laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is a dry powder inhaler for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
output: A hydrofluoroalkane inhaler is a handheld device that delivers a specific amount of medication in aerosol form, rather than as a pill or capsule. A DPI delivers medication to the lungs as you inhale through it. It doesn't contain propellants or other ingredients -- just your medication.
system: What tests do doctors use to diagnose pancreatitis?
output: To diagnose acute pancreatitis, your doctor tests your blood to measure two digestive enzymes: amylase and lipase. High levels of these two enzymes mean you probably have acute pancreatitis. Other tests can include: Pancreatic function test to find out whether your pancreas is making the right amounts of digestive enzymes Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI, which make images of your pancreas ERCP, in which your doctor uses a long tube with a camera on the end to look at your pancreatic and bile ducts Biopsy, in which your doctor uses a needle to remove a small piece of tissue from your pancreas to be studied In some cases, your doctor may test your blood and poop to confirm the diagnosis.
system: What is acute pancreatitis?
output: Acute pancreatitis is sudden inflammation that lasts a short time. It can range from mild discomfort to a severe, life-threatening illness. Most people with acute pancreatitis recover completely after getting the right treatment. In severe cases, acute pancreatitis can cause bleeding, serious tissue damage, infection, and cysts. Severe pancreatitis can also harm other vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
system: What are the symptoms of acute pancreatitis?
output: Symptoms of acute pancreatitis Fever Higher heart rate Nausea and vomiting Swollen and tender belly Pain in the upper part of your belly that goes into your back. Eating may make it worse, especially foods high in fat.
system: How is acute pancreatitis diagnosed?
output: To diagnose acute pancreatitis, your doctor tests your blood to measure two digestive enzymes: amylase and lipase. High levels of these two enzymes mean you probably have acute pancreatitis.
system: What are the risk factors for chronic pancreatitis?
output: Another top cause is drinking lots of alcohol for a long period of time. People with chronic pancreatitis are usually men between ages 30 and 40.
system: What causes pancreatitis?
output: Diarrhea and weight loss because your pancreas isn't releasing enough enzymes to break down food Upset stomach and vomiting Acute pancreatitis causes include: Autoimmune diseases Drinking lots of alcohol Infections Gallstones Medications Metabolic disorders Surgery Trauma In up to 15% of people with acute pancreatitis, the cause is unknown. Chronic pancreatitis causes include: Cystic fibrosis Family history of pancreas disorders Gallstones High triglycerides Longtime alcohol use Medications In about 20% to 30% of cases, the cause of chronic pancreatitis is unknown. Pain medicine If your case is more severe, your treatment might include: ERCP to take out gallstones if they're blocking your bile or pancreatic ducts Gallbladder surgery if gallstones caused your pancreatitis Pancreas surgery to clean out fluid or dead or diseased tissue Treatment for chronic pancreatitis If you have chronic pancreatitis, you might need more treatments, including: Insulin to treat diabetes Pain medicine Pancreatic enzymes to help your body get enough nutrients from your food Surgery or procedures to relieve pain, help with drainage, or treat blockages Because many cases of pancreatitis are caused by alcohol abuse, prevention often focuses on limiting how much you drink or not drinking at all.
system: How is chronic pancreatitis treated?
output: It releases insulin and glucagon into your bloodstream. Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis The symptoms of chronic pancreatitis are similar to those of acute pancreatitis. Treatment for acute pancreatitis You'll probably need to stay in the hospital, where your treatment may include: Antibiotics if your pancreas is infected Intravenous ( IV) fluids, given through a needle Low-fat diet or fasting. Pain medicine If your case is more severe, your treatment might include: ERCP to take out gallstones if they're blocking your bile or pancreatic ducts Gallbladder surgery if gallstones caused your pancreatitis Pancreas surgery to clean out fluid or dead or diseased tissue Treatment for chronic pancreatitis If you have chronic pancreatitis, you might need more treatments, including: Insulin to treat diabetes Pain medicine Pancreatic enzymes to help your body get enough nutrients from your food Surgery or procedures to relieve pain, help with drainage, or treat blockages Because many cases of pancreatitis are caused by alcohol abuse, prevention often focuses on limiting how much you drink or not drinking at all. Stop smoking, follow your doctor's and dietitian's advice about your diet, and take your medications so you'll have fewer and milder attacks of pancreatitis.
