page_title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization
section_title: Preparation and hybridization process – DNA
hierarchical_section_title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization / Probes – RNA and DNA / Preparation and hybridization process – DNA
caption_attribution_description: Scheme of the principle of the FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization) Experiment to localize a gene in the nucleus.
context_page_description: Fluorescence in situ hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity. It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes. FISH is often used for finding specific features in DNA for use in genetic counseling, medicine, and species identification. FISH can also be used to detect and localize specific RNA targets in cells, circulating tumor cells, and tissue samples. In this context, it can help define the spatial-temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues.
context_section_description: First, a probe is constructed. The probe must be large enough to hybridize specifically with its target but not so large as to impede the hybridization process.  The probe is tagged directly with fluorophores, with targets for antibodies or with biotin. Tagging can be done in various ways, such as nick translation, or Polymerase chain reaction using tagged  nucleotides.
  Then, an interphase or metaphase chromosome preparation is produced. The chromosomes are firmly attached to a substrate, usually glass. Repetitive DNA sequences must be blocked by adding short fragments of DNA to the sample. The probe is then applied to the chromosome DNA and incubated for approximately 12 hours while hybridizing. Several wash steps remove all unhybridized or partially hybridized probes.  The results are then visualized and quantified using a microscope that is capable of exciting the dye and recording images.
  If the fluorescent signal is weak, amplification of the signal may be necessary in order to exceed the detection threshold of the microscope. Fluorescent signal strength depends on many factors such as probe labeling efficiency, the type of probe, and the type of dye. Fluorescently tagged antibodies or streptavidin are bound to the dye molecule.  These secondary components are selected so that they have a strong signal.
caption: Scheme of the principle of the FISH Experiment to localize a gene in the nucleus.
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