laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are some of the drugs that help treat bipolar disorder?
output: Valproic acid ( Depakote) is a mood stabilizer that is helpful in treating the manic or mixed phases of bipolar disorder, along with carbamazepine ( Equetro), another antiepileptic drug. These drugs may be used alone or in combination with lithium to control symptoms. In addition, newer drugs are coming into the picture when traditional medications are insufficient. Lamotrigine( Lamictal), another antiepileptic drug, has been shown to have value for preventing depression and, to a lesser degree, manias or hypomanias. Other antiepileptic drugs, such as gabapentin( Neurontin), oxcarbazepine ( Trileptal), or topiramate ( Topamax), are regarded as experimental treatments that sometimes have value for symptoms of bipolar disorder or other conditions that often occur with it. Haloperidol ( Haldol Decanoate) or other newer antipsychotic medications, such as aripiprazole ( Abilify), asenapine ( Saphris), olanzapine ( Zyprexa, Zyprexa Relprevv, and Zyprexa Zydis) or risperidone( Risperdal), are often given to patients as an alternative to lithium or divalproex. They also may be given to treat acute symptoms of mania -- particularly psychosis -- before lithium or divalproex ( Depakote) can take full effect, which may be from one to several weeks. Another antipsychotic, lurasidone ( Latuda), is approved for use in bipolar I depression as is the combination of olanzapine plus fluoxetine (called Symbyax). The antipsychotic quetiapine ( Seroquel) is approved to treat bipolar I or II depression. Preliminary studies also suggest that the atypical antipsychotic cariprazine ( Vraylar) also may have value for treating bipolar depression Some of these drugs can potentially become toxic if doses get too high.
system: What is the most typical treatment for bipolar disorder?
output: Typically, treatment entails a combination of at least one mood-stabilizing drug and/or atypical antipsychotic, plus psychotherapy. The most widely used drugs for the treatment of bipolar disorder include lithium carbonate and valproic acid (also known as Depakote or generically as divalproex). Lithium carbonate can be remarkably effective in reducing mania, although doctors still do not know precisely how it works. Lithium may also prevent recurrence of depression, but its value seems greater against mania than depression; therefore, it is often given in conjunction with other medicines known to have greater value for depression symptoms, sometimes including antidepressants.
system: What should a home environment be like for someone with bipolar disorder?
output: If someone you live with has bipolar disorder, maintain a calm environment, particularly when that person is in a manic phase. Keep to regular routines for daily activities -- sleeping, eating, and exercise. Adequate sleep is very important in preventing the onset of episodes. Avoid excessive stimulation. Parties, animated conversation, and long periods of watching television or videos can exacerbate manic symptoms. Alcohol or illicit drug use can cause or worsen mood symptoms and make prescription medicines work less effectively.
system: What three classes of medication is bipolar disorder treated with?
output: Bipolar disorder is treated with three main classes of medication: mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and, while their safety and effectiveness for the condition are sometimes controversial,antidepressants.
system: What are the newer types of nonpharmocological treatments for depression and bipolar disorder?
output: The newer types of nonpharmocological treatments of depression are: VNS ( Vagus or Vagal Nerve Stimulation) involves implantation of a device that sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve in order to treat depression. TMS ( Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) is a procedure which involves the use of an electromagnetic coil to create electrical currents and stimulate nerve cells in the mood centers of the brain as a treatment for depression. Light therapy has proved effective as an additional treatment when bipolar disorder has a connection to seasonal affective disorder. For those people who usually become depressed in winter, sitting for 20 minutes to 30 minutes a day in front of a special light box with a full-spectrum light can help treat depression.
system: What are nondrug treatments for depression and bipolar disorder?
output: While medications are usually the cornerstone of treatment for bipolar disorder, ongoing psychotherapy is important to help patients understand and accept the personal and social disruptions of past episodes and better cope with future ones. Several specific forms of psychotherapy have been shown to help speed recovery and improve functioning in bipolar disorder, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal/social rhythm therapy, family therapy, and group therapy. In addition, because denial is often a problem -- sticking with medications can be especially tricky in adolescence -- routine psychotherapy helps patients stay on their medications.
system: What are some concerns when using antidepressants as a form of treatment for bipolar disorder?
output: Lithium may also prevent recurrence of depression, but its value seems greater against mania than depression; therefore, it is often given in conjunction with other medicines known to have greater value for depression symptoms, sometimes including antidepressants. In general, your doctor may try to keep the use of antidepressants limited and brief. Long-term treatment with antidepressants in bipolar disorder tends to be recommended only when the initial response is clear-cut and there are no current or emerging signs of mania or hypomania. Some antidepressants -- given alone or in combination with other drugs -- may trigger a manic episode or cause cycles between depression and mania to be more rapid. If an antidepressant is not clearly having a beneficial effect for bipolar depression, there is usually little reason to continue it.
