page_title: Charles Webster Leonard
section_title: The Big Mill
hierarchical_section_title: Charles Webster Leonard / The Big Mill
caption_attribution_description: English: Holden-Leonard Mill Complex, Bennington Vermont This is an image of a place or building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States of America. Its reference number is 88002085
context_page_description: Charles W. Leonard was an innovator in textile manufacturing, granite quarry excavation, as well as harness racing and rail transport.
  Leonard was born in Sharon, Mass, the eldest of 7 children. He was the son of Benjamin S. Leonard and Esther Leonard. Charles attended Stoughtonham Institute at Sharon. He began work in 1866 as a clerk and salesman with Jackson, Mandell & Daniells of Boston. In February 1880 Charles married Emeline Thatcher Welch. She was the daughter of attorney Wilson Jarvis Welch of Newton Centre, Mass. Educated at Harvard University, the Jarvis family is reputed to have donated the land for Jarvis Field. Emeline was also a Mayflower descendant through her ancestor Josiah Winslow. Her grandfather was Boston dry goods merchant Peter Thatcher.
  John S. Holden and George F. Leonard acquired a Bennington, Vermont mill in 1889 and started an operation under the name of John S. Holden Manufacturing Co. In 1892 John's eldest son Arthur joined the company and along with George's brother Charles W.
context_section_description: With Vermont being the center of sheep farming of the period, The Bennington Woolen Mills was erected in 1865 under Hunt, Tillinghast & Co. This ownership remained intact until 1872 when Hunt became sole proprietor. In 1874 Hunt sold the mill to S. S. & M. Fisher of New York.  Under the corporate name of Bennington Woolen Co., the Fishers converted the mill to the production of overcoatings made from wool shoddy. Optimistic about their prospects, the Fishers expanded the mill complex, adding more machinery and constructing an expansive one story brick addition. By 1880, the firm had some 400 employees operating 144 looms and approximately 12,000 spindles to produce over one-half million yards of heavy overcoating annually. The Fishers' operation of the Big Mill lasted only a few years.
  Under the direction of Holden-Leonard the Bennington Mill, also known as the "Big Mill", had discontinued making Paisley shawls and was converted to produce knit stockings as well as wool and cotton underwear and later for ladies’ dress goods and cloth for men's clothing. The mill also produced fine wool dress fabrics, cloakings and cashmeres. Later modifications included fabricating Olin Scott's famous gunpowder machinery. Success was due in part to its close proximity to the Hudson River by way of the Hoosic River. Woolen products were shipped south to New York and Philadelphia, giving the company and the regional industry a huge boost. By 1895 the mill was employing 300, and had achieved the position of being the largest industrial venture in Southwestern Vermont.
  As was typical of many mills in those days, there was an affiliated company store where the mill employees could run up a bill and have it deducted from their next pay. It carried about everything they might need: groceries, dry goods, boots and shoes, fruit, confectionery, cigars and tobacco, mill remnants, wall paper and window shades. Holden-Leonard also provided tenement housing for its employees and with a large number of children in the workforce found itself in the crosshairs of the Child Labor Reform movement at the turn of the 20th century.
  Unprecedented expansion would soon follow, made possible in part by the demand for military uniform fabric during the First World War. Employment surged while the mill complex was being expanded again. By 1920, some 800 persons worked there, a figure approaching an historical maximum.
  In June 1939 the Holden-Leonard Co. Inc. sold the entire mill complex and related employees' housing to Joseph Benn Textiles, Inc. of North Providence, RI. Another firm took over the complex and started production of knit goods under the name Bennington Mills. The new owners with its employment of 150–200 only lasted a decade. The closure in 1949 brought to a conclusion more than 80 years of textile manufacturing.
caption: Holden-Leonard Mill Complex, Bennington VT
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