page_title: Space medicine
section_title: Radiation effects
hierarchical_section_title: Space medicine / Effects of space-travel / Radiation effects
caption_attribution_description: English: PIA17601: Radiation Exposure Comparisons with Mars Trip Calculation 12.09.2013 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=5771 Measurements with the MSL Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover during the flight to Mars and now on the surface of Mars enable an estimate of the radiation astronauts would be exposed to on an expedition to Mars. NASA reference missions reckon with durations of 180 days for the trip to Mars, a 500-day stay on Mars, and another 180-day trip back to Earth. RAD measurements inside shielding provided by the spacecraft show that such a mission would result in a radiation exposure of about 1 sievert, with roughly equal contributions from the three stages of the expedition. A Sievert is a measurement unit of radiation exposure to biological tissue. This graphic shows the estimated amounts for humans on a Mars mission and amounts for some other activities. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project and the mission's Curiosity rover for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The rover was designed and assembled at JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. More information about Curiosity is online at http://www.nasa.gov/msl and http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/. Русский: Оценка дозы радиационного излучения, которому подвергнется экипаж потенциальной экспедиции на Марс по схеме "180 дней перелёта + 500 дней на Марсе + 180 дней обратного перелёта на Землю", по результатам измерений детектора оценки радиации на борту марсохода "Curiosity". Крайняя справа колонка - доза облучения за 500 дней нахождения на Марсе, предпоследняя - за время перелёта. Для сравнения показаны (слева направо): средний радиационный фон на Земле на уровне моря, среднегодовой по США фон от различных источников, доза облучения при компьютерной томографии брюшной полости, максимально безопасная норма для работников Министерства энергетики США, средняя доза, получаемая за полгода работы на МКС.
context_page_description: Space medicine is the practice of medicine on astronauts in outer space whereas astronautical hygiene is the application of science and technology to the prevention or control of exposure to the hazards that may cause astronaut ill health. Both these sciences work together to ensure that astronauts work in a safe environment. The main objective is to discover how well and for how long people can survive the extreme conditions in space, and how fast they can adapt to the Earth's environment after returning from their voyage. Medical consequences such as possible blindness and bone loss have been associated with human spaceflight.
  In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars.
context_section_description: Soviet cosmonaut Valentin Lebedev, who spent 211 days in orbit during 1982 (an absolute record for  stay in Earth's orbit), lost his eyesight to progressive cataract. Lebedev stated: “I suffered from a lot of radiation in space. It was all concealed back then, during the Soviet years, but now I can say that I caused damage to my health because of that flight.” On 31 May 2013, NASA scientists reported that a possible human mission to Mars may involve a great radiation risk based on the amount of energetic particle radiation detected by the RAD on the Mars Science Laboratory while traveling from the Earth to Mars in 2011–2012.
caption: Comparison of Radiation Doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the RAD on the MSL (2011–2013).[61][62][63][64]
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