page_title: Sedimentation (water treatment)
section_title: Settling of discrete particles
hierarchical_section_title: Sedimentation (water treatment) / Assessment of main process characteristics / Settling of discrete particles
caption_attribution_description: English: Figure 2. The four functional zones of a continuous flow settling basin
context_page_description: Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water. Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans. Settling basins are ponds constructed for the purpose of removing entrained solids by sedimentation. Clarifiers are tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation. Clarification does not remove dissolved species. Sedimentation is the act of depositing sediment.
context_section_description: Unhindered settling is a process that removes the discrete particles in a very low concentration without interference from nearby particles. In general, if the concentration of the solutions is lower than 500 mg/L total suspended solids, sedimentation will be considered discrete. Concentrations of raceway effluent total suspended solids (TSS) in the west are usually less than 5 mg/L net. TSS concentrations of off-line settling basin effluent are less than 100 mg/L net. The particles keep their size and shape during discrete settling, with an independent velocity. With such low concentrations of suspended particles, the probability of particle collisions is very low and consequently the rate of floculation is small enough to be neglected for most calculations. Thus the surface area of the settling basin becomes the main factor of sedimentation rate. All continuous flow settling basins are divided into four parts: inlet zone, settling zone, sludge zone and outlet zone (Figure 2).
  In the inlet zone, flow is established in a same forward direction. Sedimentation occurs in the settling zone as the water flow towards to outlet zone. The clarified liquid is then flow out from outlet zone.
  Sludge zone: settled will be collected here and usually we assume that it is removed from water flow once the particles arrives the sludge zone.
  In an ideal rectangular sedimentation tank, in the settling zone, the critical particle enters at the top of the settling zone, and the settle velocity would be the smallest value to reach the sludge zone, and at the end of outlet zone, the velocity component of this critical particle are Vs, the settling velocity in vertical direction and Vh in horizontal direction.
  From Figure 1, the time needed for the particle to settle;
  t_o =H/V_p=L/Vs(3)
  Since the surface area of the tank is WL, and Vs = Q/WL, Vh = Q/WH, where Q is the flow rate and W, L, H is the width, length, depth of the tank.
  According to Eq. 1, this also is a basic factor that can control the sedimentation tank performance which called overflow rate.
  Eq. 2 also tell us that the depth of sedimentation tank is independent to the sedimentation efficiency, only if the forward velocity is low enough to make sure the settled mass would not suspended again from the tank floor.
caption: Figure 2. The four functional zones of a continuous flow settling basin
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