page_title: Richard Lee (engineer)
section_title: Coastal defence
hierarchical_section_title: Richard Lee (engineer) / Coastal defence
caption_attribution_description: English: Berwick town walls. Built in the 16th Century to successfully hold the enclave on the north shore of the Tweed. Border towns often have some interesting military works, especially if "behind enemy lines" and this is no exception with well preserved walls surrounding the centre, even along the river.
context_page_description: Sir Richard Lee was a military engineer in the service of Henry VIII of England, Edward VI and Elizabeth I, continuing to work for all the remaining Tudor monarchs. He was a commander of Henry VIII and appointed surveyor of the King's works. Lee was member of parliament for Hertfordshire in 1545. He was the first English engineer to be knighted.
context_section_description: Around 1550-1552 Lee was at Berwick-upon-Tweed constructing the novel trace-italienne fortifications. In 1557 he was trench-master to the Earl of Pembroke in the Netherlands, and in 1558 went to Berwick as Surveyor of Works.
  After working at Portsmouth, in 1560 Richard was again supervising the re-fortification of Berwick, by correspondence with Rowland Johnston and in person in April. He was to "set forward the device for Berwick": to design the new works. Lee also went to the Siege of Leith on 27 April 1560 asked to, "prick them forward to an end." This was probably to help plan the assault on 7 May which failed. Lee made a map of Leith which was sent to London on 15 May 1560. Lee and Pelham, a captain at Leith, were called before Elizabeth I of England in June 1564, perhaps to give their testimony on affairs at Leith. When in London at this period, Lee stayed at the house of Mr. Graisse in Cheapside. In 1565 Lee viewed the site of Lindisfarne Castle on Beblowe Crag.
caption: Looking into the gun position in a flanking bastion, and along the walls at Berwick upon Tweed
exif: {}