laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What should you do before a spinal tap?
output: Tell your doctor about any medications you take, including over-the counter and prescription drugs. Also tell your doctor if you're allergic to any medicine. Do not stop taking your medications without talking with your primary doctor and the doctor who orders the spinal tap. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant (or think you might be), or if you have diabetes. Make sure your doctor knows if you take any blood thinners -- like clopidogrel ( Plavix), dipyridamole ( Persantine), or warfarin ( Coumadin). If you do take blood thinners, ask if and when they should be stopped before the test. Let your doctor know if you have been taking aspirin or any products that contain it, and ask if you should stop taking it before the procedure. Ask your doctor about alcohol use before the test. Generally, you should not drink any beer, wine, or liquor for at least 24 hours beforehand. Make arrangements for someone to take you home when it's over. You should not drive right after the test. Do not bring valuables such as jewelry or credit cards. You'll need to give verbal and written consent for the spinal tap. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have before you give consent. For example, you may want to know about the steps of the procedure and its risks and benefits.
system: What should I do after the first 24 hours after a spinal tap?
output: You will either lie on your side with your knees drawn as close to your chest as possible and your chin toward your chest or sit while leaning over a stable surface. Drink plenty of fluid.
system: What is the medical treatment for muscle strain?
output: Medical treatment is similar to the treatment at home. The doctor, however, also can determine the extent of muscle and tendon injury and if crutches or a brace is needed for healing. The doctor can also determine if you need to restrict your activity or take days off work and if rehabilitation exercises or physical therapy are required to help you recover.
system: How can I take care of my muscle strain at home?
output: The amount of swelling or local bleeding into the muscle (from torn blood vessels) can best be managed early by applying ice packs and maintaining the strained muscle in a stretched position. Heat can be applied when the swelling has lessened. However, the early application of heat can increase swelling and pain. Note: Ice or heat should not be applied to bare skin. Always use a protective covering such as a towel between the ice or heat and the skin.
system: How should I protect, rest, ice, compress, and elevate my muscle strain?
output: Here's how: First, remove all constrictive clothing, including jewelry, in the area of muscle strain. Then: Protect the strained muscle from further injury. Rest the strained muscle. Avoid the activities that caused the strain and other activities that are painful. Ice the muscle area (20 minutes every hour while awake). Ice is a very effective anti-inflammatory and pain-reliever. Small ice packs, such as packages of frozen vegetables or water frozen in foam coffee cups, applied to the area may help decrease inflammation. Compression can be gently applied with an Ace or other elastic bandage, which can both provide support and decrease swelling. Do not wrap tightly. Elevate the injured area to decrease swelling. Prop up a strained leg muscle while sitting, for example. Activities that increase muscle pain or work the affected body part are not recommended until the pain has significantly improved.
system: What are the symptoms of a muscle strain?
output: Symptoms of muscle strain include: Swelling, bruising, or redness due to the injury Pain at rest Pain when the specific muscle or the joint in relation to that muscle is used Weakness of the muscle or tendons Inability to use the muscle at all If you have a significant muscle injury (or if home remedies bring no relief in 24 hours), call your doctor.
system: What exams and tests are used to diagnose a muscle strain?
output: The doctor will take a medical history and perform a physical exam. During the exam, it's important to establish whether the muscle is partially or completely torn, which can involve a much longer healing process, possible surgery, and a more complicated recovery. X-rays or lab tests are often not necessary, unless there was a history of trauma or evidence of infection.
system: When should you seek medical care for a muscle strain?
output: Symptoms of muscle strain include: Swelling, bruising, or redness due to the injury Pain at rest Pain when the specific muscle or the joint in relation to that muscle is used Weakness of the muscle or tendons Inability to use the muscle at all If you have a significant muscle injury (or if home remedies bring no relief in 24 hours), call your doctor. If you hear a "popping" sound with the injury, cannot walk, or there is significant swelling, pain, fever, or open cuts, you should be examined in a hospital's emergency department.
system: How can I prevent a muscle strain?
output: Help avoid injury by stretching daily. Start an exercise program in consultation with your doctor. Stretch after you exercise. Establish a warm-up routine prior to strenuous exercise, such as gently running in place for a couple of minutes.
system: What is a muscle strain?
output: Muscle strain, muscle pull, or even a muscle tear refers to damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. You can put undue pressure on muscles during the course of normal daily activities, with sudden heavy lifting, during sports, or while performing work tasks.
system: How should I take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) to treat muscle strain?
output: Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDS) such as naproxen or ibuprofen to reduce pain and improve your ability to move around. Do not take NSAIDS if you have kidney disease or a history of gastrointestinal bleeding or if you are also taking a blood thinner -- such as Coumadin -- without first talking with your doctor. In that case, it is safer to take acetaminophen, which helps lessen pain but does not reduce inflammation.
