page_title: Quebec City
section_title: French Regime (1500s–1763)
hierarchical_section_title: Quebec City / History / French Regime (1500s–1763)
caption_attribution_description: Français&#160;: Plaque des premiers colons de Québec, monument Louis-Hébert, parc Montmorency, Québec Texte de la plaque «&#160;Les premiers colons de Québec. Ils ont été à la peine: qu'ils soient à l'honneur. Louis Hébert (1617) Marie Rollet Guillaume Couillard (1618) Marie-Guillemette Hébert Abraham Martin - Marguerite Langlois Nicolas Marcolet - Marie Le Barbier Nicolas Pivert - Marguerite Lesage Pierre Desportes - Françoise Langlois Étienne Jonquest - Anne Hébert Olivier Le Tardif - Louise Couillard Jean Nicolet - Marguerite Couillard Noël Morin - Hélène Desportes Noël Langlois - Françoise Garnier Guillaume Hubou - Marie Rollet Robert Giffard (1634) Marie Renouard Guillaume Fournier - Marie Fse Hébert Jean Guyon (1635) Mathurine Robin Jean Guyon - Madeleine Boulé Jean Bourdon - Jacqueline Potel François Marguerie - Louise Cloutier Zacharie Cloutier - Xaintès Dupont Jean Côté - Anne Martin Gaspard Boucher - Nicolas Le Maire Philippe Amyot - Anne Convent Jean-Paul Godefroy - Madeleine Le Gardeur Jean-Baptiste Godefroy - Marie Le Neuf Mobin Boucher - Perrine Mallet Sébastien Dodier - Marie Bonhomme Pierre de la Porte - Anne Voyer Jean Juchereau - Marie Langlois Jean Sauvaget - Anne Dupuis Guillaume Isabel - Catherine Dodier Robert Drouin - Anne Cloutier Louis-Henri Pinguet - Louise-Boucher Pierre Delauney - Françoise Pinguet François Aubert - Anne Fauconnier Pierre Le Gardeur (1638) Marie Favery Charles Le Gardeur - Geneviève Juchereau Jacques Le Neuf - Marguerite Le Gardeur Robert Caron - Marie Crevet François Bélanger - Marie Gagnon Claude Poulin - Jeanne Mercier Jacques Hertel - Marguerite Marguerie Antoine Brassard - Françoise Méry Étienne Racine - Marguerite Martin René Maheu - Marguerite Corriveau Jacques Maheu - Anne Convent Louis Sédillot - MarieGrimoult François de Chavigny - Eléonore de Grandmaison.&#160;» patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca Personnes associées (88) Amiot, Philippe (1602 – 1639) Auber, François Bélanger, François (vers 1612 – vers 1686) Belhomme, Marie (1610 – ) Boucher, Gaspard (vers 1599 – après 1662) Boucher, Marin (1589 – 1671) Bourdon, Jean (vers 1601 – 1668) Brassard, Antoine (1609 – 1668) Caron, Robert (1612 – 1656) Chavigny de Berchereau, François de (vers 1615 – 1652) Cloutier, Anne (1626 – 1648) Cloutier, Louise (1632 – 1699) Cloutier, Zacharie (1590 – 1677) Convent, Anne (1601 – 1675) Corriveau, Marguerite (1623 – 1676) Côté, Jean ( – 1661) Couillard, Louise (1625 – 1641) Couillard, Marguerite (1626 – 1705) Couillard de Lespinay, Guillaume (vers 1591 – 1663) Crevet, Marie (1615 – 1695) Delaunay, Pierre (1616 – 1654) Desportes, Pierre (vers 1580 – après 1629) Desportes, Hélène (1620 – 1675) Dodier, Sébastien (1609 – ) Dodier, Catherine (1638 – 1673) Drouin, Robert (1607 – 1685) Dupont, Sainte (1596 – 1680) Dupuys, Anne (1596 – 1686) Fauconnier, Anne ( – 1676) Favery, Marie (1616 – 1675) Fournier, Guillaume (1623 – 1699) Garnier, Françoise (1609 – 1665) Giffard, Joseph (1645 – 1705) Godefroy, Jean-Paul Godefroy, Jean-Baptiste Grandmaison, Éléonore de (1619 – 1692) Grimoult, Marie (1606 – 1682) Guyon, Marie (vers 1624 – 1696) Guyon Du Buisson, Jean (1592 – 1663) Hébert, Anne (vers 1602 – 1619) Hébert, Louis (vers 1575 – 1627) Hébert, Françoise (1638 – 1716) Hébert, Guillemette (vers 1606 – 1684) Hertel de La Fresnière, Jacques (vers 1600 – 1651) Hubou, Guillaume ( – 1653) Isabel, Guillaume ( – 1666) Jonquest, Étienne (vers 1590 – vers 1620) Juchereau de Maur, Jean (1592 – 1672) Langlois, Marie (1600 – 1661) Langlois, Marguerite Langlois, Françoise (1602 – après 1629) Langlois dit Boisverdun, Noël (1606 – 1684) Le Barbier, Marie (1619 – 1688) Le Gardeur, Marguerite (1608 – 1677) Le Gardeur, Marie-Madeleine (1630 – 1660) Legardeur de Repentigny, Pierre (vers 1605 – 1648) Legardeur de Tilly, Charles (vers 1614 – 1695) Lemaire, Nicole (1595 – 1652) Leneuf de La Poterie, Jacques (1606 – après 1685) Lesage, Marguerite ( – 1643) Letardif, Olivier (vers 1604 – 1665) Lousche, Louise (1589 – 1649) Maheu, René ( – 1661) Maheu, Jacques ( – 1663) Mallet, Perrine (1606 – 1687) Marguerie, Marie (1620 – 1700) Marguerie de la Haye, François (1612 – 1648) Marsolet de Saint-Aignan, Nicolas (vers 1601 – 1677) Martin, Abraham (1589 – 1664) Martin, Anne (1621 – 1684) Martin, Marguerite (1624 – 1689) Mercier, Jeanne (1626 – 1687) Méry, Françoise (1621 – 1671) Morin, Noël (1616 – 1680) Nicollet de Belleborne, Jean (vers 1598 – 1642) Pinguet, Louis-Henri de (1590 – 1671) Pinguet, Françoise (1625 – 1661) Pivert, Nicolas Porte, Pierre de la Potel, Jacqueline Poulin, Claude (1616 – 1687) Racine, Étienne (1607 – 1689) Renouard, Marie (1599 – 1647) Robin dite Boule, Mathurine (1592 – 1662) Rollet, Marie (1580 – 1649) Sauvaget, Jean ( – avant 1668) Sédillot, Louis (1600 – 1672) Voyer, Anne
