page_title: Incandescent light bulb
section_title: Gas fill
hierarchical_section_title: Incandescent light bulb / Construction / Gas fill
caption_attribution_description: Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎: Шкляны балён лямпачкі быў ускрыты, адтуль вылецеў інэртны газ. Пасьля ўключэньня вальфрамавая ніць запалала вагнём, паколькі ўнутар патрапіў тлен. Лямпачка была ўкручаная ў гняздо, якое пры апрацоўцы фатаздымку было замененае на цокаль. Čeština: Skleněná baňka žárovky byla otevřena, takže z ní unikl inertní plyn. Po zapnutí wolframové vlákno vlivem kyslíku, který vnikl do baňky, vzplanulo. Žárovka byla při pokusu upevněna v objímce, která byla dodatečnou úpravou obrázku nahrazena spodní částí žárovky. Deutsch: Der Glaskolben der Lampe wurde geöffnet, dadurch entwich das Schutzgas. Wird die Lampe nun eingeschaltet, verbrennt die Glühwendel aus Wolfram aufgrund des Sauerstoffs aus der Umgebungsluft. Die Lampe war in einer Fassung eingeschraubt, die nachträglich mit Bildbearbeitung durch das Gewinde der Glühlampe ersetzt wurde. English: The glass envelope of this light bulb has been opened, allowing oxygenated air to replace the inert gas normally inside. When turned on, the tungsten filament burns with a flame. At the time of exposure, the bulb was screwed into a socket, which was replaced with the lamp screw base using image editing. Español: El bulbo de vidrio de la bombilla ha sido abierto, haciendo que el gas inerte escape. Cuando se enciende, el filamento de tungsteno arde con una llama, debido a que el oxígeno entra al bulbo. La bombilla estába atornillada en una base, que ha sido reemplazada con la base de la lámpara usando edición de imágenes. فارسی: یک لامپ الکترونیکی باز شده‌است و باعث خروج گاز ساکن درون لامپ گردیده‌است. پس از آن هنگامی که لامپ روشن می‌گردد رشته تنگستن شروع به سوختن می‌کند و شعله‌ای از آتش را حاصل می‌کند. این تشکیل آتش به خاطر نفوذ اکسیژن به درون لامپ می‌باشد. Français&#160;: Le verre de l'ampoule a été ouvert, amenant le gaz inerte à s'échapper. Lorsqu'elle est allumée, le filament de tungstène s'enflamme au contact de l'oxygène qui est entré. L'ampoule a été vissée dans une douille, remplacée sur la photo par le culot de la lampe en utilisant une retouche numérique. Galego: Abriuse o cristal da lámpada causando que escapara o gas inerte do interior. Cando se acendeu, o filamento de tungsteno ardeu cunha chama debido ó osíxeno que entrara na lámpada. A lámpada estaba conectada a un casquillo, para darlle electricidade, que foi reemprazado pola base da lámpada mediante o procesado posterior da imaxe. Magyar: Ennek a izzónak az üvegburkolata kinyílt, lehetővé téve az oxigéntartalmú levegő számára, hogy helyettesítse a normál benne lévő inert gázt. Bekapcsoláskor a volfrámszál lánggal ég. Az expozíció idején az izzót egy aljzatba csavarták, amelyet képszerkesztés útján cseréltek ki a lámpa csavarjára Italiano: Il vetro della lampadina è stato aperto, lasciando uscire il gas inerte. Al momento dell'accensione, il filamento di tungsteno brucia con una fiamma a causa dell'ossigeno che entra nel bulbo. La lampadina era avvitata a una base, che nella foto è stata sostituita con la base della lampadina grazie a un ritocco elettronico dell'immagine. Nederlands: Doordat het glas van de gloeilamp kapot is, is de beschermende atmosfeer ontsnapt. Als de lamp nu wordt ingeschakeld, zorgt de zuurstof in de lucht ervoor dat de gloeidraad van wolfraam doorbrandt. De gloeilamp zat tijdens het maken van de foto in een fitting, die bij de bewerking van het beeld is vervangen door de schroefdraad. Polski: Po wykonaniu otworu w szkle żarówki ulotnił się gaz szlachetny. Po załączeniu zasilania żarnik zaczyna płonąć ze względu na obecność tlenu pochodzącego z otoczenia. Podczas wykonania zdjęcia żarówka była wkręcona w oprawę lampy, którą zastąpiono gwintem żarówki w drodze fotomontażu. Русский: Стеклянная колба лампы накаливания была вскрыта, в результате чего инертный газ стал выходить. При включении вольфрамовая нить вспыхнула из-за поступления кислорода в колбу. Лампа была ввинчена в патрон, который при обработке изображения заменён её цоколем. Українська: Скляна колба лампи розжарювання була розбита, внаслідок чого інертний газ став виходити. Під час вмикання лампи вольфрамова нитка спалахнула через надходження кисню в колбу. Лампа була закручена в патрон, який шляхом фотомонтажу видалений з фотографії (замість нього видно цоколь лампи). 中文: 图中灯泡的玻璃罩被打碎，内部气体逸出。灯泡通电后后，氧气进入内部使得钨丝起火燃烧.。灯泡实际上是接在底座上的，图片中通过后期处理把灯泡插座隐藏了。
