page_title: Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe
hierarchical_section_title: Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Rekonstruktion einer Kreisgrabenanlage für die Niederösterreichische Landesausstellung 2005 in Heldenberg English: Reconstruction of circular ditches, Niederösterreichische Landesausstellung (Lower Austria Country Exhibition) 2005
context_page_description: Approximately 120–150 Neolithic earthworks enclosures are known in Central Europe.
  They are called Kreisgrabenanlagen in German, or alternatively as roundels. They are mostly confined to the Elbe and Danube basins, in modern-day Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, as well as the adjacent parts of Hungary and Poland, in a stretch of Central European land some 800 km across.
  They date to the first half of the 5th millennium BC; they are associated with the late Linear Pottery culture and its local successors, the Stroke-ornamented ware and Lengyel cultures. The best known and oldest of these Circular Enclosures is the Goseck circle, constructed c. 4900 BC.
  Only a few examples approximate a circular form; the majority are only very approximately circular or elliptic. One example at Meisternthal is an exact ellipse with identifiable focal points.
  The distribution of these structures seems to suggest a spread from the middle Danube towards the west along the Danube and to the northwest following the Elbe.
  They precede the comparable circular earthwork or timber enclosures known from Great Britain and Ireland, constructed much later during c. 3000 to 1000 BC.
context_section_description: Approximately 120–150 Neolithic earthworks enclosures are known in Central Europe.
  They are called Kreisgrabenanlagen  ("circular ditched enclosures") in German, or alternatively as roundels (or "rondels"; German Rondelle; sometimes also "rondeloid", since many are not even approximately circular). They are mostly confined to the Elbe and Danube basins, in  modern-day Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, as well as the adjacent parts of Hungary and Poland,  in a stretch of Central European land some 800 km (500 mi) across.
  They date to the first half of the 5th millennium  BC; they are  associated with the late Linear Pottery culture and its local successors, the Stroke-ornamented ware (Middle Danubian) and  Lengyel (Moravian Painted Ware)  cultures.  The best known and oldest of these Circular Enclosures is the Goseck circle, constructed c. 4900 BC.
  Only a few examples approximate a circular form; the majority are only very approximately circular or elliptic. One example at Meisternthal is an exact ellipse with identifiable focal points.
  The distribution of these structures seems to suggest a spread from the middle Danube (southern Slovakia and western Hungary) towards the west (Lower Austria, Lower Bavaria) along the Danube and to the northwest (Moravia, Bohemia, Saxony-Anhalt) following the Elbe. 
  They precede the comparable circular earthwork or timber enclosures known from Great Britain and Ireland, constructed much later during c. 3000 to 1000 BC (late Neolithic to Bronze Age).
  But, by contrast to the long lifetime of the "Megalithic" culture, the time window during which the  
  neolithic Roundels were in use is surprisingly narrow, lasting only for about 200–300 years (roughly 49th to 47th centuries BC).
  The earliest roundel to be described was the one at Krpy (Kropáčova Vrutice), Bohemia,  by Woldřich 1886, but it was only with systematic aerial survey in the 1980s and the 1990s that their ubiquity in the region became apparent. 
  Three types have been distinguished:
  two semicircular ditches forming a circle and separated by causeways at opposing entrances.
  multiple circuits of ditches interrupted with entrances at cardinal or  astronomically-oriented points and also having an internal single or double timber palisade.
  a single ring ditch.
  The structures are mostly interpreted as having served a cultic purpose.
  Most of them are aligned and seem to have served the function of a calendar  (Kalenderbau), in the context of archaeoastronomy sometimes dubbed "observatory", with openings aligned with the points sunrise and/or sunset at the solstices. This is the case with the "gates" or openings of the roundels of  Quenstedt, Goseck and Quedlinburg. 
  The observational determination of the time of solstice would not have served a practical (agricultural) purpose, but could have been used to maintain a lunisolar calendar (i.e. knowledge of the date of solstice allows an accurate handling of intercalary months).
  Known Circular Enclosures:
  in Slovakia (Ivan Kuzma 2004): about 50 candidate sites from aerial surveys, not all of which are expected to date to the Neolithic. There are 15 known neolithic (Lengyel) sites.  The largest of these are (with outer diameters of more than 100 m):  Svodín 2 (140 m), Demandice (120 m), Bajtava (175 m), Horné Otrokovce (150 m), Podhorany-Mechenice (120 m), Cífer 127 m, Golianovo (210 m), Žitavce (145 m), Hosťovce (250–300 m), Prašník (175 m). others: Borovce, Bučany, Golianovo, Kľačany, Milanovce, Nitrianský Hrádok, Ružindol-Borová
  in Hungary: Aszód, Polgár-Csőszhalom, Sé, Vokány, Szemely-Hegyes
  in the Czech Republic (Jaroslav Ridky 2004): 15 known sites, all dated to the late   Stroked pottery (Stk IVA).  Běhařovice, Borkovany, Bulhary, Krpy, Křepice, Mašovice, Němčičky, Rašovice, Těšetice, Vedrovice
  in Austria (Doneus et al. 2004): 47 known sites with diameters between 40 and 180 m. Lower Austria:  Asparn an der Zaya, Altruppersdorf, Altruppersdorf, Au am Leithagebirge, Friebritz (2 sites), Gauderndorf,  Glaubendorf (2 sites), Gnadendorf, Göllersdorf, Herzogbirbaum, Hornsburg, Immend
caption: Reconstruction of circular ditches at Heldenberg, Lower Austria
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