laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What causes apraxia of speech?
output: It is often accompanied by other language or cognitive deficits, which may cause: Limited vocabulary Grammatical problems Problems with coordination and fine motor skills Difficulties chewing and swallowing Clumsiness Acquired apraxia results from brain damage to those areas of the brain that control the ability to speak. Conditions that may produce acquired apraxia include head trauma, stroke, or a brain tumor. Experts do not yet understand what causes childhood apraxia of speech. Some scientists believe that it results from signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speaking. Ongoing research is focusing on whether brain abnormalities that cause apraxia of speech can be identified. Other research is looking for genetic causes of apraxia. Some studies are trying to determine exactly which parts of the brain are linked to the condition.
system: Are there different types of apraxia of speech?
output: There are two forms of apraxia of speech -- acquired apraxia and childhood apraxia of speech. Acquired apraxia can occur in people of all ages. Typically, though, it is found in adults. This condition causes people to lose the speech-making abilities they once possessed. Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. This condition is present from birth, and it affects a child's ability to form sounds and words. Children with speech apraxia often have far greater abilities to understand speech than to express themselves with spoken words.
system: Are there tests to diagnose apraxia of speech?
output: There is not a single test or procedure that is used to diagnose childhood apraxia of speech. Diagnosis is complicated by the fact that speech-language pathologists have different opinions about which symptoms indicate the condition. Most experts, though, look for the presence of multiple, common apraxia symptoms. They may assess a patient's ability to repeat a word multiple times. Or they may assess whether a person can recite a list of words that are increasingly more difficult, such as "play, playful, playfully." A speech-language pathologist may interact with a child to assess which sounds, syllables, and words the child is able to make and understand. The pathologist will also examine the child's mouth, tongue, and face for any structural problems that might be causing apraxia symptoms.
system: Are there treatments for apraxia of speech?
output: There are various treatment approaches used for apraxia. How effective they are can vary from person to person. For the best results, apraxia treatment must be developed to meet a given individual's needs. Most children with apraxia of speech benefit from meeting one on one with a speech-language pathologist three to five times a week. They may also need to work with their parents or guardians to practice the skills they are developing.
system: What are beneficial treatments for apraxia?
output: Exercises may include: Repeatedly practicing the formation and pronunciation of sounds and words Practicing stringing together sounds to make speech Working with rhythms or melodies Using multisensory approaches, such as watching in a mirror while trying to form words or touching the face while talking Many therapists believe that sign language is beneficial for children who have difficulty being understood. They often recommend that children attempt to say the words they are signing to practice making the necessary movements with their mouths. People with more extreme cases of acquired apraxia may also benefit from sign language. Or they may use assistive electronic devices, including computers that can be used to produce words and sentences.
system: What does childhood apraxia cause?
output: There are two forms of apraxia of speech -- acquired apraxia and childhood apraxia of speech. It is often accompanied by other language or cognitive deficits, which may cause: Limited vocabulary Grammatical problems Problems with coordination and fine motor skills Difficulties chewing and swallowing Clumsiness Acquired apraxia results from brain damage to those areas of the brain that control the ability to speak.
system: How is apraxia diagnosed?
output: For instance, they may not be able to lick their lips or wink. Most experts, though, look for the presence of multiple, common apraxia symptoms. Both of these are indicative of other conditions and their presence would help rule out apraxia. For people with possible acquired apraxia, an MRI of the brain may be useful to determine the extent and location of any brain damage. Typically, a diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech cannot be made before a child's second birthday. Before this time, most children are unable to understand or perform the tasks needed to determine the presence of apraxia.
system: What is apraxia?
output: People with orofacial apraxia are unable to voluntarily perform certain movements involving facial muscles. For instance, they may not be able to lick their lips or wink. Another form of apraxia affects a person's ability to intentionally move arms and legs. With apraxia of speech a person finds it difficult or impossible to move his or her mouth and tongue to speak. This happens, even though the person has the desire to speak and the mouth and tongue muscles are physically able to form words. There are two forms of apraxia of speech -- acquired apraxia and childhood apraxia of speech. Acquired apraxia can occur in people of all ages. Most children with apraxia of speech benefit from meeting one on one with a speech-language pathologist three to five times a week.
system: How are cholesterol and strokes related?
output: Atherosclerosis causes arteries that lead to the brain to become narrowed and even blocked. If a vessel carrying blood to the brain is blocked completely, you could have a stroke High cholesterol also has been linked to peripheral vascular disease.
system: How is cholesterol related to high blood pressure?
