page_title: 16th century
section_title: Literature
hierarchical_section_title: 16th century / Significant people / Literature
caption_attribution_description: العربية: اعتُقد طويلًا أنَّ هذه هي الصورة الوحيدة لويليام شكسپير التي رُسمت خلال حياته، إلى أن تمَّ العُثور على صورةٍ أُخرى يُحتمل أن تكون قد رُسمت كذلك قبل وفاته، وهي رسمة كوبّ، التي كُشف النقاب عنها سنة 2009م. تُعرف هذه اللوحة باسم 'لوحة شاندوس' تيمُنًا بمالكها السَّابق، جيمس بريدجز، دوق شاندوس الأوَّل. كانت هذه الصورة أوَّل لوحة يحصل عليها معرض اللوحات الوطني سنة 1856م. English: This was long thought to be the only portrait of William Shakespeare that had any claim to have been painted from life, until another possible life portrait, the Cobbe portrait, was revealed in 2009. The portrait is known as the 'Chandos portrait' after a previous owner, James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos. It was the first portrait to be acquired by the National Portrait Gallery in 1856. The artist may be by a painter called John Taylor who was an important member of the Painter-Stainers' Company.&#91;1&#93;
context_page_description: The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600.
  The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of Western civilization and the Age of the Islamic Gunpowders occurred.
  During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the Indian Ocean and opened worldwide oceanic trade routes, and Vasco da Gama was given permission by the Indian Sultans to settle in the wealthy Bengal Sultanate. Large parts of the New World became Spanish and Portuguese colonies, and while the Portuguese became the masters of Asia's and Africa's Indian Ocean trade, the Spanish opened trade across the Pacific Ocean, linking the Americas with India.
  This era of colonialism established mercantilism as the leading school of economic thought, where the economic system was viewed as a zero-sum game in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. The mercantilist doctrine encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism throughout the world until the 19th century or early 20th century.
context_section_description: Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet and painter, (1483–1541)
  Mateo Alemán, Spanish novelist and writer (1547 – c. 1615)
  Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet, (1474–1533)
  Bâkî, Ottoman Turkish poet. He was known as "Sultan of poets" (1526–1600)
  Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (c. 1524 – 1580).
  Baldassare Castiglione, Italian author (1478–1529)
  Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish author (1547–1616)
  John Donne, English metaphysical poet (1572–1631)
  Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (1544-1595)
  Alonso de Ercilla, Spanish poet (1533–1594)
  Luis de Góngora, Spanish poet (1561–1627)
  Thomas Heywood, English dramatist (c. early 1570s – 1641)
  Malaye Jaziri, Kurdish poet and mystic (1570–1640)
  Ben Jonson, English dramatist (c. 1572 – 1637)
  Jan Kochanowski, Polish poet (1530–1584)
  Fuzûlî, Azerbaijani poet (1483–1556)
  Thomas Kyd, English dramatist (1558–1594)
  Luis de León, Spanish poet (1527–1591)
  Thomas Lodge, English dramatist (1558–1625)
  Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian author (1469–1527)
  Christopher Marlowe, English poet and dramatist (1564–1593).
  Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (1533–1592).
  Thomas More, English politician and author (1478–1535).
  Miyamoto Musashi, famous warrior in Japan, author of The Book of Five Rings, a treaty on strategy and martial combat. (1584–1645)
  François Rabelais, French author (c. 1493 – 1553).
  Mikołaj Rej, Polish writer (1505–1569).
  Pierre de Ronsard, French poet. Called the "Prince of poets" of his generation. (1524–1585).
  William Shakespeare, English playwright (1564–1616).
  Edmund Spenser, English poet (c. 1552–1599)
  Gian Giorgio Trissino, Italian humanist, poet, dramatist, diplomat, and grammarian (1478–1550)
  Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet (1501–1536)
  Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist (1562–1635).
  Benedetto Varchi, Italian humanist, a historian and poet (1502/1503 – 1565)
  Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, Kurdish politician, historian and poet (1543–1603)
caption: William Shakespeare
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