system: What is the outlook for a muscle strain?
output: Note: Ice or heat should not be applied to bare skin. Medical treatment is similar to the treatment at home.
system: How can I get muscle damage?
output: Muscle strain, muscle pull, or even a muscle tear refers to damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. The tearing of the muscle can also damage small blood vessels, causing local bleeding, or bruising, and pain caused by irritation of the nerve endings in the area.
system: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's motor skills development?
output: By 3 years, kids usually can: Keep their balance and go up and down stairs Work with small objects Stack more than one block Use both sides of their body Stand on one leg for more than a few seconds By 4 years, kids usually can: Throw a ball overhead or catch a large ball Jump in place or hop on one foot Ride a tricycle Grasp a crayon between their thumb and fingers and scribble Stack four blocks By 5 years, kids usually can: Build a tower of six to eight blocks Gallop or skip Use a child-friendly scissors Hold a crayon comfortably Take off their clothing easily Stand on one foot for 10 seconds Walk up or down stairs alternating steps without using the handrail Brush their teeth Wash and dry their hands These problems can mean children have trouble getting along with adults or other children.
system: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's speech and language development?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring.
system: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's thinking-related development?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.
system: How can you tell if your child has developmental delays?
output: Every child grows and learns at his own pace, and the range of what's normal is pretty wide. It's helpful, though, to know the signs that your child might not have the skills most other kids have at his age. Doctors call those problems developmental delays. Many delays aren't serious, and most kids can catch up, especially when they get early treatment. The key is to get your child the help he needs as soon as you think there's a problem. If you wonder whether your little one is falling behind in emotional, mental, or physical growth, don't wait to find out. Talk to his doctor right away.
system: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's motor skills development?
output: By 3 years, kids usually can: Keep their balance and go up and down stairs Work with small objects Stack more than one block Use both sides of their body Stand on one leg for more than a few seconds By 4 years, kids usually can: Throw a ball overhead or catch a large ball Jump in place or hop on one foot Ride a tricycle Grasp a crayon between their thumb and fingers and scribble Stack four blocks By 5 years, kids usually can: Build a tower of six to eight blocks Gallop or skip Use a child-friendly scissors Hold a crayon comfortably Take off their clothing easily Stand on one foot for 10 seconds Walk up or down stairs alternating steps without using the handrail Brush their teeth Wash and dry their hands These problems can mean children have trouble getting along with adults or other children.
system: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's speech and language development?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring.
system: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's social or emotional skills?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.
system: When should you talk to your doctor about developmental delays?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone. Don't be afraid to let his doctor know as soon as you feel something isn't right. No matter what kind of developmental delay he might have, early diagnosis and treatment is the best way to make it better.
system: What can you do to treat language and speech delays in children?
output: This specialist will study how your child expresses himself, including: What he understands What he can say Other ways he tries to get his thoughts across, such as gestures or nodding If your child does have a delay, he might need speech therapy. A therapist can work with him on how to pronounce words and sounds, and strengthen the muscles in his face and mouth. You can also work with your child on speech and language: Talk with her throughout the day. Point out objects or sounds at home, at the grocery store, in the car, or anywhere you go. Ask her questions and respond to her answers. Read to your child every day. Get treatment for ear infections or any other condition that might affect her hearing.
system: What different developmental delays can children have problems with?
output: Children might have problems with: Language or speech Movement, or motor skills Emotional and social skills Thinking skills These problems are the most common type of developmental delay. They sound similar, but they're different types of issues.
system: What causes language and speech delays in children?
output: A delay in these skills can happen for many reasons, including: Problems with a child's tongue or the roof of his mouth, which makes it hard to form sounds and words Hearing loss. Kids who've had a lot of ear infections can have hearing problems. A learning disability A developmental disorder, such as cerebral palsy or autism spectrum disorder What you can do.
system: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's social or emotional skills?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.
system: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's social or emotional skills?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.
system: How can a speech therapist help with your child's language and speech delays?
output: If you think your child has a problem with his speech or language, let his doctor know right away. The doctor will need to test his hearing. She'll probably also suggest that your child see a professional who can diagnose and treat these delays, called a speech-language pathologist or speech therapist. This specialist will study how your child expresses himself, including: What he understands What he can say Other ways he tries to get his thoughts across, such as gestures or nodding If your child does have a delay, he might need speech therapy.
system: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's thinking-related development?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.
system: What are signs of motor skill delays?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring. Sometimes the problem isn't with their strength, but with their coordination. You may notice that your child seems clumsier than other kids his age.
system: What can you do to help with social and emotional delays in children?
output: Treatment for a social or emotional delay depends on the cause and how much it affects your child's life. You'll probably work closely with your child's doctor and other professionals to find what helps him the most. Medication or special types of behavioral therapy can help if your child has behavior problems from a delay. You can also work with a therapist to learn how to encourage good social and emotional skills at home. The earlier you work on these problems, the more likely your child can catch up to other kids his age.
