page_title: Long s
section_title: Modern usage
hierarchical_section_title: Long s / Modern usage
context_page_description: The long s is an archaic form of the lower case letter s. It replaced the single s, or one or both of the letters s in a double s. The long s is the basis of the first half of the grapheme of the German alphabet ligature letter ß, which is known as the Eszett. The modern letterform is known as the short, terminal, or round s.
context_section_description: The long s survives in elongated form, with an italic-styled curled descender, as the integral symbol ∫ used in calculus. Gottfried Leibniz based the character on the Latin summa "sum", which he wrote ∫umma. This use first appeared publicly in his paper De Geometria, published in Acta Eruditorum of June 1686, but he had been using it in private manuscripts at least since 29 October 1675. The integral of a function f over the interval [a,b] is typeset as
  In linguistics, a similar character (ʃ, called "esh"), is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, in which it represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative, the first sound in the English word ship.
  In Nordic and German-speaking countries, relics of the long s continue to be seen in signs and logos that use various forms of fraktur typefaces. Examples include the logos of the Norwegian newspapers Aftenpoſten and  Adresſeaviſen; the packaging logo for Finnish Siſu pastilles; and the Jägermeiſter logo.
  The long s exists in some current OpenType digital fonts that are historic revivals, like Caslon, Garamond, and Bodoni.
  In the 1993 Turkmen orthography, ſ represented /ʒ/; however, it was replaced in 1995 by the letter ž. The capital form was £, which was replaced by Ž.
  The long s form with the bar (ẜ) is encoded at:
  U+1E9C ẜ LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE
  In Unicode:
caption: Cycle Deſign (Cycle Design) in Berlin, 2002
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