laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: Why are children's cold medicines questionable?
output: One specific concern was that these medicines were often not studied in children. Instead, they were studied in adults, and those results were then applied to children. However, it's not clear that adults and children will react to these medicines in the same way. Even in adults, the evidence is weak that cough and cold medicines help.
system: What are the risks associated with children's cold medicines?
output: Experts agree that the risks from kids' cold and cough medicines are low, especially considering how common they are. Still, thousands of children under age 12 go to emergency rooms each year after taking cough and cold medicines, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Roughly two-thirds of those ER visits occurred after children drank cough or cold medicine while unsupervised.
system: What are the dosing recommendations for children's cold medicine?
output: In 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics called on the FDA to make such a recommendation. In addition, the AAP asked that OTC cold/cough medicine manufacturers to use weight-based rather than age-based dosing recommendations, saying weight is more accurate for determining the correct dose of a drug. The AAP also asked that dosing devices have a flow-limiting capacity to prevent against overdose.
system: Do children's cough and cold medicines work?
output: In 2008, the FDA strongly recommended against giving over-the-counter cough and cold medicines to children who are under age 2. However, rather than requiring manufacturers to warn consumers, the agency praised the voluntary actions of manufacturers to state on product labels not to give the medicines to children under age 4. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Evidence indicates that children's cold medicines don't really help and may pose a real (although small) risk of side effects, particularly to young children.
system: Who is most likely to get sepsis?
output: Anyone can get it, but certain groups of people are at greater risk. They include: People whose immune systems are not working well due to illnesses like HIV/ AIDS or cancer People who take drugs that suppress the immune system, like steroids and those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs Very young babies The elderly, especially those with other health problems People who have recently been hospitalized and/or had major surgeries People with diabetes Because it can begin in different parts of the body, this illness can have many different symptoms.
system: What is sepsis?
output: Sepsis is caused by your body's defense system (immune system) working overtime to fight infection. It's sometimes called septicemia. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The large number of chemicals released into the blood during this process triggers widespread inflammation. This can lead to organ damage. Blood clotting during sepsis reduces blood flow to limbs and internal organs. This deprives them of nutrients and oxygen. In severe cases, one or more organs may fail. In the worst cases, sepsis leads to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure. Doctors call this âseptic shock.â It can quickly lead to the failure of several organs -- lungs, kidneys, and liver. This can be fatal in some cases.
system: What causes sepsis?
output: But sepsis can also result from other infections. It can begin anywhere bacteria or viruses enter the body. So, it could sometimes be caused by something as minor as a scraped knee or nicked cuticle. If you have a more serious medical problem such as appendicitis, pneumonia, meningitis, or a urinary tract infection, you're also at risk. If you have an infection of the bone, called osteomyelitis, it could lead to sepsis. In people who are hospitalized, the bacteria that trigger sepsis can enter the body through IV lines, surgical incisions, urinary catheters, and bed sores.
system: What are the symptoms of sepsis?
output: They include: People whose immune systems are not working well due to illnesses like HIV/ AIDS or cancer People who take drugs that suppress the immune system, like steroids and those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs Very young babies The elderly, especially those with other health problems People who have recently been hospitalized and/or had major surgeries People with diabetes Because it can begin in different parts of the body, this illness can have many different symptoms. The first signs may include rapid breathing and confusion. Other common warning signs include: Fever and chills Very low body temperature Peeing less than normal Rapid pulse Rapid breathing Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea If your doctor believes you might have sepsis, he'll do an exam and run tests to look for the following: Bacteria in the blood or other body fluids The source of the infection (he may use an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound) A high or low white blood cell count A low platelet count Low blood pressure Too much acid in the blood (acidosis) Altered kidney or liver function If you do have sepsis, your doctor will likely place you in the hospital's intensive care unit ( ICU).
system: How is sepsis diagnosed?
output: Other common warning signs include: Fever and chills Very low body temperature Peeing less than normal Rapid pulse Rapid breathing Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea If your doctor believes you might have sepsis, he'll do an exam and run tests to look for the following: Bacteria in the blood or other body fluids The source of the infection (he may use an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound) A high or low white blood cell count A low platelet count Low blood pressure Too much acid in the blood (acidosis) Altered kidney or liver function If you do have sepsis, your doctor will likely place you in the hospital's intensive care unit ( ICU).
