page_title: Samarium(II) iodide
section_title: Organic chemistry
hierarchical_section_title: Samarium(II) iodide / Reactions / Organic chemistry
caption_attribution_description: English: Two examples of use of samarium(II) iodide|samarium(II) iodide for removal of tosyl groups to produce amines. From Ankner T, Hilmersson G. "Instantaneous Deprotection of Tosylamides and Esters with SmI2/Amine/Water", Organic Letters, 2009, 11, 503–506. doi:10.1021/ol802243d
context_page_description: Samarium(II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula SmI₂. When employed as a solution for organic synthesis, it is known as Kagan's reagent. SmI₂ is a green solid and its solutions are green as well. It is a strong one-electron reducing agent that is used in organic synthesis.
context_section_description: Samarium(II) iodide is a reagent for carbon-carbon bond formation, for example in a Barbier reaction (similar to the Grignard reaction) between a ketone and an alkyl iodide to form a tertiary alcohol:
  R¹I + R²COR³ → R¹R²C(OH)R³
  Typical reaction conditions use SmI₂ in THF in the presence of catalytic NiI₂.
  Esters react similarly (adding two R groups), but aldehydes give by-products. The reaction is convenient in that it is often very rapid (5 minutes or less in the cold). Although samarium(II) iodide is considered a powerful single-electron reducing agent, it does display remarkable chemoselectivity among functional groups. For example, sulfones and sulfoxides can be reduced to the corresponding sulfide in the presence of a variety of carbonyl-containing functionalities (such as esters, ketones, amides, aldehydes, etc.). This is presumably due to the considerably slower reaction with carbonyls as compared to sulfones and sulfoxides. Furthermore, hydrodehalogenation of halogenated hydrocarbons to the corresponding hydrocarbon compound can be achieved using samarium(II) iodide. Also, it can be monitored by the color change that occurs as the dark blue color of SmI₂ in THF discharges to a light yellow once the reaction has occurred. The picture shows the dark colour disappearing immediately upon contact with the Barbier reaction mixture.
  Work-up is with dilute hydrochloric acid, and the samarium is removed as aqueous Sm³⁺.
  Carbonyl compounds can also be coupled with simple alkenes to form five, six or eight membered rings.
  Tosyl groups can be removed from N-tosylamides almost instantaneously, using SmI₂ in conjunction with a base.  The reaction is even effective for the synthesis of sensitive amines such as aziridines:
   
  In the Markó-Lam deoxygenation, an alcohol could be almost instantaneously deoxygenated by reducing their toluate ester in presence of SmI₂.
   
  The applications of SmI₂ have been reviewed. The book Organic Synthesis Using Samarium Diiodide, published in 2009, gives a detailed overview of reactions mediated by SmI₂.
caption: Removal of a tosyl group from an N-tosylamide using SmI2
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