laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are considerations when taking treatments for prostate cancer?
output: Treatments that slow the spread of advanced prostate cancer and relieve symptoms often cause side effects. Some patients, often those who are older, decide that the risk of side effects outweighs the benefits of treatment. These patients may choose not to treat their advanced prostate cancer.
system: What are emerging therapies for prostate cancer?
output: Researchers are pursuing several new ways to treat advanced prostate cancer. Vaccines that alter the body's immune system and use genetically modified viruses show the most promise. One vaccine technique works by manipulating blood cells from the patient's immune system and causing them to attack the prostate cancer. Blood is drawn from the patient. From the blood sample, cells that are part of the immune system (called dendritic cells) are exposed to cells that make up prostate cancer. Then the blood cells are placed back in the body, with the hope that they will cause other immune system cells to attack the prostate cancer. In a more traditional type of vaccine, the patient is injected with a virus that contains PSA. When the body is exposed to the virus, it becomes sensitized to cells in the body that contain PSA and his immune system attacks them. Immune or genetic therapy have the potential to deliver more targeted, less invasive treatments for advanced prostate cancer. This would result in fewer side effects and better control of the prostate cancer.
system: What are issues in the timing of treatment for prostate cancer?
output: One is that hormone therapy should begin only after symptoms from the metastases, like bone pain, occur. The counter belief is that hormone therapy should start before symptoms occur. Earlier treatment of prostate cancer is associated with a lower incidence of spinal cord compression, obstructive urinary problems, and skeletal fractures. However, survival is not different whether treatment is started early, or deferred. The only exception to the above, is in lymph node-positive, post-prostatectomy patients, given androgen deprivation as an adjuvant immediately after surgery. In this situation, immediate therapy resulted in a significant improvement in progression free survival, prostate cancer specific survival, and overall survival.
system: What are issues in combination therapy versus single-drug therapy for prostate cancer?
output: Combination vs. Single- Drug Therapy There is also disagreement about whether using a combination of hormone therapies or just a single anti-androgen drug works best to treat prostate cancer. The studies are inconclusive. However, patients who receive combination therapy are more likely to experience treatment-related side effects than patients receiving a single form of hormone therapy.
system: How is secondary endocrine therapy used to treat prostate cancer?
output: At some point, PSA levels begin to rise despite treatment with hormone therapy. This signals that hormone therapy is no longer working to reduce testosterone levels in the body. When this happens, doctors may decide to make changes to the hormone therapy. This is called secondary hormone therapy. It can be done in a number of ways. For instance, if you have had surgery to remove your testicles, your doctor may suggest that you begin taking an antiandrogen. If you have been using combination therapy that involves an antiandrogen and LHRH analogs, your doctor may stop the use of the antiandrogen. This is known as anti-androgen withdrawal. Another option is to change the type of hormone drug. However, the use of an LHRH drug must be continued to prevent a testosterone rebound from stimulating the growth of prostate cancer cells. Ketoconazole, an antifungal agent, inhibits adrenal and testicular synthesis of testosterone when used at high doses. Response rates in a second line setting are 20%-40% with significant side effects. Doses range from 200 mg 3 times a day to 400 mg three times a day. The drug must be given with hydrocortisone to prevent adrenal insufficiency.
system: What are the side effects of using cabazitaxel (Jevtana) for prostate cancer?
output: Side effects in those treated with cabazitaxel ( Jevtana) included significant decrease in infection-fighting white blood cells (neutropenia), anemia, low level of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, and renal failure.
system: How are endocrine drugs used to treat prostate cancer?
output: Drugs work as well as prostate cancer surgery (orchiectomy -- removal of the testicles) to reduce the level of hormones in the body. Most men opt for drug therapy rather than surgery. The three types of hormone-related drugs approved to treat advanced prostate cancer include luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) analogs, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) antagonists, and antiandrogens.
system: What are the side effects of Provenge for the treatment of prostate cancer?
output: The most common side effect is chills, which occurs in more than half of the men that receive Provenge. Other common side effects include fatigue, fever, back pain, and nausea. Provenge has been remarkably safe. However, clinical trials suggest that the treatment might be linked to a slightly increased risk of stroke.
system: How is chemotherapy used to treat prostate cancer?
output: The chemotherapy drug docetaxel ( Taxotere) taken with or without prednisone (a steroid) is the standard chemotherapy regimen for patients who no longer respond to hormone therapy. Docetaxel works by preventing cancer cells from dividing and growing. Patients receive docetaxel, along with prednisone, through an injection. Side effects of docetaxel are similar to most chemotherapy drugs and include nausea, hair loss, and bone marrow suppression (the decline or halt of blood cell formation). Patients may also experience neuropathy (nerve damage causing tingling, numbness, or pain in the fingers or toes) and fluid retention.
system: How is Provenge used to treat prostate cancer?
