page_title: Finnish famine of 1866–68
hierarchical_section_title: Finnish famine of 1866–68
caption_attribution_description: English: Removing the inner bark with the special tool, 'lusa': Bark of pine was used as emergency food in Finland during famine, last time during and after civil war in 1918. The surface of the bark was first removed. The inner bark was then detached from the tree by using a special tool made of hard wood e.g. juniper and called "lusa" in Finnish. Soft sheets of inner bark were then available. The sheets were left to dry for a couple of hours and then heated over fire or coals until light brown and fragile. The bark was then ground and the resultant flour was used for bread with rye.Suomi: Petun irrottaminen erityisen työkalun, 'lusan' avulla. Petäjänkuoresta tehtyä jauhoa, pettua, on käytetty Suomessa pula-aikoina hätäravintona. Pettujauhoja valmistettaessa männyn kaarna poistetaan ja sen alla oleva nilakerros irrotetaan erityisen työkalun, katajasta tai muusta kovasta puulajista valmistetun 'lusan' avulla. Syntynyt pehmeä levy kuivataan ensin huoneenlämmössä ja sitten paahdetaan kuumassa uunissa tai hiilillä vaalean ruskeaksi. Nila jauhetaan ja syntynyt jauho erotellaan ja käytetään leivontaan yhdessä ruisjauhon kanssa.
context_page_description: The Famine of 1866–1868 was the last famine in Finland, and the last major naturally caused famine in Europe.
  In Finland the famine is known as "the great hunger years", or suuret nälkävuodet. About 8.5% of the entire population died of hunger; in the hardest-hit areas up to 20%. The total death toll was 270,000 in three years, about 150,000 in excess of normal mortality. The worst-hit areas were Satakunta, Tavastia, Ostrobothnia, and North Karelia.
context_section_description: The Famine of 1866–1868 was the last famine in Finland, and (along with the subsequent Swedish famine of 1867-1869) the last major naturally caused famine in Europe. 
  In Finland the famine is known as "the great hunger years", or suuret nälkävuodet. About 8.5% of the entire population died of hunger; in the hardest-hit areas up to 20%. The total death toll was 270,000 in three years, about 150,000 in excess of normal mortality. The worst-hit areas were Satakunta, Tavastia, Ostrobothnia, and North Karelia.
caption: Pine bark served as famine food in Finland – most recently, during and after the civil war of 1918.
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