page_title: Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois
section_title: Duchess of Parma
hierarchical_section_title: Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois / Duchess of Parma
caption_attribution_description: Italiano: Duchessa vedova di Parma e Piacenza
context_page_description: Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois was a duchess and later a regent of Parma. She was the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of King Charles X of France and Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily. She served as regent of Parma during the minority of her son from 1854 until 1859.
context_section_description: On 24 March 1849, the abdication of Charles II was announced. Ferdinand Charles, still living in England, succeeded him under the name Charles III.
  On 18 May 1849, Louise's husband re-entered Parma, but he left again two days later. He did not take over the administration of the duchy until 25 August.
  When her husband was murdered in 1854, Louise served as regent for their young son, the new duke, Robert I. Like the other rulers of the Central Italian states, she and her son were ousted during the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, and they retired to Austrian protection in Venice.
  Various schemes following the war, either for her and her son's restoration in Parma, or territorial swaps which might leave them ruling over Tuscany, Modena, or the Romagna, came to nothing, as the whole of central Italy was annexed by Piedmont in March 1860. Louise lived out the remainder of her life in exile.
  Queen Sophie of the Netherlands met Louise Marie in 1862 and described her in a letter to a friend:
  The other day I made the acquaintance of the Duchesse de Parme, Count Chambord's sister. She is much larger than Princess Mary of Cambridge, very small, but lively, agreeable, without bitterness after so many misfortunes. Her boys are dwarfs but full of French repartée and gaiety. I liked her and pity such a lot—murder and revolutions persecuting her since birth... 
  According to The Month, Louise caught a cold while staying in Venice in January 1864. The Month stated that this cold was soon followed by typhus, which in turn resulted in Louise's death on February 1 of the same year.
caption: Louise, Duchess of Parma. Photograph, ca. the 1860s
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