page_title: Spanish Empire
section_title: Ottoman Turks, the Mediterranean, and North Africa during Philip II's rule
hierarchical_section_title: Spanish Empire / The Spanish Habsburgs 1516-1700 / Philip II (r. 1556-1598) / Ottoman Turks, the Mediterranean, and North Africa during Philip II's rule
caption_attribution_description: English: The Battle of Lepanto from 7 October 1571, a naval engagement between allied Christian forces and the Ottoman Turks. The painting is near-contemporary, but it shows an "imaginative interpretation" of the battle. It appears to be based on a Venetian print by Martin Rota, dated 1572. A comparable painting by a different artist is preserved in the Museo Correr, Venice. The history of this painting is unknown, except that it was acquired by the NMM in 1946 from a London dealer, who may have obtained it from an English country house collection. The prominence of the Negroni galley may indicate that family as original owners. The otherwise unknown artist has signed it 'HLETTER' (H and L joined) immediately after the inscription identifying Uluch-Ali. In 1960, Cecil Gould of the National Gallery, London, suggested 'Austro-Flemish school' as a possible association but no further information has yet been found. Some of the ships are labelled, including the galley of Gian' Andrea Doria (IL.GIO.ANDREA.DORIA), the commander of the Genoese squadron, and the flagship of the Genoese Negroni family (LA CAPITANIA DENEGRNI). In the right foreground is the galley of the Christian renegade Uluch-Ali, inscribed OCHIALLRE.DALGIERIFUGE.DALLABATTA.GLIA. (Ochiali, King of Algiers flies from the battle). Flags on the Christian side include: the Lion of Venice, the red St George's cross of Genoa and the gold and silver standards of the Papal States, and a standard of Christ on the Cross alongside the Habsburg double-headed eagle on the flagship of John of Austria. judgingn from Ottoman flags from the battle that have been preserved.[1] The flagship of Ali Pasha shows a flag with three crescents. The galley of Murat Reis flies a horizontal three-stripe ensign with a single crescent on the central bar directly above the stern of Uluch-Ali's. Nederlands: Slag bij Lepanto, 1571. Svenska: Slaget vid Lepanto 1571. Slaget vid Lepanto - En målning av slaget vid Lepanto 1571. Deutsch: Die Schlacht von Lepanto 1571. Öl auf Leinwand. Français&#160;: Peinture de la bataille de Lépante de 1571. Huile sur toile. Italiano: La battaglia di Lepanto (artista sconosciuto). La battaglia di Lepanto. H. Letter, raffigurazione della Battaglia di Lepanto; Londra, Museo marittimo nazionale. La battaglia di Lepanto in un dipinto anonimo. La battaglia di Lepanto (artista sconosciuto). La Battaglia di Lepanto (1571), pose fine all'espansione dell'Impero Ottomano nel Mediterraneo. Una scena della battaglia di Lepanto (1571) nella quale la Lega Santa sconfisse l'Impero ottomano, scongiurando il pericolo di un'invasione islamica in Europa. Polski: Bitwa pod Lepanto (1571). Bitwa pod Lepanto. Русский: Битва при Лепанто (1571). Картина неизвестного художника. Битва при Лепанто, ознаменовавшая конец доминирования османского флота в Средиземном море. Классические средневековые галеры в бою. Битва при Лепанто (1571) — сюжет сочинённого будущим английским королем Яковом I стихотворения; Дю Бартас перевёл его на французский язык в знак любезности за оказанный ему в Шотландии тёплый приём. Битва при Лепанто, ознаменовавшая конец доминирования османского флота в Средиземном море. Битва при Лепанто (1571). 