page_title: Deer
section_title: Extinct subfamilies, genera and species
hierarchical_section_title: Deer / Taxonomy and classification / Extinct subfamilies, genera and species
caption_attribution_description: Stag-moose (Cervalces scotti) fossil at the ROM
context_page_description: The common name deer has the hoofed ruminant mammal forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk, the fallow deer, and the chital; and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer, the roe deer, and the moose. Female reindeer, and male deer of all species except the Chinese water deer, grow and shed new antlers each year. In this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are part of a different family within the same order of even-toed ungulates.
  The musk deer of Asia and chevrotains of tropical African and Asian forests are separate families within the ruminant clade. They are not especially closely related to deer among the Ruminantia.
  Deer appear in art from Paleolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion, and literature throughout history, as well as in heraldry. Their economic importance includes the use of their meat as venison, their skins as soft, strong buckskin, and their antlers as handles for knives. Deer hunting has been a popular activity since at least the Middle Ages and remains a resource for many families today.
context_section_description: The following is the classification of the extinct cervids with known fossil record:
  Subfamily Procervulinae (Miocene)
  Genus Procervulus
  P. dichotoma
  Subfamily Cervinae (Old World deer)
  Tribe Muntiacini (Muntjacs)
  Genus Dicrocerus
  D. elegans
  D. furcatus
  D. necatus
  D. teres
  D. trilateralis
  Genus Euprox
  E. robustus
  E. furcatus
  Genus Eustyloceros
  E. blainvillei
  E. hezhengensis
  E. longchuanensis
  E. maci
  E. pidoplitschkoi
  E. propria
  Genus Muntiacus
  M. leilaoensis
  M. pliocaenicus
  M. polonicus
  Genus Paracervulus
  Genus Stephanocemas
  S. actauensis
  S. aralensis
  S. chinghaiensis
  S. palmatus
  S. rucha
  S. thomsoni
  Tribe Cervini ("true" deer)
  Genus Arvernoceros
  A. giuli
  Genus Axis
  A. nesti
  A. eurygonos
  Genus Candiacervus (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros or synonym of Praemegaceros; Possibly polyphyletic)
  C. rethymnensis
  C. major
  C. dorothensis
  C. ropalophorus
  C. cretensis
  Genus Cervavitus (?subgenus as Megaloceros)
  Genus Cervus
  C. ertborni
  C. falconeri
  C. giganteus
  C. rhenanus
  C. lascrucensis
  Genus Croizetoceros
  C. ramosus
  Genus Dama
  D. dolichopsis
  D. ensifer
  D. laevicornis
  D. virginiana
  D. whitneyi
  Genus Elaphurus
  E. formosanus
  E. meziesianus
  E. bifurcatus
  E. shikamai
  Genus Eucladoceros
  Eucladoceros tetraceros
   Genus Megaloceros
  M. antecedens
  M. giganteus
  Genus Neomegaloceros
  Genus Nesoleipoceros
  Genus Orchonoceros (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros)
  Genus Pliocervus
  Genus Praemegaceros (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros)
  P. obscurus
  P. dawkinsi
  P. savini
  P. verticornis
  P. cazioti
  Genus Praesinomegaceros (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros)
  P. venustus
  P. asiaticus
  Genus Pseudodama
  Genus Rucervus
  Schomburgk's deer (R. schomburgki)
  Sinomegaceros (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros)
  S. luochuanensis
  S. pachyosteus
  Subfamily Capreolinae (New World or telemetecarpal deer)
  Tribe Capreolini
  Genus Bretzia
  B. pseudalces
  B. nebrascensis
  Genus Capreolus
  C. constantini
  C. suessenbornensis
   Genus Cervalces (?= Alces)
  C. latifrons
  C. scotti
  Genus Libralces (?=Cervalces or Alces)
  L. gallicus
  L. reynoldsi
  Genus Procapreolus
  P. cusanus
  P. moldavicus
  P. stenos
  P. ucrainicus
  Genus Pseudalces
  P. mirandus
  P. wenzensis
  Tribe Rangiferini
  Genus Agalmaceros
  A. blicki
  Genus Antifer
  A. ultra
  A. crassus
  Genus Blastocerus
  B. extraneus
  B. arpeitianus
  Genus Charitoceros
  Genus Eocoileus
  E. gentryorum
  Genus Epieuryceros
  E. proximus
  E. truncus
  Genus Morenelaphus
  M. lujanensis
  M. brachyceros
  M. fragilis
  Genus Odocoileus
  O. brachyodontus
  O. dolichopsis
  O. laevicornis
  O. sellardsiae
  O. lucasi
  Genus Torontoceros
  T. hypocaeus
caption: Stag-moose was the largest cervid ever to live.
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