page_title: George Raper
section_title: Career
hierarchical_section_title: George Raper / Career
caption_attribution_description: The melancholy loss of HMS Sirius off Norfolk Island March 19th 1790 - George Raper, National Library of Australia, Canberra, Australia
context_page_description: George Raper was a Royal Navy officer who accompanied the First Fleet to Australia. He is known today for his watercolour illustrations, including the first depictions of the birds and flowers of Sydney Cove.
context_section_description: Raper was born to Henry and Catherine Raper in London, England on 19 September 1769; his sister was the pastellist Catherine Charlotte Raper. On 20 August 1783 at age 13  he joined the Royal Navy's HMS Rose as a captain's servant. After further service on HMS Racehorse, he joined HMS Sirius on 15 November 1786. Sirius, commanded by Captain John Hunter, was the flagship of the First Fleet, which under Commodore Arthur Phillip transported convicts from England to New South Wales in Australia. On 30 September 1787, while the First Fleet was sailing from Rio de Janeiro to Cape Town, George Raper became a midshipman. Raper took his paint box with him, containing a larger set of paints than that of his captain, John Hunter, who was also an artist. Raper's charts, and his paintings of ports such as Tenerife and Rio de Janeiro, were part of his evidence of competence for his promotion to midshipman. The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788, then sailed to Port Jackson (now Sydney Harbour).
  On 1 October 1788, Sirius with Raper on board set sail from Port Jackson for the Dutch settlement of Cape Town, to get supplies for the starving Australian colony. Raper continued to paint; his watercolour of 'ice-islands' on this journey is held at the Natural History Museum, London. In February 1789, Sirius left Cape Town loaded with twelve months' provisions for the ship's company, six months' flour for the whole settlement, and other stores. Raper probably purchased paper in Cape Town; most of his paintings after this date are on Dutch paper.
  On the return to Port Jackson, Sirius suffered damage in a gale off the south coast of Van Diemen's Land. Ths ship was repaired at Careening Cove, now Mosman Bay on Sydney Harbour, from June to November 1789. During this period, Raper may have had leisure to continue his painting.
  On 6 March 1790, Sirius, with Raper on board, left Port Jackson for Norfolk Island. On 19 March, Sirius was wrecked while landing supplies at Norfolk Island. All the ship's company were saved and many of the supplies were salvaged; Raper saved his paint box. A number of the landscapes and natural history drawings that he made on the island have survived. He and the crew of Sirius were trapped on the island for 11 months, facing starvation and increasing distress at the failure of Governor Phillip to send a ship to collect them. Raper and the rest of the ship's company eventually returned to Sydney with HMS Supply, arriving there on 27 February 1791.
  Raper then returned to England via Batavia, arriving at Portsmouth in 1792. Back in England, the officers of Sirius, including Raper, faced a court martial because of the loss of the ship. They were honourably acquitted.
  Raper then served on HMS Duke and HMS Victory. In June 1793 he received his commission as lieutenant and moved to HMS Speedy. In September that year he moved to the former French ship Commerce de Marseille, one of the vessels which had defected to the British during the Siege of Toulon; his presence is recorded in that ship's muster as 'Rapert ... Lieut't anglais'. Only two paintings that can be dated to his period of service in the Mediterranean are known to have survived – they are of a dolphin and a shark, and are held at the State Library of New South Wales.
  In April 1795 Raper joined HMS Cumberland as a lieutenant. While serving on the Cumberland, he wrote his will. Dated 14 October 1795, it is a simple document compared to most 18th-century wills. In it he asks that his painting case 'be delivered...to my dearest and beloved Mother'.
  In May 1796, Raper was given his first command, as master and commander of the cutter HMS Expedition. He was despatched to Gibraltar and then the West Indies, bringing his ship through a hurricane near Barbados with much damage but no lives lost.
caption: The melancholy loss of HMS Sirius off Norfolk Island, March 19th 1790, painted by George Raper
exif: {"Image Make": "Canon", "Image Model": "Canon EOS 7D", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "240", "Image YResolution": "240", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows", "Image DateTime": "2012:01:31 10:56:14", "Image Artist": "John Harrison", "Image ExifOffset": "232", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormat": "770", "Thumbnail JPEGInterchangeFormatLength": "5726", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/60", "EXIF FNumber": "14/5", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Aperture Priority", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "1600", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0221", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2012:01:27 10:48:07", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2012:01:27 10:48:07", "EXIF ShutterSpeedValue": "5906891/1000000", "EXIF ApertureValue": "1485427/500000", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "3", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "17", "EXIF SubSecTime": "00", "EXIF SubSecTimeOriginal": "00", "EXIF SubSecTimeDigitized": "00", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "4095", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "3225", "EXIF FocalPlaneXResolution": "5184000/907", "EXIF FocalPlaneYResolution": "691200/119", "EXIF FocalPlaneResolutionUnit": "2", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard"}