page_title: Nemesis (roller coaster)
section_title: Development history
hierarchical_section_title: Nemesis (roller coaster) / History / Development history
caption_attribution_description: English: Its not easy to snap people screaming past at 50mph and pulling 3.5G! (don't look too hard... we're not in this one).
context_page_description: Nemesis is an inverted roller coaster located at the Alton Towers theme park in England. The ride's concept and layout was devised by designer John Wardley and Tussauds Studios. It was manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard and opened in March 1994. It is located in the Forbidden Valley area of the park, adjacent to Galactica and The Blade.
  The 716-metre-long ride stands 12.8 metres tall and features a top speed of 50 miles per hour. The four-inversion roller coaster was one of the first Bolliger & Mabillard rides to be installed outside of the United States and the first in Europe.
context_section_description: In 1990, Alton Towers added the Thunder Looper roller coaster; the addition was only temporary due to planning restrictions imposed on its installation. The park began planning for a new roller coaster which would open prior the closure of the Thunder Looper. They desired a roller coaster that was big, different and exciting, but they were constrained by the tree-level height limit imposed on the park.
  Alton Towers approached Arrow Dynamics for the new roller coaster. The Utah-based company was working on a prototype of a pipeline roller coaster, similar to TOGO's Ultratwister design. John Wardley worked on the design of the ride which was originally to be themed around a secret military facility, codenamed "Secret Weapon 1" (SW1). Due to the design of the ride and the height restriction imposed on the park, SW1 would only have a track length of 300 metres (980 ft). Development of the project was put on hold a short time into the process, due to the financial problems being encountered by Arrow at the time and technical problems with the ride's design. The project was revived a year later under the codename "Secret Weapon 2"; rock blasting was used to clear more space for the larger ride. The project was again abandoned when Wardley rode the prototype, describing it as "very slow (and rather boring), looked cumbersome, and was very energy inefficient". The park began to look for an alternative.
  Wardley became aware of a new roller coaster design being installed by Bolliger & Mabillard at Six Flags Great America. He subsequently entered into discussions with Six Flags who agreed to privately disclose information about the new ride, in exchange for a similar favour at a later date. Jim Wintrode, the general manager of Six Flags Great America at the time, proposed the concept of an inverted roller coaster that featured inversions. Although Wardley believed this would be impossible, Wintrode worked with Bolliger & Mabillard to develop Batman: The Ride. Wardley rode Batman: The Ride prior to its May 1992 opening and wanted to add a similar ride to Alton Towers.
  The inverted roller coaster, then dubbed "Secret Weapon 3", was developed throughout 1992. Wardley and Nick Varney, marketing director of Alton Towers, came up with the name "Nemesis" and pitched a theming concept about an alien creature excavated from the ground. Tussauds Studios elaborated on this, creating the station and surrounding theme design. Wardley also worked alongside Stengel Engineering and landscape architects to develop a layout for the ride and surrounding area, which could be exciting for both riders and non-riders; for example, the final inversion was built at the eye level of an observer and the queue makes its way all the way around the quarry in which the track sits.
caption: One of Nemesis' trains exiting the first corkscrew
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