laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: What disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs will my doctor prescribe to treat my rheumatoid arthritis?
output: Usually, the first DMARD your doctor will prescribe is methotrexate ( Otrexup, Rheumatrex, Trexall, Rasuvo, Xatmep). You can take it as a pill or give yourself a shot. It may ease pain and swelling in your joints and make complications less likely. You'll have to get regular blood tests to make sure the drug doesn't harm your liver or reduce blood counts. Other DMARDs that slow inflammation and RA's progression include: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil) Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine, Salazopyrin, Sulfazine) Doctors often prescribe these medications in combinations.
system: Am I likely to get an infection from biologics used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
output: Because biologics affect your immune system, you may be more likely to get an infection and certain cancers. It's also important to watch for things like fever, cough, diarrhea, or nausea. You may also get a skin reaction on parts of your body where you give yourself shots.
system: How do biologics help treat rheumatoid arthritis?
output: These drugs can slow RA's activity in your body so you feel better. They also help slow joint and organ damage.
system: Is there a way to slow down rheumatoid arthritis?
output: But if you want to slow the disease down, you'll need to turn elsewhere. Your doctor may suggest medicine that tries to get at the root of your trouble -- an immune system that's gone a little haywire.
system: Who should get a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?
output: The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force says people who should get DXA scans for bone density include: Women ages 65 or older Women ages 60 or older who have a higher chance of getting a fracture Talk to your doctor about whether the test is a good idea for you.
system: How does a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scanner work?
output: A DXA scanner is a machine that produces two X-ray beams. One is high energy and the other is low energy. The machine measures the amount of X-rays that pass through the bone from each beam. This will vary depending on how thick the bone is. Based on the difference between the two beams, your doctor can measure your bone density.
system: What are the results of a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?
output: For the results of your scan, you'll get a T-score. It shows how much higher or lower your bone density is than that of a healthy 30-year-old, the age when bones are at their strongest. The lower your score, the weaker your bones are: T-score of -1.0 or above = normal bone density T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 = low bone density, or osteopenia T-score of -2.5 or lower = osteoporosis Sometimes doctors will give you another DXA scan result -- a Z score. It compares your bone density to a normal score for a person of your same age and body size.
system: What is a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?
output: DXA scanning focuses on two main areas -- the hip and the spine. If you can't test those, you can get a DXA scan on your forearm. It shows how much higher or lower your bone density is than that of a healthy 30-year-old, the age when bones are at their strongest.
system: What happens during a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?
output: Unlike some other types of tests, like MRIs or CT scans, you won't have to lie inside a closed tunnel or ring. Instead, you'll lie on an open X-ray table and try to stay still as the scanner passes over your body. When the test is over, you'll be able to go home. The machine measures the amount of X-rays that pass through the bone from each beam.
system: What causes episodic tension headaches?
output: Episodic tension headaches are usually triggered by an isolated stressful situation or a build-up of stress. Daily stress can lead to chronic tension headaches.
system: Who gets tension headaches?
output: Tension headaches usually don't keep a person from performing daily tasks. About 30%-80% of the adult U. S. population suffers from occasional tension headaches; approximately 3% suffer from chronic daily tension headaches.
system: Do tension headaches keep a person from performing daily tasks?
output: About 30%-80% of the adult U. S. population suffers from occasional tension headaches; approximately 3% suffer from chronic daily tension headaches.
system: What increases the severity of a tension headache?
output: Chronic tension headaches come and go over a prolonged period of time. The pain is usually throbbing and affects the front, top, or sides of the head. Although the pain may vary in intensity throughout the day, the pain is almost always present. Chronic tension headaches do not affect vision, balance, or strength.
system: How often do tension headaches appear?
output: A tension headache may appear periodically ("episodic," less than 15 days per month) or daily ("chronic," 15 days per month or more). An episodic tension headache may be described as a mild to moderate constant band-like pain, tightness, or pressure around the forehead or back of the head and neck.
system: How are tension headaches treated?
output: Other features of tension headaches may include: Headache upon awakening General muscle aches Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep Chronic fatigue Irritability Disturbed concentration Mild sensitivity to light or noise Occasional dizziness Treatment for this type of headache usually includes nonprescription pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Prescription medications (antidepressants, for example) may be needed in some cases. Therapies such as stress management or biofeedback may be used in an effort to reduce or prevent tension headaches.
system: What are the symptoms of a tension headache?
