page_title: Haijin
section_title: Qing dynasty
hierarchical_section_title: Haijin / Qing dynasty
caption_attribution_description: 中文（繁體）‎: 鄭成功勢力範圍與中國東南沿海地圖。English: Territory controlled by Koxinga.
context_page_description: The Haijin or sea ban was a series of related isolationist Chinese policies restricting private maritime trading and coastal settlement during most of the Ming dynasty and in early Qing. Despite official proclamations the Ming policy was not enforced in practice, and trade continued without hindrance. The early Qing dynasty's anti-insurgent "Great Clearance" was more definitive with devastating effects on communities along the coast.
  First imposed to deal with Japanese piracy amid the mopping up of Yuan partisans, the sea ban was completely counterproductive: by the 16th century, piracy and smuggling were endemic and mostly consisted of Chinese who had been dispossessed by the policy. China's foreign trade was limited to irregular and expensive tribute missions, and the military pressure from the Mongols after the disastrous Battle of Tumu led to the scrapping of Zheng He's fleets. Piracy dropped to negligible levels only upon the end of the policy in 1567, but a modified form was subsequently adopted by the Qing.
caption: Territory held (red) or influenced (pink) by Koxinga and his Ming partisans/pirates.
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