laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is osteoarthritis?
output: Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee may include: pain that increases when you are active, but gets a little better with rest swelling feeling of warmth in the joint stiffness in the knee, especially in the morning or when you have been sitting for a while decrease in mobility of the knee, making it difficult to get in and out of chairs or cars, use the stairs, or walk creaking, crackly sound that is heard when the knee moves The diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis will begin with a physical exam by your doctor.
system: What causes knee osteoarthritis?
output: The most common cause of osteoarthritis of the knee is age. Almost everyone will eventually develop some degree of osteoarthritis. However, several factors increase the risk of developing significant arthritis at an earlier age. Repetitive stress injuries.
system: How is osteoarthritis of the knee treated?
output: Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee may include: pain that increases when you are active, but gets a little better with rest swelling feeling of warmth in the joint stiffness in the knee, especially in the morning or when you have been sitting for a while decrease in mobility of the knee, making it difficult to get in and out of chairs or cars, use the stairs, or walk creaking, crackly sound that is heard when the knee moves The diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis will begin with a physical exam by your doctor. The treatment plan will typically include a combination of the following: Weight loss. Using devices such as braces.
system: How is arthroscopy done to treat knee osteoarthritis?
output: Your doctor may order additional testing, including: X-rays, which can show bone and cartilage damage as well as the presence of bone spurs magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scans MRI scans may be ordered when X-rays do not give a clear reason for joint pain or when the X-rays suggest that other types of joint tissue could be damaged. Surgery. Arthroscopy uses a small telescope (arthroscope) and other small instruments. The surgery is performed through small incisions. The procedure is often used on younger patients ( ages 55 and younger) in order to delay more serious surgery.
system: How does athletics play a role in knee osteoarthritis?
output: However, several factors increase the risk of developing significant arthritis at an earlier age. That means athletes should take precautions to avoid injury. However, it's important to note that regular moderate exercise strengthens joints and can decrease the risk of osteoarthritis. In fact, weak muscles around the knee can lead to osteoarthritis.
system: Why is it important to control my blood sugar if I have diabetes?
output: Managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes well can delay or prevent complications that affect your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes doubles your risk for heart disease and stroke, too. Fortunately, controlling your blood sugar will also make these problems less likely.
system: What are the kinds of chest retractions?
output: In adults, they're also caused by: Asthma Pneumonia A bad allergic reaction Epiglottitis, when the tissue that covers your windpipe swells up The kind of chest retractions you have depends on their location. Subcostal retractions: When your belly pulls in beneath your rib cage Substernal retractions: If your belly pulls beneath your breastbone Suprasternal retractions: When the skin in the middle of your neck sucks in. It's also called a tracheal tug. Superclavical retractions: Happen on the part of your neck above your collarbone Intercostal retractions: Happen between each rib Wherever they're happening, chest retractions mean your body's not getting enough air.
system: What are some diet tips if you have heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?
output: You can track what you eat by keeping a journal or working with a nutritionist. Once you learn some easy tips on what foods to avoid or substitute, the diet will become second nature. Some ways to get started: Stay away from prepackaged, highly processed, and deep-fried foods. Avoid butter, margarine, salad dressing, and mayonnaise. Try vegetable oil instead. Choose lean meat like chicken, fish, and turkey and avoid red or fatty meat like beef and bacon. Limit drinks with alcohol or a lot of sugar. Choose nonfat or low-fat dairy. Eat a wide variety of fruits, veggies, and whole grains.
system: Should you exercise if you have heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?
output: If you have heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia ( He FH), you'll need to make some long-term changes to manage the disease. Even if you eat an ideal diet and are a healthy weight, it's important to stay active. Do some aerobic exercise -- activity that gets your heart pumping -- for at least 30 minutes, 4 or more times a week, to help lower the levels of fats and cholesterol in your blood. Some ways to stay active are walking, jogging, swimming, dancing, biking, climbing stairs at work, or playing sports. Talk to your doctor about how to make these changes in the safest way for you.
