page_title: Water distribution system
section_title: Components
hierarchical_section_title: Water distribution system / Components
caption_attribution_description: English: Closeup of a water main saddle tap which can be done on a live water main to provide service to a residence without disrupting other customers. This is also a point where service can be shutoff called a "corporation stop" and is buried under the road without external access (as opposed to a curb stop which is further up the line).
context_page_description: A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to water consumers in order to adequately deliver water to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and fire fighting requirements.
context_section_description: A water distribution system consists of pipelines, storage facilities, pumps, and other accessories.
  Pipelines laid within public right of way called water mains are used to transport water within a distribution system. Large diameter water mains called primary feeders are used to connect between water treatment plants and service areas. Secondary feeders are connected between primary feeders and distributors. Distributors are water mains that are located near the water users, which also supply water to individual fire hydrants. A service line is a small diameter pipe used to connect from a water main through a small tap to a water meter at user's location. There is a service valve (also known as curb stop) on the service line located near street curb to shut off water to the user's building.
  Storage facilities, or distribution reservoirs, provide clean drinking water storage to ensure the system has enough water to service in fluctuating demands (service reservoirs), or to equalize the operating pressure (balancing reservoirs). They can also be temporarily used to serve fire fighting demands during a power outage. There can be many types of distribution reservoirs. A surface reservoir is a larger storage facility built on the ground with the wall lined with concrete, shotcrete, asphalt, or membrane. When a surface reservoir at the ground level cannot provide a sufficient hydraulic head to the distribution system, an elevated water tower can also be used. A standpipe is slightly different from an elevated water tower in that the standpipe allows water storage from the ground level to the top of the tank. The bottom storage area is called supporting storage, and the upper part which would be at the similar height of an elevated water tower is called useful storage. Storage facilities are typically located at the center of the service locations. Being at the central location reduces the length of the water mains to the services locations. This reduces the friction loss when water is transported over a water main.
caption: Water main tap
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