page_title: New Latin
section_title: Diacritics
hierarchical_section_title: New Latin / Orthography / Diacritics
caption_attribution_description: English: This is page one of a collection of handwritten pages that were found in the binding of a copy of a Loci Communes that was published in Germany in 1595 by Theodosius Fabricius and printed by Paul Donat. The language is the Latin of the Renaissance (called "Neo-Latin") and uses many abbreviations and diacritical marks peculiar to that time. Although this page has not been translated, its subject matter appears to pertain to that of the Loci Communes.
context_page_description: New Latin
  was a revival in the use of Latin in original, scholarly, and scientific works between c. 1375 and c. 1900s. Modern scholarly and technical nomenclature, such as in zoological and botanical taxonomy and international scientific vocabulary, draws extensively from New Latin vocabulary. In such use, New Latin is subject to new word formation. As a language for full expression in prose or poetry, however, it is often distinguished from its successor, Contemporary Latin.
context_section_description: Three kinds of diacritic were in common use: the acute accent ´, the grave accent `, and the circumflex accent ˆ.  These were normally only marked on vowels (e.g. í, è, â); but see below regarding que.
  The acute accent marked a stressed syllable, but was usually confined to those where the stress was not in its normal position, as determined by vowel length and syllabic weight.  In practice, it was typically found on the vowel in the syllable immediately preceding a final clitic, particularly que "and", ve "or" and ne, a question marker; e.g. idémque "and the same (thing)". Some printers, however, put this acute accent over the q in the enclitic que, e.g. eorumq́ue "and their".  The acute accent fell out of favor by the 19th century.
  The grave accent had various uses, none related to pronunciation or stress.  It was always found on the preposition à (variant of ab "by" or "from") and likewise on the preposition è (variant of ex "from" or "out of").  It might also be found on the interjection ò "O". Most frequently, it was found on the last (or only) syllable of various adverbs and conjunctions, particularly those that might be confused with prepositions or with inflected forms of nouns, verbs, or adjectives.  Examples include certè "certainly", verò "but", primùm "at first", pòst "afterwards", cùm "when", adeò "so far, so much", unà "together", quàm "than".  In some texts the grave was found over the clitics such as que, in which case the acute accent did not appear before them.
  The circumflex accent represented metrical length (generally not distinctively pronounced in the New Latin period) and was chiefly found over an a representing an ablative singular case, e.g. eâdem formâ "with the same shape".  It might also be used to distinguish two words otherwise spelled identically, but distinct in vowel length; e.g. hîc "here" differentiated from hic "this", fugêre "they have fled" (=fūgērunt) distinguished from fugere "to flee", or senatûs "of the senate" distinct from senatus "the senate".  It might also be used for vowels arising from contraction, e.g. nôsti for novisti "you know", imperâsse for imperavisse "to have commanded", or dî for dei or dii.
caption: Handwriting in Latin from 1595
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