laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What is the preoperational stage in Piaget's stages of development?
output: During this stage (toddler through age 7), young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes more mature. They also develop memory and imagination, which allows them to understand the difference between past and future, and engage in make-believe. But their thinking is based on intuition and still not completely logical. They cannot yet grasp more complex concepts such as cause and effect, time, and comparison.
system: What are Piaget's stages of development?
output: The Piaget stages of development is a blueprint that describes the stages of normal intellectual development, from infancy through adulthood. Although Piaget believed in lifelong intellectual development, he insisted that the formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development, and that continued intellectual development in adults depends on the accumulation of knowledge.
system: What are Piaget's four stages of intellectual development?
output: Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7) Concrete operational. Ages 7 to 12 Formal operational. Adolescence through adulthood Piaget acknowledged that some children may pass through the stages at different ages than the averages noted above and that some children may show characteristics of more than one stage at a given time. But he insisted that cognitive development always follows this sequence, that stages cannot be skipped, and that each stage is marked by new intellectual abilities and a more complex understanding of the world. Near the end of the sensorimotor stage (18-24 months), infants reach another important milestone -- early language development, a sign that they are developing some symbolic abilities.
system: Which foods are good sources of beta-carotene?
output: Good food sources of beta-carotene include: Carrots Sweet potatoes Winter squash Spinach and kale Fruits like cantaloupe and apricots Research suggests that beta-carotene levels might decrease in some fruits and vegetables such as peas and carrots when they are frozen.
system: Does freezing vegetables affect the beta-carotene in them?
output: Good food sources of beta-carotene include: Carrots Sweet potatoes Winter squash Spinach and kale Fruits like cantaloupe and apricots Research suggests that beta-carotene levels might decrease in some fruits and vegetables such as peas and carrots when they are frozen.
system: How much beta-carotene should I take?
output: While there is a recommended dietary allowance ( RDA) for vitamin A, there is no RDA for beta-carotene specifically. Studies have used dosages ranging between 15 and 180 milligrams a day. There is no set tolerable upper intake level ( UL) for beta-carotene. However, high doses or long-term use may be dangerous.
system: Why do people take beta-carotene?
output: Beta-carotene has become popular in part because it's an antioxidant -- a substance that may protect cells from damage. A number of studies show that people who eat lots of fruits and vegetables that are rich in beta-carotene and other vitamins and minerals have a lower risk of some cancers and heart disease. However, so far studies have not found that beta-carotene supplements have the same health benefits as foods.
system: Does beta-carotene have side effects?
output: Side effects. Taken at the amounts found in foods, beta-carotene has few side effects. At high levels, such as what is found in carrot juice, it may turn the skin yellowish or orange. This is temporary and harmless.
system: What are the risks of taking beta-carotene?
output: While their benefits are generally unclear, beta-carotene supplements do seem to have serious risks. People who smoke or who have been exposed to asbestos should not use beta-carotene supplements. Even low doses have been linked with an increased risk of cancer, heart disease, and death in these two groups of people. Excessive alcohol use combined with beta-carotene supplements may raise the risk of liver disease and cancer. In high doses, vitamin A, and presumably beta-carotene, can be toxic to the liver.
system: How does a stem cell transplant for testicular cancer work?
output: How it works: The stem cells in this kind of treatment don't come from embryos. Instead, they come from your own marrow, which is inside your bones, or from your blood. In some cases, another person donates some of their blood or marrow. The stem cells are frozen and stored. After your chemo, they are thawed and returned back to you through a process called infusion.
system: Where can I find support if I am diagnosed with testicular cancer?
output: Many boys and men find professional counseling or support groups help them handle the emotions that come with testicular cancer. If you notice that you're feeling depressed or anxious, talk to your doctor or a social worker about professionals you can meet with in your area.
system: What does chemotherapy for testicular cancer do?
output: This uses medicine to fight cancer cells, either by killing them or stopping them from splitting into more and more cells. You may take pills or get drugs through a tube placed in a vein. It depends on your particular case. Your doctor might suggest that you get âchemo,â as it is often called, either before or after you have lymph node surgery. You might get several rounds of treatment that last for 3 or 4 weeks each, and you would take breaks in between them.
system: What is radiation therapy for testicular cancer?
output: This uses X-rays or other high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. People who have the type of testicular cancer known as seminoma often get this. Sometimes, the lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen are radiated to kill any tumor cells that may have spread to them.
system: Can stem cell transplant be used for testicular cancer?
output: This procedure is not very common. But if you have a cancer that needs a stronger treatment, this procedure helps your body handle even higher doses of chemotherapy. It replaces blood-forming cells that are killed by the cancer treatment.
