page_title: Navarrese electoral Carlism during the Restoration
section_title: Geography
hierarchical_section_title: Navarrese electoral Carlism during the Restoration / Geography
caption_attribution_description: English: View to the east from Mt. Urkulu (1,419 m) with peak Orhy in the background and Hiru Erregeen Mahaia further back, in the Western Pyrenees Français&#160;: Vue vers l'Est depuis le mont Urkulu (1.419 m) avec en arrière-plan le pic d'Orhy et la table des Trois Rois dans l'ouest des Pyrénées. Euskara: Ikuspegia ekialderantz Urkulu menditik (1.419 m), atzealdean Orhi nabarmen duela eta Hiru Erreen Mahaia atzerago mendebaldeko Pirineoetan.
context_page_description: Carlism was the dominant political movement in elections in Navarre during the period between the Third Carlist War and the Primo de Rivera dictatorship. The movement, defeated in 1876, during the Restauración period recalibrated its focus from military action to political means and media campaigns. Accommodating themselves to political framework of the Alfonsine monarchy, party leaders considered elections, and especially elections to Cortes Generales, primary vehicle of political mobilization. Navarre turned out to be the Carlist electoral stronghold; it elected 35% of all Carlist deputies voted into the parliament during almost 50 years of the monarchical liberal democracy. Though the phenomenon remained marginal from the national Spanish perspective, political prowess of Carlism in the province was key to sustain its potential until the movement regained momentum during the Second Spanish Republic.
context_section_description: Analysis of geographical distribution of Carlist support in Navarre reveals some general rules applicable through most of the Restauración period, though there were few shifting patterns traceable across specific parts of the province. In general, Carlism recorded the highest success ratio in the electoral district of Estella (won 60% of mandates available), followed by Aoiz (40%), Pamplona (37%), Tafalla (25%) and Tudela (15%).
  Carlism enjoyed most support in the central zone of Navarre, covering the belt of Sierras Occidentales, Tierra Estella, Cuenca Pamplona, Navarra Media, Baja Montaña and partially Prepireneo, with the core formed by confluence of Pamplona, Estella and Tafalla districts, around Artajona, Mendigorría, Larraga, Val de Mañeru and Valdizarbe. A major change within this central zone was gradual deterioration of Carlist vote at the southern edge of the belt, in Ribera Estellesa, Northern municipalities of Ribera Arga and in Sierra de Ujué. 
  The city of Pamplona was in the early 1890s dominated by the Carlists, though by the end of the century their rivals shortened the distance and Sanz ceased to be the most popular deputy of the city; also de Mella later in the 20th century had to concede the first place to a Maurista candidate. The trend proved stable and at some point Carlism lost its grip on the capital, as in 1931 Pamplona was one of few places in Navarre where the Carlist-Nationalist coalition lost to the Left. The city of Estella witnessed the opposite pattern: initially Carlists suffered heavy defeats and conquered the city only in the early 20th century, to keep winning also during the overall democratic triumph of 1931.
  The Northern belt of the province (Valles Cantábricos, Valles Meridionales, Precantabrico, Pirineos) was consistently less enthusiastic about Traditionalism. Until the late 1890s the movement fared rather badly in the mountains; in Pirineos Orientales, dominated by the Valle de Roncal based Gayarre caciques, the Carlists did not even bother to field a candidate. Over time they gained strength in Valles Meridionales, partially in Prepirineos and Pirineos Orientales, though their grip was less than firm. Corredor del Araquil, in the 1890s loyal to legitimist cause, was later conquered by the democrats. Valles Cantábricos remained the Integrist stronghold, though over time it was the Nationalists who set their foot in the area. In general, until the end of Restauración the Carlists did not dominate the Northern belt, and it was sparse population density of this hilly region which worked to their advantage when aggregating the vote in the districts of Pamplona and Aoiz.
  The area which witnessed most visible change in terms of political preferences was the Southern belt (Ribera Alta, Ribera Arga, Ribera Aragón, Bardenas Reales, Ribera Baja). The municipalities along the Upper Ebro started to turn away from Carlism during the late 1890s. The southern municipios of Estella and Tafalla districts, Ribera Arga and Ribera Aragón, including cities of Olite and Tafalla, were usually lukewarm to Carlism, with the only exception the years around 1910, when Bartolomé Feliu Pérez briefly reversed the pattern. Municipalities along the Lower Ebro did not display clear preferences until the 1910s, though in Ribera Baja Carlism for decades maintained its insular fortress in the capital Tudela, losing the city after 1910 and failing to retake it. From then onwards, the entire Ribera Oriental was irreversibly slipping into the hands of Carlist enemies – mostly Republicans, though also the Socialists.
caption: loose grip: Pyrenees
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