page_title: Allotropes of boron
hierarchical_section_title: Allotropes of boron
caption_attribution_description: English: Amorphous brown boron as powder in a glass jar. 5 grams, jar diameter 4 cm.
context_page_description: Boron can be prepared in several crystalline and amorphous forms. Well known crystalline forms are α-rhombohedral, β-rhombohedral, and β-tetragonal. In special circumstances, boron can also be synthesized in the form of its α-tetragonal and γ-orthorhombic allotropes. Two amorphous forms, one a finely divided powder and the other a glassy solid, are also known. Although at least 14 more allotropes have been reported, these other forms are based on tenuous evidence or have not been experimentally confirmed, or are thought to represent mixed allotropes, or boron frameworks stabilized by impurities. Whereas the β-rhombohedral phase is the most stable and the others are metastable, the transformation rate is negligible at room temperature, and thus all five phases can exist at ambient conditions. Amorphous powder boron and polycrystalline rhombohedral β-boron are the most common forms. The latter allotrope is a very hard grey material, about ten percent lighter than aluminium and with a melting point several hundred degrees higher than that of steel.
  Elemental boron has been found in star dust and meteorites but does not exist in the high oxygen environment of Earth.
context_section_description: Boron can be prepared in several crystalline and amorphous forms. Well known crystalline forms are α-rhombohedral, β-rhombohedral, and β-tetragonal.  In special circumstances, boron can also be synthesized in the form of its α-tetragonal and γ-orthorhombic allotropes. Two amorphous forms, one a finely divided powder and the other a glassy solid, are also known. Although at least 14 more allotropes have been reported, these other forms are based on tenuous evidence or have not been experimentally confirmed, or are thought to represent mixed allotropes, or boron frameworks stabilized by impurities. Whereas the β-rhombohedral phase is the most stable and the others are metastable, the transformation rate is negligible at room temperature, and thus all five phases can exist at ambient conditions. Amorphous powder boron and polycrystalline rhombohedral β-boron are the most common forms. The latter allotrope is a very hard grey material, about ten percent lighter than aluminium and with a melting point (2080 °C) several hundred degrees higher than that of steel.
  Elemental boron has been found in star dust and meteorites but does not exist in the high oxygen environment of Earth. It is difficult to extract from its compounds. The earliest methods involved reduction of boric oxide with metals such as magnesium or aluminium. However, the product is almost always contaminated with metal borides. Pure boron can be prepared by reducing volatile boron halides with hydrogen at high temperatures. Very pure boron, for use in semiconductor industry, is produced by the decomposition of diborane at high temperatures, followed by purification via zone melting or the Czochralski process. Even more difficult to prepare are single crystals of pure boron phases, due to polymorphism and the tendency  of boron to react with impurities; typical crystal size is ~0.1 mm.
caption: Amorphous powder boron
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