page_title: Pueblo Revolt
section_title: Spanish attempt to return
hierarchical_section_title: Pueblo Revolt / Spanish attempt to return
caption_attribution_description: English: Drawings from an 1894 anthropology book of Kachina dolls (tihu-tui) representing kachinas, or spirits, made by the native Pueblo people of the Southwestern U.S. The dolls are made of carved cottonwood and traditionally given to children. The figures are identified on p. 74 of the source as representing the kachinas: 37.Si-o-S(h)a-li-ko 38.Si-o-ka-tci-na 39.Co-tuk-i-nun-wu 40.La-puk-ti 41.Do-mas-ka-tci-na 42.Tcuc-ku-ti 43.Si-o-sa-li-ko. Alterations to image: removed plate number.
context_page_description: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680—also known as Popé's Rebellion—was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger than present-day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. The Spaniards reconquered New Mexico twelve years later.
context_section_description: In November 1681, Antonio de Otermin attempted to return to New Mexico. He assembled a force of 146 Spanish and an equal number of Indian soldiers in El Paso and marched north along the Rio Grande. He first encountered the Piro pueblos, which had been abandoned and their churches destroyed. At Isleta pueblo he fought a brief battle with the inhabitants and then accepted their surrender. Staying in Isleta, he dispatched a company of soldiers and Indians to establish Spanish authority. The Puebloans feigned surrender while gathering a large force to oppose Otermin. With the threat of a Puebloan attack growing, on January 1, 1682 Otermin decided to return to El Paso, burning pueblos and taking the people of Isleta with him. The first Spanish attempt to regain control of New Mexico had failed.
  Some of the Isleta later returned to New Mexico, but others remained in El Paso, living in the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. The Piro also moved to El Paso to live among the Spaniards, eventually forming part of the Piro, Manso, and Tiwa tribe.
  The Spanish were never able to re-convince some Puebloans to join Santa Fe de Nuevo México, and the Spanish often returned seeking peace instead of reconquest. For example, the Hopi remained free of any Spanish attempt at reconquest; though they did, at several non-violent attempts, try for unsuccessful peace treaties and unsuccessful trade agreements. For some Puebloans, the Revolt was a success in its objective to drive away European influence.
caption: The primary cause of the Pueblo Revolt was probably the attempt by the Spanish to destroy the religion of the Puebloans, banning traditional dances and religious icons such as these kachina dolls.
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