laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are the main things that lead to type 2 diabetes?
output: With all three, your body can't make or use insulin. This type usually starts in childhood. The main things that lead to it are: Obesity or being overweight. Research shows this is a top reason for type 2 diabetes. Because of the rise in obesity among U. S. children, this type is affecting more teenagers. Impaired glucose tolerance. Prediabetes is a milder form of this condition. It can be diagnosed with a simple blood test. If you have it, there's a strong chance you'll get type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes often starts with cells that are resistant to insulin. That means your pancreas has to work extra hard to make enough insulin to meet your body's needs. Ethnic background. Diabetes happens more often in Hispanic/ Latino Americans, African- Americans, Native Americans, Asian- Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Alaska natives. Gestational diabetes. If you had diabetes while you were pregnant, you had gestational diabetes. This raises your chances of getting type 2 diabetes later in life. Sedentary lifestyle. You exercise less than three times a week. Family history. You have a parent or sibling who has diabetes. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) have a higher risk. If you're over 45 and overweight or if you have symptoms of diabetes, talk to your doctor about a simple screening test.
system: What are the main things that lead to type 1 diabetes?
output: Your pancreas stops making insulin. You have type 1 diabetes for life. The main things that lead to it are: Family history. If you have relatives with diabetes, chances are higher that you'll get it, too. Anyone who has a mother, father, sister, or brother with type 1 diabetes should get checked. A simple blood test can diagnose it. Diseases of the pancreas. They can slow its ability to make insulin. Infection or illness. Some infections and illnesses, mostly rare ones, can damage your pancreas. This raises your chances of getting type 2 diabetes later in life.
system: What are the main risk factors for gestational diabetes?
output: The main things that lead to it are: Obesity or being overweight. Gestational diabetes. Having glucose intolerance or gestational diabetes in the past makes you more likely to get it again. Family history. If a parent or sibling has had gestational diabetes, you're more likely to get it. The older you are when you get pregnant, the higher your chances are. Ethnic background. Nonwhite women have a greater chance of developing it.
system: What are some steps to take to delay or prevent diabetes?
output: If you have it, there's a strong chance you'll get type 2 diabetes. Manage your blood pressure. Keep your weight within or near a healthy range. Get 30 minutes of exercise on most days. Eat a balanced diet.
system: What is internal gangrene?
output: Types of wet gangrene include: Internal gangrene: If gangrene occurs inside the body due to blocked blood flow to an internal organ, then it is referred to as internal gangrene. This is usually related to an infected organ such as the appendix or colon.
system: What conditions increase your risk of gangrene?
output: Any condition that affects blood flow increases your risk of gangrene, including: Diabetes Atherosclerosis Peripheral arterial disease Smoking Trauma or serious injury Obesity Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition in which the blood vessels that supply the skin become intermittently narrowed) Weakened immune system There are two main types of gangrene: Dry gangrene: More common in people with blood vessel disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, dry gangrene usually affects the hands and feet.
system: How are antibiotics used to treat gangrene?
output: Antibiotics are used to treat and prevent infections. These are usually given by intravenous injection into a vein.
system: How is maggot therapy used to treat gangrene?
output: Maggots provide a non-surgical way to remove dead tissue. When used to treat gangrene, maggots from fly larvae (specially bred in a laboratory so they are sterile) are placed on the wound, where they consume the dead and infected tissue without harming healthy tissue. They also help fight infection and speed up healing by releasing substances that kill bacteria.
system: How is oxygen therapy used to treat gangrene?
output: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be used in some cases of wet gangrene or ulcers related to diabetes or peripheral artery disease. During treatment, the patient is put in a specially designed chamber filled with oxygen at a higher pressure than oxygen found in the outside air. The theory is that this high level of oxygen saturates the blood and encourages healing of the dying tissue. Oxygen therapy may also reduce the growth of bacteria that cannot thrive in an oxygen-rich environment.
system: What is gas gangrene?
output: It occurs when infection develops deep inside the body, such as inside muscles or organs, usually as a result of trauma. The bacteria that causes gas gangrene, called clostridia, release dangerous toxins or poisons that wreak havoc throughout the body, along with gas which can be trapped within body tissue. As the condition progresses, the skin may become pale and gray, and make a crackling sound when pressed, due to the gas within the tissue. Gas gangrene warrants immediate medical treatment. Without treatment, death can occur within 48 hours.
system: What is dry gangrene?
output: Any condition that affects blood flow increases your risk of gangrene, including: Diabetes Atherosclerosis Peripheral arterial disease Smoking Trauma or serious injury Obesity Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition in which the blood vessels that supply the skin become intermittently narrowed) Weakened immune system There are two main types of gangrene: Dry gangrene: More common in people with blood vessel disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, dry gangrene usually affects the hands and feet. It develops when blood flow to the affected area is impaired, usually as a result of poor circulation. In this type, the tissue dries up and may be brown to purplish-blue to black in color and often falls off. Unlike other types of gangrene, infection is typically not present in dry gangrene. However, dry gangrene can lead to wet gangrene if it becomes infected.
