page_title: Acute radiation syndrome
section_title: Cause
hierarchical_section_title: Acute radiation syndrome / Cause
caption_attribution_description: English: PIA17601: Radiation Exposure Comparisons with Mars Trip Calculation 12.09.2013 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=5771 Measurements with the MSL Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover during the flight to Mars and now on the surface of Mars enable an estimate of the radiation astronauts would be exposed to on an expedition to Mars. NASA reference missions reckon with durations of 180 days for the trip to Mars, a 500-day stay on Mars, and another 180-day trip back to Earth. RAD measurements inside shielding provided by the spacecraft show that such a mission would result in a radiation exposure of about 1 sievert, with roughly equal contributions from the three stages of the expedition. A Sievert is a measurement unit of radiation exposure to biological tissue. This graphic shows the estimated amounts for humans on a Mars mission and amounts for some other activities. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project and the mission's Curiosity rover for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The rover was designed and assembled at JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. More information about Curiosity is online at http://www.nasa.gov/msl and http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/. Русский: Оценка дозы радиационного излучения, которому подвергнется экипаж потенциальной экспедиции на Марс по схеме "180 дней перелёта + 500 дней на Марсе + 180 дней обратного перелёта на Землю", по результатам измерений детектора оценки радиации на борту марсохода "Curiosity". Крайняя справа колонка - доза облучения за 500 дней нахождения на Марсе, предпоследняя - за время перелёта. Для сравнения показаны (слева направо): средний радиационный фон на Земле на уровне моря, среднегодовой по США фон от различных источников, доза облучения при компьютерной томографии брюшной полости, максимально безопасная норма для работников Министерства энергетики США, средняя доза, получаемая за полгода работы на МКС.
context_page_description: Acute radiation syndrome, also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a collection of health effects due to exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation over a short period of time. Symptoms can begin within an hour and may last for several months. Symptoms within the first few days typically include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. This is followed by a few hours or weeks with little symptoms which later develops into additional symptoms followed by either recovery or death.
  Acute radiation syndrome involves a total dose of greater than 0.7 Gy, that generally occurs from a source outside the body within minutes. Sources of such radiation can occur accidentally or intentionally. They may involve nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, and certain devices used in cancer therapy. It is generally divided into three types; bone marrow, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular syndrome, with bone marrow syndrome occurring at 0.7 to 10 Gy, and neurovascular syndrome occurring at doses that exceed 50 Gy. The cells that are most affected are generally those that are rapidly dividing. At high doses, this causes DNA damage that may be irreparable.
context_section_description: Radiation sickness is caused by exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation (> ~0.1 Gy) over a short period of time (> ~0.1 Gy/h). Alpha and beta radiation have low penetrating power and are unlikely to affect vital internal organs from outside the body. Any type of ionizing radiation can cause burns, but alpha and beta radiation can only do so if radioactive contamination or nuclear fallout is deposited on the individual's skin or clothing. Gamma and neutron radiation can travel much further distances and penetrate the body easily, so whole-body irradiation generally causes ARS before skin effects are evident. Local gamma irradiation can cause skin effects without any sickness. In the early twentieth century, radiographers would commonly calibrate their machines by irradiating their own hands and measuring the time to onset of erythema.
caption: Comparison of Radiation Doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the RAD on the MSL (2011–2013).[19][20][21][22]
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