laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are the methods that describe stages of emphysema?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Doctors describe how bad your emphysema is by using what they call âstages.â They use two main methods to come up with this information -- the GOLD Emphysema Staging System and the BODE Index.
system: What are the GOLD stages of emphysema?
output: This is a set of guidelines established by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ( GOLD). Your FEV1 is 80% or more. You might have had no flare-ups over the past year, or perhaps just one. You weren't hospitalized for your symptoms. Group B ( GOLD 1 or 2): Your FEV1 is between 50% and 80%. Your FEV1 is between 30% and 50%. You've had more than two flare-ups in the past year, or you've been admitted to the hospital at least once. Group D ( GOLD 3 or 4): It's extremely hard for you to breathe in or out. You've had at least two flare-ups in the past year, or you've been hospitalized at least once. Doctors call this âend-stageâ COPD.
system: What is the function of the set of guidelines established by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) to determine the stages of emphysema?
output: Doctors call this the forced expiratory volume ( FEV1). If you have emphysema, your doctor will look at your FEV1. He'll also look at your other symptoms, as well as how many times you've been hospitalized in the past year because of them. Doctors call this an âexacerbation.â It means your symptoms flare up or suddenly get worse. This measures how far you can walk in 6 minutes.
system: When does cradle cap (seborrhea) usually show up in babies?
output: Greasy, yellowish crusts appear on the scalp and may include a red, irritating rash on the face, behind the ears, on the neck, and even in the armpits. Your doctor will tell you how to best treat this common condition, depending on your baby's symptoms.
system: How often do new rashes appear in newborns?
output: New rashes may appear in babies after a few days, weeks, or even months.
system: When should you worry about your newborn's rash?
output: While most rashes are not serious, a few need very close attention: Fluid-filled blisters (especially ones with opaque, yellowish fluid) can indicate a serious infection, like a bacterial infection or herpes. Small red or purplish dots over the body (''petechiae'') can be caused by a viral infection or a potentially very serious bacterial infection. These will not lighten with pressure. Any infant with possible petechiae should be evaluated by a doctor immediately.
system: What are salmon patches in newborns?
output: Salmon patches (called a ''stork bite'' at the back of the neck or an ''angel's kiss'' between the eyes) are simple nests of blood vessels (probably caused by maternal hormones) that fade on their own after a few weeks or months. Occasionally, stork bites never go away.
system: What are Mongolian spots in newborns?
output: Mongolian spots are very common in any part of the body of dark-skinned babies. They are flat, gray-blue in color (almost looking like a bruise), and can be small or large. They are caused by some pigment that didn't make it to the top layer when baby's skin was being formed. They are harmless and usually fade away by school age.
system: What causes little white bumps on the nose and face of your newborn?
output: When a baby's oil glands enlarge and open up in a few days or weeks, the white bumps disappear.
system: Is dry, peeling skin normal in newborns?
output: The underlying skin is perfectly normal, soft, and moist. New rashes may appear in babies after a few days, weeks, or even months.
system: How do you know if your baby has eczema and how do you treat it?
output: Greasy, yellowish crusts appear on the scalp and may include a red, irritating rash on the face, behind the ears, on the neck, and even in the armpits. It is caused by dry, sensitive skin, and sometimes allergies (although it can be difficult at this age to know what the trigger might be). Your doctor can determine if the rash looks like eczema and prescribe the appropriate treatment. In general, treatment consists of: Using a very gentle soap Using a gentle detergent and no fabric softener in baby's laundry Using skin moisturizers Applying a steroid cream (like hydrocortisone or even a stronger one) if the eczema won't go away Prickly heat looks like small red bumps, mostly on areas of your baby's body that tend to overheat and sweat, like the neck, diaper area, and armpits.
system: What is erythema toxicum in newborns?
output: A newborn's skin is prone to rashes of all sorts. It looks like red blotches with ill-defined borders that are slightly raised, and may have a small white or yellow dot in the center. Its cause is unknown, and it resolves without treatment after a few days or weeks.
system: How do pink pimples appear in newborns?
output: New rashes may appear in babies after a few days, weeks, or even months. It is caused by dry, sensitive skin, and sometimes allergies (although it can be difficult at this age to know what the trigger might be).
system: What is jaundice in newborns?
output: It is caused by an excess of bilirubin (a breakdown product of red blood cells). If the bilirubin level becomes sufficiently high, blue or white lights may be focused on the baby's skin to lower the level, because excess bilirubin can sometimes pose a health hazard. Eczema is red, itchy patches on the skin, often seen on the baby's chest, arms, legs, face, elbows, and behind the knees.
