page_title: History of Trier
section_title: Modern age
hierarchical_section_title: History of Trier / Modern age
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Stadtansicht von Trier aus Thesaurus philopoliticus (1625) von Daniel Meisner, Kupferstich von Eberhard Kieser. Das Bild zeigt eine Stadtansicht von Trier, im Vordergrund eine antike Säule mit einer Waage und Symbolen um das lateinische Wort „liber“: die Waage (libra), in der linken Waagschale Bücher (libri), in der rechten Kinder (liberi), auf der Säule ein Hut, seit alters her Symbol für die Freiheit (liber&#160;=&#160;frei), zwei Ehepaare links und rechts, die auf die Säule zeigen, der heilige Petrus, Stadtpatron von Trier, im Wappenschild. Maße: 97&#160;mm&#160;×&#160;149&#160;mm. English: View of Trier from Thesaurus philopoliticus (1625) by Daniel Meisner, copperplate print by Eberhard Kieser. The image shows a view of Trier, in the foreground an antique column with a pair of scales and symbols around the Latin word "liber": scales (libra), in the left scalepan books (libri), in the right one children (liberi), on top a hat, since ancient times a symbol of liberty (liber&#160;=&#160;free), two married couples, left and right, pointing at the column, Saint Peter, patron of the city, in heraldic shield. Size: 97&#160;mm&#160;×&#160;149&#160;mm. Français&#160;: Vue de la ville de Trèves d'après Thesaurus philopoliticus (1625) de Daniel Meisner, gravure sur cuivre d'Eberhard Kieser. L'image montre une vue de la ville de Trèves, au premier plan une colonne antique avec une balance et des symboles autour du mot latin "liber", la balance (libra), dans le plateau de gauche des livres (libri), dans le plateau de droite des enfants (liberi), sur la colonne un chapeau, depuis toujours symbole de liberté, deux couples mariés à droite et à gauche, montrant la colonne, Saint Pierre, patron de Trèves, sur un blason. Dimensions&#160;: 97&#160;mm&#160;×&#160;149&#160;mm. Polski: Widok Trewiru na&#160;rycinie z&#160;dzieła Thesaurus philopoliticus z&#160;1625 roku autorstwa Daniela Meisnera odbitej z&#160;miedziorytu Eberharda Kiesera. Rycina przedstawia panoramę Trewiru w&#160;tle, a&#160;na&#160;pierwszym planie zabytkową kolumnę z&#160;wagą i&#160;symbolami powiązanymi z&#160;łacińskim wyrazem liber: wagę (libra), na&#160;lewej szali książki (libri), na&#160;prawej dzieci (liberi), na&#160;szczycie kolumny kapelusz, od&#160;czasów starożytnych symbol wolności (liber – wolny), ponadto dwa małżeństwa wskazujące na&#160;kolumnę oraz, na&#160;tarczy herbowej, św.&#160;Piotra, patrona miasta. Wymiary: 97&#160;mm&#160;×&#160;149&#160;mm. Daniel Meisner &#160;(1585&#8211;1625)&#160;&#160;&#160;Alternative names Daniel MeissnerDescriptionGerman poet and editorDate of birth/death 1585&#160; 11 March 1625&#160;Location of birth/death Chomutov Frankfurt am MainWork location Frankfurt am Main&#160;Authority control : Q118141 VIAF:&#8201;72281467 ISNI:&#8201;0000 0001 2212 3982 ULAN:&#8201;500056554 LCCN:&#8201;n88271729 Open Library:&#8201;OL1988090A WorldCat creator QS:P170,Q118141 Eberhard Kieser &#160;(1583&#8211;1631)&#160;&#160;DescriptionGerman engraver and editorDate of birth/death 2 December 1583&#160; November 1631 / 22 November 1631&#160;Location of birth/death Kastellaun Frankfurt am MainWork location Frankfurt am Main&#160;Authority control : Q1279150 VIAF:&#8201;34728682 ISNI:&#8201;0000 0000 2669 1541 LCCN:&#8201;no2008054013 GND:&#8201;122949722 SUDOC:&#8201;151771286 WorldCat creator QS:P170,Q1279150 Čeština: Ilustrace z knihy Thesaurus philopoliticus (1625) znázorňující německé město Trevír (Trier). Español: Ilustrace z knihy Thesaurus philopoliticus (1625) znázorňující německé město Trevír (Trier). Magyar: Ilustrace z knihy Thesaurus philopoliticus (1625) znázorňující německé město Trevír (Trier). 한국어: 테자우루스 필로폴리티쿠스 소장품의 트리에르 풍경. 다니엘 마이스너 제작, 에벤하르트 키제르의 동판 인쇄. 이 그림은 트리에르의 풍경을 보여주는데, 전경에는 큰 저울과 함께 골동품 기둥과 라틴어 "liber" 주위로 상징들이 있다.&#160;: 저울 (libra), 왼쪽 저울 접시에 책들 (libri), 오른쪽 접시에 아이들 (liberi), 꼭대기에 고대로부터의 자유의 상징인 모자, 양쪽에서 기둥을 가리키는 두 부부, 문장의 방패 안에 도시의 보호자 성 베드로. Македонски: Поглед на градот Трир на бакрорез од делото Thesaurus philopoliticus (1625) на Даниел Мајснер. Эрзянь: Тезаурус филологической Триерэнь видэсь (1625 иестэ) Даниель Мейснер эйстэ. Nederlands: Gezicht op Trier uit de 17e-eeuwse Thesaurus philopoliticus Português: Widok Trewiru na&#160;rycinie z&#160;dzieła Thesaurus philopoliticus z&#160;1625 roku autorstwa Daniela Meisnera odbitej z&#160;miedziorytu Eberharda Kiesera. Rycina przedstawia panoramę Trewiru w&#160;tle, a&#160;na&#160;pierwszym planie zabytkową kolumnę z&#160;wagą i&#160;symbolami powiązanymi z&#160;łacińskim wyrazem liber: wagę (libra), na&#160;lewej szali książki (libri), na&#160;prawej dzieci (liberi), na&#160;szczycie kolumny kapelusz, od&#160;czasów starożytnych symbol wolności (liber – wolny), ponadto dwa małżeństwa wskazujące na&#160;kolumnę oraz, na&#160;tarczy herbowej, św.&#160;Piotra, patrona miasta.
