page_title: Red Orchestra (espionage)
section_title: Literature
hierarchical_section_title: Red Orchestra (espionage) / Literature
caption_attribution_description: English: Freiheitskämpfer (“Freedom fighter”), bronze sculpture by Fritz Cremer (1906–1993), placed 1983 next to the Ostertorwache (today Wilhelm-Wagenfeld-Haus) in Bremer, Germany. Deutsch: Freiheitskämpfer, Bronzefigur von Fritz Cremer (1906–1993), 1983 an der Ostertorwache (heute Wilhelm-Wagenfeld-Haus) in Bremen aufgestellt.
context_page_description: The Red Orchestra, as it was known in Germany, was the name given by the Abwehr Section III.F to anti-Nazi resistance workers in August 1941. It primarily referred to a loose network of resistance circles, connected through personal contacts, uniting hundreds of opponents of the Nazi regime. These included circles of friendship and discussion centred around Harro Schulze-Boysen and Arvid Harnack in Berlin, alongside many others. They printed and distributed illegal leaflets, posters, and stickers hoping to incite civil disobedience; helped Jews and opposition escape the regime; documented the crimes of the Nazi regime; and forwarded military intelligence to the Allies. Contrary to legend, the Red Orchestra was neither directed by Soviet communists nor under a single leadership but a network of groups and individuals, often operating independently. To date, about 400 members are known by name.
  The term was also used by the Gestapo to refer to an unassociated Soviet intelligence networks, working in Paris and Brussels, that were built up by Leopold Trepper on behalf of the Main Directorate of State Security. Trepper ran a series of clandestine cells for organising agents.
caption: Freiheitskämpfer (“Freedom fighter”), bronze sculpture by Fritz Cremer (1906–1993), placed 1983 next to the Ostertorwache, today Wilhelm Wagenfeld House in Bremen, Germany
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