laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How do you use a neti pot?
output: You might also want to ask your family doctor or an ear, nose, and throat specialist to talk you through the process so you can get comfortable with the Neti pot before trying it on your own. Typically, to use the Neti pot or other nasal irrigation device, mix 3 teaspoons of iodide-free, preservative-free salt with 1 teaspoon of baking soda and store in a small clean container. Mix 1 teaspoon of this mixture in 8 ounces of distilled, sterile or previously boiled and cooled water. Place the spout into your top nostril, and gently pour the saline solution into that nostril.
system: How is breast reconstruction without implants done?
output: When you use your own tissue, it's commonly called a flap procedure. There are two basic methods for the reconstruction: Pedicle or tunneling procedure. With this technique, the section of tissue being moved stays attached to its blood supply. With this technique, the tissue being moved is disconnected from its blood supply and then reconnected to vessels in its new location using microsurgical techniques. This is a more complicated procedure.
system: What does chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer consist of?
output: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body. Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. These chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer: 5-fluorouracil (5- FU) or capecitabine Gemcitabine Both 5- FU and gemcitabine are given into the veins during regular visits to an oncologist (cancer doctor). An oral drug, capecitabine, may be substituted for 5- FU, especially with radiation.
system: What happens after pancreatic cancer is found to be resectable?
output: If pancreatic cancer is resectable, surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiation or both may extend survival.
system: Can chemotherapy help metastatic pancreatic cancer?
output: Chemotherapy can also help improve pancreatic cancer symptoms and survival. Gemcitabine has been the most widely used chemotherapy drug for treating metastatic pancreas cancer. Other drug combinations include gemcitabine with erlotinib, gemcitabine with capecitabine, gemcitabine with cisplatin, and gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel. If you're in fairly good health you may receive FOLFIRINOX (5- FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin/irinotecan). Other combinations include gemcitabine alone or with another agent like (nab)-paclitaxel or capecitabine. Next line drug combinations to treat pancreatic cancer include oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine, or irinotecan liposome ( Onivyde) in combination with fluorouracil plus leucovorin.
system: What can help resectable pancreatic cancer?
output: If pancreatic cancer is resectable, surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiation or both may extend survival.
system: How is advanced pancreatic cancer treated?
output: 1 priority of treatment will shift from extending life to alleviating symptoms, especially pain. Numerous treatments can help protect against the discomfort from advanced pancreatic cancer: Procedures like bile duct stents can relieve jaundice, thus reducing itching and loss of appetite associated with bile obstruction. Opioid analgesics and a nerve block called a celiac plexus block can help relieve pain. Antidepressants and counseling can help treat depression common in advanced pancreatic cancer.
system: How is metastatic pancreatic cancer treated?
output: In metastatic pancreatic cancer, surgery is used only for symptom control, such as for pain, jaundice, or gastric outlet obstruction. Radiation may be used for symptom relief, as well. Chemotherapy can also help improve pancreatic cancer symptoms and survival. Gemcitabine has been the most widely used chemotherapy drug for treating metastatic pancreas cancer. Other drug combinations include gemcitabine with erlotinib, gemcitabine with capecitabine, gemcitabine with cisplatin, and gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel. If you're in fairly good health you may receive FOLFIRINOX (5- FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin/irinotecan). Other combinations include gemcitabine alone or with another agent like (nab)-paclitaxel or capecitabine. Next line drug combinations to treat pancreatic cancer include oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine, or irinotecan liposome ( Onivyde) in combination with fluorouracil plus leucovorin.
system: How is a distal pancreatectomy done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?
output: Distal pancreatectomy: The tail and/or portion of the body of the pancreas are removed, but not the head. This surgery is uncommon for pancreatic cancer, because most tumors arising outside the head of the pancreas within the body or tail are unresectable.
system: What is stage III pancreatic cancer?
output: The tumor may have expanded into nearby major blood vessels or nerves, but has not metastasized to distant sites.
system: What is total pancreatectomy?
output: Total pancreatectomy: The entire pancreas and the spleen is surgically removed. Although once considered useful, this operation is uncommon today.
system: What does metastatic pancreatic cancer mean?
output: Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.
system: What does palliative treatment for pancreatic cancer consist of?
