page_title: Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
section_title: Orders
hierarchical_section_title: Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae / Orders
caption_attribution_description: Plate 30, volume 1, from Illustrations of Exotic entomology 1770-1784, Biodiversity Heritage Library. Caption (volume 1), says 1=Dynastes hercules male, 2=Dynastes hercules female, 3=Chalcophora virginiensis (Buprestidae)
context_page_description: In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". He described the Insecta as:
  A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals, breathing through lateral spiracles, armed on all sides with a bony skin, or covered with hair; furnished with many feet, and moveable antennae, which project from the head, and are the probable instruments of sensation.
  Linnaean Characteristics
  Heart: 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood.
  Spiracles: lateral pores
  Jaw: lateral
  Penis: penetrates
  Organs of Sense: tongue, eyes, antennae on head, no brain, no ears, no nostrils
  Covering: a bony coat of mail
  Supports: feet, and in some, wings. Skips on dry ground and buzzes
context_section_description: Linnaeus divided the class Insecta into seven orders, based chiefly on the form of the wings. He also provided a key to the orders:
  4 wings
  pairs dissimilar
  forewings fully hardened: Coleoptera
  forewings partly hardened: Hemiptera
  pairs similar
  wings covered with flat scales: Lepidoptera
  wings membranous
  Tail unarmed: Neuroptera
  Tail bearing a sting: Hymenoptera
  2 wings: Diptera
  0 wings: Aptera
  Despite this key, however, Linnaeus grouped insects together that shared other affinities. His genus Coccus, containing the scale insects, he placed among the 4-winged Hemiptera, along with aphids and other plant-attacking insects, even though females have no wings, and males have two wings. Similarly, the sheep ked Hippobosca ovina (now Melophagus ovinus) was correctly placed among the Diptera, despite being wingless.
caption: Scarabaeus hercules (now Dynastes hercules) was the first species in Linnaeus' class "Insecta".
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