page_title: Hollow Horn Bear
section_title: Later life
hierarchical_section_title: Hollow Horn Bear / Later life
caption_attribution_description: English: Buckskin Charlie (Ute), American Horse (Oglala Sioux), Little Plume (Piegan Blackfeet), Geronimo (Chiricahua Apache), and Hollow Horn Bear (Brule Sioux), passing in review before a newly inaugurated President Theodore Roosevelt, March 4, 1905. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, #LC-USZ62-560009.
context_page_description: Hollow Horn Bear was a Brulé Lakota leader. He fought in many of the battles of the Sioux Wars, including the Battle of Little Big Horn. As police chief of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, he arrested Crow Dog for the murder of Spotted Tail, and later testified in the case of Ex parte Crow Dog, argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. He was the chief orator and negotiator for the Lakota, making multiple trips to Washington, D.C. to advocate on their behalf, and later taking part in the inaugural parades for both Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. He died of pneumonia in Washington after the last of these trips.
  He was featured on a 1922 US postage stamp and a 1970 $10 Military Payment Certificate. Some sources record him as the basis for the image on the 1899 US five-dollar silver certificate and other depictions of Native Americans. A historical marker was erected in his honor in South Dakota in 1962.
context_section_description: Hollow Horn Bear was an advocate for the Lakota throughout repeated negotiations from 1890 to 1910. Although as one source put it, he was unable "to prevent the government from violating the 1868 treaty", his "presence at the negotiations clearly pushed the agreements in the direction of Lakota interests", without which "things would have been much worse" for them.
  In 1895 he was arrested over a dispute involving reduction of wages paid to members of his tribe who were working for the railroad. Wages were originally cut by half, although at the time of his arrest, this had been lowered to a reduction of 35%. The New York Times report summarized the tension saying:
  Hollow Horn Bear appears to have an excellent record, extending back nearly twenty years. Col. Guy V. Henry is quoted as saying, in view of his services in 1876 and again in 1890, consideration should have been shown him unless he had committed some grievous fault more than the reports from that region have indicated. Still, threatening to burn the agency buildings and summoning large bodies of Indians to intimidate the agent must be accounted a grievous fault...
  In 1889 he was chosen to represent his tribe in negotiations with George Crook, over land sales aimed at opening up eastern parts of the Dakota Territory to the Black Hills. He was an opponent of the selling of native lands in the Black Hills as part of the Black Hills Land Claim dispute. He instead wished to sell land in modern day Gregory and Tripp counties in South Dakota, which "he saw as worthless prairie lands in comparison to the rich Black Hills." He believed that individual ownership of land would protect his people legally, while commonly held land would "always be open to unilatral annexation by Congress".
  The US government had earlier made the decision to improve their offer from the previous $1.00 per acre to $1.25, 160 acres (65 ha) to 320 acres (130 ha) of land for homesteads to the family heads, and provide horses for plowing rather than oxen. Hollow Horn Bear asked instead for $1.50 for the best land.
  As reported by The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Hollow Horn Bear was part of a delegation to Washington, D.C. in 1891, which met with then Secretary of the Interior John Willock Noble. According to the paper, after taking the floor he:
  asked that those Indians who had lost property during the late trouble might be reimbursed and went into financial matters in connection with the old and unfulfilled treaties.
  He asked that money which was owed the tribe, and was to be spent on beef, be instead spent on cattle and horses, as crops had been a failure, but raising cattle had been successful. He asked for more housing to be built, and that promised school houses would be as well. As the paper phrased it, "He wanted the children to have an opportunity to learn something."
  In 1901, Hollow Horn Bear served as part of the Sioux delegation to Washington, D.C. after the Great Sioux Reservation was broken up into smaller reservations. In 1905, he was invited to take part in the presidential inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt, and was one of the Native Americans who rode in the inaugural parade on March 4, 1905. The others were Geronimo (Apache), Quanah Parker (Comanche), Buckskin Charley (Ute), Little Phime (Blackfoot) and American Horse (Oglala Lakota). Along with Geronimo and American Horse, also took part that year in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis.
  Hollow Horn Bear converted to Catholicism in later life. His daughter was baptized in 1907, taking the Christian name Emelie. Much of the family was baptized afterward. Hollow Horn Bear was baptized and took the name Daniel, Wants Everything took Susie. Many others were baptized along with them. He was a guest speaker in the 1906 convention of the American Federation of Catholic Societies in Boston, and played a role in most of his tribe jointing the Catholic Church.
caption: Hollow Horn Bear riding the 1905 inaugural parade for Theodore Roosevelt, along with Buckskin Charlie, American Horse, Little Plume, and Geronimo[16]
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