page_title: Political corruption
section_title: Involvement in organized crime
hierarchical_section_title: Political corruption / Types / Involvement in organized crime
caption_attribution_description: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, watched by Montenegrin Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic, puts the cap back on his pen after signing an Accession Protocol to continue Montenegro's admission to the North American Treaty Organization amid the biannual Foreign Ministerial Meetings on May 19, 2016, at NATO Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. [State Department photo/ Public Domain]
context_page_description: Political corruption or Malpolitics is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain.
  Forms of corruption vary, but can include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though it is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.
  Over time, corruption has been defined differently. For example, in a simple context, while performing work for a government or as a representative, it is unethical to accept a gift. Any free gift could be construed as a scheme to lure the recipient towards some biases. In most cases, the gift is seen as an intention to seek certain favors such as work promotion, tipping in order to win a contract, job or exemption from certain tasks in the case of junior worker handing in the gift to a senior employee who can be key in winning the favor.
context_section_description: An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from the 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed and safe .
  The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.
caption: Montenegro's president Milo Đukanović is often described as having strong links to Montenegrin mafia.[34]
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