page_title: Ultrapure water
section_title: Transport
hierarchical_section_title: Ultrapure water / Transport
caption_attribution_description: English: A UPW Installation using PVDF Piping
context_page_description: Ultrapure water, high-purity water or highly purified water is water that has been purified to uncommonly stringent specifications. Ultrapure water is a commonly used term in the semiconductor industry to emphasize the fact that the water is treated to the highest levels of purity for all contaminant types, including: organic and inorganic compounds; dissolved and particulate matter; volatile and non-volatile, reactive and inert; hydrophilic and hydrophobic; and dissolved gases.
  UPW and commonly used term deionized water are not the same. In addition to the fact that UPW has organic particles and dissolved gases removed, a typical UPW system has three stages: a pretreatment stage to produce purified water, a primary stage to further purify the water, and a polishing stage, the most expensive part of the treatment process.
  A number of organizations and groups develop and publish standards associated with the production of UPW.
context_section_description: Stainless steel remains a piping material of choice for the pharmaceutical industry.  Due to its metallic contribution, most steel was removed from microelectronics UPW systems in the 1980s and replaced with high performance polymers of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the US and Europe.  In Asia, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and polypropylene (PP) are popular, along with the high performance polymers.
caption: A UPW installation using PVDF piping.
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