page_title: Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal
section_title: Design and construction
hierarchical_section_title: Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal / Design and construction
caption_attribution_description: One of the long walls used to reinforce the canal as it passes through the Irwell Valley. This wall is just west of Ladyshore, and looks east. The canal is a few feet up the bank, to the left of the image.
context_page_description: The Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal is a disused canal in Greater Manchester, England, built to link Bolton and Bury with Manchester. The canal, when fully opened, was 15 miles 1 furlong long. It was accessed via a junction with the River Irwell in Salford. Seventeen locks were required to climb to the summit as it passed through Pendleton, heading northwest to Prestolee before it split northwest to Bolton and northeast to Bury. Between Bolton and Bury the canal was level and required no locks. Six aqueducts were built to allow the canal to cross the rivers Irwell and Tonge and several minor roads.
  The canal was commissioned in 1791 by local landowners and businessmen and built between 1791 and 1808, during the Golden Age of canal building, at a cost of £127,700. Originally designed for narrow gauge boats, during its construction the canal was altered into a broad gauge canal to allow an ultimately unrealised connection with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The canal company later converted into a railway company and built a railway line close to the canal's path, which required modifications to the Salford arm of the canal.
context_section_description: The canal was originally supplied by the River Irwell in Bury, at the Weddell Brook tributary.  This proved insufficient for local industry and in 1842 Elton Reservoir at Bury was built to become the canal's principal supply.  Although the Bury and Bolton arms are on one level, the Salford arm used seventeen broad locks, including some in staircases (Nob End, for example), to descend 190 feet (58 m) over 8 miles (13 km) from the summit level to the lowest point at Salford.  Robert Fulton had proposed an inclined plane at Nob End, but this design was rejected.  The connection with Fletcher's Canal near Clifton Aqueduct was made by a single lock 90 feet (27 m) long by 21 feet (6 m) wide, with a drop of 18 inches (46 cm).
  Although the canal was originally designed to be a narrow canal with narrow locks for boats 7 feet (2 m) wide, in 1794 an agreement was reached with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal company to create a link near Red Moss near Horwich, so broad locks were built to accommodate the 14 feet (4 m) wide boats using that canal.  This meant removing some of the narrow locks that had already been built.  An extension to the original canal feeder was built at Weddell Brook in Bury, alongside the River Irwell. The route of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was changed, however, and the planned link never materialised.  The design changes to the canal were not completely without merit, since they allowed two narrowboats to use each lock simultaneously, saving passage time and water.
  Much of the Bury arm of the canal runs alongside the River Irwell through the Irwell Valley, and eventually required the construction of huge retaining walls to prevent the canal bank from sliding down the hill.  Similar strengthening, although on a smaller scale, was required on the Bolton arm where it ran alongside the River Croal.  Through these sections the towpath is normally on the side of the canal closest to the river.
  Six aqueducts were required to allow the canal to cross the River Irwell, the River Tonge and four roads. On the Bolton arm these were Hall Lane Aqueduct, Fogg's Aqueduct and the larger Damside Aqueduct, all of which have since been demolished.  Hall Lane Aqueduct was damaged by mining subsidence and replaced in 1884–1885.  It was demolished in 1950. The Salford arm flowed over Prestolee Aqueduct, then Clifton Aqueduct, and finally the smaller Lumn's Lane Aqueduct (since demolished).
  Many bridges were also constructed, along the length of the canal.  Most were of small design allowing access to farmland, although many are wide enough for a horse and cart.  In places where the canal crossed important thoroughfares, such as Water Street in Radcliffe, Radcliffe Road in Darcy Lever and Agecroft Road in Pendlebury, larger bridges were constructed.
  Cranes were used along the many wharfs on the canal to offload cargo.  One of these, a steam crane at Mount Sion, still exists (albeit in poor condition).  At Bury Wharf a traversing steam crane positioned between the two arms of the terminus would offload cargo to be loaded into waiting lorries and a similar system was used at Radcliffe Wharf.
caption: Reinforcements along the Bury arm help keep the canal bank from sliding down the valley.
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