page_title: Astrapotheria
section_title: Description
hierarchical_section_title: Astrapotheria / Description
caption_attribution_description: Español: Dibujo esquemático del cráneo de Granastrapotherium snorki, basado en Johnson, 1984, comparando las diferencias entre el macho y la hembra de esta especie. English: Schematic drawing of the skull of Granastrapotherium snorki, based in Johnson, 1984, showing the differences between the male and female of this species.
context_page_description: Astrapotheria is an extinct order of South American and Antarctic hoofed mammals that existed from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Miocene, 59 to 11.8 million years ago. Astrapotheres were large and rhinoceros-like animals and have been called one of the most bizarre orders of mammals with an enigmatic evolutionary history.
  This taxonomy of this order is not clear, but it may belong to Meridiungulata. In turn, Meridungulata is believed to belong to the extant superorder Laurasiatheria. Some scientists have regarded the astrapotheres as members of the clade Atlantogenata. However, recent collogen and mitonchodrial DNA sequence data places at least the notoungulates and litopterns firmly within Laurasiatheria, as a sister group to the perissodactyls.
context_section_description: Their lophodont molars and tusk-like canines became extremely large and ever-growing in later astrapotheres.  The upper molars lack an ectocingulum and are dominated by well-developed ectoloph and protoloph.  Additional lophs formed in some derived taxa.  They had lower molars with two cross-lophs, including a high protocristid, and eventually became almost selenodont.  As a result, their dentition is similar to notoungulates, but it seems to have evolved independently.  The cheek teeth are similar to rhinocerotoids, including similar microstructure, which indicate they had the same function.
  Postcranially, astrapotheres are relatively robust and more or less graviportal but have slender long bones, most notably in the hindlegs, suggesting they were amphibious.  In order to support their proboscises and large heads they had relatively long and massive necks in relation to the rest of the vertebral column.  Their feet are pentadactyl with short and stout podial and metapodial bones.  Most characteristic for the order are the flat astragalus, equipped with a short neck and a flat head, articulating with both the navicular and cuboid bones; and their calcaneus with its enlarged peroneal tubercle.
  Three families are recognized: Eoastrapostylopidae from the late Paleocene, Trigonostylopidae from the Paleocene-Eocene, and Astrapotheriidae from the Eocene-Miocene. The Brazilian, Itaboraian Tetragonostylops and the Argentinian, Riochican Eoastrapostylops are the oldest astrapotheres. The latter, with its low-crowned and lophoselenodont cheek teeth, is considered the most primitive astrapothere. Trigonostylopids are distinct from other astrapotheres in their ear anatomy but are included in the order because of otherwise similar characters. Antarctodon is one of few eutherian mammals, as well as one of the last known terrestrial vertebrates, found in Antarctica.
  The most famous member of the order is undoubtedly Astrapotherium, a 3 m (9.8 ft) long elephant-like beast that had lost its upper incisors and developed ever-growing canine tusks. They had lost their anterior premolars, resulting in a gap between their tusks and the hypsodont cheek teeth.  The short and retracted nasal bones indicate a moderately developed proboscis.  The small Eocene Trigonostylops lacked such retracted nasals and probably also a proboscis.  Other astrapotheriids, such as the Casamayoran Scaglia and Albertogaudrya, were between a sheep and a tapir in size and already the largest South American mammals.
caption: Skull of Granastrapotherium
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