page_title: Electron holography
section_title: Applications
hierarchical_section_title: Electron holography / Applications
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Abgebildet ist das Elektronenhologramm einer Latex-Kugel auf einem Kohlenstoffsubstrat, das mit Goldpartikeln besetzt ist, im unteren Bildbereich liegt Vakuum.
context_page_description: Electron holography is holography with electron waves. Dennis Gabor invented holography in 1948 when he tried to improve resolution in electron microscope. The first attempts to perform holography with electron waves were made by Haine and Mulvey in 1952; they recorded holograms of zinc oxide crystals with 60 keV electrons, demonstrating reconstructions with approximately 1 nm resolution. In 1955, G. Möllenstedt and H. Düker invented an electron biprism. thus enabling the recording of electron holograms in off-axis scheme. There are many different possible configurations for electron holography, with more than 20 documented in 1992 by Cowley. Usually, high spatial and temporal coherence of the electron beam are required to perform holographic measurements.
context_section_description: Electron holography is commonly used to study electric and magnetic fields in thin films, as magnetic and electric fields can shift the phase of the interfering wave passing through the sample.
  The principle of electron holography can also be applied to interference lithography.
caption: At this image one can see the electron hologram of a latex sphere on a carbon coating with gold particles (black dots), at the lower part of the image is vacuum. The biprism is approx above the vacuum edge; parallel to this edge one can see the phase planes of the interferogram, which is part of the image and from which the phase information can be extracted.
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