page_title: Jaime, Duke of Madrid
section_title: Background
hierarchical_section_title: Jaime, Duke of Madrid / Warsaw spell / Background
caption_attribution_description: Карта Привислинского края (Царства Польского) в 1896 году
context_page_description: Jaime de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma, known as Duke of Madrid and as Jacques de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou in France, was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Jaime III and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France as Jacques I.
context_section_description: In the late 19th century Warsaw was the third most populous city of the Russian Empire; with almost 700,000 inhabitants, it was larger than Madrid or Barcelona. According to the official 1897 census, 62% of the population were Poles, 27% Jews, 9% Russians and 2% Germans; not a single Spaniard was listed as living in the city. All officialdom, including top administrative layers, schooling, judiciary, and military, was dominated by the Russians. At that time Warsaw was the centre of Vistula Land, a region that retained some minor legal identity but, in general, was well integrated into the Russian administrative structures. The level of national and social tension was relatively low but occasionally noticeable; in 1898, strikes hit the local metalworking industry and in 1899 1 May demonstration turned into riots.
  At the turn of the century Warsaw was vital for Russian military planning. The city was headquarters of the westernmost of 14 Russian military districts, and home to a large military garrison. As since the Berlin Congress of 1878 relations with Germany were steadily deteriorating, the area was of growing concern for the Russian General Staff. Itself a prominent salient flanked by German and Austro-Hungarian provinces, it posed a challenge for planners. The prevailing military strategy, known as Miliutin-Obruchev system, pursued a defensive counteroffensive vision; it admitted that initially it might be necessary to abandon territories west of the Vistula and mount a defence based on seven fortresses, of which Warsaw and the other three would form a forward shield.
caption: Vistula Land
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