laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How many permanent teeth does an adult have, and what are they called?
output: The adult mouth contains 32 permanent teeth, consisting of the following teeth types: 4 third molars (also called wisdom teeth) 4 second molars (also called 12-year molars) 4 first molars (also called 6-year molars) 4 second bicuspids (also called second premolars) 4 first bicuspids (also called first premolars) 4 cuspids (also called canine or eye teeth) 4 lateral incisors 4 central incisors To find out when permanent teeth begin to appear, see the permanent eruption illustration and the Teeth Eruption Charts.
system: What are the parts of a tooth?
output: Each tooth consists of three main parts - the crown, the neck and root. The crown is the visible part of the tooth. A protective layer called enamel covers the crown. The neck is the area of the tooth between the crown and the root. The root is the portion of the tooth that extends through the gum and into the bone of the jaw.
system: Should I take copaxone if I am pregnant or breastfeeding?
output: Chest pain or tightness A fast or irregular heartbeat Anxiety Flushing Trouble breathing You shouldn't take the drug if you're pregnant. If you're planning to get pregnant, ask your doctor whether you need to change your medication routine before you try to have a baby. Also ask your doctor if it's safe to take the drug while you're breastfeeding.
system: What is plegridy and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?
output: You can take this interferon less often than the other types -- a shot every 2 weeks. The way it's made makes it last longer in your body.
system: What is betaseron and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?
output: This comes as a shot that goes into the layer of fat just under your skin. You'll need it every other day.
system: What are common side effects of medications used to treat multiple sclerosis?
output: When you take these medicines, you might have other health problems, such as: Flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue, chills, fever, muscle aches, and sweating during the first weeks of treatment. To keep those from slowing you down, it's best to take the shot at bedtime. You can take pain and fever relievers, like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, before each injection and during the 24 hours after one to help relieve these problems. Swelling, redness, and pain at the place where you get the shot. If the spot gets hard, call your doctor. Don't give yourself another shot into that site. Trouble with your mood. You might feel sadness, anxiety, irritability, guilt, trouble concentrating, confusion, and have a hard time sleeping or eating. Tell your doctor about these symptoms right away.
system: Can interferon drugs affect certain parts of the body?
output: Interferons also can affect your blood cells and how your liver and thyroid gland work. A few people who took Avonex had severe liver injury or liver failure. Your doctor will give you regular blood tests to be sure your body is working as it should.
system: What is Copaxone and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?
output: Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) is another drug that makes relapses happen less often for people with MS. It's a man-made version of a protein that's part of the protective coating around the nerves in your body. You get it as an injection under your skin three times per week. Doctors don't know exactly how Copaxone works, but it seems to alter the way the immune system behaves.
system: What is Avonex and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?
output: You take it once a week as a shot into your muscle. People who start taking it in the early stages of multiple sclerosis may be able to go longer before any physical disabilities begin or get worse.
system: How do interferon beta medications treat multiple sclerosis?
output: They might also slow down how quickly symptoms get worse and help people have less physical disability over time. There are five types of interferon beta on the market in the U. S. They're FDA-approved for relapsing forms of MS: Avonex.
system: What is rebif and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?
output: You get this drug three times per week as an injection under your skin.
system: What are the side effects of copaxone?
output: Pain, redness, and swelling where you get the injection. You should change the place where you give yourself the shot each time. Your doctor should give you a schedule that tells you when to pick a new spot. Chest pain or tightness A fast or irregular heartbeat Anxiety Flushing Trouble breathing You shouldn't take the drug if you're pregnant.
system: Do interferon drugs affect a person's mood?
output: Since the meds can cause depression or make it worse, people who've had the condition before need to keep an eye on their mood. Let a doctor know about any changes in how you feel.
system: Who shouldn't use interferon drugs to treat multiple sclerosis?
output: When you take them, be sure to use birth control. Chest pain or tightness A fast or irregular heartbeat Anxiety Flushing Trouble breathing You shouldn't take the drug if you're pregnant.
system: What is extavia and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?
output: Betaseron. This one also comes as an injection that goes just under the skin every other day.
system: What are interferons and how are they related to multiple sclerosis?
output: Three forms -- alpha, beta, and gamma -- control the activity of your immune system. But doctors also can use a man-made version of these forms to treat MS, especially interferon beta. The way it's made makes it last longer in your body.
system: What are ways to help my partner deal with erectile dysfunction (ED)?
output: Learn as much as you can about ED. The more you know, the better prepared you'll be able to help your partner. Remind him that ED isn't a reflection on his masculinity, and that it hasn't changed how you feel about him. You're affected, too. Find other ways to please and satisfy each other so that he doesn't feel pressured to perform. Offer to go with him to the doctor. Remind him to let his doctor know how he's doing. Keep up the other intimate parts of your relationship. Feeling close to each other can include more than sex.