context_page_description: Quebec City, officially Québec, is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2016 the city had a population of 531,902, and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296. It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada.
  The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec, an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows", because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant. Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608, and adopted the Algonquin name. Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America. The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico. This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the "Historic District of Old Québec".
  The city's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec, an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence.
context_section_description: Quebec City is one of the oldest European settlements in North America and the only fortified city north of Mexico whose walls still exist. While many of the major cities in Latin America date from the 16th century, among cities in Canada and the U.S., few were created earlier than Quebec City (St. John's, Harbour Grace, Port Royal, St. Augustine, Santa Fe, Jamestown, and Tadoussac). 
  It is home to the earliest known French settlement in North America, Fort Charlesbourg-Royal, established in 1541 by explorer Jacques Cartier with some 400 persons but abandoned less than a year later due to the hostility of the natives and the harsh winter. The fort was at the mouth of the Rivière du Cap Rouge, in the suburban former town of Cap-Rouge (which merged into Quebec City in 2002).
  Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat, on 3 July 1608, and at the site of a long abandoned St. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement called Stadacona. Champlain, also called "The Father of New France", served as its administrator for the rest of his life.
  The name "Canada" refers to this settlement. Although the Acadian settlement at Port-Royal was established three years earlier, Quebec came to be known as the cradle of North America's Francophone population. The place seemed favourable to the establishment of a permanent colony.
  The population of the settlement remained small for decades. In 1629 it was captured by English privateers, led by David Kirke, during the Anglo-French War. Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was illegal as the war had already ended, and worked to have the lands returned to France. As part of the ongoing negotiations of their exit from the Anglo-French War, in 1632 the English king Charles agreed to return the lands in exchange for Louis XIII paying his wife's dowry. These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The lands in Quebec and Acadia were returned to the French Company of One Hundred Associates.
  In 1665, there were 550 people in 70 houses living in the city. One-quarter of the people were members of religious orders: secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulines nuns and the order running the local hospital, Hotel-Dieu.
  
  Quebec was the headquarters of many raids against New England during the four French and Indian Wars. In 1690 the city was attacked by the English, but was successfully defended. In the last of the conflicts, the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), Quebec was captured by the British in 1759 and held until the end of the war in 1763. In that time many battles and sieges took place: the Battle of Beauport, a French victory (31 July 1759); the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, in which British troops under General James Wolfe defeated the French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm on 13 September 1759 and shortly thereafter took the city after a short siege. A French counter attack saw a French victory at the Battle of Sainte-Foy (28 April 1760) but the subsequent second Siege of Quebec the following month however saw a final British victory.
  France ceded New France, including the city, to Britain in 1763 when the French and Indian War officially ended.
  At the end of French rule in 1763, forests, villages, fields and pastures surrounded the town of 8,000 inhabitants. The town distinguished itself by its monumental architecture, fortifications, and affluent homes of masonry and shacks in the suburbs of Saint-Jean and Saint-Roch. Despite its urbanity and its status as capital, Quebec City remained a small colonial city with close ties to its rural surroundings. Nearby inhabitants traded their farm surpluses and firewood for imported goods from France at the two city markets.
caption: Plaque honouring the first settlers of Québec City. (affixed to back of monument to Guillaume Couillard, which accompanies those to Louis Hébert and Marie Rollet). Parc Montmorency, Québec City.
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