system: What are the different types of radiation therapy for testicular cancer?
output: There are two types of this treatment: External therapy uses a machine that aims the radiation directly at the cancer to kill it. Internal therapy involves a radioactive substance in needles, wires or thin, flexible tubes called catheters. It is placed into the cancer cells or near them.
system: What does surgery for testicular cancer consist of?
output: A surgeon removes a testicle for almost all stages and types of this cancer. The surgeon makes an incision â a small cut -- into the abdomen just above the pubic area. He takes out the whole testicle. He then cuts what's called the spermatic cord, which holds the vessels that carry blood and fluid to the testicles. He does this to keep cancer cells from reaching the rest of the body. The actual surgery usually takes about 30 minutes, and you usually go home the same day.
system: What does lymph node removal for testicular cancer consist of?
output: Sometimes, the surgery to take out a testicle isn't enough, because cancer has spread to the lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen. Your doctor may take those out as well. This operation might happen at the same time as the testicle surgery, or it might be done later. You would get something to make you sleep through this surgery. It usually takes about 6 hours. Sometimes, your doctor can take out the lymph nodes using much smaller cuts and long, thin tools. This is known as laparoscopic surgery. It's easier to recover from this type of procedure.
system: What are the side effects of radiation therapy for testicular cancer?
output: Side effects: You could feel very tired, want to throw up or have diarrhea. Talk to your doctor about what you can do to ease them. Doctors try to protect your remaining testicle from radiation, which can affect your sperm count. You are more likely to be infertile if you have this treatment. If you want to have children in the future, you should ask your doctor about saving some of your sperm before you start.
system: Is testicular cancer curable?
output: If you or a loved one has testicular cancer, you should know it's very often curable. Treatment almost always involves surgery to remove a testicle. You can follow up with radiation or chemotherapy if the doctor finds the cancer has spread. Other parts of the body may be treated as well.
system: Does a teenager with ADHD have a higher risk of alcohol and drug abuse?
output: Teens with ADHD are two to four times more likely to have a car accident than teens without ADHD. They are also more likely to have problems from drinking. In studies, teens with ADHD were twice as likely as other teens to have abused alcohol within the past 6 months and three times as likely to abuse drugs other than marijuana . Getting the right treatment for ADHD may actually help to decrease the risk of later alcohol and drug abuse.
system: What are the different kinds of injections for back pain?
output: You can get injections in the area around the inflamed or damaged nerves. There are several kinds of injections, including: Epidural Nerve block Discography In a nerve block, a doctor injects the area around the nerve with a numbing medicine, or anesthetic.
system: What are nerve block injections?
output: There are several kinds of injections, including: Epidural Nerve block Discography In a nerve block, a doctor injects the area around the nerve with a numbing medicine, or anesthetic. Lidocaine is the anesthetic most commonly used. After a nerve block injection, you'll quickly have numbness with near-complete pain relief. It wears off after several hours.
system: What are side effects of back pain injections?
output: Mild soreness or pain at the site after an injection for back pain is common. Headache, nausea, and vomiting can also happen. It's rare, but injections can cause bleeding or infection.
system: How are nerve block injections used to diagnose the cause of back pain?
output: Some doctors use nerve block injections to try to diagnose what's causing the back pain. If your doctor does this, you'll be asked which injection causes the back pain to go away. That nerve may then be chosen for an epidural injection with both steroid and anesthetic medicine.
system: What are epidural injections?
output: Spinal stenosis, which means that the spine has narrowed. These shots include a steroid medicine, also called corticosteroid, and usually an anesthetic medicine, too. How effective they are isn't clear yet. Their effects seem to only last a short time and offer modest pain relief. So these might not be something you'd get for long-term back pain. And if your back pain started suddenly, there are other treatments your doctor would probably consider first.
system: How can I help my loved one who has hearing loss?
output: If you act like nothing's different, it can make it harder for your loved one to get used to living with hearing loss. If your loved one seems hesitant to make changes, know that it's normal. If you're concerned about the way he's behaving, talk to him directly about it instead of telling others you're worried. Try to stay positive and relaxed. The more supportive you are, the easier it will be for your loved one to adjust and get help.
system: Should you mention it if someone seems to have hearing loss?
output: If you act like nothing's different, it can make it harder for your loved one to get used to living with hearing loss. Hearing aids can help with hearing loss. The more supportive you are, the easier it will be for your loved one to adjust and get help.
system: What support does someone need when they have hearing problems?
output: He should be working with a hearing specialist, such as an audiologist or an ear, nose, and throat doctor. Ask if you can take him to or join him at appointments. It also may help him to meet other people with hearing loss. Your loved one's hearing specialist may be able to recommend a support group.