system: What can I do at home to prevent another heart attack?
output: Heart attack survivors are advised to exercise with other people rather than alone during the first months of recovery. Reducing stress may be one of the risk factors that you can control to help prevent a heart attack and aid recovery. Many techniques promote relaxation -- among them, meditation, biofeedback, and yoga. You may find that a particular mind/body technique helps you to focus on positive thoughts. You may also find, as many others have, that sharing thoughts and emotions with a support group is extremely beneficial. Stay in touch with friends and family. Research shows that people with poor social support are more vulnerable to heart disease.
system: How can a high-fiber diet help treat constipation in children?
output: This means loading your child's plate with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, high-fiber cereals, whole grain breads (look for at least 3-5 grams of fiber per serving), and a variety of beans and other legumes, like chickpeas and lentils. Two good sources of fiber that kids are often happy to eat are trail mix (let them make their own) and popcorn with minimal salt or butter. Foods containing probiotics, like yogurt, can also promote good digestive health. While focusing on fiber, don't forget fluids. If your child is eating plenty of high-fiber food but not getting enough fluid to help flush it through his system, you can make matters worse. Your child should be drinking plenty of water throughout the day, along with some milk. Limit sugary drinks to 4 ounces a day in younger children and 6-8 ounces in school-aged kids.
system: What are the symptoms of constipation in children?
output: Besides the obvious painful bowel movements, look for these typical signs: Stomach pain and bloating Bleeding with bowel movements Soiling accidents Sometimes a constipated child might actually appear to have diarrhea, which can be confusing. What's happening here is that a large formed stool has gotten stuck in your child's rectum, and somewhat liquid stool gets passed around it. When a child is constipated, he has less frequent bowel movements, and when he does âgo,â his stool is dry, hard, and painful to pass.
system: What should I know when using a stool softener to treat constipation in children?
output: These are safe in children, but should be used under the supervision of your pediatrician. Two common mistakes that parents make when giving their child a stool softener for constipation is not using a large enough dose, or stopping it too soon. For example, you might think that you can stop giving a stool softener after your child's first normal-looking bowel movement, but stopping too soon may just set your child up for another bout of constipation. Some children may need to stay on a stool softener for a few weeks. Your doctor can advise you on the right dosing schedule for your child.
system: What is the best treatment for constipation in children?
output: Instead of suggesting, â Do you need to go to the bathroom?â simply say, â Time to go to the bathroom now.â You'll get the best results if you combine all three of these approaches. A high-fiber diet isn't likely to clear up a serious case of constipation on its own without the help of a stool softener; on the other hand, once your child stops taking a stool softener, if he stays on a low-fiber diet and doesn't get enough healthy fluids, the problem is likely to happen again.
system: What causes constipation in children?
output: There are many possible causes for constipation, including: Withholding stool. This means that your child is trying to hold his bowel movements in -- maybe because he's stressed about potty training, maybe because he doesn't want to use the toilet in certain places (like school), or maybe because he's afraid of a painful bathroom experience. ( Constipation can become a vicious cycle -- if it hurts to âpoopâ once, the child may be more fearful of going the next time.) A diet that's low in fiber or doesn't include enough liquids (or both) Side effects of certain medications There are three primary treatments for most cases of constipation, and they usually work hand-in-hand.
system: How can regular toilet time help treat constipation in children?
output: This means that your child is trying to hold his bowel movements in -- maybe because he's stressed about potty training, maybe because he doesn't want to use the toilet in certain places (like school), or maybe because he's afraid of a painful bathroom experience. Particularly for a younger child, you may get better results by telling, not asking. Instead of suggesting, â Do you need to go to the bathroom?â simply say, â Time to go to the bathroom now.â You'll get the best results if you combine all three of these approaches.
system: What are anti-leukotriene drugs for asthma?
output: Montelukast ( Singulair), zafirlukast ( Accolate), and zileuton ( Zyflo) are pills that help long-term asthma control. These drugs shut down the effects of molecules called leukotrienes, which trigger airway inflammation.
system: What is immunotherapy for asthma?
output: Some people with mild to moderate allergic asthma choose to get allergy shots from a doctor. This is called immunotherapy. Allergy shots contain small amounts of what you're allergic to. When you get the shots over time, your body gets used to having those substances around, and it reacts less to them. Not only can allergy shots improve your asthma symptoms, sometimes they can prevent a flare. Also, the FDA has approved three under-the-tongue tablets that can be taken at home. All 3 have a black box warning about the potential for life-threatening allergic reactions, so they should not be given to patients with severe, unstable, or uncontrolled asthma.
system: Can medications help with rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?
output: As a first-line treatment, your doctor may suggest: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Corticosteroids Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) NSAIDs and corticosteroids can help relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Only DMARDs can stop the disease from taking a toll on your joints. That's why doctors often start treatment with these drugs as soon as you're diagnosed. In many cases, they can prevent joint deformities.
