page_title: Cartography of India
section_title: Mughal era
hierarchical_section_title: Cartography of India / Mughal era
caption_attribution_description: Nederlands: Plattegrond in vogelvlucht van de stad Goa. A Ilhae cidade de Goa metropolitana da Indiae partes orientais que esta en 15 graos da banda do norte. Er liggen enkele Portugese Oost-Indiëvaarders voor de kust. Op de kade zijn olifanten, bereden door mensen, te zien. Midden in de haven ligt een kleine, omgeslagen sloep met twee mensen die er half op liggen. Goa Indiae Orientalis Metropolis &amp; Emprij longe dtis: pro rege Archi-episcop &amp; supremo Senalo cupletis exacta descriptio Auctor Iohannes Hugonius A. linschoten. 1595.. Affconterfeytinge van princepaele Coop en hooft Stat des Rycks Goa alwaer die Aertsbischop, Viceroy en oppersten Raet van Portugaels Indijen Resideert, door Ian Huijge: van Linschoten A:o 1595.. Verclaeringe, van sommige Portugeesche woorden, vande vornaemste plaetsen vande stat en t' eylant Goa. Benesteri, ou paßo de satiago / Benes:tery ofte de paßagie van S. Iacop. Paßo seco / De drooge paßagie. Paß de daugi / Paßagie van daugij. Paßo de Norua / Paßagie van Norua. Paßde Pangi / Paßagie van Pangijn. Goa velha / Out Goa. Cazas do Vizorey / De Huysingen van Vizeroy. Cazas do Arcebispo / De Huysinge van Aertsbischop. A. Camara / Stat Huys.Os Contos / Des Conincx Reekenkamer. Alfandegea / Tolhuys. O. Pezo / De Waech. Asouge / De Hal. Tronco / t' Gevangenhuys O. Terrereiro / t' Coornhuys. A. Moeda / De Munte. Banganin / De fonteyn alsoo genaemt. Pannelin / t' Speelhuys ofte lusthoff van Aertsbischop. Pilourinho velho, e novo / d'Oude en nieuwe Caecke. Bazar grande / d' Groote vismerckt. Bangasal / De plaets daermen t'barnhout vercoopt. Vazar.o de S. Fran.co / De cleyne merckt van S. Fran.co. Ribeira das gales / De timmerwerven van galleijen. Ribeira grande / De groote Conincx timmerwerven Cava / Dat zijn de oude grach: [?] van eerste stat geweest. Alagoa / t Lack. Leilao / Den wijtrop ofte daer men de daegelickse boerse hout. Vargeas de batte / De ackerwerven van Rys. A. surgideira das naos do Reyno / De reede van Portugaelsche scheepen. Costa brava da Ylha de Goa / De rudsige custe vant Eylant Goa. Praya de Bardes de Marem fora / De strant van Bardes aen over van Zee. Champanas e cotias dos gentios / De Champanen en Cottrijen van heydenen. Alwaer terreiro oft terr.o staet is een plaets gseyt en datter by staet is den naem van plaets. Hetruscis urbem tectis quce certet et uno Spectare intuitu vis Orientis opes. Imos Goa, licet nostro semotior orbe Una tibi sensus expleat atque oculos. Seu fora, se spectes plateas, seu templa Deor: Obuia maiestas, par et ubique nitor. Aspice quam prono subductae littore puppes, Quamque iter emensae, fida rati statio Haud alia emporio locupletior Indus Eoi Ditia quam late dividit arva soli. PHoogerbeets [monogram]. Serniss:o Principi Alberto ab Astria, sacro sanctae Apost:ce se dis Card: Tit: Sanctae Crucis in Ieusalem, et Legato per Hispanias ala tere Lusitaniae et Algerbiorum pro-regi Hispaniae que Catho: Ma:tis nomine gubernatori, Archiduci, Austriae, duci Burgundiae comiti Tyrolis etcr Dno suo clementis: simo Iohannis Hugonius a Lynsco:ten humillime dedic: Inclyte avis Princeps prudenti a pectore maior Obsequy patere hoc symbolo esse mei. Cf. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, inv. nr. 189 A 6 deel I, voor p. 71. English: Bird's eye view of the city of Goa. A Ilhae cidade de Goa metropolitana da Indiae partes orientais que esta en 15 graos da banda do norte. There are several Portuguese East Indiamen lying off the coast. People astride elephants are depicted on the quay. In the centre of the harbour is a capsized sloop with two people clinging on. Goa Indiae Orientalis Metropolis &amp; Emprij longe dtis: pro rege Archi-episcop &amp; supremo Senalo cupletis exacta descriptio Auctor Iohannes Hugonius A. linschoten. 1595.. Affconterfeytinge van princepaele Coop en hooft Stat des Rycks Goa alwaer die Aertsbischop, Viceroy en oppersten Raet van Portugaels Indijen Resideert, door Ian Huijge: van Linschoten A:o 1595.. Verclaeringe, van sommige Portugeesche woorden, vande vornaemste plaetsen vande stat en t' eylant Goa. Benesteri, ou paßo de satiago / Benes:tery ofte de paßagie van S. Iacop. Paßo seco / De drooge paßagie. Paß de daugi / Paßagie van daugij. Paßo de Norua / Paßagie van Norua. Paßde Pangi / Paßagie van Pangijn. Goa velha / Out Goa. Cazas do Vizorey / De Huysingen van Vizeroy. Cazas do Arcebispo / De Huysinge van Aertsbischop. A. Camara / Stat Huys.Os Contos / Des Conincx Reekenkamer. Alfandegea / Tolhuys. O. Pezo / De Waech. Asouge / De Hal. Tronco / t' Gevangenhuys O. Terrereiro / t' Coornhuys. A. Moeda / De Munte. Banganin / De fonteyn alsoo genaemt. Pannelin / t' Speelhuys ofte lusthoff van Aertsbischop. Pilourinho velho, e novo / d'Oude en nieuwe Caecke. Bazar grande / d' Groote vismerckt. Bangasal / De plaets daermen t'barnhout vercoopt. Vazar.o de S. Fran.co / De cleyne merckt van S. Fran.co. Ribeira das gales / De timmerwerven van galleijen. Ribeira grande / De groote Conincx timmerwerven Cava / Dat zijn de oude grach: [?] van eerste stat geweest. Alagoa / t Lack. Leilao / Den wijtrop ofte daer men de daegelickse boerse hout. Vargeas de batte / De ackerwerven van Rys. A. surgideira das naos do Reyno / De reede van Portugaelsche scheepen. Costa brava da Ylha de Goa / De rudsige custe vant Eylant Goa. Praya de Bardes de Marem fora / De strant van Bardes aen over van Zee. Champanas e cotias dos gentios / De Champanen en Cottrijen van heydenen. Alwaer terreiro oft terr.o staet is een plaets gseyt en datter by staet is den naem van plaets. Hetruscis urbem tectis quce certet et uno Spectare intuitu vis Orientis opes. Imos Goa, licet nostro semotior orbe Una tibi sensus expleat atque oculos. Seu fora, se spectes plateas, seu templa Deor: Obuia maiestas, par et ubique nitor. Aspice quam prono subductae littore puppes, Quamque iter emensae, fida rati statio Haud alia emporio locupletior Indus Eoi Ditia quam late dividit arva soli. PHoogerbeets [monogram]. Serniss:o Principi Alberto ab Astria, sacro sanctae Apost:ce se dis Card: Tit: Sanctae Crucis in Ieusalem, et Legato per Hispanias ala tere Lusitaniae et Algerbiorum pro-regi Hispaniae que Catho: Ma:tis nomine gubernatori, Archiduci, Austriae, duci Burgundiae comiti Tyrolis etcr Dno suo clementis: simo Iohannis Hugonius a Lynsco:ten humillime dedic: Inclyte avis Princeps prudenti a pectore maior Obsequy patere hoc symbolo esse mei. Cf. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, inv. nr. 189 A 6 part I, before p. 71.
context_page_description: The cartography of India begins with early charts for navigation and constructional plans for buildings. Indian traditions influenced Tibetan and Islamic traditions, and in turn, were influenced by the British cartographers who solidified modern concepts into India's map making.
  A prominent foreign geographer and cartographer was Hellenistic geographer Ptolemy who researched at the library in Alexandria to produce a detailed eight-volume record of world geography. During the Middle Ages, India sees some exploration by Chinese and Muslim geographers, while European maps of India remain very sketchy.
  A prominent medieval cartographer was Persian geographer Abu Rayhan Biruni who visited India and studied the country's geography extensively.
  European maps become more accurate with the Age of Exploration and Portuguese India from the 16th century. The first modern maps were produced by Survey of India, established in 1767 by the British East India Company. Survey of India remains in continued existence as the official mapping authority of the Republic of India.
context_section_description: Maps from the 1590 Ain-e-Akbari, a Mughal document detailing India's history and traditions, contain references to locations indicated in earlier Indian cartographic traditions.
  Through the 16th century European explorers, and traders, such as Jan Huygen van Linschoten ventured into the interior, from the growing number or European trading posts, and expanded on and refined the previous navigational charts, with geographic detail. A series of geographies published under the title Itinerario (later published as an English edition as Discours of Voyages into Y East & West Indies), appeared in 1596, and graphically displayed for the first time in Europe detailed maps of voyages to the East Indies, particularly India.
  The seamless hollow Celestial globe was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce hollow metal globes without any seams, even with modern technology. These Mughal metallurgists pioneered the method of lost-wax casting in order to produce these globes.
  The scholar Sadiq Isfahani of Jaunpur compiled an atlas of the parts of the world which he held to be 'suitable for human life'. The 32 sheet atlas—with maps oriented towards the south as was the case with Islamic works of the era—is part of a larger scholarly work compiled by Isfahani during 1647 CE. According to Joseph E. Schwartzberg (2008): 'The largest known Indian map, depicting the former Rajput capital at Amber in remarkable house-by-house detail, measures 661 × 645 cm. (260 × 254 in., or approximately 22 × 21 ft).'
caption: Map of Goa, in Linschoten's Itineraries, ca.1590
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