page_title: Forced labour under German rule during World War II
hierarchical_section_title: Forced labour under German rule during World War II
caption_attribution_description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Berlin, 14-jähriger Ukrainer Zwangsarbeiter ADN-Zentralbild-Archiv II. Weltkrieg 1939-45 Zwangsarbeiter aus der Sowjetunion müssen für die faschistische deutsche Rüstung arbeiten. UBz.: Ein 14-jähriger Jugendlicher aus der Ukraine muss in einem Berliner Kraftfahr-Instandsetzungswerk der deutschen Wehrmacht beschädigte und unbrauchbar gewordene Kraftwagen wieder instandsetzen. Januar 1945. Aufnahme: Pips Plenik [Scherl Bilderdienst]
context_page_description: The use of slave and forced labour in Nazi Germany and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. It was a vital part of the German economic exploitation of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in occupied Europe. The Germans abducted approximately 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds came from Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Many workers died as a result of their living conditions – extreme mistreatment, severe malnutrition, and worse tortures were the main causes of death. Many more became civilian casualties from enemy bombing and shelling of their workplaces throughout the war. At its peak the forced labourers comprised 20% of the German work force. Counting deaths and turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point during the war.
  The defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 freed approximately 11 million foreigners, most of whom were forced labourers and POWs. In wartime, the German forces had brought into the Reich 6.5 million civilians in addition to Soviet POWs for unfree labour in factories.
context_section_description: The use of slave and forced labour in Nazi Germany and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. It was a vital part of the German economic exploitation of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in occupied Europe. The Germans abducted approximately 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds came from Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Many workers died as a result of their living conditions – extreme mistreatment, severe malnutrition, and worse tortures were the main causes of death. Many more became civilian casualties from enemy (Allied) bombing and shelling of their workplaces throughout the war. At its peak the forced labourers comprised 20% of the German work force.  Counting deaths and turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point during the war.
  The defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 freed approximately 11 million foreigners (categorized as "displaced persons"), most of whom were forced labourers and POWs. In wartime, the German forces had brought into the Reich 6.5 million civilians in addition to Soviet POWs for unfree labour in factories.  Returning them home was a high priority for the Allies.  However, in the case of citizens of the USSR, returning often meant suspicion of collaboration or the Gulag.  The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), Red Cross, and military operations provided food, clothing, shelter, and assistance in returning home. In all, 5.2 million foreign workers and POWs were repatriated to the Soviet Union, 1.6 million to Poland, 1.5 million to France, and 900,000 to Italy, along with 300,000 to 400,000 each to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belgium.
caption: Original Nazi propaganda caption: "A 14-year-old youth from Ukraine repairs damaged motor vehicles in a Berlin workshop of the German Wehrmacht. January 1945."
  Foreign forced labourersNumbers10 million (1944 est.)[1]
   including:
       6.5 million civilians
       2.2 million POWs
       1.3 million camp inmatesAbducted12 million[1]Place of originUSSR (33.6%), Poland (21.7%), France (17.1%), Belgium, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Romania and others[1]
exif: {}