page_title: Giuseppe Garibaldi
section_title: Expedition against Rome
hierarchical_section_title: Giuseppe Garibaldi / Biography / Expedition against Rome
caption_attribution_description: English: Caption: ITALY - CIRCA 2002: Garibaldi after being wounded on the Aspromonte Massif. Italian Unification (Risorgimento), Italy, 19th century. (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images) Date created: 01 Jan 2002 Editorial image #: 150611802 Restrictions: Contact your local office for all commercial or promotional uses. Licence type: Rights-managed Photographer: DEA / A. DE GREGORIO/Contributor Collection: De Agostini Credit: De Agostini/Getty Images Max file size/dimensions/dpi: 27.4 MB - 2480 x 3866 px (21.00 x 32.73 cm) - 300 dpi Download file size may vary. Source: De Agostini Editorial Release information: Not released. More information Bar code: 10341984 Object name: 10341984 Keywords: Cast, People, Bed, History, Recovery, Healthcare And Medicine, Vertical, Looking At Camera, Full Length, Indoors, Patient, Lying, Italy, Traditionally Italian, Day, British Columbia, Hospital, Adult, Mature Adult, Injured, Two People, Only Mature Men, Only Men, Portrait, Photography, 19th Century Style, Garibaldi Park, Adults Only, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Arts Culture and Entertainment, Arts. Find similar images Availability: Availability for this image cannot be guaranteed until time of purchase
context_page_description: Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi was an Italian general, patriot and republican. He contributed to the Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy.
  He is considered to be one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.
  Garibaldi was a follower of the Italian nationalist Mazzini, and embraced the republican nationalism of the Young Italy movement. He became a supporter of Italian unification under a democratic Republican government. After participating in an uprising in Piedmont, he was sentenced to death, but escaped by sailing to South America; he spent 14 years in exile, taking part in several wars and learning the art of guerrilla warfare.
  In 1835, in Brazil, he took up the cause of the Riograndense Republic in its attempt to proclaim another republic within Santa Catarina, joining the rebels known as the Farrapos.
context_section_description: Garibaldi himself was intensely anti-Catholic and anti-papal. His efforts to overthrow the pope by military action mobilized anti-Catholic support. For example, there were major anti-Catholic riots in his name across Britain in 1862, with the Irish Catholics fighting in defense of their Church. Garibaldi's hostility to the Pope's temporal domain was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and the French emperor Napoleon III had guaranteed the independence of Rome from Italy by stationing a French garrison in Rome. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Rome and the Pope's seat there, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed he had the secret support of his government.
  In June 1862, he sailed from Genoa to Palermo to gather volunteers for the impending campaign, under the slogan Roma o Morte (Rome or Death). An enthusiastic party quickly joined him, and he turned for Messina, hoping to cross to the mainland there. He arrived with a force of around two thousand, but the garrison proved loyal to the king's instructions and barred his passage. They turned south and set sail from Catania, where Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at Melito on 14 August, and marched at once into the Calabrian mountains.
  Far from supporting this endeavor, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General Enrico Cialdini dispatched a division of the regular army, under Colonel Emilio Pallavicini, against the volunteer bands. On 28 August, the two forces met in the rugged Aspromonte. One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, killing a few of the volunteers. The fighting ended quickly, as Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy. Many of the volunteers were taken prisoner, including Garibaldi, who had been wounded by a shot in the foot. The episode was the origin of a famous Italian nursery rhyme: Garibaldi fu ferito ("Garibaldi was wounded").
  A government steamer took him to a prison at Varignano near La Spezia, where he was held in a sort of honorable imprisonment and underwent a tedious and painful operation to heal his wound. His venture had failed, but he was consoled by Europe's sympathy and continued interest. A historian of the American Civil War, Don H. Doyle wrote that the distraction created by Garibaldi's wounding, followed by his unequivocal endorsement of the Union cause, was as important as Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in preserving outside neutrality in the American conflict—thus significantly aiding the Northern cause. After he regained his health, the government released Garibaldi and let him return to Caprera.
  En route to London in 1864 he stopped briefly in Malta, where many admirers visited him in his hotel. Protests by opponents of his anticlericalism were suppressed by the authorities. In London his presence was received with enthusiasm by the population. He met the British prime minister Viscount Palmerston, as well as revolutionaries then living in exile in the city. At that time, his ambitious international project included the liberation of a range of occupied nations, such as Croatia, Greece, and Hungary. He also visited Bedford and was given a tour of the Britannia Iron Works, where he planted a tree (which was cut down in 1944 due to decay).
caption: Garibaldi after being wounded on the Aspromonte Massif
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