output: An episodic tension headache may be described as a mild to moderate constant band-like pain, tightness, or pressure around the forehead or back of the head and neck. Other features of tension headaches may include: Headache upon awakening General muscle aches Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep Chronic fatigue Irritability Disturbed concentration Mild sensitivity to light or noise Occasional dizziness Treatment for this type of headache usually includes nonprescription pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
system: How can arthrocentesis help treat osteoarthritis?
output: During arthrocentesis, a sterile needle is used to remove joint fluid for analysis. Joint fluid analysis is useful in excluding gout, infection, and other causes of inflammatory arthritis. Removal of joint fluid and injection of corticosteroids into the joints during arthrocentesis may help relieve pain, swelling, and inflammation.
system: How are X-rays used to diagnose osteoarthritis?
output: The common X-ray findings of osteoarthritis include loss of joint cartilage, narrowing of the joint space between adjacent bones, and bone spur formation. Simple X-ray testing can be very helpful to exclude other causes of pain in a particular joint as well as assist the decision-making as to when surgical intervention should be considered.
system: How can arthroscopy help treatosteoarthritis?
output: Arthroscopy is a surgical technique whereby a doctor inserts a viewing tube into the joint space. Abnormalities of and damage to the cartilage and ligaments can be detected and sometimes repaired through the arthroscope. If successful, patients can recover from the arthroscopic surgery much more quickly than from open joint surgery.
system: What happens if I don't have my genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) treated?
output: Unfortunately, despite treatment, having high-risk HPV can increase your risk of cervical, rectal, and penile cancer. But not all forms of the virus are associated with these cancers. If you have genital warts, it is important to get annual check-ups to screen for cancer.
system: How are genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) treated?
output: Unfortunately, no treatment can kill the HPV virus that causes the genital warts. Your doctor can remove the warts with laser therapy or by freezing or applying chemicals. Some prescription treatments are available for at home-use. Surgery may be necessary for genital warts that are large or difficult to treat. Still, recurrence remains a problem. You may need to return to your doctor for more treatment.
system: What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?
output: HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease ( STD) in North America. Certain forms of the virus can cause cervical, rectal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer. According to the CDC, at least 50% of sexually active men and women will get a genital HPV infection at some point in their lives. After a person has been infected by HPV, it may take one to three months (or longer in some cases) for warts to appear. Some people who have been infected never get warts.
system: What do genital warts look like?
output: The warts may look similar to the small parts of a cauliflower or they may be very tiny and difficult to see. They often appear in clusters of three or four, and may grow and spread rapidly. They usually are not painful, although they may cause mild pain, bleeding, and itching.
system: How soon do warts appear after being infected by human papillomavirus (HPV)?
output: After a person has been infected by HPV, it may take one to three months (or longer in some cases) for warts to appear. Some people who have been infected never get warts.
system: What are the symptoms of genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?
output: But when symptoms do occur, warts may be seen around the genital area. In women, warts can develop on the outside and inside of the vagina, on the cervix (the opening to the uterus), or around the anus. In men, they may be seen on the tip of the penis, the shaft of the penis, on the scrotum, or around the anus. Genital warts also can develop in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected person. Because there is no way to predict whether the warts will grow or disappear, people who have been infected should be examined and treated, if necessary. Your doctor may perform the following tests to check for genital warts and/or related STDs: An examination of visible growths to see if they look like genital warts Application of a mild acetic acid (vinegar) solution to highlight less visible growths A complete pelvic exam and Pap smear (for women) A specialized test for high-risk HPV (low risk should not be screened for), collected in a way similar to a Pap smear Biopsy of cervical tissue ( if abnormal pap smear or visible abnormality) to make sure there are no abnormal cells that could develop into HPV-related cervical cancer; a cervical biopsy involves taking a small sample of tissue from the cervix and examining it under a microscope.
system: What vaccines target genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?
output: Two of these strains, HPV-16 and HPV-18, account for about 70% of cervical cancers. The other two strains covered by the vaccine, HPV- 6 and HPV-11, account for about 90% of genital warts. The vaccine is approved for 9- to 26-year-old females and males. It also protects against five other strains of HPV virus (31, 33, 45, 52, and 58). Cervarix is given only to females and also protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18.
system: Is Gardasil-9 more effective than Gardasil in preventing genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?
output: If you have genital warts: Keep the area as dry as possible. Gardasil protects against infection from four strains of the HPV virus and offers modest protection against genital warts. It is 90% effective in protecting against cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers in females, and anal cancer in females and males as well as protecting against genital warts.
system: What causes genital warts?
