page_title: Red Orchestra (espionage)
hierarchical_section_title: Red Orchestra (espionage)
caption_attribution_description: Ausgabepreis: 85 Pfennig First Day of Issue / Erstausgabetag: 22. März 1983 Auflage: 2.100.000 Entwurf: Stauf Druckverfahren: Offsetdruck Michel-Katalog-Nr: Ländercode-MiNr: Block 70 Licensing This file is most likely NOT in the public domain. It has been marked for review, and will be deleted in due course if the review does not find it to be in the public domain. This file was previously considered to be in the public domain as a German stamp; it is possible that it is in the public domain for other reasons, in which case a new rationale will be applied as part of the review process. See below for the previous rationale. Previous public domain rationale, no longer applicable This stamp is in the public domain in Germany because it was released by the postal administration of the German Democratic Republic or the Soviet occupation zone (Deutschen Post der DDR) whose legal successor is the Federal Republic of Germany. Thus it is an official work according to German copyright law (§ 5 Abs. 1 UrhG). Boarisch&#160;| Deutsch&#160;| English&#160;| suomi&#160;| македонски&#160;| Türkçe&#160;| +/−
context_page_description: The Red Orchestra, as it was known in Germany, was the name given by the Abwehr Section III.F to anti-Nazi resistance workers in August 1941. It primarily referred to a loose network of resistance circles, connected through personal contacts, uniting hundreds of opponents of the Nazi regime. These included circles of friendship and discussion centred around Harro Schulze-Boysen and Arvid Harnack in Berlin, alongside many others. They printed and distributed illegal leaflets, posters, and stickers hoping to incite civil disobedience; helped Jews and opposition escape the regime; documented the crimes of the Nazi regime; and forwarded military intelligence to the Allies. Contrary to legend, the Red Orchestra was neither directed by Soviet communists nor under a single leadership but a network of groups and individuals, often operating independently. To date, about 400 members are known by name.
  The term was also used by the Gestapo to refer to an unassociated Soviet intelligence networks, working in Paris and Brussels, that were built up by Leopold Trepper on behalf of the Main Directorate of State Security. Trepper ran a series of clandestine cells for organising agents.
context_section_description: The Red Orchestra (German: Die Rote Kapelle, German: [ˈʁoː.tə kaˈpɛ.lə] (listen)), as it was known in Germany, was the name given by the Abwehr Section III.F to anti-Nazi resistance workers in August 1941. It primarily referred to a loose network of resistance circles, connected through personal contacts, uniting hundreds of opponents of the Nazi regime. These included circles of friendship and discussion centred around Harro Schulze-Boysen and Arvid Harnack in Berlin, alongside many others. They printed and distributed illegal leaflets, posters, and stickers hoping to incite civil disobedience; helped Jews and opposition escape the regime; documented the crimes of the Nazi regime; and forwarded military intelligence to the Allies. Contrary to legend, the Red Orchestra was neither directed by Soviet communists nor under a single leadership but a network of groups and individuals, often operating independently. To date, about 400 members are known by name.
  The term was also used by the Gestapo to refer to an unassociated Soviet intelligence networks, working in Paris and Brussels, that were built up by Leopold Trepper on behalf of the Main Directorate of State Security (GRU). Trepper ran a series of clandestine cells for organising agents. Trepper used the latest technology, in the form of small wireless radios to communicate with Soviet intelligence. Although the monitoring of the radios transmissions by the Funkabwehr would eventually lead to the organisations destruction, the sophisticated use of the technology enabled the organisation to behave as a network, with the ability to achieve tactical surprise and deliver high-quality intelligence including the warning of Operation Barbarossa.
  To this day, the public perception of the "Red Orchestra" is characterized by the transfigurations of the post-war years and the Cold War.
caption: Arvid Harnack, Harro Schulze-Boysen and John Sieg on a GDR stamp
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