page_title: Automatic train operation
section_title: Urban passenger railways
hierarchical_section_title: Automatic train operation / Notable examples / Urban passenger railways
caption_attribution_description: 日本語: 東京地下鉄10000系のマスコンハンドル
context_page_description: Automatic train operation is an operational safety enhancement device used to help automate the operation of trains. The degree of automation is indicated by the Grade of Automation, up to GoA level 4. ATO is primarily used on automated guideway transit and rapid transit systems where it is easier to ensure the safety of humans. On most systems, there is a driver present to mitigate risks associated with failures or emergencies.
  Many modern systems are linked with automatic train control and, in many cases, automatic train protection where normal signaller operations such as route setting and train regulation are carried out by the system. The ATO and ATC/ATP systems will work together to maintain a train within a defined tolerance of its timetable. The combined system will marginally adjust operating parameters such as the ratio of power to coast when moving and station dwell time in order to adhere to a defined timetable.
context_section_description: The Victoria line of the London Underground opened in 1968 as the world's first full scale automatic railway and has since become the first to have an ATO system replaced. The Central, Northern, and Jubilee lines have also been upgraded to run with ATO. The Circle, District, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines are currently being modernised with a brand new automatic train control system.
  The PATCO Speedline between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Lindenwold, New Jersey, opened its first segment in 1969 as the first ATO line in the United States. (The Expo Express, which ran during the World's Fair Expo 67 in Montreal, was the first in Canada and in North America.)
  Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), opened in 1972, was the first new metro system with multiple lines built with ATO.
  The Montreal Metro Green, Orange and Blue lines have been using ATO since 1977.
  On the MTR Network in Hong Kong, all lines operated by MTR Corporation have run with ATO since 1979. The former KCR East Rail Line network has used ATO since 2002.
  The Glasgow Subway has used ATO since 1980.
  Many trains in Japan use some level of ATO. A notable example is the Yurikamome line in Tokyo, which is GoA 4.
  The French Véhicule Automatique Léger system, initially implemented on the Lille Metro in 1983, is a fully automated GoA 4 system. Its ATO system is also used with conventional heavy rolling stock on the Paris Métro Line 14, Line 1 and Lausanne Métro line 2.
  The Vancouver SkyTrain in Vancouver, British Columbia, is an automated and driverless system commissioned in 1985.
  On the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore), all lines operating currently run with ATO since 1987.
  All of the lines on the Docklands Light Railway in London have used ATO (GoA 3) since it opened in 1987.
  On the Nuremberg U-Bahn, existing U2 and new U3 lines were converted to ATO in 2008, with one-year mix service.
  On the Barcelona Metro, the L9 (Europe's longest driverless line), L10 and L11 run with ATO.
  The Tren Urbano, which serves the San Juan metropolitan area, has a Siemens ATC system that allows for fully automatic operation.
  On the Milan Metro, the M1 Red Line and the M3 Yellow Line run with ATO.
  The Washington Metro is possibly the first system in the world to revert to (mostly) manual operation from ATO, following a crash in 2009. However, GoA 2 is still installed on all lines and is planned to be used again in the future.
  The Prague Metro historically operated GoA 1 system ARS on all lines. GoA 2 is available on line C (PA 135 by Siemens) and line A (LZA by AŽD Praha). As of 2020, line B is transitioning from ARS to LZA. The projected line D should operate unattended.
  São Paulo Metrô, Line 4 was opened in 2010 as the first system operating GoA 4 in South America.
  On the New York City Subway, the BMT Canarsie Line (L train) began full ATO operation using CBTC in June 2012. IRT Flushing Line (7 and <7>​ trains) similarly underwent track and signal modernization, with full ATO operation beginning in November 2018.
  The trains on Dubai Metro don't have a driver, neither do the trains on AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro and on Line C of the Rome Metro
  The trains on Doha Metro recently started operation, running automatically in ATO without a driver 
  Aerotrain (KLIA) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia uses a GoA 4 ATO system.
  On the Los Angeles Metro system, the B Line, D Line, and C Line use the GoA 2 ATO system.
  Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, recently introduced public transport (Jakarta MRT) that uses the ATO with GoA 2 Level.
  New South Wales's capital city Sydney in Australia, has the Sydney Metro which opened in 2019 and operates with GoA Level 4. Sydney is also in the process of upgrading older lines in the network to eventually enable GoA 2 and higher in the future.
caption: The two white ATO start buttons beside the power/brake lever in a Tokyo Metro 10000 series train, corresponding to GoA 2 operation
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