page_title: Battle of Varna
section_title: Deployment
hierarchical_section_title: Battle of Varna / Deployment
caption_attribution_description: Boarisch: Ausn 15 Joahundat; De Doaschtöllung vo oana hussitischn Wognburg. Беларуская: Гусіцкі вагенбург. Català: El wagenburg hussita. Čeština: Dobové vyobrazení husitské vozové hradby. Deutsch: Zeitgenössische Darstellung einer hussitischen Wagenburg aus dem 15. Jahrhundert. Hussitische Wagenburg aus dem 15. Jahrhundert (zeitgenössische Darstellung). Hussitische Wagenburg aus dem 15. Jahrhundert. English: The Hussite Wagenburg - an old sketch from the 15th century. Español: Carros de guerra husitas. Suomi: Vaunulinnoitus. Français&#160;: Charriot blindé Hussite. Document du XVe&#160;siècle. Frysk: Hussityske weinboarch. עברית: הוסיטים מתבצרים במערך קרונות, עם נס הגביע. Magyar: Huszita szekérerőd. Íslenska: Vagnborg hússíta. Italiano: "Fortezza di carri" hussiti in un disegno del XV secolo. La fortezza di carri Hussita. 日本語: フス派の戦車（Tabor）. フス派の戦車（Tabor）. フス戦争のヴァーゲンブルク. 한국어: 후스파의 바겐부르크. Nederlands: Hussieten in hun wagenburcht. Polski: Husyci w walce. Na ilustracji widoczni strzelcy z kuszami i rusznicami oraz wozy bojowe. Husycka forteca z wozów – "Wagenburg". Husycki wagenburg w XV-wiecznym wyobrażeniu. Português: Um vozová hradba ou Wagenburg hussita do século XV. Română: Tactica husită wagenburg, miniatură din Secolul al XV-lea. Русский: Гуситский вагенбург. Гуситская vozová hradba. Миниатюра начала XV века. Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Husitska borna kola. Husitska borna kola. Slovenščina: Husitski bojni vozovi. Svenska: Husitisk vagnborg. Teckning från 1400-talet. Tiếng Việt: Hình minh họa thời Trung cổ về một chiến lũy xe bò của quân Hussite.
context_page_description: The Battle of Varna took place on 10 November 1444 near Varna in eastern Bulgaria. The Ottoman Army under Sultan Murad II defeated the Hungarian–Polish and Wallachian armies commanded by Władysław III of Poland, John Hunyadi and Mircea II of Wallachia. It was the final battle of the Crusade of Varna.
context_section_description: Late on November 9, a large Ottoman army of around 60,000 men approached Varna from the west. At a supreme military council called by Hunyadi during the night, the Papal legate, cardinal Julian Cesarini, insisted on a quick withdrawal. However, the Christians were caught between the Black Sea, Lake Varna, the steep wooded slopes of the Franga Plateau (356 m high), and the enemy. Cesarini then proposed a defense using the Wagenburg of the Hussites until the arrival of the Christian fleet. The Hungarian magnates and the Croatian and Czech commanders backed him, but the young (20-year-old) Władysław and Hunyadi rejected the defensive tactics. Hunyadi declared: "To escape is impossible, to surrender is unthinkable. Let us fight with bravery and honor our arms." Władysław accepted this position and gave him the command. Andreas del Palatio states that Hunyadi commanded the "Wallachian army" indicating a large Romanian component in Hunyadi's personal army.
  In the morning of November 10, Hunyadi deployed the army of some 20,000 crusaders as an arc between Lake Varna and the Franga plateau; the line was about 3.5 km long. Two banners with a total of 3,500 men from the king's Polish and Hungarian bodyguards, Hungarian royal mercenaries, and banners of Hungarian nobles held the center. The Wallachian cavalry was left in reserve behind the center.
  The right flank that lined up the hill towards the village of Kamenar numbered 6,500 men in 5 banners. Bishop Jan Dominek of Varadin with his personal banner led the force; Cesarini commanded a banner of German mercenaries and a Bosnian one. The Bishop of Eger led his own banner, and the military governor of Slavonia, ban Franco Talotsi, commanded one Croatian banner.
  The left flank, a total of 5,000 men in 5 banners, was led by Michael Szilágyi, Hunyadi's brother in law, and was made up of Hunyadi's Transylvanians, Bulgarians, German mercenaries and banners of Hungarian magnates. Behind the Hungarians, closer to the Black Sea and the lake, was the Wagenburg, defended by 300 or 600 Czech and Ruthenian mercenaries under hetman Ceyka, along with Poles, Lithuanians and Wallachians. Every wagon was manned by 7 to 10 soldiers and the Wagenburg was equipped with bombards.
  The Ottoman center included the Janissaries and levies from Rumelia deployed around two Thracian burial mounds. Murad observed and directed the battle from one of them. The Janissaries dug in behind ditches and two palisades. The right wing consisted of Kapikulus and Sipahis from Rumelia, and the left wing was made up by Akıncıs, Sipahis from Anatolia, and other forces. Janissary archers and Akıncı light cavalry were deployed on the Franga plateau.
caption: The Hussite Wagenburg - an old sketch from the 15th century.
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