laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What are the basic things we should know about skin cancer?
output: A pack-year is the number of cigarette packs smoked each day multiplied by the number of years a person has smoked. Non-small-cell lung cancers that cannot be treated surgically are usually treated with radiation therapy, usually in combination with chemotherapy. Patients whose cancers have metastasized, or spread to distant parts of the body, are usually treated with either chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
system: Is radiation therapy used to treat skin cancer?
output: Once a malignant tumor begins to cause symptoms, it is usually visible on an X-ray. Non-small-cell lung cancers that cannot be treated surgically are usually treated with radiation therapy, usually in combination with chemotherapy. New combinations of chemotherapy, new forms of radiation, and the use of drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation are always being studied. Gefitinib ( Iressa) has been most recently approved as a first-line treatment of patients with metastatic NSCLC and offers another targeted therapy for tumors with specific EGFR mutations. You can relieve skin irritation associated with radiation therapy by wearing loose clothes and keeping your chest protected from the sun.
system: How do lung tumors start?
output: If a routine physical exam reveals swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone, a mass in the abdomen, weak breathing, abnormal sounds in the lungs, dullness when the chest is tapped, abnormalities of the pupils, weakness or swollen veins in one of the arms, or even changes in the fingernails, a doctor may suspect a lung tumor. When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery. Because of its tendency to spread extensively, small-cell lung cancer is typically treated with combination chemotherapy -- the use of more than one drug -- often in conjunction with radiation therapy.
system: When should I seek medical care for skin cancer?
output: If a routine physical exam reveals swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone, a mass in the abdomen, weak breathing, abnormal sounds in the lungs, dullness when the chest is tapped, abnormalities of the pupils, weakness or swollen veins in one of the arms, or even changes in the fingernails, a doctor may suspect a lung tumor. Many patients with lung cancer -- especially smokers -- have existing lung or heart problems that make surgery difficult. After surgery, patients stay in the hospital for several days.
system: How is skin cancer treated?
output: When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery. During the operation, the surgeon removes the tumor along with surrounding lung tissue and lymph nodes. Radiation therapy may be necessary to kill remaining cancer cells, but it is usually delayed for at least a month while the surgical wound heals. New combinations of chemotherapy, new forms of radiation, and the use of drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation are always being studied.
system: How is skin cancer treated at home?
output: Both require light anesthesia. The challenge comes in detecting lung cancer early enough to make surgery possible. When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery.
system: How is malignant melanoma skin cancer treated?
output: Nearby lymph nodes can be tested for cancer cells, using a procedure called a mediastinoscopy, which requires general anesthesia, and involves having a small cut made in the front of the neck to pass a hollow, lighted tube into the chest to take biopsies. Endobronchial ultrasound and endoscopic esophageal ultrasound are two other ways to biopsy lymph nodes to test for cancer cells. During the operation, the surgeon removes the tumor along with surrounding lung tissue and lymph nodes. Because of its tendency to spread extensively, small-cell lung cancer is typically treated with combination chemotherapy -- the use of more than one drug -- often in conjunction with radiation therapy.
system: What tests can diagnose skin cancer?
output: If a routine physical exam reveals swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone, a mass in the abdomen, weak breathing, abnormal sounds in the lungs, dullness when the chest is tapped, abnormalities of the pupils, weakness or swollen veins in one of the arms, or even changes in the fingernails, a doctor may suspect a lung tumor. A CT scan of the chest may be ordered for a more detailed look. If the biopsy confirms cancer, other tests will determine the type of cancer and how far it has spread. Sometimes, the entire lung must be taken out. Surgery is occasionally used, but only if the cancer is thought to be at a very early stage.
system: When is surgery used to treat lung cancer?
output: If the biopsy confirms cancer, other tests will determine the type of cancer and how far it has spread. Many patients with lung cancer -- especially smokers -- have existing lung or heart problems that make surgery difficult. Cancer that has spread to lymph nodes between the lungs was once considered inoperable, but combining surgery with chemotherapy afterwards has improved survival rates. When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery. During the operation, the surgeon removes the tumor along with surrounding lung tissue and lymph nodes. Sometimes, the entire lung must be taken out. After surgery, patients stay in the hospital for several days.
system: What is Paget's disease of the nipple associated with?
output: It may be linked with an underlying breast cancer, either ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer.
system: What causes Paget's disease of the nipple?
output: You might also notice: Tingling Itching Increased sensitivity Burning Pain Bloody or yellowish discharge from your nipple Your nipple looks flattened against your breast Thickened skin in the nipple area In most cases, Paget's disease of the breast starts in the nipple, then spreads to the areola (the circular area of darker skin that surrounds it) or other areas of your breast.
