laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: Should I include my child in family decisions about multiple sclerosis?
output: Include your child in family decisions. Whether you're divvying up the household chores or going to the hospital for treatment, it's important to involve your child in some decisions. It will give her a sense of control and belonging.
system: How should I start the conversation about multiple sclerosis with my children?
output: Don't be surprised if your kids already know that something is up before you talk about it with them. Children of all ages are good at knowing when things are different. But you may want to ask them how they would like to learn more about MS. A trusting relationship with a friend or family member can be helpful.
system: When should I seek professional help for my children regarding multiple sclerosis?
output: Once you learn you have multiple sclerosis ( MS), it may take you some time to adjust to your symptoms and to know what to expect from your disease. Don't be surprised if your kids already know that something is up before you talk about it with them.
system: Should I have an open and honest discussion about my children regarding multiple sclerosis?
output: Don't be surprised if your kids already know that something is up before you talk about it with them. Let her know that you'll be ready whenever she is.
system: Should I share how I'm feeling about multiple sclerosis with my children?
output: Children appreciate it when you open the door. Remind her that there's nothing wrong with how she's feeling.
system: What are the symptoms of a testicular injury?
output: As many men and boys know all too well, a testicular injury typically causes substantial pain in the scrotum. There is sometimes pain in the abdomen, as well. Other symptoms can include: Nausea (especially common with testicular torsion) Bruising or discoloration of the scrotum Swelling of the scrotum Blood in the urine Difficulty urinating Fever It's important to see your doctor if you a testicle injury.
system: What are treatments for testicular injuries?
output: Treatments for some types of testicular trauma include: Placing an ice pack against your scrotum Resting and avoiding strenuous activity Medication to treat pain and inflammation Antibiotics to prevent or treat infection Wearing a jockstrap to support your testicles In the case of torsion, treatment involves a doctor turning the testicle back to its proper place by rotating it while holding the scrotum.
system: What happens at the doctor's office if I have a testicular injury?
output: The doctor will want to know about the accident, as well as other information. Be prepared to discuss: When the injury occurred How it happened How you felt after the injury How you feel now If you've ever had other problems with your penis, scrotum, or testicles Even if you're embarrassed about how the injury occurred, be sure to answer your doctor's questions honestly. The doctor will also check your scrotum for signs of injury.
system: When should I see my doctor if I've had a testicular injury?
output: Other symptoms can include: Nausea (especially common with testicular torsion) Bruising or discoloration of the scrotum Swelling of the scrotum Blood in the urine Difficulty urinating Fever It's important to see your doctor if you a testicle injury. Some of these problems, like testicular torsion, are a medical emergency. Serious injuries can cause you to lose the testicle or cause the testicle to shrink. They may also threaten your future fertility (the ability to have children). Seeing your doctor promptly can lower your chances of these complications.
system: What kinds of accidents can lead to testicular injuries?
output: Examples include: Getting kicked Getting hit by a baseball Motorcycle accident Bicycle accident Other mishaps can cut or pierce the scrotum and injure the testicles. These include animal bites, bullet wounds, and accidents with machinery. Testicular trauma can cause different problems.
system: How can I protect myself from a testicular injury?
output: You can't always prevent a testicle injury, but these steps will help protect you: Wear a jockstrap when you're playing sports. If you're doing an activity that could lead to a hard strike -- such as baseball or martial arts -- also wear a protective cup. Be sure the cup fits well and is properly placed over your penis and testicles. Wear your seat belt while in a vehicle. Use caution when riding motorcycles and bicycles. Take care near machinery that could snag your clothing or skin. Avoid loose clothing and belts.
system: What are the types of testicular injuries?
output: An injury can rupture or tear the tough, protective covering surrounding the testicle and damage the testicle. This is called a testicular rupture or fracture. Contusion. A tube called the spermatic cord contains blood vessels that lead from the abdomen to the testicle. A scrotum injury can cause this cord to twist, which is called torsion. Torsion can also happen spontaneously, without an injury.
system: What are some ways to manage secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)?
output: There are drugs that can ease a lot of the symptoms you might have with SPMS. For example, there are medications to relive pain, bladder problems, fatigue, and dizziness. Lifestyle changes can also make a difference. Doctors recommend sticking to a healthy diet and trying to keep your weight under control.
system: How is secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) treated?
output: It's often harder to treat secondary progressive MS than relapsing-remitting MS. The main type of drugs for MS, called disease-modifying drugs ( DMDs), make relapses happen less often and symptoms less severe. For people with SPMS who still have relapses, DMDs can still help. But for those whose symptoms just get gradually worse, the drugs don't really work.
system: How is secondary progressive multiple sclerosis treated?
