page_title: Fort d'Issy
section_title: Eco-district
hierarchical_section_title: Fort d'Issy / Eco-district
caption_attribution_description: Japanese garden @ Fort d'Issy-les-Moulineaux Français&#160;: Le fort d'Issy, un des seize forts détachés de l'enceinte de Thiers qui protégeaient Paris durant la seconde moitié du xixe siècle, situé à Issy-les-Moulineaux, dans les Hauts-de-Seine, à 3,9 km au sud du mur d'octroi.
context_page_description: Fort d'Issy was one of the fortifications of the city of Paris, France, built between 1841 and 1845.
  It was one of six forts built to the south of the main wall around the city.
  The fort was placed too close to the city to be effective, and had a poor design that did not take into account recent experience of siege warfare.
  It was quickly silenced during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71.
  After the armistice of February 1871 the fort was defended by National Guards of the Paris Commune against the French regular army in April–May 1871.
  The defense was irresolute and the fort was soon occupied.
  Today the site of the fort is an "eco-district", an ecologically friendly residential area.
context_section_description: The fort was returned to civilian use in 2009, and the town began a major project to build a "digital eco-district".
  The eco-district was completed in 2013.
  It contains 1,623 dwellings of which 330 are social housing, a 3,267 square metres (35,170 sq ft) bowling alley, 2,300 square metres (25,000 sq ft) of shops and public facilities, two schools, a swimming pool and a multi-use space, Le Temps des Cerises .
  The buildings are surrounded by trees, walks, squares and playgrounds.
  An underground network is used for waste collection.
  The buildings are rated BBC (Bâtiment Basse Consommation: Low Consumption Building) and use thermal insulation and renewable geothermal heat to minimise CO₂ emissions.
  The complex uses a geothermal heat network with two wells over 600 metres (2,000 ft) deep that reach the Early Cretaceous Albian aquifer.
  The Albian has a temperature of 28 °C (82 °F), which is ideal for low-temperature heat networks like that of Fort d'Issy.
  One well, almost 650 metres (2,130 ft) deep, is used to pump up the water to a heat exchange substation.
  The water, now with a temperature of about 13 °C (55 °F), is returned in full to the aquifer by a well 635 metres (2,083 ft) deep.
  The two wells are 580 metres (1,900 ft) apart at their feet to avoid thermal recycling, and the system is sealed to prevent any contamination of the water.
  Within the buildings heat pumps deliver water at 35 °C (95 °F) to heat the floors and hot tap water at 60 °C (140 °F).
caption: Japanese garden in the eco-district
exif: {"Image ImageDescription": "", "Image Make": "SONY", "Image Model": "DSC-RX100M3", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "350", "Image YResolution": "350", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "DSC-RX100M3 v1.20", "Image DateTime": "2017:06:05 14:12:31", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "Image ExifOffset": "290", "Image PrintIM": "[80, 114, 105, 110, 116, 73, 77, 0, 48, 51, 48, 48, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail ImageDescription": "", "Thumbnail Make": "SONY", "Thumbnail Model": "DSC-RX100M3", "Thumbnail Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail Software": "DSC-RX100M3 v1.20", "Thumbnail DateTime": "2017:06:05 14:12:31", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "31948", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "13148", "Thumbnail YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/500", "EXIF FNumber": "28/5", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Program Normal", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "125", "EXIF SensitivityType": "Recommended Exposure Index", "EXIF RecommendedExposureIndex": "125", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0230", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2017:06:05 14:12:31", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2017:06:05 14:12:31", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF CompressedBitsPerPixel": "3", "EXIF BrightnessValue": "797/80", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "217/128", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF LightSource": "Unknown", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "44/5", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "5472", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "3648", "Interoperability InteroperabilityIndex": "R98", "Interoperability InteroperabilityVersion": "[48, 49, 48, 48]", "EXIF InteroperabilityOffset": "31652", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF SceneType": "Directly Photographed", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "1", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "24", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF Contrast": "Normal", "EXIF Saturation": "Normal", "EXIF Sharpness": "Normal", "EXIF LensSpecification": "[44/5, 257/10, 9/5, 14/5]"}