page_title: Primum Mobile
section_title: Spherical variations
hierarchical_section_title: Primum Mobile / Spherical variations
caption_attribution_description: From Petrus Apianus&#59; Gemma Frisius&#32;(1539)&#32;Petri Apiani cosmographia, per Gemmam Phrysium, apud Louanienses medicum ac mathematicum insignem, restituta: additis de adem re ipsius Gemmae Phry. libellis, ut sequens pagina docet, Antwerp&#58; In pingui gallina Arnoldo Berckma[n]no [Arnold Birckmann], OCLC 1113627241. Schema huius præmiʃʃæ diuiʃionis Sphærarum. COELVM EMPIREVM HABITACVLVM DEI ET OMNIVM ELECTORVM Ⅰ0 &#160; ♌ &#166; Decimŭm Cœlŭm ♋ &#166; Primŭ Mobile ♊ &#166; &#160; ♉ &#166; &#160; ♈ &#166; &#160; ♓ &#166; &#160; ♒ &#166; &#160; ♑ &#166; &#160; ♐ &#166; &#160; ♏ &#166; &#160; ♎ &#166; &#160; ♍ &#166; 9 &#160; ♋ &#166; Nonŭ Cœlŭm ♊ &#166; Criʃtallinŭm ♉ &#166; &#160; ♈ &#166; ⊕ &#160; ♓ &#166; &#160; ♒ &#166; &#160; ♑ &#166; &#160; ♐ &#166; &#160; ♏ &#166; &#160; ♎ &#166;⊕ &#160; ♍ &#166; &#160; ♌ &#166; 8 ••••••★ ♋ &#166; (•) Octaŭum •• ♊ &#166; (•) Firmamentŭ • ♉ • &#166; •••••• ♈ &#166; ••★••★••• ♓ &#166; •••★• ♒ • &#166; ••••••••• ♑ &#166; •••★ ♐ &#166; ••••••• ♏ &#166; ★•★ ♎ &#166; ••••••• ♍ &#166; ••★•••• ♌ &#166; 7 COELÛ &#160; ♃ SATVRNI &#160; ★ 6 ♄ IOVIS &#160; ★ 5 ♂ MARTIS &#160; ★ 4 ☉ SOLIS &#160; ☼ 3 ♀VENERIS &#160; ★ Z ☿ MERCVRII &#160; ★ Ⅰ ☾ LVNÆ &#160; ◯ &#160; ☽ &#160; ◯ (•) Star aligned with following word; only two sizes of stars are used, relative positions ignored English: The scheme of the aforementioned division of spheres. · The empyrean (fiery) heaven, dwelling of God and of all the selected · 10 Tenth heaven, first cause · 9 Ninth heaven, crystalline · 8 Eighth heaven of the firmament · 7 Heaven of Saturn · 6 Jupiter · 5 Mars · 4 Sun · 3 Venus · 2 Mercury · 1 Moon Latina: Schema huius praemissae divisionis sphaerarum. · Coelum empireum habitaculum dei et omnium electorum · 10 Decimum coelum primu mobile · 9 Nonu coelum cristallinum · 8 Octavum [coelum] firmamentu · 7 Coelu saturni · 6 [Coelu] Iovis · 5 [Coelu] Martis · 4 [Coelu] Solis · 3 [Coelu] Veneris · 2 [Coelu] Mercurii · 1 [Coelu] Lunae Compare to: Sacrobosco's De sphaera mundi
context_page_description: In classical, medieval, and Renaissance astronomy, the Primum Mobile was the outermost moving sphere in the geocentric model of the universe.
  The concept was introduced by Ptolemy to account for the apparent daily motion of the heavens around the Earth, producing the east-to-west rising and setting of the sun and stars, and reached Western Europe via Avicenna.
context_section_description: The total number of celestial spheres was not fixed. In this 16th-century illustration, the firmament (sphere of fixed stars) is eighth, a "crystalline" sphere (posited to account for the reference to "waters ... above the firmament" in Genesis 1:7) is ninth, and the Primum Mobile is tenth. Outside all is the Empyrean, the "habitation of God and all the elect".
caption: One scheme of the celestial spheres
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