output: It's often harder to treat secondary progressive MS than relapsing-remitting MS. The main type of drugs for MS, called disease-modifying drugs ( DMDs), make relapses happen less often and symptoms less severe. For people with SPMS who still have relapses, DMDs can still help. But for those whose symptoms just get gradually worse, the drugs don't really work.
system: How many people are diagnosed with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)?
output: Most people with relapsing-remitting MS -- about 80% -- eventually get secondary progressive MS. The relapses and remissions that used to come and go change into symptoms that steadily get worse. The shift typically begins 15 to 20 years after you're first diagnosed with MS. Because multiple sclerosis is such a complex disease, it can be hard to spot the changes that signal SPMS, even for health professionals. Doctors often wait at least 6 months before they diagnose SPMS.
system: Are there certain medications that can help manage the symptoms of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?
output: There are drugs that can ease a lot of the symptoms you might have with SPMS. For example, there are medications to relive pain, bladder problems, fatigue, and dizziness.
system: Which medications can treat secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)?
output: Mitoxantrone is still mainly works to treat relapses and has serious side effects, including heart problems and leukemia. So there's a limit to how much people can use it in their lifetimes. It's usually for people with disease that gets worse quickly when other treatments don't work. Another drug called methotrexate ( Otrexup, Rasuvo, Trexall, Xatmep), often used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, may improve symptoms in people with SPMS.
system: How does exercise help manage secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)?
output: Exercise is also good for SPMS and other types of the disease. Try activities that get your heart pumping a bit, like brisk walking or swimming, and those that help you stretch and strengthen your muscles and improve your range of motion. They'll give you more energy and boost your mood. It's also a good way to control your weight.
system: What causes secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)?
output: It's not clear why people progress from relapse-remitting to secondary progressive MS. Some scientists think it may be an aftereffect of nerve injury that happened early in the disease. But they need more research to understand what's behind the shifts in the disease.
system: What is secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)?
output: People with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis ( SPMS) start out with another type of MS -- relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. If you've been diagnosed with SPMS you may have had relapsing-remitting MS for a decade or more. That's when you may begin to feel a shift in your disease. The changes are often not easy to recognize.
system: What symptoms signify the onset of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?
output: Along with these signs, there are other symptoms that might show you're shifting to SPMS: More weakness and more trouble with coordination Stiff, tight leg muscles Bowel and bladder problems A harder time with fatigue, depression, and problems thinking Your doctor can only diagnose SPMS by comparing your symptoms over time.
system: Why do people progress from relapse-remitting to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?
output: It's not clear why people progress from relapse-remitting to secondary progressive MS. Some scientists think it may be an aftereffect of nerve injury that happened early in the disease. But they need more research to understand what's behind the shifts in the disease.
system: How soon is secondary progressive multiple sclerosis diagnosed?
output: The shift typically begins 15 to 20 years after you're first diagnosed with MS. Because multiple sclerosis is such a complex disease, it can be hard to spot the changes that signal SPMS, even for health professionals. Doctors often wait at least 6 months before they diagnose SPMS.
system: How is secondary progressive multiple sclerosis related to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?
output: That's when you may begin to feel a shift in your disease. The changes are often not easy to recognize. But you may notice that your relapses may not seem to fully go away. Most people with relapsing-remitting MS -- about 80% -- eventually get secondary progressive MS.
system: What percentage of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis eventually get secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?
output: Most people with relapsing-remitting MS -- about 80% -- eventually get secondary progressive MS. The relapses and remissions that used to come and go change into symptoms that steadily get worse. The shift typically begins 15 to 20 years after you're first diagnosed with MS. Because multiple sclerosis is such a complex disease, it can be hard to spot the changes that signal SPMS, even for health professionals.
system: Are there patterns of clear attacks for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?
output: They may happen less often or not at all. When you do have relapses, recovery is not as complete. It's often harder to treat secondary progressive MS than relapsing-remitting MS. The main type of drugs for MS, called disease-modifying drugs ( DMDs), make relapses happen less often and symptoms less severe.
system: Is exercise used to treat secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?
output: The relapses and remissions that used to come and go change into symptoms that steadily get worse. They'll give you more energy and boost your mood. It's also a good way to control your weight.
system: How can triglycerides lead to insulin resistance relative to diabetes?
output: Normally, your body makes insulin, which âescortsâ glucose -- the type of sugar in your blood --inside your cells. There, your body turns glucose into energy. Insulin also allows your body to use triglycerides for energy. A common cause of high triglycerides is excess carbohydrates in your diet. High TG's signals insulin resistance; that's when you have excess insulin and blood sugar isn't responding in normal ways to insulin. This results in higher than normal blood sugar levels. If you have insulin resistance, you're one step closer to type 2 diabetes. If you also are overweight, eat a lot of sugary and starchy foods, or don't exercise, your insulin resistance can be worse. You can reverse your tracks by following the exercise and meal plan your doctor recommends to lower your triglycerides and by taking prescribed medicine.
