page_title: Horace's Villa
section_title: Identification
hierarchical_section_title: Horace's Villa / Identification
caption_attribution_description: Deutsch: Tabula Peutingeriana, erstes bis viertes Jahrhundert. Faksimile hg. v. Conradi Millieri, 1887/1888
context_page_description: Horace's Villa is a Roman archaeological complex near Licenza, Italy. The identification has been made possible because Horace wrote several poems about the place, and the location of the villa corresponds to the geographical indications in the poetry.
  The site can be visited today.
context_section_description: It was owing to references to the villa in Horace's writings that humanists attempted to find the site as early as the mid-fifteenth century, but the site in Licenza was not considered as a possible candidate for two hundred years. This changed when an inscription mentioning a temple of the goddess Victory was found in nearby Roccagiovine.
  Horace tells in one of his poems (Epistles 1.10) that his villa was next to the sanctuary of the Sabine goddess, Vacuna. Lucas Holstenius (a mid-17th century geographer and a librarian at the Vatican Library) identified the sanctuary with the temple of the goddess Victory mentioned in the inscription, and he showed that the Romans associated the Sabine deity with their goddess Victoria. A confirmation of Holstenius' thesis came in 1757 with the discovery of the massa Mandelana inscription near Cantalupo (Mandela), which helped antiquarians to identify yet another place name mentioned by Horace as being near his Sabine estate.
caption: Vicovaro (marked), close to Tibur on the Tabula Peutingeriana, 12-13th century
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