page_title: Spitzer Manuscript
hierarchical_section_title: Spitzer Manuscript
caption_attribution_description: English: The Spitzer Manuscript is the oldest surviving philosophical manuscript in Sanskrit, and quite possibly the oldest Sanskrit manuscript of any type related to Buddhism and Hinduism discovered so far. It was discovered in 1906 in the form of a pile of more than 1,000 palm leaf fragments in the Ming-oi, Kizil Caves, China during the third Turfan expedition headed by Albert Grünwedel. The calibrated age of the manuscript by Carbon-14 technique is 130 CE (80–230 CE). The text is written in the Brahmi script (Kushana period) and some early Gupta script. The text was written on both sides of the palm leaf (recto and verso). It is named after Moritz Spitzer, whose team first studied it in 1927–28. The fragments are now in two libraries: the State Library of Berlin and the British Library The above image of fragment from folio 383. The Roman transliteration of the Sanskrit in the first line of the recto side is: ... ceta.. tasma... dattaphalo hetur nastity ayuktam... The Roman transliteration of the Sanskrit in the first line of the verso side is: ... [pa]kasah tasmad asma(d)vipaksapratipaksas... For more details and scholarly discussion see: Eli Franco (2004), The Spitzer Manuscript: The Oldest Philosophical Manuscript in Sanskrit, Volume 2, Verlag Der Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften, pages 461–465 This is a photograph of a manuscript from the 2nd-century, and PD-Art guidelines of wikimedia commons apply. Any rights I have as a photographer, I herewith donate to wikimedia commons under CC 4.0.
context_page_description: The Spitzer Manuscript is the oldest surviving philosophical manuscript in Sanskrit, and possibly the oldest Sanskrit manuscript of any type related to Buddhism and Hinduism discovered so far. The Spitzer Manuscript was found in 1906 in the form of a pile of more than 1,000 palm leaf fragments in the Ming-oi, Kizil Caves, China during the third Turfan expedition headed by Albert Grünwedel. The calibrated age of the manuscript by Carbon-14 technique is 130 CE. According to the Indologist Eli Franco, the palaeographical features suggest a date closer to 200–230 CE. According to Indologist Noriyuki Kudo, the Franco's 3rd-century estimate is a presumption based on a theory of palaeographic chronology. The text is written in the Brahmi script and some early Gupta script. It is named after Moritz Spitzer, whose team first studied it in 1927–28.
  The Spitzer Manuscript were found near the northern branch of the Central Asian Silk Road. It is unique in a number of ways. Unlike numerous Indian manuscripts whose copies survive as early translations in Tibet and China, no such translations of the treatises within the Spitzer Manuscript have been found so far.
context_section_description: The Spitzer Manuscript is the oldest surviving philosophical manuscript in Sanskrit, and possibly the oldest Sanskrit manuscript of any type related to Buddhism and Hinduism discovered so far. The Spitzer Manuscript was found in 1906 in the form of a pile of more than 1,000 palm leaf fragments in the Ming-oi, Kizil Caves, China during the third Turfan expedition headed by Albert Grünwedel. The calibrated age of the manuscript by Carbon-14 technique is 130 CE (80–230 CE). According to the Indologist Eli Franco, the palaeographical features suggest a date closer to 200–230 CE. According to Indologist Noriyuki Kudo, the Franco's 3rd-century estimate is a presumption based on a theory of palaeographic chronology. The text is written in the Brahmi script (Kushana period) and some early Gupta script. It is named after Moritz Spitzer, whose team first studied it in 1927–28.
  The Spitzer Manuscript were found near the northern branch of the Central Asian Silk Road. It is unique in a number of ways. Unlike numerous Indian manuscripts whose copies survive as early translations in Tibet and China, no such translations of the treatises within the Spitzer Manuscript have been found so far. The manuscript fragments are actually copies of a collection of older Buddhist and Hindu treatises. Sections of Buddhist treatises constitute the largest part of the Spitzer Manuscript. They include verses on a number of Buddhist philosophies and a debate on the nature of Dukkha and the Four Noble Truths. The Hindu portions include treatises from the Nyaya-Vaiśeṣika, Tarkasatra (treatise on rhetoric and proper means to debate) and one of the earliest dateable table of content sequentially listing the parva (books) of the Mahabharata, along with numerals after each parva. This list does not include Anusasanaparvan and Virataparvan. Studies by the Indologist Dieter Schlingloff on these Spitzer Manuscript fragments suggest that more ancient versions of the Mahabharata was likely expanded and interpolated in the early centuries of the common era. According to Indologist and Sanskrit scholar John Brockington, known for his Mahabharata-related publications, the table of contents in the Spitzer Manuscript includes book names not found in later versions, and it is possible that the parvas existed but were with different titles. The epic known to the scribe of Spitzer Manuscript may have been in the form of a different arrangement and titles. The final portion of the Spitzer Manuscript is devoted to dialectics.
  In addition to the Mahabharata, the Spitzer Manuscript refers to or includes sections from the Arthashastra and the Manusmriti (juridical chapters) – a tradition of collecting Hindu texts that is found in ancient Buddhist monasteries' collections such as the Kharosthi-script manuscripts of the Bajaur Collection discovered in Buddhist ruins of Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan since the 1990s, states Harry Falk and Ingo Strauch.
  The decayed Spitzer Manuscript does not survive in the form it was discovered in 1906, and portions of it were likely destroyed during the World War II. Of what survives, predominant portions are now at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (Berlin State Library) in Germany and cataloged as SHT 810. Some surviving fragments are now at the British Library, and are catloged as Or 15005/6–8, Or 15005/17–21 and Or 15005/30–32.
caption: Spitzer Manuscript folio 383 fragment. This Sanskrit text was written on both sides of the palm leaf (recto and verso).[1]
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