page_title: Anglophobia
section_title: United States
hierarchical_section_title: Anglophobia / Outside the United Kingdom / United States
caption_attribution_description: This poster was used for the promotion of the United States and Great Britain Industrial Exposition in the late 19th century (1899-1900). Shows Columbia and Britannia in the background holding flags (under the eagle and lion), and Uncle Sam and John Bull in the foreground clasping hands. Text A Union in the Interest of Humanity--Civilization --Freedom-- and Peace for all Time Industry Wealth Food Commerce Resources Integrity Valor English Tongue Kindred Interests Colonial Success Chivalry Invincibility In the roundels near the bottom, the recent American naval victories of Manila and Santiago de Cuba are compared to the classic British/English naval victories of Trafalgar and the Spanish Armada. The Union Jack shown at upper right has some of the flaws described at File:Incorrect flag of UK.svg...
context_page_description: Anti-English sentiment or Anglophobia means opposition to, dislike of, fear of, or hatred towards England or English people. The term is sometimes used more loosely for general anti-British sentiment. Its opposite is Anglophilia.
context_section_description: Anglophobia was first developed by the Jeffersonian Republicans in the 1790s, who warned that close ties with Great Britain were especially dangerous because that nation was an enemy of American Republicanism. By contrast, the opposing Federalist party warned that the Jeffersonians were too sympathetic to the radicalism of the French Revolution. The Origins of the War of 1812 involve the humiliation of the United States it British hands, when it disregarded neutral rights in its battle against Napoleonic France. The Americans defeated British invasions, and celebrated the war as a successful second more for American independence.  The Treaty of Ghent, ratified in 1815, launched more than two centuries of mostly-peaceful relations between the United States and Britain despite a few tense moments, such as the Trent Affair in 1861 and the Fenian raids in 1866-1871. 
  In the final days of the 1888 presidential campaign, a Republican operative claiming to be a British immigrant in America named Charles F. Murchison tricked the British ambassador Lord Sackville-West into indicating Britain's support for the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland. Anglophobia was aroused, and the careless diplomat was sent home. 
  The Great Rapprochement was the convergence of social and political objectives between the United Kingdom and the United States from 1895 until World War I began in 1914. The most notable sign of improving relations during the Great Rapprochement was Britain's actions during the Spanish–American War (started 1898). Initially Britain supported the Spanish Empire and its colonial rule over Cuba, since the perceived threat of American occupation and a territorial acquisition of Cuba by the United States might harm British trade and commercial interests within its own imperial possessions in the West Indies. However, after the United States made genuine assurances that it would grant Cuba's independence (which eventually occurred in 1902 under the terms dictated in the Platt Amendment), the British abandoned this policy and ultimately sided with the United States, unlike most other European powers who supported Spain. In return the US government supported Britain during the Boer War, although many Americans favored the Boers.
  In 2002, academic John Moser said that, although Anglophobia is now "almost completely absent" from American society, this was not always the case. He stated that "there were strains of Anglophobia present in virtually every populist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries," with the Populist Party, for example, "referring to England as a 'monster' that had 'seized upon the fresh energy of America and is steadily fixing its fangs into our social life.'" 
  Reasons suggested for the faltering of Anglophobia included the impact of the Second World War, and reduced political support for Irish nationalist movements compared with that in earlier periods. Moser also said:
  In an age when the wealthiest and most influential Americans tended to be associated with things British—the vast majority were of Anglo-Saxon descent, wore English-tailored suits, drove British-made automobiles, and even spoke with affected British accents—it was quite natural for Great Britain to fall within the sights of disaffected populists. In more recent years, however, this has changed. When one thinks of wealth and influence in contemporary America, particularly when one considers those who have made their fortunes in the past thirty years, English culture does not immediately spring to mind.
  The film industry is widely perceived to give a British nationality to a disproportionate number of villains.
caption: This 1898 depiction of the Great Rapprochement shows Uncle Sam embracing John Bull, while Columbia and Britannia sit together and hold hands.
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