page_title: Ghostwriter
section_title: Classical music and film scores
hierarchical_section_title: Ghostwriter / Types / Music / Classical music and film scores
caption_attribution_description: English: The so-called "Bologna Mozart" was copied 1777 in Salzburg (Austria) by a now unknown painter from a lost original for Padre Martini in Bologna (Italy), who had ordered it for his gallery of composers. Today it is displayed in the Museo internazionale e biblioteca della musica in Bologna in Italy. Leopold Mozart, W. A. Mozart’s father, wrote about this portrait: „It has little value as a piece of art, but as to the issue of resemblance, I can assure you that it is perfect.” (Original text&#58; „Malerisch hat es wenig wert, aber was die Ähnlichkeit anbetrifft, so versichere ich Ihnen, daß es ihm ganz und gar ähnlich sieht.“) Reference: Letter of Leopold Mozart to Padre Martini in Bologna from Dec 22, 1777 (MBA II, pp. 204f, No. 396). Français&#160;: Ce portrait connu sous le nom de «Mozart de Bologne» est une copie exécutée en 1777 à Salzbourg par un peintre inconnu d'une toile originale perdue qui avait elle-même été peinte pour le père Martini à Bologne pour sa galerie de compositeurs. L'oeuvre est aujourd'hui exposée au Musée civique bibliographique et musical de Bologne. Leopold Mozart, le père de W. A. Mozart, écrivit au sujet de ce protrait&#160;: «il a peu de valeur comme oeuvre d'art mais en ce qui concerne la ressemblance, je peux vous assurer qu'il est parfait». (texte original: „Malerisch hat es wenig wert, aber was die Ähnlichkeit anbetrifft, so versichere ich Ihnen, daß es ihm ganz und gar ähnlich sieht.“ Lettre de Leopold Mozart au Padre Martini de Bologne du 22 décembre 1777 (MBA II, pp. 204f, No. 396).
context_page_description: A ghostwriter is hired to write literary or journalistic works, speeches, or other texts that are officially credited to another person as the author. Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies, memoirs, magazine articles, or other written material. Memoir ghostwriters often pride themselves in "disappearing" when impersonating others since such disappearance signals the quality of their craftsmanship. In music, ghostwriters are often used to write songs, lyrics, and instrumental pieces. Screenplay authors can also use ghostwriters to either edit or rewrite their scripts to improve them. Usually, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the credited author that obligates the former to remain anonymous. Sometimes the ghostwriter is acknowledged by the author or publisher for his or her writing services, euphemistically called a "researcher" or "research assistant", but often the ghostwriter is not credited.
  Ghostwriting also occurs in other creative fields.
context_section_description: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. More recently, composers such as the UK-based Patric Standford (born in 1939) have ghostwritten for symphonic recordings and films such as the Rod McKuen Cello Concerto. In the film industry, a music ghostwriter is a "person who composes music for another composer but is not credited on the cue sheet or in the final product in any way." The practice is considered one of the "dirty little secrets of the film and television music business" that is considered unethical, but has been common since the early stages of the film industry. In the early years of film, David Raksin worked as music ghostwriter and orchestrator for Charlie Chaplin; even though Chaplin was credited as the score writer, he was considered to be a "hummer" (pejorative film industry slang for a person who purports to be a film score composer but who in fact only gives a general idea of the melodies to a ghostwriter).
  The practice is also common in television, as composers listed on cue sheets are entitled to music royalties every time an episode or theme score appears on television. A 1998 investigation by The Hollywood Reporter revealed that it was especially prevalent among animation companies such as Saban Entertainment, DiC, Ruby-Spears Productions and Hanna-Barbera, which often listed company executives as musicians for the purpose of royalties. Several composers later filed a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Saban Entertainment president Haim Saban, for allegedly taking ownership and credit for their musical compositions.
caption: The Classical era composer Mozart was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons who wished to give the impression that they were gifted composers.
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