page_title: IC 443
section_title: The SNR environment
hierarchical_section_title: IC 443 / Global properties / The SNR environment
caption_attribution_description: English: IC 443 wide field image. The stars η (right) and μ (left) Geminorum, the diffuse emission from S249 (north), and the G189.6+3.3 partial shell (center) are visible.
context_page_description: IC 443 is a galactic supernova remnant in the constellation Gemini. On the plane of the sky, it is located near the star Eta Geminorum.
  Its distance is roughly 5,000 light years from Earth.
  IC 443 may be the remains of a supernova that occurred 3,000 - 30,000 years ago. The same supernova event likely created the neutron star CXOU J061705.3+222127, the collapsed remnant of the stellar core. IC 443 is one of the best-studied cases of supernova remnants interacting with surrounding molecular clouds.
context_section_description: The SNR IC 443 is located in the galactic anticenter direction (l=189.1°), close to the galactic plane (b=+3.0°). Many objects lie in the same region of sky: the HII region S249, several young stars (members of the GEM OB1 association), and an older SNR (G189.6+3.3).
  The remnant is evolving in a rich and complex environment, which strongly affects its morphology.
  Multi-wavelength observations show the presence of sharp density gradients and different cloud geometries in the surroundings of IC 443. Massive stars are known to be short lived (roughly 30 million years), ending their life when they are still embedded within the progenitor cloud.
  The more massive stars (O-type) probably clear the circum-stellar environment by powerful stellar winds or photoionizing radiation. Early B-type stars, with a typical mass between 8 and 12 solar masses, are not capable of this, and they likely interact with the primordial molecular cloud when they explode. Thus, it is not surprising that the SNR IC 443, which is thought to be the aftermath of a stellar explosion, evolved in such a complex environment. For instance, an appreciable fraction of supernova remnants lies close to dense molecular clouds (~50 out of 265 in the Green catalogue),
  and most of them (~60%) show clear signs of interaction with the adjacent cloud.
  X-ray and the optical images are characterized by a dark lane, crossing IC 443 from northwest to southeast. Emission from quiescent molecular gas has been observed toward the same direction,
  and it is likely due to a giant molecular cloud, located between the remnant and the observer.
  This is the main source of extinction of the low energy SNR emission.
  In the southeast the blast wave is interacting with a very dense (~10,000 cm⁻³) and clumpy molecular cloud, such that the emitting shocked gas has a ring-like shape. The blast wave has been strongly decelerated by the cloud and is moving with an estimated velocity of roughly 30–40 km s⁻¹.
  OH (1720 MHz) maser emission, which is a robust tracer of interaction between SNRs and dense molecular clouds, has been detected in this region.
  A source of gamma-ray radiation is spatially coincident with IC 443 and the maser emission region, though is not well understood whether it is physically associated with the remnant or not.
  In the northeast, where the brightest optical filaments are located, the SNR is interacting with
  a very different environment. The forward shock has encountered a wall of neutral hydrogen (HI), and is propagating into a less dense medium (~10-1,000 cm⁻³) with a much higher velocity (80–100 km s⁻¹) than in the southern ridge.
  In the western region, the shock wave breaks out into a more homogeneous and rarefied medium.
caption: IC 443 wide field image. The stars η (right) and μ (left) Geminorum, the diffuse emission from S249 (north), and the G189.6+3.3 partial shell (center) are visible.
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