日本語: レパントの海戦（1571年）. Español: Representación de la batalla. La Batalla de Lepanto (1571) marcó el final de la expansión del Imperio otomano en el Mediterráneo. Óleo sobre lienzo. Português: A Batalha de Lepanto, travada em 1571 entre as armadas cristãs da Liga Santa (Mediterrâneo) comandadas por João de Áustria e a armada otomana, comandada por Müezzinzade Ali Paxá na costa grega, perto do Golfo de Pátras. A vitória dos cristãos foi determinante para parar a expansão otomana no Mediterrâneo. Um falhanço militar. Batalha de Lepanto (1571). A Batalha de Lepanto, 1571, batalha naval entre as forças aliadas Cristã e a Marinha Otomana. A batalha de Lepanto, em que coube a Espanha organizar a defesa da Europa contra o Império Otomano. A Batalha de Lepanto, travada em 1571 entre as armadas cristãs da Liga Santa comandadas por João de Áustria e a armada otomana, comandada por Müezzinzade Ali Paşa na costa grega, perto do Golfo de Pátras. A vitória dos cristãos foi determinante para parar a expansão otomana no Mediterrâneo. Batalha de Lepanto. A Batalha de Lepanto, travada em 1571 entre as armadas cristãs da Liga Santa comandadas por João de Áustria e a armada otomana, comandada por Müezzinzade Ali Paxá na costa grega, perto do Golfo de Pátras. A vitória dos cristãos foi determinante para parar a expansão otomana no Mediterrâneo. 中文: 描述戰爭過程的畫作. 勒班陀戰役. 勒班多海战. 勒班陀戰役終結了奧斯曼帝國在地中海的海洋大國地位. Norsk bokmål: Slaget ved Lepanto, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich/London. Català: Representació de la batalla de Lepant. La batalla de Lepant. Batalla de Lepant (1571). Suomi: Lepanton taistelu. Čeština: Bitva u Lepanta (1571), symbol konce osmanské nadvlády ve Středomoří. Bitva u Lepanta. Bitva u Lepanta. Türkçe: 1571 yılındaki ünlü İnebahtı Deniz Muharebesi. İnebahtı Deniz Muharebesi. İnebahtı Deniz Savaşı'nı anlatan bir çizim. İnebahtı Savaşı. Bahasa Indonesia: Pertempuran Lepanto tahun 1571. Tiếng Việt: Hạm đội Liên minh Thần thánh do Don Juan nước Áo chỉ huy đánh tan hạm đội Ottoman do Muezzinzade Ali Pasha chỉ huy trong trận Lepanto năm 1571. Magyar: A lepantói ütközet. A lepantói csata. A lepantói csata. Dansk: Slaget ved Lepanto, 1571. Српски / srpski: Битка код Лепанта. Непознат аутор. 한국어: 레판토 해전 (1571년). Română: Bătălia de la Lepanto. Lietuvių: Lepanto mūšis, 1571 m. Български: Испанска морска победа при Битката при Лепанто, 1571. Euskara: Lepantoko gudua, non Espainiari egokitu zitzaion Otomandar Inperioagandik Europaren defentsa antolatzea. Lepantoko gudua (1571). Bahasa Melayu: Pertempuran Lepanto, 1571, diantara Uthmaniyyah dan kuasa-kuasa Kristian masih menggunakan ghali. Peperangan Lepanto, 1571. العربية: فوز البحرية الأسبانية في معركة ليبانتو عام 1571، المعركة الأخيرة كانت بين سفن التجديف. معركة ليبانتو البحرية. معركة ليبانتو بين الأسطول العثماني والأوروبي. معركة ليبانت. معركة ليبانت. معركة ليبانت. Slovenščina: Bitka pri Lepantu (H. Letter, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich/London). עברית: קרב לפנטו. Hrvatski: Bitka kod Lepanta (1571.). हिन्दी: १५७१ का लेपंतो का युद्ध ।. Galego: Batalla de Lepanto, segundo autor descoñecido. A Batalla de Lepanto (1571) marcou o final da expansión do Imperio Otomán no Mediterráneo. Batalla de Lepanto (1571). Batalla de Lepanto (1571). A batalla de Lepanto. Ελληνικά: Η Ναυμαχία της Ναυπάκτου, που σηματοδότησε το τέλος της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας ως κυρίαρχης ναυτικής δύναμης στη Μεσόγειο. H Μάχη του Λεπάντο, αναπαράσταση αγνώστου δημιουργού. Η Ναυμαχία της Ναυπάκτου. Македонски: Битката кај Лепанто во 1571 година. ქართული: ლეპანტოს ბრძოლა, უცნობი ავტორი. తెలుగు: Battle of Lepanto in 1571. தமிழ்: லெப்பாண்டோ சண்டை (1571). மத்தியதரைக் கடலில் கோலோச்சிய ஓட்டோமான் பேரரசின் கடல்படை வலிமை இச்சண்டையில் முறியடிக்கப்பட்டது. 1571இல் உதுமானியப் பேரரசின் மீதான புனிதக் கூட்டணியின் வெற்றி. Latviešu: Lepanto kauja. Íslenska: Orrustan við Lepanto. Orrustan við Lepanto eftir óþekktan listamann. Aragonés: En a batalla de Lepanto, l'Armata d'a Santa Liga redota a l'Armata turca, o 7 d'octubre de 1571. En a batalla de Lepanto, l'Armata d'a Santa Liga redota a l'Armata turca, o 7 d'octubre de 1571. A batalla de Lepanto, 1571. മലയാളം: 1571-ലെ ലെപ്പാന്റോ യുദ്ധം - ലണ്ടണിലെ ദേശീയ സമുദ്രയാന മ്യൂസിയത്തിൽ സൂക്ഷിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന ഈ ചിത്രം ആരുടേതെന്ന് നിശ്ചയമില്ല. اردو: جنگ لیپانٹو 1571ء، عثمانی سلطنت کے زوال کی علامت. جنگ لیپانٹو 1571ء، عثمانی سلطنت کے زوال کی علامت. Runa Simi: La batalla de Lepanto. Gaeilge: Cath Lepanto 1571. Duine gan ainm a rinne.. کوردی: داستانى لیبانتۆ لە نێوان کەشتیگەلى عوسمانى وئەوروپى. وێنەی شەڕی لیپانتۆ، ساڵی ١٥٧١ز. Boarisch: Schlocht bei Lepanto. Schlocht bei Lepanto. Ilokano: Ti Nasantuan a Liga ti marina apanagballligi ti Otomano nga Imperio idiay Gubat ti Lepanto, 1571, ti kinaudi a gubat a nangruna a nakilabanan a nagbaetan dagitigalera. Nrf: La Batâle dé Lépanto en 1571. Malti: Il-battalja ta' Lepanto. Gagauz: İnebahtı Deniz Savaşı'nı anlatan bir çizim. Українська: Битва при Лепанто. Національний морський музей, Грінвіч/Лондон. Битва при Лепанто.
