page_title: Locomotion in space
section_title: Effectiveness and assessment of these methods
hierarchical_section_title: Locomotion in space / Technology used to compensate for the negative effects / Exercise methods / Effectiveness and assessment of these methods
caption_attribution_description: English: Center of mass on a massless leg travelling along the trunk trajectory path in inverted pendulum theory. Velocity vectors are shown perpendicular to the ground reaction force at time 1 and time 2.
context_page_description: Locomotion in space includes any variety of actions or methods used to move one's body through an environment with microgravity conditions. Locomotion in these conditions is different from locomotion in Earth's gravity. There are many factors that contribute to these differences, and they are crucial when researching long-term survival of humans in space.
context_section_description: The TVIS and iRED are largely ineffective when it comes to maintaining muscle volume and bone density. Both the TVIS and the iRED cannot generate forces that are similar to those experienced on Earth.  The harnesses and bungee cords used in many of these device cause substantial discomfort, and in the future need to be redesigned for ease of long-duration use. The CEVIS, at its maximal setting, is the only device that can achieve resistive loads that are comparable to Earth.
  The European Space Agency employs many different devices to assess the effectiveness of different countermeasure technologies:
  Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System (MARES)
  Portable Pulmonary Function System (PPFS)
  Earlobe Arterialised Blood Collector (EAB C)
  Long-Term Medical Survey System (LTMS)
  ISS-compatible X-Ray Imaging System
  Biofeedback and Virtual-reality systems: Enhanced Virtual-Reality System (eVRS)
caption: Center of mass on a massless leg travelling along the trunk trajectory path in inverted pendulum theory. Velocity vectors are shown perpendicular to the ground reaction force at time 1 and time 2.
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