output: One reason is that cancer cells look a lot to the immune system like normal cells. Another reason is that tumors may give off signals that manipulate the immune system into leaving them alone. Provenge bypasses these problems. The treatment first removes a quantity of dendritic cells from a patient's blood. Dendritic cells show pieces of tumor to immune cells, priming them to attack cells that carry those pieces. The patient's doctor ships the cells to Provenge's manufacturer, Dendreon, which then exposes them to Provenge. Provenge is a molecule made inside genetically engineered insect cells. Once these cells have been exposed to Provenge, they're shipped back to the doctor who infuses them back into the patient. This is done three times in one month. The first infusion primes the immune system. The second and third doses spur an anticancer immune response. Cyrosurgery (also called cryotherapy) may be used in cases of recurrent prostate cancer if the cancer has not spread beyond the prostate.
system: How are antiandrogens used to treat prostate cancer?
output: These drugs work by decreasing testosterone production to very low levels by depleting the pituitary gland of the hormone needed to produce testosterone. Antiandrogens are sometimes used in addition to orchiectomy or LHRH analogs. This is due to the fact that the other forms of hormone therapy remove about 90% of testosterone circulating in the body. Antiandrogens may help block the remaining 10% of circulating testosterone. Using antiandrogens with another form of hormone therapy is called combined androgen blockade ( CAB), or total androgen ablation. Antiandrogens may also be used to combat the symptoms of flare (temporary rise in testosterone that occurs with the use of LHRH agonists). Some doctors prescribe antiandrogens alone rather than with orchiectomy or LHRH analogs. Available antiandrogens include abiraterone acetate ( Zytiga), biclutamide ( Casodex), enzalutamide ( Xtandi),flutamide ( Eulexin), and nilutamide ( Nilandron). Patients take antiandrogens as pills. Diarrhea is the primary side effect when antiandrogens are used as part of combination therapy. Less likely side effects include nausea, liver problems, and fatigue. When antiandrogens are used alone they may cause a reduction in sex drive and impotence.
system: How is combination radiation and endocrine therapy used to treat prostate cancer?
output: For patients with intermediate or high risk prostate cancer, studies show this combination is more effective at slowing the disease than endocrine therapy or radiation therapy alone. Radiation can also come in the form of a monthly intravenous drug called Xofigo. Xofigo is approved for use in men who have advanced prostate cancer that has spread only to the bones. Candidates should have also received therapy designed to lower testosterone. The drug works by binding to minerals within bones to deliver radiation directly to bone tumors. A study of 809 men showed that those taking Xofigo lived an average of 3 months longer than those taking a placebo. Two other similar drugs arestrontium-89 ( Metastron) and samarium-153 ( Quadramet). However, patients who receive combination therapy are more likely to experience treatment-related side effects than patients receiving a single form of hormone therapy.
system: How are luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists used to treat prostate cancer?
output: LHRH antagonists lower testosterone levels more quickly than LHRH analogs. In addition, they don't cause a tumor flare (temporary rise in testosterone levels) as do LHRH analogs. Degarelix ( Firmagon) is a LHRH antagonist used to treat advanced prostate cancer. It has been shown to decrease the progression of disease, but further trials are needed to look at long-term outcomes. It is fairly well tolerated with common side effects being local injection site problems and increased liver enzymes. Xofigo is approved for use in men who have advanced prostate cancer that has spread only to the bones.
system: How are luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs used to treat prostate cancer?
output: Most patients who receive hormonal therapy choose LHRH analogs. These drugs work by decreasing testosterone production to very low levels by depleting the pituitary gland of the hormone needed to produce testosterone. However, before this decrease in testosterone occurs, patients experience a brief and temporary increase in testosterone production and tumor growth. This is due to a transient increase in release of LHRH from the pituitary gland with a resulting stimulation of testosterone production. This phenomenon, called tumor flare, can cause increased symptoms from the prostate cancer that didn't exist before the patient received the therapy. Some doctors prescribe antiandrogens (described below) to combat the symptoms caused by tumor flare. LHRH analogs are administered via injection or small implants placed under the skin. The most commonly used LHRH analogs in the U. S. are leuprolide ( Eligard, Lupron), histrelin ( Vantas), triptorelin ( Trelstar), and goserelin ( Zoladex). Before starting one of these drugs, patients should tell their doctor if they have a history of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, heart attack, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or cigarette smoking.
system: Does stinging nettle help with allergies?
output: Stinging nettle leaf may be useful in reducing the symptoms of hay fever by acting as an anti-inflammatory. Some research has linked treatment with stinging nettle leaf to relief of symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. But more well-designed studies are needed to confirm this effect.
system: Why should you tell your doctor about any stinging nettle supplements you're taking?
output: Tell your doctor about any supplements you're taking, even if they're natural. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with any medications.
