page_title: Estado Novo (Portugal)
section_title: The first years (1933 - 1936)
hierarchical_section_title: Estado Novo (Portugal) / Education / The first years (1933 - 1936)
caption_attribution_description: Título: Visita de Baltazar Rebelo de Sousa à vila de Figueiró dos Vinhos Autor: Desconhecido Procedência: Coleção particular Data: 1956 Dimensões: 24 x 18 cm Observações: Visita de Baltazar Rebelo de Sousa em 16 de Dezembro de 1956, durante a inauguração do Hospital da Misericórdia, da Escola Secundária e do Busto de Malhoa. Baltazar Rebelo de Sousa, pai de Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, foi político e ministro durante o Estado Novo. À direita a Mocidade Portuguesa.
context_page_description: The Estado Novo, or the Second Republic, was the corporatist period of rule beginning in Portugal in 1933. It evolved from the Ditadura Nacional formed after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926 against the democratic and unstable First Republic. Together, the Ditadura Nacional and the Estado Novo are recognised as the Second Portuguese Republic. The Estado Novo, greatly inspired by conservative and autocratic ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, when illness forced him out of office. After 1945, his corporatist economic model was less and less useful and it slowed economic modernization.
  Opposed to communism, socialism, anarchism, liberalism and anti-colonialism, the regime was corporatist, conservative, and nationalist in nature, defending Portugal's traditional Catholicism.
context_section_description: With its founding 1933 political constitution, the Estado Novo would establish compulsory education at three years. Compulsory education was first introduced in Portugal during the Monarchy (in 1844) with the duration of three years, then increased to five years during the First Republic, but it was never really enforced. The political constitution defines public education as aiming for: "in addition to the physical reinvigoration and the improvement of intellectual faculties, the formation of character, professional value and all civic and moral virtues" (Constituição de 1933, Artigo 43).
  During the first three years of the Estado Novo, the then Ministry of Public Instruction, had a total of four different ministers.
caption: Children in Mocidade Portuguesa's uniform on the right, 1956.
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