page_title: Hyperpolarization (physics)
section_title: Why we have to use hyperpolarized 129Xe rather than non-hyperpolarized 129Xe isotope
hierarchical_section_title: Hyperpolarization (physics) / Spin-exchange optical pumping / Various Noble Gases and Alkali Metals Used for SEOP / Why we have to use hyperpolarized 129Xe rather than non-hyperpolarized 129Xe isotope
caption_attribution_description: English: 129Xe(g) MRI studying in presence of high field vs T1(longitudinal Spin Relaxation Time) during the decaying of hyperpolarization of 129Xe(g) in presence of magnetic field different strengths; 3.0 T for blue triangle, approximately 1.5 mT for red circles and approximately 0.0 mT for white squares. Hyperpolarized 129Xe(g) has transferred to kids bags then counted the decay time T1 in presence of different magnetic fields separately. Increasing the magnetic field strength (1.5mT to 3000mT) causing the decay time approximately up to eight-fold increments.
context_page_description: Hyperpolarization is the nuclear spin polarization of a material in a magnetic field far beyond thermal equilibrium conditions determined by the Boltzmann distribution. It can be applied to gases such as ¹²⁹Xe and ³He, and small molecules where the polarization levels can be enhanced by a factor of 10⁴-10⁵ above thermal equilibrium levels. Hyperpolarized noble gases are typically used in magnetic resonance imaging of the lungs.
  Hyperpolarized small molecules are typically used for in vivo metabolic imaging. For example, a hyperpolarized metabolite can be injected into animals or patients and the metabolic conversion can be tracked in real-time. Other applications include determining the function of the neutron spin-structures by scattering polarized electrons from a very polarized target, surface interaction studies, and neutron polarizing experiments.
context_section_description: Our target is to identify the infection or disease (cancer, for example) anywhere in our body like cerebral, brain, blood, and fluid, and tissues. This infectious cell is called collectively biomarker. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and collaborating with United Nations and International Labor organization have convincingly defined the Biomarker as “any substance, structure, or process that can be measured in the body or its products and influence or predict the incidence of outcome or disease”. Biomarker has to be quantifiable up-to certain level in biological process in well-being.
  One specific example of biomarker is blood cholesterol that is commonly acquainted with us reliable for coronary heart disease; another biomarker is PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) and has been contributing to prostate cancer. There are a lot of biomarkers are considering as being cancer: Hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA), International Normalized Ratio (INR), Prothrombin Time (PT), Monoclonal Protein (M protein), Cancer Antigen-125 (CA-125), Human Immunodeficiency Virus -Ribonucleic Acid (HIV RNA), B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP).²⁷and Lymphoma cell (Ramos cell lines and Jurkat cell lines) a form of cancer.
  Other common biomarkers are breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer and brain tumor.
  This disease-causing verdict agent is the biomarker is existing extremely trace amount especially initial state of the disease. Therefore, identifying or getting images of biomarker is tricky and, in few circumstances, uncertain by NMR tech. Hence, we must use the contrasting agent to enhance the images at least to visualize level to Physicians. As molecules of biomarker is less abundant in vivo system. The NMR or MRI experiment provide us very small signal even in some cases, analyzer can miss the signal peak in data due to the lack in abundance of biomarker. Therefore, to make sure, to reach the true conclusion about the existence of trouble causing biomarker, we need to enhance the probe (contrasting mechanisms) to get the clear peak at most visible level of peak height as well as position of peak in data. If it is possible to gather the acceptable and clearly interpretable data from NMR or MRI experiment by using the contrasting agent then expert can take a right initial to recover the patients those already have been suffering from cancer. Among the various technique to get the enhance data in MRI experiment, SEOP is one of them.
  Researchers in SEOP are interested to use the ¹²⁹Xe.  Because ¹²⁹Xe has number of favorable facts in NMR Tech. for working as a contrasting agent even over the other novel gases:
  Inert xenon does not show chemical reaction like other metals and non-metals because Xenon’s electronic configuration is fully occupied as well as it is not radioactive also.
  To get the solid, liquid state from naturally occurring gaseous state is easy going(figure-8). The solid and liquid state of ¹²⁹Xe are existing experimentally doable temperature and pressure ranges.
  Xenon possess highly polarizable electron cloud surrounding by the nucleus. Therefore, easily prone to be soluble with lipid or organic compounds especially in vivo environment in biological respect. (table-2)
  Xenon does not alter the structurally or chemically (similarly other noble gases) when interact with other molecules.
  According to the scientist Ostwald, solubility is defined as the partition coefficient of the gas absorbed to the volume of the absorbing liquid. The solubility of Xenon, SXe(g) = V absorbed amount of Xe(g)  /V absorbing liquid  at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
  Solubility of Xenon in water medium 11% means at 25 °C 11 mL Xenon gas could be absorbed by 100 mL of water.
  Xenon atomic size is large and outer shell electrons are far from the nuclei, outermost electron is highly prone to be polarized specially lipid environment. Table 2 shows Xenon solubility in water medium at 37 °C is 8% but fat tissue in vivo environment the solubility value is 130%. Solubility leads the Xenon using in biological syst
caption: Figure 11. 129Xe(g) MRI studying in presence of high field vs T1(longitudinal Spin Relaxation Time) during the decaying of hyperpolarization of 129Xe(g) in presence of magnetic field different strengths; 3.0 T for blue triangle, approximately 1.5 mT for red circles and approximately 0.0 mT for white squares. Hyperpolarized 129Xe(g) has transferred to kids bags then counted the decay time T1 in presence of different magnetic fields separately. Increasing the magnetic field strength (1.5mT to 3000mT) causing the decay time approximately up to eight-fold increments.
exif: {}