page_title: Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
section_title: Mollusca
hierarchical_section_title: Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae / Mollusca
caption_attribution_description: English: Sea star Pentaceraster sp. in Prague sea aquarium, Czech Republic Čeština: Mořská hvězdice uzlovitá (Protoreaster nodosus) v pražském mořském akváriu Mořský svět v Holešovicích
context_page_description: In 1758, in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, the Swedish scientist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus described the class "Vermes" as:
  Animals of slow motion, soft substance, able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed, extremely tenacious of life, and the inhabitants of moist places. Many of them are without a distinct head, and most of them without feet. They are principally distinguished by their tentacles. By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals, as being destitute of ears, nose, head, eyes and legs; and are therefore totally distinct from Insects.
  Linnaean Characteristics
  Heart: 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood.
  Spiracles: obscure
  Jaw: various
  Penis: frequently hermaphrodites
  Organs of Sense: tentacles, eyes, no brain, no ears, no nostrils
  Covering: calcareous or none, except spines
  Supports: no feet, no fins. Crawls in moist places & are mute
  The class Vermes, as Linnaeus conceived it, was a rather diverse and mismatched grouping of animals; basically it served as a wastebasket taxon for any invertebrate species that was not an arthropod.
context_section_description: Limax (terrestrial slugs)
  Limax ater – Arion ater, the Black Slug
  Limax rufus – Arion rufus, the Red Slug
  Limax maximus – the Leopard Slug
  Limax agrestis – now Deroceras agreste
  Limax flavus –  now Limacus flavus, the Yellow Slug
  Doris (dorid nudibranchs)
  Doris verrucosa – warty dorid
  Tethys (tethydid sea slugs)
  Tethys limacina
  Tethys leporina – Tethys fimbria
  Nereis (polychaete worms)
  Nereis lacustris – Stylaria lacustris
  Nereis caerulea
  Nereis gigantea
  Nereis pelagica
  Nereis noctiluca
  Aphrodita (Sea mice)
  Aphrodita squamata
  Aphrodita aculeata
  Lernaea (anchor worms)
  Lernaea cyprinacea 
  Lernaea asellina – Lernentoma asellina 
  Lernaea salmonea – Salmincola salmoneus 
  Priapus (priapulid worms & anemones)
  Priapus equinus – Beadlet anemone
  Priapus humanus – Priapulus caudatus
  Scyllaea (scyllaeid sea slugs)
  Scyllaea pelagica – Sargassum nudibranch
  Holothuria (salps & Man o' Wars)
  Holothuria physalis – Portuguese Man o' War
  Holothuria thalia, Holothuria caudata, & Holothuria denudata – Cyclosalpa pinnata
  Triton (triton snails)
  Triton littoreus
  Sepia (octopuses, squid, & cuttlefish)
  Sepia octopodia – Eledone cirrhosa, the Horned Octopus 
  Sepia officinalis – Sepia officinalis, the Common Cuttlefish
  Sepia media
  Sepia loligo - Loligo vulgaris, the Common Squid 
  Sepia sepiola - Sepiola rondeleti, the Dwarf Bobtail 
  Medusa (jellyfish)
  Medusa porpita - Porpita porpita
  Medusa cruciata
  Medusa aequorea
  Medusa aurita – Aurelia aurita, the Moon Jellyfish
  Medusa capillata – Cyanea capillata, the Lion's Mane Jellyfish
  Medusa pilearis
  Medusa marsupialis - Carybdea marsupialis
  Medusa pelagica
  Medusa brachiata
  Medusa beroe
  Medusa velella - Velella velella
  Asterias (starfish) 
  Asterias luna - Anseropoda rosacea
  Asterias rubens – Asterias rubens, the Common Starfish
  Asterias glacialis - Marthasterias glacialis
  Asterias reticulata - Oreaster reticulatus, the Red Cushion Sea Star
  Asterias nodosa – Protoreaster nodosus, the Horned Sea Star
  Asterias aranciaca - Astropecten aranciacus
  Asterias equestris - Hippasteria phrygiana
  Asterias laevigata – Linckia laevigata, the Blue Star
  Asterias planci – Acanthaster planci, the Crown-of-thorns Starfish
  Asterias ophiura - Ophiura ophiura, the Brittle-Star
  Asterias pectinata - Comatula pectinata
  Asterias multiradiata - Capillaster multiradiata
  Asterias Caput medusae - Gorgonocephalus caputmedusae
  Echinus (sea urchins & sand dollars)
  Echinus esculentus – Echinus esculentus, the Edible Sea Urchin
  Echinus globulus - Mespilia globulus
  Echinus sphaeroides
  Echinus gratilla – Tripneustes gratilla, the Collector Urchin
  Echinus lixula – Arbacia lixula, the Black Sea Urchin
  Echinus saxatilis
  Echinus diadema – Echinothrix diadema, the Diadema Urchin
  Echinus cidaris – Cidaris cidaris
  Echinus mamillatus – Heterocentrotus mammillatus, the Slate Pencil Urchin
  Echinus lucunter - Echinometra lucunter
  Echinus atratus - Colobocentrotus atratus
  Echinus spatagus - Metalia spatagus
  Echinus lacunosus - Schizaster lacunosus
  Echinus rosaceus – Clypeaster rosaceus
  Echinus reticulatus - Clypeaster reticulatus
  Echinus placenta - Arachnoides placenta
  Echinus orbiculus - Hemiheliopsis fonti
caption: The horned sea star was named Asterias nodosa in 1758.
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