page_title: Berlin (carriage)
section_title: Origin
hierarchical_section_title: Berlin (carriage) / Origin
caption_attribution_description: Карета четырехместная "берлин". Россия. 1760-е. Мастер Э. Кенель. Рессоры изготовлены мастером П. Жакеном. Дерево, серебро, черный и цветные металлы, перламутр, стекло, резьба по дереву, токарная, столярная и слесарная работа, литье, чеканка, ковка, штамп, золочение, серебрение, полихромная роспись. Бархат, атлас, шелк, золотные нити, льняной холст, кожа, конский волос, ткачество. ГИМ
context_page_description: A Berlin carriage was a type of covered four-wheeled travelling carriage with two interior seats. Initially noted for using two chassis rails and having the body suspended from the rails by leather straps, the term continued in use for enclosed formal carriages with two seats after the suspension system changed from leather straps to steel springs.
context_section_description: The carriage was designed around 1660 or 1670 by a Piedmontese architect commissioned by the General quartermaster to Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. The Elector used the carriage to travel from Berlin, Brandenburg's capital, to the French capital of Paris, where his carriage created a sensation. While heavy-duty vehicles had used double-railed frames before, passenger vehicles had normally used a single rail. The elegant but durable style was widely copied and named "berline" after the city from which the carriage had come. It was more convenient than other carriages of the time, being lighter and less likely to overturn. The berline began to supplant the less practical and less comfortable state coaches and gala coaches in the 17th century.
  British and American sources mention a separate hooded rear seat for a footman detached from the body in their definitions of a berlin carriage.
caption: 1760s. Moscow Historical Museum
exif: {"Image Make": "Canon", "Image Model": "Canon DIGITAL IXUS 75", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "72", "Image YResolution": "72", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image DateTime": "2011:08:16 12:37:08", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Centered", "Image ExifOffset": "186", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/20", "EXIF FNumber": "14/5", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "800", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0220", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2011:07:21 14:29:11", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2011:07:21 14:29:11", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF CompressedBitsPerPixel": "5", "EXIF ShutterSpeedValue": "69/16", "EXIF ApertureValue": "95/32", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "95/32", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "29/5", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "828", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "632", "Interoperability InteroperabilityIndex": "R98", "Interoperability InteroperabilityVersion": "[48, 49, 48, 48]", "Interoperability RelatedImageWidth": "3072", "Interoperability RelatedImageLength": "2304", "EXIF InteroperabilityOffset": "3338", "EXIF FocalPlaneXResolution": "40960/3", "EXIF FocalPlaneYResolution": "2304000/169", "EXIF FocalPlaneResolutionUnit": "2", "EXIF SensingMethod": "One-chip color area", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "1", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard"}