page_title: Printing
section_title: Movable-type printing
hierarchical_section_title: Printing / History / Movable-type printing
caption_attribution_description: English: Jikji or "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters", published in 1377, Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty. It is the earliest known book printed with movable metal type. 한국어: 백운화상초록불조직지심체요절(白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體要節, 간단히 불조직지심체요절, 직지심체요절, 직지)은 백운화상 경한이 선(禪)의 요체를 깨닫는 데에 필요한 내용을 뽑아 1372년에 펴낸 불교 서적으로, 상·하권으로 이루어져 있다. 원나라에서 받아온 불조직지심체요절의 내용을 대폭 늘려 상·하 2권으로 엮은 것이다. 전 세계에 남아 있는 금속 활자로 인쇄된 책 중에서 가장 오래된 것으로, 2001년 9월 4일 《승정원일기》와 함께 유네스코 세계기록유산에 등재되었다. 현존하는 것은 하권 1책 뿐인데, 1900년대 말 콜랭 드 프랑시 주한 프랑스 공사가 프랑스로 가지고 갔으며 현재 프랑스 국립도서관에 소장되어 있다. 이는 독일 구텐베르크의 활자보다 78년 이상 앞서 편찬되었다.
context_page_description: Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing, which appeared in China before 220 AD. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the scientific revolution, and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
context_section_description: Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing.
  Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by Bi Sheng out of porcelain. Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing (xylography), which "proved to be cheaper and more efficient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters".
  Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale printing of paper money
  issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the Goryeo dynasty.
  Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The Jikji, published in 1377, is the earliest known metal printed book. Type-casting was used, adapted from the method of casting coins. The character was cut in beech wood, which was then pressed into a soft clay to form a mould, and bronze poured into the mould, and finally the type was polished. The Korean form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's".
caption: Jikji, "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters" from Korea, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
exif: {}