page_title: CSS Shenandoah
section_title: Surrender of CSS Shenandoah
hierarchical_section_title: CSS Shenandoah / Surrender of CSS Shenandoah
caption_attribution_description: English: John Grimball was born on April 18, 1840 in Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina, United States. He is the fourth son of John Berkeley Grimball, a rice farmer from Charleston and Colleton District, and Margaret Ann Morris. A graduate of the US Naval Academy in 1858, he served in the US Navy from 1858 to 1860. John Grimball resigned from the US Navy a few days after his South Carolina left the Union. He integrated the Confederate Navy and joined the Palmetto State on December 29, 1860. He was present when the cadets fired at the Star of the West on January 9, 1861, preventing him from delivering supplies. to Major Robert Anderson at Fort Sumter. He became an officer with the rank of lieutenant on R.E. Lee (1863) and Shenandoah (1864-1865). This cruiser wreaked havoc on Union merchant ships until surrender on November 6, 1865 - seven months after General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army from Northern Virginia to Appomattox Court House. The Shenandoah is credited with firing the last cannon of the Civil War. After the war, he was a lawyer and a judge in Charleston. He married in first marriage in 1876 with Catherine Katie Moore, then in second marriage in 1885 with Mary Georgianna Barnwell. he died on December 25, 1922 in Charleston. Français&#160;: John Grimball est né le 18 avril 1840 à Charleston, Comté de Charleston, Caroline du sud, États-Unis. Il est le quatrième fils de John Berkeley Grimball, planteur de riz de Charleston et du district de Colleton, et de Margaret Ann Morris. Diplômé de l'US Naval Academy en 1858, il sert dans la US Navy de 1858 à 1860. John Grimball démissionne de la marine américaine quelques jours après que sa Caroline du Sud a quitté l'Union. Il intègre la marine confédérée et rejoint celle de l'État de Palmetto, le 29 décembre 1860. Il est présent lorsque les cadets ont tiré sur l'Étoile de l'Ouest le 9 janvier 1861, l'empêchant de livrer des fournitures au major Robert Anderson à Fort Sumter. Il devient officier avec le grade de lieutenant sur le R.E. Lee (1863) et sur le Shenandoah (1864-1865). Ce croiseur fait des ravages sur les navires marchands de l'Union jusqu'à sa réédition le 6 novembre 1865 - sept mois après que le général Robert E. Lee ait rendu son armée de Virginie du Nord à Appomattox Court House. Le Shenandoah est crédité d'avoir tiré le dernier coup de canon de la guerre civile. Après la guerre, il est avocat puis juge à Charleston. Il se marie en premières noces en 1876 avec Catherine Katie Moore, puis en secondes noces en 1885 avec Mary Georgianna Barnwell. il meurt le 25 décembre 1922 à Charleston.
context_page_description: CSS Shenandoah, formerly Sea King, later El Majidi, was an iron-framed, teak-planked, full-rigged sailing ship with auxiliary steam power chiefly known for her actions under Lieutenant Commander James Waddell as part of the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War.
  Shenandoah was originally a UK merchant ship launched as Sea King on August 17, 1863, but was later re-purposed as one of the most feared commerce raiders in the Confederate navy. During a period of ​12 ¹⁄₂ months from 1864 to 1865, the ship undertook commerce raiding around the world in an effort to disrupt the US economy, resulting in the capture and sinking or bonding of 38 merchant vessels, mostly New Bedford whaling ships. She finally surrendered on the River Mersey, Liverpool, UK, on November 6, 1865, six months after the war had ended. Her flag was the last sovereign Confederate flag to be officially furled. Shenandoah is also known for having fired the last shot of the Civil War, across the bow of a whaler in waters off the Aleutian Islands.
context_section_description: Regardless of Davis's proclamation and knowing the unreliability of newspapers at the time, Captain Waddell and his crew knew returning to a U.S. port would mean facing a court sympathetic to the Union. News of President Lincoln's assassination only served to further diminish any expectation for leniency. The crew predicted that surrendering to federal authorities would run the risk of being tried in a U.S. court and hanged as pirates. Commerce raiders were not included in the reconciliation and amnesty that Confederate soldiers were given. Perhaps more importantly, Waddell would have been aware that the U.S. government no longer had to consider the threat of Confederate retaliation against Union prisoners while determining his crew's fate. Likely not known to Waddell was that Captain Raphael Semmes of CSS Alabama had managed to escape charges of piracy by surrendering on May 1, 1865, as an army general under Joseph E. Johnston. Semmes' former sailors surrendered as artillerymen.
  Captain Waddell eventually decided to surrender his ship at the port of Liverpool, where Confederate Commander Bulloch was stationed.
caption: Lieutenant John Grimball (1840–1922) of CSS Shenandoah by Georges Penabert, French photographer
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