system: How can you prevent gangrene from happening again?
output: Often vascular surgery, such as bypass surgery or angioplasty, is needed to restore blood flow. Medication to prevent blood clots may be used in some cases.
system: What are symptoms of dry gangrene?
output: You may notice the following symptoms at the site of the dry gangrene: Dry and shriveled skin that changes color from blue to black and eventually sloughs off Cold and numb skin Pain may or may not be present Symptoms of wet gangrene may include: Swelling and pain at the site of infection Change in skin color from red to brown to black Blisters or sores that produce a bad-smelling discharge (pus) Fever and feeling unwell A crackling noise that comes from the affected area when pressed Internal gangrene usually is painful in the area of the gangrene.
system: What are symptoms of sepsis related to gangrene?
output: Symptoms of sepsis may include: Low blood pressure Rapid heartbeat Shortness of breath Change in body temperature Light-headedness Body pain and rash Confusion Cold, clammy, and pale skin If you think you or a loved one may have sepsis, go to the emergency room immediately.
system: What is the outlook for gangrene?
output: Gangrene is a serious medical condition that requires immediate medical treatment. While most people with dry gangrene recover fully with treatment, gangrene that involves an infection can be life-threatening. The sooner you get treatment, the better your chances of recovery. If you have ongoing and unexplained pain in any area in your body, fever, a wound that is slow to heal, or you notice a change in skin color, make an appointment to see your doctor right away or go to the emergency room.
system: What is gangrene?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Gangrene is a condition that occurs when body tissue dies. It is caused by a loss of blood supply due to an underlying illness, injury, and/or infection. Fingers, toes, and limbs are most often affected, but gangrene can also occur inside the body, damaging organs and muscles. There are different types of gangrene and all require immediate medical attention.
system: What are symptoms of wet gangrene?
output: You may notice the following symptoms at the site of the dry gangrene: Dry and shriveled skin that changes color from blue to black and eventually sloughs off Cold and numb skin Pain may or may not be present Symptoms of wet gangrene may include: Swelling and pain at the site of infection Change in skin color from red to brown to black Blisters or sores that produce a bad-smelling discharge (pus) Fever and feeling unwell A crackling noise that comes from the affected area when pressed Internal gangrene usually is painful in the area of the gangrene.
system: How is surgery used to treat gangrene?
output: Also called debridement, the dead tissue is surgically removed to prevent the spread of infection. In some situations, amputation (removal of the affected limb, finger or toe) may be required.
system: What is wet gangrene?
output: Wet gangrene: Unlike dry gangrene, wet gangrene almost always involves an infection. Injury from burns or trauma where a body part is crushed or squeezed can rapidly cut off blood supply to the affected area, causing tissue death and increased risk of infection. The tissue swells and blisters and is called "wet" because of pus. Infection from wet gangrene can spread quickly throughout the body, making wet gangrene a very serious and potentially life-threatening condition if not treated quickly.
system: What is Fournier's gangrene?
output: Fournier's gangrene: Also a rare condition, Fournier's gangrene is caused by an infection in the genital area. Men are affected more often than women. If the infection gets into the bloodstream, a condition called sepsis, it can be life-threatening.
system: What causes gangrene?
output: Not only does it transport oxygen and nutrients throughout your body to feed cells, it delivers disease-fighting antibodies that protect your body from infection. When blood cannot travel freely throughout the body, your cells cannot survive, infection can develop, and tissue can die from gangrene. Believe it or not, maggots still play a role in modern medicine.
system: How can I avoid spreading a sexually transmitted disease?
output: To prevent giving an STD to someone else: Stop having sex until you see a doctor and are treated. Follow your doctor's instructions for treatment. Use condoms whenever you have sex, especially with new partners. Don't resume having sex unless your doctor says it's OK. Return to your doctor to get rechecked. Be sure your sex partner or partners also are treated.
system: Does using condoms with nonoxynol-9 prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
output: Current recommendations are to avoid using condoms with nonoxynol-9. To prevent giving an STD to someone else: Stop having sex until you see a doctor and are treated.
system: What should you do first and foremost to prevent getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
output: People who are drunk or on drugs often fail to have safe sex. Consider that not having sex is the only sure way to prevent STDs.
system: When is it time to call the doctor if I have a gout attack?
output: You have a higher risk of gout if you: Are overweight Eat foods high in purines (anchovies, asparagus, dried beans, liver, sardines, gravy, beer, and animal organs) Drink too much alcohol Take certain medicines A gout attack will usually go away in about 3 to 10 days. But you can feel better sooner if you treat it. To be sure that you have gout, see your doctor. He'll examine you, and he might do some tests.