output: 1 priority of treatment will shift from extending life to alleviating symptoms, especially pain. Numerous treatments can help protect against the discomfort from advanced pancreatic cancer: Procedures like bile duct stents can relieve jaundice, thus reducing itching and loss of appetite associated with bile obstruction. Opioid analgesics and a nerve block called a celiac plexus block can help relieve pain. Antidepressants and counseling can help treat depression common in advanced pancreatic cancer.
system: What is stage I pancreatic cancer?
output: Pancreatic cancer is limited to the pancreas, but has grown to less than 2 centimeters across (stage IA) or greater than 2 but no more than 4 centimeters (stage IB).
system: Are there clinical trials available for pancreatic cancer?
output: New pancreatic cancer treatments are constantly being tested in clinical trials. You can find out about clinical trials for the latest treatments for pancreatic cancer on the websites of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute.
system: How is a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?
output: People whose pancreatic cancer is considered resectable may undergo one of three surgeries: Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): A surgeon removes the head of the pancreas and sometimes the body of the pancreas, parts of the stomach and small intestine, some lymph nodes, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. The remaining organs are reconnected in a new way to allow digestion. The Whipple procedure is a difficult and complicated surgery. Surgeons and hospitals that do the most operations have the best results. About half the time, once a surgeon sees inside the abdomen, pancreatic cancer that was thought to be resectable turns out to have spread, and thus be unresectable. The Whipple procedure is not completed in these cases.
system: How is locally advanced (unresectable) pancreatic cancer treated?
output: In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, surgery can't remove the entire tumor. Since surgery to remove only part of the pancreatic cancer has been shown not to help, nonsurgical therapies are best. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy. Either 5- FU or gemcitabine can extend life in people with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
system: What chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer?
output: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body. Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. These chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer: 5-fluorouracil (5- FU) or capecitabine Gemcitabine Both 5- FU and gemcitabine are given into the veins during regular visits to an oncologist (cancer doctor). An oral drug, capecitabine, may be substituted for 5- FU, especially with radiation.
system: How is total pancreatectomy done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?
output: Total pancreatectomy: The entire pancreas and the spleen is surgically removed. Although once considered useful, this operation is uncommon today.
system: How is chemotherapy or radiation therapy used to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?
output: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body.
system: How is pancreatic cancer surgery described?
output: Since surgery has risks, doctors first determine whether pancreatic cancer appears to be removable by surgery (resectable). Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable. About 10% of pancreatic cancers are considered resectable when first diagnosed. Locally advanced (unresectable): Pancreatic cancer has grown into major blood vessels on imaging tests, so the tumor can't safely be removed by surgery. Metastatic: Pancreatic cancer has clearly spread to other organs, so surgery cannot remove the cancer.
system: What is done before surgery for pancreatic cancer?
output: Since surgery has risks, doctors first determine whether pancreatic cancer appears to be removable by surgery (resectable). Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable.
system: What is Stage 0 pancreatic cancer?
output: Pancreatic cancer is limited to top layers of cells in the ducts of the pancreas. The pancreatic cancer is not visible on imaging tests or even to the naked eye.
system: In what cases is a Whipple procedure unsuccessful?
output: About half the time, once a surgeon sees inside the abdomen, pancreatic cancer that was thought to be resectable turns out to have spread, and thus be unresectable.
system: What is stage II pancreatic cancer?
output: Pancreatic cancer is over 4 centimeters and is either limited to the pancreas or there is local spread where the cancer has grown outside of the pancreas, or has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
system: What does resectable pancreatic cancer mean?
output: Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable. About 10% of pancreatic cancers are considered resectable when first diagnosed.
system: How does radiation therapy work to treat pancreatic cancer?
output: In radiation therapy, a machine beams high-energy X-rays to the pancreas to kill pancreatic cancer cells. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks.
system: What does locally advanced (unresectable) pancreatic cancer mean?
output: Locally advanced (unresectable): Pancreatic cancer has grown into major blood vessels on imaging tests, so the tumor can't safely be removed by surgery.
system: How is locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated?
output: In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, surgery can't remove the entire tumor. Since surgery to remove only part of the pancreatic cancer has been shown not to help, nonsurgical therapies are best. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy. Either 5- FU or gemcitabine can extend life in people with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
system: Can chemotherapy or radiation therapy be used along with surgery for pancreatic cancer?
