page_title: Ibrahim Adil Shah II
section_title: Early life
hierarchical_section_title: Ibrahim Adil Shah II / Early life
caption_attribution_description: English: A Deccani courtier who may or may not be the king himself, c.1600 Source: http://search.sothebys.com/jsps/live/lot/LotDetail.jsp?lot_id=4DV8Y (downloaded Mar. 2005) "PORTRAIT OF A DECCANI COURTIER, POSSIBLY ADIL SHAH II, ON HORSEBACK, STYLE OF FARRUKH BEG, BIJAPUR, DECCAN, INDIA, CIRCA 1600. Measurements note: panel 10.2 by 14cm.leaf 19.5 by 27cm. DESCRIPTION: pen and gouache heightened with gold on paper, laid down on stout paper with borders incorporating panels of nasta'liq calligraphy, central panel with a courtier on horseback carrying a hawk on his right hand and riding through a rocky landscape CATALOGUE NOTE: This impressive portrait is strikingly similar to a portrait from the Leningrad Album hailed by Zebrowski as "the most poetic Bijapuri portrait to have survived," depicting the Deccani ruler Ibrahim Adil Shah II (r.1579-1627) hawking (Zebrowski 1983, pl.ix, p.89). The central figure with his outstretched arm, blue gauntlet and snowy eagle, cantering through a rocky landscape on a piebald horse is closely comparable in both subject matter and style to this example. Other features exhibited in the present lot are comparable to the Leningrad album page and suggest that it too is a royal portrait, the facial type with pursed lips, aquiline nose and rounded cheeks distinctly recalls portraits of Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II (see Zebrowski 1983, pl.vi, p.54 and pl.50, p.75). Akbar's contemporary, Sultan Ibrahim II, was an active patron of the arts who encouraged all manner of artists, whether poets, musicians or painters, in their creative endeavours. A contemporary poem by the sultan's poet laureate, Zhuhuri, describes his support of the arts in fulsome terms, "no thorn in the path of Art ever pierced a man's foot but he picked up gardens of flowers... from... [Ibrahim's] favour... and in nothing was the excellence of Art hidden but his discernment openly fell in love with it." (Zebrowski 1983, p.68). This praise is not just the flattery of a courtier, documentary evidence supports these claims through other means. Poets, painters and calligraphers are all recorded as distinguished members of the sultan's inner circle, and the explicit mention of the painter's name, Farrukh Hussain, indicates the esteem in which he was held. The Deccani and Mughal artistic traditions are deeply tied to one another both stylistically and in practice. For example, the nascent Deccani school of the 1560s and 70s owes much to the Mughal atelier in its representation of body mass and movement, whilst during the following century Mughal artists are known to have specialized in painting in a Deccani style and to have copied Deccani works. However the Deccani school developed an earthier, more direct expressiveness absent in the restraint and formality of the Mughal type. Deccani masters plunge their portrait subjects into semi darkness through dramatic shading and sculpt dream-like landscapes from fantastic palettes that recall the earlier traditions of Bijapur. Whilst this portrait does not exhibit all the distinctive characteristics of the Deccani school and the later portrait of Adil Shah II hawking on horseback, it is possible to suggest that this painting was produced shortly after the artist Farrukh Beg moved from the Mughal court in 1600, importing a cooler palette with the Safavid aesthetic that he expounded."
context_page_description: Ibrahim Adil Shah II was king of the Sultanate of Bijapur and a member of the Adil Shahi dynasty. Under his reign the dynasty had its greatest period as he extended its frontier as far south as Mysore. He was a skilful administrator, artist, poet and a generous patron of the arts. He reverted to the Sunni sect of Islam, but remained tolerant of other religions, including Christianity. However, during his reign high-ranking Shiite immigrants became unwelcome and in 1590, he ordered the confinement of criers who read the khutba in the Shia form. After his reign, increasing weakness permitted Mughal encroachment and the successful revolt of the Maratha king Shivaji, who killed the Bijapur general Afzal Khan and scattered his army. The dynasty left a tradition of cosmopolitan culture and artistic patronage whose architectural remains are to be seen in the capital city of Bijapur.
context_section_description: Ibrahim Adil Shah (the father of Ali Adil Shah I) had divided power between the Sunni nobles, the Habshis and the Deccanis. However, Ali Adil Shah favoured the Shi'i.
caption: A Deccani courtier who may or may not be the king himself, c.1600
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