page_title: Carpus and tarsus of land vertebrates
hierarchical_section_title: Carpus and tarsus of land vertebrates
caption_attribution_description: English: Location of the accessory ossicles of the tarsus. On the left, the plantar aspect of the right foot, on the right the dorsal aspect of the right foot. The more dorsally situated ossicles are shown in closed circles on the right and open circles on the left. The ossicles lying closer to the plantar surface of the foot (the sole) are shown in closed circles on the left and open circles on the right. The half-open circles are situated even more dorsally then the others, being situated just below the medial and lateral malleolus. 1=Os cuneometatarsale I plantare, 2=os uncinatum, 3=os sesamoideum tibialis posterior, 4=os sesamoideum peroneum, 5=os cuboideum secundarium, 6=os trochleare calcanei, 7=os in sinus tarsi, 8=os sustentaculum tali, 9=os talocalcaneale posterius, 10=os aponeurosis plantaris, 11=os subcalcaneum, 12=os sesamoideum tibialis anterior, 13=os cuneometatarsale I tibiale, 14=os intermetatarsale I, 15=os cuneometatarsale II dorsale, 16=os paracuneiforme, 17=os cuneonaviculare, 18=os intercuneiforme, 19=os intermetatarsale IV, 20=/os talonaviculare, 21=os vesalianum pedis, 22=os tibiale externum, 23=os talotibiale dorsale, 24=os supratalare, 25=os calcaneus secundarius, 26=os subtibiale, 27=os subfibulare, 28=os retinaculi, 29=os calcaneus accessorius, 30=os trigonum, 31=os supracalcaneum, 32=os tendinis calcanei
context_page_description: The carpus and tarsus of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution.
  Three proximals. In the hand humans have all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum.
  Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one os centrale per hand or foot.
  Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost.
context_section_description: The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution.
  Three proximals. In the hand humans have all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum.
  Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot (plural "(ossa) centralia").
  Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost.
caption: Accessory tarsal bones of human foot. Os trigonum is number 30.
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