page_title: Texandria
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Texandria / History
caption_attribution_description: Map showing the area historically known as Toxandria (an area in Belgium and the Netherlands). The whole original map shows Central Europe (919-1125).
context_page_description: Texandria, is a region mentioned in the 4th century AD and during the Middle Ages. It was situated in the southern part of the modern Netherlands and in the northern part of present-day Belgium.
context_section_description: The region of Texandria is first mentioned by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus ca. 390 AD. In the 380s, the Salian Franks, after being defeated by Julian ca. 358, were given permission to settle apud Toxiandriam locum ('at a place in Toxiandria').
  Between 709 and ca. 1100, the name Texandria was used to denote a region located in the southern part of the modern Netherlands and the northern part of Belgium. In sources of the period 709–795, the pagus Texandrie appears concentrated in the basin of the river Dommel and its tributaries, with a first cluster of locations between Alphen in the west and Waalre in the east, and a second cluster more to the south around Overpelt.
  As a result of a growing elite network of alliances, Texandria expanded between 815 and 914 to a region covering modern North Brabant and adjacent parts of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg (possibly between Oosterhout, Laakdal and Reppel). In the mid-11th century, Stepelinus, a monk from Saint-Trond, located the region of Campania (firstly attested in this document) within Texandria. From ca. 1225, however, Campania (modern Campine) replaced Texandria as the name of the region. Texandria had nonetheless survived as the name of a vast archdeaconry within the diocese of Liège, although it was eventually replaced with Campania by the end of the 14th century and disappeared from historical records.
caption: Texandria in a map of Western Europe (919-1125).
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