context_page_description: The Spanish Empire, historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy and as the Catholic Monarchy, was one of the largest empires in history. From the late 15th century to the early 19th, Spain controlled a huge overseas territory in the New World, the Asian archipelago of the Philippines, what they called "The Indies" and territories in Europe, Africa and Oceania. It was one of the most powerful empires of the 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish Empire became known as "the empire on which the sun never sets" and reached its maximum extension in the 18th century.
  Castile became the dominant kingdom in Iberia because of its jurisdiction over the overseas empire in the Americas and the Philippines. The structure of empire was established under the Spanish Habsburgs, and under the Spanish Bourbon monarchs the empire was brought under greater crown control and increased its revenues from the Indies. The crown's authority in The Indies was enlarged by the papal grant of powers of patronage, giving it power in the religious sphere.
context_section_description: The first years of his reign, "from 1558 to 1566, Philip II was concerned principally with Muslim allies of the Turks, based in Tripoli and Algiers, the bases from which North African [Muslim] forces under the corsair Dragut preyed upon Christian shipping." In 1565, the Spanish defeated an Ottoman landing on the strategic island of Malta, defended by the Knights of St. John. The death of Suleiman the Magnificent the following year and his succession by his less capable son Selim the Sot emboldened Philip, who resolved to carry the war to the sultan himself. In 1571, Spanish and Venetian warships, joined by volunteers from across Europe led by Charles's natural son Don John of Austria, annihilated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto. The battle ended the threat of Ottoman naval hegemony in the Mediterranean. Following the battle, Philip and the Ottomans concluded truce agreements. The victory was aided by the participation of various military leaders and contingents from parts of Italy under Philip's rule. German soldiers took part in the capture of Peñón del Vélez in North Africa in 1564. By 1575, German soldiers were three-quarters of Philip's troops.
  The Ottomans recovered soon. They reconquered Tunis in 1574, and they helped to restore an ally, Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi, to the throne of Morocco, in 1576. The death of the Persian shah, Tahmasp I, was an opportunity for the Ottoman sultan to intervene in that country, so he agreed to a truce in the Mediterranean with Philip II in 1580. Nonetheless, the Spanish at Lepanto eliminated the best sailors of the Ottoman fleet, and the Ottoman Empire would never recover in quality what they could in numbers. Lepanto was the decisive turning point in control of the Mediterranean away from centuries of Turkish hegemony. In the western Mediterranean, Philip pursued a defensive policy with the construction of a series of armed garrisons and peace agreements with some of the Muslim rulers of North Africa.
  In the first half of the 17th century, Spanish ships attacked the Anatolian coast, defeating larger Ottoman fleets at the Battle of Cape Celidonia and the Battle of Cape Corvo. Larache and La Mamora, on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, and the island of Alhucemas, in the Mediterranean, were taken, but during the second half of the 17th century, Larache and La Mamora were also lost.
caption: The Battle of Lepanto (1571) marked the end of Ottoman naval supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea.
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