page_title: Duchy of Parma
section_title: Early history
hierarchical_section_title: Duchy of Parma / Early history
caption_attribution_description: Español: 8 doppie de oro bajo el infante Fernando I de Parma acuñada en 1791 con la leyenda en latín en derredor de su busto: FERNANDO I INFANTE DE ESPAÑA. Y la leyenda alrededor de su escudo de armas: POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS DUQUE DE PARMA, PLASENCIA Y GUASTALLA 1791 Latina: FERDINANDVS·I·HISPAN[IÆ]·INFANS·D[EI]·G[RATIA]·PARMÆ PLAC[ENTIÆ]·ET VAST[ALLIÆ]·DVX·1791 English: Parma, 8 Doppie (1791-S). Depicting Ferdinando di Borbone.
context_page_description: The Duchy of Parma is a noble estate and title created in Italy in 1545. Originally a title of the Farnese family, in 1731, the Duchy passed to the Habsburgs and in 1748 to the Bourbons. The title is now held by the Bourbon-Parma branch of the Bourbon family, related to both the Spanish and Dutch monarchs.
context_section_description: The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, which was conquered by the Papal States in 1512. These territories, centered on the city of Parma, were given as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese.
  In 1556, the second Duke, Ottavio Farnese, was given the city of Piacenza, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and so the state was thereafter properly known as the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Italian: Ducato di Parma e Piacenza).
  The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, when the duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Don Charles, whose mother Elizabeth Farnese was the Farnese heiress. He ruled until 1735 during the War of the Polish Succession, when Parma was ceded to Emperor Charles VI in exchange for the Two Sicilies.
  The Habsburgs only ruled until the conclusion of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, when it was ceded back to the Bourbons in the person of Don Philip, Don Charles's younger brother, who received also the little Duchy of Guastalla. As Duke Philip, he became the founder of the House of Bourbon-Parma reigning over the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (Italian: Ducato di Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla).
caption: Duchy of Parma, 8 Doppie (1791) depicting Ferdinando di Borbone
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