laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are the benefits of ulcerative colitis surgery?
output: In this procedure, the colon and rectum are removed. This should put an end to the diarrhea, abdominal pains, anemia, and other symptoms. In addition, this surgical procedure prevents colon cancer. Overall, an estimated 5% of ulcerative colitis patients will develop cancer. The elimination of the colon cancer threat is especially significant for people who have ulcerative colitis that affects the entire colon. In these cases, as opposed to cases of ulcerative colitis that affects only the lower colon and the rectum, the cancer risk without surgery could be up to 32 times the normal rate.
system: What types of surgery treat ulcerative colitis?
output: Surgery to remove the entire colon is called a colectomy. Surgery to remove both the colon and rectum is a proctocolectomy. Both can be used to treat ulcerative colitis. These surgeries are also performed to eliminate the threat of colon cancer. Colon cancer is common in people with ulcerative colitis. Proctocolectomy is considered the standard treatment when surgery for ulcerative colitis is needed. If the entire colon is removed, the surgeon may create an opening, or stoma, in the abdominal wall. The tip of the lower small intestine is brought through the stoma. An external bag, or pouch, is attached to the stoma. This is called a permanent ileostomy. Stools pass through this opening and collect in the pouch. The pouch must be worn at all times. Another procedure is the pelvic pouch or ileal pouch anal anastomosis ( IPAA). This is a procedure that does not require a permanent stoma. This surgery is also called a restorative proctocolectomy. The patient is still able to eliminate stool through the anus. In this procedure, the colon and rectum are removed. Then the small intestine is used to form an internal pouch or reservoir -- called a J-pouch -- that will serve as a new rectum. This pouch is connected to the anus. This procedure is frequently done in two operations. In between the operations the patient needs a temporary ileostomy. The continent ileostomy, or Kock pouch, is an option for people who would like their ileostomy converted to an internal pouch. It's also an option for people who do not qualify for the IPAA procedure. In this procedure, there is a stoma but no bag. The colon and rectum are removed, and an internal reservoir is created from the small intestine. An opening is made in the abdominal wall, and the reservoir is then joined to the skin with a nipple valve. If the entire colon and rectum are removed, ulcerative colitis is cured. This should put an end to the diarrhea, abdominal pains, anemia, and other symptoms. In addition, this surgical procedure prevents colon cancer. Overall, an estimated 5% of ulcerative colitis patients will develop cancer. The elimination of the colon cancer threat is especially significant for people who have ulcerative colitis that affects the entire colon. In these cases, as opposed to cases of ulcerative colitis that affects only the lower colon and the rectum, the cancer risk without surgery could be up to 32 times the normal rate.
system: How is schizoaffective disorder related to schizophrenia?
output: Schizoaffective disorder: You'll have a combination of psychotic symptoms along with depression (major depressive disorder) or bipolar disorder. You could feel very down, or swing between super high-energy or highly irritable and very low, too. Psychotic symptoms have to sometimes happen even when your mood is OK for you to have schizoaffective disorder. This is a rare, serious, lifelong illness.
system: How is schizophrenia categorized?
output: Doctors may categorize your schizophrenia according to your main symptom to make a diagnosis clearer. But rather than saying you have "paranoid schizophrenia," they would say you have "schizophrenia with paranoia,â for example.
system: What makes schizophrenia different from other similar disorders?
output: What makes schizophrenia different from some similar disorders in the spectrum is how long you've had symptoms and whether you also have signs of a mood disorder.
system: Are there different types of schizophrenia?
output: Doctors who specialize in mental health used to divide schizophrenia into different subtypes: Catatonic Disorganized Paranoid Residual Undifferentiated. But that system didn't work well. Now, experts talk about schizophrenia as a spectrum disorder that includes all the previous subtypes. It's a group of related mental disorders that share some symptoms. They're like variations on a theme in music. They affect your sense of what's real. They change how you think, feel, and act. What makes schizophrenia different from some similar disorders in the spectrum is how long you've had symptoms and whether you also have signs of a mood disorder.
system: What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?
output: Symptoms of colorectal cancer include: A persistent change in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea) Blood on or in the stool Abdominal discomfort Unexplained weight loss Anemia If colorectal polyps are found, they should be removed and sent to a laboratory for microscopic analysis.
system: What happens if a colorectal polyp is found?
output: Symptoms of colorectal cancer include: A persistent change in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea) Blood on or in the stool Abdominal discomfort Unexplained weight loss Anemia If colorectal polyps are found, they should be removed and sent to a laboratory for microscopic analysis. Once the microscopic type of polyp is determined, the follow-up interval for the next colonoscopy can be made.
system: How does colorectal cancer develop?
