within the pelvic floor.
system: How is cystometry used to diagnose frequent urination?
output: A test that measures the pressure inside of the bladder to see how well the bladder is working; cystometry is done to determine if a muscle or nerve problem may be causing problems with how well the bladder holds or releases urine. There's a broader term called urodynamics that includes tests such as cystometry, uroflowmetry, urethral pressure and others.
system: What are  ticks?
output: In fact, they're second only to mosquitoes in spreading disease to humans. Ticks are related to spiders, so they have eight legs. They have flat, oval bodies that swell when they eat. And they feed on the blood of all kinds of animals, from birds to deer to humans. They're also very small. Even adult ticks are only about the size of an apple seed, unless they've just fed. That means they're hard to spot, which is partly why they're so good at passing along illnesses without getting caught.
system: How can you get Powassan virus from ticks?
output: Powassan virus: This isn't common, but you can get it from blacklegged tick and groundhog ticks in the Great Lakes region and the Northeast. It can cause memory loss, confusion, and seizures.
system: How can you get ehrlichiosis from ticks?
output: Ehrlichiosis: The lone star tick in the south-central and eastern United States causes this one. You get the typical symptoms and, sometimes, a rash. It's treated with antibiotics.
system: How can you get 364D rickettsiosis from ticks?
output: 364 D rickettsiosis: This is a newer disease found in California from the Pacific Coast tick. It causes fever and a dark scab where you were bitten.
system: How can you get babesiosis from ticks?
output: Babesiosis: Another disease from the blacklegged tick in the Northeast and Upper Midwest, this time you get parasites in your red blood cells. It can be life-threatening if you are elderly, had your spleen removed, or have a weak immune system.
system: How can you get Colorado tick fever?
output: Colorado Tick Fever: Caused by the Rocky Mountain wood tick, you can get this in Rocky Mountain states at heights of 4,000 to 10,500 feet. You may get a fever for several days, then feel fine for a while, then have a fever for a few more days. For most, it's a mild illness.
system: How can you get Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis from ticks?
output: Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis: You get this one from the Gulf Coast tick in the South and East, especially along the coast. You get a dark scab where you were bitten, and maybe a rash. It's treated with antibiotics.
system: How can you get southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) from ticks?
output: Southern tick-associated rash illness ( STARI): This comes from the lone star tick. The symptoms are a lot like Lyme disease -- joint pain and a similar rash. But where Lyme disease is caused by bacteria, experts don't know what causes STARI.
system: What are treatments for Lyme disease from ticks?
output: If you don't treat Lyme disease, it can lead to severe problems, such as: Brain and nervous system problems Joint pain that doesn't go away Heart issues Problems with memory and thinking clearly It's usually treated with antibiotics, and the sooner you start, the better.
system: How can ticks spread disease?
output: Ticks spread disease by passing along bacteria, viruses, and parasites (organisms that feed off their hosts). Most of these illnesses give you the typical flulike symptoms, such as chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches.
system: How can you get Lyme disease from ticks?
output: Lyme disease: Probably the most widely known disease from ticks, you get Lyme from blacklegged ticks in the Upper Midwest and Northeast and the western blacklegged tick on the West Coast. In the United States, the tick can give you two different bacteria, each of which causes Lyme disease.
system: How can you get heartland virus from ticks?
output: Heartland virus: This is a newer illness found only in Missouri and Tennessee so far. Experts think you can get it from lone star ticks but aren't totally sure.
system: Where do ticks live?
output: Mostly, it's these ticks that gives illnesses to people: American dog tick, also called a wood tick Blacklegged tick, also called a deer tick Brown dog tick Gulf Coast tick Lone star tick Rocky Mountain wood tick Western blacklegged tick You can find at least one kind of disease-carrying tick just about anywhere in the United States, though some places have more than others. And the various regions of the country have different types, which carry different diseases. For example, Lyme disease is mostly a problem in the Northeast and Upper Midwest. Ticks make their homes in wooded areas with lots of shrubs, tall grasses and weeds, and leaf litter -- all good places from which to latch on to animals walking by. They'll settle down in overgrown patches in your yard, woodpiles, and even bird feeders.
system: How can you get tularemia from ticks?
output: Tularemia: You get this from a dog tick, wood tick, or lone star tick pretty much anywhere across the country. The most common symptoms are high fever and an open, painful sore where you were bitten. It can be life-threatening, but it's treatable with antibiotics.
system: What problems can be caused by Lyme disease from ticks?
output: If you don't treat Lyme disease, it can lead to severe problems, such as: Brain and nervous system problems Joint pain that doesn't go away Heart issues Problems with memory and thinking clearly It's usually treated with antibiotics, and the sooner you start, the better.
system: How can you get red meat allergy from ticks?
output: Red meat allergy: For some people, a bite from the lone star tick -- found from Texas to New England -- causes an allergy to red meat. You may get hives, asthma, or even a severe, life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis.
system: How can you get anaplasmosis from ticks?
