page_title: Alexandre Liautard
section_title: Integration of the Veterinary Colleges into the university system
hierarchical_section_title: Alexandre Liautard / Work and achievements / « Entrepreneur » of veterinary education, founder and dean of the veterinary school / Liautard and the creation of new veterinary colleges / Integration of the Veterinary Colleges into the university system
caption_attribution_description: "Just before the last of these vehicles was banished from the streets of New York City, the photographer snapped one of them as it passed alongside a 'Modern Electric Car' powered by the conduit between the rails. This photo was shot on Broadway just north of the intersection with Broome Street. The car is headed southbound." Photo, looking north, shows horse-drawn and electric trams side by side.
context_page_description: Alexandre François Augustin Liautard was a French veterinarian born on February 15, 1835 in Paris and died April 20, 1918 at Bois-Jérôme-Saint-Ouen. After graduating from the École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse in 1856, he emigrated to the United States in 1859 to exercise his profession of veterinary practitioner in New York until 1900, when he retired and returned to France. The name of Alexandre Liautard is associated with the beginning of private veterinary education in America. Liautard was the founder and dean of the New York American Veterinary College. He participated in organizing the American Veterinary profession and founded the United States Veterinary Medical Association, now the American Veterinary Medical Association, of which he was for many years a driving force. His name is still cited in the American veterinary press as a dominant figure in the history of the profession for having defined its professional standards and missions, and been a uniting force, and as founder of the American Veterinary Review, now the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
context_section_description: In 1899, the American Veterinary College merged with the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons to form the New York American Veterinary College, of which Liautard was dean. At the same time the college became part of the University of New York, (a private university), thereby satisfying Liautard's expectations who considered the insertion of veterinary training into the American university systemn, like all American establishments of higher education,  self-evident. This attachment was a prerequisite to obtaining the hoped-for aid, as the New York State Veterinary College, from the State of New York, just like the veterinary College  of  Cornell set up in 1894 within Cornell University, (a private university). According to T.F. Jones, New York University historian, « the Veterinary School was, from its beginning, hampered  by a meagreness of resources that was relieved only by the self-sacrifice of an enthusiastic faculty ».  Accreditation of the New York American Veterinary College as the New York State Veterinary College would have made it possible to hope that « the metropolitan school would receive the same financial support from the Albany Assembly as that of its rural sister college at Ithaca » but Liautard retired and returned to France in 1900. This objective was attained in 1913.
  
  The 50th anniversary of the American Veterinary Medical Association celebrated in 1913 was the occasion to remember Liautard's contribution to American veterinary medicine and to re-deliver the toasting speech made to him by Rush S. Huidekoper during the 25th anniversary of the American Veterinary College ː
  « The toast given to me to respond to, « American Veterinary Medicine », is so closely associated with the man whom we meet to do honor to to-night, that what I can say in response to it, would be almost equally appropriate had the title been Alexander Liautard », « I ask you, gentlemen, to join me in a bumper to him, scientist, practitioner, teacher, friend, a native of the country which first gave birth to veterinary schools, and stands at the head of the veterinary profession today, and an adopted son of this our great country, which has so much benefited by his sojourn amongst us, that his name will be an indelible landmark in American Veterinary Medicine ».
caption: View of New York, in 1917, showing one of the last « horsecars » on the left and an « electric streetcar» on the right on Broadway near to 17th Street
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