page_title: Passchier de Fijne
section_title: Biography
hierarchical_section_title: Passchier de Fijne / Biography
caption_attribution_description: Nederlands: Passchier de Fijne (1588-1667) prekend op het ijs van de Gouwe bij Gouda
context_page_description: Passchier de Fijne was a Netherlands pastor and writer. He was one of the first pastors of the Remonstrant Brotherhood. Because of his forbidden preaching on the ice of the river Gouwe at Gouda he was also called "the kingfisher".
context_section_description: De Fijne was a son of the cloth worker Paschier de Fijne and Maaike Couwerts who fled from the Southern Netherlands. Initially, he followed in his father's footsteps and became a cloth worker. He did not study at a theological faculty, but was trained in this profession by two pastors, among whom Cornelis Damman from Ouddorp.
  After having been examined by the Classis Brielle, he obtained permission to exercise the office of minister. However, he would first return to his native city of Leiden. There he developed sympathy for the supporters of the theologian Arminius in the early days of the Twelve Years Truce (1609–1621) and took sides with the Remonstrants.
  In 1611 he was appointed as a minister in Jaarsveld because of his Remonstrant disposition. During the synod of Dordrecht he refused to give up his views. He was expelled from the region, but went into hiding. He continued to preach on behalf of the Remonstrant Brotherhood, founded in 1619. Because preaching was forbidden to him by the government, he traveled in disguise across the country and preached in various shelters. In the winter, he preached on the ice of the Gouwe river near Gouda, for which he owes his nickname "the kingfisher". In Goudsche Onkatolijke kerkzaken this is described by Ignatius Walvis as follows:
  As it had frozen very strongly afterwards, he did the 19 of January [1620] a predicate at the end of the day, standing outside on the ice with a thin skirt and blue nose cloth around him. He was on an ice sledge, and the audience mostly on skate, on the Gouwe. At the conclusion of the sermon, he commanded to sing a psalm, and the sledge drove on with him. Then all the skates followed to Waddinxveen. The others stopped and sang the psalm. Because of that preaching on the ice, the Gouda Remonstrants called him the Kingfisher if they spoke of him and wanted to cover his name.
  In the vicinity of Gouda he was hunted by the bailiff and heretic hunter Anthony Cloots and in the vicinity of Leiden he was hunted by the bailiff Willem de Bont. In a raid by Cloots during an illegal church service of De Fijne, Cloots was so attacked by the churchgoers that he had little chance of success.
  De Fijne made contact with the Collegiants in Rijnsburg, a movement led by Elder Gijsbert van der Kodde. Attempts on his part to bring them to the Remonstrant Brotherhood were shipwrecked. After the death of Maurice of Orange in 1625, the climate for the Remonstrants gradually calmed down. After his period as a traveling preacher, he was confirmed in 1633 as a Remonstrant preacher in Haarlem.
  De Fijne wrote many books and pamphlets in which he defended the views of the Remonstrants. In his pamphlets he regularly used the dialogue as a means to highlight his views. In his polemic with the minister of The Hague Casper Streso he performed a peat farmer in conversation with a minister. For the Remonstrant foreman Eduard Poppius he wrote a preface to his posthumous 1625 Cort ende grondich bericht, directed against the Gomarists.
  De Fijne married Machtelt Jans Bouchout on February 19, 1612 in Leiden. He died in October 1667 at the age of 79 in Haarlem. He was buried in the Grote Kerk, Haarlem.
caption: Passchier de Fijne (the kingfishers) preaching on the ice of the Gouwe near Gouda
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