page_title: Jean Monnet
section_title: The Monnet Plan
hierarchical_section_title: Jean Monnet / The Monnet Plan
caption_attribution_description: Français&#160;: Plaque apposée au n° 18 de la rue de Martignac, Paris 7e, où séjourna Jean Monnet (1888-1979) à l'époque où il était commissaire au plan (1946-1952).
context_page_description: Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet was a French entrepreneur, diplomat, financier, administrator, and political visionary. An influential supporter of European unity, he is considered as one of the founding fathers of the European Union.
  Jean Monnet has been called "The Father of Europe" by those who see his innovative and pioneering efforts in the 1950s as the key to establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, the predecessor of today's European Union. Although Monnet was never elected to public office, he worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connected "pragmatic internationalist".
  He was the first-ever individual to be bestowed Honorary Citizenship of Europe in 1976, and remained the only one for a generation until Helmut Kohl received the same distinction in 1998.
context_section_description: Following World War II, France was in severe need of reconstruction and completely dependent on coal from Germany's main remaining coal-mining areas, the Ruhr and the Saar. (The German coal fields in Upper Silesia had been handed over to Polish administration by the Allies in 1945, see Oder-Neisse line.)
  In 1945, Monnet proposed the Monnet Plan, also known as the "Theory of l'Engrenage" (not to be confused with the Schuman plan). It included taking control of the remaining German coal-producing areas and redirecting the production away from the German industry and into the French, thus permanently weakening Germany and raising the French economy considerably above its pre-war levels. The plan was adopted by Charles de Gaulle in early 1946.
  Later that year, Monnet successfully negotiated the Blum–Byrnes agreement with the United States, which cleared France from a $2.8 billion debt (mostly World War I loans) and provided the country with an additional low-interest loan of $650 million. In return, France opened its cinemas to American movies.
caption: Plaque at 18, rue de Martignac, the office of the Plan
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