page_title: History of Yunnan
section_title: Republican China
hierarchical_section_title: History of Yunnan / Republican China
caption_attribution_description: English: Title: The American Museum journal Identifier: americanmuseumjo17amer (find matches) Year: c1900-(1918) (c190s) Authors: American Museum of Natural History Subjects: Natural history Publisher: New York&#160;: American Museum of Natural History Contributing Library: American Museum of Natural History Library Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: PICTURESQUE YUNNAN; TYPES OF CHINESE AND NATIVE RACES; PAGODAS, AND TOMBS' DUOTONES FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY YVETTE BORUP ANDREWS The Asiatic Zoological Expedition of the American Museum, 1916-1917, under the leadership of Mr. Roy C. Andrews, tforked in remote parts of the province of Yunnan, China, where no wliite man had been before. It brought back to New York a record of the country, the people, and of the work of the expedition, in the shape of 10,000 feet of moticni picture film, \'&gt;0 Paget natural color plates, and 400 black and white negatives Text Appearing After Image: THE GATE OF CHOU-CHOU All of the first and second class cities in Yunnan are surrounded by high walls, and are entered through four or more picturesque gates. Some of the walls probably were built in the Middle Ages, and are still in a fairly good state of preservation. They are all loopholcd for riflemen or archers, and even today offer a formidable defense, except against artillery. The gates, like the temples, almost always are surmounted by dolphins ' Illustrations and text, together with the preceding article, copyrighted, 1917, by tlie American Museum Journal 525 Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.
context_section_description: Following the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Yunnan came under the control of local warlords, who had more than the usual degree of autonomy due to Yunnan's remoteness.  They financed their regime through opium harvesting and traffic.
  In Second Sino-Japanese War, Yunnan served as, among other things, a home base for the Flying Tigers and a refuge for people, especially university faculty and students, from the east.  These had originally retreated to Changsha, but as the Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938. The 800 staff faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000 mile journey to Kunming. It was here that the National Southwest Associated University (commonly known as Lianda) was established. In these extraordinary wartime circumstances for eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by Japan. There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they did manage to conduct the running of a modern university. Over those eight years of war (1937–1945), Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China's most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals.  Both of China's only Nobel laureates in physics studied at Lianda.
caption: THE GATE OF CHOU-CHOU All of the first and second class cities in Yunnan are surrounded by high walls, and are entered through four or more picturesque gates.
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