laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What causes seizures in people with epilepsy?
output: Although the underlying causes of epilepsy are usually not known, certain factors are known to provoke seizures in people with epilepsy. Avoiding these triggers can help you avoid seizures and live better with epilepsy: Missing medication doses Heavy alcohol use Cocaine or other drug, such as ecstasy, use Lack of sleep Other drugs that interfere with seizure medications For about one out of every two women with epilepsy, seizures tend to occur more around the time of menstrual periods. Changing or adding certain drugs before menstrual periods can help.
system: What causes epilepsy?
output: There is a clear cause for epilepsy in only a minority of the cases. Typically, the known causes of seizure involve some injury to the brain. Some of the main causes of epilepsy include: Low oxygen during birth Head injuries that occur during birth or from accidents during youth or adulthood Brain tumors Genetic conditions that result in brain injury, such as tuberous sclerosis Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis Stroke or any other type of damage to the brain Abnormal levels of substances such as sodium or blood sugar In up to 70% of all case of epilepsy in adults and children, no cause can be discovered.
system: What are seizures?
output: A seizure occurs when a burst of electrical impulses in the brain escape their normal limits. They spread to neighboring areas and create an uncontrolled storm of electrical activity. The electrical impulses can be transmitted to the muscles, causing twitches or convulsions.
system: When should you take your child to the doctor about a nose bleed?
output: Regardless of your child's age, you should take him to the doctor if: He gets nosebleeds often. The bleeding's caused by something he inserted into his nose. He bleeds heavily even when he has minor injuries. He bleeds from other areas of his body, like his gums. He develops bruises from minor injuries. The nosebleed(s) happened shortly after he started a new medication.
system: When should you take your child to the ER for a nose bleed?
output: In some cases, your child might need immediate emergency care for a nosebleed. Take him to an ER if: He's bleeding heavily and/or they feel dizzy or weak. It happened because of a fall or an injury. The bleeding won't stop, even after two attempts to put pressure on his nose for 10 minutes at a time.
system: Should I tell my doctor if I'm getting a lot of nose bleeds?
output: If you get nosebleeds a lot, you should talk to your doctor about them. Even if they're not serious enough to require emergency care, it's important for your doctor to know about them so she can figure out why they're happening.
system: Can bleeding disorders cause nosebleeds
output: It's rare, but a bleeding disorder can cause nosebleeds. If you have one, your blood may not clot properly. If your nosebleeds are hard to stop and/or you get bleeding from your gums or from minor cuts, you should see a doctor immediately or get emergency care.
system: When should you get medical help for a nose bleed?
output: You should get medical care immediately if: You're injured or go through something traumatic, like a car accident. There's more blood than you expect for a nosebleed. The bleeding won't stop, even after two attempts to put pressure on his nose for 10 minutes at a time.
system: What does the lymphatic system do when you are sick?
output: They wait, poised for duty, in many different places in your body, including your: Thymus Spleen Tonsils Blood vessels Lymph nodes Small intestine Adenoids Blood vessels Your lymphatic system is like an inner highway that carries white blood cells through your body. When you're sick, you might notice your lymph nodes -- small glands in your neck, groin, armpits, and behind your knees -- are swollen. This is normal. It means your immune system has kicked into high gear to get rid of infection. Lymph nodes are also filters for your immune system. They catch germs and dead or damaged cells and destroy them.
system: How do white blood cells react to germs?
output: It reads a tell-tale âfingerprintâ of proteins on the surface of cells, so it can tell the difference between your own cells and what shouldn't be there. Your white blood cells aim to destroy the unwelcome guests.
system: How do white blood cells form and where do they live?
output: They get their start in your bone marrow. They have a short life -- ranging from a few days to a few weeks -- so your body constantly makes more. There are different types, and they all have the same goal: to fight infection. They wait, poised for duty, in many different places in your body, including your: Thymus Spleen Tonsils Blood vessels Lymph nodes Small intestine Adenoids Blood vessels Your lymphatic system is like an inner highway that carries white blood cells through your body.
system: How does your immune system react to foreign bodies?
output: It releases white blood cells and other chemicals that destroy these threats. Or it causes a reaction, like a sneeze, to boot out a virus in your nose. It's an elite squad of agents that zap invaders -- like bacteria, viruses, and fungi -- ASAP.
system: How does infection occur?
output: You nick your skin and bacteria get in. Or you rub your eyes, not realizing that the doorknob you touched had a cold virus on it. Or you ate something that maybe wasn't cooked or cleaned as well as it should have been. And just like that, you've got an unwanted guest in your body.
