laomobai/llama3-1 huggingface dataset:
system: How do you prevent the spread of tuberculosis?
output: If you have this form of the disease, you'll need to take a number of antibiotics for 6 to 9 months. But only a doctor can tell you if you're still contagious. If you have active TB of the lungs, you can infect other people. Or your health care provider may admit you to the hospital until TB germs are no longer expelled in your cough. You may be hospitalized for a longer period if you cannot reliably take your medications, do not have stable housing, or have a multidrug resistant strain of TB. The goal is to prevent the spread of the disease.
system: What are resources for dementia caregivers?
output: But the course dementia takes can vary widely from person to person. The Alzheimer's Association (800-272-3900) will refer you to your local chapter for information, resources, and their hands-on caregiver training workshops. "
system: How soon do you get symptoms of fish-handler's disease?
output: The disease generally develops 2-7 days after injury to the skin and subsequent bacterial infection. A sharply defined, red-purple circular area appears and surrounds the puncture. The area of injury increases in diameter by about one-half inch per day. Pain, burning, itching, and swelling at the infection site; joint stiffness; and lymph node swelling accompany the infection.
system: How is fish-handler's disease treated?
output: All wounds require immediate cleansing with fresh tap water. Gently scrub the wound with soap and water to remove any foreign material. After cleansing, a topical antibiotic ointment (for example, bacitracin) should be applied 3-4 times per day.
system: What are risk factors for type 2 diabetes other than genetics?
output: Other type 2 diabetes risk factors include the following: High blood pressure High blood triglyceride (fat) levels Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds High-fat and carbohydrate diet High alcohol intake Sedentary lifestyle Obesity or being overweight Ethnicity: Certain groups, such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans, have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than non- Hispanic whites. Aging: Increasing age is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
system: Is type 2 diabetes genetic?
output: Several genes may be related to type 2 diabetes. If you have any of the following risk factors, it's important to ask your doctor about a diabetes test.
system: What are the health risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
output: Other type 2 diabetes risk factors include the following: High blood pressure High blood triglyceride (fat) levels Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds High-fat and carbohydrate diet High alcohol intake Sedentary lifestyle Obesity or being overweight Ethnicity: Certain groups, such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans, have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than non- Hispanic whites. Aging: Increasing age is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes begins to rise significantly at about age 45, and rises considerably after age 65.
system: Why does diabetes occur?
output: When you're healthy, the pancreas (an organ behind the stomach) releases insulin to help your body store and use sugar from the food you eat. Diabetes happens when one or more of the following occurs: Your pancreas doesn't make any insulin.
system: How is diabetes defined?
output: It also tells the body to release less insulin.. People with diabetes either don't make insulin or their body's cells can no longer use their insulin. This leads to high blood sugars. By definition, diabetes is: A blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 126 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/d L) after an 8-hour fast (not eating anything) A non-fasting glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/d L along with symptoms of diabetes A glucose level of greater than or equal to 200 mg/d L on a 2-hour glucose tolerance test A1 C greater than or equal to 6.5%. Unless the person is having obvious symptoms of diabetes or is in a diabetic crisis, the diagnosis must be confirmed with a repeat test.
system: What is the role of insulin in the cause of type 2 diabetes?
output: It builds up in your bloodstream instead. When you eat or drink, much of the food is broken down into a simple sugar called glucose. It moves through your bloodstream to these cells where it provides the energy your body needs for daily activities. Insulin and other hormones control the amount of glucose in your bloodstream. Your pancreas is always releasing small amounts of insulin. When the amount of glucose in your blood rises to a certain level, the pancreas will release more insulin to push more glucose into the cells. This causes the glucose levels in the blood (blood glucose levels) to drop. To keep blood glucose levels from getting too low (hypoglycemia or low blood sugar), your body signals you to eat and releases some glucose from the stores kept in the liver.
system: How much medical care is accounted for by ear infections in the U.S.?
output: Among the bacteria most often found in infected middle ears are the same varieties responsible for many cases of sinusitis, pneumonia, and other respiratory infections.
system: What can untreated ear infections lead to?
output: Untreated, ear infections can lead to more serious complications, including mastoiditis (a rare inflammation of a bone adjacent to the ear), hearing loss, perforation of the eardrum, meningitis, facial nerve paralysis, and possibly -- in adults -- Meniere's disease.
system: How does a doctor see an ear infection?
output: When the doctor looks at the eardrum, he or she will see that it is red, often bulging, and be able to make the diagnosis of an ear infection.
system: Is there a vaccine that can prevent ear infections?
output: Among the bacteria most often found in infected middle ears are the same varieties responsible for many cases of sinusitis, pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery (ear, nose, and throat physicians), the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine is very effective against several strains of the most common bacteria that cause ear infections. This vaccine is routinely given to infants and toddlers to prevent meningitis, pneumonia, and blood infections. Your child's doctor should advise you on the use of this vaccine, which may help to prevent at least some ear infections.
