page_title: Cardinals created by Pius XI
section_title: 16 December 1929
hierarchical_section_title: Cardinals created by Pius XI / 16 December 1929
caption_attribution_description: Cardinal MacRory (former Bishop of Down and Connor) pictured on his first official visit to Belfast. The quality of this photo is not good, but the contrasts of light and shade work, I think. This is an extract from the Irish Independent's solemn report on the Cardinal's visit to Belfast: &quot;Lasting monuments to his self-sacrificing work exist on every side, but that which his Eminence may well value more than anything else is the respect and affection of the people whose shepherd he was during a period of bitter persecution. Happily the days of the pogrom have passed, but not yet has the dawn of even-handed justice come to brighten the lot of the Northern Catholics ... Truly, as was said, it is a terrible thing that in a Christian country, even as in Russia, people should be made to suffer because of their religion.&quot; Date: 7 October 1930 NLI Ref.: &lt;a href="http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/IND_H_1411" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"&gt;IND_H_1411&lt;/a&gt;
context_page_description: In sixteen years, Pope Pius XI created 76 cardinals in 17 consistories. Though he created 18 cardinals at a consistory in 1935, he typically created very few cardinals at one time, holding small, frequent consistories, some of them less than six months apart. He held a consistory in 1929 to create just one cardinal, and created just two on eight occasions.
  Of his appointments to the College of Cardinals, 43 were Italians. He appeared to strive to maintain an equilibrium between Italians and non-Italians and two of his consistories produced an equal division between the two groups, in March 1924 and December 1927. Non-Italians formed a majority of the College for several months in 1925 and again from 1928 to 1933. This balance reflected concerns about the independence of the Holy See and Italy during Benedict's papacy, and their new relationship established with the Lateran Treaty in 1929.
  At its largest during his papacy, in December 1935, the College had 68 members, two short of the maximum size of 70 set by Pope Sixtus V in 1586. In 1927 he accepted a cardinal's resignation, the only one to occur in the 20th century.
context_section_description: In advance of this consistory, New York Times correspondent Arnaldo Coresi speculated whether Pius would restore an Italian majority in the College of Cardinals in deference to Italian sensibilities following the ratification of the Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See earlier in the year which the election of a non-Italian pope might disturb. The contrary argument was that creating a non-Italian majority in the College would demonstrate papal independence and allay fears that the Treaty gave Italy undue influence in Church affairs. Pius divided his appointments evenly: three from Italy, and one each from France, Ireland, and Portugal. The consistory left the Italians in the minority, with 30 out of 63 members.
  Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira (1888–1977)
  Eugenio Pacelli (1876–1958) (Pope Pius XII; 1939–1958)
  Luigi Lavitrano (1874–1950)
  Carlo Minoretti (1861–1938)
  Joseph MacRory (1861–1945)
  Jean Verdier (1864–1940)
caption: Joseph MacRory (1861–1945), made a cardinal on 16 December 1929.
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