page_title: Quang Trung
section_title: National reforms
hierarchical_section_title: Quang Trung / National reforms
caption_attribution_description: Une monnaie d'une sapèque en cuivre de Nguyen Van Hue ère Quang Trung (1788-1792), de la dynastie des Tay Son. (1778-1802) A/ Quang Trung thong bao (Monnaie courante de l'ère Quang Trung) R/ 4 croissants vers l'intérieur Dimension&#160;: 24,71 mm Poids&#160;: 2 g. Remarque&#160;: La révolte des Tay Son (C'est le nom de leur village) commence en 1771. Il s'agit de 3 frères du clan de Ho (Hue, Lu et Nhac) qui prennent le nom de Nguyen. Ils sont aidés par les seigneurs Trinh qui gouvernent le Nord du Dai Viet. Ils finissent par vaincre les seigneurs Nguyen&#160;: ils prennent d'abord la ville de Qui Nhon (1773), près de leur village, puis la ville de Gia Dinh (Saigon) en 1776. Ils massacrent la famille Nguyen sauf un neveu, Nguyen Anh, qui se réfugie dans le delta du Mékong où il obtient l'appui des Siamois puis des Français. C'est lui qui fondera la dynastie Nguyen en 1802. En 1778, Nuguyen Van Nhac se proclame empereur. En 1786, Nguyen Hue attaque la partie nord du pays controlée par les seigneurs Trinh. Rapidement, il les vainc. Il est accueilli par l'empereur Le Hien Tong. Il épouse sa fille, Le Ngoc Han. Mais l'empereur meurt rapidement et est remplacé par son petit-fils, Le Man De. Celui-ci essaie de se passer des Tay Son mais échoue. Il se réfugie en Chine et l'armée chinoise de Qian Long des Qing intervient. Nguyen Van Hue se proclame empereur après avoir pris la capitale en 1788 et chasse les Chinois. Il y a donc deux empereurs dans le pays plus un réfugié en Chine&#160;! Référence&#160;: 1057 BNF (Catalogue des monnaies vietnamiennes, F. Thierry, 1987) Indice de rareté&#160;: Très Commune
context_page_description: Emperor Quang Trung or Nguyễn Huệ, also known as Nguyễn Quang Bình, was the second emperor of the Tây Sơn dynasty, reigning from 1788 until 1792. He was also one of the most successful military commanders in Vietnam's history. Nguyễn Huệ and his brothers, Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Lữ, together known as the Tây Sơn brothers, were the leaders of the Tây Sơn rebellion. As rebels, they conquered Vietnam, overthrowing the imperial Later Lê dynasty and the two rival feudal houses of the Nguyễn in the south and the Trịnh in the north.
  After several years of constant military campaigning and rule, Nguyễn Huệ died at the age of 40. Prior to his death, he had made plans to continue his march southwards in order to destroy the army of Nguyễn Ánh, a surviving heir of the Nguyễn lords.
  Nguyễn Huệ's death marked the beginning of the downfall of the Tây Sơn dynasty. His successors were unable to implement the plans he had made for ruling Vietnam. The Tây Sơn dynasty was overthrown by its enemy, Nguyễn Ánh, who established the imperial Nguyễn dynasty in 1802.
context_section_description: Once in power, Emperor Quang Trung first began instituting massive and unprecedented national reforms in Vietnam.
  Though Quang Trung entitled as "king of Annam" by Qing China, he always regarded himself as emperor of Đại Việt. He crowned Lê Ngọc Hân empress, and granted her the noble title Bắc Cung hoàng hậu (北宮皇后 "empress of Northern Palace"); Nguyễn Quang Toản was designated as Crown Prince.
  Taking the advice of Nguyễn Thiếp, Quang Trung decided to relocate the imperial capital in Nghệ An Province. He ordered Trần Quang Diệu to build a new citadel at the foot of Kỳ Lân Hill (modern Quyết Hill in Vinh). The new citadel was named Phượng Hoàng Trung Đô (鳳凰中都).