system: What does it mean if an ear infection is recurring?
output: If the condition clears up but comes back as many as three times in a 6-month period (or four times in a single year), the person is said to have recurrent ear infections (recurrent acute otitis media). This usually indicates the Eustachian tube isn't working well. A fluid buildup in the middle ear without infection is termed otitis media with effusion, a condition where fluid stays in the ear because it is not well ventilated, but germs have not started to grow.
system: What happens if an ear infection is left untreated?
output: Untreated, ear infections can lead to more serious complications, including mastoiditis (a rare inflammation of a bone adjacent to the ear), hearing loss, perforation of the eardrum, meningitis, facial nerve paralysis, and possibly -- in adults -- Meniere's disease.
system: How can children get ear infections?
output: Allergies, post nasal drainage, sinus infections, common cold viruses and adenoid problems can all interfere with the Eustachian tube's ability to let air pass into the middle ear.
system: Who is most likely to get ear infections?
output: In recent years, scientists have identified the characteristics of people most likely to suffer recurrent middle ear infections: Males Individuals with a family history of ear infections Babies who are bottle-fed formula (babies who are fed breastmilk have fewer ear infections) Children who attend day care centers People living in households with tobacco smokers People with abnormalities of the palate, such as a cleft palate People with poor immune systems or chronic respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and asthma
system: What is an ear infection?
output: For children, the most common trigger of an ear infection is an upper respiratory viral infection, such as a cold or the flu.
system: What causes an ear infection?
output: The middle ear is a small space behind the ear drum that is supposed to be well ventilated by air that normally passes up from behind the nose, through the Eustachian tube, keeping the middle ear clean and dry. When there is not enough fresh air ventilating the middle ear, such as when the Eustachian tube is clogged or blocked, the area becomes damp, stagnant, and warm, a perfect breeding ground for germs.
system: How is an ear infection diagnosed?
output: When the doctor looks at the eardrum, he or she will see that it is red, often bulging, and be able to make the diagnosis of an ear infection.
system: Why do ear infections often accompany a cold or the flu?
output: Germs that are growing in the nose or sinus cavities can climb up the Eustachian tube and enter the middle ear to start growing. The middle ear is a small space behind the ear drum that is supposed to be well ventilated by air that normally passes up from behind the nose, through the Eustachian tube, keeping the middle ear clean and dry.
system: What triggers an ear infection in children?
output: The middle ear is a small space behind the ear drum that is supposed to be well ventilated by air that normally passes up from behind the nose, through the Eustachian tube, keeping the middle ear clean and dry. For children, the most common trigger of an ear infection is an upper respiratory viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. Bacteria can cause an ear infection directly, but usually these organisms come on the heels of a viral infection or an allergic reaction, quickly finding their way into the warm, moist environment of the middle ear. Invading bacteria can wreak major havoc, turning inflammation into infection and provoking fevers.
system: How is a Meniett device used to treat MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Meniett device: Another approach uses this device to apply pressure to your ear canal through a tube. This improves how fluid moves through your ear. You can do these treatments at home.
system: How is MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease treated?
output: Drug treatment deals with reducing both your vertigo and the fluid in your ear. Medication for motion sickness might help with your vertigo, and an anti-nausea drug might reduce vomiting if that's a side effect of your dizziness.
system: When should you call a doctor about MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: If you are dizzy, you should sit or lie down at once. Avoid any type of movement that might make your vertigo worse. Don't try to drive. If you think you have symptoms, call your doctor for an appointment. It is hard to predict the course of the disease, and you should not assume it will get better on its own.
system: How can symptoms of MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease change?
output: As your MÃ©niÃ¨re's progresses, your symptoms may change. Your hearing loss and tinnitus may become constant. You might struggle all the time with balance and vision issues instead of having occasional bouts of vertigo.
system: What is MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: MÃ©niÃ¨re's disease is an inner-ear condition that can cause vertigo, a specific type of dizziness in which you feel as though you're spinning. It also can cause ringing in your ear (tinnitus), hearing loss that comes and goes, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in your ear. Usually, only one ear is affected. The hearing loss eventually can be permanent. The disorder takes its name from a French doctor, Prosper MÃ©niÃ¨re, who suggested in the 1860s that the symptoms came from the inner ear and not the brain, as most people believed.
system: Why do people get MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Why people get MÃ©niÃ¨re's isn't clear. Researchers have several theories about what might affect the fluid in the inner ear, though: Poor drainage (because of blockage or an abnormal structure in your ear) Autoimmune response (when your body's defense system misfires and attacks healthy cells) Allergic reaction Viral infection Inherited tendency Blow to the head Migraine headaches It's possible that a combination of issues come together to cause MÃ©niÃ¨re's.
