page_title: List of orphans and foundlings
section_title: Europe
hierarchical_section_title: List of orphans and foundlings / Otherwise notables / Europe
context_page_description: Notable orphans and foundlings include world leaders, celebrated writers, entertainment greats, figures in science and business, as well as innumerable fictional characters in literature and comics. While the exact definition of orphan and foundlings varies, one legal definition is a child bereft through "death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, both parents". According to the United Nations, the definition of an orphan is anyone that loses one parent, either through death or abandonment.
context_section_description: Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer
  Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, British Army officer, founder and first Chief Scout of The Boy Scouts Association
  William Blackstone, English jurist and political figure
  George Blake, British spy who worked as a double agent for the Soviet Union
  William Bligh, British Royal Navy, command of HMS Bounty, Governor of New South Wales in Australia and a colonial administrator
  Martin Bormann, prominent official in Nazi Germany as head of the Nazi Party Chancellery
  Johann Friedrich Böttger, German alchemist and the first European to discover the secret of the creation of hard-paste porcelain
  Guy Burgess, British radio producer, intelligence officer and Foreign Office official
  William Dampier, Englishman to explore parts of what is today Australia and pirate
  Karl Dönitz,German admiral who played a major role in the naval history of World War II
  Adolf Eichmann, German Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and one of the major organisers of the Holocaust
  Prince Eugene of Savoy, general of the Imperial Army and one of the most successful military commanders in modern European history
  Guy Fawkes, known as Guido Fawkes, member of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot
  Antoine Galland, French orientalist and archaeologist, most famous as the first European translator of One Thousand and One Nights
  Hermann Gmeiner, Austrian philanthropist and the founder of SOS Children's Villages
  Adam Griffith American football player from Poland
  Kaspar Hauser, German youth who claimed to have grown up in the total isolation of a darkened cell
  Rudolf Höss, Nazi German SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and the longest-serving commandant of Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp in World War II
  Wilhelm Keitel, German field marshal who served as chief of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, the OKW) for most of World War II
  Otto Lilienthal, German pioneer of aviation
  Luigi Lucheni, Italian anarchist who assassinated the Austrian Empress, Elisabeth
  Louis Philippe II, Colonel General (France) and member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon
  Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer
  John McDouall Stuart, Scottish explorer and one of the most accomplished of all Australia's inland explorers
  Erich Mielke, head of the East German Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatsicherheit), better known as the Stasi
  Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
  Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, British flag officer in the Royal Navy
  Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer
  Elisabeth Petznek, nicknamed "The Red Archduchess"
  Albert Pierrepoint, hangman in England
  Grigory Potemkin, Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman and favourite of Catherine the Great
  Joseph Priestley, English theologian, English Dissenters clergyman, multi-subject educator
  Grigori Rasputin, Russian peasant and mystical faith healer
  Johann Philipp Reis, German scientist and inventor, he constructed the first make-and-break telephone
  Salvatore Riina, chief of the Sicilian Mafia
  Hartmann Schedel, German physician, humanist, historian, and one of the first cartographers to use the printing press
  Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist
  Richard Sorge, Soviet military intelligence officer during World War II
  Valentina Tereshkova, Russian cosmonaut and the first woman to have flown in space
  Victor of Aveyron, French feral child
  Minik Wallace, Inuk anthropology subject
  Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian
  Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Field Marshal
caption: Horatio Nelson
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