output: High blood pressure (also called hypertension) and high cholesterol also are linked. When the arteries become hardened and narrowed with cholesterol plaque and calcium, the heart has to strain much harder to pump blood through them. As a result, blood pressure becomes abnormally high. High blood pressure is also linked to heart disease.
system: How is cholesterol related to diabetes?
output: Diabetes can upset the balance between HDL and LDL cholesterol levels. People with diabetes tend to have LDL particles that stick to arteries and damage blood vessel walls more easily. People with diabetes tend to have low HDL and high triglyceride (another kind of blood fat) levels. Both of these boost the risk of heart and artery disease.
system: How is cholesterol related to coronary heart disease?
output: If the cholesterol level is too high, cholesterol can build up in the walls of your arteries. Over time, this build-up -- called plaque -- causes hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis. This causes arteries to become narrowed, which slows the blood flow to the heart muscle. Reduced blood flow can result in angina (chest pain) or in a heart attack if a blood vessel gets blocked completely. High blood pressure is also linked to heart disease.
system: What should you know about getting a lung transplant for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: Some people with IPF can get a lung transplant. Doctors usually recommend it for someone whose illness is very severe or gets worse very fast. Getting a new lung or lungs can help you live longer, but it is major surgery. If you fit the criteria for a lung transplant, your doctor will put you on a waiting list for a lung from a donor. After your transplant, you could be in the hospital for 3 weeks or longer. You'll need to take drugs for the rest of your life that keep your body from rejecting your new lung. You'll also have lots of tests to see how well your lungs are working and regular physical therapy. If you're considering a lung transplant, you'll need emotional support from family and friends. Support groups can help by putting you in touch with people who are also getting or have had transplants. Ask your doctor about programs that can help explain what to expect before and after the surgery.
system: What can you do to take care of yourself if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: There are other things you can do to feel better: Eat healthy. A well-rounded diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat or fat-free dairy, and lean protein is good for your body in general. Eating smaller meals more often will also give your lungs more room to breathe. Exercise. Take a daily walk or bike ride. It can strengthen your lungs and reduce stress. If it's hard to breathe when you're active, ask your doctor about using oxygen during your workouts. Quit smoking. Cigarettes and other tobacco products damage your lungs and make breathing problems worse. Your doctor can recommend programs to help you quit. Get a flu shot. Vaccines can protect you from infections like the flu or pneumonia, which can harm your lungs. You need a flu shot every year. You will also need to get two vaccines to help protect against a very serious type of pneumonia. Ask your doctor about when you should get these vaccines. Try to stay away from people who have colds. Find ways to relax. Low-key activities that you enjoy are great ways to fight stress. Try reading, drawing, or meditating.
system: Where can you learn more about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: To learn more about IPF or find a support group in your area, visit the websites of the Coalition for Pulmonary Fibrosis and the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation.
system: Where can you find support if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: It's hard to live with an illness like IPF. Remember that it's OK to ask a doctor, counselor, friend, or family member for help with any stress, sadness, or anger you may feel. Support groups are good places to talk to other people who are living with IPF or a similar condition. They can give you and your family advice and understanding.
system: What are some questions for your doctor about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: How do you know I have IPF? Do I need any more tests? Do I need to see any other doctors? What treatments might work best for me? How will they make me feel? Will anything help me breathe better right away? Are there any clinical trials that would be good for me? How often should I see you? Will I need a lung transplant? Will my children get IPF?
system: What are the symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: You can have IPF for a long time without noticing any symptoms. After many years, the scarring in your lungs gets worse, and you might have: A dry, hacking cough that doesn't go away Shortness of breath, especially when you walk or do other activities You might also notice that: You feel more tired than usual Your joints and muscles ache You've lost weight without trying The tips of your fingers and toes have gotten wider, called clubbing IPF is hard to tell apart from other lung diseases because it shares many of the same signs.
system: What new treatments are available for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: Scientists are also studying new treatments for IPF in clinical trials. These trials test new drugs to see if they are safe and if they work. They often are a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be good for you.
system: What questions will your doctor ask when diagnosing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: She might ask questions like: How long have you been feeling this way? Have you ever smoked? Do you work with chemicals at your job or home? What kinds? Has anyone in your family been diagnosed with IPF? Do you have any other medical conditions? Have you ever been told you had the Epstein- Barr virus, influenza A, hepatitis C, or HIV?
