page_title: Robert C. Lawson
section_title: Ministry
hierarchical_section_title: Robert C. Lawson / Ministry
caption_attribution_description: The Greater Refuge Temple of the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ at 2081 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard at the corner of West 124th Street in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City was built beginning in 1889 and was formerly the West End Theatre (unfinished), then the Harlem Casino (mid-1890s), and later a Loew's vaudeville and movie theater (1910-1934). The church was founded as the Refuge Temple in 1919 by Robert C. Lawson and worshipped in two other locations before moving here in 1945. The building was renovated and given a completely new facade in 1966 by Costas Machlouzarides. (Sources: AIA Guide to NYC (5th ed.), Harlem Bespoke,Gotham Lost and Found,Harlem World and From Abyssinian to Zion (2004))
context_page_description: Robert Clarence Lawson was an early-20th-century American clergyman, best known for founding the Refuge Church of Christ, a predecessor of the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ.
context_section_description: That year Lawson founded the Refuge Church of Christ in 1919, after the members of a prayer band in Harlem welcomed him and turned their meetings over to him. That small church grew and became known as Refuge Temple, and, later, the Greater Refuge Temple. At its height, the enterprise on 133rd Street contained a grocery store, a bookstore, record and radio shop, and daycare. In the basement of the church was a complete printing office where many tracts, booklets, and songs were published.
  The Refuge Temple in Harlem was the hub of Lawson's evangelistic efforts in the Northeast, which ultimately grew into the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, or COOLJC. Lawson's field work took him up and down the East Coast, throughout the West Indies, and as far as West Africa, where Lawson appointed missionaries to carry on the church's spiritual work.
  Lawson was a leading figure in an influential Pentecostal organization at a time when Pentecostal churches were rare. Lawson founded a chain of funeral homes, a seminary, a radio station, a magazine, and several businesses, among other endeavors.
  By the time Lawson died on June 30, 1961, the membership at his headquarters Greater Refuge Temple had grown to over 3,000 members. Lawson's Harlem church is still thriving more than 45 years after his death.
  In 1998, COOLJC had about 30,000 members in 450 churches in the United States. There are now 582 churches worldwide, including congregations in West Africa, Mexico, Canada, the British West Indies, the Dominican Republic, England, Haiti, and the Philippines. Its U.S. membership remains predominantly African-American.
  In 1927, Bishop Lawson founded the Barger Street Colony, variously known as the Emmanual Inn, Lawsonville, or Larksburg, on 121 acres (0.49 km²) in Putnam Valley, New York. The property contained a 20-room summer inn, a cattle barn, a grocery store, and a gas station.
  By the early 1930s, busloads of people, mostly from Lawson's Harlem church, perhaps several hundred for a summer weekend, would make the trip from the city to Putnam Valley.
  When the 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up other resorts to African-Americans, the boomtown period for African American resorts subsided. These communities continue to be important as heritage landmarks.
  Today, little remains of the once-thriving resort of Lawsonville. Most of the bungalows were sold and converted to single-family homes, and the acreage sold off little by little. Records indicate that the old hotel was demolished around 1970. The gas station building is being used for storage by its present owner.
  The 20-acre (8.1 ha) cemetery remains, although it is in poor condition. Records show that about 30 people are interred there, the most notable being Bishop Lawson himself. However, most of the grave markers have been overturned and/or are illegible.
caption: The Greater Refuge Temple in Harlem, New York City has been located since 1945 in a former casino and vaudeville/movie theatre. The building was renovated and had its colorful facade added in 1966.
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