page_title: Tengrism
section_title: Historical Tengrism
hierarchical_section_title: Tengrism / Historical Tengrism
caption_attribution_description: Русский: Эта фотография входит в этнографическую часть "Туркестанского альбома"&#160;— всестороннего исследования Центральной Азии, предпринятого после того, как в 1860-х годах в регионе установилось господство Российской империи. Альбом, созданный по распоряжению генерала Константина Петровича фон Кауфмана (1818–1882&#160;годы), первого генерал-губернатора российского Туркестана, состоит из четырех частей в шести томах: «Часть археологическая» (два тома), «Часть этнографическая» (два тома), «Часть промысловая» (один том) и «Часть историческая» (один том). Основным составителем альбома был российский востоковед Александр Людвигович Кун, работавший совместно с Николаем Венедиктовичем Богаевским. В&#160;альбоме представлено около 1200&#160;фотографий, а также архитектурные планы, акварельные рисунки и карты. «Часть этнографическая» включает в себя 491отдельную &#160;фотографию на 163 листах. На фотографиях изображены представители различных народов региона (листы&#160;1–33), повседневная жизнь и ритуалы (листы&#160;34–91), а также виды деревень и городов, уличные торговцы и коммерческая деятельность (листы&#160;92–163). Верблюды; Этнографические фотографии; Лошади; Вьючные животные; Фотографические исследования; Тюркские народы; Юрты Français&#160;: Cette photographie est extraite de la partie ethnographique de l'Album du Turkestan, étude visuelle complète de l'Asie centrale entreprise après que l'Empire russe prit le contrôle de la région dans les années&#160;1860. Commandé par le général Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman (1818–1882), premier gouverneur général du Turkestan russe, l'album est composé de six&#160;volumes en quatre&#160;parties&#160;: la partie archéologique (deux&#160;volumes), la partie ethnologique (deux&#160;volumes), la partie sur les métiers (un volume) et la partie historique (un volume). L'album fut essentiellement compilé par l'orientaliste russe Aleksandr L.&#160;Kun, assisté de Nikolai V.&#160;Bogaevskii. Il comporte près de 1200&#160;photographies et inclut également des plans architecturaux, des dessins à l'aquarelle et des cartes. La partie ethnographique compte 491&#160;photographies sur 163&#160;planches, montrant des individus des différentes peuplades de la région (planches&#160;1 à 33), des scènes de la vie quotidienne et des rites (planches&#160;34 à 91), ainsi que des vues de villages et de villes, de vendeurs ambulants et d'activités commerciales (planches&#160;92 à 163). Chameaux; Photographies ethnographiques; Chevaux; Bêtes de somme; Inventaires photographiques; Peuples turciques; Yourtes English: This photograph is from the ethnographical part of Turkestan Album, a comprehensive visual survey of Central Asia undertaken after imperial Russia assumed control of the region in the 1860s. Commissioned by General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman (1818–82), the first governor-general of Russian Turkestan, the album is in four parts spanning six volumes: “Archaeological Part” (two volumes); “Ethnographic Part” (two volumes); “Trades Part” (one volume); and “Historical Part” (one volume). The principal compiler was Russian Orientalist Aleksandr L. Kun, who was assisted by Nikolai V. Bogaevskii. The album contains some 1,200 photographs, along with architectural plans, watercolor drawings, and maps. The “Ethnographic Part” includes 491 individual photographs on 163 plates. The photographs show individuals representing the different peoples of the region (Plates 1–33); daily life and rituals (Plates 34–91); and views of villages and cities, street vendors, and commercial activities (Plates 92–163). Camels; Ethnographic photographs; Horses; Pack animals; Photographic surveys; Turkic peoples; Yurts 中文: 这张照片出自《土耳其斯坦相册》的民族部分，该相册是俄罗斯帝国在 19 世纪 60 年代取得中亚控制权后，着手制作的一部针对该地区的综合性图像调查记录。相册由俄罗斯驻土耳其斯坦（俄罗斯帝国中亚属地的名称）首任总督康斯坦丁·彼得罗维奇·凡·考夫曼（Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman，1818–82 年）将军赞助完成，共分六卷，四个部分：“考古部分”（两卷）；“民族部分”（两卷）；“贸易部分”（一卷）和“历史部分”（一卷）。相册的主要编纂人是俄罗斯东方学者亚历山大·L·坤 (Aleksandr L. Kun)。亚历山大是在尼可莱·V·柏盖维斯基 (Nikolai V. Bogaevskii) 的协助下完成相册的编纂。相册共含 1200 张照片，另有建筑平面图、水彩画和地图。“民族部分”包括 491 张个人照，占 163 页。照片展现了该地区各个民族的人物形象（1-33 页）、日常生活和礼仪（34-91 页）以及城市村庄、街头摊贩和商业活动场景（92-163 页）。 