laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How many babies born with retinopathy of prematurity in the United States will become legally blind?
output: Over time, these blood vessels and the associated scar tissue can cause serious vision problems, such as: Damage to the retina and detachment (the retina is moved from its normal place) that leads to permanent and severe loss of vision Crossed eyes (strabismus) Increased eye pressure (glaucoma) " Lazy eye" (amblyopia) Nearsightedness (myopia) Of the 14,000 babies in the U. S. born with ROP each year, 400 to 600 will become legally blind.
system: What are the symptoms of retinopathy of prematurity?
output: Only an ophthalmologist can tell if your baby has ROP. All infants who are at risk for it should be screened shortly after birth and again once they go home from the hospital. Sometimes, ROP isn't spotted until a baby is 4 to 6 weeks old.
system: Is laser surgery used to treat retinopathy of prematurity?
output: Small laser beams are used to treat the sides of the retina. This stops the growth of abnormal blood vessels. It takes 30-45 minutes per eye. This is the most common way ROP is treated, and it's been done safely for many years. But your baby may lose some or all of her peripheral (side) vision.
system: What is retinopathy of prematurity?
output: The smaller a baby is at birth, the greater his chance of having retinopathy of prematurity ( ROP), an eye disorder that can lead to vision loss. But most babies who are born with it get better over time. Many don't need treatment at all.
system: What are the causes of retinopathy of prematurity?
output: A baby's eyes begin to develop around the 16th week of pregnancy. If she's born very early, this process is cut short. The blood vessels in her eyes don't have enough time to develop as they should. Instead, they grow where they're not supposed to. Or they can be so fragile that they bleed or leak.
system: Is cryotherapy used to treat retinopathy of prematurity?
output: Instead of burning away the scars, freezing cold temperatures are used to stop more blood vessels from spreading on the retina. This is an older form of ROP treatment. It also causes a loss of side vision.
system: Is scleral buckling used to treat retinopathy of prematurity?
output: A small, stretchy band is placed around the white of the eye, causing it to compress slightly. This allows the torn retina to move closer to the outer wall of the eye where it belongs.
system: Is vitrectomy used to treat retinopathy of prematurity?
output: During this surgery, the clear gel (vitreous) in the center of the eye is removed and replaced with saline solution. Then, the scar tissue that's pulling the retina out of place is removed.
system: Is injection used to treat retinopathy of prematurity?
output: A newer way to treat ROP is to put an anti-cancer drug into each eye. Bevacizumab ( Avastin) blocks new growth of blood vessels in tumors, and it can do the same in eyes. This treatment is promising, but more research is needed to make sure there aren't long-term side effects. It's also unclear whether the ROP may come back over time.
system: What are the stages of retinopathy of prematurity?
output: Stage 1 is the mildest form of ROP. Babies at this stage or stage 2 often don't need any treatment and will have normal vision. Babies with stage 3 have more blood vessels that are abnormal. These may be large or twisted, which means the retina could start to come loose. At stage 4, the retina is starting to move from its normal place. And at stage 5, the retina has come off, and severe vision problems or even blindness is likely.
system: Is surgery necessary to treat retinopathy of prematurity?
output: If the retina is detached, your child's doctor may need to do a more complex surgery: Scleral buckling.
system: Do children with retinopathy of prematurity have eye problems later in life?
output: Surgery often stops the disease from getting worse and prevents vision loss. But as many as 25% of all babies who have surgery for ROP do lose some or all of their vision. Because all children with ROP are at higher risk of eye problems later in life, your child should follow up with his eye doctor every year until he's an adult.
system: How does Baclofen treat spasticity?
output: Normally, your muscles get electrical signals from your nerves that tell them when to tense and relax. Spasticity happens when these signals become uneven, usually because the nerves have been damaged. This makes muscles tense up or move when you don't want them to. Baclofen works by restoring the normal signals. It can help you move your muscles more normally.
system: What are the risks of intrathecal Baclofen surgery?
output: They include: A bad reaction to anesthesia Infection Bleeding Trouble with bladder control Pump malfunction: If the pump stops working (this is rare), it may give you too much medicine at once. That can cause symptoms such as drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, trouble sleeping, lightheadedness, nausea, constipation, vomiting, loose muscles, trouble with vision, coma, respiratory depression, seizures, dry mouth, double vision, poor concentration, or diarrhea. If this happens, go to the nearest emergency room right away. A doctor can give you a drug called physostigmine to counteract baclofen. Kinked catheter: If the catheter stops working well, you may need surgery to replace it.
system: What is Baclofen?
output: Baclofen ( Gablofen, Lioresal) is a medication that treats stiff muscles and spasms, a condition called spasticity, that can happen to people with multiple sclerosis ( MS) and other nerve diseases.
