page_title: Western Apache people
section_title: Language and culture
hierarchical_section_title: Western Apache people / Language and culture
caption_attribution_description: English: Standing studio portrait vignette of a Native American San Carlos Apache woman posed in profile carrying a pitch covered basket jar with a head strap and wearing patterned blouse and skirt; props include baskets, cactus and brush.
context_page_description: The Western Apache live primarily in east central Arizona, in the United States. Most live within reservations. The Fort Apache Indian Reservation, San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Yavapai-Apache Nation, Tonto Apache, and the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation are home to the majority of Western Apache and are the bases of their federally recognized tribes. In addition, there are numerous bands. The Western Apache bands call themselves Ndee; because of dialectical differences the Pinaleño/Pinal and Arivaipa/Aravaipa bands of the San Carlos Apache pronounce the word Innee or Nnēē.
context_section_description: The various dialects of Western Apache (called by them Ndee biyati' / Nnee biyati') are a form of Apachean, a branch of the Southern Athabaskan language family. The Navajo speak a related Apachean language, but the peoples separated several hundred years ago and are considered culturally distinct. Other indigenous peoples who speak Athabaskan are located in Alaska and Canada.
  The anthropologist Grenville Goodwin classified the Western Apache into five groups based on Apachean dialect and culture:
  Cibecue,
  Northern Tonto,
  Southern Tonto,
  San Carlos, and
  White Mountain.
  Since Goodwin, other researchers have disputed his conclusion of five linguistic groups, but have agreed on three main Apachean dialects with several subgroupings:
  San Carlos,
  White Mountain, and
  Dilzhe'e (Tonto).
  Some 20,000 Western Apache still speak their native language, and efforts have been made to preserve it. Bilingual teachers are often employed in the lower elementary grades to expedite that goal, but the tendency toward children learning to speak only English, mingled with occasional Spanish, remains dominant.
  In relation to culture, tribal schools offer classes in native handicrafts, such as basket weaving, making bows, arrows, spears, shields; cradles for infants, native regalia from buckskin for the young women, and the making of silver jewelry (often by the men) at the elementary and secondary level.
caption: San Carlos Apache woman, c. 1883-1887, photographed by Randall, A. Frank
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