page_title: Charles James (chemist)
section_title: Thulium
hierarchical_section_title: Charles James (chemist) / Research / Thulium
caption_attribution_description: English: Thulium is the least abundant of the stable lanthanoids. Its extraction is very extensive, so it is not often used and doesn't have any important application so far.
context_page_description: Charles James was a chemist of British origin working in the United States. He became a professor and head of the chemistry department at the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts in Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
  James developed the James method for the separation and identification of rare-earth elements by fractional precipitation and crystallization, and provided extracted elements to researchers worldwide. James was one of the first scientists to identify element 71, later named lutetium, and believed that he had found the final rare earth element 61, later named promethium.
  In 1999 the American Chemical Society recognized Charles James's work in chemical separations as a National Historic Chemical Landmark.
context_section_description: James determined that thulium, thought to be a mixture of three substances, was really a single element. James was the first researcher to isolate nearly pure thulium. In 1911 he reported his results, having used the method he discovered for bromate fractional crystallization to do the purification. He famously needed 15,000 purification operations to establish that the material was homogeneous.
caption: Thulium
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