page_title: Tibetan diaspora
section_title: Third and ongoing wave
hierarchical_section_title: Tibetan diaspora / Origins and numbers / Third and ongoing wave
caption_attribution_description: Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre, Darjeeling, India
context_page_description: The Tibetan diaspora are the diaspora of Tibetan people living outside Tibet.
  Tibetan emigration has three separate stages. The first stage was in 1959 following the 14th Dalai Lama's escape to Dharamshala in India, in fear of persecution from the People's Liberation Army. The second stage occurred in the 1980s, when China partially opened Tibet to foreigners. The third stage began in 1996 and continues today although with less frequency. There is considerable social tension between first and second wave refugees, referred to as ' Shichak Tibetans' and third wave refugees referred to as ' Sanjor Tibetans'. The label ' Sanjor' is deemed a perjorative by the newcomer Tibetans.
  Not all emigration from Tibet is permanent; today some parents in Tibet send their children to communities in the diaspora to receive a traditional Tibetan education. The 2009 census registered about 128,000 Tibetans in exile, with the most numerous part of the community living in India, Nepal and Bhutan. However, in 2005 and 2009 there were estimates of up to 150,000 living in exile.
context_section_description: A 2008 documentary directed by Richard Martini claimed that 3,000–4,500 Tibetans arrive at Dharamshala every year. Most new immigrants are children who are sent to Tibetan cultural schools. Many political activists, including monks, have also crossed over through Nepal to India. Significant cultural gaps exist between recent Tibetan emigrants (gsar 'byor pa; "newcomer") and Indian-born Tibetans. The more established Tibetans in diaspora reject Tibetans from Tibet who recently escaped Tibet, and who watch Chinese movies, sing Chinese music, and can speak Mandarin, are also well settled in the Tibetan community. The Dalai Lama encourages to learn multiple languages and can speak many languages himself.
  A  prejudice of sort against Tibetans  exists in Tibetan diaspora world. Newcomers (post- 1990s arrivals)  are referred to as 'Sanjor' by the settled Tibetans, and face social discrimination in Tibetan settlements.
caption: Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre's Hill Top Shop in Darjeeling, India taken in September 2004. It was established on 2 October 1959, the same year the Prime Minister Nehru gave refuge to The 14th Dalai Lama his Tibetan government-in-exile.
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