output: Colorectal cancer usually begins as a "polyp," a nonspecific term to describe a growth on the inner surface of the colon. Polyps are often non-cancerous growths, but some can develop into cancer. The two most common types of polyps found in the colon and rectum include: Hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps. Usually these polyps do not carry a risk of developing into cancer. However, large hyperplastic polyps, especially on the right side of the colon, are of concern and should be completely removed. Adenomas or adenomatous polyps. Polyps, which, if left alone, could turn into colon cancer. These are considered pre-cancerous. Although most colorectal polyps do not become cancer, virtually all colon and rectal cancers start from these growths. People may inherit diseases in which the risk of colon polyps and cancer is very high. Colorectal cancer may also develop from areas of abnormal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum. This area of abnormal cells is called dysplasia and is more commonly seen in people with certain inflammatory diseases of the bowel such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
system: How do you know if you have colorectal cancer?
output: Risk factors for colorectal cancer include: A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps A diet high in red meats and processed meats Inflammatory bowel disease ( Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) Inherited conditions such as familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer Obesity Smoking Physical inactivity Heavy alcohol use Type 2 diabetes Being African- American Unfortunately, colorectal cancer may strike without symptoms. For this reason, it is very important to talk to your doctor about whether you are at risk for colorectal cancer and should be screened.
system: Who is more likely to get colorectal cancer?
output: People at higher risk for colorectal cancer include those with a personal history of polyps on previous colonoscopy, colorectal cancer, and/or inflammatory bowel disease, strong family history of colorectal cancer or precancerous polyps, and a family history of a hereditary cancer syndrome. Screening guidelines for adults consist of screening with colonoscopy starting at a younger age. However, the exact age to start screening and interval of testing depends on specific risk factors.
system: How can you get colorectal cancer?
output: They grow slowly and often do not produce symptoms until they reach a large size. Fortunately, colorectal cancer is preventable, and curable, if detected early. Although most colorectal polyps do not become cancer, virtually all colon and rectal cancers start from these growths.
system: What are early signs of colorectal cancer?
output: Colorectal cancer may also develop from areas of abnormal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum. Often tumors bleed only small amounts intermittently, and evidence of the blood is found only during chemical testing of the stool. This is called occult bleeding, meaning it is not always visible to the naked eye. When tumors have grown to a large size they may cause a change in the frequency or the caliber of the stool.
system: What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
output: Risk factors for colorectal cancer include: A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps A diet high in red meats and processed meats Inflammatory bowel disease ( Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) Inherited conditions such as familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer Obesity Smoking Physical inactivity Heavy alcohol use Type 2 diabetes Being African- American Unfortunately, colorectal cancer may strike without symptoms. Screening should begin at age 50.
system: How can you prevent colorectal cancer?
output: People may inherit diseases in which the risk of colon polyps and cancer is very high. Some studies have shown that aspirin and other drugs known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, may help prevent colon cancers. NSAIDs also carry increased risks of serious complications, such as stomach bleeding, heart attacks and strokes. Screening guidelines for adults consist of screening with colonoscopy starting at a younger age.
system: What are the general colorectal cancer screening recommendations?
output: General Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations: These recommendations are for people at average risk for colorectal cancer without symptoms or a personal or family history of colorectal polyps or cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. Screening should begin at age 50. Stool tests â a fecal occult blood test or fecal immunochemical test -- is performed once a year. These are simple at-home tests that check for hidden blood in the stool from multiple samples. Or Flexible sigmoidoscopyperformed every 5 years. This is an outpatient procedure for examining the inside of the lower portion of the large intestine, called the sigmoid colon, and also the rectum. This test can miss polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities that are beyond the reach of the scope. If abnormalities are detected, a colonoscopy needs to be done. Or Colonoscopy, performed once every 10 years; this is the preferred test. CT colongraphy (virtual colonoscopy) performed every 5 years. This can miss small polyps. If any abnormalities are detected, a colonoscopy is needed.
system: What tests are used to detect colorectal cancer?
output: In addition to getting a medical history and physical exam, there are a number of tests your doctor can perform to help detect colorectal cancer and polyps early. Tests to help detect colorectal polyps and cancer include: Sigmoidoscopy. This is a procedure used to examine the rectum and very last part of the colon. This test can detect polyps, cancer, and other abnormalities in the sigmoid colon and rectum. During this exam, a biopsy (tissue sample) may also be removed and sent for testing. Colonoscopy. A colonoscopy examines the entire colon and rectum. This is a special X-ray test (also referred to as a virtual colonoscopy) done of the entire colon using a CT (computed tomography) scanner. This test takes less time and is less invasive than other tests. However, if a polyp is detected, a standard colonoscopy needs to be performed. CT colongraphy (virtual colonoscopy) performed every 5 years.
