page_title: Cardinals created by Pius XI
section_title: 16 December 1935
hierarchical_section_title: Cardinals created by Pius XI / 16 December 1935
caption_attribution_description: Español: Fotografía del Cardenal Pietro Boetto English: Photograph of Cardinal Pietro Boetto
context_page_description: In sixteen years, Pope Pius XI created 76 cardinals in 17 consistories. Though he created 18 cardinals at a consistory in 1935, he typically created very few cardinals at one time, holding small, frequent consistories, some of them less than six months apart. He held a consistory in 1929 to create just one cardinal, and created just two on eight occasions.
  Of his appointments to the College of Cardinals, 43 were Italians. He appeared to strive to maintain an equilibrium between Italians and non-Italians and two of his consistories produced an equal division between the two groups, in March 1924 and December 1927. Non-Italians formed a majority of the College for several months in 1925 and again from 1928 to 1933. This balance reflected concerns about the independence of the Holy See and Italy during Benedict's papacy, and their new relationship established with the Lateran Treaty in 1929.
  At its largest during his papacy, in December 1935, the College had 68 members, two short of the maximum size of 70 set by Pope Sixtus V in 1586. In 1927 he accepted a cardinal's resignation, the only one to occur in the 20th century.
context_section_description: On 21 November 1935, Pope Pius named 18 prelates he planned to make cardinals at a consistory on 16 December. Thirteen were Italians and five came from other countries. One of them was the first Eastern Rite patriarch to enter the College since 1895. It was the first consistory to create as many as 18 cardinals since Pius X did so in 1911. Pius also revealed the names of two he added secretly in 1933. Four of the new cardinals, papal nuncios unable to attend the ceremony, participated in the next reception of new cardinals in June 1936. As was traditional for the Apostolic Nuncio to Spain, Tedeschino, created in pectore at the previous consistory, received his red biretta from Spanish President Alcalá Zaomora, head of "one of the most officially anti-clerical nations in the world". With this consistory the College grew to 68 members, 37 of them Italians.
  Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni (1879–1968)
  Enrico Sibilia (1861–1948)
  Francesco Marmaggi (1870–1949)
  Luigi Maglione (1877–1944)
  Carlo Cremonesi (1866–1943)
  Alfred-Henri-Marie Baudrillart (1859–1942)
  Emmanuel Célestin Suhard (1874–1949)
  Karel Kašpar (1870–1941)
  Santiago Copello (1880–1967)
  Isidro Goma y Tomas (1869–1940)
  Camillo Caccia Dominioni (1877–1946)
  Nicola Canali (1874–1961)
  Domenico Jorio (1867–1954)
  Vincenzo Lapuma (1874–1943)
  Federico Cattani Amadori (1856–1943)
  Massimo Massimi (1877–1954)
  Domenico Mariani (1863–1939)
  Pietro Boetto (1871–1946)
caption: Pietro Boetto (1871–1946), made a cardinal on 16 December 1935.
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