page_title: Sultanate of Rum
section_title: Mongol conquest
hierarchical_section_title: Sultanate of Rum / History / Mongol conquest
caption_attribution_description: English: Map of the Seljuk Sultanate during the reign of Kayqubad I (1220-1237) showing the military campaigns, battles, captured towns, vassal states and sieges with dates. I used various sources: DOĞUŞTAN GÜNÜMÜZE BÜYÜK İSLAM TARİHİ ANADOLU TÜRK DEVLETLERİ 8. CİLT, ÇAĞ YAYINLARI, 1988, page 148, 282-297 The Cambridge History of Islam:, Cambridge University Press, 1977[1] Maps used: File:PonticKingdom.png
context_page_description: The Sultanate of Rûm Turkish: Türkiye Selçukluları) consisted of mainly Byzantine (Rûm) subjects ruled by mainly Turko-Persian Sunni Muslims, who had become established in parts of Anatolia recently conquered from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire by the Seljuk Turks. The name Rûm was a synonym for Eastern Romans, that is the Byzantine Greeks, as it remains in modern Turkish. It derives from the Arabic name for ancient Rome, الرُّومُ ar-Rūm, itself a loan from Koine Greek Ῥωμαῖοι, "Romans, citizens of the Eastern Roman Empire".
  The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Great Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutulmish in 1077, just six years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia were conquered at the Battle of Manzikert (1071). It had its capital first at İznik and then at Konya. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached Lake Van. Trade through Anatolia from Iran and Central Asia was developed by a system of caravanserai. Especially strong trade ties with the Genoese formed during this period.
context_section_description: Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around Diyarbakır, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named Baba Ishak. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding Mongols. The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by Baiju in the Battle of Köse Dağ (a mountain between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan), and the Seljuk Turks were forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals. The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the 1243 battle, where he died in 1246, his death starting a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260.
  The Seljuk realm was divided among Kaykhusraw's three sons. The eldest, Kaykaus II (1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river Kızılırmak. His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) and Kayqubad II (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near Aksaray and all of Anatolia became officially subject to Möngke Khan. In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and Kaykhusraw III (1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.
caption: The sultanate expanded towards the east during the reign of Kayqubad I.
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