page_title: Hourglass
section_title: References
hierarchical_section_title: Hourglass / References
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Sammlung von Sanduhren im Jünger Haus in Wilflingen, Kreis Biberach. Die dritte Sanduhr von rechts (rot) stammt aus einem Mailänder Bordell. Mit Genehmigung von Weberberg.de, Website für Biberach veröffentlicht.
context_page_description: An hourglass is a device used to measure the passage of time. It comprises two glass bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated flow of a substance from the upper bulb to the lower one. Typically the upper and lower bulbs are symmetric so that the hourglass will measure the same duration regardless of orientation. The specific duration of time a given hourglass measures is determined by factors including the quantity and coarseness of the particulate matter, the bulb size, and the neck width.
  Depictions of an hourglass as a symbol of the passage of time are found in art, especially on tombstones or other monuments, from antiquity to the present day. The form of a winged hourglass has been used as a literal depiction of the well-known Latin epitaph tempus fugit.
context_section_description: F.J.Britten (190x). OLD CLOCKS AND WATCHES & THEIR MAKERS. LONDON, B. T. BATSFORD, 94 HIGH HOLBORN. pp. 16 and 249.
  Orton, Fred; Wood, Ian; Lees, Clare A. (2008-02-01). Fragments of history: rethinking the Ruthwell and Bewcastle monuments. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719072574.
  Mills, A.A.; Day, S.; Parkes, S. (1996). "Mechanics of the sandglass" (PDF). European Journal of Physics. 17. pp. 97–109. Bibcode:1996EJPh...17...97M. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/17/3/001.
  Frugoni, Chiara (1988). Pietro et Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Scala Books. p. 83. ISBN 0-935748-80-6.
  Anthony John Turner (1993). Of Time and Measurement: Studies in the History of Horology and Fine Technology. Ashgate Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-86078-378-7.
  Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1847). A History of the Royal Navy, from the earliest times to the wars of the French revolution, vol. II. London: Richard Bentley. p. 476.
  Balmer, R.T. "The Operation of Sand Clocks and Their Medieval Development." Technology and Culture, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 615-632 Balmer, R. T. "The Operation of Sand Clocks and Their Medieval Development." Technology and Culture, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 615-632.
  http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Hourglass.html
  Peterson, Ivars. "Trickling sand: how an hourglass ticks". Science News, Vol. 144, No. 11 (September 11, 1993). p. 167
  Pigafetta (1874). The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522. Hakluyt Society Press. pp. A12.
  Bergreen, Laurence (2003). Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe. William Morrow. ISBN 0-06-621173-5.
  "Four-way sand glass, Italian, 17th century, image no. 10325648". The Science Museum. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  Senate of Australia (26 March 1997). "Official Hansard" (PDF): 2472. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 1998. 
  Herbst, Sharon Tyler (2001). The New Food Lover's Companion. Barron's Educational Series.
  Room, Adrian (1999). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers. "Time is getting short; there will be little opportunity to do what you have to do unless you take the chance now. The phrase is often used with reference to one who has not much longer to live. The allusion is to the hourglass."
  Ewbank, Thomas (1857). A Descriptive and Historical Account of Hydraulic and Other Machines for Raising Water, Ancient and Modern With Observations on Various Subjects Connected with the Mechanic Arts, Including the Progressive Development of the Steam Engine. Vol. 1. New York: Derby & Jackson. p. 547. "Hour-glasses were formerly placed in coffins and buried with the corpse, probably as symbols of mortality—the sands of life having run out. See Gent. Mag. vol xvi, 646, and xvii, 264."
  Splendid Heritage: treasures of native american art Archived 2016-05-03 at the Wayback Machine (search on "hourglass")
  Wishart, David J. (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Great Plains University of Nebraska Press (2004) ISBN 0-8032-4787-7, p125
  Philip, Neil The Great Mystery: Myths of Native America, Clarion Books (2001) ISBN 0-395-98405-X, p64-65
  Wilson, Lee Ann Nature Versus Culture in Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: An Anthology (ed. Schevill, M.B. et al.), University of Texas Press (1996) ISBN 0-292-77714-0
  An African Valentine: The Bead Code of the Zulus Archived 2008-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, edunetconnect.com
  Greenman, E.F. The Upper Palaeolithic and the New World in Current Anthropology  Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1963), pp. 41-91 (NB: includes reviews disputing the central thesis and methodology)- via JSTOR (subscription)
  Image, "Croquis 1872" (click to enlarge) Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine at colonias.iespana.es
  Craig, Barry A Stone Tablet from Buka Island Archived 2008-10-03 at the Wayback Machine in Archaeological Studies of the Middle and Late Holocene, Papua New Guinea (Technical Report 20) (ed. Specht, Jim & Attenbrow, Val) Australian Museum (2007)  ISSN 1835-4211
caption: Antique sandglasses
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