page_title: Russia
section_title: February Revolution and Russian Republic
hierarchical_section_title: Russia / History / February Revolution and Russian Republic
caption_attribution_description: العربية: نِقُولا الثاني قيصر روسيا مع أُسرته (من اليسار إلى اليمين): أولغا، مريم، نِقولا الثاني، ألكسندرا فيودورڤنا، أناستاسيا، ألكسي، وتاتيانا. التُقطت الصُورة في بلدة ليڤاديا، سنة 1913م، من قِبل أُستوديو ليڤيتسكي، بِالبلدة المذكورة. يُحتفظُ بِالصُورة الأصليَّة اليوم في متحف هيرميتاج، في مدينة بُطرسبرغ الروسيَّة. English: Nicholas II of Russia with the family (left to right): Olga, Maria, Nicholas II, Alexandra Fyodorovna, Anastasia, Alexei, and Tatiana. Livadiya, Crimea, 1913. Portrait by the Levitsky Studio, Livadiya. Today the original photograph is held at the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. فارسی: نیکلای دوم روسیه با اعضای خانواده اش (از چپ به راست): اولگا, ماریا, نیکلای دوم, آلکساندرا فیودوروفنا, آناستازیا, الکسی, و تاتیانا. لیوادیا, 1913. پرتره توسط استودیوی لویتسکی, لیوادیا. امروزه تصویر اصلی در موزه هرمیتاژ در سنتپترزبورگ روسیه نگهداری می شود. Français&#160;: Nicolas II avec sa famille (de gauche à droite)&#160;: la Grande Duchesse de Russie Olga Nikolaevna, la Grande Duchesse de Russie Maria Nikolaevna, Nicolas II, Alexandra Fyodorovna (Alix de Hesse), la Grande Duchesse de Russie Anastasia Nikolaevna, Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarévitch de Russie, et la Grande Duchesse de Russie Tatiana Nikolaevna. Photo par Livadiya, 1913. Portrait par le Studio Levitsky, Livadiya. Aujourd'hui la photo est au Musée de l'Hermitage, Saint-Pétersbourg, Russie. Русский: Николай II с семьёй. Слева направо: Ольга, Мария, Николай, Александра, Анастасия, Алексей и Татьяна. Ливадия, 1913.Türkçe: II.Nikolay ailesiyle birlikte ( soldan sağa): Düşes Olga Nikolaevna, Düşes Maria Nikolaevna, Alexandra Fyodorovna, Düşes Anastasia Nikolaevna, Alexei Nikolaevich ve Düşes Tatiana Nikolaevna. Livadiya, 1913 yılında Levitsky Studio’da çekilen bu fotoğrafın orjinali bugün Hermitage Müzesi, St. Petersburg, Rusya’da bulunmaktadır.
context_page_description: Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Covering an area of 17,125,200 square kilometres, it is the largest country in the world by area, spanning more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, stretching eleven time zones, and bordering 16 sovereign nations. The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south. With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country's 85 federal subjects, Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world. Russia's capital and largest city is Moscow; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk and Samara.
  The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The medieval state of Rus' arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.
context_section_description: In 1914, Russia entered World War I in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia, and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Russian Army almost completely destroyed the military of Austria-Hungary. However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts.
  The February Revolution forced Nicholas II to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed in Yekaterinburg during the Russian Civil War. The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. On 1 September (14), 1917, upon a decree of the Provisional Government, the Russian Republic was proclaimed. On 6 January (19), 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
caption: Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
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