output: Anaplasmosis: In the Northeast and Upper Midwest, you get this illness from the blacklegged tick. On the West Coast, it's from the western blacklegged tick. It gives you the typical symptoms, and it's treated with antibiotics.
system: How can you get tick-borne relapsing fever from ticks?
output: Tick-borne relapsing fever: While other diseases come from hard-bodied ticks, this one is from a soft-bodied type. People have gotten it from California to Ohio, usually after sleeping in more rustic cabins or homes. Without antibiotics, you'll repeat a cycle of 3 days of fever, then 7 days without.
system: What kinds ticks can give illnesses to people?
output: Mostly, it's these ticks that gives illnesses to people: American dog tick, also called a wood tick Blacklegged tick, also called a deer tick Brown dog tick Gulf Coast tick Lone star tick Rocky Mountain wood tick Western blacklegged tick You can find at least one kind of disease-carrying tick just about anywhere in the United States, though some places have more than others.
system: How can you get Borrelia mayamotoi from ticks?
output: Borrelia Mayamotoi: Once again, you get this from blacklegged ticks in the Northeast and Upper Midwest. You may get joint pain along with flulike symptoms. It's treated with antibiotics.
system: How can you get rocky mountain spotted fever from ticks?
output: It can cause memory loss, confusion, and seizures. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: You can get RMSF from the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, and brown dog tick. Despite the name, it's most common in the Southeast. It usually starts off with a bad headache and high fever. Most people then get a rash that starts on their ankles and wrists and spreads from there. Doctors treat it with antibiotics. It can be life-threatening, but it's treatable with antibiotics.
system: Who is more likely to get hepatitis C?
output: People with HIV are more likely to have hepatitis C. About one in 4 people in the U. S. who have HIV also have hepatitis C, according to the CDC. Having both makes serious, life-threatening complications -- including liver failure -- more likely.
system: What should you do if you find out you have hepatitis C?
output: The CDC recommends hepatitis C testing if you: Were born between 1945 and 1965 Have used injected drugs Have HIV Were born to a mother who had hepatitis C Were treated for a blood clotting problem before 1987 Got a blood transfusion or organ transplant before July 1992 Have been a long-term hemodialysis patient Work in health care or public safety and were exposed to blood through a needle stick or other sharp object injury If you get tested and find out you have hepatitis C, tell your sex partner(s) and anyone else who may have been exposed to your blood, including through drug use.
system: What can you do to prevent hepatitis C?
output: Without using condoms, the following situations increase your risk of getting hepatitis C from sex: If you or your partner have HIV or another sexually transmitted disease Have multiple sexual partners Have rough sex that could cause tears or fissures Receiving anal intercourse Sex while menstruating To lower your chances of getting infected by someone who has or may have hepatitis C or infecting your partner, avoid sex acts that could cause bleeding. These include using toys, receiving anal sex, and using drugs while having sex. Don't have sex when you or your partner has your period or has genital sores. Always use a condom when you have sex with a new partner. If you use a sex toy that might break the skin, cover it with a condom. Put a new one on before someone else uses the toy.
system: Can you get hepatitis C from kissing?
output: The hepatitis C virus usually spreads through blood. Not a problem.
system: How can you make sure that your hearing aid does not cause sore or itchy ears?
output: If your ears feel sore inside, try these steps: Make sure you use the correct hearing aid for each ear. The device for the right ear usually has a red mark, while the device for the left is marked in blue. Place a dab of hearing aid gel or lubricant at the entrance of the ear after you remove your hearing aids each night. These products relieve dry skin and itching. But first, check with your audiologist to make sure you choose one that's safe for your style of hearing aid. If you notice a sore spot or general discomfort that doesn't go away in a few days, your audiologist may need to change the shape of your hearing aid or ear mold.
system: How can you avoid whistling sound from hearing aid?
output: To avoid it: Don't lean your ear against a pillow or cover it with a hat or scarf. That can trap sound from the hearing aid and cause it to re-enter the microphone. Place the tip of the hearing aid or ear mold securely inside the ear. Feedback is more common when the tip is not in the right position. If you have a volume control, keep the setting near its default. Feedback can happen when you turn the sound up too high. Ask your audiologist or your doctor to check your ears and, if necessary, remove any wax buildup.
system: What can you do to make sure that your hearing aid does not cause sore or itchy ears?
output: If you wear a behind-the-ear hearing aid, and the top of your ear is sore, try these steps: Place a strip of moleskin on the underside of the device, where it rests on the top of your ear. Ask your audiologist about changing the length of your tubing or receiver wire.
system: What can you do to make sure your hearing aid works?
output: Place the tip of the hearing aid or ear mold securely inside the ear. If you've already replaced the battery, and the device still isn't working, follow these steps: Open the battery door and check that the battery is right side up. The flat side with the â+â should be facing up. If your hearing aid has an âon/offâ button, switch it on. If your hearing aids have tubing or wiring, check for cracks or tears. Your audiologist can usually replace these parts in the office when needed.