page_title: Ming–Hồ War
section_title: War
hierarchical_section_title: Ming–Hồ War / War
caption_attribution_description: Tiếng Việt: Cổng Nam Thành Nhà Hồ
context_page_description: The Ming–Hồ War was a military campaign by the Ming Empire of China to invade Đại Ngu ruled by the Hồ dynasty. The campaign began with Ming intervention in support of a rival faction to the Hồ, but ended with incorporation of Vietnam into China, marking the start of the Ming province of Jiaozhi.
  A few years earlier, Hồ Quý Ly had usurped the throne of the Trần Dynasty, which ultimately led to the intercession of the Ming government to reestablish the Trần dynasty. However, Hồ forces attacked the Ming convoy escorting a Trần pretender, and all were killed in the attack. After this event, the Yongle Emperor appointed Marquises Zhang Fu and Mu Sheng to prepare and lead the Ming armies for the invasion of Đại Ngu. The war lasted from 1406 to 1407, resulting in the Ming conquest of Đại Ngu and the capture of the members of the Hồ dynasty.
context_section_description: On 11 May (according to Chan 1990) or in the month July (according to Tsai 2001) 1406, the Yongle Emperor appointed Duke Zhu Neng (朱能, Duke of Cheng) to lead an invasion with Marquises Zhang Fu and Mu Sheng as second-in-command. Chen Qia (陳洽) was appointed to oversee the supplies, while Huang Fu (黃福) was appointed to handle political and administrative affairs. On the eve of departure, the Yongle Emperor gave a banquet at the Longjiang naval arsenal, located at the Qinhuai River in Nanjing.
  Huang Fu kept a log to document the military campaign. Sixteen days before the Yongle Emperor gave the banquet at Longjiang, Huang Fu had departed from Nanjing and spend a night at Longjiang, before sailing west on the Yangtze River. After eight days, he reached Poyang Lake; after another week, he reached Dongting Lake. Thereafter, Huang traveled through the Xiang River southwards, passing Xiangtan and Guilin, heading towards Nanning in Guangxi. Three months had passed after his departure from Nanjing, when Huang arrived at Longzhou in Guangxi, where he joined the main body of the Ming forces. Zhu Neng and Zhang Fu would cross the border from Guangxi, while Mu Sheng would invade the Red River Delta from Yunnan. However, Zhu Neng died, aged 36, at Longzhou in Guangxi. Thus, Zhang Fu took over the command of the Ming army stationed there. The military expedition would now be commanded by Zhang Fu and Mu Sheng.
  In the winter of 1406, the Ming armies began their invasion. Zhang Fu departed from Guangxi and Mu Sheng departed from Yunnan for a pincer attack into enemy territory. Modern historians estimate that 135,000 troops set off from Guangxi and 80,000 troops set off from Yunnan. On 19 November 1406, they captured the two capitals and other important cities in the Red River Delta. On 24 November 1406, Zhang Fu's forces had conquered Cần Tram and several other strongholds. Mu Sheng's forces—who had departed from Yunnan—met up and joined Zhang Fu's forces at Đa Bang castle (northwest to Hanoi). 
  On the afternoon of 12 December 1406, aided with heavy artillery bombardments, the Ming army launched 3-pronged attacks on the castle. Vietnamese military general Nguyễn Tông Đỗ opened the castle's gate for elephants charge, but the elephants were repelled and turned back the castle followed by the swarming Ming troops. Đa Bang defenders were been overran. In the next day, follow the fall of Đa Bang, with the help of defector Mạc Thúy, Zhang Fu's forces easily captured the city of Đông Đô (modern-day Hanoi) and committed many violent atrocities against the city's civilians, also refueled their supplies.
  By the end of 1406, Đa Bang and Đông Đô were captured by the Ming. In 13 March 1407, Hồ Quý Ly and his eldest son Hồ Nguyên Trừng led 35,000 troops with 615 artillery pieces, launched an naval counterattack to repel the Ming army from Đông Đô in Hàm Tử river, but their forces were been surrounded and defeated by the Ming and forced to retreat to capital Tây Đô (modern-day Thanh Hóa). More than 10,000 Vietnamese soldiers were killed after this failed offensive.
  Prominent families from the Red River plain, led by Mạc Thúy and his brothers (descendants of Mạc Đĩnh Chi), pledged their allegiance to the Ming. By late January 1407, the Ming armies had taken control of the Red River Delta by superior siege and naval warfare. 
  By early May 1407, Hồ Quý Ly was forced to flee southwards as he had lost the support from his people and was being pursued by the Ming forces. The Ming armies expelled him from Thanh Hoa. Hồ Quý Ly destroyed his palace at Tây Đô and fled to the south by ship. Hồ Quý Ly and his son Hồ Hán Thương were captured by the Ming on 16 June 1407. The rest of the monarchs were captured on either the same or following day. Their capture occurred in the region of the present-day Hà Tĩnh Province. They were caged and brought as prisoners to the Yongle Emperor in Nanjing.
  The Ming Shilu (Chinese: 明實錄) 2 December 1407 entry stated that the Yongle Emperor gave orders to Marquis Zhang Fu to not harm innocent Vietnamese and to spare the family members
caption: Remnants of a gate at Tay Do, the citadel of the Hồ dynasty
exif: {"Image Make": "NIKON CORPORATION", "Image Model": "NIKON D700", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "300", "Image YResolution": "300", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "Ver.1.02", "Image DateTime": "2008:09:05 20:15:19", "Image Artist": "", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "Image Copyright": "", "Image ExifOffset": "348", "GPS GPSVersionID": "[2, 2, 0, 0]", "Image GPSInfo": "33148", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "300", "Thumbnail YResolution": "300", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "33276", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "9717", "Thumbnail YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/500", "EXIF FNumber": "11", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Program Normal", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "2500", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0221", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2008:09:05 20:15:19", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2008:09:05 20:15:19", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF CompressedBitsPerPixel": "4", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "4/3", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "4", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF LightSource": "Unknown", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire", "EXIF FocalLength": "24", "EXIF SubSecTime": "64", "EXIF SubSecTimeOriginal": "64", "EXIF SubSecTimeDigitized": "64", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "4256", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "2832", "Interoperability InteroperabilityIndex": "R98", "Interoperability InteroperabilityVersion": "[48, 49, 48, 48]", "EXIF InteroperabilityOffset": "33116", "EXIF SensingMethod": "One-chip color area", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF SceneType": "Directly Photographed", "EXIF CVAPattern": "[0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2]", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "1", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "24", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF GainControl": "High gain up", "EXIF Contrast": "Normal", "EXIF Saturation": "Normal", "EXIF Sharpness": "Normal", "EXIF SubjectDistanceRange": "0"}