system: When do you need surgery for rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?
output: If you have severe joint deformity -- painful, crooked fingers and toes -- surgery may be an option. It won't cure your RA, but it can improve the deformity, ease pain, and help your joints work better. Some common types of surgery include: Synovectomy -- removal of the lining of the joint, called the synovium Joint replacement Joint fusion (fusing the bones in the joint together) Bunion surgery
system: What happens in rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?
output: The tissue releases chemicals that cause swelling, or inflammation. Inflammation wears down bone and cartilage, the tissue that cushions the ends of bones that make up a joint. Swelling can also stretch out tissues that help keep the joint in place. All this damage can lead to unstable joints with bones that don't line up the way they should.
system: Will you need surgery for rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?
output: Not unless the deformity has a big impact on your life. For damaged fingers, your doctor or a hand therapist can provide splints and exercises. Warm wax baths (your doctor might call it paraffin) may ease pain. A hand therapist may also suggest new ways to use your hands that can lessen pain and protect your joints.
system: How does rheumatoid arthritis attack your joints?
output: When you have RA, your immune system attacks your joints: Immune cells gather inside the joint lining. They form a layer of abnormal tissue. The tissue releases chemicals that cause swelling, or inflammation.
system: When are you more likely to get rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?
output: You're more likely to get deformities if you have high levels of two substances in your blood: C-reactive protein ( CRP) and rheumatoid factor ( RF). Ask your doctor about your risk and what you can do to protect your joints.
system: What do you need to know about rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?
output: Joints became deformed. The disease is one of many causes of deformed joints. The good news: RA medications may prevent, slow, or stop the damage that leads to deformed joints. Plus, there are many ways to ease pain and improve how well your joints work if you already have crooked or bent fingers and toes. You're more likely to get deformities if you have high levels of two substances in your blood: C-reactive protein ( CRP) and rheumatoid factor ( RF). Early in the disease, RA tends to attack the small joints of your hands and feet. For damaged fingers, your doctor or a hand therapist can provide splints and exercises. Comfortable shoes can also make it easier to walk with bunions.
system: What are the types of rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?
output: Early in the disease, RA tends to attack the small joints of your hands and feet. This can lead to several types of deformities, including: Ulnar drift. Also called a buttonhole deformity. Your middle finger joint bends downward (toward your palm), while your top finger joint bends away from the palm. Swan-neck deformity. The base of your big toe (where it attaches to the foot) gets larger and sticks out. This may force your big toe to press against the second toe, forcing it to overlap the third. Describes different types of deformities: Toe bends upward from the ball of your foot Toe bends downward, toward the sole of your shoe, at the middle joint Toe bends downward at the top joint (by the toenail) Yes. Some common types of surgery include: Synovectomy -- removal of the lining of the joint, called the synovium Joint replacement Joint fusion (fusing the bones in the joint together) Bunion surgery
system: What are some tips to make it more comfortable to walk if you have rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?
output: Ask your doctor about your risk and what you can do to protect your joints. Claw toe. These tips can make it more comfortable to walk: Put a special pad in your shoe to reduce pressure on the ball of your foot. Try shoes that have an extra-deep toe box. Ask a shoe repair shop to stretch the toe box where you need extra room. Comfortable shoes can also make it easier to walk with bunions.
system: Is airplane ear muffling your hearing?
output: It happens when the air pressure in your middle ear and the air pressure around you aren't in synch. Airplane ear doesn't just happen on planes. Anything that limits the way your eustachian tube -- which helps your ear keep the right air pressure -- works can increase your risk. Some common activities and conditions that can lead to airplane ear include: Diving Middle ear infection (otitis media) Sinus infection Common cold Hay fever A mild case of airplane ear can cause muffled hearing or some hearing loss, a feeling of "stuffiness" inside your ear, and possibly pain. goes away when you yawn, swallow, or chew gum. But if it lasts more than a few hours or seems severe, call your doctor. She may recommend decongestant sprays or pills, antihistamines, or over-the-counter pain relievers.
system: Is ear wax muffling your hearing?
output: Earwax (cerumen) helps protect your ears from infection. When you talk or chew, you help move the wax from the inside to the outside of your ear where it dries and flakes off. Cleaning inside your ear canal, especially with cotton swabs, can push wax deeper into the ear. That can cause a wax buildup (cerumen impaction) that can make it hard for you to hear with the affected ear. Other things can cause earwax buildup as well. For example, the shape of the canals can make it hard to clear the wax, and hearing aids or earplugs also can cause it. You may also notice: A feeling of fullness in the ear Pain Ringing (tinnitus) Itchiness Discharge Odor A few drops of mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, or hydrogen peroxide in your ear can soften the wax and help clear it out. If that doesn't work, see your doctor. He may use a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and water to try to flush it out or use special tools to remove the wax and improve your hearing.