system: How common is gout?
output: In the U. S., about 1 person in 50 gets gout. It's more common in men than in women and children. And it tends to run in families. You have a higher risk of gout if you: Are overweight Eat foods high in purines (anchovies, asparagus, dried beans, liver, sardines, gravy, beer, and animal organs) Drink too much alcohol Take certain medicines A gout attack will usually go away in about 3 to 10 days.
system: What are ways to fight gout?
output: The good news is that gout can be controlled with medicine. To manage the pain, apply ice, raise the affected area, rest, and take a pain reliever such as ibuprofen. These steps can help prevent another gout attack: Exercise and eat a balanced diet to control your weight. Drinking lots of water may help prevent uric acid stones. Stay away from sugary drinks. Avoid alcohol. Eat less meat and seafood. Get protein from things like low-fat dairy products (yogurt, cheese, milk). Take medicines to lower uric acid levels. People with gout usually do quite well once they learn to manage an attack and prevent future attacks. The first step is see your doctor to make sure that gout is the real cause of those red, painful, swollen joints.
system: What tests will help determine if I have gout?
output: These test help your doctor know if you have gout, or something else with similar symptoms: Joint fluid test. Fluid is taken from the painful joint with a needle. The fluid is studied under a microscope to see if the crystals are there. Blood test. A blood test can check the level of uric acid. A high level of uric acid doesn't always mean gout. X-ray. Images of the joints will help rule out other problems. Ultrasound. This painless test uses sound waves to look areas of uric acid.
system: How do I know if I have gout?
output: That's because some of the signs are like those for other conditions. Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by too much uric acid in the blood. It can form tiny crystals that settle in your joints. An attack often starts with pain in the big toe, but it can spread or involve other joints. It may happen after an illness or injury. Gout usually affects just one joint at a time. But if it isn't treated, other joints may hurt too. Attacks that came from time to time may become constant. But you can feel better sooner if you treat it. To be sure that you have gout, see your doctor.
system: What other conditions can gout look like?
output: An attack often starts with pain in the big toe, but it can spread or involve other joints. Pseudogout ( SUE-doh-gout) is another form arthritis. The crystals formed in this condition are made of calcium pyrophospate, not uric acid. But like regular gout, the attack comes on all of a sudden. Joints become swollen, warm, painful, and stiff. Reactive arthritis is a reaction to infection that has similar signs. Psoriatic arthritis and infectious arthritis can look like gout, too.
system: What medications are used to treat bipolar disorder?
output: They use medications called mood stabilizers, which include anticonvulsants such as: Carbamazepine ( Tegretol) Lamotrigine ( Lamicta) Lithium Oxcarbazepine ( Trileptal) Valproate ( Depakote) Atypical antipsychotic medications can also stabilize mood. They include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) Asenapine ( Saphris) Lurasidone ( Latuda) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) Sometimes, doctors prescribe a combination of drugs, such as a mood stabilizer and an antidepressant.
system: What are the depressive symptoms of bipolar disorder?
output: Manic symptoms include: Severe changes in mood, either extremely irritable or overly silly and elated Overly-inflated self-esteem, grandiosity More energy Can go with very little or no sleep for days without tiring Talks too much and too fast, changes topics too quickly, or can't be interrupted Distracted, attention moves constantly from one thing to the next Hypersexuality, with more sexual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors; uses explicit sexual language More goal-directed activity or physical agitation Doesn't care about risk, takes on risky behaviors or activities Depressive symptoms include: Sad or irritable mood that doesn't go away Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed Big change in appetite or body weight Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping Physical agitation or slowing Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt Difficulty concentrating Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Bipolar disorder is primarily a mood disorder.
system: How common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder?
output: Some studies have shown that children and teens diagnosed with bipolar disorder are more likely than adults to also be diagnosed with ADHD.
system: What are the manic symptoms of bipolar disorder?
output: Manic symptoms include: Severe changes in mood, either extremely irritable or overly silly and elated Overly-inflated self-esteem, grandiosity More energy Can go with very little or no sleep for days without tiring Talks too much and too fast, changes topics too quickly, or can't be interrupted Distracted, attention moves constantly from one thing to the next Hypersexuality, with more sexual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors; uses explicit sexual language More goal-directed activity or physical agitation Doesn't care about risk, takes on risky behaviors or activities Depressive symptoms include: Sad or irritable mood that doesn't go away Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed Big change in appetite or body weight Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping Physical agitation or slowing Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt Difficulty concentrating Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Bipolar disorder is primarily a mood disorder.
system: How common is bipolar disorder?