system: For individuals with the intrathecal Baclofen pump, how often must they go back to the doctor's office for pump refills?
output: People with the pump must go back to their doctor's office for pump refills and medication adjustments, typically every 1 to 3 months. At the end of the battery's life span (usually 5 to 7 years), your doctor will remove and replace the system.
system: How do I know if the Baclofen pump system is right for me?
output: If your treatment team recommends the baclofen pump system, you'll try it out to see how well it works. Your doctor will inject baclofen into your spine with a small needle. Then the team checks how well it works over 2 to 4 hours. If your muscles don't relax during the first try, you may get a larger dose to see if that makes a difference. If it works, you can decide with your doctor and family members if you should have a baclofen pump system implanted.
system: What are the risks of implanting the baclofen for multiple sclerosis?
output: They include: A bad reaction to anesthesia Infection Bleeding Trouble with bladder control Pump malfunction: If the pump stops working (this is rare), it may give you too much medicine at once.
system: How do I know if the baclofen pump system is right for my multiple sclerosis?
output: If your treatment team recommends the baclofen pump system, you'll try it out to see how well it works. Your doctor will inject baclofen into your spine with a small needle. Then the team checks how well it works over 2 to 4 hours. If your muscles don't relax during the first try, you may get a larger dose to see if that makes a difference. If it works, you can decide with your doctor and family members if you should have a baclofen pump system implanted.
system: How is baclofen used to treat multiple sclerosis?
output: Baclofen ( Gablofen, Lioresal) is a medication that treats stiff muscles and spasms, a condition called spasticity, that can happen to people with multiple sclerosis ( MS) and other nerve diseases. Normally, your muscles get electrical signals from your nerves that tell them when to tense and relax. Spasticity happens when these signals become uneven, usually because the nerves have been damaged. This makes muscles tense up or move when you don't want them to. Baclofen works by restoring the normal signals. It can help you move your muscles more normally.
system: What are the side effects of baclofen for multiple sclerosis?
output: Side effects may include: Dizziness Drowsiness Headaches Nausea Weakness You can take baclofen as a pill or get it directly into an area of your spine called the intrathecal space.
system: What is intrathecal baclofen for multiple sclerosis?
output: This type of treatment, called intrathecal baclofen ( ITB), can help people who have a hard time with side effects of the pill form. It delivers the drug right to the spinal cord, so it doesn't circulate throughout the body first. You need only tiny doses for the drug to work. This keeps side effects to a minimum.
system: Who should get intrathecal Baclofen?
output: You need only tiny doses for the drug to work. Before you get ITB, you will meet with a treatment team that may include a doctor who specializes in rehabilitation (a physiatrist or neurologist), a physical therapist, an occupational therapist, a nurse, and a social worker. All of these professionals work together to check your spasticity symptoms and to set a treatment plan that fits your personal needs. Many doctors who specialize in pain management, called anesthesiologists, also manage ITB pumps. If it works, you can decide with your doctor and family members if you should have a baclofen pump system implanted.
system: Who should get an intrathecal baclofen for multiple sclerosis?
output: You need only tiny doses for the drug to work. If it works, you can decide with your doctor and family members if you should have a baclofen pump system implanted.
system: What is the intrathecal baclofen pump system for multiple sclerosis?
output: This part of your body is filled with the fluid that surrounds your spinal cord and nerve roots. A surgeon puts the device -- a round metal disc, about 1 inch thick and 3 inches around -- under the skin of your belly near your waistline. The pump stores and releases the right amount of medicine through the catheter. A tiny motor moves the medication from the pump through the catheter. Your treatment team can use a small computer outside your body to send messages to the pump and make adjustments in the dose, rate, and timing of the medication. You can also turn the system off when you don't need it.
system: Are all ADHD treatments for children the same?
output: That's because treatment for ADHD is personalized. Kids have different symptoms, and treatment depends on what a child needs.
system: What stimulant medications do doctors use to begin treatment for children with ADHD?
output: Often, treatment starts with a drug such as: Amphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR, Adzenys XR- ODT) Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Daytrana, Jornay, or Ritalin) These medications come in different forms: Short-acting (immediate-release).
system: What medication do doctors typically try first for ADHD in children?
output: They're often helpful for children and teens who have a hard time at school, work, or home.
system: What form and dosage of stimulant medication should my child take for ADHD?
output: Kids have different symptoms, and treatment depends on what a child needs.
system: Do ADHD medications cause side effects?
output: Many medications that treat ADHD have side effects. Make sure you know what to expect and what to look for before your child starts a medicine. Watch for unusual behavior changes while your child is on any medicine, and report them to your doctor. Also let him know if a medicine isn't working or if it's causing side effects.
system: How is atomoxetine (Strattera) used to treat ADHD?
