page_title: Buddhism
section_title: Cultural influence
hierarchical_section_title: Buddhism / Cultural influence
caption_attribution_description: Nederlands: Temperaschilderij. Op uitnodiging van dr. J.W. IIzerman bezocht de heer G.B. Hooijer de vergadering van de Commissie voor de symboliek van 6 mei 1916. Als adviseur. Maar, zo lezen we in de notulen van de vergadering van de Raad van Beheer van het Koloniaal Instituut, op 19 juni van datzelfde jaar werd hij al als vast lid van de commissie aangesteld. Een waardevolle aanwinst voor deze actieve commissie, die alle kunst op en in het gebouw aan de Mauritskade bedacht en liet uitvoeren. Als oud-militair van de Topografische dienst in Indië en als zeer verdienstelijk tekenaar bestond de bijdrage van Hooijer vooral uit het verstrekken van de juiste gegevens aan de beeldhouwers. Hij maakte de tekeningen van de onderwerpen die de commissie eerst vaststelde. Volgens zijn leidraad werden talrijke beeldhouwwerken uitgevoerd. Ervaring deed hij tevens op als adviseur voor de Indische afdeling op de grote tentoonstelling in Parijs in 1900. Toen Hooijer zijn werkzaamheden voor de commissie begon was hij zestig jaar (hij werd 86) en zocht hij, gezien zijn gezondheid, steeds het grootste deel van het jaar de warmere streken in Europa op. Zo reisde hij maanden lang van hotel naar hotel naar onder andere Rome, Florence en Nice. Steeds hield hij per uitvoerige briefwisseling contact met de commissie en had hij zo zijn zeer duidelijke inbreng. Een goed voorbeeld van zijn enorme ijver en inzicht vinden we terug op de begane grond (vroeger: de bel-etage) van het museum, in de omgeving van de glazen lift. Hier is, over circa veertig strekkende meter in totaal, het verhaal afgebeeld van de eerste scheepvaart naar Indië door Cornelis de Houtman. Hooijer maakte, alvorens Louis Vreugde ging beeldhouwen, voor dit verhaal alle tekeningen waarvan ik er hierbij enig laat zien. Bovendien zorgde hij voor een ‘sponsor' voor dit beeldhouwwerk. Door zijn bemiddeling schonk de heer H.E. Levert de benodigde 9.375 gulden die Vreugde voor de uitvoering vroeg. G.B. Hooijer, een man om nog eens even met eerbied en respect te gedenken. . Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord
context_page_description: Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.
  Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. It originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada and Mahayana.
  Most Buddhist traditions share the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation, the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, observance of moral precepts, Buddhist monasticism, Buddhist meditation, and the cultivation of the Paramitas.
context_section_description: Buddhism has had a profound influence on various cultures, especially in Asia. Buddhist philosophy, Buddhist art, Buddhist architecture, Buddhist cuisine and Buddhist festivals continue to be influential elements of the modern Culture of Asia, especially in East Asia and the Sinosphere as well as in Southeast Asia and the Indosphere. According to Litian Fang, Buddhism has "permeated a wide range of fields, such as politics, ethics, philosophy, literature, art and customs," in these Asian regions.
  Buddhist teachings influenced the development of modern Hinduism as well as other Asian religions like Taoism and Confucianism. For example, various scholars have argued that key Hindu thinkers such as Adi Shankara and Patanjali, author of the Yoga sutras, were influenced by Buddhist ideas. Likewise, Buddhist practices were influential in the early development of Indian Yoga.
  Buddhist philosophers like Dignaga were very influential in the development of Indian logic and epistemology. Buddhist educational institutions like Nalanda and Vikramashila preserved various disciplines of classical Indian knowledge such as Grammar and Medicine and taught foreign students from China.
  In an effort to preserve their sacred scriptures, Buddhist institutions such as temples and monasteries housed schools which educated the populace and promoted writing and literacy. This led to high levels of literacy among some traditional Buddhist societies such as Burma. According to David Steinberg, "Early British observers claimed that Burma was the most literate state between Suez and Japan, and one British traveler in the early nineteenth century believed that Burmese women had a higher percentage of literacy than British women."
  Buddhist institutions were also at the forefront of the adoption of Chinese technologies related to bookmaking, including paper, and block printing which Buddhists sometimes deployed on a large scale. The first surviving example of a printed text is a Buddhist charm, the first full printed book is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra (c. 868) and the first hand colored print is an illustration of Guanyin dated to 947.
  Buddhists were also influential in the study and practice of traditional forms of Indian medicine. Buddhists spread these traditional approaches to health, sometimes called "Buddhist medicine", throughout East and Southeast Asia, where they remain influential today in regions like Sri Lanka, Burma, Tibet and Thailand.
  In the Western world, Buddhism has had a strong influence on modern New Age spirituality and other alternative spiritualities. This began with its influence on 20th century Theosophists such as Helena Blavatsky, which were some of the first Westerners to take Buddhism seriously as a spiritual tradition.
  More recently, Buddhist meditation practices have influenced the development of modern psychology, particularly the practice of Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and other similar mindfulness based modalities. The influence of Buddhism on psychology can also be seen in certain forms of modern psychoanalysis.
  Buddhism also influenced the modern avant-garde movements during the 1950s and 60s through people like D. T. Suzuki and his influence on figures like Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.
caption: A painting by G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) reconstructing a scene of Borobudur, the largest Buddhist temple in the world.
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