output: Those that show up in the genital area are caused by the human papillomavirus, commonly called HPV, and are easily transmitted by sexual contact. In women, warts can develop on the outside and inside of the vagina, on the cervix (the opening to the uterus), or around the anus.
system: Do vaginal estrogen creams help with menopause symptoms?
output: As an alternative treatment for menopause symptoms of the vagina, your doctor may prescribe a vaginal estrogen cream to help stop the thinning of vaginal tissues and improve lubrication.
system: How safe is hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as treatment for menopause?
output: Recently, research on HRT through the Women's Health Initiative turned up some controversial findings: Heart attacks, strokes, blood clots, and breast cancer occurred more often in women taking combination HRT. Taking estrogen alone slightly increased the risk of stroke and blood clots and didn't appear to increase or decrease the risk of heart disease. No increased risk of breast cancer was found for those women on estrogen-only therapy. Combination and estrogen-only HRT are still effective therapies for relieving menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. While not appropriate for everyone, these treatments may still have their place for some women facing menopause or menopause-related issues.
system: How common is lung disease?
output: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Lung diseases are some of the most common medical conditions in the world. Tens of millions of people suffer from lung disease in the U. S. Smoking, infections, and genetics are responsible for most lung diseases.
system: What is the structure of trachea (windpipe)?
output: The trachea (windpipe) branches into tubes called bronchi, which in turn branch to become progressively smaller tubes throughout the lungs.
system: What  lung diseases affect the interstitium?
output: The interstitium is the microscopically thin, delicate lining between the lungs' air sacs (alveoli). Tiny blood vessels run through the interstitium and allow gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood. Various lung diseases affect the interstitium: Interstitial lung disease ( ILD): A broad collection of lung conditions affecting the interstitium. Sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and autoimmune disease are among the many types of ILD. Pneumonias and pulmonary edemas can also affect the interstitium.
system: What is the main function of the lungs and how do you get lung disease?
output: The lungs are part of a complex apparatus, expanding and relaxing thousands of times each day to bring in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Lung disease can result from problems in any part of this system.
system: What type of lung diseases can affect the airways?
output: Diseases that affect the airways include: Asthma: The airways are persistently inflamed, and may occasionally spasm, causing wheezing and shortness of breath. Allergies, infections, or pollution can trigger asthma's symptoms. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD): Lung conditions defined by an inability to exhale normally, which causes difficulty breathing. Chronic bronchitis: A form of COPD characterized by a chronic productive cough. Emphysema: Lung damage allows air to be trapped in the lungs in this form of COPD. Difficulty blowing air out is its hallmark. Acute bronchitis: A sudden infection of the airways, usually by a virus. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition causing poor clearance of mucus from the bronchi.
system: What lung diseases that affect the alveoli?
output: The airways eventually branch into tiny tubes (bronchioles) that dead-end into clusters of air sacs called alveoli. These air sacs make up most of the lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting the alveoli include: Pneumonia: An infection of the alveoli, usually by bacteria. Acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS): Severe, sudden injury to the lungs caused by a serious illness. Pneumoconiosis: A category of conditions caused by the inhalation of a substance that injures the lungs.
system: How do lung diseases affect the blood vessels?
output: The right side of the heart receives low-oxygen blood from the veins. It pumps blood into the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. These blood vessels can suffer from disease, as well. This can cause shortness of breath and chest pain. When no cause is identified, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
system: What are symptoms of Graves' disease?
output: The symptoms of Graves' disease include: Weight loss despite increased appetite Faster heart rate, higher blood pressure, and increased nervousness Excessive perspiration Increased sensitivity to heat More frequent bowel movements Muscle weakness, trembling hands Development of a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing a swelling at the base of the neck).
system: When should I call my doctor about Graves' disease?
output: Bulging eyes Reddish, thickened, and lumpy skin in front of the shins In women, change in frequency or total cessation of menstrual periods You are feverish, agitated, or delirious, and have a rapid pulse. You could be having a thyrotoxic crisis, in which the effects of too much thyroid hormone suddenly become life-threatening.
system: What are skin changes that come with age?
output: As we grow older, changes like these naturally occur: Skin becomes rougher. Skin develops lesions such as benign tumors. Skin becomes slack. The loss of the elastic tissue (elastin) in the skin with age causes the skin to hang loosely. Skin becomes more transparent. This is caused by thinning of the epidermis (surface layer of the skin). Skin becomes more fragile. This is caused by a flattening of the area where the epidermis and dermis (layer of skin under the epidermis) come together. Skin becomes more easily bruised. This is due to thinner blood vessel walls.
system: How does sun affect your skin?