system: Is it normal for your newborn to have rashes?
output: Fortunately, most of these rashes are harmless and go away on their own. Erythema toxicum is another common newborn rash.
system: How can you prevent appendicitis?
output: There is no way to prevent appendicitis. However, appendicitis may be less common in people who eat foods high in fiber, such as fresh fruits and vegetables.
system: What is an interval appendectomy?
output: If your doctor suspects appendicitis, he or she will likely quickly remove the appendix to avoid its rupture. If the appendix has formed an abscess, you may have two procedures, one to do a CT-guided drainage of the pus and fluid, and a second one to remove the appendix eight to 12 weeks later. This delayed surgery is called an interval appendectomy.
system: What are the treatments for appendicitis?
output: This delayed surgery is called an interval appendectomy.
system: Which conditions have similar symptoms with appendicitis?
output: Diagnosing appendicitis can be tricky: Time is critical, yet symptoms are frequently vague or extremely similar to other, less urgent ailments, such as bladder infection, colitis, Crohn's disease, gastritis, gastroenteritis, and ovary problems.
system: How do I know if I have appendicitis?
output: Appendicitis may be suspected if your doctor gently presses on your lower right abdomen and this causes pain. CT scans and ultrasound are fast and reliable -- though not perfect -- in revealing appendicitis.
system: Can hepatitis B or hepatitis C increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, but they've identified some things that may increase your risk for getting it: Hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Hepatocellular cancer can start many years after you've had one of these liver infections. Both are passed through blood, such as when drug users share needles. Blood tests can show whether you have hepatitis B or C. Cirrhosis.
system: What does chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma consist of?
output: To treat cancer, doctors often place chemotherapy drugs directly into your liver. It's a process called "chemoembolization." Your doctor puts a thin, flexible tube into the artery that supplies blood to your liver. The tube delivers a chemo drug combined with another drug that helps to block the artery. The goal is to kill the tumor by starving it of blood. Your liver still gets the blood it needs through another blood vessel. You usually get chemotherapy on an outpatient basis, which means you don't need to stay overnight in a hospital. It can cause side effects, such as nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fever and chills, headache, and weakness. You may also be more likely to get infections, bruising, bleeding, and fatigue. Medicine can ease some of these side effects.
system: How is a blood test used to detect hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: Your doctor may use tests to help diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma: Blood test. Your doctor takes a sample of your blood and checks to see if it has a protein called AFP. : Unborn babies have high levels of AFP, but it decreases in most people right after birth. If your blood has a high amount of AFP, it could be a sign of liver cancer.
system: How is alcohol injection used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: This is also called "percutaneous ethanol injection." An ultrasound, which uses sound waves to see structures in your body, helps your doctor guide a thin needle into the tumor. Then he injects ethanol (alcohol) to destroy the cancer. You usually have this procedure under local anesthesia, which means you won't feel pain but you're awake while this is going on.
system: What causes hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, but they've identified some things that may increase your risk for getting it: Hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Hepatocellular cancer can start many years after you've had one of these liver infections.
system: How does cirrhosis increase your risk for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: This serious disease happens when liver cells are damaged and replaced with scar tissue. Many things can cause it: hepatitis B or C infection, alcohol drinking, certain drugs, and too much iron stored in the liver.
system: What is alcohol injection treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: This is also called "percutaneous ethanol injection." An ultrasound, which uses sound waves to see structures in your body, helps your doctor guide a thin needle into the tumor. Then he injects ethanol (alcohol) to destroy the cancer. You usually have this procedure under local anesthesia, which means you won't feel pain but you're awake while this is going on.
system: What should you know about the treating hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: It's important to remember that you still have control over the decisions you make about your treatment and your life. Make sure you have people you can talk to about your plans, your fears, and your feelings. Ask your doctor about support groups, where you can meet people who know what you're going through. Your doctor can help you understand your treatment options. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are some of your choices.
system: What causes cirrhosis?
output: This serious disease happens when liver cells are damaged and replaced with scar tissue. Many things can cause it: hepatitis B or C infection, alcohol drinking, certain drugs, and too much iron stored in the liver.
system: Are there treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: There are many treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma. It's a big decision, so work closely with your doctor to make the right plan for you.
system: How long does the process of a liver transplant take?
output: You may need to stay in the hospital for up to 3 weeks after your surgery. It could take you 6 months to a year before you can return to your regular lifestyle. After your transplant, you'll need to take drugs that prevent your body from rejecting the new liver.
