page_title: Frank Borman
section_title: Apollo 8
hierarchical_section_title: Frank Borman / NASA / Project Apollo / Apollo 8
caption_attribution_description: Česky: Fotografie z povrchu Měsíce zdánlivě zapadající Země byla pořízená členem posádky Apolla 8 Billem Andersem 24. prosince 1968. English: Taken by Apollo 8 crewmember Bill Anders on December 24, 1968, at mission time 075:49:07, [1](16:40UTC) while in orbit around the Moon, showing the Earth rising for the third time above the lunar horizon. The lunar horizon is approximately 780 kilometers from the spacecraft. Height of the photographed area at the lunar horizon is about 175 kilometers. [2] The land mass visible just above the terminator line is west Africa. Note that this phenomenon is only visible to an observer in motion relative to the lunar surface. Because of the Moon's synchronous rotation relative to the Earth (i.e., the same side of the Moon is always facing Earth), the Earth appears to be stationary (measured in anything less than a geological timescale) in the lunar "sky". In order to observe the effect of Earth rising or setting over the Moon's horizon, an observer must travel towards or away from the point on the lunar surface where the Earth is most directly overhead (centred in the sky). Otherwise, the Earth's apparent motion/visible change will be limited to: 1. Growing larger/smaller as the orbital distance between the two bodies changes. 2. Rotation of the Earth (the Moon's rotation is synchronous relative to the Earth, the Earth's rotation is not synchronous relative to the Moon). 3. Atmospheric &amp; surface changes on Earth (i.e.: weather patterns, changing seasons, etc.). Ελληνικά: Τραβηγμένη απο τον Μπιλ 'Αντερς, μέλος του πληρώματος του διαστημοπλοίου Απόλλων 8 στις 24 Δεκεμβρίου, 1968 στις 075:49:07 ώρα αποστολή [3](16:40UTC) εν'όσω βρίσκονται σε τροχιά γύρω απο την Σελήνη, παρουσιάζει την Γη να ανατέλει για τρίτη φορά στον Σεληνιακό ορίζοντα. Ο Σεληνιακός ορίζοντας βρίσκεται περίπου 780 χιλιόμετρα μακρία απο το διαστημόπλοιο. Το ύψος της φωτογράφημένης περιοχής του σεληνιακού ορίζοντα είναι περίπου 175 χιλιόμετρα. [4]. Η μάζα γης που είναι ορατή πάνω ακριβώς απο την τελική γραμμή ειναι η δυτική Αφρική. Να σημειωθεί πως αυτό το φαινόμενο ειναι ορατό απο έναν παρατηρητή μόνο σε σχετική κίνηση με την επιφάνεια της Σελήνης. Εξαιτίας της συγχρονισμένης Σεληνιακής περιστροφής σχετικά με την Γη (πχ, η ίδια πλευρά της Σελήνης είναι πάντα ορατή στην Γη), η Γη φαίνεται σαν να είναι στατική στον σεληνιακό ουρανό. Français&#160;: "Lever de terre" sur la lune. Photo prise le 24 décembre 1968 par Bill Anders, et montrant la terre semblant se lever derrière l'horizon lunaire. Ce phénomène n'est visible que par quelqu'un en orbite autour de l'astre. A cause de la rotation synchrone de la lune, qui montre toujours la même face vers la terre, on ne voit pas la terre se lever ou se coucher depuis la surface de la lune. Magyar: „Földfelkelte” a Holdról 1968. december 24-én, Bill Anders, az Apollo 8 űrhajósának képén. Valódi „földfelkeltét” csak az láthat, aki kering a Hold körül, mert a Hold egy adott pontjáról nézve a Föld az égnek folyamatosan ugyanazon a részén látszik (megfordítva: a Földről a Holdnak mindig és mindenhol (megközelítőleg) ugyanaz a fele látszik). A Föld forgása, illetve a napfényes részének változása viszont a Hold felszínéről is látszik. Русский: Фото, полученное Уильямом Андерсом, пилотом корабля «Аполлон-8» 24 декабря, 1968, показана видимая часть Земли, поднимающаяся над лунной поверхностью. Заметим, что это явление видимо только на некоторых орбитах Луны. Из-за синхронного вращения Луны вокруг Земли (т.е. та же сторона Луны всегда обращена к Земле), восход Земли над линией горизонта (Earthrise) нельзя наблюдать ни в какой точке Луны.
context_page_description: Frank Frederick Borman II is a retired United States Air Force colonel, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, businessman, rancher, and NASA astronaut. He was the commander of Apollo 8, the first mission to fly around the Moon, and together with crewmates Jim Lovell and Bill Anders, became the first of 24 humans to do so, for which he was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. As of 2020, he is the oldest living former American astronaut, eleven days older than Lovell.