system: What is Paget's disease of the nipple?
output: Paget's disease of the breast is an uncommon type of cancer that forms in or around the nipple.
system: What is the treatment for Paget's disease of the nipple?
output: Paget's disease of the breast is an uncommon type of cancer that forms in or around the nipple. Radiation: If you got radiation to your chest as a child or young adult, you're more likely to get breast cancer.
system: How is Paget's disease of the nipple diagnosed?
output: Paget's disease of the breast is an uncommon type of cancer that forms in or around the nipple. The doctor will remove a small sample of tissue from your nipple and send it to a lab where they'll check for the presence of Paget's cells. Because most people with this condition also have underlying breast cancer, your diagnosis will probably include: A physical exam Imaging tests: A mammogram ( X-ray of the breast) Breast MRI (a scan that creates a detailed picture of the inside of your breast) Breast ultrasound (uses sound waves to make a picture of your breast) Surgery is the most common treatment.
system: How is Paget's disease of the nipple treated?
output: Because most people with this condition also have underlying breast cancer, your diagnosis will probably include: A physical exam Imaging tests: A mammogram ( X-ray of the breast) Breast MRI (a scan that creates a detailed picture of the inside of your breast) Breast ultrasound (uses sound waves to make a picture of your breast) Surgery is the most common treatment. The surgeon removes the entire breast. If your disease is confined to the nipple and the surrounding area, your doctor could suggest this treatment to save your breast (you might hear it called breast-conserving surgery). The surgeon will remove your nipple, areola, and the entire portion of the breast believed to contain the cancer. Most women get follow-up radiation therapy to make sure the cancer doesn't come back. The specific treatment often depends on the underlying breast cancer. The outlook depends on: If you have a tumor in the affected breast If the tumor is ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer The stage of invasive breast cancer in that breast If you have invasive cancer in the affected breast and it has spread to nearby lymph nodes The 5-year relative survival for all women in the U. S. diagnosed with this condition from 1988 to 2001 was 82.6%.
system: What are the symptoms of Paget's disease of the nipple?
output: Early symptoms include redness and light scaling and flaking of the skin on your nipple. You might also notice: Tingling Itching Increased sensitivity Burning Pain Bloody or yellowish discharge from your nipple Your nipple looks flattened against your breast Thickened skin in the nipple area In most cases, Paget's disease of the breast starts in the nipple, then spreads to the areola (the circular area of darker skin that surrounds it) or other areas of your breast.
system: Is a CT scan painful or dangerous?
output: The test can help your doctor rule out other causes of your pain, such as: A brain tumor An infection of the brain, called an abscess The buildup of fluid in the brain, a condition called hydrocephalus A sinus blockage Injuries A bulging, weak part of a brain artery, called an aneurysm, or bleeding in the brain The test is painless. To get the scan, you'll lie on a table. You may get a shot of "contrast material" into one of your veins, which will help doctors see parts of your brain more clearly on the image. Be sure to tell the doctor or nurse if you've had an allergic reaction to contrast material in the past. Your doctor will also need to check your kidney function before using contrast. The dyes have iodine, which can cause a reaction in some people.
system: How should someone prepare for their CT scan?
output: Don't eat anything 4 hours before your test. Keep taking your medications as usual after you check with your doctor. Plan for your test to take at least an hour. Most scans take from 15 to 60 minutes. Ask your doctor any questions you have before the scan.
system: When might I need a CT scan to diagnose my headache?
output: You might need one if you have headaches daily or almost every day or have a sudden onset severe headache. Doctors can't diagnose migraines with the test, though.
system: What happens before a CT scan?
output: You may need to change into a hospital gown, because snaps and zippers in street clothes can interfere with the scan. You also may need to take off your watch, rings, or jewelry. It's a good idea to leave your valuables, including jewelry, at home. If you get a shot of contrast material, you may feel flushed, or you may have a metallic taste in your mouth.
system: How does a CT scan help with migraines and headaches?
output: The test can help your doctor rule out other causes of your pain, such as: A brain tumor An infection of the brain, called an abscess The buildup of fluid in the brain, a condition called hydrocephalus A sinus blockage Injuries A bulging, weak part of a brain artery, called an aneurysm, or bleeding in the brain The test is painless.
system: Should I tell my doctor if I am pregnant before I have a CT scan?
output: The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum. But if you are or think you may be pregnant, let the doctor know -- X-rays can be harmful to a growing baby.
system: What happens after the CT scan?
output: Keep taking your medications as usual after you check with your doctor.