system: How does your immune system get stronger over time?
output: Your immune system should know that there's a problem. Your white blood cells aim to destroy the unwelcome guests. The first time your body comes into contact with a certain type of germ, your immune response may take a while. You might need several days to make and use all the germ-fighting parts you need to get rid of your infection. It takes time to hack the germ's code and destroy it. If you come across that same germ later on, your body will remember and fight it off faster, so you can get over the infection and feel better.
system: Does carbon monoxide cause headaches?
output: Like a lot of people, you may think of it as something that comes out of your car's tailpipe or leaks out of your furnace. But carbon monoxide is also in tobacco products. If you're a smoker, you may have high levels in your blood and brain. Carbon monoxide can trigger headaches.
system: How can nicotine cause headaches?
output: The substance nicotine is no longer linked to migraines. Nicotine is a chemical in tobacco products. It causes the blood vessels in your body to narrow. This reduces blood flow to your brain. Previous studies indicated that this reduced blood flow could trigger a migraine. However, migraines are complex, and reduced blood flow is no longer considered a migraine trigger. In addition, no controlled trials or studies have clearly linked nicotine to migraines, although people still report an association between headaches and tobacco (nicotine) exposure. Nicotine can make it harder for you to get rid of your headache once it starts. That's because the chemical affects your liver's ability to break down headache medicine. The result is that the medication you're counting on to give you pain relief won't work as well, just when you need it the most.
system: Are headache part of nicotine withdrawal symptoms?
output: The result is that the medication you're counting on to give you pain relief won't work as well, just when you need it the most. It's due to nicotine withdrawal. These withdrawal symptoms, including headaches, are usually worse during the first week after you quit tobacco. But don't let that get in the way of your no-smoking campaign. The troubles will get better over time.
system: How can smoke cause headaches?
output: The substance nicotine is no longer linked to migraines. Nicotine is a chemical in tobacco products. It causes the blood vessels in your body to narrow. This reduces blood flow to your brain. Nicotine can make it harder for you to get rid of your headache once it starts. That's because the chemical affects your liver's ability to break down headache medicine. The result is that the medication you're counting on to give you pain relief won't work as well, just when you need it the most. Carbon monoxide. Like a lot of people, you may think of it as something that comes out of your car's tailpipe or leaks out of your furnace. But carbon monoxide is also in tobacco products. If you're a smoker, you may have high levels in your blood and brain. Carbon monoxide can trigger headaches. Sensitivity to smells. For some people, the smell that smoking gives off is enough to cause a headache or migraine. You can also have an allergy to cigarette smoke, which can trigger a headache when you're around it.
system: Will quitting smoking stop headaches?
output: The chemicals in tobacco and the smell of the smoke are a big part of the problem. But if you take the right steps you can help keep some of your headaches at bay. For example, if you get cluster headaches, which causes sudden and severe pain around one eye or on one side of your head, you may notice improvement if you stop smoking.
system: Are symptoms of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) linked to mood?
output: Symptoms aren't linked to mood. In other words, you may feel happy but start crying and not be able to stop. Or you could feel sad but start to laugh when you shouldn't. You might just cry or laugh a lot. Some people say the symptoms come on so quickly it's like a seizure. It's easy to mistake the symptoms for those of depression or bipolar disorder.
system: What are the symptoms of pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?
output: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.
system: What are other names for pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?
output: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.
system: What should I do if I think I have  pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?
output: Other brain conditions commonly linked to PBA include: Alzheimer's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) Brain tumor Dementia Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Traumatic brain injury If you or someone you love is crying or laughing a lot and you don't know why, talk to a doctor. PBA is hard to diagnose because it mimics other problems like depression or other mood disorders. Tell the doctor about any symptoms, including when they happen and how long they last. It can help to keep a diary of crying and laughing episodes.
system: What real emotions can come with having or caring for someone with pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?
output: If you have PBA, you might get anxious or embarrassed in public. You might worry about a future episode and be tempted to cancel plans with friends or family. It can also lead to depression or anxiety. If you're caring for someone who has it, you might feel confused or frustrated. The emotional toll of the condition can greatly affect recovery and quality of life. It's important to seek care and treatment from a qualified doctor.
system: What tests diagnose pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?
