page_title: Austria
section_title: 19th century
hierarchical_section_title: Austria / History / 19th century
caption_attribution_description: descriptive numbers: 1. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (UK) 2. Joaquim Lobo da Silveira (Portugal) 3. António de Saldanha da Gama (Portugal) 4. Count Carl Löwenhielm (Sweden) 5. Jean-Louis-Paul-François, 5th Duke of Noailles (France) 6. Prince Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich (Austria) 7. Frédéric-Séraphin de La Tour du Pin Gouvernet (France) 8. Count Karl Robert Nesselrode (Russia) 9. Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Count, 1st Marquess and 1st Duke de Palmela (Portugal) 10. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh (UK) 11. Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg (France) 12. Baron Johann von Wessenberg-Ampringen (Austria) 13. Prince Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky (Russia) 14. Charles Stewart, 1st Baron Stewart (UK) 15. Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador (Spain) 16. Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty (UK) 17. Nikolaus von Wacken (Recorder) (Österreichischer Staatskanzleirat, Freiherr 1823) 18. Friedrich von Gentz (Congress Secretary) 19. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (Prussia) 20. William Schaw Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart (UK) 21. Prince Karl August von Hardenberg (Prussia) 22. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, 1st Sovereign Prince de Bénévent (France) 23. Count Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg (Russia)
context_page_description: Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states, one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and its largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest; the Czech Republic to the north; Slovakia to the northeast; Hungary to the east; Slovenia and Italy to the south; and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km² and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.
  Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy. In the 16th century, Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg – one of the most influential royal dynasties in history. As an archduchy, it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire.
context_section_description: Austria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the Empire of Austria was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars.
  It emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised great power. The same year, the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the 1848 revolutions aiming to create a unified Germany.
  The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a Greater Germany, or a Greater Austria or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the German Empire of 1848, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the Battle of Königgrätz, Austria had to leave the German Confederation and no longer took part in German politics.
  The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Ausgleich, provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various Slavic groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities.
  As a result, ruling Austria–Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: for example, the Reichsgesetzblatt, publishing the laws and ordinances of Cisleithania, was issued in eight languages; and all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices.
  Many Austrians of all different social circles such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer promoted strong pan-Germanism in hope of reinforcing an ethnic German identity and the annexation of Austria to Germany. Some Austrians such as Karl Lueger also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor William I, in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours (black, red, and yellow), although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire.
  Austria's exclusion from Germany caused many Austrians a problem with their national identity and prompted the Social Democratic Leader Otto Bauer to state that it was "the conflict between our Austrian and German character". The Austro-Hungarian Empire caused ethnic tension between the German Austrians and the other ethnic groups. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired a reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse, which would allow an annexation of Austria with Germany.
  A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president Kasimir Count Badeni's language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that th
caption: The Congress of Vienna met in 1814–15. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
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