page_title: 1860
section_title: July–September
hierarchical_section_title: 1860 / Events / July–September
context_page_description: 1860 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1860th year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, the 860th year of the 2nd millennium, the 60th year of the 19th century, and the 1st year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1860, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
context_section_description: July 2 – Vladivostok is founded in Russia.
  July 9 – The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in London.
  July 11 – Mutsuhito (the future Emperor Meiji) becomes Crown Prince of Japan.
  July 20 – Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.
  August 13 – José Ignacio Pavón (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim President of Mexico, replacing Miguel Miramón. Two days later Miramón becomes president again.
  August 22 – Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.
  September 1 A solar coronal mass ejection hits Earth's magnetosphere, and induces one of the largest geomagnetic storms on record.
  September 3–5 – The First International Chemistry Congress is held in Karlsruhe, Baden.
  September 7
  The PS Lady Elgin is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan; hundreds drown.
  Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.
  September 10 – Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States, hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples.
  September 18 – Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome.
  September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces.
caption: July 20: Garibaldi.
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