system: How are blood sugar levels checked relative to diabetes?
output: Your doctor can check your blood sugar (also called glucose) levels, by taking a sample of your blood after you've fasted, which means you haven't eaten for at least 8 hours. The doctor may also test the level of glucose in your blood with a special blood test called A1c. The result shows the average level of sugar over the previous 3 months.
system: How can diabetes affect your body?
output: If your blood sugar levels climb to a high enough level, you have diabetes. If you don't treat it, then over time, high blood sugar levels injure nerves and harm blood vessels, which impairs circulation. The damage can affect your vision, your kidneys, and even your brain cells. Beyond this cascade of problems, diabetes dramatically increases your risk of heart disease, which could lead to a heart attack or stroke.
system: Why is it dangerous to ignore high blood sugar levels?
output: If your blood sugar levels climb to a high enough level, you have diabetes. If you don't treat it, then over time, high blood sugar levels injure nerves and harm blood vessels, which impairs circulation. The damage can affect your vision, your kidneys, and even your brain cells. Beyond this cascade of problems, diabetes dramatically increases your risk of heart disease, which could lead to a heart attack or stroke. Talk to your doctor about a treatment plan to bring your triglyceride levels and your blood sugar levels down. Your plan is likely to include both medication and lifestyle changes. It's worth it because your efforts can help reduce complications from diabetes, which can include blindness, bladder problems, and sexual issues.
system: How can your doctor test for high blood sugar?
output: Your doctor can check your blood sugar (also called glucose) levels, by taking a sample of your blood after you've fasted, which means you haven't eaten for at least 8 hours. The doctor may also test the level of glucose in your blood with a special blood test called A1c. The result shows the average level of sugar over the previous 3 months.
system: How do triglycerides affect your risk of diabetes?
output: Luckily, with some effort, you can lower your triglycerides -- which can help you lower your chance of developing diabetes. If you have insulin resistance, you're one step closer to type 2 diabetes. When you have prediabetes (or diabetes), you are also likely to have high triglycerides. Beyond this cascade of problems, diabetes dramatically increases your risk of heart disease, which could lead to a heart attack or stroke.
system: What are indications of prediabetes?
output: If you do, you've taken another giant step closer to type 2 diabetes. When you have prediabetes (or diabetes), you are also likely to have high triglycerides. If your blood sugar levels climb to a high enough level, you have diabetes.
system: What is the standard diagnostic guideline for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
output: Along with abdominal cramping and discomfort, IBS symptoms may include: Bloating Gas Constipation -- the stool comes out either lumpy or hard Diarrhea -- the stool comes out loose or watery Alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea Bowel movements that feel uncontrollably urgent, difficult to pass, or incomplete Clear or white mucus with the stool To determine whether your digestive problems are truly IBS, doctors need to see two out of the following three features: A bowel movement relieves the ache and suffering There's a change in how often the stool comes out The stool looks different The standard diagnostic guideline for IBS, called the Rome IV criteria, requires that you have these symptoms for at least 1 day a week in the last 3 months and that symptoms started at least six months prior. But most doctors don't follow that requirement closely, says Philip Schoenfeld, MD, MSEd, MSc.
system: What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
output: Along with abdominal cramping and discomfort, IBS symptoms may include: Bloating Gas Constipation -- the stool comes out either lumpy or hard Diarrhea -- the stool comes out loose or watery Alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea Bowel movements that feel uncontrollably urgent, difficult to pass, or incomplete Clear or white mucus with the stool To determine whether your digestive problems are truly IBS, doctors need to see two out of the following three features: A bowel movement relieves the ache and suffering There's a change in how often the stool comes out The stool looks different The standard diagnostic guideline for IBS, called the Rome IV criteria, requires that you have these symptoms for at least 1 day a week in the last 3 months and that symptoms started at least six months prior.
system: What are the defining features of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
output: Along with abdominal cramping and discomfort, IBS symptoms may include: Bloating Gas Constipation -- the stool comes out either lumpy or hard Diarrhea -- the stool comes out loose or watery Alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea Bowel movements that feel uncontrollably urgent, difficult to pass, or incomplete Clear or white mucus with the stool To determine whether your digestive problems are truly IBS, doctors need to see two out of the following three features: A bowel movement relieves the ache and suffering There's a change in how often the stool comes out The stool looks different The standard diagnostic guideline for IBS, called the Rome IV criteria, requires that you have these symptoms for at least 1 day a week in the last 3 months and that symptoms started at least six months prior.
