page_title: Bovina (subtribe)
section_title: The fossil record
hierarchical_section_title: Bovina (subtribe) / Systematics / The fossil record
caption_attribution_description: Italiano: Fossil of Leptobos, an extinct mammal- Took the picture at Museo di Paleontologia di Firenze
context_page_description: Bovina is a subtribe of the Bovini tribe that generally includes the two living genera, Bison and Bos. However, this dichotomy has been challenged recently by molecular work that suggests that Bison should be regarded as a junior synonym of Bos. Wild bovians can be found naturally in North America and Eurasia.
context_section_description: The bovinans have a rich fossil record. According to the fossil record and molecular studies, Bubalina and Bovina diverged from one and another from a common ancestor around 13.7 million years ago in the Late Miocene. After arriving into Africa there was a rapid radiation of bovinan species in Africa in the Middle Pliocene. Among the diverse genera of African bovinans were two significant genera: Pelorovis and Leptobos. According to anatomical and morphological study on the various species of Pelorovis and Leptobos, it is believed the former genus evolved into Bos while the latter genus evolved into Bison during the Late Pliocene of East Africa. Both lineages then left Africa and into Eurasia at the end of the Pliocene. While Bos inhabited much of Eurasia, some species of Bison had colonized North America by crossing over the Bering Land Bridge in two waves, the first being 135,000 to 195,000 years ago and the second being 21,000 to 45,000 years ago. The exact relationships between fossil and extant bovinans problematic.
  Below is the list of fossil species that have been described so far (listed alphabetically):
  Subtribe Bovina (Gray, 1821)
  Genus †Adjiderebos (Dubrovo & Burchak-Abramovich, 1984)
  †Adjiderebos cantabilis (Dubrovo & Burchak-Abramovich, 1984)
  Genus Bison (Hamilton-Smith, 1827)
  †Bison antiquus (Leidy, 1852)
  †Bison georgicus (Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua, 1994)
  †Bison hanaizumiensis (Matsumoto & Mori, 1956)
  †Bison latifrons (Harlan, 1825)
  †Bison menneri (Sher, 1997)
  †Bison palaeosinensis (Teilhard & Piveteau, 1930)
  †Bison priscus (Bojanus, 1827)
  †Bison schoetensacki (Freudenberg, 1914)
  †Bison sivalensis (Falconer, 1878)
  †Bison tamanensis (Vereshchagin, 1959)
  †Bison voigtstedtensis (Fischer, 1965)
  Genus Bos (Linnaeus, 1758)
  Subgenus Bos (Linnaeus, 1758)
  †Bos acutifrons (Lydekker, 1877)
  †Bos buiaensis (Martínez-Navarro et al., 2009)
  †Bos caucasicus (Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua, 1980)
  †Bos palaesondaicus (Dubois, 1908)
  †Bos planifrons (Lydekker, 1877)
  Subgenus Poephagus (Gray, 1843)
  †Bos baikalensis (Verestchagin, 1954)
  Genus †Epileptobos (Hooijer, 1956)
  †Epileptobos groeneveldtii (Dubois, 1908)
  Genus †Ioribos (Vekua, 1972)
  †Ioribos aceros (Vekua, 1972)
  Genus †Leptobos (Rütimeyer, 1877)
  Subgenus †Leptobos (Rütimeyer, 1877)
  †Leptobos elatus (Croizet & Pomel, 1853)
  †Leptobos falconeri (Rütimeyer, 1877)
  †Leptobos furtivus (Duvernois & Guérin, 1989)
  Subgenus †Smertiobos (Duvernois, 1992)
  †Leptobos bravardi (Duvernois, 1989)
  †Leptobos brevicornis (Hu & Qi, 1975)
  †Leptobos crassus (Jia & Wang, 1978)
  †Leptobos etruscus (Falconer, 1859)
  Genus †Pelorovis (Reck, 1928)
  †Pelorovis howelli (Hadjouis & Sahnouni, 2006)
  †Pelorovis kaisensis (Geraads & Thomas, 1994)
  †Pelorovis oldowayensis (Reck, 1928)
  †Pelorovis praeafricanus (Arambourg, 1979)
  †Pelorovis turkanensis (Harris, 1991)
  Genus †Platycerabos (Barbour & Schultz, 1942)
  †Platycerabos dodsoni (Barbour & Schultz, 1941)
  Genus †Protobison (Burchak-Abramovich, Gadzhiev & Vekua, 1980)
  †Protobison kushkunensis (Burchak-Abramovich, Gadzhiev & Vekua, 1980)
  Genus †Urmiabos (Burchak-Abramovich, 1950)
  †Urmiabos azerbaidzanicus (Burchak-Abramovich, 1950)
  Genus †Yakopsis (Kretzoi, 1954)
  †Yakopsis stenometopon (Rütimeyer, 1865)
caption: The skull of the extinct Leptobos etruscus, which the genus believed to be an ancestor of Bison.
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