page_title: Sinorhizobium meliloti
section_title: Bacteriophage
hierarchical_section_title: Sinorhizobium meliloti / Bacteriophage
caption_attribution_description: English: Plaques in a soft-agar ebmedded culture of Sinorhizobium meliloti caused by the bacteriophage ΦM12.
context_page_description: Sinorhizobium meliloti is a Gram-negative bacterium which fixes atmospheric nitrogen. It forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes from the genera Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonella, including the model legume Medicago truncatula. This symbiosis results in a new plant organ termed a root nodule and is deemed symbiotic as it leaves excess nitrogen behind for the plant. S. meliloti are mobile and possess a cluster of peritrichous flagella. The S. meliloti genome contains four genes coding for flagellin. These include fliC1C2–fliC3C4. The genome contains three replicons: a chromosome, a chromid, and a plasmid. Individual strains may possess additional, accessory plasmids. Five S. meliloti genomes have been sequenced to date: Rm1021, AK83, BL225C, Rm41, and SM11 with 1021 considered to be the wild type.
  Nitrogen fixation by S meliloti is interfered with by the plastic modifier bisphenol A.
context_section_description: Several bacteriophages that infect Sinorhizobium meliloti have been described: Φ1, Φ1A, Φ2A, Φ3A, Φ4 (=ΦNM8), Φ5ᵗ (=ΦNM3), Φ6 (=ΦNM4), Φ7 (=ΦNM9), Φ7a, Φ9 (=ΦCM2), Φ11 (=ΦCM9), Φ12 (=ΦCM6), Φ13, Φ16, Φ16-3, Φ16a, Φ16B, Φ27, Φ32, Φ36, Φ38, Φ43, Φ70, Φ72, Φ111, Φ143, Φ145, Φ147, Φ151, Φ152, Φ160, Φ161, Φ166, Φ2011, ΦA3, ΦA8, ΦA161, ΦAL1, ΦCM1, ΦCM3, ΦCM4, ΦCM5,  ΦCM7, ΦCM8, ΦCM20, ΦCM21, ΦDF2, Φf2D, ΦF4, ΦFAR, ΦFM1, ΦK1, ΦL1, ΦL3, ΦL5, ΦL7, ΦL10, ΦL20, ΦL21, ΦL29, ΦL31, ΦL32, ΦL53, ΦL54, ΦL55, ΦL56, ΦL57, ΦL60, ΦL61, ΦL62, ΦLO0, ΦLS5B, ΦM1, ΦM1, ΦM1-5, ΦM2, ΦM3, ΦM4, ΦM5,  ΦM5 (=ΦF20), ΦM5N1, ΦM6, ΦM7, ΦM8, ΦM9, ΦM10, ΦM11, ΦM11S, ΦM12, ΦM14, ΦM14S, ΦM19, ΦM20S, ΦM23S, ΦM26S, ΦM27S, ΦMl, ΦMM1C, ΦMM1H, ΦMP1, ΦMP2, ΦMP3, ΦMP4, ΦN2, ΦN3, ΦN4, ΦN9, ΦNM1, ΦNM2, ΦNM6, ΦNM7, ΦP6, ΦP10, ΦP33, ΦP45, ΦPBC5, ΦRm108, ΦRmp26, ΦRmp36, ΦRmp38, ΦRmp46, ΦRmp50, ΦRmp52, ΦRmp61, ΦRmp64, ΦRmp67, ΦRmp79, ΦRmp80, ΦRmp85, ΦRmp86, ΦRmp88, ΦRmp90, ΦRmp145, ΦSP, ΦSSSS304, ΦSSSS305, ΦSSSS307, ΦSSSS308, and ΦT1. Of these, ΦM5,  ΦM12, Φ16-3 and ΦPBC5 have been sequenced.
  As of March 2020 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has accepted the following species in its Master Species List 2019.v1 (#35):
  Realm: Duplodnaviria, Kingdom: Heunggongvirae, Phylum: Uroviricota
  Order: Caudovirales, Family: Myoviridae, Genus: Emdodecavirus (formerly M12virus)
  Species: Sinorhizobium virus M7 (alias ΦM7)
  Species: Sinorhizobium virus M12 (alias DNA phage ΦM12, type species)
  Species: Sinorhizobium virus N3 (alias ΦN3)
caption: Plaques in S. meliloti caused by ΦM12.
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