page_title: Congenital rubella syndrome
section_title: Signs and symptoms
hierarchical_section_title: Congenital rubella syndrome / Signs and symptoms
caption_attribution_description: English: "Salt-and-pepper" retinopathy of the retina is the commonest ocular manifestation of congenital rubella.
context_page_description: Congenital rubella syndrome can occur in a developing fetus of a pregnant woman who has contracted rubella, usually in the first trimester. If infection occurs 0–28 days before conception, the infant has a 43% risk of being affected. If the infection occurs 0–12 weeks after conception, the risk increases to 81%. If the infection occurs 13–26 weeks after conception, the risk is 54% of the infant being affected by the disease. Infants are not generally affected if rubella is contracted during the third trimester, or 26–40 weeks after conception. Problems rarely occur when rubella is contracted by the mother after 20 weeks of gestation and continues to disseminate the virus after birth.
  It was discovered in 1941 by Australian Norman McAlister Gregg.
context_section_description: The classic triad for congenital rubella syndrome is:
  Sensorineural deafness (58% of patients)
  Eye abnormalities—especially retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and microphthalmia (43% of patients)
  Congenital heart disease—especially pulmonary artery stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus (50% of patients)
  Other manifestations of CRS may include:
  Spleen, liver, or bone marrow problems (some of which may disappear shortly after birth)
  Intellectual disability
  Small head size (microcephaly)
  Low birth weight
  Thrombocytopenic purpura
  Extramedullary hematopoiesis (presents as a characteristic blueberry muffin rash)
  Enlarged liver
  Small jaw size
  Skin lesions 
  Children who have been exposed to rubella in the womb should also be watched closely as they age for any indication of:
  Developmental delay
  Autism
  Schizophrenia
  Growth retardation
  Learning disabilities
  Diabetes mellitus
caption: "Salt-and-pepper" retinopathy is characteristic of congenital rubella.[2]
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