system: What is surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: Your surgeon may take out the part of your liver that has the cancer, an operation called "partial hepatectomy." Healing time varies, but you might have pain and discomfort for the first few days. Medicine can help control it. You may also feel weak or tired for a while. Some people also have diarrhea and a sense of fullness in the stomach.
system: Is there a cure for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: If caught early, it can sometimes be cured with surgery or transplant. In more advanced cases it can't be cured, but treatment and support can help you live longer and better.
system: How can obesity and diabetes increase your risk for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: Obesity and diabetes. Both conditions raise your risk of liver cancer. Obesity can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. The higher risk from diabetes may be due to high insulin levels in people with diabetes or from liver damage caused by the disease.
system: What will my doctor ask me during an exam for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: As the cancer grows, you may have one or more of these: Pain in the upper right part of your belly A lump or feeling of heaviness in your upper belly Bloating or swelling in your belly Loss of appetite and feelings of fullness Weight loss Weakness or deep fatigue Nausea and vomiting Yellow skin and eyes Pale, chalky bowel movements and dark urine Fever Your doctor will give you a physical exam and may ask you questions like: Have you had any pain in your belly? Are you feeling weak or tired? Is your appetite down? Have you lost weight?
system: Does hepatitis B or hepatitis C increase your risk for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, but they've identified some things that may increase your risk for getting it: Hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Hepatocellular cancer can start many years after you've had one of these liver infections. Both are passed through blood, such as when drug users share needles. Blood tests can show whether you have hepatitis B or C. Cirrhosis.
system: Can obesity and diabetes increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: Both conditions raise your risk of liver cancer. Obesity can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. The higher risk from diabetes may be due to high insulin levels in people with diabetes or from liver damage caused by the disease.
system: How can I manage nausea during chemotherapy?
output: Since chemotherapy can sometimes upset your stomach, you can try changing some of your eating habits. For instance, stay away from fried or spicy foods. You can also try eating five or six small meals a day rather than the traditional three meals.
system: Can iron storage disease increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: This causes too much iron to be stored in the liver and other organs. People who have it may develop hepatocellular carcinoma.
system: How do liver transplant waiting lists work?
output: Your surgeon may take out the part of your liver that has the cancer, an operation called "partial hepatectomy." Liver transplant . Your new liver will come from someone who recently died and has the same blood type and a similar body size as yours. When donor livers are available, they go to the sickest people on the waiting list. Since you may have to wait a long time for a new liver, your doctor may suggest that you keep up with other treatments in the meantime.
system: How are imaging tests used to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: A CT scan is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. An MRI uses strong magnets and radio waves to make an image of your liver. An ultrasound, which uses sound waves to see structures in your body, helps your doctor guide a thin needle into the tumor.
system: What is hepatocellular carcinoma and is it curable?
output: If caught early, it can sometimes be cured with surgery or transplant. In more advanced cases it can't be cured, but treatment and support can help you live longer and better. This causes too much iron to be stored in the liver and other organs. The cancer is treated with drugs that target specific changes in cells that cause cancer.
system: How can you take care of yourself during treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: What are the side effects? Since chemotherapy can sometimes upset your stomach, you can try changing some of your eating habits. For instance, stay away from fried or spicy foods. You can also try eating five or six small meals a day rather than the traditional three meals. If your treatment makes you tired, you can try to take short naps. You also might find that short walks can help boost your energy. If you're stressed about your treatment, sometimes deep breathing and meditation might help you relax. Reach out to family and friends who can give you emotional support when you need it.
system: What is hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: This causes too much iron to be stored in the liver and other organs. The cancer is treated with drugs that target specific changes in cells that cause cancer.
system: How can heavy drinking increase your risk for hepatocellular carcinoma?
output: Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, but they've identified some things that may increase your risk for getting it: Hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Hepatocellular cancer can start many years after you've had one of these liver infections. The higher risk from diabetes may be due to high insulin levels in people with diabetes or from liver damage caused by the disease.
system: What are the method used to treat depression in teenagers?
output: There are a variety of methods used to treat depression, including medications and psychotherapy. Family therapy may be helpful if family conflict is contributing to a teen's depression. The teen will also need support from family or teachers to help with any school or peer problems. Occasionally, hospitalization in a psychiatric unit may be required for teenagers with severe depression. Your mental health care provider will determine the best course of treatment for your teen. The FDA warns that antidepressant medications can, rarely, increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders.
system: What are the three approaches to treat adolescents with moderate to severe depression?
