page_title: Projectional radiography
section_title: Shoulders
hierarchical_section_title: Projectional radiography / By target organ or structure / Shoulders
caption_attribution_description: English: Anteroposterior glenoid ("Grashey view") projectional radiograph ("X-ray") of the right shoulder of a 31 year old man with recurrent shoulder dislocation. It shows no skeletal or soft tissue abnormalities (the malfunctioning rotator cuff is not seen).
context_page_description: Projectional radiography, also known as conventional radiography, is a form of radiography and medical imaging that produces two-dimensional images by x-ray radiation. The image acquisition is generally performed by radiographers, and the images are often examined by radiologists. Both the procedure and any resultant images are often simply called "X-ray". Plain radiography generally refers to projectional radiography. Plain radiography can also refer to radiography without a radiocontrast agent or radiography that generates single static images, as contrasted to fluoroscopy, which are technically also projectional.
context_section_description: These include:
  AP-projection 40° posterior oblique after Grashey
  The body has to be rotated about 30 to 45 degrees towards the shoulder to be imaged, and the standing or sitting patient lets the arm hang. This method reveals the joint gap and the vertical alignment towards the socket.
  Transaxillary projection
  The arm should be abducted 80 to 100 degrees. This method reveals:
  The horizontal alignment of the humerus head in respect to the socket, and the lateral clavicle in respect to the acromion.
  Lesions of the anterior and posterior socket border or of the tuberculum minus.
  The eventual non-closure of the acromial apophysis.
  The coraco-humeral interval
  Y-projection
  The lateral contour of the shoulder should be positioned in front of the film in a way that the longitudinal axis of the scapula continues parallel to the path of the rays. This method reveals:
  The horizontal centralization of the humerus head and socket.
  The osseous margins of the coraco-acromial arch and hence the supraspinatus outlet canal.
  The shape of the acromion
  This projection has a low tolerance for errors and accordingly needs proper execution. The Y-projection can be traced back to Wijnblath’s 1933 published cavitas-en-face projection.
  In the UK, the standard projections of the shoulder are AP and Lateral Scapula or Axillary Projection.
caption: AP glenoid (Grashey view).
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