  Thăng Long was renamed Bắc Thành (北城). Sơn Nam (山南) split into two trấn ("town"): Sơn Nam Thượng (山南上 "Upper Sơn Nam") and Sơn Nam Hạ (山南下 "Lower Sơn Nam"). Each trấn had two high officials: Trấn-thủ (鎮守 "viceroy") and Hiệp-trấn (協鎮 "deputy viceroy"). Each huyện ("district") had two officials: phân-tri (分知), the civil official, took charge of judicial litigation; phân-suất (分率), the military official, took charge of army provisions.
  The official system of Tây Sơn dynasty was not mentioned in official records, but we could find several names of official positions in history records, such as tam công (三公), tam thiếu (三少), Đại-chủng-tể (大冢宰), Đại-tư-đồ (大司徒), Đại-tư-khấu (大司寇), Đại-tư-mã (大司馬), Đại-tư-không (大司空), Đại-tư-cối (大司會), Đại-tư-lệ (大司隸), Thái-úy (太尉), Đại-tổng-quản (大總管), Đại-đổng-lý (大董理), Đại-đô-đốc (大都督), Đại-đô-hộ (大都護), Trung-thư-sảnh (中書廳), Trung-thư-lệnh (中書令), Đại-học-sĩ (大學士), Hiệp-biện đại-học-sĩ (協辦大學士), Thị-trung ngự-sử (侍中御史), Lục-bộ thượng-thư (六部尚書), Tả-hữu đồng-nghị (左右同議), Tả-hữu phụng-nghị (左右奉議), Thị-lang (侍郎), Tư-vụ (司務), Hàn-lâm (翰林), etc.
  The system of military units: a đạo (道) was composed of several cơ (奇), a cơ was composed of several đội (隊). Quang Trung organized the army into five major wings: tiền-quân ("army of the front"), hậu-quân ("army of the rear"), trung-quân ("army of the center"), tả-quân ("army of the left"), hữu-quân ("army of the right"). Tây Sơn army was recruited by enforced conscription. Chose one in three adult males (đinh 丁), the chosen one should join the army.
  Adult males of the whole country divided into three scales to pay taxes in corvée (sưu dịch) and capitation (thuế thân): vị cập cách (未及格), 2 to 17 years old; tráng hạng (壯項), 18 to 55 years old; lão hạng (老項); 56 to 60 years old; lão nhiêu (老饒), over 61 years old. Different scales had different tax collection standards.
  Farmers should pay a fixed amount of grain as tax. Public owned farmland divided into three scales: the first scale, paid 150 bát (鉢, a unit of weight) per mẫu (a unit of area); the second scale, 80 bát per mẫu; the third scale, 50 bát per mẫu. Private owned farmland also divided into three scales: the first scale, 40 bát per mẫu; the second scale, 30 bát per mẫu; the third scale, 20 bát per mẫu.
  There were also two additional taxes of farmland: tiền thập-vật (錢什物) and tiền khoán-khố (錢券庫). Public owned farmland: paid 1 tiền (currency unit) per mẫu for thập-vật, 50 đồng per mẫu for khoán-khố; private owned farmland: paid 1 tiền per mẫu for thập-vật, 30 đồng per mẫu for khoán-khố.
  Quang Trung introduced the identity card system to govern the large population. A census was conducted during his reign. Every adult males was granted tín bài (信牌), a wooden card on which has his name, birthplace and fingerprints. If anyone did not have the wooden card, he would be arrested and imprisoned with hard labour.
  Quang Trung also replaced the traditional Chinese script with the Vietnamese Chữ Nôm as the official written language of the country. Examinees were ordered to write Chữ Nôm in imperial examination. Though this policy was criticised at that time, modern scholars stated that it had progressive significance.
  A religious reform carried out during his reign. Many small Buddhist monasteries were closed and merged into larger ones. Monks should pass the examination, if not, they would be ordered to return to secular life. Quang Trung also adopted a p
caption: Quang Trung thông bảo (光中通寶), A coin issued during the reign of Emperor Quang Trung
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