page_title: Kellogg–Briand Pact
section_title: States Parties
hierarchical_section_title: Kellogg–Briand Pact / States Parties
caption_attribution_description: map showing the parties to the Kellogg Briand Pact Key: Dark green - original signatories Light green - later adherents Light Blue - territories of parties Dark blue - League of Nations mandates of parties
context_page_description: The Kellogg–Briand Pact is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". There were no mechanisms for enforcement. Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied of the benefits furnished by [the] treaty". It was signed by Germany, France, and the United States on 27 August 1928, and by most other states soon after. Sponsored by France and the U.S., the Pact renounced the use of war and calls for the peaceful settlement of disputes. Similar provisions were incorporated into the Charter of the United Nations and other treaties, and it became a stepping-stone to a more activist American policy. It is named after its authors, United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The pact was concluded outside the League of Nations and remains in effect.
  A common criticism is that the Kellogg–Briand Pact did not live up to all of its aims, but has arguably had some success. It neither ended war, nor stopped the rise of militarism, and was unable to prevent the Second World War.
context_section_description: After negotiations, the pact was signed in Paris at the French Foreign Ministry by the representatives from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United States. It took effect on 24 July 1929.
  By that date, the following nations had deposited instruments of ratification of the pact: 
  Afghanistan
  Albania
  Austria
  Bulgaria
  China
  Cuba
  Denmark
  Dominican Republic
  Egypt
  Estonia
  Ethiopia
  Finland
  Guatemala
  Hungary
  Iceland
  Latvia
  Liberia
  Lithuania
  Netherlands
  Nicaragua
  Norway
  Panama
  Peru
  Portugal
  Romania
  Soviet Union
  Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
  Siam
  Spain
  Sweden
  Switzerland
  Turkey
  Eight further states joined after that date (Persia, Greece, Honduras, Chile, Luxembourg, Danzig, Costa Rica and Venezuela) for a total of 62 states parties. In 1971, Barbados declared its accession to the treaty.
  In the United States, the Senate approved the treaty  85–1, with only Wisconsin Republican John J. Blaine voting against over concerns with British imperialism. While the U.S. Senate did not add any reservations to the treaty, it did pass a measure which interpreted the treaty as not infringing upon the United States' right of self-defense and not obliging the nation to enforce it by taking action against those who violated it.
caption:   Original signatories   Subsequent adherents   Territories of parties   League of Nations mandates administered by parties
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