page_title: Philip Toosey
section_title: Building the bridges
hierarchical_section_title: Philip Toosey / Building the bridges
caption_attribution_description: English: The Bridge over the river Kwai, at Kanchanaburi, Thailand. The round shaped truss spans are the originals; the two trapezoidal replacements were supplied as war reparations from Japan.
context_page_description: Brigadier Sir Philip John Denton Toosey CBE, DSO, TD, JP was, as a lieutenant colonel, the senior Allied officer in the Japanese prisoner-of-war camp at Tha Maa Kham in Thailand during World War II. The men at this camp built Bridge 277 of the Burma Railway as later fictionalized in the book The Bridge over the River Kwai by Pierre Boulle, and since adapted into the Oscar-winning film The Bridge on the River Kwai in which Alec Guinness played the senior British officer, Lt. Colonel Nicholson. Both the book and film outraged former prisoners because Toosey did not collaborate with the enemy, unlike the fictional Lt. Colonel Nicholson.
context_section_description: Toosey and his men were required to build railway bridges over the Khwae Yai near where it joins the Khwae Noi to form the Mae Klong in Thailand. The Khwae Mae Khlong above the confluence was renamed the Khwae Yai in 1960.  This was part of a project to link existing Thai and Burmese railway lines to create a route from Bangkok to Rangoon to support the Japanese occupation of Burma. About a hundred thousand conscripted Asian labourers and 12,000 prisoners of war died on the whole project, which was nicknamed the Death Railway.
  A camp was established at Tamarkan, which is about five kilometres from Kanchanaburi.  In the Tamarkan camp, Toosey worked courageously to ensure that as many as possible of the 2,000 Allied prisoners would survive. He endured regular beatings when he complained of ill-treatment of prisoners, but as a skilled negotiator he was able to win many concessions from the Japanese by convincing them that this would speed the completion of the work. Toosey also organised the smuggling in of food and medicine, working with Boonpong Sirivejjabhandu.  Boonpong was a Thai merchant who supplied camps at the southern end of the railway taking great risks and was honoured after the war.
  Toosey maintained discipline in the camp and, where possible, cleanliness and hygiene. His policy was of unity and equality and so refused to allow a separate officers' mess or officers' accommodation.  He also ordered his officers to intervene if necessary to protect the men.  For his conduct in the camp, he won the undying respect of his men. He was considered by many to be the outstanding British officer on the railway.
  Behind the backs of the Japanese, Toosey did everything possible to delay and sabotage the construction without endangering his men.  Refusal to work would have meant instant execution.  Termites were collected in large numbers to eat the wooden structures and the concrete was badly mixed.  Toosey also helped organise a daring escape, at considerable cost to himself. (In the film the fictional colonel forbids escapes.) The two escaping officers had been given a month's rations and Toosey concealed their escape for 48 hours.  After a month the two escapees were recaptured and bayoneted. Toosey was punished for concealing the escape.
  Two bridges were built: a temporary wooden bridge and a few months later a permanent steel and concrete bridge which was completed in 1943. At the end of the film the wooden bridge is destroyed by a commando raid when actually, both bridges were used for two years until they were destroyed by Allied aerial bombing, the steel bridge first in June 1945; there had been seven previous bombing missions. The steel bridge has been repaired and is still in use today.
caption: The bridge over the Kwai River in June 2004. The round truss spans are the originals; the angular replacements were supplied by the Japanese as war reparations.
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