page_title: Falconry
section_title: Timeline
hierarchical_section_title: Falconry / History / Timeline
caption_attribution_description: English: A Zambal Couple
context_page_description: Falconry is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey. Small and larger animals are hunted; squirrels and rabbits often fall prey to these birds. There are two traditional terms used to describe a person involved in falconry: a falconer flies a falcon; an Austringer flies a hawk or an eagle. In modern falconry, the red-tailed hawk, the Harris's hawk, and the peregrine falcon are some of the more commonly used birds of prey. The practice of hunting with a conditioned falconry bird is also called hawking or gamehawking, although the words hawking and hawker have become used so much to refer to petty traveling traders, that the terms falconer and falconry now apply to most use of trained birds of prey to catch game. Many contemporary practitioners still use these words in their original meaning, however.
  In early English falconry literature, the word falcon referred to a female peregrine falcon only, while the word hawk or hawke referred to a female hawk. A male hawk or falcon was referred to as a tiercel as it was roughly one third less than the female in size.
context_section_description: 722–705 BC – An Assyrian bas-relief found in the ruins at Khorsabad during the excavation of the palace of Sargon II (Sargon II) has been claimed to depict falconry. In fact, it depicts an archer shooting at raptors and an attendant capturing a raptor. A. H. Layard's statement in his 1853 book Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon is "A falconer bearing a hawk on his wrist appeared to be represented in a bas-relief which I saw on my last visit to those ruins."
  680 BC – Chinese records describe falconry.
  4th century BC - Aristotle wrote that in Thrace the boys who want to hunt small birds, take hawks with them. When they call the hawks addressing them by name, the hawks swoop down on the birds. The small birds fly in terror into the bushes, where the boys catch them by knocking them down with sticks, in case the hawks themselves catch any of the birds, they throw them down to the hunters. When the hunting finish the hunters give a portion of all that is caught to the hawks. He also wrote that in the city of Cedripolis (Κεδρίπολις) men and hawks jointly hunt small birds. The men drive them away with sticks while the hawks pursue closely and the small birds in their flight fall into the clutches of the men. Because of this, they share their prey with the hawks.
  3rd century BC - Antigonus of Carystus, wrote the same story about the city of Cedripolis.
  355 AD – Nihon-shoki, a largely mythical narrative, records hawking first arriving in Japan from Baekje as of the 16th emperor Nintoku.
  2nd–4th century – the Germanic tribe of the Goths learned falconry from the Sarmatians.
  5th century – the son of Avitus, Roman Emperor 455–56, from the Celtic tribe of the Arverni who fought at the Battle of Châlons with the Goths against the Huns introduced falconry in Rome.
  500 – a Roman floor mosaic depicts a falconer and his hawk hunting ducks.
  early 7th century – Prey caught by trained dogs or falcons is considered halal in Quran. By this time falconry was already popular in the Arabian Peninsula.
  818 – The Japanese Emperor Saga ordered someone to edit a falconry text named "Shinshuu Youkyou".
  875 – Western Europe and Saxon England practiced falconry widely.
  991 – The Battle of Maldon. A poem describing it says that, before the battle, the Anglo-Saxons' leader Byrhtnoth "let his tame hawk fly from his hand to the wood".
  1070s – The Bayeux Tapestry shows King Harold of England with a hawk in one scene. It is said that the king owned the largest collection of books on the sport in all of Europe.
  c. 1182 – Niketas Choniates wrote about hawks which are trained to hunt at the Byzantine Empire.
  c. 1240s – The treatise of an Arab falconer, Moamyn, was translated into Latin by Master Theodore of Antioch, at the court of Frederick II, it was called De Scientia Venandi per Aves and much copied.
  1250 – Frederick II wrote in the last years of his life a treatise on "The Art of Hunting with Birds": De arte venandi cum avibus.
  1285 – The Baz-Nama-yi Nasiri,  a Persian treatise on falconry was compiled by Taymur Mirza, an English translation of which was produced in 1908 by D. C. Phillott.
  1325 – The Libro de la caza, by the prince of Villena, Don Juan Manuel, includes a detailed description of the best hunting places for falconry in the kingdom of Castile.
  1390s – In his Libro de la caza de las aves, Castilian poet and chronicler Pero López de Ayala attempts to compile all the available correct knowledge concerning falconry.
  1486 – See the Boke of Saint Albans
  early 16th century – Japanese warlord Asakura Norikage (1476–1555) succeeded in captive breeding of goshawks.
  1580s – Spanish drawings of Sambal people recorded in the Boxer Codex showed a culture of falconry in the Philippines.
  1600s – Dutch records of falconry; the Dutch town of Valkenswaard was almost entirely dependent on falconry for its economy.
  1660s – Tsar Alexis of Russia writes a treatise which celebrates aesthetic pleasures derived from falconry.
  1801 – Joseph Strutt of England writes, "the ladies not only accompanied the gentlemen in pursuit of the diversion [falconry], but o
caption: A couple belonging to the Sambal warrior class, documented by the 16th-century Boxer Codex. The female warrior is holding a raptor, which has captured a bird, exemplifying a culture of falconry.
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