page_title: African admixture in Europe
section_title: Y-DNA
hierarchical_section_title: African admixture in Europe / Y-DNA
caption_attribution_description: English: Made by User:Andrew Lancaster, using http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:BlankMap-Africa.png and the software Inkscape. The aim was to use for the E1b1b article. It shows the standard theory about migration routes for that Y chromosome haplogroup.
context_page_description: African admixture in Europe refers to the presence of admixture events attributable to dispersal of populations inhabiting Africa in the genetic history of Europe. Certain Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages are thought to have spread from Northeast Africa to the Near East during the later Pleistocene, and from there to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution. More recent, direct African admixture – primarily Berber admixture from North Africa – is associated with the Carthaginian period as well as Muslim conquests of the Early Middle Ages, and is primarily concentrated in western and southern Iberian peninsula, averaging from 2.4% in the North East to 10.6% in the South and West of the peninsula. North African admixture has also been detected in the Italian island of Sicily.
context_section_description: One proposed example of Holocene gene flow from North Africa to Europe, via the Middle East, is thought to be E1b1b, which is thought to have emerged about 40,000 years ago in north-east Africa, and branches of it are thought to have migrated to the Middle East by 14,000 years ago during the late Pleistocene period.
  Entering the late mesolithic Natufian culture, the E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) subclade has been associated with the spread of farming from the Middle East into Europe either during or just before the Neolithic transition. E1b1b1 lineages are found throughout Europe but are distributed along a south-to-north cline, with an E1b1b1a mode in the Balkans.
  In separate migrations, E lineages in the form of the E1b1b1b subclade appear to have entered Europe from Northwest Africa into Iberia. In a sample of European males, Cruciani et al. observed haplogroup E at a frequency of 7.2%. The timing of this movement has been given widely varying estimates.
  In much of Europe, frequencies of E lineages are very low, usually less than 1%. For example, Cruciani et al. (2004) report such lineages at 2% in southern Portugal, 4% in northern Portugal, 2.9% in Istanbul, and 4.3% among Turkish Cypriots. E1b1a is closely related to E1b1b, the most frequent clade in Europe. E lineages that are not E1b1a or E1b1b could therefore reflect either a recent expansion associated with E1b1a or ancient population movements associated with E1b1b. For example, haplogroup E1a lineages have been detected in Portugal (5/553 = 1%), among Italians in Calabria (1/80=1.3%), and among Albanians in Calabria (2/68=2.9%). According to a study by Gonçalves et al. (2005), the distribution of haplogroup E1a lineages in Portugal was independent of the distribution of the younger and more ubiquitous E1b1a. The authors suggest that this distribution is consistent with a prehistoric migration from Africa to Iberia, possibly alongside mtDNA haplogroup U6.
  Haplogroups A and B are thought to have been the predominant haplogroups in central and southern Africa prior to the Bantu Expansion. Currently these haplogroups are less common than E lineages. In a sample of 5,000 African men, haplogroup A had a frequency of 5%. Haplogroup A has rare occurrences in Europe, but recently the haplogroup was detected in seven indigenous British males with the same Yorkshire surname.
  The subclade E3b1 (probably originating in northeastern Africa) has a wide distribution in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. This haplogroup, in Italy, is represented by E-M78, E-M123 and E-M81 (Figure 3) and reaches a frequency of 8% in northern and central Italy and slightly higher, 11%, in the south of that country.
  It has also been argued that the European distribution of E3b1 is compatible with the Neolithic demic diffusion of agriculture; thus, two subclades—E3b1a-M78 and E3b1c-M123—present a higher occurrence in Anatolia, the Balkans, and the Italian peninsula. Another subclade, E3b1b-M81 is associated with Berber populations and is commonly found in regions that have had historical gene flow with northern Africa, such as the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands, and Sicily.
  North African Y-DNA E-M81 was found at a total of 41.1% among "pasiegos" from Cantabria, Spain. That is the highest frequency observed in Europe to date.
  In Sardinians, Sub-Saharan Y-DNA lineages A1b1b2b and E1a1 were found at a total of 1.0% (A1b1b2b 0.5% / E1a1 0.5%).
  In Majorcans, Sub-Saharan Y-DNA lineage E-V38 was found at a total of 3.2% (2/62).
  Sub-Saharan Y-DNA lineages E3a, E1, BC*, (xE3), and E3* are found between 1 and 5% in Portugal, Valencia, Majorca, Cantabria, Málaga, Seville, and Galicia (Spain).
caption: E3b1 and its haplogroups E-M81 and E-M78 in North Africa, and E-M123 in the Near East
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