system: How should I prepare for a CT scan?
output: Don't eat anything 4 hours before your test. Keep taking your medications as usual after you check with your doctor. Plan for your test to take at least an hour. Most scans take from 15 to 60 minutes. Ask your doctor any questions you have before the scan.
system: What happens after a CT scan?
output: Keep taking your medications as usual after you check with your doctor.
system: What happens during the CT scan?
output: If you get a shot of contrast material, you may feel flushed, or you may have a metallic taste in your mouth. These are common reactions. If you have shortness of breath or any unusual symptoms, tell the person who's giving you the test -- the technologist. The technologist will help you lie in the correct position on the examining table. The table will then automatically move into place for imaging. It's very important that you lie as still as possible during the procedure. Movement could blur the images. The technicians may ask you to hold your breath briefly at some points when they're taking the X-ray images.
system: What does the CT scanner use to diagnose migraines and headaches?
output: The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum. But if you are or think you may be pregnant, let the doctor know -- X-rays can be harmful to a growing baby. A child who needs to have a CT scan should get it at a facility that often works with children, so that the lowest possible dose of radiation can be used.
system: How does a CT scan diagnose headaches?
output: You might need one if you have headaches daily or almost every day or have a sudden onset severe headache. Doctors can't diagnose migraines with the test, though. The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum.
system: How uncomfortable or dangerous is a CT scan?
output: You may get a shot of "contrast material" into one of your veins, which will help doctors see parts of your brain more clearly on the image. Be sure to tell the doctor or nurse if you've had an allergic reaction to contrast material in the past. Your doctor will also need to check your kidney function before using contrast. The dyes have iodine, which can cause a reaction in some people. The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum. The technologist will help you lie in the correct position on the examining table.
system: How does a CT scan help diagnose a migraine?
output: Doctors can't diagnose migraines with the test, though. The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum.
system: Why is breastfeeding good for my baby?
output: Breastfeeding has been linked to higher IQ scores in later childhood in some studies. What's more, the physical closeness, skin-to-skin touching, and eye contact all help your baby bond with you and feel secure. Breastfed infants are more likely to gain the right amount of weight as they grow rather than become overweight children. The AAP says breastfeeding also plays a role in the prevention of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). It's been thought to lower the risk of diabetes, obesity, and certain cancers as well, but more research is needed.
system: Why is breastfeeding good for me?
output: Breastfeeding burns extra calories, so it can help you lose pregnancy weight faster. It releases the hormone oxytocin, which helps your uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size and may reduce uterine bleeding after birth. Breastfeeding also lowers your risk of breast and ovarian cancer. It may lower your risk of osteoporosis, too. Since you don't have to buy and measure formula, sterilize nipples, or warm bottles, it saves you time and money. It also gives you regular time to relax quietly with your newborn as you bond.
system: What is breast engorgement?
output: But breast engorgement means the blood vessels in your breast have become congested. This traps fluid in your breasts and makes them feel hard, painful, and swollen. Alternate heat and cold, for instance using ice packs and hot showers, to relieve mild symptoms. It can also help to release your milk by hand or use a breast pump.
system: Can I breastfeed if I'm sick or taking prescription medication?
output: Talk with your doctor before starting to breastfeed if you're taking prescription drugs of any kind. Your doctor can help you make an informed decision based on your particular medication. Having a cold or flu should not prevent you from breastfeeding. Breast milk won't give your baby the illness and may even give antibodies to your baby to help fight off the illness.
system: Will I make enough milk to breastfeed?
output: As your baby needs more milk and nurses more, your breasts respond by making more milk. Experts recommend breastfeeding exclusively (no formula, juice, or water) for 6 months. If you supplement with formula, your breasts might make less milk. Even if you breastfeed less than the recommended 6 months, it's better to breastfeed for a short time than no time at all. You can add solid food at 6 months but also continue to breastfeed if you want to keep producing milk.
system: Can you get blocked ducts from breastfeeding?
output: A single sore spot on your breast, which may be red and hot, can signal a plugged milk duct. This can often be relieved by warm compresses and gentle massage over the area to release the blockage. More frequent nursing can also help.
system: What is colustrum?
output: The first few days after birth, your breasts make an ideal "first milk." It's called colostrum. Colostrum is thick, yellowish, and scant, but there's plenty to meet your baby's nutritional needs. Colostrum helps a newborn's digestive tract develop and prepare itself to digest breast milk.
system: Can breastfeeding cause dry, cracked nipples?