output: ): Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine hydrochloride ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ( Intuniv) ER Atomoxetine ( Strattera) was the first nonstimulant medication approved by the FDA. It's for kids ages 6 and older. It works by increasing the amount of the chemical norepinephrine in the brain. This helps lessen ADHD symptoms such as hyperactivity and impulsive behavior.
system: Does venlafaxine (Effexor) help children with ADHD?
output: In its extended-release form, this drug can be used for children with ADHD and mood or anxiety issues.
system: What are the treatment options for children with ADHD?
output: The options include: A single medicine A combination of different types of medicine (adjunctive therapy) Medicine plus behavioral therapy Your doctor might try different treatments to find what works best for your child.
system: If my child already takes a MAO inhibitor antidepressant, can they still add antidepressant medication for treatment of ADHD?
output: Children who already take a MAO inhibitor antidepressant shouldn't take these medications.
system: What nonstimulant drugs are approved to treat ADHD in children?
output: ( All three can be used as adjunctive therapy, along with a stimulant. ): Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine hydrochloride ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ( Intuniv) ER Atomoxetine ( Strattera) was the first nonstimulant medication approved by the FDA.
system: Do imipramine (tofranil) and nortriptyline (pamelor) help children with ADHD?
output: Imipramine ( Tofranil)and nortriptyline ( Pamelor) are two others. These are called tricyclic antidepressants, and they affect the neurotransmitters in your brain. They've been around for a while but are used less often due to their side effects.
system: How are clonidine and guanfacine used to treat ADHD?
output: Clonidine and guanfacine were originally made to treat high blood pressure. But they affect certain chemical receptors in the brain and can help improve: Memory Attention Impulse control Hyperactivity Agitation Aggression They're long-acting extended-release drugs and can last for 12 to 24 hours.
system: Which nonstimulant drugs are able to be taken in combination with stimulant drugs for ADHD?
output: ): Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine hydrochloride ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ( Intuniv) ER Atomoxetine ( Strattera) was the first nonstimulant medication approved by the FDA. Studies show that when taken with a stimulant, they can help the treatment work better.
system: Does bupropion (Wellbutrin) help children with ADHD?
output: These medications can improve concentration and impulse control. In its extended-release form, this drug can be used for children with ADHD and mood or anxiety issues.
system: What children should not take stimulant drugs for ADHD?
output: Make sure the doctor knows his complete medical and family history before he prescribes him anything. Children who already take a MAO inhibitor antidepressant shouldn't take these medications.
system: What are warning signs of suicide in people with depression?
output: Talking about committing suicide Always talking or thinking about death Making comments about being hopeless, helpless, or worthless Saying things like " It would be better if I wasn't here" or " I want out" Depression (deep sadness, loss of interest, trouble sleeping and eating) that gets worse A sudden switch from being very sad to being very calm or appearing to be happy Having a "death wish," tempting fate by taking risks that could lead to death, like driving recklessly Losing interest in things one used to care about Visiting or calling people one cares about Putting affairs in order, tying up loose ends, changing a will
system: Will ADHD medication affect my child's growth?
output: Whether ADHD drugs affect children's growth depends on which study you look at. Many studies have been done on the subject over the years, and there is a lot of disagreement among them. Overall, there is some evidence that ADHD drugs can interfere with growth in children, but that effect seems to be short-lived in most kids.
system: When did researchers first come across ADHD medication affecting children's growth?
output: Researchers first made the connection between ADHD drugs and children's growth back in the early 1970s. That's when a small study showed that children who were on moderate-to-high daily doses of stimulant drugs gained less weight and height than children who weren't taking ADHD medications. When kids in the study went on a "drug holiday" -- that is, they stopped taking the ADHD drugs over the summer -- they gained about twice as much weight as the group that continued to take ADHD medications year-round.
system: Should I switch my child's ADHD medications due to growth concerns?
output: Before you panic and switch your child's medication, know that the slowed growth doesn't seem to be permanent. The biggest impact on growth appears to be in the first year of taking the medications. After that, the impact starts to decline. Eventually, kids on ADHD medications go into a "growth spurt" and catch up to their peers in height and weight. A study that followed children with ADHD for 10 years into adulthood found that the kids who'd been taking stimulants ended up no shorter -- or thinner -- than peers without ADHD once they were adults.
system: What can I do to keep ADHD medication from affecting my child's growth?
output: While your child is taking ADHD medications, the doctor should keep careful track of his or her growth. You might need to adjust your child's diet, adding more energy-dense, nutritious foods and snacks to balance out any weight loss that's occurring. In severe cases, medications that increase the appetite may be used for a short period of time.
system: What does research suggest regarding the effect of ADHD medications on a child's growth?
