page_title: Glycolysis
section_title: Structure of glycolysis components in Fischer projections and polygonal model
hierarchical_section_title: Glycolysis / Structure of glycolysis components in Fischer projections and polygonal model
caption_attribution_description: English: Glycolysis components using Fischer representation comparing to polygonal model. The last form is easier and faster to read and write, and shows with clarity each change of the intermediates in the reactions.
context_page_description: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful rather than just utilized as steps in the overall reaction. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.
  Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent metabolic pathway. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes.
  In most organisms, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas, which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas.
context_section_description: The intermediates of glycolysis depicted in Fischer projections show the chemical changing step by step. Such image can be compared to polygonal model representation. Another comparation of Fischer projections and Poligonal Model in glycolysis is shown in a video. Video animations in the same channel in Youtube can be seen for another metabolic pathway (Krebs Cycle) and the representation and applying of Polygonal Model in Organic Chemistry
caption: Glycolysis - Structure of anaerobic glycolysis components showed using Fischer projections, left, and polygonal model, right. The compounds correspond to glucose (GLU),  glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ( F16BP), dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(GA3P), 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (13BPG), 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG), 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate (PIR), and lactate (LAC). The enzymes which participate of this pathway are indicated by underlined numbers, and correspond to hexokinase (1), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (2), phosphofructokinase-1 (3), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (4), triosephosphate isomerase (5), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (5),  phosphoglycerate kinase (7), phosphoglycerate mutase (8), phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase) (9), pyruvate kinase (10), and lactate dehydrogenase (11). The participant coenzymes (NAD+, NADH + H+, ATP and ADP), inorganic phosphate, H2O and CO2 were omitted in these representations. The phosphorylation reactions from ATP, as well the ADP phosphorylation reactions in later steps of glycolysis are shown as ~P respectively entering or going out the pathway. The oxireduction reactions using NAD+ or NADH are observed as hydrogens “2H” going out or entering the pathway.
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