output: Avoid soaps, perfumed creams, or lotions with alcohol in them, which can make nipples even more dry and cracked. You can gently apply pure lanolin to your nipples after a feeding, but be sure you gently wash the lanolin off before breastfeeding again. Changing your bra pads often will help your nipples stay dry. And you should use only cotton bra pads.
system: Can I breastfeed if I have inverted nipples?
output: An inverted nipple doesn't poke forward when you pinch the areola, the dark skin around the nipple. A lactation consultant -- a specialist in breastfeeding education -- can give simple tips that have allowed women with inverted nipples to breastfeed successfully.
system: What is the football position for breastfeeding?
output: Line your baby's back along your forearm to hold your baby like a football, supporting his head and neck in your palm. This works best with newborns and small babies. It's also a good position if you're recovering from a cesarean birth and need to protect your belly from the pressure or weight of your baby.
system: Is my baby getting enough breast milk?
output: You're concerned your baby isn't gaining weight or getting enough milk.
system: How do I get my baby to latch on when I try to breastfeed?
output: Position your baby facing you, so your baby is comfortable and doesn't have to twist his neck to feed. With one hand, cup your breast and gently stroke your baby's lower lip with your nipple. Your baby's instinctive reflex will be to open the mouth wide. With your hand supporting your baby's neck, bring your baby's mouth closer around your nipple, trying to center your nipple in the baby's mouth above the tongue. You'll know your baby is "latched on" correctly when both lips are pursed outward around your nipple. Your infant should have all of your nipple and most of the areola, which is the darker skin around your nipple, in his mouth.
system: Can breastfeeding cause breast infections?
output: This occasionally results when bacteria enter the breast, often through a cracked nipple after breastfeeding. If you have a sore area on your breast along with flu-like symptoms, fever, and fatigue, call your doctor. Antibiotics are usually needed to clear up a breast infection, but you can most likely continue to breastfeed while you have the infection and take antibiotics.
system: How do you store milk when breastfeeding?
output: Breast milk can be safely used within 2 days if it's stored in a refrigerator. You can freeze breast milk for up to 6 months. Don't warm up or thaw frozen breast milk in a microwave. That will destroy some of its immune-boosting qualities, and it can cause fatty portions of the breast milk to become super hot. Thaw breast milk in the refrigerator or in a bowl of warm water instead.
system: Can you get sore nipples from breastfeeding?
output: You can expect some soreness in the first weeks of breastfeeding. Make sure your baby latches on correctly, and use one finger to break the suction of your baby's mouth after each feeding. That will help prevent sore nipples. If you still get sore, be sure you nurse with each breast fully enough to empty the milk ducts. If you don't, your breasts can become engorged, swollen, and painful. Holding ice or a bag of frozen peas against sore nipples can temporarily ease discomfort. Keeping your nipples dry and letting them "air dry" between feedings helps, too. Your baby tends to suck more actively at the start. So begin feedings with the less-sore nipple.
system: When should you not breastfeed?
output: You should not breastfeed if: You are HIV positive. You can pass the HIV virus to your infant through breast milk. You have active, untreated tuberculosis. You're receiving chemotherapy for cancer. You're using an illegal drug, such as cocaine or marijuana. Your baby has a rare condition called galactosemia and cannot tolerate the natural sugar, called galactose, in breast milk. You're taking certain prescription medications, such as some drugs for migraine headaches, Parkinson's disease, or arthritis. It may take a few days or weeks for your baby to get used to breast milk in a bottle.
system: What is cradle position for breastfeeding?
output: Position your baby's belly against your body so he feels fully supported. Your other, "free" arm can wrap around to support your baby's head and neck -- or reach through your baby's legs to support the lower back. Your infant should have all of your nipple and most of the areola, which is the darker skin around your nipple, in his mouth.
system: Why is breast milk good for your baby?
output: It has a nearly perfect mix of vitamins, protein, and fat -- everything your baby needs to grow. And it's all provided in a form more easily digested than infant formula. Breast milk contains antibodies that help your baby fight off viruses and bacteria. Breastfeeding lowers your baby's risk of having asthma or allergies. Infants typically breastfeed for 10 to 20 minutes on each breast.
system: How common is photosensitive epilepsy?
output: People with photosensitive epilepsy have seizures that are triggered by: Flashing lights Bold, contrasting visual patterns (such as stripes or checks) Overexposure to video games Anti-epileptic medicines are available to reduce the risk of a seizure. Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes recurrent seizures (more than two). About 3% to 5% of those people have photosensitive epilepsy. Children and adolescents ages 7 to 19 are more likely to have photosensitive epilepsy. Girls are affected by the condition more often than boys. But boys tend to have more seizures. That's probably because they spend more time playing video games, a common seizure trigger.