page_title: Development of the digestive system
section_title: Divisions of the gut tube
hierarchical_section_title: Development of the digestive system / Divisions of the gut tube
caption_attribution_description: English: Diagram showing the normal process by which the intestine "rotates" and herniates during developmentFrom original summary: "Graphical summary of the “en-bloc rotation” and our hierarchical model of gut morphogenesis. Panels a-c show the classic “en-bloc rotation” model of gut morphogenesis. From panel a to b (left-sided views) the midgut loop rotates 90° in a counterclockwise direction, so that its position changes from midsagittal (a) to transverse (b1). The small intestine forms loops (b2) and slides back into the abdomen (b3) during resolution of the hernia. Meanwhile, the cecum moves from the left to the right side, which represents the additional 180° counterclockwise rotation of the intestine (c, ventral view)."
context_page_description: The development of the digestive system concerns the epithelium of the digestive system and the parenchyma of its derivatives, which originate from the endoderm. Connective tissue, muscular components, and peritoneal components originate in the mesoderm. Different regions of the gut tube such as the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, etc. are specified by a retinoic acid gradient that causes transcription factors unique to each region to be expressed. Differentiation of the gut and its derivatives depends upon reciprocal interactions between the gut endoderm and its surrounding mesoderm. Hox genes in the mesoderm are induced by a Hedgehog signaling pathway secreted by gut endoderm and regulate the craniocaudal organization of the gut and its derivatives. The gut system extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane and is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
context_section_description: As a result of the cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo, a portion of the endoderm-lined yolk sac cavity is incorporated into the embryo to form the primitive gut. In the cephalic and caudal parts of the embryo, the primitive gut forms a tube, the foregut and hindgut, respectively. The middle part, the midgut, remains temporally connected to the yolk sac by means of the vitelline duct.
caption: Diagram showing the process by which the intestine rotates and herniates during normal development. From panel A to B (left-sided views), the midgut loop rotates 90° in a counterclockwise direction, so that its position changes from midsagittal (A) to transverse (B1). The small intestine forms loops (B2) and slides back into the abdomen (B3) during resolution of the hernia. Meanwhile, the cecum moves from the left to the right side, which represents the additional 180° counterclockwise rotation of the intestine (C, central view).[4]
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