system: What does a liver scan indicate?
output: Liver scans can do several important jobs: Check for liver cancer, hepatitis and cirrhosis Make tumors, abscesses, or cysts of the liver or spleen visible Help doctors see whether and how liver disease is advancing Watch the progress of treatment Look at damage to the liver or spleen from an accident Scan for any unexplained pain There are few risks for most people when having a liver scan.
system: What should I keep in mind after a liver scan?
output: Like any medical test or procedure, you will have to prepare for your liver scan: Tell the radiologist if you're allergic to any medications, dyes, latex, or iodine Remove your jewelry Be ready to lie still on your back for at least 30 minutes When the scan is over, drink plenty of fluids afterward and go to the bathroom as often as possible to help flush out any remaining radionuclide. You can get back to your normal activities, unless your doctor tells you otherwise. If you notice swelling or redness around the IV site, call your doctor.
system: Are there risks to getting a liver scan?
output: Liver scans can do several important jobs: Check for liver cancer, hepatitis and cirrhosis Make tumors, abscesses, or cysts of the liver or spleen visible Help doctors see whether and how liver disease is advancing Watch the progress of treatment Look at damage to the liver or spleen from an accident Scan for any unexplained pain There are few risks for most people when having a liver scan. Although the injection might cause a bit of discomfort, the amount of radioactive material you receive is tiny. Your liver and spleen, or your bone marrow, will absorb it. A patient might be allergic to the tracers, but this is very rare. You need to tell your doctor if you're pregnant, suspect you're pregnant, or if you're breastfeeding.
system: How can I prepare for a liver scan?
output: Like any medical test or procedure, you will have to prepare for your liver scan: Tell the radiologist if you're allergic to any medications, dyes, latex, or iodine Remove your jewelry Be ready to lie still on your back for at least 30 minutes When the scan is over, drink plenty of fluids afterward and go to the bathroom as often as possible to help flush out any remaining radionuclide.
system: Why would my doctor order a liver-spleen scan?
output: It makes proteins and cholesterol your body uses in digestion. It helps turn food into energy, and along with the spleen it acts as a filter that flushes harmful wastes. But if your liver is injured or diseased, it can have trouble doing its job. If that happens, your doctor might order a liver-spleen scan to find out what's wrong. The scans give your doctor tons of valuable information. Liver scans can do several important jobs: Check for liver cancer, hepatitis and cirrhosis Make tumors, abscesses, or cysts of the liver or spleen visible Help doctors see whether and how liver disease is advancing Watch the progress of treatment Look at damage to the liver or spleen from an accident Scan for any unexplained pain There are few risks for most people when having a liver scan.
system: Can estrogen help treat osteoporosis?
output: Estrogen: While estrogen, another hormone, can help with osteoporosis in women who have been through menopause, it also has serious side effects, such as: Blood clots Breast cancer Endometrial cancer Heart disease Because of this, the FDA suggests taking only the smallest dose for the shortest possible time and only if you're highly likely to get fractures.
system: How do bisphosphonates help treat osteoporosis?
output: This is the most commonly used class of medicines to treat osteoporosis in men and women. They work by slowing the rate of bone loss.
system: How can lung function test help in the diagnosis of shortness of breath?
output: This measures how well your lungs work and lets your doctor know if something is blocking or keeping them from using air properly. It can also show how well your lungs can transport and use oxygen. One type of lung function test is called spirometry. You breathe into a mouthpiece that connects to a machine and measures your lung capacity and air flow. Your doctor may also have you stand in a box that looks like a telephone booth to check your lung capacity. This is called plethysmography.
system: When should you see a doctor because of shortness of breath?
