page_title: Sleeping disorders following traumatic brain injury
section_title: Pharmacological treatments
hierarchical_section_title: Sleeping disorders following traumatic brain injury / Treatment / Pharmacological treatments
caption_attribution_description: English: phototherapy of neonate for jaundice മലയാളം: പ്രകാശ ചികിത്സയിലുള്ള നവജാതശിശു
context_page_description: Sleep disorder is a common repercussion of traumatic brain injury. It occurs in 30%-70% of the patients suffering from TBI. TBI can be distinguished into two categories, primary and secondary damage. Primary damage includes injuries of white matter, focal contusion, cerebral edema and hematomas, mostly occurring at the moment of the trauma. Secondary damage involves the damage of neurotransmitter release, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial dysfunctions and gene activation, occurring minutes to days following the trauma. Patients with sleeping disorders following TBI suffer specifically from insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, periodic limb movement disorder and hypersomnia. Furthermore, circadian sleep-wake disorders can occur after TBI.
context_section_description: Pharmacological treatments have to be administered carefully. Some medication is highly addictive and the resulting withdrawal syndromes cause even more sleep disturbances, e.g. Insomnia. Possible medications are Zopiclone and lorazepam, which have been proven effective in people with TBI. Also Benzodiazepine hypnotics, Benzodiazepine-receptor antagonists, antidepressants, psychostimulants  can be administered, especially in patients with insomnia. Some studies have shown negative effects of hypnotics, such as an increased risk of dementia. In patients with hypersomnia, Modafinil, Armodafinil, Methylphenidate and amphetamines are often used as a treatment for day time sleepiness. Medication should always be prescribed by an expert to make sure that the correct medicament is taken in an appropriate dose.
caption: Phototherapy
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