page_title: Point pattern analysis
section_title: Estimation
hierarchical_section_title: Point pattern analysis / Estimation
caption_attribution_description: English: Four types of point patterns of 256 points.
context_page_description: Point pattern analysis is the study of the spatial arrangements of points in space. The simplest formulation is a set X = {x ∈ D} where D, which can be called the 'study region,' is a subset of Rⁿ, a n-dimensional Euclidean space.
context_section_description: A fundamental problem of PPA is inferring whether a given arrangement is merely random or the result of some process. The picture illustrates patterns of 256 points using four point processes. The clustered process results in all points having the same location. Popular models are those based on simple circles and ellipses, inter-point (and especially nearest neighbor) distances, quadrats, and intensity functions. Each model yields estimates (that can increase insights into the underlying real-world processes) as well as associated goodness-of-fit diagnostics.
caption: Four patterns of 256 points
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