output: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body.
system: What is stage IV pancreatic cancer?
output: Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.
system: What is the role of surgery and radiation for metastatic pancreatic cancer?
output: In metastatic pancreatic cancer, surgery is used only for symptom control, such as for pain, jaundice, or gastric outlet obstruction. Radiation may be used for symptom relief, as well.
system: What is a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy)?
output: People whose pancreatic cancer is considered resectable may undergo one of three surgeries: Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): A surgeon removes the head of the pancreas and sometimes the body of the pancreas, parts of the stomach and small intestine, some lymph nodes, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. The remaining organs are reconnected in a new way to allow digestion. The Whipple procedure is a difficult and complicated surgery. Surgeons and hospitals that do the most operations have the best results.
system: What are the stages of pancreatic cancer?
output: Stage is a term used in cancer treatment to describe the extent of the cancer's spread. The stages of pancreatic cancer are used to guide treatment and to classify patients for clinical trials. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread. Pancreatic cancer is limited to top layers of cells in the ducts of the pancreas. The pancreatic cancer is not visible on imaging tests or even to the naked eye. Stage I: Local growth. Pancreatic cancer is limited to the pancreas, but has grown to less than 2 centimeters across (stage IA) or greater than 2 but no more than 4 centimeters (stage IB). Stage II: Local spread. Pancreatic cancer is over 4 centimeters and is either limited to the pancreas or there is local spread where the cancer has grown outside of the pancreas, or has spread to nearby lymph nodes. The tumor may have expanded into nearby major blood vessels or nerves, but has not metastasized to distant sites. Stage IV: Confirmed spread. Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.
system: What are the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer?
output: Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy.
system: How effective is radiation therapy and chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer?
output: Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy.
system: What is the best treatment for pancreatic cancer?
output: What is difficult is attempting to stage pancreatic cancer without resorting to major surgery. In practice, doctors choose pancreatic cancer treatments based upon imaging studies, surgical findings, and an individual's general state of well being. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread. Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable.
system: How is the stage of pancreatic cancer determined?
output: What is difficult is attempting to stage pancreatic cancer without resorting to major surgery. Imaging tests like CT scans and ultrasound provide some information, but knowing exactly how far pancreatic cancer has spread usually requires surgery.
system: How are stages used to describe pancreatic cancer?
output: The stages of pancreatic cancer are easy to understand. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread.
system: What does it mean if my baby smiles?
output: Sometimes a smile in the early weeks of life is simply a sign that your little bundle is passing gas. But starting between 6 and 8 weeks of life, babies develop a "social smile" -- an intentional gesture of warmth meant just for you. This is an important milestone. Your pediatrician will ask you whether you've seen your baby's grin at her two-month well child visit. So be on the lookout.
system: How can you make a baby smile?
output: By encouraging your baby to smile, you're helping her develop self-esteem. Smile widely at her and offer a warm "hello" in that sing-song pitch parents do so well. If you're trying to get your baby to smile and can't seem to coax a grin, don't fret. Respect differences between you and your partner in the way each of you plays with the baby. Caring for baby at this age is still demanding.
system: How can anthralin help with skin conditions?
output: Anthralin : This drug, though not often used because it can be irritating and can stain, helps reduce inflammation and can help treat psoriasis.
system: How are corticosteroids used to treat skin conditions?
output: Corticosteroids: These are used to treat skin conditions including eczema. Corticosteroids come in many different forms including foams, lotions, ointments, and creams.
system: How are retinoids used to treat skin conditions?
output: Retinoids: These medications (such as Retin- A, Differin, and Tazorac) are gels, foams, lotions, or creams derived from vitamin A and are used to treat conditions including acne.
system: What benzoyl peroxide products are used to treat skin conditions?
output: Benzoyl peroxide : Creams, gels, washes, and foams containing benzoyl peroxide are used to treat acne.
system: How are enzyme inhibitors used to treat skin conditions?
output: Enzyme inhibitors: Enzyme inhibitors such as apremilast ( Otezla) shuts down an enzyme in the immune system to fight inflammation. Eucrisa ointment is an enzyme inhibitor FDA approved for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis/eczema.
system: What antifungal agents are used for skin conditions?