output: Researchers first made the connection between ADHD drugs and children's growth back in the early 1970s. That's when a small study showed that children who were on moderate-to-high daily doses of stimulant drugs gained less weight and height than children who weren't taking ADHD medications. When kids in the study went on a "drug holiday" -- that is, they stopped taking the ADHD drugs over the summer -- they gained about twice as much weight as the group that continued to take ADHD medications year-round. The early studies on ADHD medications and children's growth lasted only a few months, making it difficult to determine whether the growth lag would be permanent. Findings from some studies with longer follow-up periods have been inconsistent, but suggest that differences in growth narrow over treatment time.
system: Do experts agree of the effects of ADHD medications on a child's growth?
output: One of the most talked about -- and controversial -- effects of these medications is on children's growth. Some researchers have suggested that it's not the drugs, but the ADHD itself that affects children's growth. The early studies on ADHD medications and children's growth lasted only a few months, making it difficult to determine whether the growth lag would be permanent.
system: How can ADHD medications affect your child?
output: One of the most talked about -- and controversial -- effects of these medications is on children's growth. After a few studies found that kids taking ADHD medications don't grow as tall as their peers, many parents began to worry that the same drugs that were helping their kids focus were also stunting their growth. It's natural to worry about your child's size. But before you switch or stop ADHD medications, it's important for you to know what the research has shown about the effects of these medications on children's growth. One study showed that children with ADHD who aren't taking stimulant drugs are actually bigger than kids without ADHD. Researchers first made the connection between ADHD drugs and children's growth back in the early 1970s.
system: How do I know if ADHD medication is affecting my child's growth and what should I do?
output: Researchers have a few theories about how ADHD drugs might affect a child's size. If your child is taking ADHD medication and is benefiting from the drugs, the improvement in behavior may outweigh any short-term effects on growth. That's something you need to discuss with your pediatrician or psychiatrist.
system: What should parents do to lessen the effects of ADHD medications on child growth?
output: Researchers have a few theories about how ADHD drugs might affect a child's size. If your child is taking ADHD medication and is benefiting from the drugs, the improvement in behavior may outweigh any short-term effects on growth. That's something you need to discuss with your pediatrician or psychiatrist. While your child is taking ADHD medications, the doctor should keep careful track of his or her growth. You might need to adjust your child's diet, adding more energy-dense, nutritious foods and snacks to balance out any weight loss that's occurring. In severe cases, medications that increase the appetite may be used for a short period of time.
system: How does ADHD medication affect children's growth?
output: Stimulant medications are one of the main treatments for children with ADHD. After a few studies found that kids taking ADHD medications don't grow as tall as their peers, many parents began to worry that the same drugs that were helping their kids focus were also stunting their growth. It's natural to worry about your child's size. Another theory is that ADHD medicine targets metabolic or growth factors that could affect a child's growth.
system: What other types of biologics can your doctor give you for your rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
output: These include: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Golimumab ( Simponi) Infliximab ( Inflectra, Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade If the first anti- TNF you try doesn't work for you, your doctor will most likely try another one. If you still don't get relief, he may switch you to another type of biologic. These include: Abatacept ( Orencia), which blocks the immune system's T cells to lower inflammation Anakinra ( Kineret), which targets interleukin-1, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation. Your doctor will call this type of drug an " IL-1 blocker." Rituximab ( Rituxan), which targets certain B cells, which are part of your immune system Tocilizumab ( Actemra), which targets IL-6, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation. Your doctor will call this type of drug an " IL-6 blocker."
system: What are usual biologic drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
output: When your doctor first prescribes you a biologic, it's usually an "anti- TNF" drug. These include: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Golimumab ( Simponi) Infliximab ( Inflectra, Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade If the first anti- TNF you try doesn't work for you, your doctor will most likely try another one.
system: Do some people get more help from biologics than other people?
output: Some people get more help from biologics than others. Experts can't predict who'll respond well and who won't.
system: What are the next steps when biologic drugs don't help your rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
output: And when you do, it may ease your symptoms or cause them to fade completely. You should start to feel better in 4 to 6 weeks, though sometimes it can take 3 to 6 months to work. Your doctor may also prescribe other medicines that work faster to help you in the meantime. But if your symptoms don't improve, let your doctor know. The goal is to find the best medicines for you as quickly as possible. Timely treatment helps protect your body from RA damage.
system: What types of biologic drugs are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis if initial biologic drugs don't work?
output: These include: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Golimumab ( Simponi) Infliximab ( Inflectra, Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade If the first anti- TNF you try doesn't work for you, your doctor will most likely try another one. If you still don't get relief, he may switch you to another type of biologic. These include: Abatacept ( Orencia), which blocks the immune system's T cells to lower inflammation Anakinra ( Kineret), which targets interleukin-1, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.