page_title: Mute (music)
section_title: Stop (stopping)
hierarchical_section_title: Mute (music) / Brass / Stop (stopping)
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context_page_description: A mute is a device fitted to a musical instrument to alter the sound produced: by affecting the timbre, reducing the volume, or most commonly both. The use of a mute is usually indicated in musical notation by the Italian direction con sordino and removed with the direction senza sordino or via sordino. The spelling sordino is standard in musical notation, but in Italian, the proper spelling is sordina.
  On string instruments of the violin family, the mute takes the form of a device attached to the bridge of the instrument, dampening vibrations and resulting in a "softer", darker and more somber sound. On the cello and double bass, a wolf mute is often attached to the G-string and on the A-string between the bridge and the tailpiece to eliminate the wolf tone. On the guitar, players may palm mute their guitars. Some instruments, such as the Fender Jaguar and the Rickenbacker 4001 and 4003 electric bass guitars have built-in string mutes.
  A variety of mutes have been used on brass instruments, most of which either squeeze inside the bell of the instrument, or are hung or clipped to the outside of the bell.
context_section_description: Stop or Stopping mutes are unique to the French horn. The term hand-stopping involves the hornist inserting his/her hand into the bell of the instrument. A buzzing sound results, and the tone is raised a semitone from the shortening of the effective length of the vibrating air column. At lower intervals, application of this technique is very demanding. At the pedal level, it is nearly impossible (as in the final movement of Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6). To remedy this, a small mute made of brass, with a small branch and tiny brass bell, is substituted for the hand. It still takes an enormous amount of air to achieve the "stopped" sound, but is certainly possible for an experienced player. Stopping, whether accomplished by hand or with a mute, raises the pitch to such an extent that horn players have traditionally transposed the muted notes, fingering a half-step lower than written, but a line of self-transposing stop mutes have recently been developed in Japan.
caption: A trombonist using a plunger mute
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