system: How can irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) be misdiagnosed?
output: Doctors can determine whether your symptoms are IBS or signs of another problem. IBS is often confused with other illnesses, so doctors will need to ask questions and perform tests to confirm a diagnosis. Blood in the stool, fever, weight loss, and continuing pain are NOT symptoms of IBS. If you have these symptoms, see a doctor right away.
system: How is a venography used to diagnose deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
output: The doctor injects a radioactive dye into a vein on the top of your foot to help them see your veins and maybe a clot. It's more accurate than an ultrasound, but there's a slight chance it will cause more blood clots.
system: What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
output: Deep vein thrombosis can have the same symptoms as many other health problems. But about half the time, this blood clot in a deep vein, often in your leg, causes no symptoms.
system: When should you call your doctor about deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
output: Call your doctor right away if you have these DVT symptoms, especially if they appear suddenly: Swelling in one or both legs Pain or tenderness in your leg, ankle, foot, or arm.
system: What are the different types of breast cancer?
output: If your breast cancer has a significant number of receptors for either estrogen or progesterone, it's considered hormone-receptor positive. Tumors that are ER/ PR-positive are much more likely to respond to hormone therapy than tumors that are ER/ PR-negative. You may have hormone therapy after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are finished. These treatments can help prevent a return of the disease by blocking the effects of estrogen.
system: What other drugs are used to treat HER2-breast cancer?
output: There are several other targeted therapies sometimes used in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. These include: Ado-trastuzumab emtansine ( Kadcyla) Lapatinib ( Tykerb) Neratinib ( Nerlynx) Pertuzumab ( Perjeta) Some breast cancers -- between 10% and 20% -- are known as âtriple negativeâ because they don't have estrogen and progesterone receptors and don't overexpress the HER2 protein.
system: What is triple-negative breast cancer?
output: These include: Ado-trastuzumab emtansine ( Kadcyla) Lapatinib ( Tykerb) Neratinib ( Nerlynx) Pertuzumab ( Perjeta) Some breast cancers -- between 10% and 20% -- are known as âtriple negativeâ because they don't have estrogen and progesterone receptors and don't overexpress the HER2 protein. Many breast cancers associated with the gene BRCA1 are triple negative.
system: How is HER2-positive breast cancer treated?
output: For women with HER2-positive breast cancers, the targeted drug trastuzumab ( Herceptin) has been shown to dramatically reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. Itâs standard treatment to give this medication along with chemotherapy after surgery to people with breast cancer that's spread to other areas. It can also be used for early-stage breast cancer.
system: How is hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treated?
output: You may have hormone therapy after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are finished. These treatments can help prevent a return of the disease by blocking the effects of estrogen. They do this in one of several ways. These include anastrozole ( Arimidex), exemestane ( Aromasin), and letrozole ( Femara). They're only used in women who've already gone through menopause. Fulvestrant ( Faslodex) is a medication that blocks and damages estrogen receptors that is sometimes used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Toremifene ( Fareston) is a drug that blocks estrogen receptors that can also be given to certain women with metastatic breast cancer. CDK 4/6 inhibitors abemaciclib ( Verzenio), palbociclib ( Ibrance) and ribociclib ( Kisqali) are sometimes used with aromatase inhibitors or the hormone therapy fulvestrant ( Faslodex). It can also be used for early-stage breast cancer.
system: How does your blood sugar level affect your diabetes treatment?
output: If they stay too high for too long, you're at risk for complications of diabetes, like eye problems or kidney disease. If your blood sugar is above where it should be, your doctor may add another drug to your treatment plan or increase your dose to get you to a healthy range.
system: What health problems can affect the efficacy of  my diabetes drugs?
output: Some conditions you might have along with diabetes can affect how well your drugs control your blood sugar, including: Obesity High blood pressure High cholesterol Heart disease Kidney disease Sleep apnea or other sleep problems Depression Some medications that treat diabetes also may help you treat other health problems or lower your odds of having them.
system: Are there multiple ways to control blood sugar for diabetes?
output: When you and your doctor are thinking about the best way to control your blood sugar, you've got a lot of options to choose from. Insulin and other medicines, including shots and pills, can help keep your levels in a healthy range.
system: How can how long you've had diabetes affect your treatment?
output: If you've had the condition for more than 10 years, some diabetes pills may not help you. But if you've just been diagnosed, your doctor might not make insulin the first treatment you try. Also, your treatment plan may change over time, because some medications get less effective the longer you take them.
system: How can your blood sugar levels affect your diabetes treatment?
output: If they stay too high for too long, you're at risk for complications of diabetes, like eye problems or kidney disease. If your blood sugar is above where it should be, your doctor may add another drug to your treatment plan or increase your dose to get you to a healthy range.