system: Is tinnitus causing your hearing to be muffled?
output: Your hearing could be muffled because of ringing, buzzing, hissing, whistling, or clicking that isn't really there, known as tinnitus. It's one of the most common health issues in the U. S. -- about 15% of Americans have some form of it. Tinnitus isn't a disease -- it's a symptom of some other health condition. More than 200 disorders can cause it. Some of the more common ones include: Age-related hearing loss Certain drugs, including some antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), and water pills or diuretics Common cold Earwax buildup Head or neck injury Meniere's disease Noise-induced hearing loss Sinus pressure Temporomandibular joint disorder, or TMJ (an issue with your lower jaw where it connects to your skull) Depending on the condition that causes it, tinnitus can go away on its own or you might have it for a long time. There's no specific cure for it, but some treatments can help. These include sound therapy, behavioral therapy, and hearing aids in the case of hearing loss. If your hearing does not improve, make sure to see your doctor to find out what it is and what to do about it.
system: Why is my hearing muffled?
output: Most causes of hearing loss don't last long but those that last can be more serious. See your doctor if your hearing doesn't get better in a few days. If you or a family member suspects you've lost some hearing, have it tested.
system: Is age causing your muffled hearing?
output: Age-related hearing loss, also known as presbycusis, is very common among seniors. About 1 in 3 people between 65 and 74 have it. The main reason for the loss is that over time the inner-ear structures that allow us to hear start to wear down. Other causes include: Certain medications: More than 200 medications can cause hearing loss, including certain antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and high doses of aspirin. Medical conditions: High blood pressure and diabetes can interfere with blood supply to the ear. Noise: Long-term exposure to loud noise can lead to hearing loss. It can happen so slowly that you don't realize your hearing is worse. If you or a family member suspects you've lost some hearing, have it tested. An audiologist can diagnose, treat, and help you manage hearing loss.
system: How are psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis different?
output: For example, you could have: Skin lesions on your elbow, but no pain, no swelling, and no problems bending and moving it Swollen toes, but no redness or scales on your feet Psoriasis doesn't cause scarring or any other lasting harm to skin. But psoriatic arthritis can damage joints and leave them stiff and deformed if it isn't treated.
system: What is the link between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis?
output: Your immune system is responsible for both. Inflammation is part of both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Both of these conditions occur because your immune system attacks your own body instead of something foreign to you. A little less than a third of people who have psoriasis will get psoriatic arthritis. Psoriasis skin plaques can flare up and then get better. But psoriatic arthritis can damage joints and leave them stiff and deformed if it isn't treated.
system: How can you get psoriatic arthritis from psoriasis?
output: A little less than a third of people who have psoriasis will get psoriatic arthritis. Doctors can't yet tell who before it happens, though. Usually, you'll have the skin symptoms first. But sometimes, arthritis symptoms appear months, or even years, before skin problems do. That makes it hard to diagnose. People with severe psoriasis could have a greater chance of getting psoriatic arthritis. About 40% of people who get psoriatic arthritis have relatives with it or with psoriasis. Scientists don't know which genes are responsible for these conditions. Figuring that out will help doctors predict who is likely to get these conditions. It may lead to new treatments, too.
system: How can you monitor your weight and lose weight if needed to manage heart failure?
output: Learn what your "dry" or "ideal" weight is. This is your weight without extra fluid. Your goal is to keep your weight within four pounds of your dry weight. Weigh yourself at the same time each day, preferably in the morning, in similar clothing, after urinating but before eating, and on the same scale. Record your weight in a diary or calendar. If you gain 2 pounds in one day or 5 pounds in one week, call your doctor. Your doctor may want to adjust your medications.
system: How can taking your medications as prescribed help with managing heart failure?
output: Drugs are used to improve your heart's ability to pump blood, decrease stress on your heart, decrease the progression of heart failure, and prevent fluid retention. Many heart failure drugs are used to decrease the release of harmful hormones. These drugs will cause your blood vessels to dilate or relax (thereby lowering your blood pressure).
system: How can heart failure cause congested lungs?
output: A weak heart causes fluid to back up in the lungs. This can cause shortness of breath with exercise or difficulty breathing at rest or when lying flat in bed. Lung congestion can also cause a dry, hacking cough or wheezing.
system: How can you lessen your heart failure symptoms?
output: To lessen symptoms of heart failure: Maintain fluid balance. Your doctor may ask you to keep a record of the amount of fluids you drink or eat and how often you go to the bathroom. Remember, the more fluid you carry in your blood vessels, the harder your heart must work to pump excess fluid through your body. Limiting your fluid intake to less than two liters per day will help decrease the workload of your heart and prevent symptoms from recurring. Limit how much salt (sodium) you eat.