骆驼; 民族照片; 马; 驮畜; 摄影勘察作品; 突厥人; 蒙古包 Português: Esta fotografia faz parte da seção etnográfica do Álbum do Turquestão, um abrangente levantamento visual da Ásia Central realizado após a Rússia imperial assumir controle da região na década de 1860. Encomendado pelo General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman (1818 a 1882), o primeiro governador-geral do Turquestão Russo, o álbum está dividido em quatro partes, totalizando seis volumes: “Seção Arqueológica” (dois volumes); “Seção Etnográfica” (dois volumes); “Seção sobre o Comércio” (um volume) e “Seção Histórica” (um volume). O principal compilador foi o orientalista russo Aleksandr L. Kun, que foi auxiliado por Nikolai V. Bogaevskii. O álbum contém cerca de 1.200 fotografias, bem como plantas arquitetônicas, desenhos em aquarela e mapas. A “Seção Etnológica” inclui 491 fotografias individuais em 163 placas. As fotografias mostram indivíduos que representam os vários povos da região (Placas 1–33); a vida diária e os rituais (Placas 34–91) e as imagens de povoados e cidades, comerciantes de rua e atividades comerciais (Placas 92–163). Camelos; Fotografias etnográficas; Cavalos; Animais de transporte; Levantamentos fotográficos; Povos túrquicos; Yurts العربية: توجد هذه الصورة ضمن الجزء الإثنوغرافي من ألبوم تُرْكِستان، وهو بحث مرئي شامل عن وسط آسيا أُجرِي بعد أن استولت روسيا الإمبراطورية على زمام السلطة في المنطقة في ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر. أمر الجنرال كونستانتين بيتروفيتش فون كوفمان (1818-1882)، أول حاكم عام لتُرْكِستان الروسية، بإعداد الألبوم المؤلف من أربعة أجزاء تشغل ستة مجلدات: "الجزء الأثري" (في مجلدين) و"الجزء الإثنوغرافي" (في مجلدين) و"جزء الحِرَف" (في مجلد واحد) و"الجزء التاريخي" (في مجلد واحد). جَمَع العملَ المستشرقُ الروسي، ألكسندر ل. كُوْن، وساعده في ذلك نيكولاي ف. بوغافسكي. ويحتوي الألبوم على 1200 صورة تقريباً، بالإضافة إلى مخططات معمارية ورسومات مائية وخرائط. يحتوي "الجزء الإثنوغرافي" على 491 صورة فردية على 163 لوحة. تُظهِر الصور أفرادًا يرمزون إلى شعوب المنطقة المختلفة (اللوحات من 1 إلى 33)، كما تُظهِر الحياة اليومية وطقوسها (اللوحات من 34 إلى 91)، ومناظر للقرى والمدن والباعة المتجولين والأنشطة التجارية (اللوحات من 92 إلى 163). الجِمال; الصور الإثنوغرافية; الخيول; الدواب; البحوث التصويرية; الشعوب التركية; بيوت اليورت Español: Esta fotografía proviene de la parte etnográfica del Álbum de Turquestán, un estudio visual completo de Asia Central realizado después de que la Rusia imperial asumiera el control de la región en la década de 1860. El álbum, encargado por el general Konstantín Petrovich von Kaufman (1818-1882), el primer gobernador general del Turquestán ruso, consta de cuatro partes y abarca seis volúmenes: «Parte arqueológica» (dos volúmenes), «Parte etnográfica» (dos volúmenes), «Parte de los oficios» (un volumen) y «Parte histórica» (un volumen). El compilador principal fue el orientalista ruso Aleksandr L.&#160;Kun, quien fue asistido por Nikolai V.&#160;Bogaevskii. El álbum contiene unas 1200 fotografías, junto con planos arquitectónicos, dibujos en acuarela y mapas. La «Parte etnográfica» tiene 491 fotografías individuales en 163 láminas. Las fotografías muestran a personas que representan los diferentes pueblos de la región (láminas 1-33); la vida cotidiana y los rituales (láminas 34-91); e imágenes de pueblos y ciudades, vendedores ambulantes y actividades comerciales (láminas 92-163). Camellos; Fotografías etnográficas; Caballos; Animales de carga; Estudios fotográficos; Pueblos túrquicos; Yurtas
context_page_description: Tengrism, also known as Tengriism, Tenggerism, or Tengrianism, is an ancient and medieval Central Asian–Eurasian Steppe sky god Tengri-centered state religion as well as a number of modern Turko-Mongolic native religious movements and teachings. It was the prevailing religion of the Turks and Mongols, Huns, and, possibly, the Manchus and Magyars, as the religion of the several medieval states: Göktürk Khaganate, Western Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Old Great Bulgaria, Danube Bulgaria, Volga Bulgaria, and Eastern Tourkia. In Irk Bitig, Tengri is mentioned as Türük Tängrisi. According to many academics, at the imperial level, especially by the 12th–13th centuries, Tengrism was a monotheistic religion; most contemporary Tengrists present it as being monotheistic too.