system: How is depression in men treated?
output: More than 80% of people with depression -- both men and women -- can be treated successfully with antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both.
system: Why is it harder for men to get help for depression?
output: For example, men tend to deny having problems because they are supposed to "be strong." And American culture suggests that expressing emotion is largely a feminine trait. As a result, men who are depressed are more likely to talk about the physical symptoms of their depression -- such as feeling tired --- rather than symptoms related to emotions.
system: How do doctors test for type 1 diabetes?
output: The doctor will do a simple urine test to check for glucose (sugar) in the urine. A more involved test, called an oral glucose tolerance test, can tell for certain if it's type 1 diabetes. Your child will need to follow a special diet before this procedure.
system: Who can get type 1 diabetes?
output: It used to be called juvenile diabetes because most of the people who got it were young children. Your child could get type 1 diabetes as an infant, or later, as a toddler or a teen. Most often, it appears after age 5. But some people don't get it until their late 30s.
system: How do I know if my child has type 1 diabetes?
output: Symptoms of type 1 diabetes in infants and children can start very suddenly. Keep an eye out for these signs in your baby or child: Sudden strange behavior (acting âdrunkâ) Breath that smells fruity, sweet, or like wine Extreme drowsiness or lack of energy Ongoing, intense thirst Grunting while breathing Heavy breathing Huge appetite Sudden vision changes Sudden weight loss Peeing more often (infants and toddlers may have more wet diapers than usual) Difficulty breathing Type 1 diabetes may cause sudden, extreme swings in blood sugar that can be dangerous.
system: What should you know about inherited colorectal cancer?
output: Colorectal cancer is called "hereditary" or "inherited" when several generations of a family have colorectal cancer. Several gene mutations, or abnormalities, that cause colorectal cancer, and allow it to be transmitted to family members, have been found. A gene is a block of DNA that holds the genetic code, or instructions, for producing proteins vital to our bodily functions. The two most common inherited colorectal cancer syndromes are hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer ( HNPCC) and familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP). They can affect men and women, and the children of people who carry these genes have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease-causing gene. These two inherited cancer syndromes account for less than 5% of all colorectal cancers.
system: What is familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome?
output: Familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP) is a rare condition characterized by the presence of more than hundreds or even thousands of benign polyps, or growths in the large intestine and upper respiratory tract. It is thought to be present in about 1% of all people diagnosed with colorectal cancer each year. The polyps occur early in life, with 95% of people with FAP developing polyps by age 35, and are often detected in patients in their teens, with 50% developing polyps by age 15. If the colon is not surgically removed, there is almost a 100% chance that some of the polyps will develop into cancer, usually by age 40. Thyroid cancer is associated with FAP. While most cases of FAP are inherited, nearly a third of the cases are the result of a spontaneous (newly-occurring) gene mutation, or abnormality. For those who develop a new gene mutation, it is possible to pass the FAP gene onto their children.
system: What is the difference between familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)?
output: There are two main differences between FAP and HNPCC, and they include: Number of genes mutated. In FAP, there is only one gene, the APC gene, which is abnormal. In HNPCC, there are several gene, mutations which may be responsible for the development of the condition. Presence of polyps, or growths that can become cancer. FAP is characterized by the presence of more than 100 benign polyps. In HNPCC, affected people have fewer polyps, but these polyps can become cancerous more quickly than normal.
system: What is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)?
