page_title: Translinear circuit
section_title: Squaring Circuit
hierarchical_section_title: Translinear circuit / Example Translinear Circuits / Squaring Circuit
caption_attribution_description: English: A biasing scheme for the alternating squaring circuit using diode connections and a feedback connection between the collector and emitter of the TE (EP connection).
context_page_description: A translinear circuit is a circuit that carries out its function using the translinear principle. These are current-mode circuits that can be made using transistors that obey an exponential current-voltage characteristic—this includes BJTs and CMOS transistors in weak inversion. Translinearity, in broad sense, is linear dependence of transconductance on current, which occurs in components with exponential current-voltage relationship.
context_section_description: According to TLP,
  .
  This means that  where  is the unit scaling current (i.e. the definition of unity for the circuit). This is effectively a squaring circuit where . This particular circuit is designed in what is known as an alternating topology, which means that CW TEs alternate with CCW TEs. Here's the same circuit in a stacked topology.
  
  
   
   
   
   
  The same equation applies to this circuit as to the alternating topology according to TLP. Neither of these circuits can be implemented in real life without biasing the transistors such that the currents expected to flow through them can actually do so. Here are some example biasing schemes:
caption: A biasing scheme for the alternating squaring circuit using diode connections and a feedback connection between the collector and emitter of the TE (EP connection).
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