page_title: Gymnasticon
section_title: Mechanism
hierarchical_section_title: Gymnasticon / Mechanism
caption_attribution_description: English: Mechanism of the Gymnasticon, invented by Francis Lowndes in 1797
context_page_description: The Gymnasticon was an early exercise machine resembling a stationary bicycle, invented in 1796 by Francis Lowndes. Its function was to exercise the joints, either "in all parts of the body at once, or partially."
context_section_description: The Gymnasticon depended on a set of flywheels that connected the wooden treadles for the feet to cranks for the hands, which could drive each other or operate independently.  The figure on the right shows the inner workings of the machines.  Labels A, B, C, and D show the structural frame.  The treadles are marked E, and are connected to the frame by metal brackets or cocks (F), derived from clockmaking.  "Each treadle has two, and the centered Screws which pass through them embrace the cross, or lower extremities of the treadle-lifters, GG, so as to admit of easy motion."  The lower cranks, labeled I, are adjustable, to suit the needs of the patient, as are the upper cranks, K.  The upper cranks are connected to the lower by means of two flywheels (M); a band fixing the motion of the two together can be attached or removed as needed. Figures 2 and 3 represent the means of connecting the treadles and handles, respectively, to the central system.  O is the treadle's "divided head, with the upper division or cap screwed down. P is a spring or a spring-board, destined to give action to the joints and muscles of the feet. The front or toe extremities of these spring-boards are held by springs, or cocks and centered points, fixed to each of the treadle-boards E E; their back or heel extremities are left loose, to admit of elevation, when the springs are compressed (by the floor or any other means employed) by the descent of the treadles E E".  N is a crank allowing external operation.
caption: Mechanism of the machine, from Lowndes's patent application.  Figure 2 shows a treadle and the crankrod it drives, figure 3 the flange that supports the upper cranks (labeled K).
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