system: What imaging tests are used in the diagnosis of myelofibrosis?
output: Your doctor may suggest an ultrasound test, magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), or X-rays. An ultrasound can see if your spleen is enlarged. An MRI can look for changes in bone marrow that can be signs of myelofibrosis. X-rays can show changes in bone density that may be a sign of the disease.
system: What bone marrow tests might you get to help diagnose myelofibrosis?
output: They include: Bone marrow aspiration: The doctor uses a needle to remove a small sample of your bone marrow. Bone marrow biopsy: With a different needle, he removes a tiny piece of bone filled with marrow. He'll probably take it from your hip. The numbers and types of cells in the marrow will help him decide if you have myelofibrosis.
system: How is myelofibrosis diagnosed?
output: Because every case is different, a physical exam, blood tests, and other tests are all key to help figure out if you have the disease. He'll test a sample of your blood for signs of anemia. The numbers and types of cells in the marrow will help him decide if you have myelofibrosis.
system: How can gene tests help in the diagnosis of myelofibrosis?
output: They may call them mutations. They're often seen with myelofibrosis. An MRI can look for changes in bone marrow that can be signs of myelofibrosis.
system: What can I do if I'm anxious as a caregiver?
output: You may have a long list of concerns: â What if I'm not around when something goes wrong? What if I make a mistake?â Anxiety happens when we feel out of control. It's also a warning to pay attention and tend to your own needs. What you can do: Try to avoid focusing too much on what ifs. Keep your attention on things you can control, like making a backup plan for when you can't be around.
system: Where can I find a support group for caregivers?
output: Accept your experience. Schedule them in, if you can. And you can share tips with other caregivers.
system: What are some things I can do to take care of my physical health if I'm a caregiver?
output: If you feel like you're not doing enough, imagine if you weren't there -- look at the difference you make every day. Remember, tending to yourself means you'll be a better caregiver. Try to: Eat healthy Exercise 30 minutes a day Get enough sleep Keep your own doctor's appointments Meditate or do yoga Focus on the positive.
system: Who can I talk to about my caregiver stress?
output: If family or friends can't buy you time, check with a faith-based or community group. Talk to friends or family who give you positive support. A therapist can be a great help, too.
system: How does it help me to accept my feelings when I'm a caregiver?
output: Emotions just arise whether you want them to or not. You can't control them. And the only thing they say about you is that you're human. The key is to let them be there and try not to act on them. See if you can understand what triggers a feeling. It may guide you to a solution.
system: How can I keep up with my social life if I'm a caregiver?
output: Also, exercise and social activities are great ways to handle sadness and depression. And keep up with hobbies, community groups, and activities that bring you joy and meaning. If family or friends can't buy you time, check with a faith-based or community group. For example, maybe you feel: A sense of purpose in your life Closer to your loved one Fulfilled in giving back to someone you love Good about yourself Pleased to model caregiving for your children so they might do the same someday Satisfied knowing that your loved one gets great care
system: What conditions can be treated with L-tryptophan supplements?
output: Early research in people hints that L-tryptophan supplements may be helpful for: Obstructive sleep apnea Seasonal affective disorder ( SAD) L-tryptophan is found in meats such as turkey and chicken.
system: Can premenstrual syndrome be treated by L-tryptophan?
output: Some women take L-tryptophan supplements to try to ease mood swings due to premenstrual syndrome ( PMS), also called premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD). The theory is that these conditions may be linked to a problem with serotonin processing in the body, and that L-tryptophan could help that. However, there is little evidence to show this really works.
system: What are the side effects of taking L-tryptophan?
output: Side effects of L-tryptophan may include: Blurred vision Dizziness Drowsiness and fatigue Head twitching Hives Nausea Loss of muscle coordination and muscle stiffness Strong, pounding heart beat (palpitations) Sweating Tremor L-tryptophan can interfere with many different medicines.
system: Why do people take L-tryptophan?
output: Some women take L-tryptophan supplements to try to ease mood swings due to premenstrual syndrome ( PMS), also called premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD).
system: What are symptoms of serotonin syndrome linked to L-tryptophan?
output: Do not take L-tryptophan if you are on antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs), MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and atypical antidepressants.. Doing so may lead to a life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome are: Extreme anxiety Easily startled Rapid heart beats Delirium Severe muscle spasms Increased body temperature L-tryptophan supplements should be used with caution in pregnant women.
system: What is L-tryptophan?
output: Serotonin helps control your mood and sleep. The theory is that these conditions may be linked to a problem with serotonin processing in the body, and that L-tryptophan could help that.
system: Can L-tryptophan help with some mental health disorders?