output: But to rule out a form of epilepsy that can cause similar symptoms, they might order an electroencephalogram ( EEG), a painless test that tracks your brain waves. Two questionnaires help to tell if the laughing and weeping are signs of PBA: Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale ( PLACS): The doctor asks you questions about the episodes, including how long they lasted, how they were tied to your mood and social situation, and how upset you felt afterward. Center for Neurologic Study- Lability Scale ( CNS- LS): You answer questions about your symptoms. How often do you have them? How do they make you feel?
system: What is used to diagnose pseudobulbar affect?
output: Your doctor won't need to do tests to diagnose PBA. But to rule out a form of epilepsy that can cause similar symptoms, they might order an electroencephalogram ( EEG), a painless test that tracks your brain waves. Two questionnaires help to tell if the laughing and weeping are signs of PBA: Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale ( PLACS): The doctor asks you questions about the episodes, including how long they lasted, how they were tied to your mood and social situation, and how upset you felt afterward. Center for Neurologic Study- Lability Scale ( CNS- LS): You answer questions about your symptoms. How often do you have them? How do they make you feel? For example, " I find myself crying very easily" or " I'm easily overcome with laughter."
system: What are the symptoms of pseudobulbar affect?
output: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.
system: What is pseudobulbar affect?
output: Pseudobulbar affect is a nervous system disorder that can make you laugh, cry, or become angry without being able to control when it happens.
system: How is pseudobulbar affect diagnosed?
output: PBA is hard to diagnose because it mimics other problems like depression or other mood disorders. Tell the doctor about any symptoms, including when they happen and how long they last. It can help to keep a diary of crying and laughing episodes.
system: What causes pseudobulbar affect?
output: Scientists believe that pseudobulbar affect may result from damage to the prefrontal cortex, the area of your brain that helps control emotions. Damage to other parts of the brain as well as changes in brain chemicals linked to depression and hyper moods (mania) could also play a role.
system: What is the treatment for pseudobulbar affect?
output: In 2010, the FDA approved dextromethorphan/quinidine ( Nuedexta), the first drug for PBA.
system: What are other names for pseudobulbar affect?
output: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.
system: What causes pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?
output: Scientists believe that pseudobulbar affect may result from damage to the prefrontal cortex, the area of your brain that helps control emotions. Damage to other parts of the brain as well as changes in brain chemicals linked to depression and hyper moods (mania) could also play a role. An injury or disease that affects your brain can lead to pseudobulbar affect. Other brain conditions commonly linked to PBA include: Alzheimer's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) Brain tumor Dementia Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Traumatic brain injury If you or someone you love is crying or laughing a lot and you don't know why, talk to a doctor. Talk with other people who have PBA.
system: How can you live with pseudobulbar affect?
output: To help you and your loved ones ease anxiety during a PBA episode, and to feel more in control of your health, try these steps: Talk to people around you about PBA and how it affects you and your family. This will help keep them from being surprised or confused when an episode happens. If you feel a laughing or crying attack coming on, change how you're sitting or standing. Breathe slowly and deeply. Keep doing this during an episode until you feel in control. Relax. A flare-up is emotional and can make your muscles tense. Relax your shoulders and forehead after one happens.
system: Is there a reason for laughing or crying suddenly, and uncontrollably?
output: Pseudobulbar affect is a nervous system disorder that can make you laugh, cry, or become angry without being able to control when it happens. The emotional toll of the condition can greatly affect recovery and quality of life.
system: How can a doctor remove a wart if over-the-counter treatment doesn't work?
output: Examples of freezing treatments include Compound W, Dr. Scholl's Freeze Away, Histofreezer Wart Removal and Wartner Wart removal If over-the-counter treatment fails, your doctor can remove a wart by: Freezing it with liquid nitrogen. Burning it off with an electric needle or a laser. Applying acids to help destroy the wart. Injecting a drug called bleomycin into the wart (which kills the virus), used for severe cases. Injecting candida antigen to stimulate the body's immune system to fight off the wart. Prescribing a topical medication called imiquimod ( Aldara), which improves your body's fighting capabilities. This is mainly helpful for genital warts.
system: How difficult is it to get rid of warts?
output: Getting rid of warts takes persistence. It is in the rare situation that a wart is gone with a single treatment. There is no treatment that your doctor can do that has been proven to be more effective than the over-the-counter treatment with salicylic acid and duct tape. Oftentimes, your doctor will do a treatment in the office while you continue to do at-home treatments.
system: Why do joints crack?
output: Joint "cracking" can result from a negative pressure pulling nitrogen gas temporarily into the joint, such as when knuckles are "cracked." This is not harmful. " Cracking" sounds can also be heard if tendons snap over tissues because of minor adjustments in their gliding paths. This can occur with aging as muscle mass and action change.