system: What happens after being diagnosed with sepsis?
output: Other common warning signs include: Fever and chills Very low body temperature Peeing less than normal Rapid pulse Rapid breathing Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea If your doctor believes you might have sepsis, he'll do an exam and run tests to look for the following: Bacteria in the blood or other body fluids The source of the infection (he may use an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound) A high or low white blood cell count A low platelet count Low blood pressure Too much acid in the blood (acidosis) Altered kidney or liver function If you do have sepsis, your doctor will likely place you in the hospital's intensive care unit ( ICU). There, he'll try to stop the infection, keep vital organs functioning, and regulate your blood pressure ( IV fluids and extra oxygen can help with this).
system: How is sepsis treated?
output: Once your doctor knows for sure what's causing your sepsis, he'll put you on medicine that targets that specific germ. Often, doctors prescribe vasopressors (drugs that cause the blood vessels to narrow) to improve blood pressure. If your case is severe, you might need other types of treatment, like a breathing machine or kidney dialysis. Sometimes surgery is needed to drain or clean an infection.
system: Can a cold increase the chances of laryngospasm?
output: Coughs from a cold can push more acid into the larynx, so a recent or current upper respiratory infection may increase the likelihood of developing laryngospasm.
system: Is laryngospasm related to GERD?
output: Regular exposure to stomach acids can damage and inflame the delicate lining of the esophagus. This damage can lead to momentary spasms of the vocal cords, which close the airway and prevent air and oxygen from getting into the lungs. When stomach acids reach the larynx, the condition is called laryngopharyngeal reflux or LPR. The tissues of the larynx are even more delicate and prone to injury than the esophagus.
system: Is laryngospasm related to SIDS?
output: In addition to experiencing laryngospasm episodes, people with this condition will typically have symptoms of GERD, which include: Chest pain Coughing Difficulty swallowing Heartburn Hoarseness Nausea Sore throat or need to clear the throat Experts say that in infants with GERD, laryngospasm might be involved in sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS).
system: What are symptoms of laryngospasm?
output: When laryngospasm occurs, people describe the sensation of choking and are unable to breathe or speak. Sometimes, the episodes occur in the middle of the night. A person may suddenly awaken feeling as though he or she is suffocating. This condition is called sleep-related laryngospasm. It also is often related to GERD. Some people will actually lose consciousness during these episodes. As the airways slowly open, the person will make a high-pitched breathing sound (called stridor). The entire episode lasts only a minute or two before breathing returns to normal. But the experience can be terrifying.
system: How you treat laryngospasm caused by anesthesia?
output: In children who develop laryngospasm as a complication of anesthesia during surgery, treatment usually involves moving the head and neck to open the airway. It also involves using a machine (continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP) to deliver air directly into the airway. Some children need to have a tube placed into the throat to assist with breathing.
system: How can you prevent laryngospasm?
output: You can also relieve GERD and LPR, and help prevent laryngospasm, by following these lifestyle tips: Avoid common heartburn triggers, such as fruit and fruit juices, caffeine, fatty foods, and peppermint. Eat smaller meals, and stop eating two to three hours before bedtime. If you smoke, quit. Also, limit alcohol consumption. Raise the head of your bed a few inches by putting wood blocks under the bedpost. Avoid allergies triggers. Breathing techniques including slow breathing and staying calm also may help.
system: Can anesthesia cause laryngospasm?
output: Laryngospasm may also be a complication of surgery. In children who develop laryngospasm as a complication of anesthesia during surgery, treatment usually involves moving the head and neck to open the airway.
system: What can trigger laryngospasm?
output: Laryngospasm may be associated with different triggers, such as asthma, allergies, exercise, irritants (smoke, dust, fumes), stress, anxiety or commonly gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. Laryngospasm may also be a complication of surgery. Anesthesia used during the surgery can irritate the vocal cords, especially in children. Laryngospasm caused by anesthesia can be life-threatening.
system: What complications can happen in infants or children who have rumination disorder?
output: Among the many potential complications associated with untreated rumination disorder in infants and children are: Malnutrition Lowered resistance to infections and diseases Failure to grow and thrive Weight loss Stomach diseases such as ulcers Dehydration Bad breath and tooth decay Aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs) Choking Death In most cases, infants and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally.
