page_title: Cardinals created by John Paul II
section_title: 2 February 1983
hierarchical_section_title: Cardinals created by John Paul II / 2 February 1983
caption_attribution_description: Józef Glemp, cardinal of Roman Catholic Church, current primate of Poland
context_page_description: Pope John Paul II created 231 cardinals in nine consistories held at roughly three-year intervals. Three of those cardinals were first created in pectore, that is, without their names being announced, and only identified by the pope later. He named a fourth in pectore as well but never revealed that name. At his 2001 consistory, where he elevated 42 prelates and announced the names of two created in pectore earlier, he created more cardinals at one time than ever before or since. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever.
  In his first three consistories, John Paul adhered to the limit of 120 that Pope Paul VI set on the number of cardinal electors in 1975. and he included that maximum when he reformed the papal conclave procedures in 1996. His appointments exceeded that number for the first time in 1988 when the number of electors rose to 121, and then again in 1998 when it reached 122. In each of his last two consistories, in 2001 and 2003, he raised the number to 135, a figure not yet surpassed by his successors.
  He was the first pope to allow someone not a bishop to become a cardinal since Pope John XXIII mandated that cardinals be bishops in 1962.
context_section_description: John Paul created 18 cardinals on 2 February 1983, including the first resident of the Soviet Union (Vaivods of Latvia) and four others from countries with Communist governments. This brought the College to 138 members, of whom 120 were young enough to serve as electors in a papal conclave. Another cardinal was created in pectore or secretly. John Paul granted a dispensation from the requirement that all cardinals be bishops to Henri de Lubac, the first such dispensation since Pope John XXIII established the rule in 1962.
  Anthony Peter Khoraish (1907–1994)
  Bernard Yago (1916–1997)
  Aurelio Sabattani (1912–2003)
  Franjo Kuharić (1919–2002)
  Giuseppe Casoria (1908–2001)
  José Lebrún Moratinos (1919–2001)
  Joseph Bernardin (1928–1996)
  Michael Michai Kitbunchu (b. 1929)
  Alexandre do Nascimento (b. 1925)
  Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008)
  Godfried Danneels (1933–2019)
  Thomas Williams (b. 1930)
  Carlo Maria Martini (1927–2012)
  Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007)
  Józef Glemp (1929–2013)
  Julijans Vaivods (1895–1990)
  Joachim Meisner (1933–2017)
  Henri de Lubac (1896–1991)
caption: Józef Glemp (1929–2013), made a cardinal on 2 February 1983.
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