output: Your doctor can do some basic tests to help you get to the bottom of your shortness of breath. If shortness of breath keeps you from doing your regular daily activities, that's reason enough to call the doctor. But definitely schedule an appointment if you have trouble breathing along with any of these symptoms: Shortness of breath when you're resting or lying down Fever, chills, night sweats Fast, fluttering heartbeats Wheezing At your appointment, your doctor will ask a few questions about your medical history and do a physical exam.
system: How can oxygen test help in the diagnosis of shortness of breath?
output: Also called pulse oximetry, this helps your doctor measure how much oxygen is in your blood. She'll place a clothespin-like sensor on your finger, which uses light to detect oxygen. Other than the pressure of the sensor, you won't feel anything.
system: What tests are done to diagnose shortness of breathing?
output: But definitely schedule an appointment if you have trouble breathing along with any of these symptoms: Shortness of breath when you're resting or lying down Fever, chills, night sweats Fast, fluttering heartbeats Wheezing At your appointment, your doctor will ask a few questions about your medical history and do a physical exam. This might include listening to your heart and lungs for signs of congestion, murmur, or anything else unusual. The results of the exam may lead her to order a few tests to help figure out what else might be causing your breathing problems.
system: How can chest X-ray help in the diagnosis of shortness of breath?
output: It's painless and easy -- a radiology technologist can do one in about 15 minutes. The results can tell them whether or not conditions such as anemia or heart failure are making you short of breath.
system: What do probiotics do?
output: Among other things, probiotics help send food through your gut by affecting nerves that control gut movement. Researchers are still trying to figure out which are best for certain health problems. Some common conditions they treat are: Irritable bowel syndrome Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) Infectious diarrhea (caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites) Diarrhea caused by antibiotics There is also some research that shows they're useful for problems in other parts of your body. For example, some people say they have helped with: Skin conditions, like eczema Urinary and vaginal health Preventing allergies and colds Oral health The FDA regulates probiotics like foods, not like medications.
system: How can you use probiotics safely?
output: For example, some people say they have helped with: Skin conditions, like eczema Urinary and vaginal health Preventing allergies and colds Oral health The FDA regulates probiotics like foods, not like medications. Unlike drug companies, makers of probiotic supplements don't have to show their products are safe or that they work. Ask your doctor if taking probiotics is a good idea for you. In general, probiotic foods and supplements are thought to be safe for most people, though some people with immune system problems or other serious health conditions shouldn't take them. In some cases, mild side effects might include an upset stomach, diarrhea, gas, and bloating for the first couple of days after you start taking them. They may also trigger allergic reactions. Stop taking them and talk to your doctor if you have problems.
system: How do probiotics work?
output: Some of the ways they may keep you healthy: When you lose "good" bacteria in your body, for example after you take antibiotics, probiotics can help replace them. They can help balance your "good" and "bad" bacteria to keep your body working the way it should. Researchers are still trying to figure out which are best for certain health problems.
system: What are the different types of probiotics?
output: You can find probiotics in supplements and some foods, like yogurt. Doctors often suggest them to help with digestive problems. Many types of bacteria are classified as probiotics. They all have different benefits, but most come from two groups. Ask your doctor about which might best help you. Lactobacillus. You can find it in some dairy products. It may help ease the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) and some other conditions. Saccharomyces boulardii is a yeast found in probiotics. It appears to help fight diarrhea and other digestive problems.
system: What are symptoms of bipolar mania?
output: Symptoms of bipolar disorder can fall between two extreme mood states: Bipolar depression, which includes feelings of being sad, hopeless, helpless, and worthless Bipolar mania, which includes feelings of elation and exuberance coupled with increased energy and activity and little need for sleep In addition, people with bipolar disorder can have manic episodes that occur simultaneously with depressive symptoms, or vice versa. When a manic or depressive episode simultaneously includes symptoms of the opposite pole, that episode is said to have "mixed features." Symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder may consist of the following: Depressed mood and low self-esteem Excessive crying spells Low energy levels and an apathetic view of life Sadness, loneliness, helplessness, feelings of guilt Slow speech, fatigue, and poor coordination and concentration Insomnia or oversleeping Thoughts of suicide or dying Changes in appetite (overeating/not eating) Unexplainable body aches and pains Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities Euphoria or irritability Excessive talking; racing thoughts Inflated self-esteem Unusual energy; less need for sleep Impulsiveness, a reckless pursuit of gratification -- shopping sprees, impetuous travel, more and sometimes promiscuous sex, high-risk business investments, fast driving Hallucinations and or delusions (psychotic features such as these may be involved in about one out of every two of cases of bipolar mania) Bipolar disorder is treated with medications to stabilize mood.