system: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's thinking-related development?
output: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.
system: What causes motor skill delays in children?
output: They include: Vision problems A lack of muscle control, called ataxia Trouble with how the brain coordinates and plans movements, called dyspraxia Muscle diseases Cerebral palsy What you can do. But most of the time, doctors can't find a specific cause for a cognitive delay.
system: What can you do to treat motor skill delays in children?
output: He may also need: Physical therapy to help him with movements that use a lot of muscle groups Occupational therapy to improve small movement skills or coordination problems Medication or other treatment for a muscle disease Kids usually get stronger and more coordinated as they grow up. You can also work with a therapist to learn how to encourage good social and emotional skills at home.
system: What can you do to help with thinking-related delays in children?
output: If you think your child has a problem with his speech or language, let his doctor know right away. If the doctor agrees, she'll recommend a specialist who can figure out what the problem is. Depending on your child's diagnosis, he might get help from: Play therapy or occupational therapy Special education Sometimes, medication can help with behavioral problems that can come with cognitive delays, like mood swings or lack of attention.
system: What are social and emotional delays like in children?
output: Children who have a speech delay may stutter or have trouble saying words the right way. One common cause of social and emotional delays is called autism spectrum disorder, or ASD. It can affect how a child expresses himself, interacts, behaves, and learns. But most of the time, doctors can't find a specific cause for a cognitive delay.
system: What can treat skin problems related to urinary incontinence?
output: No matter how well your incontinence products work, when urine continually touches your skin, you can get rashes and even infections. Most experts agree that changing pads or underwear whenever you feel wet can help. So can rinsing the genital area with warm water and drying it thoroughly each time you change pads. Some people find skin care products featuring a moisture barrier helpful in reducing skin irritation. Any products for diaper rash can help.
system: What barrier devices can help women with urinary incontinence?
output: Some devices control the flow of urine. Women can choose devices that go inside the vagina, like tampons or vaginal sponges. They provide temporary control by putting pressure on the tissues of the bladder. This helps keep urine from escaping and is particularly good for stress incontinence, where exercise, laughing, and sneezing causes urine to leak.
system: What is a saturation point of products sold for urinary incontinence?
output: All incontinence protection products have a "saturation" point -- they can hold only so much liquid -- but the products don't absorb at the same rate. Sometimes the difference can be dramatic. There's no standard for terms such as "plus" or "ultra plus," so try different brands to find what works best for you.
system: How can a pessary help with urinary incontinence?
output: For 24-hour protection, many women find a pessary helpful. This is a plastic device that's inserted into the vagina. It increases pressure on the urethra muscles and adds support to the pelvic region. These devices are fitted to your pelvis size, so you'll need to visit your doctor. You can remove them for cleaning. They should be replaced each year -- and that means another trip to the doctor. Ask your doctor if a pessary is a good option for you.
system: What are urinary incontinence products with odor control?
output: Most incontinence pads, liners, and disposable underwear feature some type of odor control. Often, the materials are treated with a natural odor-absorbing compound such as baking soda. Sometimes, though, manufacturers add fragrance to the pad, liner, or garment. Some people find this pleasant, but for others it causes skin irritation. If you have sensitive skin, odor control compounds may cause you problems.
system: How can sprays and special detergents help you with urinary incontinence?
output: If you accidentally leak urine onto clothing or furniture, there are several products -- sprays and special detergents -- that remove urine stains and odors. Most are sold in pharmacies. Some can be found in mail order health catalogs or online.
system: What products are available to manage urinary incontinence?
output: Liners are generally wider and longer than pads and offer better "front-to-back" protection. Pads are usually curved. There's also a range of disposable undergarments with built-in protection -- not just in the crotch, but throughout the entire garment. You can also find open-sided "thong style" panties held together by straps in the front and back that rest on top of the hip bone. Guards are pads designed around a man's anatomy and worn inside regular underwear. They're held in place by adhesive tabs pressed against fabric. With a variation known as a "drip collector," the penis is placed inside a protective, absorbent sack that absorbs urine flow.
system: How can tampons help with urinary incontinence?
output: Women can choose devices that go inside the vagina, like tampons or vaginal sponges. They provide temporary control by putting pressure on the tissues of the bladder. This helps keep urine from escaping and is particularly good for stress incontinence, where exercise, laughing, and sneezing causes urine to leak. No matter how well your incontinence products work, when urine continually touches your skin, you can get rashes and even infections.
system: How can a vaginal guard help with urinary incontinence?
output: It prevents leaks by adding support to the pelvic structures and muscles. Vaginal guards -- disposable polyurethane devices -- come in three sizes. The guard is inserted into the vagina using an applicator and adds support to the pelvic structures and urethra muscles.