page_title: Marine microorganisms
section_title: Using omics data
hierarchical_section_title: Marine microorganisms / Using omics data
caption_attribution_description: English: Meta-omics data based biogeochemical modeling.&lt;be /&gt; A schematic conceptual framework for global biogeochemical modeling from environmental, imaging, and meta-omics data (Sunagawa et al., 2015). A semi-automatic computational pipeline is schematized for combining biomarkers with biogeochemical data (Guidi et al., 2016) that can be incorporated into classic biogeochemical models (Guyennon et al., 2015) for creating a next generation of biogeochemical trait-based meta-omics models by considering their respective traits. Such novel meta-omics-enabled approaches aim to improve the monitoring and prediction of ocean processes while respecting the complexity of the planktonic system. For more information, see Louca et al. (2016) and Coles et al. (2017). The biogeochemical model is taken from [1] Sunagawa, S., Coelho, L. P., Chaffron, S., Kultima, J. R., Labadie, K., Salazar, G., et al. (2015). "Ocean plankton. Structure and function of the global ocean microbiome". Science, 348: 1261359. doi:10.1126/science.1261359. Guidi, L., Chaffron, S., Bittner, L., Eveillard, D., Larhlimi, A., Roux, S., et al. (2016). "Plankton networks driving carbon export in the oligotrophic ocean". Nature, 532: 465–470. doi:10.1038/nature16942. Guyennon, A., Baklouti, M., Diaz, F., Palmieri, J., Beuvier, J., Lebaupin-Brossier, C., et al. (2015). "New insights into the organic carbon export in the Mediterranean Sea from 3-D modelling". Biogeosciences, 11: 425–442. doi:10.5194/bg-12-7025-2015. Louca, S., Parfrey, L. W., and Doebeli, M. (2016). "Decoupling function and taxonomy in the global ocean microbiome". Science, 353: 1272–1277. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4507. Coles, V. J., Stukel, M. R., Brooks, M. T., Burd, A., Crump, B. C., Moran, M. A., et al. (2017). "Ocean biogeochemistry modeled with emergent trait-based genomics". Science, 358: 1149–1154. doi:10.1126/science.aan5712.
context_page_description: Marine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as the microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary. A microorganism is any microscopic living organism, that is, any life form too small for the naked human eye to really see, needing a microscope. Microorganisms are very diverse. They can be single-celled or multicellular and include all bacteria and archaea and most protozoa, as well as some species of fungi, algae, and certain microscopic animals, such as rotifers and copepods. Many macroscopic animals and plants have microscopic juvenile stages. Some microbiologists also classify biologically active entities such as viruses and viroids as microorganisms, but others consider these as nonliving.
  Marine microorganisms make up about 70% of the biomass in the ocean. Taken together they form the marine microbiome. Over billions of years this microbiome has evolved many life styles and adaptations and come to participate in the global cycling of almost all chemical elements. Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers.
context_section_description: Omics is a term used informally to refer to branches of biology whose names end in the suffix -omics, such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics. Omics aims at collectively characterising and quantifying pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. For example, functional genomics aims at identifying the functions of as many genes as possible of a given organism. It combines different
  -omics techniques such as transcriptomics and proteomics with saturated mutant collections.
  Many omes beyond the original genome have become useful and have been widely adopted in recent years by research scientists. The suffix -omics can provide an easy shorthand to encapsulate a field; for example, an interactomics study is reasonably recognisable as relating to large-scale analyses of gene-gene, protein-protein, or protein-ligand interactions, while proteomics has become established as a term for studying proteins on a large scale. 
  Any given omics technique, used just by itself, cannot adequately disentangle the intricacies of a host microbiome. Multi-'omics' approaches are needed to satisfactorily unravel the complexities of the host-microbiome interactions. For instance, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics methods are all used to provide information on the metagenome.
caption: Meta-omics data based biogeochemical modeling [278] A schematic conceptual framework for marine biogeochemical modeling from environmental, imaging, and meta-omics data.[279] A semi-automatic computational pipeline is schematized for combining biomarkers with biogeochemical data [280] that can be incorporated into classic biogeochemical models [281] for creating a next generation of biogeochemical trait-based meta-omics models by considering their respective traits. Such novel meta-omics-enabled approaches aim to improve the monitoring and prediction of ocean processes while respecting the complexity of the planktonic system.[282][283]
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