page_title: Bacon's Rebellion
hierarchical_section_title: Bacon's Rebellion
caption_attribution_description: English: The Burning of Jamestown by Howard Pyle (signature lower right corner). It depicts the burning of Jamestown, Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion (A.D. 1676-77); used to illustrate the article "Jamestown" in Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History: from 458 A.D. to 1905 (1905).
context_page_description: Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion that took place in 1676 by Virginia settlers. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley. Bacon's grievances against Berkeley stemmed from the governor's dismissive policy toward the political challenges of Virginia's western frontier. Bacon was irked to have been left out of Berkeley's inner circle and angered at the governor's refusal to allow Bacon to take part in fur trading with Native Americans. In addition, Berkeley refused Bacon a military commission that would have allowed him to fight and attack Native Americans at his own discretion. Attacks by the Doeg people on Virginian colonists lit the fuse to the popular uprising against Berkeley since the colonists blamed him for not guarding the safety of the frontier. The Doeg people had both traded and made war on the Virginia frontier.
  Starting in the 1650s, as English colonists began to settle the Northern Neck frontier, then known as Chicacoan, some Doeg, Patawomeck and Rappahannock began moving into the region as well and joined local tribes in disputing the settlers' claims to land and resources. In July 1666, the colonists declared war on them.
context_section_description: Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion that took place in 1676 by Virginia settlers. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley. Bacon's grievances against Berkeley stemmed from the governor's dismissive policy toward the political challenges of Virginia's western frontier. Bacon was irked to have been left out of Berkeley's inner circle and angered at the governor's refusal to allow Bacon to take part in fur trading with Native Americans. In addition, Berkeley refused Bacon a military commission that would have allowed him to fight and attack Native Americans at his own discretion. Attacks by the Doeg people on Virginian colonists lit the fuse to the popular uprising against Berkeley since the colonists blamed him for not guarding the safety of the frontier. The Doeg people had both traded and made war on the Virginia frontier.
  Starting in the 1650s, as English colonists began to settle the Northern Neck frontier, then known as Chicacoan (Secocowon), some Doeg, Patawomeck and Rappahannock began moving into the region as well and joined local tribes in disputing the settlers' claims to land and resources. In July 1666, the colonists declared war on them. By 1669, colonists had patented the land on the west of the Potomac as far north as My Lord's Island (now Theodore Roosevelt Island in Washington, DC). By 1670, they had driven most of the Doeg out of the Virginia colony and into Maryland—apart from those living beside the Nanzatico/Portobago in Caroline County, Virginia.
  The English continued to harass the Doeg on the Northern Neck, and in July 1675, a Doeg raiding party crossed the Potomac and stole hogs from Thomas Mathew, in retaliation for him not paying them for traded goods. Mathew and other colonists pursued them to Maryland and killed a group of Doeg, as well as innocent Susquehannock. A Doeg war party retaliated by killing Mathew's son and two servants on his plantation.
  In retaliation, a Virginian militia led by Nathaniel Bacon entered Maryland, attacked the Doeg and besieged the Susquehannock. This precipitated the general reaction against natives by the Virginia Colony that resulted in "Bacon's Rebellion". In 1676 Bacon took his armed force to the Green Dragon Swamp on the upper Pamunkey River where he killed nearly fifty Pamunkey Indians, which led to the chief Cockacoeske issuing orders to the rest of the tribe to escape. She ordered her tribe to not harm anyone and stay true to their treaty of peace. Thousands of Virginians from all classes (including those in indentured servitude) and races rose up in arms against Berkeley, attacking Native Americans, chasing Berkeley from Jamestown, Virginia, and ultimately torching the capital. The rebellion was first suppressed by a few armed merchant ships from London whose captains sided with Berkeley and the loyalists. Government forces from England arrived soon after and spent several years defeating pockets of resistance and reforming the colonial government to be once more under direct royal control.
  It was the first rebellion in the North American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part (a somewhat similar uprising in Maryland involving John Coode and Josias Fendall took place shortly afterwards). The alliance between European indentured servants and Africans (many enslaved until death or freed), united by their bond-servitude, disturbed the ruling class. The ruling class responded by hardening the racial caste of slavery in an attempt to divide the two races from subsequent united uprisings with the passage of the Virginia Slave Codes of 1705. While the farmers did not succeed in their initial goal of driving the Native Americans from Virginia, the rebellion resulted in Berkeley being recalled to England.
caption: The Burning of Jamestown by Howard Pyle, c. 1905
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