page_title: Second EDSA Revolution
hierarchical_section_title: Second EDSA Revolution
caption_attribution_description: English: Cropped photo of president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo; Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo meets with Commanding Officer, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Col. Walter L. Miller near the site of a devastating landslide; Guinsahugon Village, Republic of the Philippines (Feb. 22, 2006) - Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo meets with Commanding Officer, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Col. Walter L. Miller near the site of a devastating landslide that struck southern Leyte on Feb. 17, 2006. Sailors and Marines from the Forward Deployed Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) with elements of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), Joint Task Force (JTF) Balikatan and the USS Curtis Wilbur (DDG 54) arrived off the coast of Leyte Feb. 19 to provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to the victims of the area. U.S. Navy photo by Journalist 2nd Class Brian P. Biller (RELEASED) Deutsch: Präsidentin Gloria Macapagal Arroyo der Philippinen
context_page_description: The Second EDSA Revolution, also known as EDSA II, was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 that peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth President of the Philippines. Estrada resigned and was succeeded by his Vice President, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who was sworn into office by then-Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. at around noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada fled Malacañang Palace. EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major thoroughfare connecting five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan, with the revolution's epicenter at the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of Ortigas Center, a business district.
  Advocates described EDSA II as "popular", but critics view the uprising as a conspiracy among political and business elites, military top brass and Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin.
context_section_description: The Second EDSA Revolution, also known as EDSA II (pronounced as EDSA Two or EDSA Dos), was a  political protest from January 17–20, 2001 that peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth President of the Philippines. Estrada resigned and was succeeded by his Vice President, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who was sworn into office by then-Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. at around noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada fled Malacañang Palace. EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major thoroughfare connecting five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan, with the revolution's epicenter at the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of Ortigas Center, a business district.
  Advocates described EDSA II as "popular", but critics view the uprising as a conspiracy among political and business elites, military top brass and Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin. International reaction to the revolt was mixed, with some foreign nations including the United States immediately recognising the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, and foreign commentators describing it as "a defeat for due process of law", "mob rule", and a "de facto coup".
  The only means of legitimizing the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law." But by then, the Armed Forces of the Philippines had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, and most foreign political analysts agreeing with this assessment. William Overholt, a Hong Kong-based political economist said that "It is either being called mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, ... but either way, it's not democracy." Opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the incumbent Vice President should be President if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of them would later participate in EDSA III. The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when the sitting President dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated, none of which occurred during EDSA II.
  On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada, his family and friends received millions of pesos from operations of the illegal numbers game, jueteng.
  The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, Senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona, Jr. delivered a fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving P220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking P70 million-worth of excise tax money from cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon, to the Blue Ribbon Committee and the Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate the exposé, while other House members spearheaded a move to impeach the president.
  More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development). Cardinal Sin stated in a statement, "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost the moral authority to govern." More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party.
  On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to 
caption: Incoming president: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
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