  The forms of the name Tengri among the ancient and modern Turks and Mongols are Tengeri, Tangara, Tangri, Tanri, Tangre, Tegri, Tingir, Tenkri, Teri, Ter, and Ture.
  The name Tengri is derived from Old Turkic: Tenk‎ or Tan. Meanwhile, Stefan Georg proposed that the Turkic Tengri ultimately originates as a loanword from Proto-Yeniseian *tɨŋgVr- "high".
context_section_description: For the first time the name Tengri recorded in Chinese chronicles from the 4th century BC as the sky god of the Xiongnu, it takes the Chinese form 撑犁 (Cheng-li).
  The cult of Heaven-Tengri is fixed by the Orkhon, or Old Turkic script used by the Göktürks ("celestial Turks") and other early khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries.
  Tengrism was the religion of the several medieval states: Göktürk Khaganate, Western Turkic Khaganate, Old Great Bulgaria, Danube Bulgaria, Volga Bulgaria, and Eastern Tourkia (Khazaria) Turkic beliefs contains the sacral book Irk Bitig from Uyghur Khaganate.
  Tengrism also played a large role in the religion of Mongol Empires as the primary statespirituality. Genghis Khan and several generations of his followers were Tengrian believers and "Shaman-Kings" until his fifth-generation descendant, Uzbeg Khan, turned to Islam in the 14th century. Old Tengrist prayers have come to us from the Secret History of the Mongols (13th century). The priests-prophets (temujin) resevied them, according to faiths, from the great deity/spirit Munkh Tenger.
  The original Mongol khans, followers of Tengri, were known for their tolerance of other religions. Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, said: "We believe that there is only one God, by whom we live and by whom we die, and for whom we have an upright heart. But as God gives us the different fingers of the hand, so he gives to men diverse ways to approach him." ("Account of the Mongols. Diary of William Rubruck", religious debate in court documented by William of Rubruck on May 31, 1254).
  The cult of Heaven was probably the similar with Tengrism among the Tungusic peoples, which, together with the Turks and the Mongols, belong to the hypothetical Altaic language family, especially those who had their statehood as Manchus (the sky deity in Manchu shamanism colled Apka Enduri).
  According to Hungarian archaeological research, the religion of the Magyars (Hungarians) until the end of the 10th century (before Christianity) was Tengrism.
  Tengrists view their existence as sustained by the eternal blue sky (Tengri), the fertile mother-earth spirit (Eje) and a ruler regarded as the holy spirit of the sky. Heaven, earth, spirits of nature and ancestors provide for every need and protect all humans. By living an upright, respectful life, a human will keep his world in balance and perfect his personal Wind Horse, or spirit. The Huns of the northern Caucasus reportedly believed in two gods: Tangri Han (or Tengri Khan), considered identical to the Persian Esfandiyār and for whom horses were sacrificed, and Kuar (whose victims are struck by lightning).
  Traditional Tengrism persists among the Mongols and in some Turko-Mongolian regions of Russia (Sakha, Buryatia, and Tuva) in parallel with other religions.
caption: A traditional Kyrgyz yurt in 1860 in the Syr Darya Oblast. Note the lack of a compression ring at the top.
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