output: Some people take L-tryptophan supplements to try to help them sleep. There is limited research to back these claims and studies show mixed results in supporting these claims. The supplements have since been re-introduced to the U. S. market.
system: How is a radioactive seed implant performed to treat prostate cancer?
output: The procedure is performed as follows: After general or spinal anesthesia, the legs are elevated and padded very carefully. The ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum and is used to take pictures of the prostate. The probe remains in place throughout the procedure. The radioactive seeds are loaded into the designated number of needles. In a specific order, each needle is inserted through the skin in the perineum (the area between the base of the scrotum and the anus) and into the prostate using continuous ultrasound guidance. Once accurate needle placement is confirmed, the seeds in that needle are released. This process is continued until all of the radioactive seeds have been implanted. No surgical incision or cutting is necessary. For HDR, once the needle or catheter placements are confirmed, they are filled with a radioactive material. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed. The urologist inserts a tube with a camera called a cystoscope through the penis and into the bladder. If he or she detects any loose radioactive seeds within the urethra or bladder, they are removed. If some blood is in the urine, the urologist may place a catheter into the bladder for a short period of time to ensure proper drainage. All patients are instructed how to drain urine from the bladder, if necessary.
system: What happens before a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?
output: A transrectal ultrasound is done to provide the radiation oncologist with specific details about your case. Newer techniques using a CAT scan or MRI may be used to guide the proper placement of the implants. This information is used to custom-design the treatment plan for you. Another option is for the ultrasound and treatment plan to be done at the same time as the radioactive seeds are implanted.
system: What are the side effects of radioactive seed implants for prostate cancer?
output: Urinary symptoms are the most common. These include frequent urination and a need to get to the bathroom quickly. Some men have a burning with urination and, in a few cases, an inability to empty the bladder completely. These symptoms can usually be managed with medicine, and they improve over time. Temporary self-catheterization may be necessary to help drain the bladder. Urinary incontinence from brachytherapy is rare. The risk may be somewhat increased in patients who have undergone a previous surgical procedure to remove a part of the prostate called a TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate). A doctor can minimize this risk by doing a careful prostate ultrasound before the procedure to determine how much prostate tissue is still present to implant the seeds. Rectal bleeding occurs in less than 1% of patients. Diarrhea is rare. The impotence rate at five years after the procedure is about 25% using brachytherapy alone. If hormone therapy is added, the impotence rate rises depending on the duration of the hormonal treatment.
system: What are the results from a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?
output: Results from this treatment approach show that in patients with similar types of prostate cancer, brachytherapy alone or in combination with external beam radiation therapy appears as effective as a radical prostatectomy and regular external radiation therapy.
system: What happens during a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?
output: A radiation oncologist and urologist perform the procedure. Both physicians are actively involved in all aspects of the implantation, from the planning to the post-operative care. During the procedure, the urologist provides ultrasound guidance and the radiation oncologist places the radioactive seeds. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed. Urinary symptoms are the most common.
system: What are radioactive seed implants?
output: Brachytherapy, or internal radiation therapy, are also terms used to describe this procedure. There are two types of prostate brachytherapy: permanent and temporary. Results from this treatment approach show that in patients with similar types of prostate cancer, brachytherapy alone or in combination with external beam radiation therapy appears as effective as a radical prostatectomy and regular external radiation therapy.
system: How is a temporary (high dose rate) brachytherapy done to treat prostate cancer?
output: With this technique, hollow needles or hollow catheters are placed into the prostate gland, which are then filled with radioactive material (iridium-192 or cesium 137) for 5-15 minutes. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed.
system: Who can get radioactive seed implants to treat prostate cancer?
output: Radioactive seed implants are a form of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Therefore, the best candidates for these procedures are patients who have a cancer that is contained within the prostate and is not very aggressive. Rectal bleeding occurs in less than 1% of patients.
system: How is a permanent (low dose rate) brachytherapy done to treat prostate cancer?
output: Anywhere from 40 to 100 seeds are commonly implanted. The implants remain in place permanently, and become biologically inert (no longer useful) after a period of months. This technique allows a high dose of radiation to be delivered to the prostate with limited damage to surrounding tissues. With this technique, hollow needles or hollow catheters are placed into the prostate gland, which are then filled with radioactive material (iridium-192 or cesium 137) for 5-15 minutes. Another option is for the ultrasound and treatment plan to be done at the same time as the radioactive seeds are implanted.
system: Does sunlight affect eczema?
output: Know how the sun affects you. Sunlight can be a salve for eczema. In fact, people with severe cases can benefit from ultraviolet ray treatments. But others find that sunlight is a trigger. If you're one of them, shield yourself with clothes and a hat.