page_title: History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
section_title: Relationship of Srivijaya empire with Indian Tamil Chola empire
hierarchical_section_title: History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia / Malaysia / Indianised Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms (3rd century BCE to 14th century CE) / Indianised Hindu-Buddhist Malay kingdoms as vassal of Srivijaya empire (7th - 13th century) / Relationship of Srivijaya empire with Indian Tamil Chola empire
caption_attribution_description: English: Avalokiteshvara statue found at Anglo Oriental, Bidor, Perak tin mine in year 1936. 8th-9th century bronze with eight arms. 79 cm height. National Museum in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Bahasa Melayu: Avalokitesvara. Patung Buddha Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara mempunyai lapan tangan tetapi dua daripadanya telah patah. Patung yang dibuat daripada logam gangsa ini telah dijumpai di sebuah lombong bijih timah Anglo Oriental, Bidor, Perak pada tahun 1936. Patung ini telah wujud mengikut pertarikhan pada kurun ke 7 hingga ke 12 Masihi zaman peradaban Hindu-Buddha. Berat patung ini ialah 140 paun dan tingginya 93sm.
context_page_description: Southeast Asia was under Indian sphere of cultural influence starting around 290 BC until around the 15th century, when Hindu-Buddhist influence was absorbed by local politics. Kingdoms in the southeast coast of the Indian Subcontinent had established trade, cultural and political relations with Southeast Asian kingdoms in Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Cambodia and Champa. This led to Indianisation and Sanskritisation of Southeast Asia within Indosphere, Southeast Asian polities were the Indianised Hindu-Buddhist Mandala.
  Unlike the Hindu kingdoms within the Indian subcontinent, the Pallava empire of the southeastern coast of the India peninsula did not have culture restrictions on crossing the sea. Chola empire also had profound impact on Southeast Asia, who executed South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I and Chola invasion of Srivijaya. This led to more exchanges through the sea routes into Southeast Asia. Whereas Buddhism thrived and became the main religion in many countries of the Southeast Asia, it died off on the Indian subcontinent.
context_section_description: Chola empire also had profound impact on Southeast Asia, who executed South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I and Chola invasion of Srivijaya.
  The relation between Srivijaya and the Chola Empire of south India was friendly during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I but during the reign of Rajendra Chola I the Chola Empire invaded Srivijaya cities.
  In 1025 and 1026 Gangga Negara was attacked by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola Empire, the Tamil emperor who is now thought to have laid Kota Gelanggi to waste. Kedah—known as Kedaram, Cheh-Cha (according to I-Ching) or Kataha, in ancient Pallava or Sanskrit—was in the direct route of the invasions and was ruled by the Cholas from 1025. A second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century. The senior Chola's successor, Vira Rajendra Chola, had to put down a Kedah rebellion to overthrow other invaders. The coming of the Chola reduced the majesty of Srivijaya, which had exerted influence over Kedah, Pattani and as far as Ligor. During the reign of Kulothunga Chola I Chola overlordship was established over the Srivijaya province kedah in the late 11th century. The expedition of the Chola Emperors had such a great impression to the Malay people of the medieval period that their name was mentioned in the corrupted form as Raja Chulan in the medieval Malay chronicle Sejarah Melaya. Even today the Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia as many Malaysian princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such was the Raja of Perak called Raja Chulan.
  Pattinapalai, a Tamil poem of the 2nd century CE, describes goods from Kedaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital. A 7th-century Indian drama, Kaumudhimahotsva, refers to Kedah as Kataha-nagari. The Agnipurana also mentions a territory known as Anda-Kataha with one of its boundaries delineated by a peak, which scholars believe is Gunung Jerai. Stories from the Katasaritasagaram describe the elegance of life in Kataha. The Buddhist kingdom of Ligor took control of Kedah shortly after. Its king Chandrabhanu used it as a base to attack Sri Lanka in the 11th century and ruled the northern parts, an event noted in a stone inscription in Nagapattinum in Tamil Nadu and in the Sri Lankan chronicles, Mahavamsa.
caption: Avalokiteshvara statue found in Perak, 8th–9th century bronze.
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