page_title: Caylus vase
section_title: Description
hierarchical_section_title: Caylus vase / Description
caption_attribution_description: The vaseEnglish: Xerxes Vase inscription (Cabinet des Médailles)
context_page_description: The Caylus vase is a jar in alabaster dedicated in the name of the Achaemenid king Xerxes I in Egyptian hieroglyph and Old Persian cuneiform. It was the key element in confirming the decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform by Grotefend, through the reading of the hieroglyphic part by Champollion in 1823. It also confirmed the antiquity of phonetical hieroglyphs before the time of Alexander the Great, thus corroborating the phonetical decipherment of the names of ancient Egyptian pharaos. The vase was named after Anne Claude de Tubières, count of Caylus, an early French collector, who had acquired the vase in the 18th century, between 1752 and 1765. It is now located in the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris.
context_section_description: The vase is made in alabaster, with a height of 29.2 cm, and a diameter of 16 cm. Several similar vase, probably made in Egypt in the name of Xerxes I, have since been found, such as the Jar of Xerxes I, found in the ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.
  The vase has a quadri-lingual inscription, in Old Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite cuneiforms, and in Egyptian hieroglyphs. All three inscriptions have the same meaning "Xerxes : The Great King". The Old Persian cuneiform inscription in particular, comes first in the series of languages, and reads:
  𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣
  
  ( Xšayāršā : XŠ : vazraka)
  
  "Xerxes : The Great King."
  The line in Egyptian hieroglyph has the same meaning, and critically uses the cartouche for the name of Xerxes.
  The vase remained undeciphered for a long time after its acquisition by Caylus, but Caylus had already announced in 1762, in his publication of the vase, that the inscription combined the Egyptian script with the cuneiform script found in the monuments of Persepolis. Upon Caylus's death in 1765, the vase was given to the Cabinet des Médailles collection in Paris.
caption: The quadrilingual inscription on the vase (transcription by Georges Albert Legrain).
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