system: How is rumination disorder treated in infants and children?
output: Treatment of rumination disorder mainly focuses on changing the child's behavior. Several approaches may be used, including: Changing the child's posture during and right after eating Encouraging more interaction between mother and child during feeding; giving the child more attention Reducing distractions during feeding Making feeding a more relaxing and pleasurable experience Distracting the child when he or she begins the rumination behavior Aversive conditioning, which involves placing something sour or bad-tasting on the child's tongue when he or she begins to vomit Psychotherapy for the mother and/or family may be helpful to improve communication and address any negative feelings toward the child due to the behavior.
system: How common is rumination disorder in babies and children?
output: Rumination disorder most often occurs in infants and very young children (between 3 and 12 months), and in children with cognitive impairments. It is rare in older children, adolescents, and adults. It may occur slightly more often in boys than in girls, but few studies of the disorder exist to confirm this.
system: Can you prevent rumination disorder?
output: There is no known way to prevent rumination disorder in infants and children. However, careful attention to a child's eating habits may help catch the disorder before serious complications can occur.
system: What are symptoms of rumination disorder in infants and children?
output: Symptoms of rumination disorder in babies and young kids include: Repeated regurgitation of food Repeated re-chewing of food Weight loss Bad breath and tooth decay Repeated stomachaches and indigestion Raw and chapped lips In addition, infants with rumination may make unusual movements that are typical of the disorder.
system: Do children and infants outgrow rumination disorder?
output: Among the many potential complications associated with untreated rumination disorder in infants and children are: Malnutrition Lowered resistance to infections and diseases Failure to grow and thrive Weight loss Stomach diseases such as ulcers Dehydration Bad breath and tooth decay Aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs) Choking Death In most cases, infants and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally. For older children, this disorder can continue for months.
system: What causes rumination disorder in infants and children?
output: The exact cause of rumination disorder is not known; however, there are several factors that may contribute to its development: Physical illness or severe stress may trigger the behavior. It may be a way for the child to gain attention. It may be a manisfestation of mental illness such as depression or anxiety Because most children outgrow rumination disorder, and older children and adults with this disorder tend to be secretive about it out of embarrassment, it is difficult to know exactly how many people are affected. Several approaches may be used, including: Changing the child's posture during and right after eating Encouraging more interaction between mother and child during feeding; giving the child more attention Reducing distractions during feeding Making feeding a more relaxing and pleasurable experience Distracting the child when he or she begins the rumination behavior Aversive conditioning, which involves placing something sour or bad-tasting on the child's tongue when he or she begins to vomit Psychotherapy for the mother and/or family may be helpful to improve communication and address any negative feelings toward the child due to the behavior.
system: What is rumination disorder?
output: Rumination disorder is an eating disorder in which a person -- usually an infant or young child -- brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed. To be considered a disorder, this behavior must occur in children who had previously been eating normally, and it must occur on a regular basis -- usually daily -- for at least one month. The child may exhibit the behavior during feeding or right after eating. These movements may be done as the infant is trying to bring back up the partially digested food.
system: How do doctors diagnose rumination disorder in infants and children?
output: The child may exhibit the behavior during feeding or right after eating. If symptoms of rumination are present in an infant or child, the doctor will begin an evaluation by performing a complete medical history and physical exam. The doctor may use certain tests -- such as X-rays and blood tests -- to look for and rule out possible physical causes for the vomiting, such as a gastrointestinal condition. Testing can also help the doctor evaluate how the behavior has affected the body by looking for signs of problems such as dehydration and malnutrition.
system: What are symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
output: As time goes on, other symptoms can appear, including: Trouble focusing A hard time doing ordinary activities Feeling confused or frustrated, especially at night Dramatic mood swings -- outbursts of anger, anxiety, and depression Feeling disoriented and getting lost easily Physical problems, such as an odd walk or poor coordination Trouble communicating People with Alzheimer's might forget their loved ones.
system: Does ApoE cause Alzheimer's disease?
output: Researchers aren't sure what causes this damage or how it happens, but it could be a protein in blood called Apo E (for apolipoprotein E), which the body uses to move cholesterol in the blood. There are a few types of Apo E that may be linked to a higher risk of Alzheimer's. It could be that certain forms of it cause brain damage. Some scientists think it plays a role in building the plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer's.
