page_title: Bashar al-Assad
section_title: Syrian Civil War
hierarchical_section_title: Bashar al-Assad / Presidency / Syrian Civil War
caption_attribution_description: English: President Bashar al-Assad of Syria and President Vladimir Putin of Russia met in Moscow to discuss the military operations in Syria.
context_page_description: Bashar al-Assad is the president of Syria and the head of the Ba'ath Party in Syria. Assad has held these positions since the death of his father Hafez al-Assad, who had ruled Syria since 1971.
  Bashar al-Assad was elected in 2000, and re-elected in 2007. He was unopposed each time because no-one else was allowed to stand against him.
context_section_description: Large protests began in January 2011. The protesters wanted political reforms, an end to the state of emergency (which had been in place since 1963), and the return of civil rights. The protests in March were the largest to take place, and the government used violence against the protestors.
  The United States placed sanctions against the Assad government in April 2011. Canada and the European Union also placed sanctions against the government in May 2011.
  In June 2011, Assad promised reform, a new parliarmentary election, and more freedoms. He also urged refugees to return to Syria.
  In January 2012, Reuters claimed that over 5,000 civilians and protesters (including militants) had been killed by the Syrian army, security agents and militia, while 1,100 people had been killed by terrorists.
  In January 2012, Assad gave a speech in which he claimed that the uprising was being engineered by foreign countries. He said that a new referendum could be held in March.
  The referendum was held in February 2012. The referendum would change the term limits of future Syrian presidents. It passed with 90% support. The U.S. and Turkey did not accept the results. The European Union pushed new sanctions on the government.
  In June 2012, the ICRC announced that Syria was in a civil war. The national death toll on both sides reached 20,000.
  In 2014 and 2015, he began to lose some support from the Alawite community. This was because an unequal number of soldiers killed in the conflict were Alawites.
  In September 2015, Russia got involved in the Syrian Civil War. President of Russia Vladimir Putin said that Russia's goal in Syria is to "stabilis[e] the legitimate power in Syria and creat[e] the conditions for political compromise." In November 2015, Assad said that the two months of Russian intervention had accomplished more than the U.S.-led coalition had done in a year.
  In December 2016, government forces recovered most of Aleppo from rebel forces.
  After the election of Donald Trump, the U.S. no longer wished to remove Assad from power. That changed after the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack. Donald Trump ordered missile strikes to hit a Syrian airbase. Assad responded by saying that the United States's behaviour was an "unjust and arrogant aggression." He also said that the Syrian army had given up all its chemical weapons in 2013. He claimed that the chemical attack was a lie and was used to justify a U.S. airstrike.
  As of March 2018, between 350,000 and 511,000 people have been killed in the civil war.
caption: Assad with Vladimir Putin.
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