system: Is there a cure for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: There's no cure for IPF. The illness will affect your life and your family. For most people, symptoms don't get better, but there are new treatments that can slow the damage to your lungs. Everyone's outlook is different. Some people will get worse quickly, while others can live 10 years or more after they are diagnosed. There are therapies to help you breathe easier and manage your symptoms. In some cases, you may be able to have a lung transplant.
system: How can idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis vary?
output: Everyone with IPF is different. For some people, the disease gets worse quickly. For others, it can be a slow process where their lungs stay the same for a long time. Talk to your doctor about your condition and what you can do to manage it.
system: What tests are used to diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: Your doctor also will give you one or more of these tests: Chest X-ray. It uses radiation in low doses to make images of organs inside your body. Exercise test. You walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bike while someone checks the levels of oxygen in your blood through a probe on your fingertip or attached to your forehead. High-resolution chest CT, or computed tomography. This is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures of your lungs. It can help find out how severe your IPF is and possibly the cause. Biopsy. The doctor removes small pieces of your lung tissue and examines them under a microscope. This may be done with surgery or with a flexible tube filled with a small camera that looks down your throat and into your lungs. The flexible tube approach is called a bronchoscopy. During the bronchoscopy, a doctor will use fluid to wash out your lungs and remove cells to study them. This usually happens in a hospital, and you'll be asleep for it. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas tests. They measure how much oxygen is in your blood. Spirometry. You blow as hard as you can into a mouthpiece attached to a device called a spirometer. It measures how well your lungs are working by showing how much air you can blow out.
system: How is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed?
output: After many years, the scarring in your lungs gets worse, and you might have: A dry, hacking cough that doesn't go away Shortness of breath, especially when you walk or do other activities You might also notice that: You feel more tired than usual Your joints and muscles ache You've lost weight without trying The tips of your fingers and toes have gotten wider, called clubbing IPF is hard to tell apart from other lung diseases because it shares many of the same signs. It may take time and a lot of visits to the doctor to get the right diagnosis. If you have trouble breathing that doesn't get better, you'll probably need to see a pulmonologist, a doctor who treats lung problems.
system: What should you expect if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: IPF is a serious disease, and it will have a big effect on your life and your loved ones. To stay as healthy as possible, follow your treatment plan and see your doctor regularly to make sure your treatment is working.
system: What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: Usually, when you breathe in, oxygen moves through tiny air sacs in your lungs into your bloodstream. From there, it travels to organs in your body. IPF scar tissue is thick, like the scars you get on your skin after a cut. It slows oxygen flow from your lungs to your blood, which can keep your body from working as it should. Low oxygen levels and the stiff scar tissue make it hard to breathe. The scar tissue in your lungs makes it hard for your body to get oxygen, which puts a strain on your other organs.
system: What other conditions can you get with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: From there, it travels to organs in your body. IPF can raise your odds of getting other conditions, including: High blood pressure in the lungs, called pulmonary hypertension Heart attack Stroke Blood clots in your lungs Lung cancer Lung infections Ask your doctor what you can do to lower your chances of having these problems.
system: What causes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
output: But doctors don't know what causes IPF. That's what "idiopathic" means. You might be more likely to get IPF if you: Smoke cigarettes Breathe in wood or metal dust at work or home Have acid reflux disease Sometimes, IPF runs in families. Doctors think broken genes could cause the disease in some people. No one knows yet which specific genes may be involved. Some people with IPF need it only when they sleep or exercise.
system: When should I call my doctor about sporotrichosis?
output: When to call the doctor If you think you might have sporotrichosis, see a doctor about diagnosis and treatment. If you are already being treated for sporotrichosis, contact a doctor if new sores develop or if the old ones appear to be growing.
system: When should I go to the hospital for sporotrichosis?
output: The mold is found on rose thorns, hay, sphagnum moss, twigs, and soil. When to go to the hospital Sporotrichosis in the skin or lymph nodes should not be dangerous or life threatening. Open ulcers can become infected with bacteria and may cause a condition known as cellulitis. If a rapidly expanding area of redness, pain, and warmth around the original ulcers develops, you should go to your local emergency room.
system: How is sporotrichosis infection in the bones and joints treated?
output: Sporotrichosis is an infection of the skin caused by a fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. It can be difficult to treat and may be life threatening. Ulcers should be kept clean and covered until they are healed. Treatment of sporotrichosis depends on the site infected. Itraconazole ( Sporanox) is often used as an initial medication for several months or even up to a year. Amphotericin is also used, but this drug can only be given through an IV. Amphotericin has more side effects and may need to be administered for many months. Surgery is sometimes needed to remove infected bone.
system: How do I use a cervical shield?