system: What are symptoms of bipolar depression?
output: Symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder may consist of the following: Depressed mood and low self-esteem Excessive crying spells Low energy levels and an apathetic view of life Sadness, loneliness, helplessness, feelings of guilt Slow speech, fatigue, and poor coordination and concentration Insomnia or oversleeping Thoughts of suicide or dying Changes in appetite (overeating/not eating) Unexplainable body aches and pains Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities Euphoria or irritability Excessive talking; racing thoughts Inflated self-esteem Unusual energy; less need for sleep Impulsiveness, a reckless pursuit of gratification -- shopping sprees, impetuous travel, more and sometimes promiscuous sex, high-risk business investments, fast driving Hallucinations and or delusions (psychotic features such as these may be involved in about one out of every two of cases of bipolar mania) Bipolar disorder is treated with medications to stabilize mood.
system: How does family counseling work in the treatment for bipolar disorder?
output: Family counseling: Bipolar disorder extends beyond the patient and can affect the entire family. Families are frequently involved in outpatient therapy as they receive education about bipolar disorder and work with the therapist and patient to learn how to recognize early warnings of an impending manic or depressive episode.
system: Why is it important to be aware of early warning signs of bipolar disorder?
output: While bipolar disorder cannot be prevented, it's important to be aware of early warning signs of an impending episode of bipolar depression or bipolar mania. Early recognition of bipolar warning signs and seeing your doctor regularly can allow you to monitor your mood and medications and keep illness from escalating. In fact, although treating bipolar disorder moods is critical, there is a convincing case supported by scientific studies that the prevention of further mood episodes should be the greatest goal.
system: What are symptoms of bipolar disorder?
output: Symptoms of bipolar disorder can fall between two extreme mood states: Bipolar depression, which includes feelings of being sad, hopeless, helpless, and worthless Bipolar mania, which includes feelings of elation and exuberance coupled with increased energy and activity and little need for sleep In addition, people with bipolar disorder can have manic episodes that occur simultaneously with depressive symptoms, or vice versa. When a manic or depressive episode simultaneously includes symptoms of the opposite pole, that episode is said to have "mixed features."
system: How does group counseling work in the treatment for bipolar disorder?
output: Different types of talk therapy options are available to help those with bipolar disorder prevent or cope with a mood episode: Individual counseling: This is a one-on-one session with a professional therapist with experience in bipolar disorders in which the patient's problem areas are addressed. Group counseling: Group sessions allow for the sharing of feelings and the development of effective coping strategies. The give-and-take at group sessions can be the most productive way to change the way you think about bipolar disorder and improve coping skills as you face life's challenges.
system: What might cause sleepwalking?
output: You might also have the disorder if you're: Sleep deprived On a chaotic sleep schedule Stressed Drunk Taking drugs such as sedative-hypnotics (which promote relaxation or sleep), neuroleptics (used to treat psychosis), stimulants (which boost activity), and antihistamines (used to treat symptoms of allergy) Medical conditions that have been linked to sleepwalking include: Heart rhythm problems Fever Heartburn Nighttime asthma Nighttime seizures Obstructive sleep apnea (a condition in which you briefly stop breathing during sleep) Restless leg syndrome Psychiatric disorders, for example, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, or dissociative states, such as multiple personality disorder
system: What is sleepwalking and when does it happen?
