page_title: Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies
section_title: Establishment
hierarchical_section_title: Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies / Establishment
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Muskatnussbaum. A blühender Zweig mit männlichen Blüthen, nat. Grösse; 1 Staubgefässsäule mit Staubgefässen, vergrössert (stimmt mit der Zeichnung in Hayne, jedoch nicht mit Bâillon in der Beschreibung überein); 2 dieselbe im Längsschnitt, desgl.; 3 dieselbe im Querschnitt, desgl.; 4 Pollen, desgl.; 5 weibliche Blüthe, desgl.; 6 Stempel im Längsschnitt, desgl.; 7 Frucht mit der aufgesprungenen fleischigen Hülle, natürl. Grösse; 8 dieselbe mit halbirter Hülle, desgl.; 9 Nuss mit Arillus, desgl.; 10 dieselbe ohne Arillus, desgl.; 11 Nuss im Längsschnitt, desgl.; 12 Embryo, vergrössert. Latina: Myristica fragrans. Русский: Мускатник душистый. A — цветущая ветвь с мужскими цветками; 1 — тычиночная колонка с тычинками; 2 — то же в продольном разрезе; 3 — то же в поперечном разрезе; 4 — пыльца; 5 — женский цветок; 6 — пестик в продольном разрезе; 7 — плод с раскрывшейся оболочкой; 8 — то же с половинкой оболочки; 9 — семя (мускатный орех) с ариллусом (мускатным цветом); 10 — то же без ариллуса; 11 — семя в продольном разрезе; 12 — зародыш. English: Myristica fragrans illustration by Franz Eugen Köhler in Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
context_page_description: The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a colonial presence in the East Indies. Their quest to dominate the source of the lucrative spice trade in the early 16th century through the Portuguese East India Company, and their simultaneous Roman Catholic missionary efforts, saw the establishment of trading posts and forts, and a Portuguese cultural element that remains in modern-day Indonesia, although not nearly as strong as in neighbouring East Timor.
context_section_description: Europeans were making technological advances in the early 16th century; new found Portuguese expertise in navigation, shipbuilding and weaponry allowed them to make daring expeditions of exploration and expansion. Starting with the first exploratory expeditions sent from newly conquered Malacca in 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in the East Indies, and sought to dominate the sources of valuable spices and to extend their Roman Catholic missionary efforts. Initial Portuguese attempts to establish a coalition and peace treaty in 1522 with the West Javan Sunda Kingdom, failed due hostilities among indigenous kingdoms on Java. The Portuguese turned east to Moluccas, which comprised a varied collection of principalities and kingdoms that were occasionally at war with each other but maintained significant inter-island and international trade. Through both military conquest and alliance with local rulers, they established trading posts, forts, and missions in the Spice Islands, including Ternate, Ambon, and Solor. 
  The height of Portuguese missionary activities, however, came at the latter half of the 16th century, after the pace of their military conquest in the archipelago had stopped and their east Asian interest was shifting to Portuguese India, Portuguese Ceylon, Japan, Macau and China; and sugar in Brazil and the Atlantic slave trade in turn further distracted their efforts in the East Indies. In addition, the first European people that arrived in Northern Sulawesi was the Portuguese.
  Francisco Xavier supported and visited the Portuguese mission at Tolo on Halmahera. This was the first Catholic mission in the Moluccas. The mission began in 1534 when some chiefs from Morotai came to Ternate asking to be baptised. Simão Vaz, the vicar of Ternate, went to Tolo to found the mission.  The mission was the source of conflict between the Spanish, the Portuguese and Ternate. Simão Vaz was later murdered at Sao.
caption: The nutmeg plant is native to the Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to the Spice Islands.
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