page_title: Juniper
section_title: Classification
hierarchical_section_title: Juniper / Classification
caption_attribution_description: English: Phoenicean Juniper (Juniperus phoenicea) at El Sabinar, El Hierro, Canary Islands (Spain). Picture taken by myself in February 2003. Español: Phoenicean Juniper (Juniperus phoenicea) "Sabina" en El Sabinar, El Hierro, Islas canarias (España). Imagen tomada por mi en febrero de 2003. Deutsch: ein vom Wind gebeugter rotfrüchtiger Wacholderbaum beim Wacholderwald El Sabinar, auf der kanarischen Insel El Hierro
context_page_description: Junipers are coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, between 50 and 67 species of junipers are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropical Africa, from Ziarat, Pakistan, east to eastern Tibet in the Old World, and in the mountains of Central America. The highest-known juniper forest occurs at an altitude of 16,000 ft in southeastern Tibet and the northern Himalayas, creating one of the highest tree-lines on earth.
context_section_description: The number of juniper species is in dispute, with two studies giving very different totals: Farjon (2001) accepted 52 species and Adams (2004) accepted 67 species. The junipers are divided into several sections, though (particularly among the scale-leaved species) which species belong to which sections is still far from clear, with research still ongoing.
  Juniperus sect. Juniperus – needle-leaf junipers; the adult leaves are needle-like, in whorls of three, and jointed at the base
  Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Juniperus – cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with one stomatal band
  Juniperus communis – common juniper
  Juniperus communis subsp. alpina – alpine juniper
  Juniperus conferta – shore juniper
  Juniperus rigida – Temple juniper or needle juniper
  Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Oxycedrus – cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with two stomatal bands
  Juniperus brevifolia – Azores juniper
  Juniperus cedrus – Canary Islands juniper
  Juniperus formosana – Chinese prickly juniper
  Juniperus lutchuensis – Ryukyu juniper
  Juniperus oxycedrus – Western prickly juniper, cade juniper
  Juniperus macrocarpa – large-berry juniper
  Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Caryocedrus – cones with 3 seeds fused together; needles with two stomatal bands
  Juniperus drupacea – Syrian juniper
  Juniperus sect. Sabina – scale-leaf junipers; adult leaves are mostly scale-like, similar to those of Cupressus species, in opposite pairs or whorls of three, and the juvenile needle-like leaves are not jointed at the base (including in the few that have only needle-like leaves; see below right). Provisionally, all the other junipers are included here, though they form a paraphyletic group.
  Old World species
  Juniperus chinensis – Chinese juniper
  Juniperus convallium – Mekong juniper
  Juniperus excelsa – Greek juniper
  Juniperus excelsa polycarpos – Persian juniper
  Juniperus foetidissima – stinking juniper
  Juniperus indica – black juniper
  Juniperus komarovii – Komarov's juniper
  Juniperus phoenicea – Phoenicean juniper
  Juniperus pingii – Ping juniper
  Juniperus procera – East African juniper
  Juniperus procumbens – Ibuki juniper
  Juniperus pseudosabina – Xinjiang juniper
  Juniperus recurva – Himalayan juniper
  Juniperus sabina – Savin juniper
  Juniperus saltuaria – Sichuan juniper
  Juniperus semiglobosa – Russian juniper
  Juniperus squamata – flaky juniper
  Juniperus thurifera – Spanish juniper
  Juniperus tibetica – Tibetan juniper
  Juniperus wallichiana – Himalayan black juniper
  New World species
  Juniperus angosturana – Mexican one-seed juniper
  Juniperus ashei – Ashe juniper
  Juniperus arizonica – redberry juniper, roseberry juniper
  Juniperus barbadensis – West Indies juniper
  Juniperus bermudiana – Bermuda juniper
  Juniperus blancoi – Blanco's juniper
  Juniperus californica – California juniper
  Juniperus coahuilensis – Coahuila juniper
  Juniperus comitana – Comitán juniper
  Juniperus deppeana – alligator juniper
  Juniperus durangensis – Durango juniper
  Juniperus flaccida – Mexican weeping juniper
  Juniperus gamboana – Gamboa juniper
  Juniperus grandis – Sierra juniper
  Juniperus horizontalis – creeping juniper
  Juniperus jaliscana – Jalisco juniper
  Juniperus maritima – seaside juniper
  Juniperus monosperma – one-seed juniper
  Juniperus monticola – mountain juniper
  Juniperus occidentalis – western juniper
  Juniperus osteosperma – Utah juniper
  Juniperus pinchotii – Pinchot juniper
  Juniperus saltillensis – Saltillo juniper
  Juniperus scopulorum – Rocky Mountain juniper
  Juniperus standleyi – Standley's juniper
  Juniperus virginiana – eastern juniper, eastern redcedar
  Juniperus virginiana subsp. silicicola – Southern juniper
  Juniperus zanonii (proposed)
caption: Juniperus phoenicea on El Hierro, Canary Islands
exif: {"Image Make": "Eastman Kodak Company", "Image Model": "Kodak CLAS Digital Film Scanner / HR200", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "256", "Image YResolution": "256", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "Kodak Digital Central Lab System", "Image DateTime": "2003:03:04 00:17:38", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Centered", "Image ExifOffset": "265", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "936", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "25074", "Thumbnail YCbCrPositioning": "Centered", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0200", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2003:03:04 00:17:38", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0101", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "1536", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "1024", "EXIF SpatialFrequencyResponse": "[2, 0, 21, 0, 13, 58, 0, 72, 111, 114, 105, 122, 111, 110, 116, 97, 108, 32, 83, 70, ... ]", "EXIF FocalPlaneXResolution": "1131", "EXIF FocalPlaneYResolution": "1131", "EXIF FocalPlaneResolutionUnit": "2"}