page_title: Greek Resistance
section_title: Resistance in the cities
hierarchical_section_title: Greek Resistance / Resistance in the cities
caption_attribution_description: Lot 11618-4: Athens, Greece, 1942. In defiance of German and Italian threats and oppression, a large body of students at Athens University paraded through the streets in a daring celebration of the Greek national independence day, carrying a large Greek flag and signing patriotic songs. Axis troops later dispersed the gathering. Office of War Information Photograph (also LC-USZ62-115675). (2016/01/22).
context_page_description: The Greek Resistance is the blanket term for a number of armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis occupation of Greece in the period 1941–1944, during World War II. It is considered as one of the strongest resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe.
context_section_description: Resistance in the cities was organized quickly, but of necessity groups were small and fragmented.  The cities, and the working-class suburbs of Athens in particular, witnessed appalling suffering in the winter of 1941-42, when food confiscations and disrupted communications caused widespread famine and perhaps hundreds of thousands of deaths. This caused fertile ground for recruitment, but lack of equipment, funds and organization limited the spread of the resistance. The main roles of resistance operatives were intelligence and sabotage, mostly in cooperation with British Intelligence. One of the earliest jobs of the urban resistance was helping stranded Commonwealth soldiers escape. The resistance groups stayed in touch with British handlers through wireless sets, met and helped British spies and saboteurs that parachuted in, provided intelligence, conducted propaganda efforts, and ran escape networks for allied operatives and Greek young men wishing to join the Hellenic forces in exile. Wireless equipment, money, weapons and other support was mainly supplied by British Intelligence, but it was never enough. Fragmentation of groups, the need for secrecy, and emerging conflicts between right and left, monarchists and republicans, did not help. Urban resistance work was very dangerous: operatives were always in danger of arrest and summary execution, and suffered heavy casualties. Captured fighters were routinely tortured by the Abwehr and the Gestapo, and confessions used to roll up networks. The job of wireless operators was perhaps the most dangerous, since the Germans used direction-finding equipment to pinpoint the location of transmitters; operators were often shot on the spot, and those were the lucky ones, since immediate execution prevented torture.
caption: University students, parading in Athens on Greek Independence Day (25th March 1942)
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