page_title: Halle Building
section_title: Foundation
hierarchical_section_title: Halle Building / The Pope Building / Foundation
caption_attribution_description: English: Cross-section of the design of the sub-basement and basement of the Alfred A. Pope Building (later known as the Halle Building) in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. The architect was Henry Bacon, the superintendent of design was L.J. Lincoln (Bacon's chief assistant), and the structural engineer F.A. Burdette. The image shows the grillage and thick floor of the sub-basement, and the way cantilever girders were used to help take load off the outer wall of the sub-basement. The image also shows how the load-bearing beams of the basement fit atop the "fulcrum" beams in the sub-basement, and helped to hold the cantilever girders in place at their inward end
context_page_description: The Halle Building, formerly known as the Pope Building and after 2014 as The Residences at Halle, is an 11-story Chicago School mixed-use structure located in the Downtown Cleveland central business district in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. Designed by architect Henry Bacon, the building was the flagship department store of the Halle Brothers Co. from 1910 to 1982.
  The Halle Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983, and converted to office space in 1986. On November 19, 1995, the Halle Building was listed as a contributing property to the Lower Prospect—Huron Historic District. The Halle Building was purchased by K & D Group in 2014. The ground floor was converted back to retail, and the sixth through tenth floors turned into apartments.
context_section_description: The foundation of the Pope Building is a combination of reinforced concrete floating raft and grillage. Reengineering the foundation due to the quicksand problem meant only a single sub-basement was constructed.
  In the sub-basement, the sheet piling was plastered and then waterproofed with felt and tar. The felt/tar waterproofing was flashed over the top of the sheet piling and extended horizontally about 1 foot (0.30 m) past the outer wall. Below the sub-basement floor was another waterproofing layer that consisted of 6 inches (15 cm) of reinforced concrete poured atop the watery sand and then topped with felt and tar. The sub-basement walls were built directly against the waterproofed sheet piling, and made of concrete 3 feet (0.91 m) thick. The upper part of the sub-basement walls were reinforced with rebar 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick and 6 inches (15 cm) apart.
  Grillages to hold the columns in place were placed atop the waterproof layer. Each grillage consisted of two tiers of interlocking 24-inch (61 cm) I-beams. Each grill supported a single one of the 40 columns that made up the building's superstructure. The floor of the sub-basement was poured atop the waterproofing layer, and made of reinforced concrete. Originally, the building was to have relied on the sheet piling and sub-basement wall columns to support the outer walls. Structural engineers, however, felt that the re-engineered steel sheet pilings would give way under the centripetal forces placed on it by the quicksand as well as the building's weight. This required them to alter their plan for the wall columns that supported the building's frame and upper floors. The new foundation's wall columns (now called "fulcrums") were set inward 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) from the sub-basement wall. Each fulcrum consisted of two C-beams, each 15 inches (38 cm) wide and held together by four 18 inches (46 cm) cover plates. A girder, made of steel plates bolted together and 21.4 inches (54 cm) long, 18 inches (46 cm) wide, and 50 inches (130 cm) deep, acted as a cantilever. One end was anchored atop the fulcrum, while the other end was supported by a "cantilever support column" (almost identical to the fulcrum) set 12.5 inches (32 cm) from the sub-basement wall. There were no steel wall columns against the outside walls of the basement or above-ground floors. Rather, a cup-like seat surrounded the inward end of the cantilever beam and the top of the fulcrum. Into this was seated the load-bearing column above (which, like those in the sub-basement, were set inward 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) from the exterior wall). The downward pressure of the load-bearing column helped to keep the cantilever in place atop the fulcrum, which in turn acted like a lever to support the exterior walls of the basement and upper floors.
  Between the grills, 16 inches (41 cm) of reinforced concrete helped to spread the load and keep the grills in place. The concrete between the grillage and for the floor was poured as a single unit 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 m) thick. A short girder was placed between the base of each near-wall column and the grillage surrounding the fulcrum to help the grillage and floor retain integrity.
  A 4-inch (10 cm) thick brick wall was built against the waterproofed sheet piling in the basement. Against this brick wall, a 2-foot (0.61 m) thick concrete wall was poured. The basement floor was made of reinforced concrete, and designed to support the weight of the building's steam heating plant, air conditioning plant, and other mechanical equipment. The load-bearing columns in the basement were all 17 feet (5.2 m) long.
  The Pope Building had the deepest basement in Cleveland. It was likely that this was the first time steel sheeting had been used as pilings in a large building anywhere in the United States, and local architects and The Plain Dealer newspaper called the soil engineering and foundation the most successful method of dealing with quicksand that the nation had ever seen.
  The original basement and foundation design had an estimated cost of $175,000 ($5,000,000 in 2019 dol
caption: A complex system of grillage, cantilevers, offset wall columns, and supports was needed for the foundation of the Pope Building
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