page_title: Jean-Marie Calès
section_title: Trials of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie-Antoinette
hierarchical_section_title: Jean-Marie Calès / Biography / Under the National Convention / Trials of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie-Antoinette
caption_attribution_description: English: Opinion of citizen Jean-Marie Calès, deputy of the department of Haute-Garonne, on the judgment of Louis XVI. Printed by order of the National Convention Cover page. Publisher: Convention Nationale, France. Publication date: 1793.
context_page_description: Jean-Marie Calès was a French physician and politician in the period of the French Revolution. He was born on October 13, 1757 in Cessales and died on April 13, 1834 in Liège.
context_section_description: When the Convention organised the Trial of King Louis XVI, held between the 10 and 26 December 1792, Calès published his « Opinion on the judgment of the king », and then voted on 15 January 1793 « yes » to the immediate Death of the King, without suspension nor ratification by the people. He notably declared solemnly to the Assembly: " I vote for death, and all my regret is not to have to pronounce on all the tyrants ". This vote of Calès will be later reported in « Ninety-Three », the last novel written by Victor Hugo:
  « People pointed out the corner where the seven representatives of the Haute-Garonne sat, elbow to elbow; the first called to pronounce their verdict on Louis XVI, they replied one after another: Mailhe: death. - Delmas: death. - Projean: death. - Calès: death. - Ayral: death. - Julien: death. - Desaby: death. »
  — Victor Hugo, « Ninety-Three » (1874)
  The king will be sentenced to death by an extremely narrow majority: 365 votes against 356, and then, after recounting the votes the next day: 361 against 360. He will be guillotined a few days later, the 21 January 1793, on Revolution's Square.
  
  Soon after (six months later), on 5 August 1793, Calès, then Representative on mission to the armies of the Ardennes (see below), will send a letter from the camp of Ivoy to the Convention to mark his adhesion to the decree which provided for the dismissal of Queen Marie-Antoinette before the Revolutionary Tribunal. He will speak in these terms:
  « Citizens my colleagues, you have decreed that Marie-Antoinette would be sent to the revolutionary tribunal and I was unfortunate enough to be absent when you issued this decree. I ask you to receive my adhesion as a proof of my horror for tyrants and of my contempt for the threats of those who defend their cause. »
  On October 5, 1793, the Convention will vote this decree, on the 14th, the hearings of the revolutionary tribunal led by the public prosecutor Fouquier-Tinville will begin: the sentence of death, for high treason, will be pronounced on October 16, 1793. Only a few hours later, Marie Antoinette will be guillotined, like her husband, on Revolution's Square.
  Following the King's death, the National Assembly left the Salle du Manège and moved on 9 May 1793 to the neighbouring Tuileries Royal Palace. It settled into the Salle des Machines (Hall of the Machines), which was larger, more comfortable and more adequate to the parliamentary sessions, and where the Assembly will carry out the main part of its works (until its final and definitive transfer into the current Palais Bourbon on 21 January 1798).
caption: Opinion of the citizen Jean-Marie Calès, deputy of the department of Haute-Garonne, on the judgment of Louis XVI. Printed by order of the National Convention (1792)
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