page_title: Mixed-race Brazilian
section_title: White/Black
hierarchical_section_title: Mixed-race Brazilian / White/Black
caption_attribution_description: Español: La cena, una litografía de 1839 que muestra la gran brecha entre amo y sirviente, es obra del artista francés Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848), que pasó 15 años en Brasil capturando la vida cotidiana de una sociedad construida sobre la esclavitud. English: The Dinner, an 1839 lithograph that drives home the great divide between master and servant, is the work of French artist Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848) who spent 15 years in Brazil capturing the daily life of a society built on slavery. Bahasa Indonesia: Makan Malam, litograf 1839 yang menyajikan kesenjangan antara majikan dan pelayan, karya seniman Prancis Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848) yang menghabiskan 15 tahun di Brazil untuk menangkap keseharian masyarakat yang dibangun di atas perbudakan. Sunda: Tuang Wengi, litograf 1839 anu midangkeun jarak antara dunungan jeung ladénna, karya seniman Prancis Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848) anu salila 15 taun ngarékam kahirupan masarakat di Brasil anu diwangun ku ayana perbudakan.
context_page_description: Brazilian censuses do not use a "multiracial" category. Instead, the censuses use skin colour categories. Most Brazilians of visibly mixed racial origins self-identify as pardos. However, many white Brazilians have distant non-white ancestry, while the group known as pardos likely contains non-mixed acculturated Amerindians. According to the 2010 census, "pardos" make up 82.277 million people, or 43.13% of Brazil's population.
  According to some DNA researches, Brazilians predominantly possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, though less than half of the country's population classified themselves as "pardos" in the census. This is not seen as any kind of misclassification, since the census categories are not, and do not intend to be, based on ancestry, but rather on skin colour.
context_section_description: According to some historians, Portuguese settlers in Brazil used to prefer to marry Portuguese-born females. If not possible, the second option were Brazilian-born females of recent Portuguese background. The third option were Brazilian-born women of distant Portuguese ancestry. However, the number of White females in Brazil was very low during the Colonial period, causing a large number of interracial relationships in the country.
  White/Black relationships in Brazil started as early as the first Africans were brought as slaves in 1550 where many portuguese men starting marrying black women. The Mulattoes (people of White/Black ancestry) were also enslaved, though some children of rich aristocrats and owners of gold mines were educated and became important people in Colonial Brazil. Probably, the most famous case was Chica da Silva, a mixed-race Brazilian slave who married a rich gold mine owner and became one of the richest people in Brazil.‹See TfM›
  Other mulattoes largely contributed to Brazil's culture: Aleijadinho (sculptor and architect), Machado de Assis (writer), Lima Barreto (writer), Chiquinha Gonzaga (composer), etc.
  In 1835, Blacks would have made up the majority of Brazil's population, according to a more recent estimate quoted by Thomas Skidmore. In 1872, their number was shown to be much smaller according to the census of that time, outnumbered by pardos and Whites.
  According to a genetic study with about 200 limited samples, 86% of Brazilians would have, at least, 10% of Black African genes.
  The researchers however were cautious about its conclusions: "Obviously these estimates were made by extrapolation of experimental results with relatively small samples and, therefore, their confidence limits are very ample". A new autosomal study from 2011, also led by Sérgio Pena, but with nearly 1000 samples this time, from all over the country, shows that in most Brazilian regions most Brazilians "whites" are less than 10% African in ancestry, and it also shows that the "pardos" are predominantly European in ancestry, the European ancestry being therefore the main component in the Brazilian population, in spite of a very high degree of African ancestry and significant Native American contribution. Other autosomal studies (see some of them below) show a European predominance in the Brazilian population. Some researchers have found that the average European American type has approximately 10% to 12% non-White genetic material.
  According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, both "whites" and "pardos" from Fortaleza have a predominantly degree of European ancestry (>70%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions. "Whites" and "pardos" from Belém and Ilhéus also were found to be predominantly European in ancestry, with minor Native American and African contributions.
  According to another study, autosomal DNA study (see table), those who identified as Whites in Rio de Janeiro turned out to have 86.4% - and self identified pardos 68.1% - European ancestry on average. Blacks were found out to have on average 41.8% European ancestry.
  A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).
  An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a predominant degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. 'Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, 
caption: A Brazilian family of the 19th century.
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