page_title: Bone crusher
hierarchical_section_title: Bone crusher
caption_attribution_description: Bone crusher (crushes animal bones into pulver which is used as fertilizer). Water wheel povered. Ballenberg, Switzerland.
context_page_description: A bone crusher is a device regularly used for crushing animal bones. Bones obtained during slaughter are cleaned, boiled in water and dried for several months. After that, they are suitable for crushing with the special machine into a relatively dry gritty powder which is used as fertilizer.
  The machine, shown in the picture, is powered by a water wheel. It contains eight S-shaped pairs of cams that raise the crushers alternately and let them fall into material to be crushed. The simple transmission increases the rotation speed of the crusher wheel to 21 rpm from the water wheel speed of about 7 rpm.
  Bone meal has been used since about 1790 as a fertilizer supplement to ordinary farmyard manure. From about 1880 onwards it was supplanted by chemical fertilizers.
context_section_description: A bone crusher is a device regularly used for crushing animal bones.  Bones obtained during slaughter are cleaned, boiled in water and dried for several months.  After that, they are suitable for crushing with the special machine into a relatively dry gritty powder which is used as fertilizer.
  The machine, shown in the picture, is powered by a water wheel.  It contains eight S-shaped pairs of cams that raise the crushers alternately and let them fall into material to be crushed.  The simple transmission increases the rotation speed of the crusher wheel to 21 rpm from the water wheel speed of about 7 rpm.
  Bone meal has been used since about 1790 as a fertilizer supplement to ordinary farmyard manure. From about 1880 onwards it was supplanted by chemical fertilizers.
caption: Water wheel-powered bone crusher
exif: {"Image ImageDescription": "", "Image Make": "NIKON", "Image Model": "E8400", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "300", "Image YResolution": "300", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "E8400v1.1", "Image DateTime": "2007:08:12 16:05:15", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Co-sited", "Image ExifOffset": "284", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "300", "Thumbnail YResolution": "300", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "4596", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "8436", "EXIF ExposureTime": "10/601", "EXIF FNumber": "13/5", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Program Normal", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "72", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0220", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2007:08:12 16:05:15", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2007:08:12 16:05:15", "EXIF ComponentsConfiguration": "YCbCr", "EXIF CompressedBitsPerPixel": "2", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "14/5", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF LightSource": "Unknown", "EXIF Flash": "Flash fired, auto mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "61/10", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "3264", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "2448", "Interoperability InteroperabilityIndex": "R98", "Interoperability InteroperabilityVersion": "[48, 49, 48, 48]", "EXIF InteroperabilityOffset": "1026", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF SceneType": "Directly Photographed", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "0", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "24", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF GainControl": "Low gain up", "EXIF Contrast": "Normal", "EXIF Saturation": "Normal", "EXIF Sharpness": "Normal", "EXIF SubjectDistanceRange": "0"}