page_title: Lymph node stromal cell
section_title: Function
hierarchical_section_title: Lymph node stromal cell / Function
caption_attribution_description: English: Normal Lymph Node From a colectomy specimen. The subcapsular sinus and capsule are well demonstrated in this example. Polski: Prawidłowy węzeł chłonny. Praparat mikroskopowy barwiony H-E
context_page_description: Lymph node stromal cells are essential to the structure and function of the lymph node whose functions include: creating an internal tissue scaffold for the support of hematopoietic cells; the release of small molecule chemical messengers that facilitate interactions between hematopoietic cells; the facilitation of the migration of hematopoietic cells; the presentation of antigens to immune cells at the initiation of the adaptive immune system; and the homeostasis of lymphocyte numbers. Stromal cells originate from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells.
context_section_description: The lymph nodes, the spleen and Peyer's patches, are known as secondary lymphoid organs. Lymph nodes are found between lymphatic ducts and blood vessels. Afferent lymphatic vessels bring lymph fluid from the peripheral tissues to the lymph nodes. The lymph tissue in the lymph nodes consists of immune cells (95%), for example lymphocytes, and stromal cells (1% to 5%) The genesis of lymph nodes begins within the blood and the lymphatic system. Interactions between stromal and hematopoietic cells are important for the development of lymph nodes. Crosstalk LEC, lymphoid tissue inducer cells and mesenchymal stromal organizer cells initiate the formation of lymph nodes.
  Naive lymphocytes (those with no history of contact with antigens) travel from the bone marrow or high endothelial venules of the thymus where they develop as lymphoblasts, to lymph nodes, where they mature.
  The primary role of lymph node stromal cells is structural. They form a scaffold for hematopoietic cells and assist their movement along it. The molecular signaling systems (chemokines) that distribute lymphocytes to appropriate localities within the lymph node (T and B cell segregation) are also created by lymph node stromal cells. Lymphocytes have receptors for such chemokines. For example, Naive T cells express the CCR7 receptor for the chemokine CCL21. and B cells exhibit CXCR5 receptors for chemokine CXCL13.
  The lymph from the peripheral tissues contains soluble antigens and arrives at the lymph node via afferent lymphatic vessels. An adaptive immune response takes place in response to the presence of the antigen in the lymph node. Antigen-presenting cells accumulate near high endothelial venules to process soluble antigens. Antigens are also presented on the surface of dendritic cells.
  In an inflammatory state, lymphatic endothelial cells increase their surface adhesion molecules, and dendritic cells express a surface CCR7 receptor. This type of receptor interacts with the chemokine CCL21, produced by fibroblastic reticular cells. Due to this interaction, dendritic cells move to the T cell zone or to the B cell follicle along the fibroblast reticular cell network. Dendritic cells exhibit C-type lectin receptors (CLEC-2), which bind to gp38 on the surface of lymphatic endothelial cells.
  Lymphocytes leave the lymph node, as effector immune cells, via the efferent lymph vessels. Their numbers compensate for the removal of dead peripheral lymphocytes. B and T lymphocytes leave the lymph node based on changes in concentration of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). The concentration of S1P in the lymph node is maintained at a level lower than that of the blood or the lymph under the influence of S1P lyase. This means immune cells may leave the lymph node along a chemokine gradient.
  Most T cells are, in time, eliminated in the thymus by a process of clonal deletion. However, some of them escape this process and are then "mopped up" in the lymph nodes. Lymph node stromal cells express peripheral tissue-restricted antigens (PTAs) on their surface. The Transcription factor Aire (autoimmune regulator) that controls the expression of PTAs on mTEC cells in the thymus is only expressed at low levels by uncharacterized double negative stromal cells. Most lymph node stromal cells preferentially express DF1, an Aire-like transcription modulator.
caption: Histological section of a normal lymph node
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