page_title: Synaulia
section_title: The archeological-musical research work
hierarchical_section_title: Synaulia / The archeological-musical research work
caption_attribution_description: Italiano: Particolare del Trono Ludovisi: ragazza che suona l' aulòs o doppio flauto. VI sec. a.C., Roma, Museo Nazionale Romano
context_page_description: Synaulia is a team of musicians, archeologists, paleorganologists and choreographers dedicated to the application of their historical research to ancient music and dance, in particular to the ancient Etruscan and Roman periods.
context_section_description: In the absence of a system of musical notation for the period in question, the reconstruction and study of ancient musical expression was based on comparative studies of iconography, textual analysis, social studies and customs, also drawing from paleorganology, ethnomusicology, archeology and historiography.
  The richness of the iconographic documentation, the abundance of tested theories and numerous literary connections facilitated the study and reproduction of a wide range of antique musical instruments, helping to determine, among other points of interest, their melodic and harmonic possibilities and acoustic quality.
  Armed with this historical information, the group’s research was then subdivided into several main research branches.
  The first branch was dedicated to wind instruments. The research led to the reconstruction of instruments such as syrinx, fistulae, tibiae, cornu, tuba, bucina, iynx, and rhombus.
  The second branch dealt with string instruments: among others the lyra, cithara, sambuca, cordae and pandura were reconstructed.
  The Greeks and Romans did not invent string instruments, but rather improved and created variations on the existing ones. The first mentions of antique string instruments such as zithers, lyres and harps were documented in the area from the Nile to Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. The lyre in particular had an essential role in Greek-Roman life. The Greek lyre was a strongly symbolic instrument made of tortoise shell (representing the intermediate life between Sky and Earth), a piece of stretched leather (a symbol of sacrifice) and two horns to which the cords were affixed (representing the celestial Bull). This instrument represented a symbolic altar, uniting Sky with Earth.
  In many representations other instruments often accompany the string instruments. The most common duo is the lyrae et citarae drawn together by the Pan flute. Other frequently represented combinations are stringed instruments and tibiae, double instruments with reed and double flutes with the tympanum and other percussion instruments.
  The third branch was dedicated to percussion, and work was undertaken to reconstruct the tympanum, cymbal, scabillum, sistrum, rasum and other celebrated instruments from the late imperial period, the so-called “Golden Age” (aurea aetas).
caption: Ludovisi Throne: Woman playing aulòs or double flute (5th century BC, Rome, National Roman Museum)
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