system: How long can you live with Alzheimer's disease?
output: More often, however, people live with it for about 9 years.
system: What is Alzheimer's disease?
output: As time goes on, other symptoms can appear, including: Trouble focusing A hard time doing ordinary activities Feeling confused or frustrated, especially at night Dramatic mood swings -- outbursts of anger, anxiety, and depression Feeling disoriented and getting lost easily Physical problems, such as an odd walk or poor coordination Trouble communicating People with Alzheimer's might forget their loved ones. They might forget how to dress themselves, feed themselves, and use the toilet. The disease makes brain tissue break down over time. It usually happens to people over age 65. Some scientists think it plays a role in building the plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. There is some evidence that people with high blood pressure and high cholesterol have a greater chance of getting Alzheimer's.
system: Who gets Alzheimer's disease?
output: Alzheimer's is a disease that robs people of their memory. More rarely, head injuries may be a reason, too -- the more severe they are, the greater the risk of Alzheimer's later in life. Scientists are still studying many of these theories, but it's clear that the biggest risks linked to Alzheimer's disease are being older and having Alzheimer's in your family.
system: How long do you need to take tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?
output: You may have to take these medications for a long time. If you go off them because you feel better, your inflammation can come back. Some people can cut down their dose instead of stopping the drugs altogether. Always take your medication as your doctor prescribes.
system: Do some people have allergic reactions to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
output: Other possible side effects include: Coughing Headaches Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Stomach pain Weakness A few people have a serious allergic reaction. If your lips swell, you have trouble breathing, or you feel dizzy, it could be an allergic reaction. Seek emergency care right away.
system: How can inflammation damage the body?
output: Inflammation that's out of control can damage your body. You might have pain or swelling or feel ill. These drugs block the action of TNF.
system: Are tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors made in the lab?
output: Your doctor wil help find one that is available and that's best for you: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-adaz ( Hyrimoz), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Etanercept-szzs ( Ereizi), a biosimilar to Enbrel Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade TNF inhibitors are antibodies made in a lab from human or animal tissue. ( Your body makes antibodies to fight off infections.) Once they're put into your blood, they cause a reaction in your immune system that blocks inflammation.
system: What are the side effects of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?
output: Like any drug, TNF inhibitors may have side effects. You may have redness, burning, or itching where the needle goes into your skin. This usually goes away in a few days. Other possible side effects include: Coughing Headaches Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Stomach pain Weakness A few people have a serious allergic reaction. If your lips swell, you have trouble breathing, or you feel dizzy, it could be an allergic reaction. Seek emergency care right away.
system: Am I at a higher risk of getting cancer if I take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis?
output: It's rare, but you also could be at higher risk of getting cancer if you take TNF inhibitors, including lymphoma or skin cancer. Some people may get serious brain reactions. Those with heart failure or multiple sclerosis shouldn't take these drugs.
system: Should I take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors during pregnancy?
output: You probably shouldn't take your TNF drug while pregnant because doctors don't yet know how they might affect your unborn baby. You may be able to take other treatments for your inflammation while you are pregnant.
system: How do you take tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?
output: Some TNF inhibitors, including Cimzia, Humira, Enbrel, Erelzi, and Simponi, are given as shots under the skin. You'll get your first one or two at your doctor's office; then your doctor or a nurse will show you how to give them to yourself. Once you get comfortable with that, pre-filled shots can be shipped to your home. Every 1 to 4 weeks, you'll inject your TNF inhibitor under the skin of your thigh or abdomen. You can use a different spot each time. Remicade, Inflectra, and Simponi Aria, a version of Simponi, are given as infusions at a clinic or your doctor's office. While you lie still, it's slowly dripped into your vein through a tube. For Remicade, each session can take around 2 hours, and you'll need treatment every 4 to 8 weeks. With Simponi Aria, the sessions last 30 minutes. After two starter doses one month apart, they're given once every 8 weeks.
system: What should you do before taking tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?
output: You should make sure you're up to date on all vaccines before taking TNF medications because after you start taking them, your immune system could be diminished. And you shouldn't get live viruses while taking these drugs because of possible adverse reactions and they can interfere with how well the vaccines work.