output: The reason isn't entirely clear. The higher rate could be the result of more awareness on the part of health professionals. There are those, though, who say it could be a result of a lack of parenting that leads to behaviors that are tagged as mental illness or other conditions misdiagnosed as bipolar disorder. Some studies have shown that children and teens diagnosed with bipolar disorder are more likely than adults to also be diagnosed with ADHD.
system: How is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treated?
output: Treatment for ADHD includes medications and behavioral therapy. ADHD medications can be psychostimulants, nonstimulants, or antidepressants. These include: Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine ( Adderall, Addera XR) Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Bupropion ( Wellbutrin) Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Guanfacine ( Intuniv) Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Ritalin) Mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product ( Mydayis) If your doctor suspects your child has bipolar disorder or ADHD, ask how the diagnosis was made and review all of the information that went into it.
system: What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder in children?
output: The definition of mania is not so clear for bipolar disorder in childhood. Some experts say that being irritable, cranky, and negative may be the only signs of mania in children with bipolar disorder. And other experts argue that childhood bipolar disorder may not even be the same disease as adult bipolar disorder.
system: How is bipolar disorder different from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
output: Bipolar disorder is a persistent and difficult mental illness. ADHD affects attention and behavior; it causes symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While ADHD is chronic or ongoing, bipolar disorder is usually episodic, with periods of normal mood interspersed with depression, mania, or hypomania.
system: When should you call your doctor about suspected bipolar disorder in children and teens?
output: Symptoms of ADHD can have some overlap with symptoms of bipolar disorder. If your child or teenager has five or more symptoms that last for at least a week, call your doctor to get help. With medications and/or psychotherapy, mental health professionals can help stabilize your child's moods. Treatment can also lessen or get rid of the depressed or manic thoughts and behaviors.
system: What is undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, or poorly treated bipolar disorder associated with?
output: But the condition is still difficult to diagnose. When it happens in childhood or adolescence, it can completely disrupt a family's life. Bipolar disorder that's undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, or poorly treated is linked with: Higher rates of suicide attempts and completions Poorer academic performance Difficult relationships Higher rates of substance abuse Multiple hospitalizations In adults, bipolar disorder is marked by mood changes that go from depression to mania.
system: What are the symptoms of optic neuritis?
output: This condition usually comes on quickly, over a few hours or days. You may notice some of these symptoms: Pain when you move your eyes Blurred vision Loss of color vision Trouble seeing to the side A hole in the center of your vision Blindness in rare cases Headache -- a dull ache behind your eyes Adults usually get optic neuritis in only one eye, but children may have it in both.
system: How do I know if I have optic neuritis?
output: If your doctor thinks you have optic neuritis, she'll refer you to a doctor who treats eye diseases, called an ophthalmologist. You'll likely have a routine eye exam to check: Your color vision The smallest letters you can read on a chart Your side, or peripheral, vision She'll also use a test called magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI).
system: What does it mean if you have optic neuritis?
output: It can happen all of a sudden. Your vision gets dim or blurry. You can't see colors. Your eyes hurt when you move them. It's a common problem for people living with multiple sclerosis ( MS). The symptoms can seem scary, but most people recover fully, often without treatment.
system: How do you know if you have optic neuritis?
output: If your doctor thinks you have optic neuritis, she'll refer you to a doctor who treats eye diseases, called an ophthalmologist. You'll likely have a routine eye exam to check: Your color vision The smallest letters you can read on a chart Your side, or peripheral, vision She'll also use a test called magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). It creates a detailed picture of your brain and helps your doctor look for damaged areas called lesions. She may inject dye into a vein in your arm. It will make your optic nerve and brain easier to see. Other tests your doctor might use include: Pupillary reaction test: The doctor will shine a bright light in front of your eyes to see how they respond.
system: Will a doctor use an MRI to determine if I have optic neuritis?
output: She may inject dye into a vein in your arm. It will make your optic nerve and brain easier to see.
system: Can heat make optic neuritis flare up if I have multiple sclerosis?
output: If you have MS, heat can make optic neuritis symptoms flare up again, too -- usually after a hot shower, exercise, fever, or a bout of the flu. Once you cool off, the problems usually go away.
system: What is the outlook if you have optic neuritis?
output: Once your vision is back to normal, you can get optic neuritis again, especially if you have MS. If your symptoms return, be sure to tell your doctor. Report any new symptoms or those that get worse, too.
system: How long does it take to recover from optic neuritis?
output: Some people get better in a few weeks, even without treatment. For others, it can take up to a year. And a few people never fully regain their sight. Even when other symptoms clear up, they may still have trouble with night vision or seeing colors.
system: Do people recover from optic neuritis?
output: Some people get better in a few weeks, even without treatment. For others, it can take up to a year. And a few people never fully regain their sight. Even when other symptoms clear up, they may still have trouble with night vision or seeing colors.