page_title: Nineteen Counties
section_title: Background
hierarchical_section_title: Nineteen Counties / Background
caption_attribution_description: The south eastern portion of Australia showing the routes of the three expeditions and the surveyed territory. Mitchell's map of Victoria and New South Wales showing towns, major rivers and the limits of the Colony at the time. The map shows in red the routes taken by Mitchell's expedition and camps. Major Thomas L. Mitchell's expedition of 1836 was an exploratory one, the aim of which was to develop and expand the Colony of New South Wales and to seek potential grazing and farming land, as well as sites for new settlements. A landmark in Australian history, Mitchell exceeded his orders and discovered and explored a rich pastoral area which he called Australia Felix (Happy Australia) - now central and western Victoria. This map which he compiled is the first properly surveyed map of this part of southeast Australia and it remained in use for many years.
context_page_description: The Nineteen Counties were the limits of location in the colony of New South Wales, Australia. Settlers were permitted to take up land only within the counties due to the dangers in the wilderness.
  They were defined by the Governor of New South Wales Ralph Darling in 1826 in accordance with a government order from Lord Bathurst, the Secretary of State. Counties had been used since the first year of settlement, with Cumberland County being proclaimed on 6 June 1788. Several others were later proclaimed around the Sydney area. A further order of 1829 extended these boundaries of the settlement to an area defined as the Nineteen Counties. From 1831 the granting of free land ceased and the only land that was to be made available for sale was within the Nineteen Counties.
  The area covered by the limit extended to Taree in the north, Batemans Bay in the south and Wellington to the West.
  The Nineteen Counties were mapped by the Surveyor General Major Thomas Mitchell in 1834. The scale of the map that Mitchell produced was determined by the amount of ship's copper available in Sydney to engrave the map.
context_section_description: In January 1819, John Bigge was appointed a special commissioner to examine the government of the colony of New South Wales. Bigge arrived in Sydney in September 1819 gathering evidence until February 1821 when he returned to England. Bigge's first report was published in June 1822 and his second and third reports in 1823. His third report dealt with agriculture and trade.
  In 1824, Governor Brisbane approved the sale of crown land in accordance with one of Bigge’s recommendations. Previously only a nominal quit rent was required for grants by the crown. In 1825, Secretary of State Lord Bathurst instructed Governor Brisbane to survey the territory to allow for more planned settlement. During the survey one seventh of the land in each county was to be set a side for the Church of England and an educational system under the control of the church. Income from this land was to be managed under the Church and Schools Corporation.
  When Governor Darling was commissioned in July 1825, his commission extended the New South Wales boundary six degrees to the west compared with the commissions issued to previous governors. In September 1826, Darling announced the boundaries within which the survey instructed by Bathurst in 1825 was to be conducted. The boundaries were the Manning River to the north, the Lachlan river to the west and the Moruya river to the south. Settlement beyond these boundaries was not to take place. The survey would allow the allocation of land grants and the boundaries, known as the limits of location, were used for other administrative purposes including police administration.
  Darling proclaimed the division of the settlement into nineteen counties in the Sydney Gazette of 17 October 1829.
  In some places there were already squatters beyond these boundaries.
caption: 1838 map  by Surveyor-General, Thomas Mitchell of Victoria and New South Wales showing towns, major rivers and the limits of the Colony at the time. The map also shows the routes taken by Mitchell's expedition and camps.
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