page_title: History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
section_title: A decaying Empire: 1261–1453
hierarchical_section_title: History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire / A decaying Empire: 1261–1453
caption_attribution_description: English: Cropped Image A fourteenth-century miniature Greek manuscript depicting scenes from the life of Alexander the Great. The priests of the Jews (Rabbis) offer Alexander the Great Gold and Silver, Alexander spent the gifts of the Rabbi’s on his Gods. The whole scene is depicted entirely in Byzantine fashion of the late Byzantine period (1204-1453). Alexander the Great is depicted as a Byzantine Emperor (Basileus) and his troops are depicted as Byzantine-Greek soldiers of the 14th century. The Jewish Rabbis (standing to the right) are shown wearing distinctive ceremonial robes and small caps on their heads. From the “Alexander Romance” in S. Giorgio dei Greci in Venice. עברית: היהודי רבנים היוונים של המאה הי"ד Ελληνικά: Οι ιερείς των Ιουδαίων προσφέρουν στον Αλέξανδρο χρυσό και άργυρο. Ο Αλέξανδρος αφιερώνει τα δώρα των ιερέων στους θεούς του. Εβραίοι λόγιοι και βυζαντινή Έλληνες του δέκατου τέταρτου αιώνα.
context_page_description: The history of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire has been well recorded and preserved.
context_section_description: Andronikos II Palaiologos followed his father's precedent. The tolerance of Andronikos was quite notable, even drawing condemnation from Patriarch Athanasius III of Alexandria, against what he saw as "excessive" tolerance of Jews and other non-Christians, in particular for permitting them to live amongst Christians. The patriarch's complaint indicates that, in spite of the tolerance of the Palaiologoi, the norm of imperial law was to require non-Christians to live separately from Christians. This apparent trend of segregation between the peoples of Byzantium, which certainly included the Jews, is confirmed in a letter by John, bishop of Citrus, in the latter half of the twelfth century, which declared that, "People of alien tongues and alien beliefs, such as Jews, Armenians, Ishmaelites, Hagarites and other such as these were permitted from of old to dwell in Christian countries and cities, except that they had to live separately and not together with the Christians". In Constantinople, there was a Jewish quarter near the eponymous gate in the modern Yenikapı area.
  By the fourteenth century, the Jewish question of Byzantium seemed to be most concerned with Venetian Jews. Venetians had come to reside in the Empire in large numbers by the early 14th century, and treaties between the Empire and Venice granted the Venetians living in the empire, including Jews of Venetian origin, special privileges, though they also carried certain minor economic prohibitions. Under the aegis of these treaties, Venetian Jews could buy, sell or rent land anywhere in Constantinople. They also enjoyed a more favorable tax structure than Byzantine citizens, as well as the freedom of movement and settlement anywhere in the Empire.
  Further complicating this legal status, some Jews obtained Venetian citizenship either "by coming from areas subject to the Republic or by purchasing naturalization", thus obtaining the same privileges as Venetian nationals in the Empire. At this time, the Empire was in rapid decay, and could not seriously enforce laws intended to curtail these rights and regain economic control within its borders. Thus, an exception to the general trend of Byzantine history emerged during this century, whereby Jews were entitled to a broader set of rights than Christians. However, it is important to note that these liberties were conferred based on their being Venetian, not based on their Jewish identity. Non-Venetian Jews did not profit from the Venetian-Byzantine treaties, and non-Jewish Venetians enjoyed the same liberties as their Jewish compatriots.
caption: Alexander the Great, clad as a Byzantine emperor, receives a delegation of Jewish rabbis. Miniature from the 14th-century Alexander Romance
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