page_title: History of urban planning
section_title: Sustainable development and sustainability
hierarchical_section_title: History of urban planning / Contemporary / Sustainable development and sustainability
caption_attribution_description: English: Robert Hoddle's survey of the town of Melbourne in 1837 Sydney map M/8 (Victorian Public Record Office VPRS 8168/P2 Historic Plan Collection, Unit 6167, Sydney M8)
context_page_description: The history of urban planning runs parallel to the history of the city, as planning is in evidence at some of the earliest known urban sites.
context_section_description: Sustainable development has emerged in recent decades as guiding themes for urban planning. This term was defined and advocated in 1987 report Our Common Future, published by the World Commission on Environment and Development.
  Some planners argue that modern lifestyles use too many natural resources, polluting or destroying ecosystems, increasing social inequality, creating urban heat islands, and causing climate change. Many urban planners, therefore, advocate sustainable cities.
  However, sustainable development is a recent, controversial concept. Wheeler, in his 2004 book, defines sustainable urban development as "development that improves the long-term social and ecological health of cities and towns." He sketches a 'sustainable' city's features: compact, efficient land use; less automobile use, yet better access; efficient resource use; less pollution and waste; the restoration of natural systems; good housing and living environments; a healthy social ecology; a sustainable economy; community participation and involvement; and preservation of local culture and wisdom. Urban planners are now promoting a sustainable city model, which consists of cities that are designed with consideration of environmental impacts, such as minimising the uses of energy, water, and the outputs of waste and pollution.
  Because of political and governance structures in most jurisdictions, sustainable planning measures must be widely supported before they can affect institutions and regions. Actual implementation is often a complex compromise.
  Nature in cities Often an integral party of sustainable cities is the Incorporation of nature within a city.
  Car free sustainability in city planning can include large pedestrian zones or be a totally Car free.
caption: Robert Hoddle's survey of Melbourne in 1837. The layout of the city is referred to as the "Hoddle Grid".
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