page_title: Hydraulic fracturing by country
section_title: United States
hierarchical_section_title: Hydraulic fracturing by country / United States
caption_attribution_description: One of many photos that I took at the Clean Energy March in Philadelphia on July 24, 2016. It was extremely hot that day, but I heard informally that over 7k people showed up! - Mark Dixon www.lens.blue .
context_page_description: Hydraulic fracturing has become a contentious environmental and health issue with Tunisia and France banning the practice and a de facto moratorium in place in Quebec, and some of the states of the US.
context_section_description: A type of the fracking technique called slickwater fracking was used in Texas in 1998 to complete natural gas wells in the Barnett Shale. This type of completion was made possible by a number of advances in directional drilling and microseismic 3-dimensional imaging supported by the Department of Energy and other federal agencies, Drilling into shale now accounts for 30 percent of US gas production.
  This method of well completion has become controversial in high-activity states like Texas, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Ohio, because of the complaints about pollution, health effects and Earthquakes.
  Hydraulic fracturing was exempted from underground injection controls of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
  In May 2012, the state of Vermont became the first state to outlaw hydraulic fracturing and New York state, which unlike Vermont has significant gas reserves, banned the practice in December 2014. Maryland has also banned fracking for two and a half years, with a promise of new regulations after the ban lifts.
caption: Clean Energy March in Philadelphia
exif: {"Image Make": "Apple", "Image Model": "iPhone 6s Plus", "Image XResolution": "240", "Image YResolution": "240", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 5.6 (Macintosh)", "Image DateTime": "2016:07:25 12:01:46", "Image ExifOffset": "222", "GPS GPSLatitudeRef": "N", "GPS GPSLatitude": "[39, 142813/2500, 0]", "GPS GPSLongitudeRef": "W", "GPS GPSLongitude": "[75, 23877/2500, 0]", "GPS GPSAltitudeRef": "0", "GPS GPSAltitude": "4634/1035", "GPS GPSTimeStamp": "[17, 18, 1476/25]", "GPS GPSSpeedRef": "K", "GPS GPSSpeed": "0", "GPS GPSImgDirectionRef": "T", "GPS GPSImgDirection": "44181/143", "GPS GPSDestBearingRef": "T", "GPS GPSDestBearing": "44181/143", "GPS GPSDate": "2016:07:24", "GPS Tag 0x001F": "30", "Image GPSInfo": "734", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "1138", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "24756", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/1600", "EXIF FNumber": "11/5", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Program Normal", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "25", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0230", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2016:07:24 13:18:59", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2016:07:24 13:18:59", "EXIF ShutterSpeedValue": "665241/62500", "EXIF ApertureValue": "2275007/1000000", "EXIF BrightnessValue": "16850/1659", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, auto mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "83/20", "EXIF SubjectArea": "[2015, 1511, 2217, 1330]", "EXIF SubSecTimeOriginal": "172", "EXIF SubSecTimeDigitized": "172", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF SensingMethod": "One-chip color area", "EXIF SceneType": "Directly Photographed", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "29", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF LensSpecification": "[83/20, 83/20, 11/5, 11/5]", "EXIF LensMake": "Apple", "EXIF LensModel": "iPhone 6s Plus back camera 4.15mm f/2.2"}