page_title: Alfred George Greenhill
hierarchical_section_title: Alfred George Greenhill
caption_attribution_description: English: Cast bullets: as cast (on left), with gas check (center), and lubricated (on right).
context_page_description: Sir Alfred George Greenhill, FRS FRAeS, was a British mathematician.
  George Greenhill was educated at Christ's Hospital School and from there he went up to St John's College, Cambridge in 1866. In 1876, Greenhill was appointed professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, London, UK. He held this chair until his retirement in 1908. His 1892 textbook on applications of elliptic functions is of acknowledged excellence. He was one of the world's leading experts on applications of elliptic integrals in electromagnetic theory. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1904 at Heidelberg and an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1908 at Rome, in 1920 at Strasbourg, and in 1924 at Toronto.
  In 1879, Greenhill developed a rule of thumb for calculating the optimal twist rate for lead-core bullets. This shortcut uses the bullet's length, needing no allowances for weight or nose shape. Greenhill applied this theory to account for the steadiness of flight conferred upon an elongated projectile by rifling. The eponymous Greenhill Formula, still used today, is:
  where:
  C = 150
  D = bullet's diameter in inches
  L = bullet's length in inches
  SG = bullet's specific gravity
context_section_description: Sir Alfred George Greenhill, FRS FRAeS (29 November 1847 in London – 10 February 1927 in London), was a British mathematician.
  George Greenhill was educated at Christ's Hospital School and from there he went up to St John's College, Cambridge in 1866. In 1876, Greenhill was appointed professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy (RMA) at Woolwich, London, UK. He held this chair until his retirement in 1908. His 1892 textbook on applications of elliptic functions is of acknowledged excellence. He was one of the world's leading experts on applications of elliptic integrals in electromagnetic theory. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1904 at Heidelberg (where he also gave a section talk) and an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1908 at Rome, in 1920 at Strasbourg, and in 1924 at Toronto.
  In 1879, Greenhill developed a rule of thumb for calculating the optimal twist rate for lead-core bullets. This shortcut uses the bullet's length, needing no allowances for weight or nose shape. Greenhill applied this theory to account for the steadiness of flight conferred upon an elongated projectile by rifling. The eponymous Greenhill Formula, still used today, is:
  where:
  C = 150 (use 180 for muzzle velocities higher than 2,800 f/s)
  D = bullet's diameter in inches
  L = bullet's length in inches
  SG = bullet's specific gravity (10.9 for lead-core bullets, which cancels out the second half of the equation)
  The original value of C was 150, which yields a twist rate in inches per turn, when given the diameter D and the length L of the bullet in inches.  This works to velocities of about 840 m/s (2800 ft/s); above those velocities, a C of 180 should be used.  For instance, with a velocity of 600 m/s (2000 ft/s), a diameter of 0.5 inches (13 mm) and a length of 1.5 inches (38 mm), the Greenhill formula would give a value of 25, which means 1 turn in 25 inches (640 mm).
caption: Cast bullets as cast (left), with gas check (center) and lubricated (right).
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