page_title: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
section_title: Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope
hierarchical_section_title: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor / Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope
caption_attribution_description: English: Jean Froissart, Chroniques (Vol. I): Edward III becomes Vicar to the Emperor Ludwig V Place of origin, date: Paris, Virgil Master (illuminator); c. 1410 Material: Vellum, ff. 382, 385x288 (243x187) mm, 42 lines, littera cursiva, Binding: 18th-century brown leather; gilt; with coat of arms of Stadholder William V Decoration: 1 two-column miniature (170x180 mm); 29 column miniatures (115/65x95/80 mm); 1 historiated initial (45x50 mm); decorated initials with border decoration (ff. 1r, 24r, 36r, 62r, 74v, etc.) Provenance: Louis de Luxemburg, conn‚table de France (d. 1475; signature, erased); by descent to his granddaughter Françoise de Luxembourg and her husband Philip of Cleves (d. 1528; coat of arms with label, over erasure; signature); purchased in 1531 from Philip's estate by HenriIII, Count of Nassau (d. 1538); by descent to the Princes of Orange-Nassau, the later Stadholders, at The Hague; carried off in 1795 to Paris by the French and restituted to the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in 1816
context_page_description: Louis IV, called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.
  Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and he became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He obtained the titles Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited them.
context_section_description: After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323, Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.
  In January 1328, Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later, Louis published a decree declaring Pope John XXII (Jacques Duèze) deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci as Nicholas V, but both left Rome in August 1328. In the meantime, Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Frederick II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy until his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg had died. In fulfillment of an oath, Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330 on his return from Italy.
  Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena and William of Ockham, and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were all on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Emperor Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court at Alter Hof in Munich which became the first imperial residence of the Holy Roman Empire.
  In 1333, Emperor Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire so he offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles which was an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and its surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown due to the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling the emperor that he should make peace with the church first.
  Emperor Louis also allied with King Edward III of England in 1337 against King Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. King Philip VI had prevented any agreement between the Emperor and the Pope. Thus, the failure of negotiations with the papacy led to the declaration at Rhense in 1338 by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. King Edward III was the Emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence in 1338 and was named Vicar-General of the Holy Roman Empire. However in 1341, the Emperor deserted Edward III but came to terms with Philip VI only temporarily. For the expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the Pope one more time.
caption: Edward III becomes Vicar to the Emperor Louis IV.
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