page_title: Granulosa cell tumour
section_title: Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors
hierarchical_section_title: Granulosa cell tumour / Genetics / Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors
caption_attribution_description: English: Ovarian tumors by incidence and risk of ovarian cancer. Reference: &#32;(2014).&#32;"Spectrum of ovarian tumors in a referral hospital in Nepal". Journal of Pathology of Nepal&#32;4&#32;(7): 539–543. DOI:10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10295. ISSN 2091-0908. Minor adjustment for mature cystic teratomas (0.17 to 2% risk of ovarian cancer): &#32;(2012).&#32;"Malignant Transformation in a Mature Teratoma with Metastatic Deposits in the Omentum: A Case Report". Case Reports in Pathology&#32;2012: 1–3. DOI:10.1155/2012/568062. ISSN 2090-6781.
context_page_description: Granulosa cell tumours are tumours that arise from granulosa cells. They are estrogen secreting tumors and present as large, complex, ovarian masses. These tumours are part of the sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour or non-epithelial group of tumours. Although granulosa cells normally occur only in the ovary, granulosa cell tumours occur in both ovaries and testicles. These tumours should be considered malignant and treated in the same way as other malignant tumours of ovary. The ovarian disease has two forms, juvenile and adult, both characterized by indolent growth, and therefore has high recovery rates. The staging system for these tumours is the same as for epithelial tumours and most present as stage I. The peak age at which they occur is 50–55 years, but they may occur at any age.
  Juvenile granulosa cell tumour is a similar but distinct rare tumour. It too occurs in both the ovary and testis. In the testis it is extremely rare, and has not been reported to be malignant. Although this tumour usually occurs in children, it has been reported in adults.
context_section_description: Using next generation DNA sequencing, it was discovered that 97% of adult granulosa cell tumours contain an identical mutation in the FOXL2 gene .  This is a somatic mutation, meaning it is not usually transmitted to descendants. Mutation c.402C>G in the sequence of FOXL2 leads to the amino acid substitution p. C134W.  It is believed that this mutation may be the cause of granulosa cell tumours.
caption: Ovarian tumors by incidence and risk of ovarian cancer, with adult granulosa cell tumour at right.[7]
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