page_title: Paris during the Bourbon Restoration
section_title: Occupation, purges and unrest
hierarchical_section_title: Paris during the Bourbon Restoration / Occupation, purges and unrest
caption_attribution_description: Français&#160;: Horrible Assassinat de S. A. R. M.gr Le Duc De Berry English: The assassination of the Duc de Berry outside the Opera (13 February 1820)
context_page_description: During the Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy that followed the downfall of Napoleon, Paris was ruled by a royal government which tried to reverse many of the changes made to the city during the French Revolution. The city grew in population from 713,966 in 1817 to 785,866 in 1831. During the period Parisians saw the first public transport system, the first gas street lights, and the first uniformed Paris policemen. In July 1830, a popular uprising in the streets of Paris brought down the Bourbon monarchy and began reign of a constitutional monarch, Louis-Philippe.
context_section_description: Following the final defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, an army of 300,000 soldiers from England, Austria, Russia and Germany occupied Paris, and remained until December 1815. They camped wherever there was open space;  the Prussians settled on the Champs-de-Mars, around the Invalides, the Luxembourg Garden, and around the Carrousel of the Tuileries Palace. The British troops camped along the Champs-Elysées, while the Dutch troops and soldiers from Hannover settled in the Bois de Boulogne. The Russians moved into the barracks of the French Army around the city.  The City of Paris was required to pay for the food and lodging of the occupiers;  the bill was 42 million francs.
  Louis XVIII  returned to the city on 8 July 1815, and moved into the old rooms of Napoleon at the Tuileries Palace. He was greeted with songs and dances by the royalists of the city, but indifference or hostility by the rest of the Parisians.   The pre-revolutionary names and institutions were quickly restored; The Pont de la Concorde became the Pont Louis XVI, a new statue of Henry IV was put back on the empty pedestal next to the Pont Neuf, and the white flag of the Bourbons flew from the top of the column in Place Vendôme.
  In August 1815 a new legislative assembly was elected by a very strictly limited number of voters (only 952 in the arrondissement of the Seine),  and was dominated by ultra-royalists. Under the new regime, citizens could be arrested and jailed by the government without trial. The government immediately began purging those associated with Napoleon's Empire.  General Charles de la Bédoyère and Marshal Ney, who had fought for Napoleon, were executed by firing squad.   The archbishop and bishops who had run the church in Paris under Napoleon were replaced by more conservative and royalist clerics. Those members of the Revolutionary convention who had voted for the execution of Louis XVI were exiled from France.  Members of the Academies and Institute who had supported Napoleon were expelled, including the painter Jacques-Louis David, the mathematicians Lazare Carnot, Gaspard Monge, and the educator Joseph Lakanal. David went into exile in Belgium, and Lakanal went to the United States, where he was welcomed by President James Madison and became president of the University of Louisiana, now Tulane University. 
  Opposition to the royal regime was harshly repressed;  in June and July 1816, members of a failed anti-regime conspiracy, called "the Patriots" were arrested and tried. The three leaders each had one hand cut off, the medieval punishment for those who killed their fathers, before being executed by the guillotine. The other seven members were put on public display attached to the pillory in front of the Palace of Justice. 
  During the Restoration, Paris did not have an elected government; it was ruled directly by the national government.  New national elections for the legislature were held in 1816 and 1817, under strict rules; only men at least years old who paid direct taxes of at least 300 francs a year could vote.  9,677 Parisians were eligible to vote, and they voted largely for liberal candidates in opposition to the government, which was dominated by royalist and ultra-royalists.  Three of the eight Paris deputies were prominent bankers: Jacques Laffitte, Benjamin Delessert and Casimir Perier. 
  Parisians found many occasions to express their displeasure with the new government.  In March 1817 theatre audiences cheered the actor Talma when he appeared on stage as a character resembling Napoleon;  the play was banned.   In July 1818, the students of the Ecole polytechnique were confined to the school to prevent them from attending the funeral of the mathematician Monge.  In July 1819, students in the Latin quarter rioted against the dismissal of a liberal professor from the law school of the University of Paris.  A more serious incident took place on 13 February 1820; the assassination of the Duke de Berry, the nephew of the King, and the only hope of the dynasty for providing a male heir to the throne.
caption: The assassination of the Duc de Berry outside the Opera (13 February 1820)
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