page_title: Polyploidy
section_title: Paleopolyploidy
hierarchical_section_title: Polyploidy / Terminology / Temporal terms / Paleopolyploidy
caption_attribution_description: English: A Summary of Known Paleopolyploidy. Red dot indicates well-supported paleopolyploidy and Yellow dot indicates putative case. Branch length do NOT scale to time. Created by Peter Zhang using Adobe Illustrator Ref: (Adams &amp; Wendel, 2005); (Cui et. al, 2006); (Wolfe, 2001). Very interesting chart, but I am having trouble reading the words, especially the ones in blue. Maybe you could increase the font size a couple of points, and use a cleaner type, like Ariel (the one used looks like Times Roman which is always harder to read when it's small). As for the vertical type at the top, I am tired of trying to hold my monitor sideways. Perhaps you could print the list at the side in a row, and just leave a coded reference at the top. Otherwise, thanks. Myles325a (talk) 22:08, 26 December 2008 (UTC)
context_page_description: Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than two paired sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent. However, some organisms are polyploid, and polyploidy is especially common in plants. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally haploid. Males of bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.
  Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or commonly during metaphase I in meiosis. In addition, it can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well.
context_section_description: Ancient genome duplications probably occurred in the evolutionary history of all life. Duplication events that occurred long ago in the history of various evolutionary lineages can be difficult to detect because of subsequent diploidization (such that a polyploid starts to behave cytogenetically as a diploid over time) as mutations and gene translations gradually make one copy of each chromosome unlike the other copy. Over time, it is also common for duplicated copies of genes to accumulate mutations and become inactive pseudogenes.
  In many cases, these events can be inferred only through comparing sequenced genomes. Examples of unexpected but recently confirmed ancient genome duplications include baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), mustard weed/thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa), and an early evolutionary ancestor of the vertebrates (which includes the human lineage) and another near the origin of the teleost fishes. Angiosperms (flowering plants) have paleopolyploidy in their ancestry. All eukaryotes probably have experienced a polyploidy event at some point in their evolutionary history.
caption: This phylogenetic tree shows the relationship between the best-documented instances of paleopolyploidy in eukaryotes.
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