output: Over time, the sun's ultraviolet ( UV) light damages certain fibers in the skin called elastin. The breakdown of elastin fibers causes the skin to sag, stretch, and lose its ability to snap back after stretching. The skin also bruises and tears more easily and takes longer to heal. So while sun damage may not show when you're young, it will later in life.
system: What symptoms might you have if mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) spreads throughout your body?
output: If MAC goes all over your body, you may have: High fever or chills Night sweats Belly pain Diarrhea Weight loss Fatigue Swollen glands Fewer red blood cells (anemia) You could also have more serious symptoms like: Blood infections Hepatitis Pneumonia Many other infections can cause the same symptoms as MAC.
system: How is a lung injury treated?
output: If you have mild lung injuries, you may receive oxygen through a mask or through a tube called a nasal cannula. If your injuries are more serious, you'll need a breathing machine to force air into the lungs and push fluid out. You may receive medication for pain, infections, clots or gastric reflux.
system: What are the treatments for peripheral neuropathy?
output: Effective prognosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy relies heavily on the cause of the nerve damage. For example, a peripheral neuropathy caused by a vitamin deficiency can be treated -- even reversed -- with vitamin therapy and an improved diet. Likewise, nerve damage brought on by alcohol abuse can often be stopped and improved by avoiding alcohol. Peripheral neuropathy caused by toxic substances or medications can often be corrected in much the same way. When neuropathy is related to diabetes, careful monitoring of blood sugar levels may slow its progression and curb symptoms.
system: How can peripheral neuropathy be avoided?
output: Some forms of peripheral neuropathy can be averted by maintaining sound health habits. Eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, and abstaining from excessive alcohol consumption can all help prevent nerve damage. Avoiding injuries and toxic chemicals and carefully managing underlying disorders, such as diabetes, can also help prevent peripheral neuropathy.
system: How important is early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy?
output: Early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy is important, because the peripheral nerves have a limited capacity to regenerate, and treatment may only stop the progression -- not reverse damage. If you have become severely impaired, you may need physical therapy to help retain strength and avoid muscle cramping and spasms.
system: How can diet affect your risk for prostate cancer?
output: Research also suggests high dietary fat may be linked to prostate cancer. Men in countries with a high-fat diet tend to eat fewer fruits and vegetables.
system: How can race affect your risk for prostate cancer?
output: Prostate cancer happens about 60% more often in African- American men than in white American men. And when it is diagnosed, the cancer is more likely to be advanced. But Japanese and African men living in their native countries have low rates of prostate cancer. Numbers for these groups rise sharply when the men immigrate to the U. S. African- Americans should begin prostate cancer tests at age 50.
system: How can family history affect your risk for prostate cancer?
output: Men whose relatives have had prostate cancer are considered to be at higher risk. Having a father or brother with the disease more than doubles your odds of having prostate cancer. Having a brother with prostate cancer appears to make it more likely than having an affected father does. Your chances go even higher when multiple family members are affected. Men with prostate cancer in their family should start getting screened at 40. Studies have identified several inherited genes that appear to raise the risk of prostate cancer. Experts estimate that the hereditary form of prostate cancer accounts for just 5% to 10% of all cases.
system: How can age affect your risk for prostate cancer?
output: All men are at risk of having prostate cancer. The thing that raises your odds of having prostate cancer the most is age. If you're white and have no family history, your odds go up sharply at 50. But the older you are, the less aggressive the disease is, especially after 70.
system: When should you see a doctor about an ankle sprain?
output: Most fully heal between 2 and 12 weeks after you hurt it. But if your pain is bothersome, especially when you put weight on the injured ankle, it's a good idea to see your doctor. She will be able to diagnose whether you have sprain and rule out any more serious injuries with similar symptoms. You should also see your doctor if the sprain doesn't seem to be improving over time. Remember, swelling is a natural response to an injury as your body rushes blood to the affected area to help heal it. Since your ankle is so far away from your heart, it takes time to pump blood to and away from the injury. Because of this, you may see swelling long after the ankle has healed. Speak to your doctor if you have: Prolonged pain Bruising Weakness Sprains can range from minor to severe.
system: What is an ankle sprain?
output: This injury happens when the ligaments in your ankle tear or get stretched too much. Ligaments are the strong, stretchy bands that help stabilize your ankle. They hold the bones of your ankle together, but they allow for some movement. When there is too much movement, you may get a sprain.
system: Where do ankle sprains most happen?
output: This causes the ligament on the outside of your ankle to stretch more than it is able to. Most ankle sprains happen when you're playing sports.