output: Nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, HNPCC, is the most common form of hereditary colon cancer, accounting for about 3% of all colorectal cancer diagnoses each year. People with HNPCC often have at least three family members and two generations with colorectal cancer, and cancer develops before age 50. Although not everyone who inherits the HNPCC gene will develop colorectal cancer, the risk is very high -- about 80%. People with HNPCC also have a higher risk of developing other Lynch syndrome-related cancers, such as kidney, ovarian, uterine, renal, pelvis, small intestine, and stomach cancer.
system: What is the relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and colorectal cancer?
output: These patients are also at increased risk of bowel cancer. This is thought to be due to a variant of the APC gene that is found in 6% of this population. Ashkenazi Jews make up the majority of the Jewish population in the U. S. If you suspect that you are at risk for an inherited form of colorectal cancer, talk to your doctor. There may be a genetic test that can be performed to confirm your suspicions.
system: What are other forms of inherited colorectal cancer?
output: The two most common inherited colorectal cancer syndromes are hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer ( HNPCC) and familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP). Familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP) is a rare condition characterized by the presence of more than hundreds or even thousands of benign polyps, or growths in the large intestine and upper respiratory tract. Families in which this gene mutation occurs may or may not have one or more family members with colorectal cancer or polyps. Presence of polyps, or growths that can become cancer. Patients with PJS typically develop dozens to thousands of benign polyps, or growths, in the stomach and intestines, primarily in the small intestine. Jewish people who are Ashkenazi, or of Eastern European descent, are at increased risk for colorectal cancer.
system: Is there a cure for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
output: There is no cure for LGS, although there is a lot of research to find treatments that work better. Each child with LGS has different needs. Most continue to have seizures and intellectual disabilities after they grow up. Some may be able to live independently, but most will need help with daily activities. They may need to live in a group or assisted living home.
system: How is Lennox-Gastaut syndrome diagnosed?
output: Does your child have problems with learning or behavior? Your doctor will look for three signs to diagnose LGS: Multiple kinds of seizures that are hard to control Developmental delays or intellectual disability An electroencephalogram ( EEG) that shows a specific kind of pattern, called a slow spike-wave pattern, between seizures.
system: Can medical marijuana treat Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
output: Doctors haven't yet studied the use of medical marijuana in children who have LGS, and most of the studies using it to treat epilepsy have focused on short-term benefits. According to the Lennox- Gastaut Foundation, more research is needed to find out if this is a safe and effective treatment for children with LGS.
system: What medications treat Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
output: The goal is to reduce the number of seizures with medication that causes the fewest side effects. Finding the right treatment for your child will probably take time and close coordination with the doctor. Drugs used to treat seizures include: Cannabidiol ( Epidiolex) Clobazam ( Onfi) Felbamate ( Felbatol) Lamotrigine ( Lamictal) Rufinamide ( Banzel) Topiramate ( Topamax) Valproate, valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote) Usually, no single medication controls seizures completely. The doctor will monitor your child's medication closely, especially if your child takes more than one at a time.
system: What causes Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
output: In some cases, it could be caused by: Lack of oxygen during birth Severe brain injuries linked with pregnancy or birth, such as low birth weight or premature birth Brain infections (such as encephalitis, meningitis, or rubella) Seizures that start in infancy, called infantile spasms or West's syndrome A brain problem called cortical dysplasia, where some nerve fibers in the brain don't line up right during development in the womb Tuberous sclerosis, where non-cancerous tumors form in many places throughout the body, including the brain Genetics Children with LGS have frequent and severe seizures. Do you know if your child has any brain injuries?
system: Can diet help Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
output: Diets A special high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, called the ketogenic diet, helps some people with epilepsy, including some children with LGS. It's a high-fat, low-protein, low-carb diet. It has to be started in a specific way and followed very strictly, so you need a doctor's supervision. Doctors aren't sure why the ketogenic diet works, but some studies show that children with epilepsy who stay on the diet have a better chance of reducing their seizures or their medications. For some kids, a modified Atkins diet may work, too. You don't have to restrict calories, protein, or fluids. Also, you don't weigh or measure foods. Instead, you monitor carbohydrates. People with seizures that are hard to treat have also tried a low glycemic index diet. This diet focuses on the type of carbs, as well as the amount, that someone eats.
