page_title: Jesuit College of Ingolstadt
section_title: Age of Enlightenment
hierarchical_section_title: Jesuit College of Ingolstadt / Age of Enlightenment
caption_attribution_description: English: A portrait of German Jesuit Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1592–1666), who was a Jesuit missionary in China (Ming and Qing dynasties) from 1622 to his death in 1666. Hand-colored engraving, 31.1 x 21 cm.
context_page_description: The Jesuit College of Ingolstadt was a Jesuit school in Ingolstadt, in the Duchy and Electorate of Bavaria, founded in 1556, that operated until the suppression of the Jesuit Order in 1773. The college was the headquarters of the Jesuits in Germany, and became a center of the Counter-Reformation. Many of its members taught at the University of Ingolstadt.
context_section_description: During the Age of Enlightenment, which can be roughly dated from the end of the Thirty Years' War to the start of the French Revolution in 1789, many thinkers believed that reason would free people from the suffering that they believed had been caused by superstition and religious oppression.
  The college continued to support scientific exploration and to spread the Catholic faith.
  The Jesuits promoted missionary activity and enlarged their collection at Ingolstadt with materials sent by missionaries from China and the Americas.
  Bartholomew Holzhauser (1613–1658) came to Ingolstadt without money in 1633. Through charity he was able to study philosophy at the university, and then theology at the college.
  After receiving holy orders he became a rural priest in Austria, where he became known as a pastor, exorcist, curer of illness and prophet.
  He later moved to the rectory of Bingen in the Archbishopric of Mayence, where he met the future King Charles II of England (1630–1685), then still in exile. He advised Charles to protect the Catholic religion in England.
  The Jesuit College of Ingolstadt played a leading role in sponsoring the China mission in the mid-17th century.
  While in China, the missionaries undertook astronomical observations.
  On 27 July 1671 the college received a volume containing five Chinese astronomical texts sent by Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1592–1666) before his death.
  In 1688 the Jesuits took full control of teaching in the University of Ingolstadt faculty of philosophy.
  Eusebio Francisco Kino (1645–1711) studied at the college under the mathematician Wolfgang Leinberer, who was in turn a pupil of Athanasius Kircher.
  Kino adapted one of the towers of the college for use as an observatory.
  Kino had ambitions to go to China, but ended up in New Spain, which he reached in 1681.
  He brought various small mathematical instruments, since he could see the value of scientific knowledge in missionary activity.
  A spectacular comet appeared in November 1680 which Kino observed in Spain until January, and during his crossing of the Atlantic to Vera Cruz in February. In June 1681 Kino wrote an Astronomical Exposition of the Comet, in which he gave the opinion that the comet had presaged the great earthquake of 23 June 1681 in Mexico City. He then moved on to missionary work in Sonora.Philipp Segesser (1689–1762) studied at the Jesuit College between 1717 and 1721.
  He would spend almost thirty years as a missionary in the Pimería Alta in New Spain.
  Opposition to the Jesuits rose in the mid-18th century. Johann Adam von Ickstatt, a student of the rationalist philosopher Christian Wolff, was appointed director of the University of Ingolstadt in 1746 and was quietly opposed to the Jesuits.
  In 1749 his friend Johann Georg von Lori took a more open stand against them.
  With the 1759 foundation in Munich of the Bavarian Academy of Science, the University became increasingly hostile to ecclesiastical influences.
  On 21 June 1773 Pope Clement XIV abolished the Jesuit Order and the college was closed.Adam Weishaupt (1748–1830) founded the powerful secret society, the Illuminati, on 1 May 1776.
  He had been educated at the college.
  The University of Ingolstadt was transferred to Landshut in 1800, and then to Munich in 1826.
caption: Johann Adam Schall von Bell sent the college Chinese astronomical material.
exif: {"Image Make": "HP", "Image Model": "HP Scanjet G4050", "Image XResolution": "200", "Image YResolution": "200", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "Image ReferenceBlackWhite": "[0, 255, 128, 255, 128, 255]", "Image ExifOffset": "204", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0220", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2012:12:10 20:58:17", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "858", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "1282", "EXIF Saturation": "Soft", "EXIF Sharpness": "Soft", "EXIF DeviceSettingDescription": "[1, 0, 19, 0, 32, 32, 32, 48, 65, 48, 32, 32, 32, 55, 65, 48, 32, 32, 32, 56, ... ]"}