page_title: Writing
hierarchical_section_title: Writing
caption_attribution_description: العربية: بردية إدوين سميث، أقدم وثيقة جراحية في العالم باقية حتى الأن . مكتوبة باللغة الهيراطيقية في مصر القديمة منذ حوالي 1600 سنة قبل الميلاد. تصف البردية الملاحظات التشريحية والفحص والتشخيص والعلاج لاكثر من 48 نوعًا من المشاكل الطبية بشكلٍ مُفصَّل. من بين العلاجات الموصوفة: إغلاق الجروح مع خياطة الجروح، ومنع وعلاج العدوى باستخدام العسل والخبز المتعفن، ووقف النزيف باستعمال اللحوم النيئة، وعلاج الشلل من الرأس وإصابات النخاع الشوكي. ترجمت في سنة 1930، ويكشف المستند التطور والتطبيق العملي من الطب المصري القديم. هذه الصورة تمثل اللوحتين 6 و7 من البردية نفسها English: The Edwin Smith papyrus, the world's oldest surviving surgical document. Written in hieratic script in ancient Egypt around 1600 B.C., the text describes anatomical observations and the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of 48 types of medical problems in exquisite detail. Among the treatments described are closing wounds with sutures, preventing and curing infection with honey and moldy bread, stopping bleeding with raw meat, and immobilization of head and spinal cord injuries. Translated in 1930, the document reveals the sophistication and practicality of ancient Egyptian medicine. Recto Column 6 (right) and 7 (left) of the papyrus, pictured here, discuss facial trauma. (Cases 12-20) Español: El Papiro Edwin Smith, el documento sobre cirugía más antiguo conservado. Escrito en hierático en el antiguo Egipto sobre el 1600 a. C., el texto describe observaciones anatómicas y el examen, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prognosis de 48 tipos de problemas médicos con exquisito detalle. Las placas 6 y 7 del papiro, mostradas aquí, discuten el traumatismo facial. El documento, un papiro de 468 cm de largo por 33 cm de ancho, datado a principios de la dinastía XVII, parece estar escrito por escribas de diferente época; es copia de textos más antiguos como lo evidencia su vocabulario y gramática arcaica. El papiro se expuso por primera vez, desde 1948, en el Museo Metropolitano de Arte de Nueva York, del 13 de septiembre de 2005 al 15 de enero de 2006. Coincidiendo con la exhibición, James P. Allen, el conservador del museo, preparó una traducción íntegramente nueva del papiro, que se incluyó en el catálogo de la exposición. Français&#160;: Le papyrus Edwin Smith est le plus ancien document original traitant de chirurgie. Écrit en caractères hiératiques pendant le Nouvel Empire de l’Égypte antique, vers le XVIIe siècle avant notre ère, ce traité décrit avec force détails les observations anatomiques et cliniques, les traumatismes et les traitements appliqués pour 48 affections médicales relevées sur un grand nombre de cas, ainsi que les pronostics associés à ces traitements. Il mentionne différents actes chirurgicaux, la fermeture avec les premières descriptions connues des sutures des plaies thoraciques. On y trouve aussi des traitements préventifs ou curatifs, des pharmacopées antibiotiques proposés pour lutter contre les infections avec le miel et le pain moisi, l’arrêt des hémorragies avec de la viande crue, et l’immobilisation des blessures à la tête et à la moëlle épinière. Traduit dans les années 30, le document révèle la sophistication et la praticité de la médecine de l’ancienne Égypte. Les planches 6 et 7 présentées ici discutent des traumatismes faciaux.
context_page_description: Writing is the act of recording language on a visual medium using a set of symbols. The symbols must be known to others, so that the text may be read.
  A text may also use other visual systems, such as illustrations and decorations. These are not called writing, but may help the message work. Usually, all educated people in a country use the same writing system to record the same language. To be able to read and write is to be literate.
  Writing differs from speech because the readers need not be present at the time. We can read writing from long ago, and from different parts of the world. Text stores and communicates knowledge. Writing is one of the greatest inventions of the human species. It was invented after people settled in towns, and after agriculture started. Writing dates from about 3,300BC, which is over 5000 years ago, in the Middle East.
  Writing today is usually on paper, though there are ways to print on almost any surface. Television and movie screens can also display writing, and so can computer screens. Many writing materials were invented, long before paper. Clay, papyrus, wood, slate and parchment have all been used.
context_section_description: Writing is the act of recording language on a visual medium using a set of symbols. The symbols must be known to others, so that the text may be read.
  A text may also use other visual systems, such as illustrations and decorations. These are not called writing, but may help the message work. Usually, all educated people in a country use the same writing system to record the same language. To be able to read and write is to be literate.
  Writing differs from speech because the readers need not be present at the time.  We can read writing from long ago, and from different parts of the world.  Text stores and communicates knowledge. Writing is one of the greatest inventions of the human species. It was invented after people settled in towns, and after agriculture started. Writing dates from about 3,300BC, which is over 5000 years ago, in the Middle East.
  Writing today is usually on paper, though there are ways to print on almost any surface.   Television and movie screens can also display writing, and so can computer screens.  Many writing materials were invented, long before paper. Clay, papyrus, wood, slate and parchment (prepared animal skins) have all been used. The Romans wrote on waxed tablets with a pointed stylus; this was popular for temporary notes and messages.  The later invention of paper by the Chinese was a big step forward.
  Writing is traditionally done using a hand tool such as a pencil, a pen, or a brush. More and more, however, text is created by input on a computer keyboard.
caption: The Edwin Smith papyrus is the world's oldest surviving surgical document. It was written in hieratic script in ancient Egypt around 1600 BC. The text describes 48 types of medical problems in exquisite detail. These pages discuss facial injury
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