page_title: Timeline of the 19th century
section_title: 1810s
hierarchical_section_title: Timeline of the 19th century / 1810s
caption_attribution_description: Thomas Stamford Raffles ("Engraved by Thomson, from a Miniature in possession of Mr. Raffles")
context_page_description: This is a timeline of the 19th century.
context_section_description: 1810: The University of Berlin was founded. Among its students and faculty are Hegel, Marx, and Bismarck. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities).
  1810: The Grito de Dolores begins the Mexican War of Independence.
  1810: The trumpet gets valves.
  1810s:1820s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires after the Latin American wars of independence.
  1810s:1820s: Punjab War between the Sikh Empire and British Empire.
  1812: The French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars.
  1812: British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated.
  1812:1815: War of 1812 between the United States and Britain; ends in a draw, except that Native Americans lose power
  1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice
  1813:1837: Afghan-Sikh Wars.
  1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba.
  1814: Elisha Collier invents the Flintlock Revolver.
  1814:16: Anglo-Nepalese War between Nepal (Gurkha Empire) and British Empire.
  1815: The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. Reaction and conservatism dominate all of Europe.  The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but the forces of liberalism and nationalism make for dramatic changes. It marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1914.
  1815: Napoleon escapes exile and begins the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St Helena. His defeat brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars
  1815: April, Mount Tambora in Sumbawa island erupts, becoming the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history, destroying Tambora culture, and killing at least 71,000 people, including its aftermath. The eruption created global climate anomalies known as "volcanic winter".
  1815: Jane Austen publishes Emma in December.
  1816: Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely influenced by the 1815 explosion of Mount Tambora.
  1816: Independence of Argentina.
  1816: Dandy horse/velocipede bicycle invented.
  1816:1828: Shaka's Zulu Kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa.
  1817: Principality of Serbia becomes suzerain from the Ottoman Empire. Officially independent in 1867.
  1817: First Seminole War begins in Florida.
  1817: Russia commences its conquest of the Caucasus.
  1817: Princess Charlotte of Wales dies following childbirth.
  1818: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein.
  1818: Independence of Chile.
  1819: John Keats writes his odes of 1819.
  1819: Peterloo massacre in England.
  1819: The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company.
  1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.
caption: 1819: 29 January, Stamford Raffles arrives in Singapore with William Farquhar to establish a trading post for the British East India Company. 8 February, The treaty is signed between Sultan Hussein of Johor, Temenggong Abdul Rahman and Stamford Raffles. Farquhar is installed as the first Resident of the settlement.
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