context_page_description: Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate, whose history dates to the Roman Empire, is often claimed to be the oldest city in Germany. Traditionally it was known in English by its French name of Treves.
context_section_description: In 1473, Emperor Frederick III and Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy convened in Trier. In this same year, the University of Trier was founded in the city.
  From 1581 until 1593, intense witch persecutions, involving nobility as well as commoners, abounded throughout this region, leading to mass executions of hundreds of people.
  In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residences to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz.
  A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles was definitively established.
  With the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), more than two centuries of warfare began for Trier. It was occupied several times by French troops. They besieged and occupied Trier in 1632, 1645, 1673 (the French Army stayed until 1675 and destroyed all churches, abbeys and settlements in front of the city walls for military reasons; the city itself was heavily fortified).
  In 1684, with the War of the Reunions, an era of French expansion began. Trier was again captured in 1684; all walls and fortresses were destroyed this time. After Trier and its associated electorate were yet again taken during the War of Palatinate Succession in 1688, many cities in the electorate were systematically destroyed in 1689 by the French Army. Nearly all castles were blown up and the only bridge across the Moselle in Trier was burnt. King Louis XIV of France personally issued the order for these acts of destruction but also gave the command to spare the city of Trier. As the French Army retreated in 1698, it left a starving city without walls and only 2,500 inhabitants.
  During the War of the Spanish Succession in 1702, Trier was occupied again by a French army. In 1704-05 an allied British-Dutch army commanded by the Duke of Marlborough passed Trier on its way to France. When the campaign failed, the French came back to Trier in 1705 and stayed until 1714. After a short period of peace, the War of the Polish Succession started in 1734; the following year Trier was again occupied by the French, who stayed until 1737. The last Prince-Elector, Clement Wenceslaus of Saxony, relocated to Koblenz in 1786. In August 1794, French Republican troops took Trier. This date marked the end of the era of the old electorate. Churches, abbeys and clerical possessions were sold or the buildings put to practical use, such as stables.
  With the peace treaties of Basel and Campo Formio in 1797, German hegemonic powers Prussia and Austria ceded all German territories on the left bank of the Rhine river to France. Trier became a de facto French city. The University of Trier was dissolved in the same year. In 1798, it became the capital of the newly founded French Département de la Sarre. With the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, Trier became also a de jure French city. In 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte signed a concordate with Pope Pius VII, thus stopping defamations of clerics and making Trier a diocese. Its territory was identical with the Département de la Sarre, much smaller than the Archbishopric of Trier had been until 1794. In 1802, the Frenchman Charles Mannay became first bishop of the new founded diocese and, in 1803, the first Holy Mass since 1794 was celebrated in the Cathedral of Trier. Emperor Napoleon visited Trier in 1804. In this time, French Trier began to prosper.
  In 1814, the French era ended suddenly as Trier was taken by Prussian troops. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Franco-German borders of 1792 were restored in the 1814 and 1815 Paris peace treaties. The city was proclaimed part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815 and made part of the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, with six administrative districts. Trier became seat of one these district administrations, the Regierungsbezirk Trier. Because of the new political situation and the new customs frontiers in the West, the economy of Trier began a steady decline that was to last until 1840. The Province of the Lower Rhine was merged into the Rhine Province in 1822.
  The influential philosopher and revoluti
caption: Engraving of Trier by Eberhard Kieser, from the Thesaurus philopoliticus (1625) by Daniel Meisner
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