page_title: Permanganate
section_title: Production
hierarchical_section_title: Permanganate / Production
caption_attribution_description: 中文（简体）‎: 不同浓度的高锰酸钾溶液，从左到右0.000 005, 0.000 01, 0.000 02, 0.000 05, 0.000 1, 0.000 2, 0.000 25, 0.000 5 mol/L。
context_page_description: A permanganate is the general name for a chemical compound containing the manganate(VII) ion. Because manganese is in the +7 oxidation state, the permanganate(VII) ion is a strong oxidizing agent. The ion has tetrahedral geometry. Permanganate solutions are purple in color and are stable in neutral or slightly alkaline media. The exact chemical reaction is dependent upon the organic contaminants present and the oxidant utilized. For example, trichloroethane is oxidized by permanganate ions to form carbon dioxide, manganese dioxide, hydrogen ions, and chloride ions.
  8MnO⁻
  ₄ + 3C
  ₂H
  ₃Cl
  ₃ → 6CO
  ₂ + 8MnO
  ₂ + H⁺
  + 4H
  ₂O + 9Cl⁻
  In an acidic solution, permanganate(VII) is reduced to the pale pink +2 oxidation state of the manganese(II) ion.
  8 H⁺
  + MnO⁻
  ₄ + 5 e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4 H₂O
  In a strongly basic solution, permanganate(VII) is reduced to the green +6 oxidation state of the manganate ion, MnO²⁻
  ₄.
  MnO⁻
  ₄ + e⁻ → MnO²⁻
  ₄
  In a neutral medium, however, it gets reduced to the brown +4 oxidation state of manganese dioxide MnO₂.
  2 H₂O + MnO⁻
  ₄ + 3 e⁻ → MnO₂ + 4 OH⁻
context_section_description: Permanganates can be produced by oxidation of manganese compounds such as manganese chloride or manganese sulfate by strong oxidizing agents, for instance, sodium hypochlorite or lead dioxide:
  2 MnCl₂ + 5 NaClO + 6 NaOH → 2 NaMnO₄ + 9 NaCl + 3 H₂O
  2 MnSO₄ + 5 PbO₂ + 3 H₂SO₄ → 2 HMnO₄ + 5 PbSO₄ + 2 H₂O
  It may also be produced by the disproportionation of manganates, with manganese dioxide as a side-product:
  3 Na₂MnO₄ + 2 H₂O → 2 NaMnO₄ + MnO₂ + 4 NaOH
  They are produced commercially by electrolysis or air oxidation of alkaline solutions of manganate salts (MnO²⁻
  ₄).
caption: A series of potassium permanganate solutions with varying concentration, increasing to the right.
exif: {"Image Make": "CASIO COMPUTER CO.,LTD.", "Image Model": "EX-Z790", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "72", "Image YResolution": "72", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "1.00", "Image DateTime": "2014:12:15 15:38:37", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "Image ExifOffset": "322", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "10264", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "5615", "Thumbnail YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/160", "EXIF FNumber": "7/2", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Program Normal", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "800", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0230", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2014:12:15 15:38:37", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2014:12:15 15:38:37", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF CompressedBitsPerPixel": "0/0", "EXIF ApertureValue": "3613/1000", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "3613/1000", "EXIF MeteringMode": "MultiSpot", "EXIF LightSource": "Unknown", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, auto mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "23/5", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "5152", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "3864", "Interoperability InteroperabilityIndex": "R98", "Interoperability InteroperabilityVersion": "[48, 49, 48, 48]", "EXIF InteroperabilityOffset": "10234", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "0", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "26", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF GainControl": "High gain up", "EXIF Contrast": "Normal", "EXIF Saturation": "Normal", "EXIF Sharpness": "Normal"}