page_title: Artificial reef
section_title: Osborne Reef
hierarchical_section_title: Artificial reef / Examples / Florida / Osborne Reef
caption_attribution_description: English: Some 2 million tires were dumped off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., in the 1970s, in an effort to create an artificial reef. Three decades later, military divers have begun removing the tires. Français&#160;: Quelque 2 millions de pneus ont été déversés au large des côtes de Fort Lauderdale, en Floride, dans les années 1970. Cette opération a été présentée comme récif artificiel expérimental. Ce fut un échec. Les pneus contiennent des molécules toxiques dont du cadmium, du noir de carbone peu arpprécié des organismes marins. De plus lors des tempêtes, le récif est déstabilisé. Trois décennies plus tard, des plongeurs militaires ont commencé à retirer les pneus.
context_page_description: An artificial reef is a human-created underwater structure, typically built to promote marine life in areas with a generally featureless bottom, to control erosion, block ship passage, block the use of trawling nets, or improve surfing.
  Many reefs are built using objects that were built for other purposes, for example by sinking oil rigs, scuttling ships, or by deploying rubble or construction debris. Other artificial reefs are purpose built from PVC or concrete. Shipwrecks may become artificial reefs when preserved on the sea floor. Regardless of construction method, artificial reefs generally provide hard surfaces where algae and invertebrates such as barnacles, corals, and oysters attach; the accumulation of attached marine life in turn provides intricate structure and food for assemblages of fish.
context_section_description: In the early 1970s, more than 2,000,000 used vehicle tires were dumped off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida to form an artificial reef. However, the tires were not properly secured to the reef structures, and ocean currents broke them loose, sending them crashing into the developing reef and its natural neighbors. As of 2009, fewer than 100,000 of the tires had been removed after more than 10 years of efforts.
caption: Tires constituting Osborne Reef (2007)
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