output: A woman should first put spermicide in it and then insert it into her vagina before sex. It must stay in place for at least 8 hours after intercourse. The shield has a loop on it to help with removal. You must take it out within 48 hours in order to avoid getting toxic shock syndrome.
system: How effective is the cervical shield?
output: That means that in a typical year, 15 out of 100 women who use it will get pregnant.
system: What is the cervical shield?
output: Also called â Lea's Shield,â this cup-shaped device is a âbarrier methodâ of birth control for women. It's made of silicone, and it covers the cervix so that sperm can't get into the uterus. The shield has a valve on it that creates suction when you insert it, to help it fit against the cervix.
system: Does a cervical shield come in more than one size?
output: But you will need a prescription for it.
system: What is Hashimoto's disease?
output: Your immune system starts attacking your thyroid and gradually weakens the gland until it can't produce enough thyroid hormones.
system: What causes thyroiditis?
output: There are many things that can make your thyroid swell. You may have gotten an infection from a virus or bacteria. You may be taking a drug like lithium or interferon. Or you may have problems with your immune system. One form of thyroiditis shows up after childbirth. Pregnancy has a major impact on the thyroid in general.
system: How is hypothyroidism treated?
output: With subacute thyroiditis, there is generally a predictable pattern of how the thyroid functions. These are taken as pills. As your metabolism returns to normal, your doctor may adjust the dosage.
system: Do antidepressants help ADHD?
output: These nonstimulants are FDA-approved for ADHD in children and teens: Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ER ( Intuniv) Antidepressants aren't specifically approved to treat ADHD, but they can help with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. They're an option for children who haven't done well on a stimulant alone. Taking an antidepressant along with a stimulant seems to work well for children who have ADHD along with a mood disorder such as depression or anxiety.
system: What specific non-stimulant drugs treat ADHD?
output: These nonstimulants are FDA-approved for ADHD in children and teens: Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ER ( Intuniv) Antidepressants aren't specifically approved to treat ADHD, but they can help with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
system: What is behavioral therapy for ADHD?
output: This type of therapy uses positive reinforcement for good behavior and negative reinforcement for unwanted behaviors. A mental health professional -- a psychologist, social worker, or family therapist -- works with you and your child's teachers to set up a program to improve your child's behaviors. Behavioral therapy is often used along with ADHD medications, but it can also be used alone.
system: Is ADHD treatment safe for children and how do I know if treatment is right for my child?
output: These treatment options have been evaluated for safety, but no two children are alike, and what works for some kids may not work as well for yours. Together with the doctor, you'll develop a plan that meets your child's specific needs. It may take time to figure out what works best. The plan may include medications, behavioral therapy, or both.
system: What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?
output: These are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants for people with depression. These have been tried for ADHD: Escitalopram ( Lexapro) Sertraline ( Zoloft) Venlafaxine ( Effexor).
system: Which specific drugs are considered stimulants?
output: Stimulants include: Amphetamine ( Adzenys XR- ODT) Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR) Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine) Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin, Quillivant XR) If the first drug the doctor prescribes doesn't seem to help with symptoms, he may raise the dosage, suggest a different medication, or suggest your child take another drug along with the stimulant.
system: What are stimulants for ADHD?
output: Stimulants are the most common treatment in children and teens. They help the brain control impulses and control behavior and attention. Kids with certain medical conditions shouldn't take stimulants. Make sure the doctor knows your child's medical history before he prescribes any medication. The doctor may prescribe this if your child doesn't do well with stimulants.
system: Do omega-3 supplements help ADHD?
output: For some kids, they may be a better option than stimulants, but they're often used along with stimulants. There are several types of antidepressants.
system: What other health conditions are common in people with Down syndrome?
output: People with Down syndrome are born with an extra chromosome.
system: Who is at high risk of getting a baby with Down syndrome?
output: While doctors don't know what causes it, they do know that women 35 and older have a higher chance of having a baby with Down syndrome. If you've already had a child with Down syndrome, you're more likely to have another one who has it as well.
system: What are mental abilities of a person with Down syndrome?
output: Their mental abilities will vary, but most have mild to moderate issues with thinking, reasoning, and understanding. They'll learn and pick up new skills their whole lives, but may take longer to reach important goals like walking, talking, and developing social skills.
system: Does appearance show what type of Down syndrome someone has?
output: The parent doesn't have Down syndrome because they have the right number of genes, but their child may have what's called âtranslocation Down syndrome.â Not everyone with translocation Down syndrome gets it from their parents -- it may also happen by chance.