output: One key recent study, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, reviewed three different approaches to treating adolescents with moderate to severe depression: One approach was using the antidepressant medication Prozac, which is approved by the FDA for use with pediatric patients ages 8-18. The second treatment was using cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, to help the teen recognize and change negative patterns of thinking that may increase symptoms of depression. The third approach was a combination of medication and CBT.
system: What psychiatric disorders are ssociated with teen depression?
output: The doctor will also look for signs of potentially co-existing psychiatric disorders such as anxiety or substance abuse or screen for complex forms of depression such as bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness) or psychosis.
system: Why do many teenagers get irritated and feel unhappy at times?
output: Of course, most teens feel unhappy at times. And when you add hormone havoc to the many other changes happening in a teen's life, it's easy to see why their moods swing like a pendulum. Yet findings show that one out of every eight adolescents has teen depression. But depression can be treated as well as the serious problems that come with it. So if your teen's unhappiness lasts for more than two weeks and he or she displays other symptoms of depression, it may be time to seek help from a health professional. Anybody who expresses suicidal thoughts or intentions should be taken very, very seriously.
system: How can medications cause diarrhea?
output: Some of the most common include antacids containing magnesium, laxatives, digitalis, diuretics, a number of antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, cholesterol-lowering agents, lithium, theophylline, thyroid hormone, and colchicine.
system: How can infections cause diarrhea?
output: Infections: You may get an infection from contact with someone else. You may get one after having contaminated food or water. If you eat something that was improperly cooked or contaminated after cooking, the infection is called food poisoning. People who travel to foreign countries get "traveler's diarrhea," usually after drinking bad water. Infectious diarrhea is a problem in developing countries, where it may be hard to keep waste water and sewage separate from water used to cook, drink, and bathe.
system: What are some causes of diarrhea?
output: Infections: You may get an infection from contact with someone else. Irritable bowel syndrome, which may cause alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation Ischemic bowel disease, which can be caused by blocked arteries.
system: What are the disadvantages of dental veneers?
output: The downside to dental veneers include: The process is not reversible. Veneers are more costly than composite resin bonding. Veneers are usually not repairable should they chip or crack. Because enamel has been removed, your tooth may become more sensitive to hot and cold foods and beverages. Veneers may not exactly match the color of your other teeth. Also, the veneer's color cannot be altered once in place. If you plan on whitening your teeth, you need to do so before getting veneers. Though not likely, veneers can dislodge and fall off. To minimize the chance of this occurring, do not bite your nails; chew on pencils, ice, or other hard objects; or otherwise put excessive pressure on your teeth. Teeth with veneers can still experience decay, possibly necessitating full coverage of the tooth with a crown. Veneers are not a good choice for individuals with unhealthy teeth (for example, those with decay or active gum disease), weakened teeth (as a result of decay, fracture, large dental fillings), or for those who have an inadequate amount of existing enamel on the tooth surface. Individuals who clench and grind their teeth are poor candidates for porcelain veneers, as these activities can cause the veneers to crack or chip.
system: What happens in preparation for a dental veneer?
output: To prepare a tooth for a veneer, your dentist will reshape the tooth surface, which is an amount nearly equal to the thickness of the veneer to be added to the tooth surface. Before trimming off the enamel, you and your dentist will decide the need for a local anesthetic to numb the area. Next, your dentist will make a model or impression of your tooth. This model is sent out to a dental laboratory, which in turn constructs your veneer. It usually takes 2-4 weeks for your dentist to receive the veneers back from the laboratory. Temporary dental veneers can be used for very unsightly teeth.
system: Are there alternatives to dental veneers?
output: Yes, alternatives to veneers include bondings and crowns.
system: What happens when bonding a dental veneer?
output: Before the dental veneer is permanently cemented to your tooth, your dentist will temporarily place it on your tooth to examine its fit and color. He or she will repeatedly remove and trim the veneer as needed to achieve the proper fit; the veneer color can be adjusted with the shade of cement to be used. Next, to prepare your tooth to receive the veneer, your tooth will be cleaned, polished, and etched -- which roughens the tooth to allow for a strong bonding process. A special cement is applied to the veneer and the veneer is then placed on your tooth. Once properly position on the tooth, your dentist will apply a special light beam to the dental veneer, which activates chemicals in the cement, causing it to harden or cure very quickly. The final steps involve removing any excess cement, evaluating your bite and making any final adjustments in the veneer as necessary. Your dentist may ask you to return for a follow-up visit in a couple of weeks to check how your gums are responding to the presence of your veneer and to once again examine the veneer's placement.