system: Can I use adult allergy medicine for a child?
output: Can I use adult allergy medicine for my child? No. Only give medication to your child that is clearly labeled for his or her age group. There are a few over-the-counter and prescription medications that are OK for children as young as 6 months old. You'll need to know the child's age and weight to calculate the correct dose to give. Your pediatrician or pharmacist can help you figure out which medications and how much, if any, are best for your child.
system: What should I know about allergy shots?
output: Allergy Shots This is also called allergy immunotherapy and is only available from your doctor. The shots can help your body get used to your allergens. It can't cure your allergies, but your symptoms can get better for a long time, and you may have fewer allergic reactions. Allergy shots have to be taken every few days to weeks for several months. They are a good option for people with hay fever or pet allergies when other medications haven't worked. Side effects include redness, swelling, or irritation around the site of the injection.
system: Whoâs most likely to have allergies?
output: Allergies affect men and women of all ages, and you can develop an allergy at any time. You may even find yourself suddenly allergic to something that never bothered you before. Experts aren't sure why some people have allergies and others don't, but there seems to be a family connection. People with a family history of allergies are more likely to develop them. So if you have allergies, your children will most likely have them, too.
system: What causes food allergies, and what are reactions like?
output: Food allergies. Eight foods cause 90% of food allergies: Milk, soy, eggs, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish. Reactions tend to happen more in young children than adults. Fortunately, some children will outgrow them. Symptoms usually appear within a few minutes to 2 hours of eating the food and can be mild, like a rash, itching, or swelling, or life-threatening, like trouble breathing and swelling of the throat or tongue. Life-threatening reactions should be treated immediately with an epinephrine auto-injector. Then call 911.
system: How can I tell the difference between a cold and allergies?
output: The symptoms are so similar that you might get them confused. Here's how to tell the difference: Allergies Cold Symptoms Runny, itchy, or stuffy nose, sneezing, wheezing, watery or itchy eyes. You could also have a sore throat, body aches, and fever. Watery eyes are rare. How long symptoms last Could last a long time, as long as you're exposed to your allergen. Symptoms tend to clear up within a few days.
system: What are some types and symptoms of allergies?
output: People with allergies to certain medications (like antibiotics, aspirin, and ibuprofen) will have a reaction like a skin rash, itching, wheezing, swelling, even trouble breathing after taking them. When your skin comes in direct contact with something you're allergic to, like perfumes, dyes, metals, or latex, you may notice a rash, blisters, itching, and burning. Eczema is a chronic inflammation of the skin, resulting in itchy red patches. It can be triggered by certain foods, pet dander, dust mites, sweating, or coming in contact with something irritating, like wool. Insect allergies.
system: How can I cut allergens in my home?
output: If possible, leave your home for a few hours after cleaning to avoid allergens you've stirred up. Also, make sure that your vacuum has a HEPA filter or special double filter bags to catch dust. Keep pets out of the bedroom. Zippered plastic covers also work. Wash bedding weekly in hot water (130 F) and dry in a hot dryer to kill dust mites. Repair indoor or outdoor leaks. Use a dehumidifier, and clean it often. Keep pollen out.
system: Whatâs hay fever?
output: Also known as allergic rhinitis, hay fever is the most common type of allergy. It can be seasonal, meaning it only happens at certain times of the year (mostly in the spring or fall), or year-round. Symptoms include stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, watery eyes, and itchy throat and can range from mild to severe. Seasonal: If you have seasonal hay fever, you are probably allergic to something outdoors, like mold or pollen. Ragweed is to blame for 75% of hay fever. Year-round: If you have year-round hay fever, you are probably allergic to something indoors, such as dust mites, mold, cockroaches, or pet dander.
system: What are some ways I can treat my allergies without medicine?
output: You might have heard that there are ways to get relief from your allergy symptoms without taking medication. Herbal supplements: Experts aren't sure that taking supplements like bee pollen, butterbur, or goldenseal can help allergies. So if you are allergic to ragweed, some supplements may make your symptoms worse. Nasal irrigation : Pour a saline solution into one nostril and let it flow out the other to wash out mucus and allergens. Make sure you always use distilled or sterile water, boiled and cooled tap water, or water passed through a special filter.
system: How can I avoid outdoor allergens?
output: You don't have to stay indoors round the clock, there are some precautions you can take: Avoid going out when allergens are at their peak, usually between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Consider wearing a facemask when you're outside to limit how much pollen you breathe in. Wear a baseball cap during pollen season and leave it at the door when you come back inside. Avoid tracking pollen in your home by leaving your shoes at the door, changing your clothes, and showering and washing your hair immediately after going inside. Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes from pollen. Roll up the car windows and use the air conditioner when you drive. Have someone else do the yard work.