system: What causes ingrown nails?
output: Ingrown nails are most frequently caused by cutting your toenails too short or rounding the nail edges or by wearing ill-fitting shoes or tight hosiery that press the nail into your toe. You can also develop an ingrown nail after an injury, such as stubbing or jamming your toe. If the condition causing the ingrown toenail continues, overgrowth of the tissue over the nail can lead to permanent changes in the tissue that can cause infection, more pain, and more swelling.
system: What is an ingrown nail?
output: People with curved or thick nails are most susceptible, although anyone can suffer from ingrown nails as a result of an injury, poorly fitting shoes, or improper grooming of the feet. People with diabetes, vascular problems, or numbness in the toes need to be aggressive in treating and preventing ingrown toenails because they can lead to serious complications, including the risk of losing a limb. A damaged or improperly trimmed nail can become ingrown, burrowing into the skin at the side of the nail. The site can become painful and infected, and may not heal until the nail is removed. To avoid ingrown nails, always trim nails straight across.
system: Why is it important to get the phone number of my cancer doctor?
output: It's pretty much certain: once you get home, you'll think of many questions you wanted to ask about your cancer treatment but didn't. So always ask your doctor for his or her card. Find out how you can get in touch with your doctor -- or an oncology nurse in the office -- to ask further questions.
system: What questions should I ask my doctors to make sure they are qualified to deal with cancer?
output: How much experience do you have in treating people with my type of cancer? How many people with my cancer have you treated in the past year? Are you board certified? If so, in what specialty or subspecialty? Do you have other relevant qualifications? Do you work closely with other specialists and health care providers who could be part of my cancer treatment team? What hospitals do you work with?
system: Is it okay to ask my doctor about his or her qualifications?
output: You may feel awkward about quizzing your doctor about his or her experience. But doctors expect these questions and even welcome them. Doctors want their patients to feel comfortable and confident in their care, not intimidated.
system: Why should I ask for information to bring home after a cancer appointment?
output: At the end of your meeting, see if your doctor has any literature or other sources of information about your cancer or the cancer treatments he or she has recommended. Having something you can read over at home -- when you're out of the stressful environment of the doctor's office -- can be enormously helpful.
system: Why should I bring someone with me to my cancer appointment?
output: Here are some questions to ask before you partner with a doctor in your cancer treatment. Obviously, a friend or loved one can provide moral support during a tense conversation. Or he or she may prompt you to ask important questions that you forgot.
system: What questions should I ask my doctor about my cancer?
output: What stage is it? What are my cancer treatment options? Are these cancer treatments proven or experimental? Are these cancer treatments covered by insurance? What should I expect from my cancer treatment? How long will it take? What side effects or complications could I face from my cancer treatment? Should I make any changes to my diet or lifestyle before starting cancer treatment?
system: What is the difference between laparoscopic splenectomy and open surgery?
output: Laparoscopy is less invasive than open surgery, and usually results in less pain, a faster recovery, and a shorter hospital stay. But not everyone can have laparoscopic surgery. Which method you and your doctor choose depends on your overall health and the size of your spleen. It can be hard to remove a very large or swollen spleen using a laparoscope. Patients who are obese or who have scar tissue in the spleen area from a previous operation also may not be able to have their spleen removed laparoscopically.
system: What are other common reasons for a splenectomy?
output: Other common reasons a person may need a spleen removal include: Blood disorders: Hereditary elliptocytosis (ovalocytosis) Hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia Hereditary spherocytosis Thalassemia ( Mediterranean anemia, or Thalassemia major) Blood vessel problems: Aneurysm in the spleen's artery Blood clot in the spleen's blood vessels Cancer: Leukemia, a blood cancer that affects cells that help the body fight infections.
system: What are other complications related to splenectomy?
output: Other complications related to splenectomy include: Blood clot in the vein that carries blood to the liver Hernia at the incision site Infection at the incision site Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) Lung collapse Injury to the pancreas, stomach, and colon Call the doctor right away if you have any of the following after a splenectomy: Bleeding Chills Cough or shortness of breath Difficulty eating or drinking Increased swelling of the abdomen Pain that doesn't go away with prescribed medications Increasing redness, pain, or discharge (pus) at the incision site Nausea or vomiting that persists Fever over 101 degrees Children who have their spleen removed often need to take antibiotics every day to prevent them from developing bacterial infections.