page_title: Ivan Pavlov
section_title: Legacy
hierarchical_section_title: Ivan Pavlov / Legacy
caption_attribution_description: English: One of the many dogs Pavlov used in his experiments (possibly Baikal[1]), Pavlov Museum Ryazan, Russia. Note the saliva catch container and tube surgically implanted in the dog's muzzle. Deutsch: Einer der vielen Hunde, die Pawlow in seinen Experimenten gebraucht hatte, Pawlow Museum Rjasan, Russland. Zu beachten ist, dass der Speichelauffangbehälter und Schlauch chirurgisch in das Maul eingepflanzt wurden.
context_page_description: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician.
  He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research about the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing classical conditioning.
context_section_description: The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the "conditioned reflex" he developed with his assistant Ivan Tolochinov in 1901.
  As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of John B. Watson, the idea of "conditioning" as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing specialism of comparative psychology, and the general approach to psychology called behaviourism.
  The British philosopher Bertrand Russell was an enthusiastic advocate of the importance of Pavlov's work for philosophy of mind.
  Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than using critical thinking. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World, and also to a large degree in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow.
  It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signalled the food by ringing a bell. However, his writings also record the use of many stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli. Catania did not believe Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his famous experiments. Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries Vladimir Bekhterev and John B. Watson, until Thomas found several references that clearly said Pavlov did, indeed, use a bell.
  It is less widely known that Pavlov's experiments on the conditional reflex included children, some of whom apparently underwent surgical procedures, similar to the dogs, for the collection of saliva.
caption: One of Pavlov's dogs, preserved at The Pavlov Museum, Ryazan, Russia
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