system: How can I treat my child's allergy symptoms?
output: If you don't know what's causing your child to sneeze or wheeze, see your pediatrician or allergist. They will examine your child to find the cause of the symptoms and suggest treatments. When pollen counts are highest, consider limiting your child's time outdoors. Have your child wear a baseball cap outside, and when he comes in, have him change his clothes and wash his face (including eyebrows and nostrils). Medications can also help. But remember that treating children is different from treating adults. If your child's symptoms aren't responding to over-the-counter medicine recommended by your pharmacist, make an appointment with your pediatrician to see if other treatments like prescription medications and allergy immunotherapy might help.
system: How can I ease side effects from allergy medication?
output: Follow a few simple strategies to manage side effects: Follow the directions. Tell your doctor if you've had any problems or unpleasant side effects from past medications. It can increase side effects like drowsiness or even make you sick.
system: What are tips for feeding children with spinal muscular atrophy?
output: When muscles in the mouth and throat are weak, babies and children with SMA can have a hard time sucking and swallowing. In that situation, your child may not get good nutrition and may have trouble growing. Your doctor may suggest working with a nutritionist. Some babies may need a feeding tube.
system: What questions will your doctor ask about spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) before a diagnosis?
output: SMA can sometimes be hard to diagnose because the symptoms may be similar to other conditions. To help figure out what's going on, your doctor may ask you: Has your baby missed any developmental milestones, such as holding his head up or rolling over? Does your child have trouble sitting or standing on his own? Have you seen your child have trouble breathing? When did you first notice the symptoms? Has anyone in your family had similar symptoms?
system: What can help breathing problems in children with spinal muscular atrophy?
output: With SMA, especially types 1 and 2, weak muscles keep air from moving easily in and out of the lungs. If this happens to your child, he may need a special mask or mouthpiece. For severe problems, your child may use a machine that helps him breathe.
system: What are symptoms of type 2 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
output: This affects children 6-18 months old. The symptoms range from moderate to severe and usually involve the legs more than the arms. Your child may be able to sit and walk or stand with help. Type 2 is also called chronic infantile SMA.
system: How can I ease back issues of a child with spinal muscular atrophy?
output: When SMA starts in childhood, children can get a curve in their spine. A doctor may suggest that your child wear a back brace while his spine is still growing. When he's stopped growing, he may have surgery to fix the problem.
system: What is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
output: Spinal muscular atrophy ( SMA) most often affects babies and children and makes it hard for them to use their muscles. When your child has SMA, there's a breakdown of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The brain stops sending messages that control muscle movement. When that happens, your child's muscles get weak and shrink, and he can have trouble controlling head movement, sitting without help, and even walking. Have you seen your child have trouble breathing?
system: How is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) treated?
output: What can I do to help my child become more independent? The FDA has approved two medications to treat SMA: nusinersen ( Spinraza) and onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi ( Zolgensma). Both are forms of gene therapy that affect the genes involved in SMA. The outlook depends on when symptoms started and how severe they are.
system: What are different types of doctors who can treat spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
output: He may need to see: Pulmonologists, doctors who treat lungs Neurologists, specialists in nerve problems Orthopedists, doctors who treat bone problems Gastroenterologists, specialists in stomach disorders Nutritionists, experts in the way food affects your child's health Physical therapists, people trained in using exercise to improve your child's motion This team can help you make decisions about your child's health. In other types of SMA, doctors can help ease a child's symptoms for many years and in many cases throughout his life.
system: What tests can help diagnose spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
output: Spinal muscular atrophy ( SMA) most often affects babies and children and makes it hard for them to use their muscles. For example, they may take a blood sample from your child to check for missing or broken genes that can cause SMA. Other tests rule out conditions that have similar symptoms: Nerve tests, such as an electromyogram ( EMG). This is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures of the inside of your child's body. This uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and structures inside your child. In this test, the doctor removes muscle cells through a needle in the muscle or through a small cut in your child's skin.
system: What are symptoms of type 4 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
output: Symptoms vary greatly, depending on the type of SMA: Type 1. This form of SMA starts when you're an adult. You may have symptoms such as muscle weakness, twitching, or breathing problems. Usually only your upper arms and legs are affected. You'll have the symptoms throughout your life, but you can keep moving and even get better with exercises that you'll practice with the help of a physical therapist.
system: What are symptoms of type 3 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
output: Symptoms vary greatly, depending on the type of SMA: Type 1. Symptoms for this type start when children are 2-17 years old. It's the mildest form of the disease. Your child will most likely be able to stand or walk without help, but may have problems running, climbing stairs, or getting up from a chair. Later in life, he may need a wheelchair to get around. Type 3 is also called Kugelberg- Welander disease or juvenile SMA.