page_title: Sulayman Pasha al-Adil
section_title: Later years and death
hierarchical_section_title: Sulayman Pasha al-Adil / Later years and death
caption_attribution_description: English: el-jazzar mosque, acre Français&#160;: Israël - Mosquée Al-Jazzar, ou «&#160;mosquée blanche&#160;», à Saint-Jean-d'Acre עברית: מסגד אל ג'זאר בעכו, Original Image Name:מסגד אל ג'זאר בעכו, Location:עכו
context_page_description: Sulayman Pasha al-Adil was the Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet between 1805 and 1819, ruling from his Acre headquarters. He also simultaneously served as governor of Damascus Eyalet between 1810 and 1812. He was a mamluk of his predecessor, Jazzar Pasha. His rule was associated with decentralization, a reduction of Acre's military, and limits to his predecessors' cotton monopoly. Moreover, he oversaw a policy of non-interference with his deputy governors, such as Muhammad Abu-Nabbut and Mustafa Agha Barbar, and diplomacy with the autonomous sheikhs of the various Levantine regions where he held authority, including Emir Bashir Shihab II and Musa Bey Tuqan. He exercised control over his domain largely through depending on the loyalty of his deputies, who also had been mamluks of Jazzar. In effect, Sulayman Pasha presided over the world's last functioning mamluk system.
context_section_description: Each time Sulayman was given the interim office of wali of Damascus it had occurred during the months before the Hajj when the wali of Damascus (who by imperial decree was also the amir al-hajj, or "commander of the Hajj pilgrimage") would make his dawrah tour to collect the miri (funds for the pilgrimage caravan) from the various districts. This was often an arduous process in the semi-autonomous regions, particularly in Jabal Nablus, where successive Ottoman governors failed to assert their authority. Through diplomatic relations, particularly his relationship with the Tuqan clan, Sulayman was able to collect these funds and thus boost his authority over the central mountainous areas of Palestine, which were officially outside of Sidon's jurisdiction.
  In 1817, the Tuqans attempted to overtake their rivals, the Nimr clan, in Nablus city, prompting a violent backlash from all of the rural sheikhs of Jabal Nablus, including the Jarrar, Abd al-Hadi and Qasim clans, who backed the Nimrs. This resulted in a civil war in Jabal Nablus with a stalemate marked by heavy casualties on both sides. Sulayman traditionally backed the Tuqans, although his scribe Ibrahim al-Awra asserted that he started to lean towards the side of the Jarrars and Abd al-Hadis, likely in order to create a balance of power in Nablus that he could still influence and manage, rather than encourage a strong singular Nabulsi authority. Thus, Sulayman withheld tangible support for Musa Bey Tuqan and instead opened negotiations between the warring factions at his Acre headquarters. He managed to secure a peace between Musa Bey and the Jarrar and Abd al-Hadi clans later that year. By July 1818, through his offices with the mufti (leading Muslim scholar) of Nablus, he brought the Nimr clan into the peace arrangements as well. The agreement entailed a large payment of blood money from the Tuqans to the other clans, but with the understanding that Musa Bey would remain mutasallim of Nablus.
  With the death of his deputy Ali Pasha Khazindar in 1814 and Farhi's opposition to Abu-Nabbut of Jaffa, Ali Pasha's son, Abdullah Pasha, who Farhi greatly favored, emerged as the chosen successor of Sulayman. The latter set a number of ground rules with the then-adolescent Abdullah. Among these were that Abdullah was not to have his own office in Sulayman's headquarters like Ali Pasha, nor was he to have his hand kissed by others or to publicly eat and drink with Sulayman. Sulayman became ill and died in August 1819 and was buried alongside Jazzar in the courtyard of the Jazzar Mosque in Acre. Sulayman was officially succeeded by Abdullah in January 1820, after several months of Farhi negotiating with and bribing the officials of the Sublime Porte to make the appointment. Farhi, who believed he could wield power through Abdullah, was strangled and thrown from Acre's walls into the sea on Abdullah's orders several months after taking office.
caption: Sulayman Pasha was buried at the courtyard of the Jazzar Mosque in Acre
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