  Four days before he graduated with the West Point Class of 1950, in which he was ranked eighth out of 670, Borman was commissioned in the USAF. He qualified as a fighter pilot and served in the Philippines. He earned a Master of Science degree at the California Institute of Technology in 1957, and then became an assistant professor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at West Point. In 1960, he was selected for Class 60-C at the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in California and qualified as a test pilot. On graduation, he was accepted as one of five students in the first class at the Aerospace Research Pilot School.
context_section_description: Borman's medium Earth orbit lunar module test mission was now planned as Apollo 9, and tentatively scheduled for early 1969, after a low Earth orbit one commanded by McDivitt in December 1968. The crew assignments were officially announced on November 20, 1967, but in July 1968 Collins suffered a cervical disc herniation that required surgery to repair. He was replaced by Lovell in July 1968, reuniting Borman with his Gemini 7 crewmate. When Apollo 8's LM-3 arrived at the KSC in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered, leading Gilruth to conclude that there was no prospect of LM-3 being ready to fly in 1968.
  In August 1968, in response to a report from the CIA that the Soviets were considering a lunar fly-by before the end of the year, Low proposed a bold solution to keep the Apollo program on track. Since the next Command/Service Module (CSM) (designated as "CSM-103") would be ready three months before LM-3, a CSM-only mission could be flown in December 1968. Instead of repeating the flight of Apollo 7, it could be sent to the Moon, entering lunar orbit before returning to Earth. This also meant that the medium Earth orbit mission could be dispensed with, keeping to the schedule for a lunar landing in mid-1969. With the change in mission for Apollo 8, Slayton asked McDivitt if he still wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. When Borman was asked the same question, he answered "yes" without any hesitation. Slayton then decided to swap the crews and spacecraft of the Apollo 8 and 9 missions.
  Apollo 8 was launched at 12:51:00 UTC (07:51:00 Eastern Standard Time) on December 21, 1968. On the second day Borman awoke feeling ill. He vomited twice and had a bout of diarrhea; this left the spacecraft full of small globules of vomit and feces, which the crew cleaned up as best they could. Borman did not want anyone to know about his medical problems, but Lovell and Anders wanted to inform Mission Control. The Apollo 8 crew and Mission Control medical personnel concluded that there was little to worry about and that Borman's illness was either a 24-hour flu, as Borman thought, or an adverse reaction to a sleeping pill. Researchers now believe that he was suffering from space adaptation syndrome, which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their vestibular system adapts to weightlessness. Space adaptation syndrome had not occurred on Mercury and Gemini missions because those astronauts could not move freely in the small cabins of those spacecraft. The increased cabin space in the Apollo command module afforded astronauts greater freedom of movement, contributing to symptoms of space sickness.
  On December 24, Apollo 8 went into lunar orbit. The crew made ten orbits of the Moon in twenty hours before returning to Earth. The mission is known for the Earthrise photograph taken by Bill Anders of the Earth rising above the lunar horizon as the command module orbited the Moon, and for the televised reading from Genesis in lunar orbit, released for worldwide broadcast. About six weeks before the launch, NASA's deputy director for public affairs, Julian Scheer, had told Borman that a television broadcast was scheduled for this time, and suggested that they find something appropriate to say. Borman had consulted with Simon Bourgin, who worked at the United States Information Agency, and had accompanied Borman and Lovell on a goodwill tour of the Far East after the Gemini 7 mission. Bourgin, in turn, consulted Joe Laitin, a former United Press International reporter, who suggested that the Apollo 8 crew read from the Book of Genesis. The text was transcribed onto fireproof paper for the broadcast. "One of the things that was truly historic", Borman later joked, "was that we got that good Catholic Bill Anders to read from the King James Version of the bible."
  The Apollo 8 spacecraft splashed down in darkness at 10:51:42 UTC (05:51:42 EST) on Friday, December 27. Borman had a
caption: Earthrise, taken on December 24, 1968, by Apollo 8 astronaut Bill Anders
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