page_title: Cardinals created by Pius XII
section_title: 18 February 1946
hierarchical_section_title: Cardinals created by Pius XII / 18 February 1946
caption_attribution_description: Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha (1897-1951)Русский: Кардинал-священник Адам Стефан Сапега с титулом церкви Санта-Франческа-Романа.
context_page_description: Pope Pius XII created 56 cardinals in two consistories. On both occasions Pius tried to bring the membership of the College of Cardinals to 70, the maximum established by Pope Sixtus V in 1586. The death of one cardinal meant his first consistory brought the College to 69 members, but his second consistory, through the prompt addition of another name after a cardinal-designate died, brought the number of cardinals to 70.
  Pius was elected in 1939 by a papal conclave in which 62 cardinals participated. The Second World War forced him to wait until 1946 to hold a consistory to create cardinals. He then waited seven years as the membership of the College fell to 46 before holding another consistory in 1953, and it had fallen to 55 when he died five and a half years later without holding another consistory.
  He named one cardinal who later became pope, Pope John XXIII.
context_section_description: On 23 December 1945, Pope Pius XII announced he would create 32 cardinals at a consistory on 18 February 1946. The new cardinals came from 19 countries, with the number in the College of Cardinals from the Western Hemisphere growing from three to fourteen. Countries with their first cardinal included Australia, Chile, China, and Cuba. Only four were Italian. It was one of the largest groups of cardinals created at one time. Pius discussed the 70-member maximum, noting that it did not control his appointments, but said that he would adhere to it because he was already naming so many new cardinals. He said: "we have been anxious that the greatest number of races and peoples should be represented, so that this creation may portray in a living manner the universality of the church." The size of the College had not been as high as 70–the maximum established on 3 December 1586 by Pope Sixtus V–since the eighteenth century. 
  With this consistory, Italians became a minority in the College of Cardinals. When it was announced they were expected to hold 28 of the 70 places. The death of Cardinal Pietro Boetto on 31 January at the age of 74 changed the outcome of the consistory to 27 Italians out of 69. As a symbolic recognition of the end of World War II, two of the new cardinals, Bernard Griffin from Great Britain and Konrad von Preysing of Germany embraced when they met on 12 February in the Vatican. Agagianian, just 50, became the youngest member of the College, though his patriarch's title gave him precedence ahead of other cardinals created at this consistory.
  The large number of new cardinals required moving the ceremony where the pope meets with the new cardinals from the papal apartments to the Hall of Benedictions, and for the public ceremony the papal throne was repositioned from the apse of St. Peter's Basilica to the steps of the Altar of Confession to allow for a larger crowd of spectators.  Three of the new cardinals were unable to attend the ceremonies on 18 February: Johannes de Jong and Jules-Géraud Saliège were unable to travel to Rome because of illness, and József Mindszenty was having problems obtaining a visa to travel from Hungary. Mindszenty arrived for the public ceremony on 21 February, but José María Caro and Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt were suffering from influenza. The next day, when the new cardinals received their rings, Juan Guevara was sick as well. Arteaga and Guevara received their insignia in a private ceremony with Pius on 28 February. Anticipating he would never be healthy enough to travel to Rome, de Jong received his biretta in Utrecht on 28 February as well. Finally, Caro and Saliège received their insignia from Pius on 17 May. By then the number of cardinals had fallen to 68 with the death of one of the new cardinals, John J. Glennon, on 9 March.
  Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian (1895–1971)
  John J. Glennon (1862–1946)
  Benedetto Aloisi Masella (1879–1970)
  Clemente Micara (1879–1965)
  Adam Stefan Sapieha (1867–1951)
  Edward Mooney (1882–1958)
  Jules-Géraud Saliège (1870–1956)
  James Charles McGuigan (1894–1974)
  Samuel Stritch (1887–1958)
  Agustín Parrado y García (1872–1946)
  Clément-Emile Roques (1880–1964)
  Johannes de Jong (1885–1955)
  Carlos Carmelo Vasconcellos Motta (1890–1982)
  Pierre Petit de Julleville (1876–1947)
  Norman Thomas Gilroy (1896–1977)
  Francis Spellman (1889–1967)
  José María Caro (1866–1958)
  Teódosio de Gouveia (1889–1962)
  Jaime de Barros Câmara (1894–1971)
  Enrique Pla y Deniel (1876–1968)
  Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt (1879–1963)
  Josef Frings (1887–1978)
  Juan Guevara (1882–1954)
  Bernard Griffin (1899–1956)
  Manuel Arce y Ochotorena (1879–1948)
  József Mindszenty (1892–1975)
  Ernesto Ruffini (1888–1967)
  Konrad von Preysing (1880–1950)
  Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878–1946)
  Antonio Caggiano (1889–1979)
  Thomas Tien Ken-sin (1890–1967)
  Giuseppe Bruno (1875–1954)
caption: Adam Stefan Sapieha (1867–1951)
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