system: Does stinging nettle help treat joint pain?
output: Research has found some evidence that rubbing stinging nettle leaves on painful joints can provide pain relief. One small study also found that eating stewed nettle leaves was a helpful addition to the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. People have also used stinging nettle as a diuretic -- a treatment that causes the body to shed more water in the urine. Research has found this effect from stinging nettle in rats. Optimal doses of stinging nettle have not been set for any condition.
system: Does stinging nettle help treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
output: Stinging nettle root is a common treatment in Europe for symptoms of BPH. More research is needed to show that the treatment is indeed effective.
system: How can heart disease be prevented in a person with diabetes?
output: The best way to prevent heart disease is to take good care of yourself and your diabetes. Keep your blood sugar as normal as possible. Control your blood pressure, with medication if necessary. The target for people with diabetes is under 130/80. Get your cholesterol numbers under control. You may need to take medication to do this. Lose weight if you are obese. Ask your doctor if you should take an aspirin a day. Exercise regularly. Eat a heart-healthy diet such as the Mediterranean diet or DASH diet. Quit smoking. Work to reduce daily stress.
system: What are some symptoms of a heart attack?
output: The symptoms of a heart attack include: Shortness of breath. Feeling faint. Feeling dizzy. Excessive and unexplained sweating. Pain in the shoulders, jaw, and left arm. Chest pain or pressure (especially during activity). Nausea. Remember not everyone has pain and these other classic symptoms with a heart attack. This is especially true for women. * If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, you should call your doctor, call 911, or go to the nearest emergency room immediately.
system: How can I reduce risk factors for heart disease if I have diabetes?
output: Another medical study showed that people with diabetes, no matter the number of other heart disease risk factors, were as likely to have a heart attack as someone without diabetes who has already had a heart attack.
system: How likely are you to die from heart disease?
output: The more health risks factors a person has for heart disease, the higher the chances that they will develop heart disease and even die from it. Just like anyone else, people with diabetes have an increased risk of dying from heart disease if they have more health risk factors. However, the probability of dying from heart disease is 2 to 4 times higher in a person with diabetes. So, while a person with one health risk factor, such as high blood pressure, may have a certain chance of dying from heart disease, a person with diabetes has double or even quadruple the risk of dying. For example, one medical study found that people with diabetes who had no other health risk factors for heart disease were 5 times more likely to die of heart disease than those without. Another medical study showed that people with diabetes, no matter the number of other heart disease risk factors, were as likely to have a heart attack as someone without diabetes who has already had a heart attack.
system: What are the symptoms of a heart attack?
output: Pain in the shoulders, jaw, and left arm.
system: How can you prevent heart disease if you have diabetes?
output: The best way to prevent heart disease is to take good care of yourself and your diabetes. Keep your blood sugar as normal as possible. Control your blood pressure, with medication if necessary. The target for people with diabetes is under 130/80. Get your cholesterol numbers under control. You may need to take medication to do this. Lose weight if you are obese. Ask your doctor if you should take an aspirin a day. Exercise regularly. Eat a heart-healthy diet such as the Mediterranean diet or DASH diet. Quit smoking. Work to reduce daily stress.
system: What are the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease?
output: Loss of fat under the skin of the lower parts of the legs.
system: What is recommended if you have diabetes and are at risk for heart disease and peripheral vascular disease?
output: Peripheral vascular disease is treated by: Participation in a regular walking program (45 minutes per day, followed by rest) Special footwear Aiming for an A1c below 7% Lowering your blood pressure to less than 130/80 Getting your cholesterol to below 100 Aspirin therapy* Medicines Stopping smoking Surgery (in some cases) * Low-dose aspirin therapy is recommended for men and women with types 1 or 2 diabetes who are over age 40 and areat high risk for heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Talk to your doctor to determine if aspirin therapy is right for you. If you have certain medical conditions, aspirin therapy may not be recommended.
system: What happens when people with diabetes are at risk for heart failure?
output: Not only are people with diabetes at higher risk for heart disease, they're also at higher risk for heart failure, a serious medical condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood adequately. This can lead to fluid build-up in the lungs that causes difficulty breathing, or fluid retention in other parts of the body (especially the legs) that causes swelling.
system: How is heart disease treated if you have diabetes?
output: There are several treatment options for heart disease in those with diabetes, depending on the severity of the heart disease, including: Aspirin therapy* to reduce the risks of clots that lead to heart attacks and strokes.
system: How is peripheral vascular disease treated relative to heart disease and diabetes?
output: Peripheral vascular disease is treated by: Participation in a regular walking program (45 minutes per day, followed by rest) Special footwear Aiming for an A1c below 7% Lowering your blood pressure to less than 130/80 Getting your cholesterol to below 100 Aspirin therapy* Medicines Stopping smoking Surgery (in some cases) * Low-dose aspirin therapy is recommended for men and women with types 1 or 2 diabetes who are over age 40 and areat high risk for heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Talk to your doctor to determine if aspirin therapy is right for you. If you have certain medical conditions, aspirin therapy may not be recommended.
