page_title: Robert Walter Stewart
section_title: Life
hierarchical_section_title: Robert Walter Stewart / Life
caption_attribution_description: Italiano: Livorno, chiesa valdese, già presbiteriana scozzese: un'epigrafe che ricorda il reverendo Stewart, della chiesa presbiteriana scozzese, e la moglie G. Cockburn.
context_page_description: Robert Walter Stewart was a Scottish minister of the Free Church of Scotland and who spent much time working in Italy and served as Moderator of the General Assembly 1874/75. He helped to promote the Waldensian Church and the Presbyterian movement in northern Italy. He was also a travel writer and early photographer.
  Being independently wealthy he frequently detached himself from his religious duties for extended holidays. However, he was a noted philanthropist and put both time and money into the promotion of the Presbyterian Church in Italy.
context_section_description: He was born in Bolton, East Lothian, on 29 February 1812. He was the oldest son of Rev Dr Alexander Stewart of Erskine, and the Hon Margaret Stuart, only daughter of Alexander Stuart, the 10th Lord Blantyre. The family moved to Rome in 1829 and Robert became fluent in Italian as a result.
  He was returned to Scotland to study theology at Glasgow University, spending one term also in both Edinburgh University and the University of Geneva. He was licensed to preach in 1830 and spent time assisting at Greenock.
  He was ordained by the Church of Scotland at his father's church in Erskine in 1837. He appears to have had a constant yearning to be in Italy, and made frequent trips there on grounds of ill-health, his ministerial duties at Erskine being then fulfilled by his assistant. At the point of the Disruption of 1843 that is to say the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in the summer of 1843, he was in Malta where he had been for at least six months. He had also spent some time in Constantinople where he met Rev Dr Carl Schwartz. Having had prior warning of the likely importance of the meeting, he set off on a return journey (by ship) immediately on hearing the news. He arrived in Edinburgh on 23 May in time for the Assembly, and is one of the 470 signatures on the Act of Separation.
  In 1844 he returned to Italy and settled in Leghorn, where he ran the Bethel Scots Church and the Harbour Mission. In Italy he founded several Presbyterian churches, mainly aimed at serving the needs of British tourists (and sailors), therefore focussed on the major seaside towns and the larger cities. He worked closely with the Waldensian Church at promoting their own expansion. During the establishment of the Tuscan Constitution in 1848/49 he strongly supported the cause and spoke at Lucca and Livorno. In 1849 he relocated to serve the Free Church in Florence. In 1849 he founded a Scots Church in Livorno. He recruited Bartolomeo Malan and Paulo Geymonat to run the church as sympathetic local people.
  Princeton University awarded him an honorary doctorate (DD) in 1849.
  In 1853 he began an extended tour of the Middle East which lasted four years. On his return in 1857 he helped to establish churches at Piedmont and in Sardinia. In 1860 he placed Pastor Giovanni Ribetti in the Livorno church. In 1871 he bought the entire library of Luigi Desanctis and gifted it to the Livorno library. He further increased this in 1877 when he purchased 900 bibles owned by Tito Chiesi and gifted these to the library.
  During this trip (and in his Italian travels) he took many photographs and these represent an early record of these areas.
  In the summer of 1874 he made a rare return to Scotland, specifically to serve as Moderator of the General Assembly to the Free Church of Scotland, in succession to Rev Alexander Duff.
  In 1883 he was present at the inauguration of the Waldesian Church in Rome, for which he had purchased and gifted the site in 1870 with the aim of increasing the number of Presbyterian students in Rome.
  He died in Livorno on 23 November 1887. He is buried there in the English Cemetery.
  The Harbour Mission in Livorno was rebuilt as the Seamens Mission in 1913.
caption: Plaque to Robert Walter Stewart and his wife in the Scots Church in Livorno
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