page_title: Cenomanian
section_title: Theropoda
hierarchical_section_title: Cenomanian / Palaeontology / Theropoda
caption_attribution_description: Spinosaurus skull restoration, • Based on the 2005 Del Sasso reconstruction. Which in turn is based on specimins MSNM V4047 (a 998 mm snoat), IPHG 1912 VIII 19 (the front half of the lower jaw), and UCPC-2 (the crest). Rear parts of the skull based on Irritator and other spinosaurs.&#91;1&#93; • • Skin is not yet known for Spinosaurus. However, other large theropods with skin impressions have, until recently, shown typical dinosaurian scales. (Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 1997 Philip J. Currie, Kevin Padian) The skin details in this image are speculative but have been based loosely on what is known in Carnotaurus&#91;2&#93;. In 2011 Sciurumimus was described which shows a fuzzy body covering, some analysis have found it to be a magalosauroid, the same group that Spinosaurus belongs to. &#91;3&#93;. In 2012 Yutyrannus was described, it showed that large theropods could have been covered in feathers &#91;4&#93;. Other recent discoveries have suggested that the origin of feathers are further back in the dinosaur family tree and may even predate dinosaurs. These discoveries suggest that it is entirely possible that Spinosaurus could have also have feathers covering its body. • The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative. NOTE: I often update my images. If you want to have any of my images on a website, please (if possible) don’t host/save it to the website server. I’d prefer it if the image's Wikimedia URL is used. This means that if I update an image, it will be updated on the site as well. Thanks. References ↑ dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Buffetaut, E.; and Mendez, M.A.&#32;(2005).&#32;"New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod Spinosaurus, with remarks on its sizes and affinities". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology&#32;25&#32;(4): 888–896. DOI:[0888:NIOTSO2.0.CO;2 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2]. ↑ Bonaparte, José F.; Novas, Fernando E.; Coria, Rodolfo A.&#32;(1990).&#32;"Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia". Contributions in Science&#32;416.&#32;Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. ↑ Rauhut, O.W.M.; Foth, C.; Tischlinger, H.; and Norell, M.A.&#32;(2011).&#32;"doi=10.1073 Exceptionally preserved juvenile megalosauroid theropod dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Late Jurassic of Germany". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&#32;109&#32;(29): 11746–11751. ↑ &#32;(2012).&#32;"A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China"&#32;(PDF). Nature&#32;484: 92–95. DOI:10.1038/nature10906. PMID 22481363.
context_page_description: The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the stratigraphic column deposited during the corresponding age. Both age and stage bear the same name.
  As a unit of geologic time measure, the Cenomanian age spans the time between 100.5 ± 0.9 and 93.9 ± 0.8 million years ago. In the geologic timescale, it is preceded by the Albian and is followed by the Turonian. The Upper Cenomanian starts around at 95 Mya.
  The Cenomanian is coeval with the Woodbinian of the regional timescale of the Gulf of Mexico and the early part of the Eaglefordian of the regional timescale of the East Coast of the United States.
  At the end of the Cenomanian, an anoxic event took place, called the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the "Bonarelli event", that is associated with a minor extinction event for marine species.
caption: Spinosaurus
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