page_title: Cardinals created by John Paul II
section_title: 25 May 1985
hierarchical_section_title: Cardinals created by John Paul II / 25 May 1985
caption_attribution_description: Cardinal Henryk Roman Gulbinowicz, born 1923, in Auditorium Academicum (University of Wrocław), March 23rd 2007
context_page_description: Pope John Paul II created 231 cardinals in nine consistories held at roughly three-year intervals. Three of those cardinals were first created in pectore, that is, without their names being announced, and only identified by the pope later. He named a fourth in pectore as well but never revealed that name. At his 2001 consistory, where he elevated 42 prelates and announced the names of two created in pectore earlier, he created more cardinals at one time than ever before or since. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever.
  In his first three consistories, John Paul adhered to the limit of 120 that Pope Paul VI set on the number of cardinal electors in 1975. and he included that maximum when he reformed the papal conclave procedures in 1996. His appointments exceeded that number for the first time in 1988 when the number of electors rose to 121, and then again in 1998 when it reached 122. In each of his last two consistories, in 2001 and 2003, he raised the number to 135, a figure not yet surpassed by his successors.
  He was the first pope to allow someone not a bishop to become a cardinal since Pope John XXIII mandated that cardinals be bishops in 1962.
context_section_description: John Paul created 28 cardinals on 25 May 1985 in a ceremony held outdoors for the first time in St. Peter's Square. They included the first from Ethiopia and Nicaragua and an archbishop of the Ukrainian Rite. It raised the College's membership to 152, with 120 eligible to vote for a new pope.
  Luigi Dadaglio (1914–1990)
  Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (1924–2014)
  Francis Arinze (b. 1932)
  Juan Francisco Fresno (1914–2004)
  Antonio Innocenti (1915–2008)
  Miguel Obando y Bravo (1926–2018)
  Paul Mayer (1911–2010)
  Ángel Suquía Goicoechea (1916–2006)
  Jean Jérôme Hamer (1916–1996)
  Ricardo Vidal (1931–2017)
  Henryk Gulbinowicz (b. 1923)
  Paulos Tzadua (1921–2003)
  Jozef Tomko (b. 1924)
  Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky (1914–2000)
  Andrzej Maria Deskur (1924–2011)
  Paul Poupard (b. 1930)
  Louis-Albert Vachon (1912–2006)
  Albert Decourtray (1923–1994)
  Rosalio Lara (1922–2007)
  Friedrich Wetter (b. 1928)
  Silvano Piovanelli (1924–2016)
  Adrianus Johannes Simonis (b. 1931)
  Édouard Gagnon (1918–2007)
  Alfons Maria Stickler (1910–2007)
  Bernard Francis Law (1931–2017)
  John Joseph O'Connor (1920–2000)
  Giacomo Biffi (1928–2015)
  Pietro Pavan (1903–1994)
caption: Henryk Gulbinowicz (b. 1923), made a cardinal on 25 May 1985.
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