page_title: Cardinals created by John Paul II
section_title: 21 October 2003
hierarchical_section_title: Cardinals created by John Paul II / 21 October 2003
caption_attribution_description: This file was uploaded with Commonist. Hrvatski: Josip Bozanić u vozilu s papom Benediktom XVI. u Zagrebu
context_page_description: Pope John Paul II created 231 cardinals in nine consistories held at roughly three-year intervals. Three of those cardinals were first created in pectore, that is, without their names being announced, and only identified by the pope later. He named a fourth in pectore as well but never revealed that name. At his 2001 consistory, where he elevated 42 prelates and announced the names of two created in pectore earlier, he created more cardinals at one time than ever before or since. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever.
  In his first three consistories, John Paul adhered to the limit of 120 that Pope Paul VI set on the number of cardinal electors in 1975. and he included that maximum when he reformed the papal conclave procedures in 1996. His appointments exceeded that number for the first time in 1988 when the number of electors rose to 121, and then again in 1998 when it reached 122. In each of his last two consistories, in 2001 and 2003, he raised the number to 135, a figure not yet surpassed by his successors.
  He was the first pope to allow someone not a bishop to become a cardinal since Pope John XXIII mandated that cardinals be bishops in 1962.
context_section_description: Pope John Paul II announced on 28 September 2003 that he would create 31 new cardinals in an October consistory, but withheld the name of one of them, apparently a resident of a country where Catholicism was the object of government persecution. Twenty-six of those publicly named were young enough to vote in a papal conclave, and seven of those were members of the Roman Curia. This consistory increased the number of cardinal electors from 109 to 135. The total number of cardinals reached 194 after the consistory. Because the withheld name was never published, that cardinal's appointment expired when the Pope died.
  Jean-Louis Tauran (1943–2018)
  Renato Martino (b. 1932)
  Francesco Marchisano (1929–2014)
  Julián Herranz Casado (b. 1930)
  Javier Lozano Barragán (b. 1933)
  Stephen Fumio Hamao (1930–2007)
  Attilio Nicora (1937–2017)
  Angelo Scola (b. 1941)
  Anthony Olubunmi Okogie (b. 1936)
  Bernard Panafieu (1931–2017)
  Gabriel Zubeir Wako (b. 1941)
  Carlos Amigo Vallejo (b. 1934)
  Justin Francis Rigali (b. 1935)
  Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien (1938–2018)
  Eusébio Scheid (b. 1932)
  Ennio Antonelli (b. 1936)
  Tarcisio Bertone (b. 1934)
  Peter Turkson (b. 1948)
  Telesphore Toppo (b. 1939)
  George Pell (b. 1941)
  Josip Bozanić (b. 1949)
  Phạm Minh Mẫn (b. 1934)
  Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (1932–2012)
  Philippe Barbarin (b. 1950)
  Péter Erdő (b. 1952)
  Marc Ouellet (b. 1944)
  Georges Cottier (1922–2016)
  Gustaaf Joos (1923–2004)
  Tomáš Špidlík (1919–2010)
  Stanisław Nagy (1921–2013)
caption: Josip Bozanić (b. 1949), made a cardinal on 21 October 2003.
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