page_title: Edouard Manduau
hierarchical_section_title: Edouard Manduau
caption_attribution_description: English: Exhibit in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. This object is old enough so that it is in the public domain. Photography was permitted in the museum without restriction.
context_page_description: Edouard Jean Marie Manduau was a Belgian landscape painter and watercolorist best known for his work in the Congo Free State and the countryside around Brussels.
  Manduau was born in Ixelles, and studied in art academies in London and Brussels, where he was a classmate and friend of James Ensor. In 1884 he joined the International Association of the Congo, where he led expeditions and public works projects. His drawings and paintings, about 70 in number, created a valuable record of the Congo and its people; when in 1885 they were exhibited at Brussels, he was widely acclaimed. However, in protest at some of the "civilizing methods" practiced in the Congo, he resigned and returned to Belgium, where he worked for the opposition newspaper Le Moniteur du Congo. He exhibited at the Salon des Artistes congolais in 1933. Manuau died in Nieuwpoort, Belgium, in 1938. His works are displayed at the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren.
context_section_description: Edouard Jean Marie Manduau (1855-1938) was a Belgian landscape painter and watercolorist best known for his work in the Congo Free State and the countryside around Brussels.
  Manduau was born in Ixelles, and studied in art academies in London and Brussels (1871), where he was a classmate and friend of James Ensor. In 1884 he joined the International Association of the Congo, where he led expeditions and public works projects. His drawings and paintings, about 70 in number, created a valuable record of the Congo and its people; when in 1885 they were exhibited at Brussels, he was widely acclaimed. However, in protest at some of the "civilizing methods" practiced in the Congo, he resigned and returned to Belgium, where he worked for the opposition newspaper Le Moniteur du Congo. He exhibited at the Salon des Artistes congolais in 1933. Manuau died in Nieuwpoort, Belgium, in 1938. His works are displayed at the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren.
caption: Manduau's Civilization in Congo (1884) was critical of the Congo Free State
exif: {"Image ImageDescription": "", "Image Make": "SONY", "Image Model": "DSC-RX100", "Image XResolution": "350", "Image YResolution": "350", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "DSC-RX100 v1.00", "Image DateTime": "2014:10:22 09:37:04", "Image Artist": "Picasa", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "Image ExifOffset": "292", "Image PrintIM": "[80, 114, 105, 110, 116, 73, 77, 0, 48, 51, 48, 48, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "15710", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "5955", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/30", "EXIF FNumber": "9/5", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Program Normal", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "500", "EXIF SensitivityType": "Recommended Exposure Index", "EXIF RecommendedExposureIndex": "500", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0230", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2013:10:13 06:22:40", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2013:10:13 06:22:40", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF CompressedBitsPerPixel": "3", "EXIF BrightnessValue": "-1563/1280", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "217/128", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF LightSource": "Unknown", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "52/5", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "4872", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "3619", "Interoperability InteroperabilityIndex": "R98", "Interoperability InteroperabilityVersion": "[48, 49, 48, 48]", "Interoperability RelatedImageWidth": "5472", "Interoperability RelatedImageLength": "3648", "EXIF InteroperabilityOffset": "15562", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF SceneType": "Directly Photographed", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "1", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "28", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF Contrast": "Normal", "EXIF Saturation": "Normal", "EXIF Sharpness": "Normal", "EXIF ImageUniqueID": "1f451c439db5b4df11eef82051bd33fa", "EXIF LensSpecification": "[52/5, 371/10, 9/5, 49/10]"}