page_title: Malabar rebellion
section_title: Verumpattakkaran
hierarchical_section_title: Malabar rebellion / Background / Land ownership in Malabar / Verumpattakkaran
caption_attribution_description: English: Madras Presidency, Coorg and associated states
context_page_description: The Malabar Rebellion in 1921 started as resistance against the British colonial rule, the prevailing feudal system, and in favour of the Khilafat Movement in South Malabar but ended in communal violence against Hindus. These were a series of clashes between the Mappila peasantry and their landlords, supported by the British, throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The heavy-handed crackdown of the Khilafat Movement by the British Authorities was met by resistance in the Eranad and Valluvanad taluks of Malabar. In the initial stages, the movement had the support of Mohandas Gandhi and other Indian nationalist leaders, and a number of clashes took place between Khilafat volunteers and other religious communities, but the violence soon spread across the region. The Mappilas attacked and took control of police stations, British government offices, courts and government treasuries. Though the crowds who attacked and destroyed the public offices in Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani Taluks were Mappilas, sometimes Nambudiris, Nairs and Thiyyas also acted as leaders in many parts of Valluvanad. However the British historians called the rebellion as Mappila revolt.
context_section_description: The Verumpattakkarar, generally Thiyya and Mappila classes, cultivated the land but were also its part-proprietors under the kanakkarar. These classes were given a Verum Pattam (Simple Lease) of the land that was typically valid for one year. According to custom, they were also entitled to one-third or an equal share of the net produce.
  The net produce of the land was the share left over after providing for the cherujanmakkar or all the other birthright holders such as the village carpenter, the goldsmith and agricultural labourers who helped to gather, prepare and store produce. The system ensured that no Jenmi could evict tenants under him except for non-payment of rent. This land tenure system was generally referred to as the janmi-kana-maryada (customary practices).
caption: Map of the Madras Presidency, after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
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