system: How does heart disease affect diabetics?
output: Heart disease is common in people with diabetes. While all people with diabetes have an increased chance of developing heart disease, the condition is more common in those with type 2 diabetes. The more health risks factors a person has for heart disease, the higher the chances that they will develop heart disease and even die from it.
system: Do I have heart disease If I have type 2 diabetes?
output: In fact, heart disease is the number one cause of death among people with type 2 diabetes. The most common cause of heart disease in a person with diabetes is hardening of thecoronary arteries or atherosclerosis, which is a buildup of cholesterol in the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrition to the heart.
system: What is vitamin D important for your health?
output: It keeps your bones strong by helping your body absorb calcium and phosphorus, key minerals for bone health. Your muscles use it to move, and nerves need it to carry messages throughout your body.
system: How much vitamin D should you get?
output: The amount you need depends on your age: 600 IU (international units) a day for people ages 1 to 70, including women who are pregnant or breastfeeding 800 IU a day for anyone over 70 Some experts think that these recommendations are too low, especially for people who are more likely to get the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis.
system: What are the risks of taking vitamin D?
output: At normal doses, vitamin D seems to have few side effects. Too much vitamin D can cause loss of appetite, the need to pee a lot, nausea, and weight loss. High doses of vitamin D can also make you disoriented and lead to bone pain and kidney stones.
system: How can you get vitamin D?
output: Just 10 to 15 minutes of sunlight without sunscreen a couple of times a week usually gives you enough vitamin D. But it's also important to protect your skin, since too much time under the sun's rays can cause skin cancer. A few foods have it naturally, including: · Fatty fish like salmon, tuna, and mackerel. They're the best source of vitamin D. · Beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks · Mushrooms have a small amount In the U. S., other foods are fortified with vitamin D, such as: · Milk · Breakfast cereal · Some orange juice, yogurt, and soy drinks It's best to get vitamin D from sunlight and food, but you can also get it in a supplement. So the nutrient is important for people with osteoporosis.
system: How is a sentinel node biopsy done to remove and test lymph nodes?
output: The surgeon injects a special blue dye, a radioactive substance, or both into your breast in the area of the tumor. That helps him determine which lymph nodes are the first to receive drainage from the breast -- these nodes would potentially be the first to be invaded by cancer cells. One to three sentinel nodes are usually removed and tested for cancer. If the results are negative, the cancer hasn't spread to the lymph nodes.
system: What should you watch for after a lymph node biopsy?
output: Make sure your doctor gives you: Specific instructions to follow in the days before surgery An overview of the surgical procedure Information about recovery and follow-up care After surgery, watch for warning signs of an infection or swelling in your arm or hand. Call your doctor immediately if you see a buildup of fluid, redness, or other symptoms of infection.
system: What should you do before a lymph node biopsy?
output: Before you have surgery, get a good understanding of what's going to happen and what you might expect. Print out these Questions to Ask. Make sure your doctor gives you: Specific instructions to follow in the days before surgery An overview of the surgical procedure Information about recovery and follow-up care After surgery, watch for warning signs of an infection or swelling in your arm or hand.
system: What should you expect after a lymph node biopsy?
output: But it can take a while to recover, and it can have complications like lymphedema (swelling of the arm) or nerve damage. Complete healing takes about 6 weeks. A physical therapist can teach you simple exercises to relieve muscle soreness and tightness. Your surgeon may suggest more intense exercises after the stitches are out.
system: How is an axillary node dissection done to remove and test lymph nodes?
output: This is called lymph node biopsy and dissection. One to three sentinel nodes are usually removed and tested for cancer. If you have an axillary node dissection, a drain will be placed under your arm to remove fluids that may build up and cause swelling. It's common to have some swelling.
system: What's the treatment for a ligament injury?
output: Treatment for these injuries can include: Rest Physical therapy Surgery In the first 72 hours, you may need to: Ice the injured joint regularly. Use a brace or bandage. Elevate the injury.
system: How do shoulder ligaments work?
output: Ligaments in the shoulder connect your humerus to your shoulder blade (also called the scapula). They also connect the clavicle, or collarbone, to the top of your shoulder blade.
system: How can you injured your shoulder ligament?
output: Ligaments in the shoulder connect your humerus to your shoulder blade (also called the scapula). They also connect the clavicle, or collarbone, to the top of your shoulder blade. When these get stretched, your shoulder becomes unstable. This happens a lot to young people and athletes who put strain on their shoulders, like pitchers in baseball. You can also sprain or tear your shoulder ligament when you use your arm to brace yourself when you fall. There are several ligaments around your ankle.