page_title: Baro-Bhuyan
section_title: Isa Khan
hierarchical_section_title: Baro-Bhuyan / Baro-Bhuiyans of Bengal / Isa Khan
caption_attribution_description: English: ঈশা খাঁর রাজধানী ছিল সোনারগাঁও, সেখানে আছে তাঁর প্রাসাদ
context_page_description: The Baro-Bhuyans, also spelled variously as Baro-Bhuinas and Baro-Bhuiyans, were warrior chiefs and landlords in the regions of late middle age and early modern Assam and Bengal of the Indian subcontinent, who maintained a loosely independent confederacy. These landlords did not belong to any particular ethnicity, religion or caste.
  The system of Baro-Bhuyan confederacy is a relic of the erstwhile Kamarupa kingdom, that covered all of Assam, North Bengal and large portions of Bangladesh.
  In times of aggression by external powers, they generally cooperated in defending and expelling the aggressor. In times of peace, they maintained their respective sovereignty. In the presence of a strong king, they offered their allegiance. In general, they were in control of a group of villages, called cakala, and the more powerful among them called themselves raja.
  Baro denotes the number twelve, but in general there were more than twelve chiefs or landlords, and the word baro meant many. Thus, Bhuyan-raj denoted individual Bhuyanship, whereas Baro-Bhuyan denoted temporary confederacies that they formed. In Bengal they carved the land of Bhati into twelve administrative units or Dwadas Bangla.
context_section_description: Isa Khan was the leader of the Baro Bhuiyans (twelve landlords) and a zamindar of the Bhati region in medieval Bengal. Throughout his reign he put resistance against Mughal invasion. It was only after his death, when the region went totally under Mughals.
  The Jesuit mission who sent to Bengal managed to identify that 3 of the chieftains were Hindus, they were Bakla of Bakarganj, Sripur of southeastern Dhaka (another source record the chief was Kedar Rai of Vikrampur), and Chandechan of Jessore while the rest were Muslims during Isa Khan's rule which in following decades N.K Bhattasali managed to identify some of them, which consisting:
  Khwaja Usman of Bokainagar and later Uhar
  Ma'sum Khan Kabuli of Chatmogar in Pabna
  Madhu Ray of Khalsi
  Bayazid of Sylhet
  Raja Ray of Shahzadpur in eastern Pabna
  the Ghazi family in Bhawal, north of Dhaka, consisted of Fazl Ghazi with his son and inheritor, Bahadhur Ghazi (who controlled a large river fleet which was important in Isa Khan's resistance against Mughal forces) along with Anwar Ghazi and Sona Ghazi.
  Pahlawan of Matang in southwestern Sylhet
  Nabud/Madan of Chandrapratap
  Pratapaditya of Jessore
  Ram Chandra of Bakhla
  Bahadur Khan of Hijli
caption: Isa Khan's zamindar bari in Sonargaon
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