page_title: Roman Forum (Plovdiv)
section_title: The Forum
hierarchical_section_title: Roman Forum (Plovdiv) / The Forum
caption_attribution_description: English: Plan of the Forum in Plovdiv based on drawings from the archive of NIICH made by arch. V.Kolarova, arch.N.Buchkova, arch. R.Proykova in June 1985. Legend: The discovered areas are covered in red
context_page_description: The Roman forum of Philippopolis is a rectangular forum surrounded by the ruins of several ancient administrative buildings at the center of the city of Plovdiv. It was the center of public, administrative, commercial and religious life in the ancient city. Meetings, discussions, celebrations and state events were held there.
  The forum covers an area of 20 ha which makes it the largest of its kind in Bulgaria. The ancient city center was built in the 1st century AD during the reign of Emperor Vespasian when ancient Philippopolis obtained a new city planning scheme and a center according to a Roman model. The main streets of the city intersect outside the eastern entrance of the complex. A complex of public buildings was built to the North, including the Odeon, the city library, the building of the treasury.
  The forum of the ancient city and its main street are located at the very heart of Plovdiv's modern city center and main pedestrian area.
context_section_description: The forum has rectangular shape, close to the shape of a square, with dimensions: 143 m in north-southern direction and 136 m in east-western direction. A complex of public buildings was built to the North, dominating over the rest of the buildings at the square. Three entrances, situated along the axes of the eastern, southern and western edge, provide access to the streets, located at the sides of the Forum. The main streets cardo maximus and decumanus maximus intersect outside the eastern entrance of the complex.
  It was used as a market thoroughfare where merchants and people from the city and the region gathered to exchange Thracian grain, wood and honey for fine pottery and bronze vessels brought as far as Italy. Stores and shops occupied the eastern, the southern and the western side of the forum and patrons entered them through narrow porticoes.
  Four main construction phases can be distinguished in the historical layers of the Forum. They are different in terms of their level, architectural design and use of building materials.
  The first construction phase marks the beginning of the complex development and bears the plan shape of the urban square. During the second construction phase the levels of the shops, the ambulation and the area were raised. Powerful crepido brings the stylobate of columns in Doric order, made of sandstone. The stone drainage leading rainwater away from the roof of the portico kept its original place. The ambulation was 11 m wide. The eastern, southern and western sides were formed by four-column Ionic propylaea. During the third construction phase the plastic decoration of the complex was replaced. The portico around the area is made of marble. The largest number of well-preserved original remains date back to the fourth and final construction phase. Over the existing crepido a new stylobate of syenite blocks was placed. It bore a marble arcade of free-standing columns in the Roman Corinthian order.
  The public buildings for the needs of urban governance and other manifestations of urban life were situated in the northern part of the forum complex. Epigraphic documents recall for the existing of a Treasury. In the northeast corner an Odeon (Bouleuterion) is revealed and to the West of it - the city Library.
  At the northern side of the complex some inscriptions, related to the religious and administrative life of the town were found, along with a piece of an invitation card for a performance of gladiator fights. In the area were found pedestals for statues, an exedra – a platform for speeches, and remains of an altar with inscriptions, dedicated to the goddesses Demeter and Kore (Persephone).
  It went silent in the middle of the 5th Century when waves of Barbarians forced the people of Philippopolis to abandon the quarters in the plain and move to the acropolis.
caption: Plan of the ancient forum. Discovered parts are marked in red
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