system: If you have depression, should you keep a diary of your moods?
output: In each entry, include: How you're feeling that day Your current symptoms Any events that might have affected your mood How much sleep you got the night before The exact doses of any medicines you took Bring your journal to your first appointment. Show it to your doctor and therapist. If you keep a journal for a few weeks or months, you may start to see patterns to your mood changes that you never noticed before.
system: What are some questions to ask your therapist when you start therapy for depression?
output: You could ask your therapist: What kind of approach do you use? What will our goals be? What will you expect of me? Will you give me specific assignments to do between sessions? How often will we meet? How do we decide whether therapy will be short-term or long-term? How much does each session cost, and what is your policy for cancellations or missed appointments?
system: How do I find a therapist or a psychiatrist for depression?
output: Ask your regular doctor for a recommendation. You can also get in touch with organizations such as NAMI, the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, which can suggest experts in your area. Keep in mind that anyone can call himself or herself a "therapist." Your therapist should be a licensed psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, psychiatric nurse, or counselor.
system: Can physical problems be signs of depression?
output: Make sure to tell your doctor or therapist about pain, stomach problems, sleep problems, or any other physical symptoms. In some cases, you may need treatment for these symptoms. Ask them about changes they've noticed in your behavior. They may have seen symptoms that you missed. And if you're nervous about your first appointment, ask for a friend or family member to come along.
system: How does mitral valve regurgitation happen?
output: The mitral valve is supposed to be a one-way passage. It has flaps that should close behind the surge of blood it sends to the left ventricle. But sometimes the valve doesn't seal properly. That allows blood to flow backward through it, returning to the left atrium. When this happens, you have mitral valve regurgitation. You might hear a doctor sometimes call it âmitral valve insufficiency.â The most common reason this happens is because the mitral valve is damaged.
system: What are symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation?
output: But if the condition worsens, you might have: Heart palpitations, which happen when your heart skips a beat. They produce feelings in your chest that can range from fluttering to pounding. They may be more likely to happen when you're lying on your left side. Coughing Fatigue Shortness of breath Rapid breathing Chest pain Doctors usually find a problem with your heart valve by sound.
system: What are complications of mitral valve regurgitation?
output: Other possible causes: A buildup of calcium can keep it from working as it should Rheumatic fever, which can develop as a result of strep throat, can damage your mitral valve A type of bacterial infection called âinfective endocarditis,â which attacks the lining of your heart's chambers and valves, might also cause it Severe regurgitation can cause blood clots, gel-like clumps that can create serious problems if they get to the lungs or brain. The condition can also cause fluid to build up in the lungs, straining the right side of the heart. If you have regurgitation, less blood is going to your body. Your heart works harder to make up for the shortfall. If this goes on long enough, your heart could enlarge, making it harder to pump blood and raising the risk of heart failure. It also can lead to an irregular, or uneven, heartbeat or a stroke.
system: How can surgery help with treating mitral valve regurgitation?
output: Medications can't actually fix a valve problem, but they can target other things that make regurgitation worse. If it has to be replaced, she can implant either a man-made device or one taken from a cow, a pig, or a person who died and donated the organ. People who have had valve surgery are often asked to take antibiotics before they have dental work or other surgery to prevent endocarditis, or inflammation of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. You should ask your doctor whether you'll need to take them.
system: What are treatments for mitral valve regurgitation?
output: A doctor can figure out whether you have a mild case and might not even need treatment, or a more serious situation that will need medication or surgery. Your doctor might also want to get a CT or MRI scan of your chest to help figure out what's going on. Blood thinners can help prevent clots. You can take something if you have high blood pressure, which makes regurgitation worse. In tougher cases, you might need an operation. Sometimes, a surgeon can fix your valve.
system: Do antibiotics work on ringworm?
output: Myth 10: Ringworm is treated with antibiotics Antibiotics kill bacteria. They won't work on ringworm, which is caused by a fungus.
system: Who's more likely to get ringworms?
output: Myth 4: Only children get ringworm Children are more likely to get certain types of ringworm, but you can get infected with the fungus at any age.
system: How long does it take ringworm to show up?
output: The red rash can actually take a few days to appear on your skin. If you have ringworm of the scalp, you may not see any signs for a full two weeks after you were exposed.
system: Can ringworm spread between humans and animals?