system: What causes MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Doctors think they understand how the symptoms of MÃ©niÃ¨re's develop. Fluid builds up inside a part of your inner ear called the labyrinth, which holds structures that help with hearing and balance. The extra fluid interferes with the signals your brain receives, causing vertigo and hearing problems.
system: How is a vestibular nerve sectioning used to treat MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Vestibular nerve sectioning: A neurosurgeon does this procedure, and you need a longer hospital stay, up to 5 days. The surgeon will destroy the nerve that sends signals about balance to the brain to stop the messages that are causing your vertigo.
system: How are diuretics used to treat MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Other possible treatments include: Diuretics: To reduce fluid in your ear, your doctor might prescribe a diuretic -- medicine that keeps your body from retaining fluids. If you take a diuretic, your doctor probably also will ask you to cut the amount of salt in your diet.
system: How is a labyrinthectomy used to treat MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Labyrinthectomy: Your surgeon destroys the parts of the ear that control balance. You aren't awake during this procedure, and you stay in the hospital a few days. You will have hearing loss afterward, so it's for people who have really bad vertigo and already don't hear well.
system: When is therapy or a hearing aid used to treat MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Therapy or hearing aid: In addition to medication, you might try therapy targeted to help with balance issues. A hearing aid could improve your affected ear.
system: How is a cochleosacculotomy used to treat MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Cochleosacculotomy: This is another procedure aimed at draining fluid. You're given something to numb any pain, and it takes about 30 minutes. It can cause hearing loss, though.
system: What triggers MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease attacks?
output: Some people with MÃ©niÃ¨re's find that certain things trigger attacks. Those might include: Stress Overwork Fatigue Sharp changes in weather, specifically air pressure Underlying illness You can take steps to identify and avoid your triggers and also to reduce stress in your life.
system: What can you do to prevent MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: It's not clear you can do anything to prevent MÃ©niÃ¨re's disease. However, there are many things you can do the help manage your symptoms. In addition to eating a low-salt diet, you may want to cut down on alcohol and caffeine. Some people think such diet changes lessen the effects of the disease.
system: How is an endolymphatic sac shunt surgery done to treat MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: They include: Endolymphatic sac shunt surgery: The part of your ear that is responsible for reabsorbing fluid is opened and drained. You'll be given anesthesia so that you won't be awake or feel pain during the operation. You will probably spend the night in the hospital.
system: How long do symptoms of MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease last?
output: Along with the main symptoms, some people may have: Anxiety Blurry vision Nausea or diarrhea Trembling Cold sweat and rapid pulse Attacks are as brief as 20 minutes or last as long as 24 hours. You might get several in a week, or they might come months or even years apart. Afterward, you may feel tired and need to rest.
system: What are the symptoms of MÃ©niÃ¨reâs disease?
output: Doctors think they understand how the symptoms of MÃ©niÃ¨re's develop. Along with the main symptoms, some people may have: Anxiety Blurry vision Nausea or diarrhea Trembling Cold sweat and rapid pulse Attacks are as brief as 20 minutes or last as long as 24 hours. It can cause hearing loss, though. It's not clear you can do anything to prevent MÃ©niÃ¨re's disease.
system: What anti-seizure drugs can prevent migraines?
output: These meds may work by calming nerve cells in the brain. They include: Topiramate ( Qudexy XR, Trokendi XR, Topamax) Valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote, Stavzor) Beta-blockers usually treat high blood pressure and heart disease.
system: When should I consider using preventive migraine medications?
output: You may want to consider preventive medications if: The drugs you take to relieve your migraines don't help or you have bad side effects from them.
system: How does Botox treat migraines?
output: Often used to treat wrinkles, it also helps some people who get migraines at least 15 days per month, called chronic migraines. It's for people who have long-term migraine headaches, with the attack lasting 4 hours at a time or longer. Doctors think Botox may keep the brain from giving off chemicals that the body uses to send pain signals.
system: What tips should I keep in mind as I take medications for my migraines?
output: When you take medication to prevent migraines, keep these tips in mind: Your doctor will likely start you on a low dose and gradually increase it over time. It may take several months to find the best dose with the fewest side effects. Don't suddenly stop taking preventive medications. That could trigger a rebound headache. If you do need to stop taking them, you'll need to gradually taper off under your doctor's care. These meds probably won't completely get rid of your headaches. You may still need to take medicine when you do have one.
system: What do preventive migraine medications do?
output: Make your headaches less severe. Make them shorter. This type of treatment can help if you get migraines often.
system: How does preventative medication work to treat migraines?
output: These meds can: Help you have fewer migraines. Make your headaches less severe. Make them shorter. This type of treatment can help if you get migraines often.
