page_title: Henry Jackson Lewis
section_title: Career
hierarchical_section_title: Henry Jackson Lewis / Career
caption_attribution_description: English: The National Executive Asleep
context_page_description: Henry Jackson Lewis was the first African-American political cartoonist.
context_section_description: The oldest known cartoons by H. J. Lewis were published in 1872.  By 1879, H.J. was working as a freelance artist, selling drawings of city scenes, Arkansas River scenes, and Mississippi floodwaters to national publications such as Harper’s Weekly.  In 1882, a Pine Bluff Commercial article praised his work, calling him an artist whose sketches, of both imaginary and real scenes, were "wonderfully correct,” and projecting a “brilliant and successful future” for him.
  In November 1882, Dr. Edward Palmer of the Smithsonian Institution, ventured to the south to study prehistoric Native American land mounds as well as maps of Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana.  Palmer hired Lewis as an assistant.  Lewis went on expeditions with Palmer to Avondale Mounds, near Greenville, Mississippi, where he sketched a large body of mound surveys.  Lewis's drawings were published in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, and helped to disproved the theory that the mounds were built by a "lost race" of non-Indian "Mound Builders, " though he did not receive formal acknowledgment for his work until nearly 100 years after he completed it.
  Around 1885, due to sparse available work, Lewis became a porter for the Arkansas Gazette.  While working there, he learned some artistic techniques from the staff engravers. During that time, he also occasionally contracted his cartoons out to Puck and Judge magazines.
  In January 1889, Lewis moved from Pine Bluff to Indianapolis, Indiana.  There, he began working for The Freeman, the first national African American illustrated newspaper.
  Lewis was skilled in wood engraving, mechanical drawing, freehand drawing, India-ink work and chalk work.  Due to his work at The Freeman, Lewis became known as the first black political cartoonist.
  Lewis' early work for The Freeman covered various topics, particularly around race i.e. lynching.  However, the most common theme of his cartoons included biting criticism on President Benjamin Harrison and his Republican administration, for failing to support job opportunities for blacks, and on politicians' general refusal to acknowledge the importance of racism. His cartoon of Harrison, unconscious and sitting on a throne, as black men blared bugles at him, sparked controversy, especially in Indiana where Harrison had been U.S. Senator before being elected President.
  Following the Harrison drawing, Lewis' cartoons disappeared from The Freeman for about a year.  It is suspected that the economic pressures of The Freeman forced him to steer away from political drawings, as when his works reappeared, they were only humorous or general commentary about race relations, with exception of two illustrations that were indirectly critical of Harrison in December 1890 and January 1891.
  In what was his final work, Lewis – a Christian – drew an architectural drawing of St. Paul A.M.E. Church in St. Louis, which was published in The Freeman on March 28, 1891.  By the time of his death, he had given up any hope for true racial justice.
caption: "The National Executive Asleep" - Indianapolis Freeman, by H.J. Lewis. Oct. 19, 1889.
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