page_title: Copenhagen Consensus
section_title: Challenges
hierarchical_section_title: Copenhagen Consensus / Copenhagen Consensus 2004 / Challenges
caption_attribution_description: English: Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 budding (in green) from cultured lymphocyte. This image has been colored to highlight important features; see PHIL 1197 for original black and white view of this image. Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions. Español: Microfotografía con MEB de VIH-1 en liberación (en verde) en un cultivo de linfocitos. Esta imagen ha sido coloreada para resaltar las características importantes; para la imagen original en blanco y negro véase PHIL 1197. Las múltiples protuberancias redondeadas sobre la superficie celular representa los sitios de ensamblado y gemación de viriones. Français&#160;: Virus HIV fixé sur un lymphocyte vu en microscopie électronique (fausses couleurs, le VIH est en vert). Bahasa Indonesia: HIV yang baru memperbanyak diri tampak bermunculan sebagai bulatan-bulatan kecil (diwarnai hijau) pada permukaan limfosit setelah menyerang sel tersebut; dilihat dengan mikroskop elektron. Русский: Фотография, полученная с помощью сканирующего электронного микроскопа. Вирусы ВИЧ (зелёные) отпочковываются от заражённого лимфоцита. Фотография была раскрашена с целью подчеркнуть важные детали; см. исходную чёрно-белую версию ниже. Многочисленные круглые выпуклости на поверхности клетки являются местами сборки и отпочковывания вирионов. Български: Вирусът ХИВ (в зелено) разспространяващ се от вече заразен лимфоцит. Polski: Fotografia wykonana skaningowym mikroskopem elektronowym - przedstawia wirusy (kolor zielony) wydostających się z limfocytu.
context_page_description: Copenhagen Consensus is a project that seeks to establish priorities for advancing global welfare using methodologies based on the theory of welfare economics, using cost–benefit analysis. It was conceived and organized by Bjørn Lomborg, the author of The Skeptical Environmentalist and the then director of the Danish government's Environmental Assessment Institute.
  The project is run by the Copenhagen Consensus Center, which is directed by Lomborg and was part of the Copenhagen Business School, but it is now an independent 501 non-profit organisation registered in the USA. The project considers possible solutions to a wide range of problems, presented by experts in each field. These are evaluated and ranked by a panel of economists. The emphasis is on rational prioritization by economic analysis. The panel is given an arbitrary budget constraint and instructed to use cost–benefit analysis to focus on a bottom line approach in solving/ranking presented problems. The approach is justified as a corrective to standard practice in international development, where, it is alleged, media attention and the "court of public opinion" results in priorities that are often far from optimal.
context_section_description: Below is a list of the 10 challenge areas and the author of the paper on each. Within each challenge, 3–4 opportunities (proposals) were analyzed:
  Communicable diseases (Anne Mills)
  Conflicts (Paul Collier)
  Education (Lant Pritchett)
  Financial instability (Barry Eichengreen)
  Global Warming sometimes also called Climate change (William R. Cline)
  Government and corruption (Susan Rose-Ackerman)
  Malnutrition and hunger (Jere Behrman)
  Population: migration (Phillip L. Martin)
  Sanitation and water (Frank Rijsberman)
  Subsidies and trade barriers (Kym Anderson)
caption: Preventing spread of HIV
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