system: What are symptoms of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
output: Tonic seizures. In some children, the first sign of LGS is an ongoing seizure that lasts 30 minutes, or continuous seizures without full recovery between them. This is called status epilepticus, and it is a medical emergency. People with LGS may also have slower reaction time. Some have problems learning and processing information. They may have behavioral problems, too.
system: What types of surgery treat Lennox-Gastatut syndrome?
output: Surgery If medications and other treatments aren't reducing the number of seizures, your doctor may suggest surgery. The vagus nerve stimulator is a small device placed in the arm or near the chest. It sends electrical impulses to the vagus nerve, which runs from the abdomen to the brain. Corpus callosotomy divides the left and right hemispheres of the brain. That keeps seizures that start in one part of the brain from spreading to the opposite side.
system: What is Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
output: Children with LGS have learning difficulties and developmental delays (like sitting, crawling, walking) that can be moderate to severe. They can also have behavioral problems. Each child develops differently, and it's impossible to predict how a child with LGS will do. While most children have ongoing seizures and some form of learning disability, some may respond well to treatment and have fewer seizures. And they often have different kinds of seizures, including: Atonic seizures. That keeps seizures that start in one part of the brain from spreading to the opposite side. To learn more about Lennox- Gastaut syndrome, you can visit the web site of the LGS Foundation.
system: How does exercise affect blood sugar if I have gestational diabetes?
output: Exercise can lower your blood sugar. So when you work out, always have a form of quick sugar with you, such as glucose tablets or hard candy.
system: Can I exercise if I have gestational diabetes?
output: Being active is a good way to help manage your blood sugar. Staying fit during pregnancy is also good for your posture and can curb some common problems, like backaches and fatigue. So when you work out, always have a form of quick sugar with you, such as glucose tablets or hard candy.
system: How does mononucleosis spread?
output: EBV spreads through bodily fluids. The most common way it spreads is through saliva, which is why you can get it from kissing. You can also get it if you share food, drinks, or silverware with a person who has it, or if an infected person coughs or sneezes near you. As long as an object -- like a fork or spoon -- that an infected person used is still moist, the virus is probably still present and contagious. EBV can also spread through blood and semen. So although it's less likely, you can get mono from medical procedures such as blood transfusions and organ transplants, or through sexual contact.
system: What are some complications of mononucleosis?
output: If you develop complications from mono, they can be serious. One problem that can happen is an enlarged spleen. If it becomes severe, your spleen can rupture and cause a sudden, sharp pain on the left side of your upper abdomen. If you have pain like this, it's an emergency. Get medical care right away because you may need surgery. Mono can also cause complications that affect your liver, including hepatitis or jaundice. It's less likely, but mono can also cause problems with your heart and nervous system, and anemia. You're more likely to develop serious complications from mono if your immune system is compromised because of an illness like HIV/ AIDS or because you take certain medications.
system: What causes mononucleosis?
output: In general, the Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV) is what causes mono. It's a common virus that many people are exposed to as kids. In the U. S., about 85% to 90% of adults are infected with the virus by the time they're age 40. Usually, the infection happens before a child becomes a teen. EBV is the most common cause of mono, but other viruses can cause it, too. Others have no symptoms at all. EBV can stay in your saliva for months after you're infected, so even if you don't have symptoms or feel sick, you may be able to spread it.
system: How is hydrotherapy done for treatment of fibromyalgia?
output: Your physical therapist may recommend that you use moist heat for a few minutes just before and after stretching or doing resistance or aerobic exercise. Doing so may make the exercise less painful and more effective. If you want to use moist heat to decrease fibromyalgia pain, you might try it twice daily, about 15 minutes each time. Some people with fibromyalgia prefer alternating the ice compresses with the moist heat to get the most benefit.