system: How do anti-seizure drugs work to prevent migraines?
output: These meds may work by calming nerve cells in the brain. They include: Topiramate ( Qudexy XR, Trokendi XR, Topamax) Valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote, Stavzor) Beta-blockers usually treat high blood pressure and heart disease.
system: What beta-blockers can prevent migraines?
output: They include: Topiramate ( Qudexy XR, Trokendi XR, Topamax) Valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote, Stavzor) Beta-blockers usually treat high blood pressure and heart disease. It's not clear how they help prevent migraines. Some that work for these headaches include: Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol XL) Propranolol ( Inderal, Innopran XL) Timolol ( Blocadren) Antidepressants .
system: How can I limit stress to help treat my migraines?
output: So, take time each day to relax. You could: Listen to calming music.
system: How can complementary techniques help my migraines?
output: Along with your prescribed treatment, you might want to try one of these to help prevent migraines, such as: Acupuncture Massage Talk therapy
system: Can lifestyle changes help prevent migraines?
output: Your everyday habits can go a long way to help you have fewer, less-severe migraines.
system: What antidepressants can prevent migraines?
output: These medications affect the level of the brain chemical serotonin, which may be linked to migraines. Some of them, such as amitriptyline and venlafaxine, can help keep the headaches away. Other kinds may work, too.
system: How do triptans for menstrual-related migraines treat severe headaches?
output: These drugs treat migraines when they're already happening, but one -- frovatriptan ( Frova) -- may help prevent migraines that women get because of their menstrual cycle. The medicine affects serotonin levels and may also relieve pain in other ways.
system: How can eating regular meals prevent migraines?
output: Eat regular meals. A drop in blood sugar can set off a migraine, so keep it steady by not skipping meals. Also, drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration, which can trigger the headaches.
system: What can you do if you can't take medications to prevent migraines?
output: If you can't take medication or wish not to, a device might be worth considering. Cefaly is a portable headband-like device gives electrical impulses on the skin at the forehead. This stimulates a nerve associated with migraine headaches. Cefaly is used once a day for 20 minutes, and when it's on you may feel a tingling or massaging sensation. Spring TM may be another option. You hold this device at the back of your head at the first sign of a headache, and it gives off a magnetic pulse that stimulates part of the brain. In addition, there is a noninvasive vagus nerve stimulator called gamma Core. When placed over the vagus nerve in the neck, it releases a mild electrical stimulation to the nerve's fibers to relieve pain.
system: How does botulinum toxin (Botox) work to prevent migraines?
output: Often used to treat wrinkles, it also helps some people who get migraines at least 15 days per month, called chronic migraines. It's for people who have long-term migraine headaches, with the attack lasting 4 hours at a time or longer. Doctors think Botox may keep the brain from giving off chemicals that the body uses to send pain signals.
system: How do triptans for menstrual-related migraines work as preventative medication?
output: These drugs treat migraines when they're already happening, but one -- frovatriptan ( Frova) -- may help prevent migraines that women get because of their menstrual cycle. The medicine affects serotonin levels and may also relieve pain in other ways.
system: How can changing my sleep habits help my migraines?
output: When you hit the sack at random times or you get too much or too little shut-eye, that can trigger a headache. So, take time each day to relax.
system: How can I prevent migraines or severe headaches?
output: You may want to consider preventive medications if: The drugs you take to relieve your migraines don't help or you have bad side effects from them. You may still need to take medicine when you do have one.
system: How can regular exercise help my migraines?
output: Make your headaches less severe. Limit stress.
system: How can you limit stress to prevent migraines?
output: Mild pain and redness at the injection site are the most common side effects. That could trigger a rebound headache. Go to bed and get up about the same time every day, including on weekends and holidays. Take a short walk. Meditate. Do yoga.
system: Who shouldn't take decongestants?
output: Decongestants can also cause side effects, such as: Nervousness Sleeplessness Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure You shouldn't take decongestants if you have certain health issues, including high blood pressure or heart problems. If you have prostate problems that make it hard to pee, these drugs can make the problem worse. Don't use decongestant nasal sprays for more than 3 days in a row, as they may make your nasal congestion and swelling worse and last longer. Check the drug label for more information about side effects.
system: When should you see a doctor about shoulder and elbow bursitis?
output: If your symptoms don't get better with at-home treatments, see your doctor. She'll check to see if your problem comes from an infection.
system: What are some short-term bursitis treatments?
output: Bursitis comes from inflammation, so you need to get it under control. You can: Avoid activities that seem to cause your pain or make it worse. Try over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen sodium to ease short-term pain and swelling. Use an ice pack or bag of frozen veggies on the area for up to 20 minutes at a time a few times a day. You may still need to wear an elbow pad for a few months to prevent injury.