page_title: Pre-Bötzinger complex
hierarchical_section_title: Pre-Bötzinger complex
caption_attribution_description: English: Crystallographic structure of the Adenosine A2A receptor based on the PDB: 3EML&#8203; coordinates
context_page_description: The pre-Bötzinger complex is a cluster of interneurons in the ventral respiratory group of the medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of the respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much research.
  Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.
  Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A₁ and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A₁ receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in in vitro preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14- to 21-day-old rat pups in vivo.
context_section_description: The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventral respiratory group of the medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of the respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much research.
  Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.
  
  Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A₁ and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A₁ receptor agonist  has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in in vitro preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14- to 21-day-old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and sudden infant death syndrome. 
  The region is named after the Silvaner (Boetzinger) variety of wine, served at the conference at which the region was named.
caption: A2A receptor bilayer
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