page_title: Lyocell
section_title: Manufacturing process
hierarchical_section_title: Lyocell / Manufacturing process
caption_attribution_description: chemical structure of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO)
context_page_description: Lyocell is a form of rayon that consists of cellulose fibre made from dissolving pulp using dry jet-wet spinning. It was developed in 1972 by a team at the now defunct American Enka fibers facility at Enka, North Carolina. In 2003, this development was recognised by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists by the awarding of their Henry E. Millson Award for Invention.
  The operating name for the fibre inside the Enka organization was "Newcell", and the development was carried through pilot plant scale before the work was stopped. The fibre was developed further as Tencel in the 1980s by Courtaulds Fibres in Coventry, UK, and at the Grimsby, UK, pilot plant. The process was first commercialised at Courtaulds' rayon factories at Mobile, Alabama, and at the Grimsby plant. In 1998, Courtaulds was acquired by Akzo Nobel, who combined the Tencel division with other fibre divisions under the Accordis banner, prior to selling them off to private equity. In 2000, CVC sold the Tencel division to Lenzing AG, who combined it with their "Lenzing Lyocell" business, but maintained the brand name Tencel.
context_section_description: The Lyocell process uses a direct solvent rather than indirect dissolution such as the xanthation-regeneration route in the viscose process. Lyocell fiber is produced from dissolving pulp, which contains cellulose in high purity with little hemicellulose and no lignin. Hardwood logs (such as oak and birch) are chipped into squares about the size of postage stamps. The chips are digested chemically, either with the prehydrolysis-kraft process or with sulfite process, to remove the lignin and hemicellulose. The pulp is bleached to remove the remaining traces of lignin, dried into a continuous sheet and rolled onto spools. The pulp has the consistency of thick posterboard paper and is delivered in rolls weighing some 500 lb (230 kg).
  At the Lyocell mill, rolls of pulp are broken into one-inch squares and dissolved in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, giving a solution called "dope". The filtered cellulose solution is then pumped through spinnerets, devices used with a variety of synthetic fibres. The spinneret is pierced with small holes rather like a showerhead; when the solution is forced through it, continuous strands of filament come out. The fibres are drawn in air to align the cellulose molecules, giving the Lyocell fibres its characteristic high strength. The fibres are then immersed into a water bath, where desolvation of the cellulose sets the fibre strands. The bath contains some dilute amine oxide in a steady state concentration. Then the fibres are washed with de-mineralised water. Next, the Lyocell fibre passes to a drying area, where the water is evaporated from it.
  Manufacture then follows the same route as with other kinds of fibers such as viscose. The strands pass to a finishing area, where a lubricant, which may be a soap or silicone or other agent, depending on the future use of the fibre, is applied. This step is basically a detangler, prior to carding and spinning into yarn. At this stage, the dried, finished fibres are in a form called tow, a large untwisted bundle of continuous lengths of filament. The bundles of tow are taken to a crimper, a machine that compresses the fibre, giving it texture and bulk. The crimped fibre is carded by mechanical carders, which perform an action like combing, to separate and order the strands. The carded strands are cut and baled for shipment to a fabric mill. The entire manufacturing process, from unrolling the raw cellulose to baling the fibre, takes about two hours. After this, the Lyocell may be processed in many ways. It may be spun with another fibre, such as cotton or wool. The resulting yarn can be woven or knitted like any other fabric, and may be given a variety of finishes, from soft and suede-like to silky.
  The amine oxide used to dissolve the cellulose and set the fibre after spinning is recycled. Typically, ninety-eight percent of the amine oxide is recovered. Since there is little waste product, this process is relatively eco-friendly.
caption: N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide is a key solvent in the Lyocell Process
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