page_title: Pope Julius II
section_title: A Renaissance Pope
hierarchical_section_title: Pope Julius II / A Renaissance Pope
caption_attribution_description: English: Identifier: historyofgreatr00merl (find matches) Title: History of the great reformation in Europe in the times of Luther and Calvin.. Year: 1870 (1870s) Authors: Merle d'Aubigné, Jean Henri. (from old catalog) Subjects: Publisher: (n.p.) Contributing Library: The Library of Congress Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: inSwitzerland. Such early successes rousedthe jealousy of his senior rivals. Ere longhe outgrew the school of Bale, as he hadoutgrown that of Wesen. Lupulus,a distinguished scholar, had short-ly before opened at Berne, the first learnedfoundation of Switzerland. The bailiff ofWildhaus, and the curate of Wesen, agreedtogether to send the youth there, and in 1497,Zwingle, leaving the smiling plains of Baleagain approached those upper Alps amongwhich he had passed his infancy, and whosesnowy summits glowing in the sun might bediscerned from Berne. Lupnlus, a distin-guished poet, introduced his pupil to thehidden treasures of classical learning, thenknown only, and but slightly to a few. Theyoung neophyte was delighted to breathethese perfumes of antiquity. His mind open-ed, his style took its form, and himself be-came a poet. Among the convents of Berne, that of theDominicans was most celebrated, A gravecontroversy existed between these monks andthe Franciscans. The latter maintained the Text Appearing After Image: HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION. 217 immaculate conception of the Virgin, whichthe former denied. Wherever they went,—atthe splendid altar that adorned their church,—and from the twelve columns which supportedits roof, the Dominicans thought of nothingbut to humble their livals. The well-tonedvoice of Zwingle had drawn their notice;they listened to the accounts brought them ofhis precocious understanding; and thinkinghe might do credit to their order, sought toattract him amongst them, and invited himto take up his residence in the convent, untilthe period when he might pass his noviciate.The future usefulness of Zwingle was at stake.The amman of Wildhaus, on learning the baitsthe Dominicans held out, trembled for the in-nocence of his son, and desired him to leaveBerne without delay. Thus Zwingle escapedthose monastic walls in which Luther hadvoluntarily immured himself. What after-wards ensued will shew the greatness of thedanger Zwingle then incurred. A great agitation reigned in Be Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.
context_page_description: Pope Julius II was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death in 1513. Nicknamed the Warrior Pope or the Fearsome Pope, he chose his papal name not in honour of Pope Julius I but in emulation of Julius Caesar. One of the most powerful and influential popes, Julius II was a central figure of the High Renaissance and left a significant cultural and political legacy.
  Julius II became Pope in the context of the Italian Wars, a period in which the major powers of Europe fought for primacy in the Italian peninsula. Louis XII of France controlled the Duchy of Milan, previously held by the Sforzas, and French influence had replaced that of the Medici in the Republic of Florence. The Kingdom of Naples was under Spanish rule, and the Borja family from Spain was a major political faction in the Papal States following the reign of Alexander VI. The Archduke of Austria Maximilian I was hostile to France and Venice, and desired to descend in Italy in order to obtain the Papal coronation as Holy Roman Emperor.
context_section_description: Giuliano Della Rovere thenceforth took the name of his fourth-century predecessor, Julius I, and was pope for nine years, from 1503 to 1513. From the beginning, Julius II set out to defeat the various powers that challenged his temporal authority; in a series of complicated stratagems, he first succeeded in rendering it impossible for the Borgias to retain their power over the Papal States.  Indeed, on the day of his election, he declared:
  
  I will not live in the same rooms as the Borgias lived. He [Alexander VI] desecrated the Holy Church as none before. He usurped the papal power by the devil's aid, and I forbid under the pain of excommunication anyone to speak or think of Borgia again. His name and memory must be forgotten. It must be crossed out of every document and memorial. His reign must be obliterated. All paintings made of the Borgias or for them must be covered over with black crepe. All the tombs of the Borgias must be opened and their bodies sent back to where they belong – to Spain.
   Others indicate that his decision was taken on 26 November 1507, not in 1503. The Borgia Apartments were turned to other uses. The Sala de Papi was redecorated by two pupils of Raphael by order of Pope Leo X. The rooms were used to accommodate Emperor Charles V on his visit to the Vatican after the Sack of Rome (1527), and subsequently, they became the residence of the Cardinal-nephew and then the Secretary of State.
  Julius used his influence to reconcile two powerful Roman families, the Orsini and Colonna. Decrees were made in the interests of the Roman nobility, in whose shoes the new pope now stepped. Being thus secure in Rome and the surrounding country, he set himself the task to expel the Republic of Venice from Faenza, Rimini, and the other towns and fortresses of Italy which it occupied after the death of Pope Alexander. In 1504, finding it impossible to succeed with the Doge of Venice by remonstrance, he brought about a union of the conflicting interests of France and the Holy Roman Empire, and sacrificed temporarily to some extent the independence of Italy to conclude with them an offensive and defensive alliance against Venice. The combination was, however, at first little more than nominal, and was not immediately effective in compelling the Venetians to deliver up more than a few unimportant places in the Romagna. With a campaign in 1506, he personally led an army to Perugia and Bologna, freeing the two papal cities from their despots, Giampolo Baglioni and Giovanni II Bentivoglio.
  In December 1503, Julius issued a dispensation allowing the future Henry VIII of England to marry Catherine of Aragon; Catherine had previously been briefly married to Henry's older brother Prince Arthur, who had died, but Henry later argued that she had remained a virgin for the five months of the marriage. Some twenty years later, when Henry was attempting to wed Anne Boleyn (since his son by Catherine of Aragon survived only a few days, and two of her sons were stillborn, and therefore he had no male heir), he sought to have his marriage annulled, claiming that the dispensation of Pope Julius should never have been issued. The retraction of the dispensation was refused by Pope Clement VII.
  The Bull entitled Ea quae pro bono pacis, issued on 24 January 1506, confirmed papal approval of the mare clausum policy being pursued by Spain and Portugal amid their explorations, and approved the changes of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas to previous papal bulls. In the same year, the Pope founded the Swiss Guard to provide a constant corps of soldiers to protect the pope. As part of the Renaissance program of reestablishing the glory of antiquity for the Christian capital, Rome, Julius II took considerable effort to present himself as a sort of emperor-pope, capable of leading a Latin-Christian empire. On Palm Sunday, 1507, "Julius II entered Rome ... both as a second Julius Caesar, heir to the majesty of Rome's imperial glory, and in the likeness of Christ, whose vicar the pope was, and who in that capacity governed the universal Roman Church." 
caption: Jetzer being tricked. Jetzer was a Dominican monk in Bern, and some of his brothers tricked him into thinking he was receiving a revelation from the Virgin Mary. Eventually he figured it out. In punishment over this scandal, four Dominicans were burned at the stake under the orders of Pope Julius II with an audience of 30,000 people on 1 May 1509.[81]
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