page_title: Intellectual
section_title: 19th-century
hierarchical_section_title: Intellectual / Historical background / 19th-century
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Titelseite der von Georges Clemenceau herausgegebenen Zeitung L’Aurore vom 13. Januar 1898 mit Émile Zolas J’accuse...! überschriebenem offenen Brief an Staatspräsident Faure zur Dreyfus-Affäre. English: Front page cover of the newspaper L’Aurore of Thursday 13 January 1898, with the letter J’accuse...!, written by Émile Zola about the Dreyfus affair. The headline reads "I accuse! Letter to the President of the Republic". See J'accuse...!, the whole text on Wikisource. Français&#160;: Le journal L’Aurore du 13 janvier 1898 avec J’accuse, la lettre ouverte au président de la République d’Émile Zola au moment de l’affaire Dreyfus. Voir J’accuse...!, le texte complet sur Wikisource.
context_page_description: An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and proposes solutions for the normative problems of society, and thus he or she gains authority as a public intellectual. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by either rejecting or producing or extending an ideology, and by defending a system of values. As a descriptive term of person, personality, and profession, the word intellectual identifies three traits:
  Educated; erudition for developing theories;
  Productive; creates cultural capital philosophy, literary criticism, and sociology, law, medicine, and science, etc.; and
  Artistic; creates art in literature, music, painting, sculpture, etc.
caption: The front page of L'Aurore (13 January 1898) featured Émile Zola's open letter J'Accuse…! asking the French President Félix Faure to resolve the Dreyfus affair
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