context_page_description: An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a bulb to protect the filament from oxidation. Current is supplied to the filament by terminals or wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket provides mechanical support and electrical connections.
  Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent bulb became widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting.
  Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting, converting less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light. The remaining energy is lost as heat.
context_section_description: Most modern bulbs are filled with an inert gas to reduce evaporation of the filament and prevent its oxidation. The gas is at a pressure of about 70 kPa (0.7 atm).
  The gas reduces evaporation of the filament, but the fill must be chosen carefully to avoid introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allowing it to be operated at higher temperature without reducing its life (or, for operating at the same temperature, prolongs the filament life). On the other hand, the presence of the gas leads to heat loss from the filament—and therefore efficiency loss due to reduced incandescence—by heat conduction and heat convection.
  Early lamps, and some small modern lamps used only a vacuum to protect the filament from oxygen. The vacuum increases evaporation of the filament but eliminates two modes of heat loss.
  The most commonly used fills are:
  Vacuum, used in small lamps. Provides best thermal insulation of the filament but does not protect against its evaporation. Used also in larger lamps where the outer bulb surface temperature has to be limited.
  Argon (93%) and nitrogen (7%), where argon is used for its inertness, low thermal conductivity and low cost, and the nitrogen is added to increase the breakdown voltage and prevent arcing between parts of the filament
  Nitrogen, used in some higher-power lamps, e.g. projection lamps, and where higher breakdown voltage is needed due to proximity of filament parts or lead-in wires
  Krypton, which is more advantageous than argon due to its higher atomic weight and lower thermal conductivity (which also allows use of smaller bulbs), but its use is hindered by much higher cost, confining it mostly to smaller-size bulbs.
  Krypton mixed with xenon, where xenon improves the gas properties further due to its higher atomic weight. Its use is however limited by its very high cost. The improvements by using xenon are modest in comparison to its cost.
  Hydrogen, in special flashing lamps where rapid filament cooling is required; its high thermal conductivity is exploited here.
  The gas fill must be free of traces of water, which greatly accelerates bulb blackening (see below).
  The gas layer close to the filament (called the Langmuir layer) is stagnant, with heat transfer occurring only by conduction. Only at some distance does convection occur to carry heat to the bulb's envelope.
  The orientation of the filament influences efficiency. Gas flow parallel to the filament, e.g., a vertically oriented bulb with vertical (or axial) filament, reduces convective losses.
  The efficiency of the lamp increases with a larger filament diameter. Thin-filament, low-power bulbs benefit less from a fill gas, so are often only evacuated.
  Early light bulbs with carbon filaments also used carbon monoxide, nitrogen, or mercury vapor. However, carbon filaments operate at lower temperatures than tungsten ones, so the effect of the fill gas was not significant as the heat losses offset any benefits.
caption: Destruction of a lamp filament due to air penetration
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