page_title: 28 Liberty Street
section_title: Finalization of plans
hierarchical_section_title: 28 Liberty Street / History / Planning and construction / Finalization of plans
caption_attribution_description: The Marine Midland Building (also HSBC Bank Building) is a 51-story office building located at 140 Broadway in Manhattan's financial district. The building, completed in 1967, is 688 ft (209.7 m) tall and is known for the distinctive sculpture at its entrance, Isamu Noguchi's Cube. Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings &amp; Merrill, the man who designed the building, had originally proposed a monolith type sculpture, but it was deemed to be too expensive. It is currently owned by Union Investment. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Midland_Building" rel="nofollow"&gt;en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Midland_Building&lt;/a&gt; The Equitable Building is a 38-story office building in New York City, located at 120 Broadway in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. A landmark engineering achievement as a skyscraper, it was designed by Ernest R. Graham and completed in 1915. The controversy surrounding its construction contributed to the adoption of the first modern building and zoning restrictions on vertical structures in Manhattan. Although it is now dwarfed by taller buildings in its vicinity, it still retains a distinctive identity in its surroundings on Lower Broadway. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The Equitable Building, which is owned by Silverstein Properties, Inc., houses the offices of the New York State Attorney General, Spear, Leeds &amp; Kellogg, Incisive Media, ALM, Lester Schwab Katz and Dwyer, Flycell, Adam Leitman Bailey, Tower Group Companies and others. After buying the building in 1980, Larry Silverstein had the building renovated and restored at a cost of $30 million, with renovations completed in 1990. The stretch of lower Broadway where the building sits has since become the traditional route of ticker-tape parades in Manhattan. The route past the building is known colloquially as the Canyon of Heroes, in part because of the sheer verticality of the building and others around it. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Building_(Manhattan)" rel="nofollow"&gt;en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Building_%28Manhattan%29&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" rel="nofollow"&gt;en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...&lt;/a&gt;
context_page_description: 28 Liberty Street, formerly known as One Chase Manhattan Plaza, is a 60-story International style skyscraper in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, between Nassau, Liberty, William, and Pine Streets. The building was designed by Gordon Bunshaft, of the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and consists of a stainless steel facade with black spandrels below the windows. Opened in 1961, it is 813 feet tall.
  28 Liberty Street, on the northern half of a 2.5-acre site, consists of 60 above-ground stories, a ground-level concourse, and five basement levels. A plaza that surrounds the tower includes a sunken Japanese rock garden designed by Isamu Noguchi. The building's design is similar to that of SOM's earlier Inland Steel Building in Chicago.
  David Rockefeller, Chase's executive vice president, proposed the tower in the 1950s as a means to keep the newly merged Chase Manhattan Bank within Lower Manhattan while merging its 8,700 employees into one facility. Construction started in early 1957, and though the tower opened in early 1961, the basements and plaza were not opened until 1964.
context_section_description: The Chase Manhattan Bank officially publicized their intentions to rebuild the two-block site in November 1955; the planned development was described as part of a new "Rockefeller Center" for Lower Manhattan. The following month, further details of the redevelopment were revealed, including a wider-ranging redevelopment of the Financial District. In addition to the new Chase tower, the plan included a 750-unit middle-income housing project on Whitehall Street, a 1,000-spot parking garage on Pearl Street, and a $6.19 million widening of Water Street, promoted by Rockefeller's Downtown–Lower Manhattan Association. The wider redevelopment was conceived in conjunction with city planner Robert Moses, mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr., and Manhattan borough president Hulan Jack. In particular, Rockefeller said that Moses's approval of the project preceded approvals from other entities. 
  SOM's design, influenced by the firm's Seagram Building and Inland Steel Building, was completed in early 1956, and SOM submitted blueprints to the New York City Department of Buildings that February. At that point, The New York Times predicted the project would cost $75 million, which included the plaza's cost. The bank's board approved $75 million in March 1956 for the construction of the new tower along with a large public plaza. The bank planned to occupy 1 million square feet (93,000 m²) of the building and lease the remaining 700,000 square feet (65,000 m²) to outside tenants. Guiton said that the bank's board applauded the plans when they were approved. Shortly after, the plans were unveiled to the public.
caption: Viewed from Cedar Street, one block west; 140 Broadway is to the left and the Equitable Building to the right
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