output: Myth 7: You can't catch ringworm from your pet Humans and their pets can share a number of diseases, including ringworm. Not only can you catch ringworm from your cat, dog, rabbit, or bird, but you can give it to your pet, too. That's why it's important to take your pet to the vet if you suspect ringworm. Keep infected pets away from your family -- as well as from other pets. And wash your hands with soap and warm water every time you touch your pet until the infection clears.
system: Where does ringworm usually appear?
output: Myth 2: Ringworm only affects the skin Although ringworm often does appear on the skin, including the scalp, it can also show up on the fingernails or toenails. Ringworm of the nails doesn't create a ring-like pattern. Instead, it turns the nails thick, yellow, and brittle.
system: What should I do if a member of the household has ringworm?
output: Myth 9: Only the infected person needs to be treated for ringworm Because ringworm is so contagious, other people in the household may also need to be treated -- even if they don't have any symptoms. If there's a chance they may have picked up ringworm of the scalp, they may need to use a special shampoo or even pills and be examined to determine if there is an infection.
system: What are signs that I have ringworm?
output: Myth 3: Everyone with ringworm develops red rings on their skin Some people who are infected do develop the scaly red ring that gives the condition its name -- but not everyone. If you get ringworm infection, you will probably see bumpy red patches around your skin, but they won't necessarily take the shape of rings. On your scalp, ringworm may look more like a flaky red pimple than a ring.
system: What causes a ringworm?
output: Myth 1: Ringworm is caused by a worm Probably the most pervasive ringworm myth, this one stems from the condition's name. Ringworm of the nails doesn't create a ring-like pattern. The red rash can actually take a few days to appear on your skin.
system: What are the symptoms of depression?
output: They can include: Trouble concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions Fatigue Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and helplessness Pessimism and hopelessness Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or sleeping too much Irritability Restlessness Loss of interest in things once pleasurable, including sex Overeating, or appetite loss Aches, pains, headaches, or cramps that won't go away Digestive problems that don't get better, even with treatment Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings Suicidal thoughts or attempts There isn't a "depression test" a doctor can use to see if you have it, so figuring that out often starts with a thorough history and physical exam.
system: How is depression diagnosed?
output: They can include: Trouble concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions Fatigue Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and helplessness Pessimism and hopelessness Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or sleeping too much Irritability Restlessness Loss of interest in things once pleasurable, including sex Overeating, or appetite loss Aches, pains, headaches, or cramps that won't go away Digestive problems that don't get better, even with treatment Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings Suicidal thoughts or attempts There isn't a "depression test" a doctor can use to see if you have it, so figuring that out often starts with a thorough history and physical exam. Your doctor will want to know: When your symptoms started How long they've lasted How severe they are If depression or other mental illnesses run in your family If you have a history of drug or alcohol abuse You'll also be asked if you've had similar symptoms of depression before, and if so, how it was treated.
system: Does electroconvulsive therapy treat symptoms of depression?
output: Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is a treatment option for people whose symptoms don't get better with medicine or who have severe depression and need treatment immediately.
system: How is depression treated?
output: If your doctor rules out a physical cause for your symptoms, he may start you on a treatment or refer you to a mental health professional. This specialist will figure out the best course of treatment. That may include medicines (such as antidepressants), a type of therapy called psychotherapy, or both.
system: Are there warning signs of suicide with depression?
output: Warning signs include: A sudden switch from sadness to extreme calmness, or appearing to be happy Always talking or thinking about death Clinical depression (deep sadness, loss of interest, trouble sleeping and eating) that gets worse Taking risks that could lead to death, such as driving through red lights Making comments about being hopeless, helpless, or worthless Putting affairs in order, like tying up loose ends or changing a will Saying things like " It would be better if I weren't here" or " I want out" Talking about suicide Visiting or calling close friends and loved ones If you or someone you know shows any of the above warning signs, call your local suicide hotline, contact a mental health professional right away, or go to the emergency room.
system: Where can you get help for depression?
output: They can test you for depression and help manage your symptoms. If your depression goes untreated, it may get worse and last for months, even years. It can cause pain and possibly lead to suicide, as it does for about 1 of every 10 people with depression. Recognizing the symptoms is key. If your doctor rules out a physical cause for your symptoms, he may start you on a treatment or refer you to a mental health professional.
system: When should you seek help for depression?
output: It's a normal reaction to loss, life's struggles, or injured self-esteem. But when these feelings become overwhelming, cause physical symptoms, and last for long periods of time, they can keep you from leading a normal, active life. !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } That's when it's time to seek medical help.
system: When should I seek help for depression?