output: Antifungal agents: Clotrimazole ( Lotrimin), ketoconazole ( Nizoral), and terbinafine ( Lamisil AT), are a few examples of common topical antifungal drugs used to treat skin conditions such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
system: How are oral antifungal agents used to treat skin conditions?
output: Antifungal agents: Oral antifungal drugs include fluconazole and itraconazole. These drugs can be used to treat more severe fungal infections. Terbinafine is an oral antifungal medicine that may be used to treat fungal infections of the nails.
system: What antibacterials are used for skin conditions?
output: Some common topical treatments for skin conditions include: Antibacterials: These medicines, including mupirocin or clindamycin, are often used to treat or prevent infection.
system: How are oral antibiotics used to treat skin conditions?
output: Some common oral or injection treatments for skin conditions include: Antibiotics: Oral antibiotics are used to treat many skin conditions. Common antibiotics include dicloxacillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline.
system: What corticosteroids are used to treat skin conditions?
output: Corticosteroids: These medications, including prednisone, can be helpful in treating skin conditions linked to autoimmune diseases including vasculitis and inflammatory diseases such as eczema. Dermatologists prefer topical steroids to avoid side effects; however, short-term use of prednisone is sometimes necessary.
system: How is coal tar used to treat skin conditions?
output: Coal tar : This topical treatment is available with and without a prescription, with strengths ranging from 0.5% to 5%. Coal tar is used to treat conditions including seborrheic dermatitis (usually in shampoos) or psoriasis. Currently, coal tar is seldom used because it can be slow acting and can cause severe staining of personal clothing and bedding.
system: How is salicylic acid used to treat skin conditions?
output: Salicylic acid : This drug is sold in lotions, gels, soaps, shampoos, washes, and patches. Salicylic acid is the active ingredient in many skin care products for the treatment of acne and warts.
system: How are antiviral agents used to treat skin conditions?
output: Antiviral agents: Common antiviral agents include acyclovir ( Zovirax), famciclovir ( Famvir), and valacyclovir ( Valtrex). Antiviral treatments are used for skin conditions including those related to herpes and shingles.
system: How are non-steroidal ointments used to treat skin conditions?
output: Non-steroidal ointment: The ointments crisaborole ( Eucrisa) and tacrolimus ( Protopic) and the cream pimecrolimus ( Elidel) also are prescribed for eczema, including atopic dermatitis.
system: What retinoids are used to treat skin conditions?
output: Coal tar is used to treat conditions including seborrheic dermatitis (usually in shampoos) or psoriasis. It reduces skin cell growth. It causes severe birth defects and should not be used if you are planning to become pregnant, are pregnant or breastfeeding.
system: What are indications that I should call a doctor about a cold?
output: You notice an inability to swallow You have a sore throat for more than 2 or 3 days, particularly if it seems to be worsening You have an earache You have a stiff neck or sensitivity to bright lights You're pregnant or nursing Your newborn or infant has cold symptoms Your throat hurts and your temperature is 101 degrees F or higher Your cold symptoms worsen after the third day; you may have a bacterial infection
system: How long do colds usually last and do they require medical care?
output: Cold symptoms typically last for about 3 days. At that point the worst is over, but you may feel congested for a week or more. Except in newborns, colds themselves are not dangerous. They usually go away in 4 to 10 days without any special medicine. Unfortunately, colds do wear down your body's resistance, making you more susceptible to bacterial infections.
system: What is the link between dementia and Alzheimer's disease?
output: Experts think between 60% to 80% of people with dementia have this disease. More than 5 million Americans have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's. It's what most people think of when they hear "dementia." If someone you know has Alzheimer's, you'll notice symptoms such as memory loss and trouble planning and doing familiar tasks.
system: What are the symptoms of vascular dementia?
output: Your friend or relative might: Be confused about where he is or what day or year it is Have problems speaking or writing Lose things and be unable to backtrack to find them Show poor judgment Have mood and personality changes If a relative or friend of yours gets this type of dementia, it's usually because he's had a major stroke, or one or more "silent" strokes, which can happen without him realizing it. The symptoms depend on which part of his brain was affected by the stroke. While Alzheimer's usually begins with memory problems, vascular dementia more often begins with poor judgment or trouble planning, organizing, and making decisions.