system: Where can I find physical therapists for fibromyalgia?
output: Physical therapists can be found in many places, including: doctor's offices fitness facilities home health agencies hospitals nursing homes outpatient clinics schools
system: How can I find a licensed physical therapist to help me treat my fibromyalgia?
output: The physical therapist may use different types of tools with fibromyalgia patients including: deep tissue massage low-impact aerobic conditioning (water aerobics) pain relief exercise stretching and strengthening exercises TENS units (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) ultrasound In looking for a physical therapist, it is important to first check whether your health care plan covers visits. Many health insurance companies include physical therapists in their lists of providers. Next, look for a trained professional, someone who is licensed to practice in your state. It is also helpful to find a therapist who has experience in dealing with fibromyalgia. Your health professional may be able to suggest a physical therapist. Or talk to friends or family members who have had physical therapy.
system: Why does a physical therapist use hydrotherapy to treat fibromyalgia?
output: Cold compresses may reduce the pain of an injury, such as a sprain or strain. Moist heat may give relief to fibromyalgia's chronic muscle pain or trigger point pain. You may use a moist heating pad, a warm, damp towel, or a hydrocollator pack. You can also stand or sit on a stool in the shower and let warm water hit the painful area on your body.
system: What tools does a physical therapist use for fibromyalgia?
output: The physical therapist may use different types of tools with fibromyalgia patients including: deep tissue massage low-impact aerobic conditioning (water aerobics) pain relief exercise stretching and strengthening exercises TENS units (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) ultrasound In looking for a physical therapist, it is important to first check whether your health care plan covers visits.
system: What is the focus of physical therapy for fibromyalgia?
output: Regular physical therapy programs may help you regain control of your fibromyalgia as you focus on lifestyle changes rather than on the chronic problems of pain, stiffness, and fatigue. Proper posture, which your physical therapist will help you with, allows efficient muscle function. That results in your being able to avoid undue fatigue and pain. In addition, the therapist may use slow stretching exercises to help you improve muscle flexibility. Relaxation exercises that the therapist will show you can help reduce muscle tension.
system: How does physical therapy help people with fibromyalgia?
output: These health care professionals teach people with fibromyalgia how to build strength and improve their range of motion. And they can help people with fibromyalgia learn how to make sensible decisions about daily activities that will help prevent painful flare-ups. With these tools, physical therapists can help people with fibromyalgia use their muscles, stretch for flexibility, and move their joints through range-of-motion exercises. Moist heat may give relief to fibromyalgia's chronic muscle pain or trigger point pain.
system: How can a physical therapist help my fibromyalgia?
output: If you have fibromyalgia, this allows the therapist to develop specific stretching and strengthening programs to meet your individual needs. It is also helpful to find a therapist who has experience in dealing with fibromyalgia.
system: What are the symptoms of hepatitis C in its early stages?
output: The symptoms are similar to those of the flu, but you might not have symptoms at all. If you do, they may include: Belly pain Clay-colored poop Dark urine Fatigue Fever Jaundice (yellow tint to your skin or eyes) Joint pain Poor appetite Nausea Vomiting Symptoms usually show up between 2 and 12 weeks after exposure to the virus.
system: What are signs of cirrhosis in people with hepatitis C?
output: Some people who've had it for a while get liver cancer or scarring of the liver, which is called cirrhosis. In addition to the above symptoms, signs that your liver isn't working the way it should include: Ascites -- fluid buildup in your belly Easy bleeding Easy bruising Hepatic encephalopathy -- confusion, drowsiness, and slurred speech Hives or rashes Itchy skin Spider angiomas -- spidery blood vessels under your skin Swollen legs Weight loss You could get scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis, after you've had hepatitis C for 20 or 30 years. If you have it, you might: Retain water Bleed and bruise easily Notice skin and eyes turning yellow with jaundice No.