output: The sleepwalker can't respond during the event and usually doesn't remember it. In some cases, he may talk and not make sense. Sleepwalking mostly happens in childhood, typically between the ages of 4 and 8. But adults can do it, too. When someone sleepwalks, they might quietly walk around their room.
system: Is sleepwalking genetic?
output: The sleepwalker can't respond during the event and usually doesn't remember it. You might also have the disorder if you're: Sleep deprived On a chaotic sleep schedule Stressed Drunk Taking drugs such as sedative-hypnotics (which promote relaxation or sleep), neuroleptics (used to treat psychosis), stimulants (which boost activity), and antihistamines (used to treat symptoms of allergy) Medical conditions that have been linked to sleepwalking include: Heart rhythm problems Fever Heartburn Nighttime asthma Nighttime seizures Obstructive sleep apnea (a condition in which you briefly stop breathing during sleep) Restless leg syndrome Psychiatric disorders, for example, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, or dissociative states, such as multiple personality disorder
system: What is included in the diverticulitis diet?
output: If you're experiencing severe symptoms from diverticulitis, your doctor may recommend a liquid diverticulitis diet as part of your treatment, which can include: Water Fruit juices Broth Ice pops Gradually you can ease back into a regular diet. Your doctor may advise you to start with low-fiber foods (white bread, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products) before introducing high-fiber foods.
system: Where can you get fiber to help with diverticulitis?
output: Here are a few fiber-rich foods to include in meals: Whole-grain breads, pastas, and cereals Beans (kidney beans and black beans, for example) Fresh fruits (apples, pears, prunes) Vegetables (squash, potatoes, peas, spinach) If you're having difficulty structuring a diet on your own, consult your doctor or a dietitian.
system: How is diverticulitis treated?
output: This may be why people in Asia and Africa, where the diet tends to be higher in fiber, have a very low incidence of the condition.
system: How do people develop diverticulitis?
output: When the pouches become inflamed or infected, it leads to a sometimes very painful condition called diverticulitis. In addition to having abdominal pain, people with diverticulitis may experience nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever, constipation, or diarrhea.
system: What should you do if you're having trouble structuring a diet for diverticulitis?
output: Here are a few fiber-rich foods to include in meals: Whole-grain breads, pastas, and cereals Beans (kidney beans and black beans, for example) Fresh fruits (apples, pears, prunes) Vegetables (squash, potatoes, peas, spinach) If you're having difficulty structuring a diet on your own, consult your doctor or a dietitian. They can set up a meal plan that works for you. Your doctor may also recommend a fiber supplement, such as psyllium ( Metamucil) or methylcellulose ( Citrucel) one to three times a day. Drinking enough water and other fluids throughout the day will also help prevent constipation.
system: How does fiber help with diverticulitis?
output: Many studies show that eating fiber-rich foods can help control diverticular symptoms. Women younger than 51 should aim for 25 grams of fiber daily. Men younger than 51 should aim for 38 grams of fiber daily. Women 51 and older should get 21 grams daily. Men 51 and older should get 30 grams daily.
system: What does diverticulosis cause?
output: Diverticulosis usually causes no or few symptoms; leaving many people unaware that they even have diverticula present.
system: What can lead to diverticulosis and diverticulitis?
output: Diverticulitis may need to be treated with antibiotics or, in severe cases, surgery. In the past, doctors had recommended that people with diverticular disease (diverticulosis or diverticulitis) avoid hard-to-digest foods such as nuts, corn, popcorn, and seeds, for fear that these foods would get stuck in the diverticula and lead to inflammation.
system: How do people develop diverticulosis?
output: This may be why people in Asia and Africa, where the diet tends to be higher in fiber, have a very low incidence of the condition. In the past, doctors had recommended that people with diverticular disease (diverticulosis or diverticulitis) avoid hard-to-digest foods such as nuts, corn, popcorn, and seeds, for fear that these foods would get stuck in the diverticula and lead to inflammation.