output: Your doctor will want to know: When your symptoms started How long they've lasted How severe they are If depression or other mental illnesses run in your family If you have a history of drug or alcohol abuse You'll also be asked if you've had similar symptoms of depression before, and if so, how it was treated. If your doctor rules out a physical cause for your symptoms, he may start you on a treatment or refer you to a mental health professional. It's important to understand that feeling depressed doesn't mean you have depression. That condition involves not only changes in mood, but also changes in sleep, energy, appetite, concentration, and motivation. If you have physical symptoms like these and find yourself feeling depressed much of the time for days or weeks, see your doctor.
system: What are the different forms of arnica?
output: Arnica can come in tablets, tinctures, ointments, gels, and mouth rinses. Like any supplement, keep arnica in a cool, dry place, away from humidity and direct sunlight.
system: What is arnica?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Arnica is an herb that grows in Europe and the U. S. It's often used as a skin treatment for bruises, aches, and pains.
system: Is arnica safe?
output: Because of the risks of pure arnica, the FDA classifies it as an unsafe herb. Doctors who practice complementary medicine generally advise against using arnica in any form other than in a highly diluted homeopathic form.
system: What are food sources of arnica?
output: There are no natural food sources of arnica besides the plant itself. Arnica is used as a flavoring in some food products.
system: How is golfer's elbow diagnosed?
output: Your doctor will need to do a thorough medical exam to diagnose golfer's elbow. He or she may want to do a bone scan or an MRI to rule out other conditions.
system: What are symptoms of golfer's elbow?
output: The primary symptom of golfer's elbow is pain that is centered near the bony knob on the inside of the elbow. Sometimes, it extends all along the inner forearm. You're likely to feel it when you bend your arm inward or flex your wrist toward the body. In most cases, the pain worsens gradually.
system: What can cause itchy skin?
output: Many things can make you want to scratch: Eczema Dry skin Dermatitis Psoriasis Poison ivy Insect bites Hives Shingles Chickenpox Sunburn The kind you put in your bath water isn't the same type that you eat for breakfast.
system: What ingredients are needed in an oatmeal bath for itchy skin?
output: Start with uncooked, whole oats. You can get them from the grocery or health food store. Use a clean food processer or blender to grind them into a fine, even powder. To test the results, add some ground oats to a glass of water. They should quickly turn the liquid milky white. If you're using a store-bought product, follow the directions on the package.
system: What are possible risks of having oatmeal bath for itchy skin?
output: Colloidal oatmeal binds to your skin and forms a protective barrier. If that isn't enough, it cleans your skin, too. People have used it for centuries to ease irritated skin. But you might get a skin rash from it. Your doctor will call this contact dermatitis. If your skin is red and itchy after an oatmeal bath, don't try it again. Topical steroid creams or antihistamine pills can help. See your doctor if the rash doesn't clear up.
system: What does an eosinophil count do?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Eosinophils are a kind of white blood cell that helps fight disease. The exact role of eosinophils in your body isn't clear, but they're usually linked with allergic diseases and certain infections. They're made in your bone marrow and then travel to different tissues. Eosinophils do two important things in your immune system: curb infections and boost inflammation, which can help you fight off a disease. But if you have too many eosinophils in your body for a long time, doctors call this eosinophilia. It can cause chronic inflammation, which could damage tissues. Conditions where too many eosinophils are in the body include eosinophilic esophagitis (a disorder in your esophagus) and eosinophilic colitis (in your large intestine). Eosinophilic disorders also can happen in your stomach, small intestine, blood, or other organs. Sometimes, a biopsy will show that you have a high amount of eosinophils in your tissues, but you might not have a high amount in your blood. The absolute count is the percentage of eosinophils multiplied by your white blood cell count.
system: What foods are most likely to cause gas?
output: You're most likely to get gas by eating carbs, which are found in foods like: Beans Vegetables (especially broccoli, cabbage, and onions) Fruits Dairy products Whole-grain foods Soft drinks Fruit drinks In addition to burping and flatulence, you may feel bloated.
system: Does everyone get gas from the same foods?
output: Not everyone will get gas from the same foods.
system: What can I do to swallow less air and reduce gas?
output: To swallow less air, you can try: Cutting out gum or hard candy Eating more slowly Making sure any dentures you wear fit properly Not drinking through straws
system: Are there prescription drugs to treat gas?
output: Over-the-counter medications include: Antacids -- especially those that contain simethicone Probiotics -- used to help kill bad bacteria and add good bacteria to the digestive tract Lactase products such as Lactaid and Dairy Ease -- may help people with lactose intolerance Beano -- contains the enzyme that helps digest sugars in beans and many other vegetables Your doctor may prescribe drugs to help move food through your digestive system. Medicines that do that may also move gas through quicker.